Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma

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== Neman Ra’ayi kan Sabon Proposal: Inganta Hausa Wikiquote ==

Assalamu alaikum al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia, Ina so na sanar da ku cewa na gabatar da wani proposal a shirin tallafin (Nigeria National Funding Program) domin inganta aikin Hausa Wikiquote wanda yake a Incubator tun a shekarar 2022 amma har yanzu ba a amince da shi a matsayin cikakken Wikimedia project ba.
[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 18:26, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===


== Buƙatar Sake Amincewa da Ni a Matsayin Admin ==


Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.  

Bayan cikar wa’adin watanni shida na hidimatawa a matsayin Admin na Hausa Wikimedians User Group kamar yadda tsarin ƙungiya ya tanada,  ina miƙa buƙatata ga al’umma domin a sake duba yiwuwar ba ni wannan dama na wani sabon zango.
 
Ina da ƙuduri da niyyar ci gaba da ba da gudummawata domin bunƙasa Hausa Wikipedia tare da kiyaye gaskiya,  adalci da haɗin kai. 
Ina roƙon al’umma da su sake ba ni amincewa domin ci gaba da hidima. 
Na gode da lokacinku da kulawarku.

[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 13:29, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] na amince sosai tare da goyan baya akan wannan kudiri me kyau [[User:Hauwau sulaiman|Hauwau sulaiman]] ([[User talk:Hauwau sulaiman|talk]]) 20:51, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)


=== Support ===
:@[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]]na amince domin kawo cigaba a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 15:03, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
:na amince don ka cigaba da muhimmiyar aiki da ka faro wata shida da suka wuce. Allah ya kara basira da kwarin gwiwa  [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 17:07, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

*Ina goyon baya sosai, hakan ƙarin ci gaba ne a Hausa Wikipedia.[[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:41, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
* Ina goyon baya sosai akan hakan. Wannan cigaba ne ga Hausa Wikipedia gaba ɗaya 
[[User:Hauwau sulaiman|Hauwau sulaiman]] ([[User talk:Hauwau sulaiman|talk]]) 13:52, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
* Ina goyon bata dari bisa dari [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 20:56, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
*Ina goyon baya saboda wannan edita ya sake zama admin saboda ya cancanta kuma sake ba shi wannan damar zai ƙara haɓaka maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 20:26, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa da Neman Goyon Baya ==


Barka da wannan lokaci

Ina fatan kuna lafiya, zanyi amfani da wannan damar domin in sanar daku cewa muna shirin gudanar da campaign mai take &quot;Wikipedia Pages Every Wikipedia should have&quot;, idan Allah ya yarda. Dan haka muke sanar daku tare da neman shawarar ku. Wannan campaign din zai kawo cigaba a ɓangaren ƙirƙira tare da inganta muƙalu da ake buƙata a Hausa Wikipedia. Nagode

[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 05:43, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Allah ya bada nasara ya kuma sa a cimma manufa [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 07:11, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Support Hakan na da Karanci dan haka wannan abu me kyau ne kwarai kuma muna goyon bayan Allah ya bada saa  [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.206.75|105.112.206.75]] 09:18, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
:* support Allah ya bada saa muna goyon baya
:[[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 09:20, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
:Enah goyan bayanka [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] domin wanan campaign din zai kawo mana cigaba a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 10:47, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

'''Support''' Hakika wannan wani ci gaba be muna goyan baya dari Bisa dari domin cigaban al'uumar wikipedia Baki daya [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 07:38, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

'''Support''' hakan yayi kuma yana da kyau, Allah ya bada sa'a da nasara akai [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 08:25, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
[[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] ([[User talk:Mahmud maby|talk]])
Support Hakika wannan wani ci gaba be muna goyan baya dari Bisa dari domin cigaan al'uumar wikipedia Baki daya mahmud maby (talk) 12:05 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan haka dari bisa dari domin zai kawo ci gaba sosae a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 13:31, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

''' Support'''
Ina goyon bayan yin hakan Allah ya tabbatar da alkhari.
[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 15:06, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan wannan fatan Allah ya ba da Nasara [[User:Mamman Ali|Mamman Ali]] ([[User talk:Mamman Ali|talk]]) 21:23, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
~~Ina goyan bayan hakan Allah ytabbatar da Alkairi~~

== Hausa Community Streets vox pop campaign==
 Barkan kuda wannan lokacin. 
 Ina mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa. muna shishirye shiryen kawo muku campaign Wanda zaiyi hira da mutanen arewacin nigeria akan yadda suka san Wikipedia da kuma yadda suma zasu fara gyara a cikinta. inda zaayi vidiyo din interview din a watsa a duniyar yanar gizo domin kowa ya gani kuma ya iya anfani dashi. a matsayina na content creator mai tasowa wannan damace sosai gamu hausawa baki daya. muna goyan bayanku zuwa wannan lokaci. mungode.
 [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 08:04, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
#[[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 11:36, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Muna goyon bayan wannan kamfe saboda shine na farko a wannan manhaja ta Hausa, hakika zai kawo cigaba ga jama'a. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 07:39, 29 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

Sanarwa da Neman Goyan baya  [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 11:50, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== WikiAcademics - Fadada Wikimedia a Jami'o'in Arewacin Najeriya ==

Assalamu alaikum,  

Kungiyar Hadaka Open Learning Network tana jagorantar wani aikin tallafi na Wikimedia Community Fund mai taken '''WikiAcademics''': Fadada Wikimedia a Jami’o’in Arewacin Najeriya&quot;.  

Manufar aikin:  
* Ƙarfafa ɗalibai da malaman jami’o’i su shiga aikin Wikipedia.  
* Samar da horo da koyarwa domin bunkasa rubuce-rubuce a Hausa Wikipedia.  

Cikakken bayani da aikace-aikace [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/WikiAcademics:Expanding_Wikimedia_in_Northern_Nigerian_Universities_(ID:_23544402) Na Nan].

Ku shiga, ku bada ra’ayi, ku taimaka wajen bunƙasa ilimi!  

'''Hadaka Open Learning Network'''

=== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ===
Assalamu alaikum yan uwa da abokan arziki editoci na Hausa Wikipedia.
Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku tare da neman goyon baya da shawarwari game da wani Rapid Grant mai taken '''Preserving Bauchi’s History and Culture Through Reliable Knowledge Creation on Wikimedia.''' da nake nema.
Manufar wannan aiki ita ce tattara da rubuta tarihi da al'adu game da abinda ya shafi Bauchi da ta hanyar inganta tsofaffin muƙaloli da ƙirƙirar sabbin, bayanai, da hotuna a kan dandalan Wikimedia. Wannan zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa tarihi da al’adun Bauchi sun samu tsari kuma sun kasance a bude ga kowa a duniya. [[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 06:58, 28 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== Wiki Green in Northern Nigeria: Documenting Hausa Native Plants On Wikimedia Commons Through Photo Walks  ==

Assalamualaikum Ina maku Barka da wannan lokaci ƴan uwa editors da kuma shuwagabannin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikimedis tare da fatan kowa yana lafiya amin. Bayan haka, ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu shirya wani proposal mai taken:'''Wiki Green in Northern Nigeria: Documenting Hausa Native Plants On Wikimedia Commons Through Photo Walks''' da fatan zamu samu shawarwarin ku da kuma goyon bayan ku, harda ma gyare-gyaren ku. @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 08:19, 30 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

==Hausa Wiktionary Harmonization and Community Initiative Activities==

Barkan mu,ina mai farin cikin gayyatarku zuwa wurin shirin dazamu gudanar na cigaban aikin mu dan habaka Hausa Wiktionary ta hanyar inganta kalmomi wanda ya kunshi daura hoto,daura Audio da wasu sabbin ayyuka ma kamar su Synonym da Anagrams.[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 23:20, 30 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] An fidda lokaci da wuri? [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 09:40, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
::Yanzu hakadai project din yana under review,kome ake ciki zamu sanar daku nan gaba. [[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 13:36, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
:::Ok nayi zatan har funding anyi, naji kace &quot;gayyata&quot;. Na fahimta yanzu. Kamar neman goyon baya kenan ko? To Allah ya tabbatar da hakan ina goyon baya. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:40, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
::::Ga link din discussion page domin nuna goyon baya:https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grants_talk:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/Hausa_Wiktionary_Harmonization_and_Community_Initiative_Activities_(ID:_23550226)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1. Nagode [[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 12:20, 4 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Sanarwa akan biki zagayowar shekara ta wikidata ==

Barkan mu da war haka.

Ina mai farin chikin sanar da jama'ar wannan tafiya ta wikipedia Hausa cewa muna kokarin kaddamar da bukata na neman tallafi don gudanar da wayar da kai akan wikidata a Adamawa da kuma Nasarawa dafatan Allah ya bamu nasara Amin. [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 01:48, 31 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia Voice For All ==
Barkan ku da wannan lokacin. 
Inama editocin Hausa fatan Alkhairi. nazo na sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen kawo muku campaign na mata a Wikipedia Hausa saboda haryanzu mun rasa kwararrun editoci mata a shafin mu, wanda idan muka duba wasu shafin Wikipedia zamuga yadda mata suke taka rawar gani sosai. da fatan wannan taro namu me taken Wikipedia Voice For All zai kawo cigaba ga matan mu editors. nagode [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 22:59, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support'''
Ina goyon bayan wannan shirin saboda karfafa mata akan ayyukan Wikipedia da kuma samun kwararrun editoci mata da masu wakilci ta bangaren mata. Allah ya bada Sa'a.
[[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 21:06, 6 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

'''Support'''
Ina goyon bayan wannan yunƙuri na karfafa muradin mata da bayyana tarihin su a Wikipedia.
Na jima da ganin yadda gudummawar mata ke ƙaranci a cikin babbar kundin ilimi na duniya. Lokaci ya yi da za a gyara hakan.
Allah ya Bada sa'a [[User:Saudarh2|Saudarh2]] ([[User talk:Saudarh2|talk]]) 21:03, 6 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Global discussion on Welcome messages ==

&lt;div lang{{=}}&quot;en&quot; dir{{=}}&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sorry that this message is in English. {{int:please-translate}}. There is a request for comment at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Requests for comment/Welcoming policy]] on a proposal to forbid sending [[:m:welcome messages|welcome messages]] to users who have not made an edit, which is currently in practice at your wiki. Your comment on this matter would be appreciated.&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:38, 13 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you for reaching out,  the welcome messags sent by new user have Tutorials on it, for new users it's better for them know how to edit on our Wiki first before practicing it in order to avoid violations.
:Thank you @[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] for reaching out. The welcome messages sent to new users contain tutorials. For new users, it's better for them to learn how to edit on our wiki first before practicing, in order to avoid violations. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:29, 13 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Murnar zagayowar Shakarar Wikidata a Gombe Network ==

Assalamu alaikum

Muna farin cikin sanar da ku cewa Gombe Network zata yi murnar zagayowar shekarar wikidata ta goma sha uku, kuma muna so mu yi amfani da wanna rana don fassara abubuwan wikidata zuwa yaren Hausa. Muna neman fatan alkhairi da kuma shwawarwari daga wannan alummah mai albarka. mun gode [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 17:00, 15 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Mai sauya uwar garken - Za a karanta wiki-kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci nan ba da daɗewa ba ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani

Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''.

Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. 

Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.&lt;/span&gt;

'''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.'''

*Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|ha}}.
*Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali.

''Wasu sakamakon'':

*Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu  dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutuka masu daɗewa
* Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90.

Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane  da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. 

'''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot; /&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:41, 18 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Neman Ci Gaba Da Zama Mai Gudanarwa ==

Assalamu alaikum yan’uwa masu bada gudunmawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia.  
Hakika ina daga cikin masu gudanarwa (administrators) a shafin Hausa Wikipedia, kuma ga shi wa'adin gudanarwata yana dab da ƙarewa, hakan ta sanya make fatan ci gaba da wannan aiki domin kula da tsari, tsafta, da kuma kare wannan shafi daga duk wani abin da zai iya kawo cikas ga ci gabansa.  
Saboda haka nake neman goyon bayan ku da amincewar ku domin in ci gaba da zama mai gudanarwa (administrato). Goyon bayan ku da shawarwarin ku suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a gare ni da kuma al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia gaba ɗaya. Na gode. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 22:42, 26 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* :Ina bada goyon baya dari bisa dari [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:35, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
* :'''Support''' Ina mai bayyana goyon bayana a bisa ci gaba da kasancewrsa admin a Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim|A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim]] ([[User talk:A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim|talk]]) 13:40, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' hakika ka kasa ce edita mai bada gudummawa sosai a Hausa Wikipedia, dan haka sake baka wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce ga shafin Hausa Wikipedia na bunƙasa shi, dan haka ina goyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 04:54, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Tabbas Ina goyon bayan ka sake kasancewa Admin a karo na biyu. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 07:52, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Ina goyon baya sosai domin cigaba da kula da ayyukan editici da kuma kawo cigaba wajan gyara ayyukan da suka saɓa ƙa'ida. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:11, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Ina matukar goyon bayan wannan shawara ta sake zama Admin a Hausa Wikipedia,sabi da ka kasance cikakken mai bada gudunmawa a Wikimedia baki daya don haka ina goyon bayan.[[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 13:16, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* Lallai wannan edita jajirtaccen ne wurin bada gudunmawa a wannan shafi na Wikipedia da sauran ƴan uwanta, ina goyon bayan ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai gudanarwa a wannan shafi '''Support''' [[User:Hamza DK|Hamza DK]] ([[User talk:Hamza DK|talk]])
* Ina goyan bayan samun wannan dama a karo na biyu. Hakan karin jawo cigaba ne ga Hausawa Wikipedia. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])

* '''Support''' ina goyan bayan ka dan sake zama Admin saboda irin gudummawar da kake bayarwa.[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 05:20, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*:Ina bada goyan baya akan ka zama mai gudanarwa saboda irin jajircewa da kuma gudunmawa da kake badawa a manhajar Wikipedia musamman a bangaren yaren Hausa.  [[User:Captain1044|Captain1044]] ([[User talk:Captain1044|talk]]) 11:46, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Neman Goyon Bayan Zama Mai Gudanarwa (Administrator) ==
Salam, Dafatan kuna lafiya Yan uwa.
ina mai neman goyon bayanku. na kasance mai gyara gyare a Wikipedia musan man ta Hausa tun 2019. inada sha'awar gyare gyare musan man akan abunda ya shafi ka'idojin rubutu, gaba dake tsakanin rubutu, saka manazarta da kuma gyara fassarori zuwa ga tabbacciyar ingantaciyar rubutu wanda za'a iya karantawa. Ina neman goyon bayanku. 
nagode. 
[[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 13:15, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:* '''Strongly Support SS ''' [[User:Omoty77|Omoty77]] ([[User talk:Omoty77|talk]]) 04:09, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:*:Gaskiya enah goyon bayan [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] kazama Admin sabo da ɗadewan da kayi kana bada gudunmawa a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 07:05, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:* '''Support''', ƙwararren edita ne kuma yana da kishi. Ina goyon bayan zaman sa admin.
:[[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 18:53, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:Walaikumus Salam ɗan uwa. Ni [[User:Umar-askira| Umar-askira]] ina goyon bayan wannan editan ya zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia. Fatan alkhairi [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 13:34, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina go yan baya dari bisa dari. Saboda mun yaba da yanda yake jajircewa wajen wayan ma sababbin editors Kai da kuma basu gudun mawa wajen basu Illumin da yakamata wajen yin ingan tacen editing yada yakamata.
([[User:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|Abubakar Yusuf Gusau]] ([[User talk:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|talk]]) 20:33, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC))

* '''Support''' Gaskiya ina goyon bayan ka dan zama Admin dari bisa dari domin gudummawar da kake badawa a wikipedia.[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 04:25, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Tabbas wannan babban edita ya cancanci ya zama edita domin ya daɗe yana bada gudummawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia, sannan yana da gurin bunƙasa maƙalolin shafin Hausa Wikipedia, bashi wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce gare mu baki ɗaya na cigaba da bunƙasa shafin Hausa Wikipedia, dan Haka ina goyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 05:41, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' ƙwararren edita ne da ya daɗe yana bada gudummowa. Ina goyon bayan zaman sa admin.[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 11:00, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

* {{s}} Tabbas Hausa Wikipedia na bukatan kwararrun editoci wanda suka dade suna bada gudummawa da jajircewa wajen kawo cigaba a wannan shafi. Saboda haka ina goyon bayan haka.[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 11:21, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*:* ''' Support''' Ina goyan bayan bama wannan editan admin ganin dacewar shi da kuma dadewar shi yana bada gudunmawa
*:[[User:Sadauki11|Sadauki11]] ([[User talk:Sadauki11|talk]]) 14:20, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin karo na biyu ==

Assalam, da fatan kuna lafiya. Ina mai neman goyon bayanku akan sabunta wa'adin zama Admin a karo na biyu domin kula da nagartaccin ayyuka da kuma tankaɗe ayyuka masu kyau. Nagode..  Bissalam.

[[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:36, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Support ina mai goyon bayan haka 100% duba da irin koqsrin dakake na ganin an inganta muqalu da jajircewa gurin koyarda sabbin editors  [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:24, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan hakan sosai domin inganta hausa Wikipedia. Tabbas hakan zai kawo ci gaba [[User:Najeebbabi|Najeebbabi]] ([[User talk:Najeebbabi|talk]]) 13:42, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina goyon baya 100% domin jajirtaccen aikin da kakeyi a matsayin mai gudanarwa. [[User:Moherhh|Moherhh]] ([[User talk:Moherhh|talk]]) 13:47, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina goyon baya saboda jajircewa da kwazo na wannan edita.
*Support [[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 15:19, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)Ina goyon bayan hakan saboda kwazo da jajircewa wannan editan
*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan hakan dari bisa dari
*'''Support'''' Ina goyon baya [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 15:51, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*’’’Support’’’ Ina Goyan bayan hakan Dari bisa dari saboda hazaka da jajircewar wannan editan
*'''Support''': Tabbas ina goyon bayan sake kasancewarka mai gudanarwa saboda irin jajircewarka wajen ganin an tsaftace shafin Hausa Wikipedia daga dukkan wani koma baya. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 19:33, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:*'''Support''' support 100% [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 09:53, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' ina goyan bayan sosai, domin cigaba da ciyar da Hausa Wikipedia gaba. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])

== Ku fadi ra'ayinku: zaben 2025 Kwamitin Amintattu ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Barkan mu,

Lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Zaɓen Kwamitin Amintattu]] ya buɗe. 'Yan takara na neman kujeru biyu (2) a Kwamitin.

Don duba cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a, da fatan za a ziyarci [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|shafin cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a]].

Ƙara koyo game da su ta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|karanta bayanan aikace-aikacen su da kallon bidiyon takararsu]].

Lokacin da kun shirya, ku je zuwa [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|shafin zabe na SecurePoll don kada kuri'a]].

'''Za a buɗe zaɓe daga 8 ga Oktoba a 00:00 UTC zuwa Oktoba 22 a 23:59 UTC.'''

Gaisuwa mafi kyau,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Shugaba, Kwamitin Zabe&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 04:48, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:42, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Sanarwa tare da neman goyon baya ==

Ƴan'uwa masu daraja dafatan kuna lafiya, inaso nayi amfani da wannan damar domin na shaida maku muna shirin gudanar da taron Wiki Loves Africa 2026 In Kebbi and Niger insha Allah,  muna neman goyon bayan ku tare da haɗin kai da kuma shawarwarin da kuke ganin ya dace nagode. [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 04:55, 21 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Kakaranta muƙalar da ƙyau kafin ka wallafa ta ==

Assallamu'alaikum malam [[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] Sannu da ƙokari kalura da abin da kake fassarawa kafin ka wallafa, wanan muƙalan mai suna [[Labarin inganci abinci na Tarayyar Turai: Tarihin sauye-sauyen]] bata da Ma'ana ko ƙadan kaje ka inganta ta dan Allah in koma baga inganta ta ba zan gogeta nan da kwana biyu nagode [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 14:00, 22 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikifunctions will be deployed on your wiki on 2025-11-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions deployment|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions deployment}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hi all, we want to let you know that [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] is coming to your project soon! When enabled, you will be able to call functions from your project, and integrate them in your articles.

A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output. Think of adding up two numbers, or converting miles into metres, or calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. This is usually done with templates that are complicated to create or to import. With Wikifunctions, you will be able to do this with just a couple of clicks!

Please check out [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|these tutorials]] for more details. You’re also invited to [[:f:Special:CreateObject|create functions]] that you find useful, or [[:f:Wikifunctions:Suggest a function|ask for help from the Wikifunctions community]].

We would like to invite you to contribute to Wikifunctions, by translating the existing functions labels into your language, so that more users in your community can more easily reuse them on the project. You can also translate the messages for the Wikifunctions interface on TranslateWiki ([https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-wikilambda-ve&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate here for VisualEditor messages], and [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-wikilambda-user&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate here for the Wikifunctions interface proper]).

Of course, we are happy to help in case there are questions or difficulties, and we are ready to listen to your feedback. Please ping me directly in case of necessity or reach out to me [[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|on my talk page]].
&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

--[[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 29 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Hi all, unfortunately due to a technical problem we couldn't deploy Wikifunctions on your project. We will keep you updated about the next date of deployment. Thanks for your comprehension! [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:57, 6 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

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== Neman masu sa kai don shiga da dama daga cikin kwamitocin motsi. ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Kowace shekara, yawanci daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba, da yawa daga cikin kwamitocin motsi suna neman sabbin masu sa kai. 

Kara karantawa game da kwamitocin akan shafukansu na Meta-wiki:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Kwamitin Alaƙa (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Hukumar Ombuds (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Kwamitin Binciken Harka (CRC)]]

Aikace-aikacen kwamitocin suna buɗe 30 Oktoba 2025. Aikace-aikace don Kwamitin Alaƙa, da kuma aikace-aikacen Hukumar Ombuds kuma Kwamitin Binciken Harka ya rufe 11 Disamba 2025. Koyi yadda ake nema ta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|ziyartar shafin alƙawari akan Meta-wiki]]. Aika zuwa shafin magana ko imel cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org tare da kowace tambaya da kuke da ita.

Ga Tawagar Taimakon Kwamitin,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ko shawara ==

Assalamu Alaikum,

Yan'uwa editocin Wikipedia, dafatan kuna lafiya, ina amfani da wannan damar domin na sanar da ku shirin mu na Wikipedia birthday @ 25 karkashin Kaduna Network, shirin zai taimaka wajen bunƙasa wasu daga cikin makalolin Hausa Wikipedia da sauran su, dafatan zaku bamu goyon baya da haɗin kai [[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 19:10, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Duplicate articles ==

Hello, this would be entirely in English as I do not speak or understand Hausa. 
These two articles are about the same topic, and I think they could be merged together: [[Ganuwar Benin]] and [[Benin Moat]]. I will suggest merging the contents of [[Ganuwar Benin]] into [[Benin Moat]] or whichever works best.
Pinging editors who I think could handle this, anyone else could: {{ping|Uncle Bash007|Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Gwanki|Pharouqenr}}

Thank you, and happy editing! [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] ([[User talk:Vanderwaalforces|talk]]) 07:18, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you @[[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] i have noticed it, and [[Ganuwar Benin]] is more reliable than [[Benin Moat]]. So i have deleted [[Benin Moat]] now. And thank you for reaching out and wishing you all the best. 
:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 07:30, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] You could redirect [[Benin Moat]] to [[Ganuwar Benin]], since it is more or less the English name, instead of nuking it entirely. 
::Happy editing! [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] ([[User talk:Vanderwaalforces|talk]]) 07:31, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Sanarwa, akan Zamar Karshen shekara a Gombe Network ==

Muna sanar da jama'ar mu chewa Wikimedia User Group Nigeria, Gombe Network, tana kokarin neman tallafi na gudanar da zaman karshen shekara don kara sanayya da fihimta game da shiryeshiryen mu na shekara mai zuwa [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 21:36, 14 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

== Neman admin akaro na biyu ==
{{Atop|Akwai goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:21, 22 Disamba 2025 (UTC)}}
Ina neman goyon bayanku domkn kasancewa admin akaro na biyu domin cigaba da tabbatar da ayyuka na gari da kuma bada gudumuwa ta hanyar taimakon editoci. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 10:52, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

===Support===
#'''Support''' Tabbas ina goyon baya sosai. Hakan zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 11:07, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
#'''Support''' Haƙiƙa wannan edita ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin editocin dake ƙoƙarin bunƙasa shafukan Hausa Wikipedia, tabbas sake ba shi wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce ta cigaba da tsaftace maƙalolin dake Hausa Wikipedia tare da inganta su dan haka ina goyon baya. [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 11:15, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
#'''Goyan baya''' Ina mai goyan bayan ba ka damar mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu, duba da hakan zai taimaka wajen kara kawo cigaba da ma tsaftace Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])
# Ina Goyan bayan hakan Dari bisa Dari domin cigaban Wikipedia [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 23:27, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

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== Neman Zama Admin Ƙaro Na Biyu  ==
{{Archive top|Akwai goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:48, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
Ina fatan kuna cikin ƙushien  lafiya. Enah Wannan rubutu nawa ne domin sake gabatar da buƙatata karo na biyu na samun damar zama Admin a Hausa Wikipedia. A baya na riga na gabatar da irin wannan buƙata, kuma a wannan karo ina ƙara jaddada sha’awata da ƙudirin da nake da shi na ci gaba da yi wa Hausa Wikipedia hidima.
Na dade ina ba da gudunmawa ta hanyar ƙirƙira, gyarawa da inganta muƙaloli, tare da taimakawa sababbin masu gyara su fahimci ka’idoji da tsarin aikin Wikipedia. Ina da cikakken shiri da niyyar ɗaukar nauyin da ke tattare da matsayin Admin, musamman wajen kula da muƙaloli, da dakile masu lalata muƙala, da tabbatar da ingancin bayanai a Hausa Wikipedia.
Ina roƙon Editors din Hausa Wikipedia da su sake duba wannan buƙata ta tare da ni, tare da ba ni wannan dama idan sun ga na cancanta. Zan yi farin cikin karɓar duk wata shawara ko gyara da za ta taimaka wajen inganta aikina
Nagode. [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 09:46, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)

:Ni [[User:Umar-askira| Umar-askira]] ina mai goyon bayan ka domin zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia saboda jajurcewar ka wajen inganta rubutan Hausa a manhajar Hausa Wikipedia. Fatan Allah ya bada nasara ameen. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 17:23, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===
#ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 20:42, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
#Ina goyon baya sosai... hakan zai kawo cigaba [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 20:49, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# enah goyan bayan kazama Admin karo nabiyi sabo da jajir cewanka [[User:Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo|Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo]] ([[User talk:Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo|talk]]) 21:06, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
#Kasancewar ka edita mai bada gudummawa a kusan koda yaushe, ina goyon baya domin sake baka damar zai ƙara bunƙasa maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 22:07, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# Ina goyon Bayan ka sake Zama admin a karo na biyu saboda jajircewar ka Hakan Zai Kara kawo cigaba sosae[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 22:14, 29 Disamba 2025 
# ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia domin yana kawo wa [[User:Umar A Muhammad|Umar A Muhammad]] ([[User talk:Umar A Muhammad|talk]]) 05:16, 30 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# enah goyan bayanka kazama Admin karo na biyu sabo da ƙoƙarin da kake yi [[User:Asma,u Khamis hussaini|Asma,u Khamis hussaini]] ([[User talk:Asma,u Khamis hussaini|talk]]) 17:20, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayan kazama Admin [[User:Ifteehern|Ifteehern]] ([[User talk:Ifteehern|talk]]) 17:25, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#[[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:29, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina goyon baya sosai sabida zaikawo muna cigaba sosai [[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:29, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon baya, Allah ya bada Sa'a [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:30, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina goyan bayan kazama admin a karo na biyu saboda jajir cewarka [[User:Fateemah usman|Fateemah usman]] ([[User talk:Fateemah usman|talk]]) 17:42, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyan bayan kasancewar ka a matsayin mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu a sakamakon irin jajircewa da gudummawar da kake bayarwa domin tsaftace shafin Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 18:22, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon bayan sake dawowar ka... Allah ya taimaka. [[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 18:30, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== Neman Admin a karo na biyu ==
{{Archive top|Akwai goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:47, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
Assslamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu domin tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 10:00, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
#Ina goyon byan hakan domin zai kawo cigaba a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 18:13, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#ina mai goyon  bayen hakan domin hakan zai kawo cigaba gaba sosai a wikipedia [[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] ([[User talk:Mahmud maby|talk]]) 21:11, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#[[User:Abusule dankofa|Abusule dankofa]] ([[User talk:Abusule dankofa|talk]]) 22:03, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina Mai goyan bayan hakan
#ina gonyon baya dari bisa dari dan zai kawo kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 22:06, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina mai bada goyon baya dari bisa dari akan wannan domin zai kawo cigaba sosai. [[User:Abdoulmerlic|Abdoulmerlic]] ([[User talk:Abdoulmerlic|talk]])
#'''Support''', duba da irin gudunmawarka a ko yaushe, hakan zai kawo cigaba wajen ciyar da Hausa Wikipedia gaba. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])
# Ina goyon baya Dari bisa Dari [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 11:49, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai.... [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:35, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon bayan ɗari bisa ɗari [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 12:41, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) 
# [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) Ina Goyan bayan hakan domin zaya kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]])
#[[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:24, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina goyon baya Dari bisa dari zaikawo muna cigaba sosai [[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:24, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina gonyan baya dari bisa Dari kazamu admin Dan kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Fateemah usman|Fateemah usman]] ([[User talk:Fateemah usman|talk]]) 17:33, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 08:49, 9 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#'''SUPPORT'''...Ina goyon bayan wannan Kuduri [[User:Ibkt|Ibkt]] ([[User talk:Ibkt|talk]]) 13:45, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== Sanarwa ==
Muna sanar da al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia game da shirin '''Celebrating International Women’s Day Through The Wikimedia Projects 2026''', wanda ke da nufin ƙarfafa wakilcin mata da haɓaka gudunmawar su a ayyukan Wikimedia, musamman a harshen Hausa. Muna maraba da ra’ayoyi da shawarwari daga al’umma. [[User:Sirjat|Sirjat]] ([[User talk:Sirjat|talk]]) 11:20, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

==

==Logo don murnar cikar Wikipedia shekaru 25==
{{Atop|Akwai goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 16:18, 22 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
[[File:WP25 potential birthday logo-ha.svg|link=|thumb|right|280px|Logon murnar cikar Wikipedia shekaru 25]]

A cikin wannan watan Wikipedia ke cika shekaru ashirin da biyar da kafuwa. Inason yin amfani da wannan lokaci domin taya daukacin editocin Hausa Wikipedia murnar cikar wannan shekaru. Wannan babbar nasara ce garemu baki daya.

Saboda murnar wannan lokacin, ina son mu canza logon mu domin taya Wikipedia murna.

A nan gefe zaku iya ganin sabon hoton logon murnar, wanda aka fassara da Hausa daga logon Turanci wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta bada saboda murnar zagayowar lokacin.

Idan kuna goyon bayan haka sai ku rubuta a nan ƙasa. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 09:03, 10 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
# Ina goyon baya sosai domin taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekaru 25. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 18:49, 10 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya. Fatan nasara [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 08:49, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Yayi kyau, ina goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 09:00, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#'''Support''' ina goyon baya [[User:Ibkt|Ibkt]] ([[User talk:Ibkt|talk]]) 13:49, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai, ina kuma taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekaru 25. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:41, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon Baya domin taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekara 25[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 13:33, 18 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== SANARWA TARE DA NEMAN GOYON BAYA ==

Assalamu alailum, inaso nayi amfani da wannan damar domin na shaida maku muna shirin gudanar da taron Wikipedia a jihar Niger insha Allah, wanda shirin zai bunƙasa shafukan Wikipedia da kuma yan'uwanta, sannan shirin zai bunƙasa samar da sabbin esitoci a Hausa Wikipedia. Allah ya bamu sa'a da nasara [[User:Umar A Muhammad|Umar A Muhammad]] ([[User talk:Umar A Muhammad|talk]]) 12:26, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin A Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu Alaikum editoci masu albarka,fatan muna cikin koshin lafiya Allah yasa haka ne amin. Ina mai amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku da neman goyon bayanku game da kasancewa na admin a manhajar Hausa Wikipedia. In a fatan mu cigaba da kasancewa lafiya amin ya Rabbal alamin. Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 10:52, 13 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
# Ina goyon baya.. Allah ya bada Sa'a [[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 16:05, 14 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya. I support  [[User:Anasysmart|Anasysmart]] ([[User talk:Anasysmart|talk]]) 07:12, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyan baya 100% ..Allah ya taimaka [[User:Saudarh2|Saudarh2]] ([[User talk:Saudarh2|talk]]) 09:59, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayanka kazama Admin sbd jajircewanka a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 10:14, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa  ==

assalamualaikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabanni da ƴan uwa na editors, Ina sanar da ku cewa zan rubuta proposal game da '''Local Health Knowledge for All: Building Hausa Medical Content on Wikipedia Hausaal Local Health Knowledge for All: Building Hausa Medical Content on Wikipedia Hausa'''. Idan akwai shawarwari ko ƙarin bayani a shirye nake da yin amfani da su. Nagode sosai. @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 20:22, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

muna goyan bayan sa saboda jajir ciwar shi [[User:Musa650|Musa650]] ([[User talk:Musa650|talk]]) 07:19, 16 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:44, 16 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ==

Barkann mu da wannan lokacin yan'uwana editoci, muna shirin gudanar da wani taro nan bada jimawa ba a jihar Plateau, dan haka nake sanar da ku tare da neman shawarwarin ku da kuma goyon bayan ku, Nagode [[User:Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu|Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu]] ([[User talk:Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu|talk]]) 20:25, 17 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:21, 18 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Bitar shekara-shekara na Universal Code of Conduct da Ka’idojin Aiwatarwa ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Ina rubuto maka ne domin sanar da kai cewa an buɗe lokacin bitar shekara-shekara na Universal Code of Conduct da Ka’idojin Aiwtarwa. Kana iya ba da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye har zuwa 9 ga Fabrairu, 2026. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko cikin jerin matakai da za a ɗauka domin bitar shekara-shekara. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Karanta ƙarin bayani kuma ka samu tattaunawa da za ka shiga a shafin UCoC a Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kwamitin Daidaita Aiwatar da Universal Code of Conduct]] (U4C) wata ƙungiya ce ta duniya da ta sadaukar da kai wajen tabbatar da adalci da daidaitaccen aiwatar da UCoC. Wannan bitar shekara-shekara an tsara ta kuma an aiwatar da ita ne ta hannun U4C. Don samun ƙarin bayani da kuma fahimtar nauyin da ke kan U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|kana iya duba Kundin Tsarin U4C]].

Da fatan za a raba wannan bayanin zuwa ga wasu mambobi a cikin al'ummarku inda ya dace.

-- A cikin haɗin gwiwa da U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|tattaunawa]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

21:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Sanarwa game da shirin kaddamar da project na WikiFemme Learning Lab in Bauchi  ==

Assalamu alaikum,

Muna sanar da fara aikin WikiFemme Learning Lab In Bauchi, wani aikin Rapid Fund daga Wikimedia Community Fund da ke nufin ƙarfafa mata su shiga cikin ayyukan Wikimedia, musamman Wikipedia. Aikin zai ba da horo da tallafi don mata su koyi gyara da ƙirƙirar abubuwan ilimi, tare da rage gibi a wakilcin mata a cikin abun da ke kan Wikipedia.

Muna gayyatar al’umma su ba da shawarwari da goyon baya domin tabbatar da nasarar wannan aiki da ƙara tasirinsa a Bauchi da kewaye.

Na gode. [[User:Santa MMD|Santa MMD]] ([[User talk:Santa MMD|talk]]) 22:02, 27 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Saving the Knowledge of Endangered Hausa Expressions and Idioms Through Wikimedia Projects ==

Ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa da shuwagabanni da ƴan uwa Editors na wannan manhajar cewa, zamu rubuta proposal game da &quot;'''Saving the Knowledge of Endangered Hausa Expressions and Idioms Through Wikimedia Projects'''&quot; muna neman goyon baya da kuma shawarwarin ku, Nagode sosai.@[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 22:19, 29 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Lafiyar mata a shafin Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu Alaikum sanunku da warhaka, ina shirya neman Wikimedia Rapid Fund don aiki a kan inganta **bayanan lafiyar mata a shafin Hausa Wikipedia**. Aikin, *&quot;Bridging Women’s Health Knowledge in Hausa,&quot;* zai ƙunshi fassara labarai masu kyau daga Wikipedia ta Ingilishi zuwa Hausa, wanda ya shafi batutuwa kamar lafiyar uwa, lafiyar haila, lafiyar haihuwa, da cututtukan da ke shafar mata. Muna kuma shirin ɗaukar nauyin  horo ta hanyar intanet da kuma aikin editing don tallafawa sabbin editoci da ƙwararru wajen koyon yadda ake fassara da inganta abubuwan lafiya ta amfani da nassoshi masu inganci.

Wannan shiri zai faɗaɗa samun ingantattun bayanai game da lafiya a cikin Hausa Wikipedia musamman ga mata, sa' anan zai rage gibin ilimi da ke da alaƙa da lafiyar mata, da kuma ƙarfafa janyo sabin edtoci zuwa shiga cikin al'ummar Hausa Wikimedia. Muna maraba da ra'ayoyin al'umma kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci, sha'awar shiga a matsayin edita ko mai ba da shawara, da duk wani shawarwari da za su iya taimakawa wajen inganta wannan aiki. Ra'ayoyinku za su taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa aikin ya cika buƙatun al'umma kuma yana da tasiri mai ma'ana. [[User:Umabruka|Umabruka]] ([[User talk:Umabruka|talk]]) 20:54, 1 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Shirye shiryen taron Women and Culture Awareness in Nigeria 2026 ==

Assalamu Alaikum ina farin cikin sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen gudanar da gasa da kuma taro akan wayar da kai game da Mata da kuma al'adu a Najeriya. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 11:26, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin A Hausa Wikipedia  ==

Assalamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa domin tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci a wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia.[[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 22:49, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===
#Ina goyon baya sosai. Fatan nasara [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 23:05, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayan kazama Admin [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 04:45, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#:ina Mai goyon Baya Dari bisa Dari[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:08, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon bayan zaman wannan ƙwararren edita ya zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia, domin ina da tabbacin zai taimaka da ƙara bunƙasa maƙalolin da ke Hausa Wikipedia tare da samar da sabbin maƙaƙolin, dan haka ina hoyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 05:11, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026
# Ina Matugar Nuna goyon baya akan hakan [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-85864-0|&amp;#126;2026-85864-0]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-85864-0|talk]]) &lt;span style=&quot; color:Green ; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Muktee1494&lt;/span&gt;
# ina goyon baya  don inganta wikipedia[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 06:31, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya don kwazo day jajircewar wannan edita[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 08:19, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#inagoyon baya dari bisa dari Allah yataimaka[[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 21:36, 9 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Wikimedia knowledge sharing in America University of Nigeria ==
Assalamu alaikum jama,a naxo ne  domin in sanar da ku cewa na shirya wani aiki da zai wayar da kan jama'a game da harkar Wikimedia a Jami'ar Amurka ta Najeriya. Dake garin Adamawa Aikin yana da nufin wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukan Wikimedia da horar da sabbin editoci kan yadda za su ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan Wikimedia. Ina neman goyon bayanku da shawarwarinku  domin samun nasarar aikin. na gode. [[User:Baby juuu|Baby juuu]] ([[User talk:Baby juuu|talk]]) 15:16, 9 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

:Sannu da kokari, amma babu cikakken bayani game da aikin dan haka bamu san wacce irin shawara zamu bayar ba. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 13:19, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Campaign in Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria ==

assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign  mai suna Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 11:00, 10 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

:Wa'alaika Assalam @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]], Ko zamu iya samun ƙarin bayani game da gangamin? Yana da kyau a rinka saka cikakken bayani saboda kada a samu hadaka wajen gudanar da irin wannan aikin. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 13:21, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]] An dakatar da maganar wannan aiki sai nan gaba. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:23, 17 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Wiki For Indigenous Games: Documenting Traditional Hausa Games ==

Assalamualaikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabanni da ƴan uwana editoci na wannan manhajar, ina mai sanar da ku cewa zan rubuta proposal mai taken '''Wiki for Indigenous Games: Documenting Traditional Hausa Games'''. Ina mai neman goyon bayan ku da shawarwarin ku.Nagode@[[User:Salahu Gwanki|Salahu Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Salahu Gwanki|talk]]) 18:39, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Taron Infectious Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria on Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria. Domin ingantawa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da suka shafi fannin lafiya. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 15:54, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Shirye shiryen taron Women and Culture Awareness in Nigeria 2026 ==

Assalamu Alaikum ina farin cikin sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen gudanar da gasa da kuma taro akan wayar da kai game da Mata da kuma al'adu a Najeriya. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 16:47, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Taron karawa juna sani na administrators ==

Assalam,

Ina mai farin cikin sanarwa cewa zamu gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na masu kula da shafukan Hausa Wikipedia don kara gogewa game da ayyukan kula da shafukan Wikipedia. Wannan taro zai nunawa admin muhimmancin aikinsu musamman a wannan lokaci da bayanan karya ke da saukin yaduwa.

Bissalam. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 16:30, 13 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Kano State ==

Assalaalaikum, 

Barka da wannan lokaci ƴan uwana editoci da shuwagabannin wannan manhajar ta Hausa Wikipedia, inama kowa fatan alheri. Bayan haka, ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu rubuta proposal game da '''Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Kano State''' insha Allahu. Muna neman shawarwarin ku da neman goyon bayan ku, da kuma ƙarin haske ko bayani. Nagode sosai, Sanarwa daga @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 15:59, 14 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa ==

Assalamu alaikum ƴan'uwa masu albarka, ina amfani da wannan damar domin sanar da ku shirin mu na gudanar da taro a makarantun gaba da secondary a Daura, wannan wannan shirin insha Allah zai buƙasa maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia, Wikidata, sanya hotuna masu inganci uwa uba tare da samar da sabbin editoci masu sa kai a shafukan Hausa Wikipedia da ƴan'uwanta, ina neman goyon bayan ku. Na gode daga Yusuf Sa'adu [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 11:11, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:24, 17 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2026-03-19_Wikipedias&amp;oldid=30274835 --&gt;

== Request for Comment: VisualEditor automatic reference names ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Hi, I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}! We are considering to work on [[:m:Community Wishlist/W17|Community Wishlist/W17: Improve VE references' automatic names and reuse]]. This has been a long-term issue for wikitext editors (see e.g. [[:en:WP:VisualEditor/Named references]]) which has been among the top-voted wishes in several [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], e.g. [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2017/Editing/VisualEditor: Allow editing of auto-generated references before adding them|2017]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019/Citations/VisualEditor: Allow references to be named|2019]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Editing/VisualEditor should use human-like names for references|2022]] or [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/VisualEditor should use proper names for references|2023]].

We would like your input on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solutions]] proposed on our project page: '''[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names]]'''. We are considering several options, which can be combined if desired by the community.
* Changing the default pattern for automatically generated reference names (currently &lt;code&gt;&quot;:n&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, e.g. &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&quot;:1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;...) to use the [[:mw:Help:Reference Previews#Exposed reference types|reference type]] instead (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&quot;book_reference-1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;).
* Providing a simple mechanism for communities to configure a different default name.
* Generating automatic reference names based on the [[:en:domain name|domain name]] (if it’s a web citation).
* Generating automatic reference names based on template parameters (e.g. &quot;title&quot; or &quot;last&quot;+&quot;first&quot;) – defined by the community.

=== Feedback ===
[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|Visit our project page]] to read about our proposal in detail and share your thoughts [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|on metawiki]].

'''Please note''': We will only implement a solution if there’s clear consensus among the global community. Our intention is not to build the perfect solution, but to find a simple and lean one that alleviates the pain caused by auto generated names. We are aware that some experienced VisualEditor users might prefer an option to manually change reference names in VisualEditor, but such a UX intervention is difficult to achieve across reference types and thus out of scope for our team, we can only improve the auto-naming mechanism.
We are happy about suggestions for improving certain details of the proposed solutions. Any other feedback and alternative proposals are also welcome – even though it’s out of scope for us, it might still be relevant for future work on this topic.

Please support us interpreting consensus by clearly indicating your opinion (e.g. by using support/neutral/oppose templates). We are aware of [[:en:WP:NOTVOTE]], but given that we are facilitating this discussion with users from different wikis, potentially commenting in their native language, clearly indicating your position helps us avoid misunderstandings.

Thank you for participating!&lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|hira]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:15, 19 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/MassMessageRecipients&amp;oldid=30281362 --&gt;

== Shirye shiryen taron Educational Development, Challenges, and Key Figures in Nigeria ==

Assalam, ina mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa mun fara shirye-shiryen gudanar da &quot;campaign dinmu na Educational Development, Challenges, and Key Figures in Nigeria&quot;. Wannan taron zai kara inganta Hausa Wikipedia akan muƙalu da suka shafi Ilimi. Nagode [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 14:01, 22 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Wiki For Women-Focused Digital Skills, Photo Walks, and Audio Recording in Kaduna Hausa Communities ==

Assalamu alaikum yan uwa masu albarka na wannan gida, in yiwa kowa fatan alkhair sannan ina man barka da wannan lokaci. Ina son nayi amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku cewa, zan gudanar da taron karawa juna ilimi kamar yadda taken shi yake a sama. Ina mai neman goyon bayanku da kuma bada shawarwari da zasu ciya da wannan aiki gaba. Na gode sannan Allah Uban Giji ya saka wa kowa da alkhairi.  Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 15:30, 22 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Hausa Wikipedia User Retention Workshop ==
Salamu Alaikum warahmatullah. yan uwa masu albarka. ina mana fatan alkahiri da kuma fatan an gama Azumi kuma anyi Sallah lafiya. mafi yawan cin lokaci muna hada taruka kuma muna kawo sabbin editoci.amma da an gama taron ko gasar shikenan saika ga wannna sabbin editocin sun daina gyara da kuma rubutu a Wikipedia. wannna matsala ce babba. muna da sama da editoci dubu arbain amma bamu da tsayyen editoci ko dari biyar. wannna taron zaiyi gyara akan haka. ina mai neman goyon bayanku dan wannan aiki. nagode sosai. ku bada shawarwarinku a kasan wannan rubutun. [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 07:00, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)


== Sanarwa Da Neman Goyon Baya ==
Assalamualaikum ƴan uwa da abokan arziki editor's na wannan gida mai Albarka ina yima kowa fatan Alkairi tare da fatan kowa yayi bikin sallah lafiya,ina mai amfani da wannan dama wajen neman goyon bayan ku akan proposal dana nema mai taken Documentin and Enhancing Agricultural and Environmental Vocabulary on Hausa Wiktionary . Wannan project zai cike gibin da muke dashi na karancin kalmomin da suka danganci noma da muhalli a Hausa Wiktionary. Bissalam mu kwana lafiya Allah ya sadamu da Alkairan sa.[[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 19:49, 28 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Kamfe na Wikiquote a Daura ==

Assalam, ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu gudanar da kamfe don wayar da kai game da WIkiquote a Daura a wannan zagaye. Da fatan zaku bamu gudummawa. Nagode [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 06:48, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>kfwaiinoioe41dmzx7k9fjqqjc1lwct</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mali</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816402</id>
      <parentid>679439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T02:20:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rukeey</username>
        <id>38744</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816402</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4473" sha1="fuy628qdfgf34bcazxya8y0xtz26io9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Assimi Goita, August 2021.png|thumb|Assimi Goïta shugaban kasar na yanzu]]
[[Fayil:Flame tree mali.jpg|thumb|mali]]
[[Fayil:Republic of Mali Boeing 727-200-1.jpg|thumb|Filing jirgi ma mali]]
[[Fayil:Malian security forces seized military equipment in Timbuktu, Mali, 8 September 2016.jpg|thumb|sojojin mali]]
'''Mali''' da Turanci (Mali): Da Faransanci (Meli) ƙasa. ce da ke a yammacin [[Afirka|Afrika]]. Mali tana cikin manyan ƙasashen Afrika guda [[8 (alƙalami)|8]], ta na da faɗin ƙasa kimanin murabba'i (1,240,000,Km) (480,000 sq, mi), kuma tana da yawan jama`a kimanin miliyan  (19).1.[https://population.un.org/wpp/] Bincike ya nuna cewa (67)% na mutanen ƙasar shekarunsu bai wuce ashirin da biyar (25) ba, bisa ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar [https://www.indexmundi.com/mali/age_structure.html (2017).][https://www.indexmundi.com/mali/age_structure.html]Bamako shi ne babban birnin ƙasar Mali. 
[[Fayil:Turban seller at Festival au Desert near Timbuktu, Mali 2012 cropped.jpg|thumb|Mai saide saide a mali]]
[[Fayil:Mali - Location Map (2013) - MLI - UNOCHA.svg|thumb|taswirar mali]]
[[Fayil:Mali Federation flag map.png|thumb|tutar mali]]
[[Fayil:Shoe repaired by a street shop in Mali, with a string.jpg|thumb|wurin gyaran takalmi a mali]]
[[Fayil:Mali w2 locator.svg|thumb|mauniyat mali]]
[[Fayil:Coat of arms of Mali.svg|thumb|Mali]]

== Tarihi: ==

[[File:Mali Rakitovec Slovenia 2.jpg|thumb|slovenia mali]]
Waɗannan ƙabilu Soninke da Mandinka ko (Mandingo da [[Malinke]]) sun ɓalle daga ƙasar Kongo a shekarar (1230) daga nan sarkin madingo [[Sundiata Keita]] sai ya yi ƙungiya ta waɗannan ƙabilu guda uku a gefan tafkin chadi, sannan masarautar [[Mali]] aka ƙirƙirota a wannan lokacin tafi masarautar [[Ghana]]. [[Mansa Musa]] yana da baban magame a ƙasa bayan sarki [[Sundiata Keita]] shi ne ɗan afirka na farko da ya je aikin Hajji da ƙafa a shekar (1324) ta hanyar [[misra]], a wannan shekarar kuma aka zamar da [[Tomboucou]] kasuwar sayar da zinari da koyar da Addinin [[musulinci|Musulunci.]]

A ƙarshen karni na (14) [[Abizinawa]] suka zo daga kudancin hamada suka mamaye wannan birni a shekarar (1500)sai suka tsawaita ikonsu zuwa sama da [[tabkin issa|tafkin issa]].
[[Fayil:Flag of Mali.svg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Andradite-Mali.jpg|thumb|andradite mai]]
[[Fayil:COVID-19-Pandemie - ML (Mali) - Infizierte (800px).svg|thumb|taswirar covid a mali]]
A ranar (22) ga watan satumban, shekarar (1960) sai Jamhuriyar [[Sudan]] da [[Senegal]] suka samu 'yancin kai daga [[Faransa]], suka haɗe tare suka zama tarayyar [[Mali]] bayan watanni sai [[Senegal]] ta ɓalle daga Jamhuriyar [[sudan]]. daga nan sai aka samata sunan Jamhuriyar Sudan. A shekarar (1991), aka yi gwamnati ta wucin-gadi daga nan aka kawo ƙarshen hukunci mai tsanani, kuma a shekarar (1992) aka yi zaɓe na farko a sabuwar dimokwaraɗiyya, shugaba Alfa Umar Kunare ya lashe zaɓen a shekarar (1997) sai aka sake zaɓensa a Karo na biyu kuma a shekara ta (2002) aka yi wani zaben, sai Ahamadu Tumane Ture ya lashe zaɓen har ila yau.&lt;ref&gt;http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistoriesResponsive.asp?historyid=aa26&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Malian security forces seized military equipment in Timbuktu, Mali, 8 September 2016.jpg|thumb|Wasu manyan sojojin ƙasar Mali a shekarata 2016.]]

== Hotuna: ==
[[File:Menaka Mali 2017.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Menaka ta Mali.]]
[[File:Mali Otok Slovenia - church.jpg|thumb|Cocin Otok Slovenia Mali.]]
[[File:Toljevac Tower, Mali Ston.jpg|thumb|Wajen buɗe ido a Mali.]]
[[File:Tošc - Mali Draški vrh.jpg|thumb|Manyan duwatsu a  Mali.]]
[[File:Grenier Mali.jpg|thumb|Wasu ƙauyukan Fulanin Mali.]]
[[File:Mali Rakitovec Slovenia 1.jpg|thumb|Cikin Birnin Slovenia Mali.]]


&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Begnimatou_(6847140).jpg|Begnimatou, Mali
File:Flag_of_Mali.svg|Tutar kasar 
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg|Coat of Arms 
File:Turban seller at Festival au Desert near Timbuktu, Mali 2012 cropped.jpg|Wani ɗan talla a Kasar Mali.
File:MaliDjennéMosquée.JPG|Tsohon Masallaci a Ƙasar Mali.
File:Flame tree mali.jpg|Ginin ƙauye a  Mali.
File:A touareg at the Festival au Desert near Timbuktu, Mali 2012.jpg|Wani mutum ɗan ƙasar Mali.
File:Mali Dogon Dance.jpg|Mawaƙan gargajiya a ƙasar Mali.
File:Mali blues @ Crossing Border, 2007.jpg| Mawaƙa a Ƙasar Mali. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Mali&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

{{Afirka}}

[[Category:Afirka]]
[[Category:Kasashen yammacin Afirika]]
[[Category:kasa]]</text>
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    <title>Machu Picchu</title>
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[[File:Machu Picchu, Perú, 2015-07-30, DD 47.JPG|thumb|hoton machu pichu]]
[[File:80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - edit.jpg|thumb|hoton  machu picchu]]
[[Fayil:Machu Picchu, Perú, 2015-07-30, DD 61-64 PAN.jpg|thumb|tsarin gida su]]
'''Machu Picchu''' wani gari ne na mutanen Inca ne na farko a Columbia tun a ƙarni na 15 a cikin ƙasar [[Peru]], a [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/274/|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO WHC2&quot;&gt;UNESCO World Heritage Centre.&lt;/ref&gt;

Incawa sun gina garin a kan tsaunin dutse, mita 2430 sama da matakin teku. Sun zauna a can tsakanin 1200 da 1450 AD. Sauran mutane sun zauna a can kafin kusan 650 AD.

Incawa sun gina gidaje, filaye, da wuraren bautar gumaka ta hanyar sare dutsen a kan dutsen don haka ya zama shimfiɗa. Sun gina Oan kallo don kallon taurari.

Lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka mamaye Peru, Incas sun bar Machu Picchu. Babu wanda ya san takamaiman dalilin da yasa suka aikata hakan, to amma wasu suna ganin saboda cututtuka ne daga Turai. An bar garin ba tare da an gama shi ba, watakila saboda mamayar [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da/ko yaƙin basasa tsakanin 'yan'uwan ​​Inca masu mulki masu suna Huascar da Atahualpa. Mutanen Spain ba su sami Machu Picchu ko ɓataccen birni ba yayin mamaye su.

(Machu Picchu yana da matukar wahalar zuwa saboda yana da tsayi sosai a kan duwatsu. Yana da hanya daya tak da kuma bangon dutse don kare shi. Mafi yawan mutane a Duniya basu san cewa tana wurin ba har sai da wani dalibin Yale mai suna Hiram Bingham ya gano shi. shi a 1911). Ya ji jita-jita game da wani ɓoyayyen gari wanda tuni 'yan asalin ƙasar ta Peru sun san shi, waɗanda suka jagorance shi zuwa can. Ya jagoranci aikin sabuntawa wanda Geoungiyar National Geographic Society ta ba da kuɗin sashi. Bingham ya yi yarjejeniya da gwamnati don kai kayan tarihi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Peabody don nazari. Peru har yanzu tana kokarin mayar da wadannan kayayyakin tarihin.

(An ayyana Machu Picchu a matsayin Tsattsarkan Tarihi na Peru a 1981 da kuma [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site a 1983. A 2007, Machu Picchu an zabe shi ɗayan Sabbin Abubuwa bakwai na Duniya a cikin zaɓin Intanet na duniya).

(A yau, akwai wata sabuwar hanya don masu yawon buɗe ido za su iya ziyarta. Mutane na iya tafiya tare da Inca Trail, ko ɗaukar jirgin ƙasa daga Cusco.)

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Musulunci a Najeriya</title>
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{{Databox}}

[[Musulunci]] yana daya daga cikin manyan addinai a [[Najeriya]], tare da tarihin da ya wuce shekara dubu. Duk da yake wasu malamai sun ba da shawarar cewa an gabatar da Islama a yankin tun farkon karni na 9, &lt;ref name=&quot;Edmund2023HistoryIslamNigeria&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faga Terkimbi Edmund |date=September 2023 |title=The History of Islam in Nigeria and Its Effect on Nigerian Politics |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374087864 |access-date=15 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; an yarda da shi cewa addinin ya fara samun tushe a cikin abin da ke yanzu Najeriya ta zamani a kusa da karni na 11. Yaduwar Islama ta samo asali ne daga hanyoyin kasuwanci a fadin [[Sahara]] da kuma tasirin 'yan kasuwa da malamai Musulmai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pulse2025FirstReligion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=First religion to come into Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/lifestyle/first-religion-to-come-into-nigeria-2025051413361698626 |access-date=15 May 2025 |publisher=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SacredFootsteps2022Caliphate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Junayd Greer |date=6 April 2022 |title=Islam in Nigeria: The Nigerian Saint who Established a Caliphate |url=https://sacredfootsteps.com/2022/04/06/islam-in-nigeria-the-nigerian-saint-who-established-a-caliphate/ |access-date=15 May 2025 |publisher=Sacred Footsteps}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sodiq1992HistoryIslamicLaw&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yushau Sodiq |date=Spring 1992 |title=A History of Islamic Law in Nigeria: Past and Present |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840064 |journal=Islamic Studies |publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=85–108 |jstor=20840064 |access-date=15 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A karni na 19, Khalifancin Sokoto, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihad na Fulani]] karkashin jagorancin Usman dan Fodio, ya kafa Islama a matsayin addini mafi girma a arewacin Najeriya. Addinin ya kuma bazu zuwa kudu maso yamma tsakanin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ta hanyar kasuwanci da musayar al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Western Africa: The jihad of Usman dan Fodio |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/western-Africa/The-jihad-of-Usman-dan-Fodio |access-date=2025-05-15 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaUsman2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Usman dan Fodio |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Usman-dan-Fodio |access-date=2025-05-15 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Musulunci ya kasance babban addini a Najeriya a yau, wanda kusan 47-54% na yawan jama'a ke yi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaLanguages2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2025 |title=Languages of Nigeria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Languages#ref55291 |access-date=15 May 2025 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2015 |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Pew Research Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2015 |title=Muslims |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2015/04/02/muslims/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Pew Research Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Nigeria |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=CIA World Factbook |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Afro2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=Nigeria Round 9: Summary of Results |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Nigeria-Afrobarometer-R9-Summary-of-Results-26august2022.pdf |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Afrobarometer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambancin da ke cikin kimantawa yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin hanyoyin binciken da kuma rashin ƙididdigar addini ta kasa tun 1963.  &lt;ref name=&quot;McKinnon2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McKinnon |first=Andrew |year=2021 |title=Christians, Muslims and Traditional Worshippers in Nigeria: Estimating the Relative Proportions from Eleven Nationally Representative Social Surveys |journal=Review of Religious Research |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=303–315 |doi=10.1007/s13644-021-00450-5 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;State2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nigeria |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/nigeria/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin Musulmai na Najeriya Sunni ne (95%), galibi suna bin makarantar Maliki, tare da ƙananan 'yan tsiraru na Shia (5%) da ke mayar da hankali a yankuna kamar Sokoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;StateDept2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nigeria |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/nigeria/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokokin Sufi, irin su Tijaniyya da Qadiriyya, suna da mahimmanci, tare da kusan kashi 37% na Musulmai da ke nunawa tare da kungiyoyin Sufi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pew2012ReligiousAffiliation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2012 |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity – Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Pew Research Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Musulunci ya fi yawa a arewacin Najeriya, musamman tsakanin Hausa da Fulani, kuma yana da karfi tsakanin Yoruba a kudu maso yamma. Yawan haihuwa mafi girma a yankunan arewacin musulmi yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar musulmi a shekara ta 2060. &lt;ref name=&quot;McKinnon2021&quot;/&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 1999, jihohi goma sha biyu na arewacin Najeriya sun sannu a hankali suka karɓi dokar Shari'a. Da farko an iyakance shi ga al'amuran farar hula kamar aure, kisan aure, da gado, an fadada ikon Shari'a sosai a cikin 2000 don haɗawa da dokar aikata laifuka, farawa da Jihar Zamfara kuma wasu goma sha ɗaya suka biyo baya  

Wannan fadada ya gabatar da azabtarwa irin su bulala, yankewa, da kuma dutse, wanda ya haifar da zargi mai yawa daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da kuma nuna damuwa game da jituwa da kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenDoors2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Nigeria's blasphemy laws must be repealed, orders court |url=https://www.opendoorsuk.org/news/latest-news/nigeria-blasphemy-law/ |access-date=15 May 2025 |publisher=Open Doors UK &amp; Ireland}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fides2025Sharia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2025 |title=Catholic priest: &quot;Caution in the application of Sharia in religiously mixed areas&quot; |url=https://www.fides.org/en/news/76027-AFRICA_NIGERIA_Catholic_priest_Caution_in_the_application_of_Sharia_in_religiously_mixed_areas |access-date=15 May 2025 |publisher=Agenzia Fides}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ICC2025Blasphemy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Court Declares Nigeria's Blasphemy Laws Violate International Human Rights Standards |url=https://www.persecution.org/2025/04/14/court-declares-nigerias-blasphemy-laws-violate-international-human-rights-standards/ |access-date=15 May 2025 |publisher=International Christian Concern}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Musulunci a Arewacin Najeriya ===
[[Fayil:مصحف_نيجيري_مطبوع_بالمطبعة_الحجرية_بخط_هاوساوي_٢.jpg|left|thumb|Shafin Alkur'ani da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun Hausawi na [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausaland]]]]
An gabatar da addinin Musulunci a Najeriya a cikin karni na 11 ta hanyar hanyoyi biyu: Arewacin Afirka da Senegalese Basin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Asalin Islama a cikin ƙasar yana da alaƙa da ci gaban Islama a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ciniki shine babban hanyar haɗi wanda ya kawo Islama cikin Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An fara rubuta addinin Musulunci a Sudan ta Tsakiya ta hanyar masana tarihi da masu ilimin ƙasa na zamani kamar Al-Bakri, Yaqut al-Hamawi da Al-Maqrizi kuma daga baya ayyukan [[Ibn Battuta]] da [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]] sun ba da ƙarin bayani game da Islama a Afirka ta Yamma.

Musulunci ya girma a Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, musamman, daular [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem]] sakamakon cinikayya tsakanin Kanem da yankunan Arewacin Afirka na [[Fezzan]], Misira da Cyrenaica a karni na sha ɗaya.  'Yan kasuwa Musulmi daga Arewa wani lokacin sun kasance a cikin ƙauyuka tare da hanyoyin kasuwanci, wannan rukunin' yan kasuwa daga baya zai yi wa'azin saƙon Islama ga al'ummomin da suka karɓi su. Juyowa ta farko da aka rubuta na mai mulkin gargajiya ya kasance a cikin karni na goma sha ɗaya lokacin da Mai [[Hummay|Ume Jilmi]] na Kanem ya tuba da wani malamin musulmi wanda zuriyarsa daga baya suka riƙe taken gado na Cif Imam na Kanem . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rubuce-rubucen Ahmad Fartua wani Imam a lokacin [[Idris Alooma]] ya ba da haske game da al'ummar Islama mai aiki a Bornu  yayin da tarihin addini ya nuna cewa an karɓi Islama a matsayin addinin mafi yawan manyan mutane a Daular Borno a lokacin mulkin Mai (sarki) [[Idris Alooma]] (1571-1603), kodayake babban ɓangare na wannan ƙasar har yanzu yana bin addinan gargajiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kenny |first=Joseph |date=November 1996 |title=Sharia and Christianity in Nigeria: Islam and a 'Secular' State |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=BRILL |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=338–364 |doi=10.2307/1581837 |jstor=1581837}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alooma ta ci gaba da manufar Islama a kasar ta hanyar gabatar da kotunan Islama, kafa masallatai, da kuma kafa masauki a [[Makkah|Makka]], wurin aikin hajji na Islama, don [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Kanuris]].

A Hausaland, musamman Kano, an lura da Musulunci ya shiga yankin a karni na sha huɗu daga 'yan kasuwa na Yammacin Afirka waɗanda suka kasance [[Mutanen Mandé|Mutanen Mande]] Musulmai daga kwandon Senegal da' yan kasuwa Musulmai daga [[Daular Mali]]. Muhammed Rumfa (1463 - 1499) shi ne mai mulki na [[Moroko|Maroko]] da ya tuba zuwa Islama a Hausaland . Ya bazu zuwa manyan biranen arewacin kasar a karni na 16, daga baya ya koma cikin ƙauyuka da zuwa tsaunukan Tsakiyar Belt. Koyaya, akwai wasu da'awar isowa da wuri. Masanin musulmi Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Abdul-Fattah Adelabu wanda aka haifa a [[Aljeriya]] ya yi jayayya cewa Islama ta kai Afirka ta Kudu, gami da Najeriya, tun daga ƙarni na 1 na Hijra ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa Musulmi da tafiye-tafiye a lokacin mulkin Larabawa, [[Uqba ibn Nafi|Uqba ibn al Nafia (622-683)]] , wanda ya ci nasarar Islama a ƙarƙashin daular [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]], a lokacin [[Mu'awiya|Muawiyah]] da [[Yazid I|Yazid]], ya yada duk Arewacin Afirka ko Maghrib Al-Arabi, wanda ya haɗa da [[Tunisiya]] a yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adelabu |first=EsinIslam The Muslim World Portal For Top News, Islamics And Information From The Awqaf The Society Of And Followers Of Sheikh Dr Abu-Abdullah |last2=London |first2=The Awqaf |title=Ẹsin Islam الدين الإسلامي Religion of Islam Addinin Musulunci Agama Islam Religi n del Islam 伊斯兰教 Dini ya Kiislamu Религия Ислам Religi o do Isl イスラム教 Esin Islam 이슬람의 종교 Portal African Muslim Website - Arabic English African Islamic Website For World News, Fatwas, Audios, Videos, Muslim News, Articles, Radio, Audio, Video, Quran, Hadith, TV Channels, Fatwas, Muslim News, Newspapers, Magazines Headlines, Forums, College, Schools, Universities, Mosques, Quranic, Sunnah, Fiqh, Prayers, Salat, Ramadan, Vidoes, Books, Fasting, PDFs On EsinIslam.Com And IslamAfrica.Com |url=https://www.esinislam.com/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Esin Islam Religion of Islam |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yaƙin Fulani ====
 
A farkon karni na 19, masanin addinin Musulunci [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]] ya kaddamar da [[jihadi]], wanda ake kira Fulani War, a kan [[Hausa Bakwai|Masarautun Hausa]] na Arewacin Najeriya. Ya yi nasara, kuma ya kafa [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Fulani]] tare da babban birninta a [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]] . 

==== Halifa ta Sokoto ====
[[Fayil:Africa_de_l'Oèst_en_1875-es.svg|thumb|Halittar Sokoto, c. 1875]]
A cikin 1803, Usman dan Fodio ya kafa Khalifancin Sokoto . Usman dan Fodio an zabe shi &quot;Kwamandan Masu Aminci&quot; ({{Transl|ar|[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]}}) daga mabiyansa. [[Daular Sokoto|Halifa ta Sokoto]] ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan daular da ke Afirka, daga Burkina Faso ta zamani zuwa Kamaru kuma ta haɗa da mafi yawan arewacin Najeriya da kudancin Nijar. A lokacin da ta fi girma, jihar Sokoto ta hada da masarauta daban-daban sama da 30 a karkashin tsarin siyasa. A cikin riƙewa, Khalifanci ya yi mulki a cikin karni na 19, har zuwa 29 ga Yuli 1903, [[yaƙin Burmi]] na biyu ya kammala rushewar sojojin Burtaniya da Jamus.

=== Musulunci a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya ===
Musulunci kuma ya zo yankunan kudu maso yammacin [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] a lokacin [[Daular Mali]]. A cikin Movements of Islam in face of the Empires and Kingdoms in [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]], [[Sheikh Adelabu|Adelabu]]&quot; id=&quot;mw-Q&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Sheikh Adelabu&quot;&gt;Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adelabu ya goyi bayan da'awarsa game da zuwan Islama a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ta hanyar ambaton masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Larabawa Abduhu Badawi, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa faduwar Koush kudancin Masar da wadatar zamanin [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] na siyasa da yawa a cikin nahiyar ya [[Khalifofi|Halifa]] da koguna da yawa na ƙaura, yana motsawa yamma a tsakiyar 9th Sub-Sahara. A cewar Adelabu, shahararren da tasirin Daular Abbasid, daular ta biyu mai girma tare da sarakunan da ke ɗauke da taken 'Kalifa' sun inganta bincike na zaman lafiya da wadata na makiyaya ta Musulmai masu al'adu daga Nilu zuwa [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da 'yan kasuwa Larabawa daga Desert zuwa Benue, suna maimaita ra'ayin tarihi na al'ada  cewa cin nasarar da aka yi a Arewacin Afirka ta Musulunci tsakanin AD 647-709 ya kawo karshen Katolika a Afirka na ƙarni da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Western North African Christianity: A History of the Christian Church in Western North Africa |url=http://www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/WesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722223144/http://www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/WesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html |archive-date=2010-07-22 |access-date=2016-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musulunci a Tsohon Yoruba ana kiransa ''Esin Imale'', wanda ilimin gargajiya ya bayyana cewa ya fito ne daga kalmar &quot;Mali. &quot; Gabatarwa ta farko ta addinin zuwa wannan yankin ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa masu tafiya na Mali (Wangara Traders) a kusa da karni na 14. Babban juyowa zuwa Islama ya faru ne a ƙarni na 18 zuwa 19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islamic world - Consolidation and expansion (1405–1683) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202012901/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-world |archive-date=2017-02-02 |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yoruba sun haɗu da Islama a cikin karni na 14 a lokacin mulkin Mansa Kankan Musa na [[Daular Mali]] . A cewar Al-Aluri, an gina masallaci na farko a Ọyọ-Ile a cikin AD 1550 kodayake, babu Musulmai Yoruba, masallacin kawai ya yi wa bukatun ruhaniya na Musulmai na kasashen waje da ke zaune a Ọyọ . &lt;ref&gt;Shittu, H (2015) TREND OF ISLAMICOLOGY IN NIGERIA; PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. ''E-Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, iCASiC2015 (e-{{ISBN|978-967-0792-02-6}}''), 9–10 March 2015, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ogunbado |first=Ahamad Faosiy |date=2012 |title=Impacts of Colonialism on Religions: An Experience of South- western Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272717594 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306215153/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272717594_Impacts_of_Colonialism_on_Religions_An_Experience_of_Southwestern_Nigeria |archive-date=2022-03-06 |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=Research gate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-01 |title=HISTORY OF ISLAMIC LAW. |url=https://instantlawblog.wordpress.com/2016/10/01/history-of-islamic-law/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802022126/https://instantlawblog.wordpress.com/2016/10/01/history-of-islamic-law/ |archive-date=2020-08-02 |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Instant Law |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Qur'an_in_the_barnavi_script_of_Borno.png|thumb|343x343px|Alkur'ani na ƙarni na 19 da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun Barnawi na [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]]]]
A hankali, Islama ta zo ƙasar Yoruba, kuma Musulmai sun fara gina Masallatai: garin Iwo ya jagoranci, Masallacin farko da aka gina a 1655 ya biyo baya da I__yue____yue____yan____yue__, a 1760; Legas, 1774; Ṣaki, 1790; da Oṣogbo, 1889 . [1] A cikin lokaci, Islama ta bazu zuwa wasu garuruwa kamar Oyo (wanda ya zama na farko shi ne Solagberu), Ibadan, Abẹokuta, I خوbu-Ode, Ikirun, da Ẹdẹ kafin karni na 19 na Sokoto jihad.[2] Abubuwa da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar Islama a ƙasar Yoruba a tsakiyar karni na 19. Kafin faduwar Ọyọ, garuruwa da yawa da ke kewaye da shi suna da manyan al'ummomin musulmai; lokacin da aka hallaka Ọyọ waɗannan Musulmai (Yoruba da baƙi) sun koma sababbin garuruwa kuma sun zama masu gabatarwa na Islama.[3] Na biyu, akwai motsi mai yawa na mutane a wannan lokacin zuwa ƙasar Yoruba, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan baƙi Musulmai ne waɗanda suka gabatar da Islama ga mai masaukin su.[4] A cewar Eades, addinin &quot;ya bambanta da jan hankali&quot; kuma &quot;ya fi dacewa da tsarin zamantakewar Yoruba, saboda ya ba da izinin auren mata da yawa&quot;; yawancin Yoruba kamar (Seriki Kuku na ƙasar Ijebu) nan da nan suka zama Musulmai tare da tasiri mai kyau ga 'yan asalin.[5] Musulunci ya zo Legas a kusan lokaci guda kamar sauran garuruwan Yoruba, duk da haka, ya sami goyon bayan sarauta daga Ọba Kosọkọ, bayan ya dawo daga gudun hijira a Ẹwụ.[6] A cewar Gbadamọṣi (1972; 1978 a Eades, 1980) Musulunci nan da nan ya bazu zuwa wasu garuruwan Yoruba, musamman, a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na cikin kabilanci-lokacin da akwai babban buƙata ga malamai na Islama - waɗanda aka kira su malamai da masu yin amulet ga sojojin Yoruba a lokacin yaƙin cikin kabilun ƙasar Yoruba.[7] Musulunci, kamar Kiristanci kuma ya sami asali ɗaya tare da 'yan asalin da suka yi imani da Mai Girma, yayin da akwai wasu fannoni na rashin jituwa, malaman Musulunci sun burge masu sauraron su da bukatar canzawa daga bauta wa gumaka da rungumar Allah.[8] Ba tare da bata lokaci ba, malaman Islama da Imamai na gida sun fara kafa cibiyoyin Alkur'ani don koyar da karatun Larabci da Islama, daga baya, an kafa makarantu na al'ada don ilimantar da sababbin masu tuba da kuma yada Islama.[9] An maye gurbin wuraren ibada na gargajiya da wuraren al'ada da Masallatai na Tsakiya a manyan garuruwa da biranen Yoruba.[10]

Wani rukuni mai banƙyama da masu ridda, wanda malamin addini [[Maitatsine|Mohammed Marwa Maitatsine]] ya jagoranta, ya fara ne a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a ƙarshen 1970s kuma ya yi aiki a cikin 1980s. Maitatsine (tun lokacin da ya mutu) ya fito ne daga [[Kamaru]], kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da wahayi na allahntaka wanda ya maye gurbin na annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Tare da masallatai da kuma koyarwar da ke adawa da jagorancin Islama da na al'umma, babban roƙonsa shine ga masu ƙaura a cikin birane da ke fama da talauci, waɗanda ƙin yarda da su daga ƙungiyoyin birane da suka fi kafawa ya inganta wannan adawar addini. Wadannan masu bin diddigin da ba su gamsu ba sun yi fice a masallatai da ikilisiyoyi na gargajiya, wanda ya haifar da barkewar tashin hankali a birane da yawa na arewa.
[[Rukuni:Musulunci a ƙasashe]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wishes: Album din Hutu</title>
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{{Databox}}{{Gyara mukala}}
'''Wishes''': Album din Hutuko kuma da turanci  A (Holiday Album) shine na ukun albumdin kirsmati  kuma na sha-biyu ga mawakin molo Kenny G. Arista shine wanda ya sake shi a shekara ta 2002, ya yi tsororuwa  har zuwa na daya 1 a rukuinin Jazz, na biyu a jerin album ɗin jazz, na 29 a jikin billboard 200,na 34 a  rukunin R&amp;B/Hip-Hop, na 64 a album ɗin yanar gizo.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Joy to the World&quot; (Lowell Mason/Isaac Watts) - 2:29&lt;/ref&gt; kuma shine  na biyun yawan saye a kiristimetin 2002 a Amuruka wanda an sayar da guda 501,000 a wannan shekara.&lt;ref&gt;God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen&quot; (Traditional) - 4:34&lt;/ref&gt;

== Waƙoƙin da suke cikin Album din ==

* &quot;[[Deck the Halls]] / The Twelve Days of Christmas&quot; (Traditional) - &lt;small&gt;3:01&lt;/small&gt;
* &quot;[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]] / [[O Come All Ye Faithful]]&quot; (Felix Mendelssohn/Charles Wesley/John Francis Wade/Frederic Oakeley) - &lt;small&gt;4:37&lt;/small&gt;
* &quot;[[Joy to the World]]&quot; (Lowell Mason/Isaac Watts) - &lt;small&gt;2:29&lt;/small&gt;
* &quot;[[God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen]]&quot; (Traditional) - &lt;small&gt;4:34&lt;/small&gt;
* &quot;[[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)|Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]] / [[Frosty the Snowman]]&quot; (Johnny Marks/Steve Nelson/Jack Rollins) - &lt;small&gt;5:21&lt;/small&gt;
* &quot;Wishes&quot; (Walter Afanasieff/Kenny G) - &lt;small&gt;3:59&lt;/small&gt;
* &quot;[[Do You Hear What I Hear?]]&quot; (Noel Regney/Gloria Shayne) - &lt;small&gt;3:08&lt;/small&gt;
* &quot;Cantique de Noel ([[O Holy Night]])&quot; (Adolphe Adam) - &lt;small&gt;4:27&lt;/small&gt;
* &quot;[[Jesus, Joy of Man's Desiring]]&quot; (Johann Sebastian Bach) - &lt;small&gt;2:07&lt;/small&gt;
* &quot;[[Auld Lang Syne]] (Freedom Mix)&quot; (Robert Burns/Traditional) - &lt;small&gt;4:53&lt;/small&gt;

== Anazarci ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muhammadu Bello Abubakar</title>
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'''Muhammadu Bello Abubahkar Masaba Bida''' Wanda akafi sani da '''Mohammed Bello Abubakar'''&lt;ref name=&quot;csmonitor&quot;&gt;[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2008/1024/p07s08-woaf.html Nigerian man with 86 wives faces a 'fatwa'] The Christian Science Monitor, 24 October 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; an haife shine a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1924 – 28 Janairu 2017)  haifaffan dan [[Najeriya]] ne, wannan mutumin yana da badakalar matsala ne na auran mata 120 a cikin garin [[Bida]], wanda a garin yake zaune,  an gurfanar dashi a gaban kotun [[Musulunci]] a shekara ta 2008, saboda yaki ya saka mata 82 daga cikin haramtattun matansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;csmonitor&quot; /&gt;  wanda a shari'an Musulunci mata hudu kadai ya kamata ya aura.&lt;ref name=&quot;arrest&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7618396.stm Nigerian with 86 wives arrested] BBC.co.uk, 16 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya aura mata 120, kuma ya saka mata 10, ya haifa yara 203, a lokacin mutuwarsa wasu ma daga cikin matansa suna da ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;muslimpreacher&quot;&gt;[http://indianexpress.com/article/world/nigeria-muslim-preacher-with-130-wives-dies-at-93-4500043 Nigerian Muslim Preacher with 130 Wives Dies], ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 31 January 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;advises&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7547148.stm Nigerian advises against 86 wives] BBC.co.uk, 8 August 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;csmonitor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arrest&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;embattled&quot;&gt;[http://nigeriaworld.com/news/archive/2008/step/6.html In spite of his travails, followers, children back embattled man with 86 wives]{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[NigeriaWorld News Archive]]'', 7 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;travails&quot;&gt;''In spite of his travails, followers, children back embattled man with 86 wives'', &quot;Sunday Punch&quot;, Nigeria 7 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;transferred&quot;&gt;[http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/default.aspx?a=13704&amp;template=print-article.htm Polygamist's Trial: Sharia Court Transfers Case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810042630/http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/default.aspx?a=13704&amp;template=print-article.htm |date=2016-08-10 }}, ''[[Online Nigeria]]'', 7 October 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hands&quot;&gt;[http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=65219 Sharia Judge hands of Masaba's Case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030214/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=65219 |date=2016-03-04 }}, ''[[The Nation]]'', Nigeria 7 October 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;magistrate&quot;&gt;Falola, Francis. &quot;Judge Transfers Masaba's case to magistrate's court&quot;, ''[[The Punch]]'', Nigeria 7 October 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nolaw&quot;&gt;&quot;Conversation with an octogenarian polygamist&quot;, ''[[The Nation]]'', Nigeria 21 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;prosecute&quot;&gt;&quot;Why we Could Not Prosecute Man With 86 Wives&quot;, ''[[Leadership]]'', Nigeria 30 January2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;travails&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;embattled&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;refusedivorce&quot;&gt;&quot;Man refuses 82 divorces&quot;, ''[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]]'', London, England, 18 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;contrary&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140611030701/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-185230910.html Man refuses 82 divorces], ''[[Around the World. (News)]]'', 18 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sue&quot;&gt;[http://newnigerianpolitics.com/2011/02/06/man-with-86-wives-to-sue-inec/ Man with 86 wives to sue INEC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113122540/http://newnigerianpolitics.com/2011/02/06/man-with-86-wives-to-sue-inec/ |date=2019-11-13 }} NewNigerianPolitics.com. 6 February 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;disenfranchisement&quot;&gt;[http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/man-with-86-wives-alleges-disenfranchisement/85889/ Man with 86 Wives Alleges Disenfranchisement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210002558/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/man-with-86-wives-alleges-disenfranchisement/85889 |date=2011-02-10 }} ThisDayLive.com, 7 February 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;&gt;[http://www.thetimesofnigeria.com/Article.aspx?id=3145 INEC Displays List Of Candidates In States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324114749/http://www.thetimesofnigeria.com/Article.aspx?id=3145 |date=2011-03-24 }} The Times of Nigeria, 7 February 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;added&quot;&gt;&quot;I've added 18 to my 120 children since I was released from detention&quot;, ''[[Sunday]]', Nigeria 17 April 2010.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;masabachana&quot;&gt;[http://www.nigerianews24.com/articles/masaba-chana-tale-of-two-super-polygamists-nigerian-tribune Maasaba, Chana: Tale of two super polygamists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113145616/https://www.nigerianews24.com/articles/masaba-chana-tale-of-two-super-polygamists-nigerian-tribune |date=2019-11-13 }}, ''[[Nigerian Tribune]]'', 18 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;97wives&quot;&gt;[http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/52156-i-would-have-taken-only-two-wives-but-i%E2%80%99m-fulfilling-a-divine-assignment-%E2%80%94-super-polygamist-masaba.html I would have taken only two wives but I'm fulfilling a divine assignment - super polygamist Masaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221061918/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/52156-i-would-have-taken-only-two-wives-but-i%E2%80%99m-fulfilling-a-divine-assignment-%E2%80%94-super-polygamist-masaba.html |date=2014-02-21 }}, ''[[The Nation]]'', Nigeria 30 June 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7591037.stm Nigerian man to divorce 82 wives] BBC.co.uk, 31 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;legal&quot;&gt;[http://www.legalbrief.co.za/article.php?story=20080825112649977 Nigeria's Islamic authority has told an 84-year-old man with 86 wives and 170 children that he must whittle his number of spouses down to four. Mohammed Bello Abubakar, a former teacher and preacher, could face the death penalty under Sharia law, which was reintroduced to the Muslim-majority Niger State in 2000.] Legal Brief Today, 25 August 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;advises&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7574757.stm Nigerian faces death for 86 wives] BBC.co.uk, 21 August 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;divorce&quot;&gt;[http://news.theage.com.au/world/nigerian-man-agrees-to-divorce-82-wives-20080902-47pf.html Nigerian man agrees to divorce 82 wives] theage.com.au, 2 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;freemasaba&quot;&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/20081110122html Nigeria: Court Frees Masaba], ''[[All Africa Global Media (all Africa)]]'', 13 November 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;court fees&quot;&gt;&quot;Court Frees Masaba&quot;, ''[[Africa News Service (business. high beam.com)]]'', 13 November 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;children&quot;&gt;[http://www.ijawmonitor.org/news.php?cut=3&amp;article=398 &quot;I've added 18 to my children since I was released from detention&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215121852/http://www.ijawmonitor.org/news.php?cut=3&amp;article=398 |date=2018-12-15 }}, ''[[The Punch]]'', Nigeria 2010-04-17.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;.

== Manazarta ==
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[[File:Orchidaceae - Ansellia africana.JPG|thumb|Murucin doka]]
[[File:Ansellia africana.jpg|thumb|Tsigaggen murucin doka]]
[[File:Ansellia africana1.jpg|thumb|Asalin ganyen murucin doka]]
[[File:Ansellia gigantea nilotica.jpg|thumb|murucin dokan afirika]]
'''Murucin doka''' (''mùrúúcín doka'') (''Ansellia africana'') [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}} 
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shuka]]</text>
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[[File:Khaya_senegalensis_MS_2037.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Maɗaci]]
[[File:Khaya_senegalensis_MS_4753.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Maɗaci]]
'''Maɗaci''' (''máɗààcíí''; jam'i: '''maɗatai''', ''mààɗààtái'') (''Khaya senegalensis'') [[itace]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Khaya_senegalensis_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.225_Fruit.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Ya'yan Maɗaci]]
[[File:Khaya_senegalensis_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.225.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Ya'yan Maɗaci]]
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bishiya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masoro</title>
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'''Masoro''' (''màsóóróó'') (''Piper guineense'' da ''Piper umbellatum'') [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Piper guineense-Jardin botanique Meise (3).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Masoro]]
[[File:Ashanti pepper dried fruit.jpg|thumb|Masoro ]]

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shuka]]</text>
      <sha1>4b9uqiuoxsb4fi131olsb6ii53h81c7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nasiru Ado Bayero</title>
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[[File:Emir of Bichi 02.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Bichi Nasir Ado Bayero a yayin buɗe masallacin juma'a na garin [[Gwanki]].]]
'''Nasiru Ado Bayero'''{{Audio|Ha-Nasiru Ado Bayero.ogg|Nasiru Ado Bayero}} (An haife shi ne a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu na shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da sittin da huɗu (1964) Miladiyya (A.c). kuma shi ne sarki na biyu (2) na [[Masarautar Bichi|Bichi]] . Ya hau gadon sarautar ne daga hannun dan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] wanda aka ambaci sunan sa a matsayin Sarkin Kano&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kehinde |first1=Opeyemi |title=Kano govt names Nasiru Ado Bayero as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Daily Trust |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803211724/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Yusuf |first1=Kabir |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero new Emir of Bichi – Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/381025-ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Premiumtimesnews |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  na shabiyar ([[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]] ), bayan sauke dan uwansa kuma mai auren kanwarsa [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]] da [[Gwamna]] [[Dr Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Abdullahi Umar Ganduje yayi]] .  Kafin hawansa kan kujerar sarauta, Nasiru Ado Bayero Chiroma ne na [[masarautar Kano]] kuma [[Masarautar Kano|hakimin]] gundumar [[Nasarawa|Nassarawa]] a lokacin mulkin [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]] .

== Rayuwar farko ==

=== Iyali ===

An haifi Nasiru Ado Bayero a ranar biyu (2) ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara sittin da huɗu (1964) a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], daga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] wanda shi ne [[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin Kano]] mafi dadewa a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|tarihin Kano]] .  Shi ne da na uku ga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] kuma shi ne dan fari, da aka haifa a gidan [[Masarautar Kano|masarautar Kano da]] aka fi sani da gidan dabo. Ya m Siblings hada Sanusi Ado Bayero da tsohon Chiroma daga shekarar alif da dari tara da casa'in (1990 )zuwa shekarar (2015) wanda daga baya ya yi nasara, da kuma [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] da [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15th]] Sarkin Kano.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi. |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Illimi ===
[[Fayil:Bichi Emirates 1.jpg|thumb|masarautar bichi]]
Nasiru Ado Bayero ya yi karatun firamare da sakandire a Kano, daga nan ne ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami'ar Maiduguri da]] ke [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] don karatun fannin sadarwa wato &quot;Mass Communication&quot; a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da tamanin da bakwai (1987 ). Ya kammala karatun Harvard Business School sannan kuma yana da satifiket a harshen Jamusanci a shekara ta alif da dari tara da casa'in da uku (1993).&lt;ref name=&quot;The nation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=All hail new Bichi Emir – The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/all-hail-new-bichi-emir/ |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=15 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Levene Energy Group {{!}} HRH Nasir Ado Bayero Group Vice Chairman. |url=https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |website=Levene Energy Group |accessdate=1 June 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

Nasiru Ado Bayero ya samu gogewa wajen aiki tare da Bankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika, daga baya ya koma Kamfanin Coastal Corporation a [[Houston]], [[Texas]] sai kuma Hamlet Investment Ltd [[Landan|London]] .  Shine shugaban kamfanin Enclo Limited da kamfanin 9 Mobile Nigeria.  

== Titles da alkawari ==

A ranar shidda (6) ga watan mayu shekara ta (1994), an nada Nasiru Ado Bayero a matsayin tafidan Kano kuma hakimin Waje daga mahaifinsa marigayi Ado bayaro Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|13]] sannan kuma daga baya ya sauya shi zuwa [[Nasarawa (Kano)|hakimin]] ƙaramar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nassarawa]], sannan aka mayar da shi [[Tarauni]] a kan wannan matsayin. Ya samu daukaka zuwa Turakin Kano, da kuma Sarkin Dawakin Tsakar gida a shekara ta (2000).  A shekara ta (2015), Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|14]] [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II ya]] naɗa shi a matsayin Chiroman Kano.

== Sarkin Bichi ==

=== Shiga ===

A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta (2019), Nasiru Ado Bayero ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan an naɗa ɗan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] a matsayin Sarkin Kano na( [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]] ).  

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ Nasir Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |date=2018-03-17 }}
* [https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ Sadu da Nasiru Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416002502/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |date=2021-04-16 }}
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|Gidan Dabo||1964|Living}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl}}
{{S-aft}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:Sarakuna na Afrika]]
[[Category:Sarakunan Kano]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutane daga Kano]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]

== Career ==

Shine shugaban Enclo Limited, 9 Mobile Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2020 |title=Nasir Ado Bayero Resumes Royal Duty |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/05/nasir-ado-bayero-resumes-royal-duty/ |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=THISDAYLIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Meet Alhaji Nasiru Ado Bayero, the New Chairman of 9Mobile |url=https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Technext |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810224442/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mu’azu Babangida Aliyu</title>
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'''Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu''' babban ma'aikacin gwamnati ne wanda aka zabe shi gwamna na [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]], [[Najeriya]] a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;govforum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Governor Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu of Niger State |url=http://nggovernorsforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=47&amp;Itemid= |access-date=2009-12-08 |publisher=Nigeria Governors Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Babangida Aliyu – Channels Television |url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/babangida-aliyu/ |access-date=2022-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=How Babangida Aliyu, Former Niger Governor, Two Others Used N2Billion Ecological Fund for Election Campaign —Anti-graft Agency, EFCC |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/05/13/how-babangida-aliyu-former-niger-governor-two-others-used-n2billion-ecological-fund |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Sahara Reporters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PDP congratulates 'Chief Servant' Babangida Aliyu - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/11/13/pdp-congratulates-chief-servant-babangida-aliyu/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-12-17 |title=Atiku will defeat President in free, fair elections, says Niger ex-gov Aliyu |url=https://t.guardian.ng/news/atiku-will-defeat-president-in-free-fair-elections-says-niger-ex-gov-aliyu/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake zabarsa a ranar 26 ga Afrilun shekarar 2011. 

A cikin zaben shugaban kasa da majalisar dattijai na watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Gov Aliyu ya kasa samun nasara a takarar majalisar dattijan da ya yi da David Umaru na All Progressives Congress, wanda ya samu kuri'u 149,443 a gaban kuri'u 46,459 ga gwamnan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Governor Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu of PDP lost to David Umaru of APC |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/03/election-apc-candidate-defeat-niger-governor-babangida-aliyu/ |access-date=2015-03-03 |publisher=The Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2015, ya kasa cin nasara a cikin akwatin jefa kuri'a ta kansa a zaben gwamna da majalisar dokokin jihar a cikin akwatin zabe ta 006 inda jam'iyyar PDP ta Aliyu ta samu kuri'u 100 kawai a kan kuri'u 361 ga Kofar Danjuma Mainadi na APC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Governor Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu of PDP lost own polling unit, again |url=http://leadership.ng/news/424898/governor-aliyu-loses-polling-unit/ |access-date=2015-04-12 |publisher=Leadership |archive-date=2015-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412181709/http://leadership.ng/news/424898/governor-aliyu-loses-polling-unit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An haifi Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu a [[Minna]] a Jihar Nijar a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1955. Ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha da Nazarin Larabci a [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]], ya kammala a shekara ta 1974. A shekara ta 1977, ya sami Takardar shaidar Najeriya a Ilimi daga Kwalejin Ilimi, Sokoto . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics {{!}} Dailytrust |url=https://dailytrust.com/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1978 ya zama malami a Kwalejin Malaman Gwamnati, [[Minna]] . Daga baya ya tafi [[Jami'ar Bayero]], [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] inda ya sami digirin farko (BA) a fannin Ilimi a shekarar 1983. Bayan hidimar ƙasa na shekara guda na Matasa, Ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Pittsburgh, [[Pennsylvania]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a 1985, ya sami PhD a cikin Manufofin Jama'a da Nazarin Dabarun a 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;govforum&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 1983 an zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa don Majalisa ta Tarayya ta [[Chanchaga]] ta Jihar Nijar zuwa ƙarshen [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Biyu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;govforum&quot;/&gt; HRH Alh ya ba shi taken ''Sodangin [[Nufawa|Nupe]]'' . [[Yahaya Abubakar]] (GCON, Etsu Nupe da shugaban, Majalisar Jiha ta Nijar ta sarakunan gargajiya).

== Ayyukan jama'a ==
Ya shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a ta Tarayya a matsayin mukaddashin Babban Jami'in Harkokin Siyasa a watan Mayu, shekarar 1990. Daga baya ya rike mukamai a Ofishin Sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayya da Majalisar Kasa kan Dangantaka tsakanin Gwamnati. Daga shekarun 1996 har zuwa Afrilu 1999 ya kasance Darakta (Ayyukan Jirgin Ruwa) a Ma'aikatar Sufuri. A shekara ta 1999 an nada shi Sakataren Dindindin na Tarayya da Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa / Lissafi, kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a manyan mukamai da yawa a sassa daban-daban na ma'aikatan gwamnati na Tarayya har zuwa shekara ta 2007, lokacin da ya sake shiga siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;govforum&quot;/&gt;

== Gwamnan Jihar Nijar ==
An zabi Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu a matsayin babban gwamnan jihar Nijar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, yayi mulki a karkashin inuwar Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). Marigayi [[Jibrin Bala Guna Alhassan]], dan takarar jam'iyyar PDP, ya yi jayayya da zabensa, amma Kotun Koli ta Tarayya a [[Abuja]] ta ki amincewa da karar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;trust1226&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Solomon Iorshase and Gabriel Gwajime |date=23 December 2007 |title=Babangida Aliyu's High Court Victory |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200712260097.html |access-date=2009-12-08 |publisher=Daily Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an rantsar da shi a matsayin gwamna mai zartarwa, Aliyu ya kafa Kwamitin Tabbatar da Biyan Kuɗi don bincikar ƙaorafin da'awar dake nuna ba'a biya don kwangilar da magajinsa [[Abdul-ƙadir Kure|Abdulkadri Kure]] ya ba shi. Kwamitin ya ba da rahoton yaduwar cin zarafin albarkatun jihar. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;trust1226&quot;/&gt;

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, ya ce wa tawagar  kungiyar marubuta na Najeriya, reshen Jihar Nijar, &quot;Ina tsammanin Jihar Nija za ta kasance jihar da aka fi bugawa a shekara ta 2008. Muna so mu buga ku; za mu buga ku...&quot; Jihar za ta buga akalla lakabi ashirin a shekara ta 2008 kadai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=B M. Dzukogi |date=January 27, 2008 |title=Day Gov Babangida hosted writers in Minna |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/literari/2008/jan/27/literari-27-01-2008-002.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206051822/http://sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/literari/2008/jan/27/literari-27-01-2008-002.htm |archive-date=February 6, 2010 |access-date=2009-12-08 |publisher=Daily Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani taron tattaunawa na watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008 game da kawar da talauci a jihohin Arewa, Babangida Aliyu ya ce sarakunan gargajiya, musamman a yankin Arewa, sun kasance &quot;masu cin hanci da rashawa, suna tallafawa cin hanci na rashawa kuma sun rasa girmamawa da ikon ɗabi'a don gyara batutuwan su. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 January 2009 |title=Muazu's Flippancy |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200901020430.html |access-date=2009-12-08 |publisher=Daily Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake magana a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009 a taron kungiyar marubuta na Najeriya, Aliyu ya yi amfani da kudade masu yawa don samun ofis don amfanin kansu maimakon yin hidima ga jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ayegba Israel Ebije |date=October 31, 2009 |title=Nigerian Politicians Are Criminals - Gov Babangida Aliyu |url=http://news.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=9798 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225040906/http://news.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=9798 |archive-date=February 25, 2012 |access-date=2009-12-08 |publisher=Online Nigeria Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sake zabar Babangida Aliyu a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2011. 

A wani taro na Taron Gwamnan Arewa a [[Abuja]], Aliyu a matsayin shugaban &quot;ya yi maraba da tayin gwamnatin Amurka na taimakon soja&quot; don gano 'yan makarantar da suka ɓace a cikin satar' yarinyar makarantar Chibok.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Niger|Jerin gwamnonin Jihar Nijar]]

== Manazarta{{Reflist|30em}} ==

[[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Najeriya a Shekara ta 2020</title>
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[[File:Nigerian Governors map June-2020.png|thumb|Taswirar gwamnonin Najeriya daga watan Yuni shekara ta 2020]]
[[Fayil:Lisabi rite exercise in Abeokuta, Nigeria 19 42 52 618000.jpeg|thumb|2020 a Najeriya]]
Mai zuwa jeri ne na abubuwan da suka faru a cikin ''' shekarar 2020 a  [[Nijeriya]]''' .

== Shugabannin Lokacin ==

=== Gwamnatin tarayya ===

* [[Shugaban Najeriya|Shugaba]] : [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ( [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ) (tun daga 29 ga watan Mayun Shekara ta 2015) &lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ The World Factbook, Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |date=2021-01-09 }} CIA, retrieved 4 Feb 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa : [[Yemi Osinbajo]] ( [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ) (tun daga 29 ga watan Mayun Shekara ta  2015)
* Alƙalin Alƙalai : Mahmud Mohammed

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 3 ga Watan Janairu - Wasu mutane da ba a san ko su waye ba sun kashe mutane guda 19 tare da ƙona gidaje da wasu gine-gine a garin Tawari na [[Kogi|jihar Kogi]] . 
* 6 ga Janairu - 2020 Bom din da ya tashi a Gamboru : 30 sun mutu 35 sun jikkata a fashewar wani bam a Gamboru, [[Borno|Jihar Borno]], da alama [[Boko Haram|kungiyar Boko Haram ce]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/nigeria-hit-by-deadly-bomb-attack-near-cameroon/a-51908242 Nigeria hit by deadly bomb attack near Cameroon] Deutsche Welle, 7 Jan 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 8 ga Janairu - [[Amurkawa|mawakiyar nan ']] 'yar Amurka, [[Cardi B]] ta ce za ta nemi zama 'yar Najeriya. 
* 15 ga Janairu - shekaru 50 da kawo ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya (1967-1970). &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/nigerians-mark-50-years-bloody-civil-war-200114070105941.html Nigerians mark 50 years of the end of bloody civil war] by Fidelis Mbah, Al Jazeera, 15 Jan 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Janairu - An ba da ma'aikatan agaji uku da aka yi garkuwa da su tun 22 ga Disambar 2019 a [[Borno|jihar Borno]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/armed-group-frees-kidnapped-hostages-nigeria-200116090302678.html Armed group frees kidnapped hostages in Nigeria] Al Jazeera, 16 Jan 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 24 ga Janairu - Cutar zazzabin Lassa ta kashe mutane 29 a cikin jihohi 11 a wannan watan. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/lassa-fever-outbreak-kills-dozens-nigeria-200127062952931.html Lassa fever outbreak kills dozens in Nigeria] Al Jazeera, 31 Jan 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 31 ga Janairu - Shugaban Amurka [[Donald Trump|Donald Trump ya]] faɗaɗa dokar hana tafiye-tafiye ya hada da [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] da wasu kasashe biyar. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/trump-expand-travel-ban-additional-countries-official-200131201717956.html Trump expands travel ban to six additional countries] Al Jazeera, 27 Jan 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fabrairu ===

* 1 ga Fabrairu - Dokar hana babura ta kasuwanci ta fara aiki a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://allafrica.com/stories/202002040114.html Nigeria: Effects of Okada, Keke Ban Bite Harder As Lagosians Resume Work] By Taofeekat Ajayi, Premium Times (allAfrica), 4 Feb 2020, retrieved 8 Feb 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 4 Fabrairu
** Amurka $ miliyan 300 ( £ 230 da miliyan) kãma su daga tsohon shugaban [[Sani Abacha]] 's laundered asusun za a mayar da su zuwa Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-51369080 Jersey bank's £230m seizure set to be returned to Nigeria] BBC News, 4 Feb 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar dattijai ta]] amince da kasafin kudin kwastan. &lt;ref&gt;[https://dailypost.ng/2020/02/04/2020-budget-senate-okays-n238-15bn-for-customs/ 2020 budget: Senate okays N238.15bn for Customs] Daily Post, 4 Feb 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 7 ga Fabrairu - Mawaki Ba'amurke Lil Wayne ya ce, &quot;Na fi Ba'amurke ɗan Najeriya.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://allafrica.com/stories/202002060176.html Nigeria: I'm More Nigerian Than American - Lil Wayne] allAfrica, retrieved 7 Feb 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 9 ga Fabrairu - Harin Auno : aƙalla mutane 30 aka kashe a Auno, Jihar Borno, da alama Boko Haram ce. 
* 14 ga Fabrairu - An karkata akalar [[Filin jirgin saman Lagos|jiragen saman zuwa Murtala Muhammed International Airport da]] [[Filin jirgin saman Accra|ke Legas zuwa Filin jirgin saman Kotoka da]] ke [[Accra]], Ghana, saboda rashin kyawun yanayi da rikice-rikice da sabbin kayan aiki. 
* 27 ga Fabrairu - Wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla da aka sata daga Ifɛ a masarautar Yarbawa ya daina aiki a Filin jirgin saman Mexico ya dawo Nijeriya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51657151?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world/latin_america&amp;link_location=live-reporting-story Mexico returns ancient bronze sculpture to Nigeria] BBC, 27 Feb 2020&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya aka gano mutum-mutumin na bogi ne. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/yoruba-archeological-piece-mexico-returned-nigeria-false Yoruba archeological piece Mexico returned to Nigeria is false] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115025654/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/yoruba-archeological-piece-mexico-returned-nigeria-false |date=2022-11-15 }} El Universal, 18 March 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 28 ga Fabrairu - Ma’aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya ta tabbatar da wani dan ƙasar Italiya da ke aiki a Legas an tabbatar da ita a matsayin ta farkon [[COVID-19 a Najeriya|cutar COVID-19 a Najeriya]] da Saharar Afirka . 

=== Maris ===

* [[Boko Haram|4 ga Maris - ‘Yan kungiyar Boko Haram]] sun kashe jami’an‘ yan sanda huɗu da wasu mayaƙa biyu yayin wani samame da suka kai sansanin sojoji a [[Damboa]], jihar Borno. 
* 9 ga Maris - An cire [[Masarautar Kano|sarkin Kano]], Lamido Sanusi daga muƙaminsa saboda &quot;rashin biyayya ga umarnin doka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/influential-nigerian-traditional-ruler-dethroned-200309174644836.html?utm_source=website&amp;utm_medium=article_page&amp;utm_campaign=read_more_links Influential Nigerian traditional ruler dethroned] Al Jazeera, 9 Mar 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15 ga Maris - Fashewar Abule-Ado, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], ta kashe a ƙalla mutane 15 tare da lalata kusan gine-gine 50. 
* 24 Maris - Maris 2020 kisan kiyashi a Chadi da Najeriya : Kimanin sojoji 70 ne ‘yan Boko Haram suka yi wa kwanton ɓauna suka kashe su a ƙauyen Goneri, na Jihar Borno. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/50-nigerian-soldiers-killed-boko-haram-ambush-200324185317954.html At least 50 Nigerian soldiers killed in Boko Haram ambush] Al Jazeera, 24 Mar 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrilu ===

* 13 ga Afrilu - Mutanen asalin Afirka, ciki har da ’yan Najeriya, sun fuskanci wariya a [[Guangzhou]] da sauran wurare a [[Sin|China]] . An kori 'yan Afirka daga Najeriya, [[Togo]] da [[Benin]] daga otal otal a cikin dare, an tilasta wa wasu gungun daliban Afirka su yi gwaji na COVID-19 duk da cewa ba su yi tafiya ba a kwanan nan, wasu kuma sun ba da rahoton ana musu barazanar samun bizar su da izinin aiki. sokewa 
* 17 ga Afrilu - Babban labarin karya game da kwayar corona yana yaduwa a Afirka. 
* 18 ga Afrilu - [[Harin Katsina na Afrilu 2020|Afrilu 2020 Hare-haren Katsina]] : 'Yan bindiga ɗauke da makami sun kashe mutane 47 a hare-hare da suka kai kauyuka a [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]] . 
* 19 ga Afrilu - An kama ma’aikata 21 na kamfanin ExxonMobil daga [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom da]] sabawa ka’idojin keɓe keɓance a [[Rivers|Jihar Ribas]], amma an sake su lokacin da ƙungiyar ta yi barazanar ɗaukar matakin masana’antu. Ba a san ko ɗayan mutanen da aka kama yana da alamun kamuwa da cuta ba. 
* 23 ga Afrilu - Najeriya ta gwada mutane 7,153 kacal kan cutar ta COVID-19, watau kashi 0.03% na jama'a. An bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar 873 da mace-mace 28, amma Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka na Afirka na fargabar alƙaluman na iya fin haka. 
* 25 ga Afrilu - [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] ya karbi Naira tiriliyan 1.47 (dala biliyan 3.8) daga masu ba da rance a matsayin karin tsabar kudi saboda kasa cimma burikan da aka tsara. 
* 28 ga Afrilu - Makabarta a cikin Kano sun ba da rahoton karuwar mace-mace. Akwai rade-radin cewa ana iya alakanta mace-macen da [[COVID-19 a Najeriya|cutar coronavirus]], amma ba wanda ya san tunda ba a yin autopsies akai-akai. Wata hanyar kuma ita ce, mutuwar na iya kasancewa da alaka da wasu cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar kamar hawan jini, ciwon sukari, sankarau da sankara mai tsanani da ba a kula da su ba saboda asibitoci da yawa suna rufe. 
* 30 ga Afrilu - An tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar ta COVID-19 a Kano sau uku daga 77 a farkon mako zuwa 219 yayin da hukumomin kiwon lafiya ke ta kara &quot;yin bincike kan magana&quot;. Jami'an jihar sun dage cewa akasarin wadanda suka mutu sun kasance sanadiyyar wasu cututtuka maimakon COVID-19. Nasiru Sani Gwarzo, shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta shugaban kasa COVID-19 da aka tura zuwa Kano, ya ce karuwar mace-mace kuma ya samo asali ne sakamakon rage zuwa likitoci don wasu cututtukan sakamakon rikicin. 

=== Mayu ===

* 6 ga Mayu - An yanke wa Olalekan Hameed hukuncin kisa a shari’ar da aka watsa a kan Zoom kan kisan mahaifiyar mai aikinsa. 
* 15 Mayu - Wani shiri mai cike da cece-kuce game da rufe makarantun kur'ani a cikin jihohin arewa 19 tare da aikewa da ′ almajirai ′ ′ (″aliban ″) sakamakon gida wajen yada COVID-19. Yara sittin da biyar sun yi gwaji a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]], 91 a [[Jigawa]], takwas a [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], bakwai kuma a [[Bauchi (jiha)|jihar Bauchi]] . 
* 18 May - Boko Haram ta'addan kai hari a ƙauyen kamar yadda mutane da aka shirya don warware Ramadan azumi bayan fa uwar rana, inda suka kashe akalla mutane 20 a harin farko na irin a arewa maso gabashin Nijeriya, tun da wata mai tsarki ya fara. 
* 30 ga Mayu - #JusticeForUwa na cigaba da tafiya a Najeriya, inda dangin Uwavera Omozuwa suka roƙi a taimaka mata don gano wadtanda suka yi mata fyaɗe da wadanda suka kashe ta a wani coci da ke garin [[Benin City|Benin na]] jihar Edo. 

=== Yuni ===

* 9 ga Yuni - Kisan Gubio : Wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin' yan kungiyar Boko Haram ne sun kashe wasu mazauna kauyuka 81 a jihar Borno.  An kashe wasu mutane 20 a wani hari a [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]] . 
* 10 ga Yuni - Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta amince da nadin ministar sau biyu [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala|Okonjo-Iweala]] a matsayin Darakta-Janar. 
* 11 ga Yuni - An ''kame wani mataimaki ga sansanin matar'' shugaban ƙasa [[Aisha Buhari]] bayan harbin kan ɗan shugaban ƙasar da kuma mataimakiyarsa Sabiu Yusuf lokacin da shi kuma ya ki ya yi saniyar ware bayan tafiyarsa zuwa Legas. 
* 12 Yuni
** [https://allafrica.com/stories/202006120051.html Sharhi daga Sanata Bola Tinubu, Shugaban Jam'iyyar APC na kasa]
** Dukkanin gwamnonin Najeriya 36 sun yanke shawarar ayyana dokar ta baci kan fyade da sauran cin zarafin mata da kananan yara a kasar. 
** Kamfanin watsa shirye-shirye na Amurka mai suna Netflix ya hade da mai shirya fim [[Mo Abudu]], mamallakin EbonyLife TV (ELTV), don kirkirar sabbin shirye-shiryen TV biyu da fina-finai da yawa. 
* 13 ga Yuni - 2020 kisan gillar Monguno da Nganzai
* 22 ga Yuni - Gorilla ta Kuros Riba gami da jarirai, wadanda a da ake zaton sun riga sun bace, an kame su ne ta hanyar fim daga masu kiyaye muhalli a tsaunukan Mbe da ke kusa da kan iyaka da [[Kamaru]] . 

=== Yuli ===

* 8 ga Yuli - [[Filin jirgin saman Abuja|Filin jirgin saman Nnamdi Azikiwe da]] ke Abuja da [[Filin jirgin saman Lagos|Murtala Muhammed International Airport da]] ke Legas sun sake kafa jiragen sama na cikin gida bayan rufe watanni uku; sauran filayen saukar jiragen sama zasu buɗe nan bada dadewa ba. Ba a bayar da ranar da jiragen za su fara jigila ba. 
* 13 ga Yuli - Ƙungiyar Ba da Bayani ta Policean sanda ta ceci wata Ba’amurkiya da ta yi ritaya bayan da wani saurayi mai shekara 34 ya yi garkuwa da ita na tsawon watanni 15 a wani otal. Mutumin ya amshi dala 48,000 daga hannunta. 
* 18 ga Yuli - Tsakanin jami’an tsaro uku zuwa 16 sun mutu kuma har zuwa 28 sun ji rauni a wani hari da aka kai a cikin wani daji da ke kusa da [[Jibia]] a cikin jihar Katsina. 
* 23 ga Yuli - Mayaƙan ƙungiyar IS da ke Yammacin Afirka, waɗanda suka balle daga kungiyar Boko Haram shekaru da suka gabata, sun yi ikirarin daukar alhakin kisan wasu ma’aikatan agaji biyar da aka sace a watan jiya a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. 
* 29 ga Yuli - An kashe mutane goma sha huɗu a wani harbin bindiga a cikin [[Kogi|jihar Kogi]] .

=== Agusta ===

* 11 ga Agusta - An yankewa mawaki Yahaya Sharif-Aminu, mai shekara 22, hukuncin kisa ta hanyar rataya a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] saboda yin sabo ga [[Muhammad]] .  Wasu masana masu zaman kansu na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam, ciki har da Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan hakkin kare al'adu, Karima Bennoune, sun bukaci Gwamnati da ta gaggauta sakin mawakiyar. 
* 20 ga Agusta - Sojoji suka sake karbe ikon garin [[Kukawa]], na Borno, inda daular Musulunci ta Afirka ta Yamma (ISWAP) ta kame daruruwan fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. 
* 23 ga Agusta - Biyu sun mutu a arangama tsakanin jami’an tsaro da ‘yan aware na Biafra. 
* 25 Agusta - goma sha takwas aka kashe mutane bayan [[Boko Haram|Masu fafutikar kafa daular musulunci a Yammacin Afrika]] 'yan bindiga suka dasa wani fashewa a kan hanya tsakanin [[Monguno]] da [[Baga|Baga, Borno]] . 

=== Oktoba ===

* 20 ga Oktoba - Kisan gillar da aka yi a Lekki a cikin zanga-zangar #Endsars, jami'an tsaro dauke da makamai sun yi amfani da harsasai masu rai don tarwatsa jama'a a Lekki lamarin da ya haifar da asarar rayuka da asarar rayuka. Gwamnan jihar Legas ya ayyana dokar hana fita ta sa’o’i 24 a cikin jihar. 
* . 
* 31 ga Oktoba - US Navy SEALs daga Ƙungiyar Raya Yaƙi na Musamman na Sojan Ruwa sun ceci [[Tarayyar Amurka|Ba’amurke ɗan]] shekara 27 da ’yan bindiga suka yi garkuwa da shi kusa da kan iyaka da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/31/us/politics/navy-commandos-philip-walton-hostage-niger.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nuwamba ===

* 14 ga Nuwamba - Shaidu sun ce sojoji sun harbe fararen hula yayin wata zanga-zangar lumana ita ce Legas a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 
* 28 ga Nuwamba - Kashe Koshebe : Fararen hula 110 da manoma manoma an kashe kuma shida sun ji rauni yayin da suke aiki a gonakin shinkafa a ƙauyen Koshebe. Wannan dai shi ne hari mafi muni da aka kaiwa fararen hula a Najeriya cikin wannan shekarar. 

=== Disamba ===

* 8 ga Disamba - ƙungiyar Amnesty International ta ce fararen hula 10,000 sun mutu yayin da suke hannun ‘yan sanda tun fara rikicin Boko Harum a shekarar 2011. 
* 14 ga Disamba - Har yanzu ba a gano kusan rabin yara 800 da ’yan fashi suka sace a [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina ba.]] 
* 16 ga Disamba - An sami nasarar kubutar da yara 17 daga cikin ’yan makarantar da Boko Harum suka sace kuma aka kashe biyu; Har yanzu ba'a gano 300 ba. 
* 18 ga Disamba - An saki yaran makarantar. Har yanzu ba a ga 'yan mata dari da aka sace a cikin sace Chibok na 2014 ba. 
* 22 ga Disamba - An sace 'yan mata' yan makaranta tamanin sannan aka sake su a jihar Katsina. 
* 25 ga Disamba - Mayaƙan Boku Harum sun kashe mutane goma sha daya tare da kona coci a Pemi, [[Borno|jihar Borno]] . 
* 29 Disamba - Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya ya kiyasta GDP na Najeriya a kan dala biliyan 442.976, wanda ya sa ta zama mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta 26 a duniya. 
* 31 Disamba - Kiristocin Tradional &quot;crossover&quot; na ƙarshen shekara an birkice kamar yadda ake gudanar da majami'u zuwa kashi 50%. Najeriya ta samu mutane 85,500 da suka kamu da kwayar ta corona da 1,260, kodayake ainihin adadin na iya zama mafi girma saboda ƙananan gwajin. 

=== Abubuwan da aka tsara ===

* 29 Oktoba - [[Maulidi]] Muslim da hutun jama'a 
* 22 Disamba - Ranar Tunawa da Sambisa, [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] 
* 25 Disamba - [[Kirsimeti|Ranar Kirsimeti]] (hutun kirista) 
* 26 Disamba - Ranar hutu ta ranar dambe 

== Mutuwa ==

=== Janairu ===

* 9 ga Janairu - Chukwuemeka Ike, marubuci. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sunnewsonline.com/breaking-news-chukwuemeka-ike-is-dead/ Chukwuemeka Ike is dead] Sun News Online, 10 Jan 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 ga Janairu - Toyosi Arigbabuwo, ɗan wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/nollywood-actor-toyosi-arigbabuwo-is-dead/ |title=Veteran Actor Toyosi Arigbabuwo Is Dead |access-date=2021-03-01 |archive-date=2020-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115141844/https://guardian.ng/life/nollywood-actor-toyosi-arigbabuwo-is-dead/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fabrairu ===

* 2 ga Fabrairu - Peter Aluma, dan wasan ƙwallon kwando. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aseaofred.com/liberty-great-peter-aluma-dead-at-the-age-of-46/ Liberty great Peter Aluma dead at the age of 46]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 4 Fabrairu
** Asiwaju Yinka Mafe, ɗan siyasa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://tribuneonlineng.com/breaking-former-ogun-assembly-leader-yinka-mafe-dies-after-celebrating-46th-birthday/ Former Ogun Assembly Leader, Yinka Mafe, Dies After Celebrating 46th Birthday]&lt;/ref&gt;
** Adnan Bostaji, [[Saudi Arebiya|jakadan Saudi Arabiya]] a Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://dailypost.ng/2020/02/04/saudi-arabian-ambassador-to-nigeria-bostaji-is-dead/ Saudi Arabian Ambassador to Nigeria, Bostaji is dead] Daily Post, 4 Feb 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 10 ga Fabrairu - Ignatius Datong Longjan, ɗan siyasa da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://tvcnews.tv/plateau-senator-ignatius-longjan-dies-in-turkish-hospital/ Plateau Senator, Ignatius Longjan dies in Turkish hospital]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 ga Fabrairu - Victor Olaiya, mai busa kaho. &lt;ref&gt;[https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/victor-olaiya-nigerian-highlife-musician-dies-at-89/ Victor Olaiya, Nigerian highlife musician, dies at 89]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 14 ga Fabrairu - Peter Iornzuul Adoboh, shugaban cocin Roman Katolika, bishop na Katsina-Ala . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katsina-Ala Catholic Diocese loses Bishop, Most Rev Dr. Peter Iornzuul Adoboh. |url=https://ait.live/katsina-ala-catholic-diocese-loses-bishop-most-rev-dr-peter-iornzuul-adoboh/ |access-date=2021-03-01 |archive-date=2020-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216073919/https://ait.live/katsina-ala-catholic-diocese-loses-bishop-most-rev-dr-peter-iornzuul-adoboh/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 1 Maris
** Pa Kasumu, ɗan wasa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://dailypost.ng/2020/03/01/veteran-yoruba-actor-pa-kasumu-is-dead/ Veteran Yoruba actor, Pa Kasumu is dead]&lt;/ref&gt;
** Ndidi Nwosu, mai ƙarfin iko kuma zakaran tseren naƙasassu. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.brila.net/nigerias-female-paralympic-gold-medalist-ndidi-nwosu-is-dead/ Nigeria’s Female Paralympic Gold Medalist Ndidi Nwosu Is Dead]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 22 Maris - Ifeanyi George, ɗan kwallon ƙafa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://scorenigeria.com.ng/enugu-rangers-striker-ifeanyi-george-killed-in-car-crash/ Enugu Rangers striker Ifeanyi George killed in car crash]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrilu ===

* 11 ga Afrilu - Dakta Aliyu Yakubu, likita. 
* 15 Afrilu - Dr. Emeka Chugbo, likita. &lt;ref name=&quot;doctor&quot;&gt;[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/brilliant-doctor-dies-of-coronavirus-in-nigeria/ar-BB12IVdZhttps://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/brilliant-doctor-dies-of-coronavirus-in-nigeria/ar-BB12IVdZ 'Brilliant' doctor dies of coronavirus in Nigeria] BBC News, 16 Apr 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* 21 ga Afrilu - Richard Akinjide, masanin shari’a kuma tsohon Ministan Shari’a. &lt;ref&gt;[http://saharareporters.com/2020/04/21/richard-akinjide-former-justice-minister-dead Richard Akinjide, Former Justice Minister, Is Dead]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 30 Afrilu - Tony Allen, ɗan kiɗan ganga. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/tony-allen-afrobeat-drummer-fela-kuti-dead-992588/ Tony Allen, Pioneering Afrobeat Drummer, Has Died]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Majek Fashek, mawaƙin reggae da marubucin waƙa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52888813 Nigerian reggae legend Majek Fashek dies at 57]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 23 ga Yuni - [[Shafkat Bose Adewoyin]], ' yar fim din Nollywood. 
* 25 Yuni
** [[Abiola Ajimobi]], dan siyasa, tsohon Gwamnan jihar Oyo . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.legit.ng/1342125-breaking-former-oyo-state-governor-ajimobi-dead.html Ajimobi: Former Oyo state governor dies at 70 after battling COVID-19]&lt;/ref&gt;
** Ogun Majek, ɗan wasan Nollywood 
* 28 ga Yuni - Nasir Ajanah, babban alkalin [[Kogi|jihar Kogi]] . 
* 29 ga Yuni - Bode Akindele, Parakoyi na [[Ibadan|Ibadanland]] kuma ɗan kasuwa. 

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Inuwa Abdulkadir, ɗan siyasa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://saharareporters.com/2020/07/06/ex-apc-nwc-member-inuwa-abdulkadir-dead Ex-APC NWC Member, Inuwa Abdulkadir, Is Dead]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 8 ga Yuli - Jimmy Johnson, ɗan wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=“Village Headmaster” Actor, Jimmy Johnson, Is Dead |url=https://thewillnigeria.com/news/village-headmaster-actor-jimmy-johnson-is-dead/ |access-date=2021-03-01 |archive-date=2020-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712051607/https://thewillnigeria.com/news/village-headmaster-actor-jimmy-johnson-is-dead/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 14 ga Yuli - [[Tolulope Arotile]], matuƙin jirgi mai saukar ungulu. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thecable.ng/air-forces-first-female-combatant-helicopter-pilot-dies-eight-months-after-special-recognition Air force’s first female combatant helicopter pilot dies in freak accident]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 20 ga Yuli - Ismaila Isa Funtua, ɗan siyasa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/404294-buhari-atiku-saraki-others-mourn-isa-funtua.html Buhari, Atiku, Saraki, others mourn Isa Funtua]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 4 ga Agusta - Joseph Thlama Dawha, injiniyan sinadarai, tsohon manajan darakta na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://nairametrics.com/2020/08/04/nnpc-announces-sudden-death-of-former-group-managing-director/ NNPC announces sudden death of former Group Managing Director]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 8 ga Agusta - Buruji Kashamu, ɗan siyasa, tsohon [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/breaking-buruji-kashamu-dies-of-covid-19.html Buruji Kashamu dies of COVID-19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808181400/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/breaking-buruji-kashamu-dies-of-covid-19.html |date=2020-08-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15 ga Agusta - Wilberforce Juta, ɗan siyasa, tsohon Gwamnan Jihar [[Jihar Gongola|Gongola]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://dailypost.ng/2020/08/15/adamawa-declares-3-day-mourning-as-former-gov-wilberforce-juta-dies/ Adamawa declares 3-day mourning as former Gov Wilberforce Juta dies]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 31 ga Agusta - John Felagha, ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/411743-nigerian-goalkeeper-dies-in-senegal.html Nigerian goalkeeper dies in Senegal]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 4 ga Satumba - [[Ajibade Babalade]], 48, dan kwallon kafa ( Shooting Stars, [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|kungiyar kasa]] ); kamun zuciya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://punchng.com/breaking-afcon-92-eagles-star-babalade-dies-at-48/ AFCON ’92 Eagles star Babalade dies at 48]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 ga Satumba - Ayo Akinwale, dan wasan kwaikwayo. &lt;ref&gt;[https://thestreetjournal.org/2020/09/ayo-akinwale-nollywood-actor-academician-dies-at-74/ Ayo Akinwale, Nollywood actor, academician dies at 74] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203095700/https://thestreetjournal.org/2020/09/ayo-akinwale-nollywood-actor-academician-dies-at-74/ |date=2021-02-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 Satumba - Jimoh Aliu, ɗan wasa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://tribuneonlineng.com/breaking-veteran-yoruba-actor-jimoh-aliu-is-dead-to-be-buried-on-friday/ Veteran Yoruba Actor, Jimoh Aliu, Is Dead, To Be Buried On Friday]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 20 Satumba - [[Shehu Idris]], 84, aristocrat, Sarkin [[Zazzau]] (tun 1975). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emir of Zazzau is dead |url=https://dailynigerian.com/breaking-emir-of-zazzau-is-dead/ |access-date=2021-03-01 |archive-date=2020-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921165246/https://dailynigerian.com/breaking-emir-of-zazzau-is-dead// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oktoba ===

* 12 Oktoba - Abai Ikwechegh, 97, masanin shari'a. &lt;ref&gt;[https://allafrica.com/stories/202010160888.html Ex-Appeal Court Judge, Ikwechegh, Dies At 97]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Oktoba - JP Clark, 85, mawaki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Renowned poet, J. P. Clark, dies at 85 |url=https://thestreetjournal.org/2020/10/just-in-renowned-poet-j-p-clark-dies-at-85/ |access-date=2021-03-01 |archive-date=2020-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013193951/https://thestreetjournal.org/2020/10/just-in-renowned-poet-j-p-clark-dies-at-85/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 26 ga Oktoba - Theophilus Adeleke Akinyele, 88, ma'aikacin gwamnati. &lt;ref&gt;[https://punchng.com/bobajiro-of-ibadan-akinyele-dies-at-88/ Bobajiro of Ibadan, Akinyele, dies at 88]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Disamba ===

* 11 Disamba - Sam Nda-Isaiah, 58, marubucin siyasa, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan jarida, wanda ya kafa ''Leadership'' .
* 17 Disamba - Peter Yariyok Jatau, 89, limamin Katolika na Roman Katolika, Akbishop na Kaduna (1975 - 2007). &lt;ref&gt;[https://newsontimecomng.wordpress.com/2020/12/16/7569/ The Universal Church Lost A Unique Bishop]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 21 Disamba - Ikenwoli Godfrey Emiko, 65, mai mulkin gargajiya, Olu na Warri (tun 2015); CUTAR COVID19. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/12/22/olu-of-warri-ikenwoli-godfrey-emiko-dies-of-covid-19/ Olu of Warri Ikenwoli Godfrey Emiko dies of COVID-19]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 25 Disamba - Chico Ejiro, mai shirya fim da darekta, kamewa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tuko.co.ke/398042-nollywood-movie-producer-chico-ejiro-dies-seizure.html Nollywood producer Chico Ejiro dies 1 day after directing movie]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Disamba - Gregory Ochiagha, 89, shugaban cocin Roman Katolika, Bishop na Orlu (1980–2008). &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bochiagha.html Bishop Gregory Obinna Ochiagha]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Abuja,_Nigeria_Oct_12,_2020_01-20-24_pm.jpeg|Dandazon Mutane a babban birnin kasar (Abuja) a shekarar 2020
File:A_cry_to_dissolve_the_Special_Anti_Robbery_Squad_(SARS).jpg|Zanga-zangar EndSirs da ta gudana a shekarar
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Najeriya]]
[[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]]
[[Category:Tarihi]]
[[Category:Shekaru]]</text>
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    <title>Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</title>
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'''Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880) - ya mutu a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da shida (1936) ɗan kishin ƙasa ne kuma kuma ya na cikin shuwagabannin siyasa a wannan lokaci,tsohon shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Indiya  da na Kungiyar Musulmi a lokacin 'yancin Ƙasar Indiya. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Jami'ar Jamia Millia Islamia ya kasance shugaban ta  a shekara ta (1928 zuwa shekara ta 1936).&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmad-Ansari Profile of Ahmed Ansari].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ja&quot;&gt;[http://www.jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/profile/history/historical_note-13 History and profile of Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi (vice-chancellor Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari in 1927)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226065159/https://jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/profile/history/historical_note-13 |date=2025-02-26 }}, jmi.ac.in.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aikin likita ==
An haifi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari a ranar 25 ga watan  Disamban shekara ta, 1880 a garin Yusufpur- Mohammadabad a gabashin [[Uttar Pradesh]]. 

Yayi karatu a makarantar Victoria, Ansari da danginsa suka koma [[Hyderabad]]. Ansari ya sami digirin likita daga Kwalejin Likita ta Madras kuma ya tafi Ingila kan karatun malanta. Ya sami digiri na MD da na MS a shekara ta, 1905. A cikin shekara ta, 1910 Ansari ya sami Jagora na tiyata (ChM) daga Jami'ar Edinburgh don aikinsa na ''maganin cututtukan syphilis ta arylarsonates tare da tsokaci na musamman ga binciken kwanan nan'' . Ya kuma kasance dalibi mai aji mafi girma kuma yayi aiki a Asibitin Lock na London da Charing Cross Hospital a [[Landan|London]]. Ya kasance ɗan Indiya ne na farko a aikin tiyata, kuma a yau akwai Ansari Ward a cikin Charing Cross Hospital, London,&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu&quot;&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-Ansari-connection/article15373664.ece The Ansari connection]. &lt;/ref&gt; don girmama aikinsa.
[[Fayil:Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]]
Daga shekara ta, 1921 zuwa shekara ta, 1935, Ansari ya ziyarci Vienna, Paris, Lucerne da London don ganawa da mashahuran masu ilimin uuro, da suka hada da Robert Lichtenstern, Eugen Steinach da Serge Voronoff, wasu daga cikin magabata na dashen kwayar halittar dabbobi akan mutane. A cikin shekaru goman karshe na rayuwarsa, Ansari ya gudanar da irin wadannan ayyukan narkar da sama da 700, yana mai daukar 440 a hankali. Daga waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ya wallafa littafinsa na sake ''haihuwa na mutum'', wanda ya raba tare da babban amininsa Mahatma Gandhi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://scroll.in/article/836753/meet-the-freedom-fighter-who-grafted-animal-testicles-onto-humans-as-part-of-nation-building Dr Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari was a freedom fighter who also grafted animal testicles onto humans]. &lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kishin ƙasa ==
A cikin shekara ta, 1898, yayin ɗalibi a Madras, Ansari ya halarci zamansa na farko na duk taron Indiya, wanda AnandaMohan Bose ya jagoranta . A shekara ta, 1927, lokacin da aka sake gudanar da Zama a Madras, Ansari ya jagoranci Zaman.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu&quot;/&gt;

Dokta Ansari ya tsunduma cikin kungiyar ‘Yancin kan Indiya a lokacin da yake Ingila. Ya koma Delhi kuma ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya da ta Muslim League . Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattaunawar yarjejeniya ta 1916 Lucknow Pact kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar musulmin a cikin shekara ta, 1918 da kuma shekara ta, 1920.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mukhtar-Ahmad-Ansari&lt;/ref&gt; . Ya kasance mai nuna goyon baya ga kungiyar Khilafat,&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu&quot;/&gt; kuma ya jagoranci tawagar likitocin Kasar Indiya don kula da sojojin Turkiyya da suka ji rauni a lokacin yakin Balkan. (Syed Tanvir Wasti, Ofishin Jakadancin Red Crescent na Indiya zuwa Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan, Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya, Vol. 45, No. 3, 393-406, a Mayun shekara ta, 2009)

Ansari ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin Babban Sakatare Janar na AICC, da kuma Shugaban Majalisar Wakilan Kasa ta Indiya yayin zamanta na shekara ta, 1927 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mukhtar-Ahmad-Ansari&lt;/ref&gt; . Sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe da rarrabuwar kawuna ta siyasa tsakanin Leagueungiyar a cikin shekara ta, 1920s, kuma daga baya haɓakar [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] da rarrabuwar kai tsakanin Musulmi, Ansari ya kusanci [[Mahatma Gandhi]] da Jam'iyyar Congress.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2010}}
[[Fayil:Drmukhtarahmedansari.png|thumb|Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]]
Ansari ya kasance daya daga cikin Kwamitin Gidauniyar Jamia Millia Islamia sannan kuma yayi aiki a matsayin shugabar jami’ar Jamia Millia Islamia a Delhi jim kadan bayan mutuwar wanda ya kafa ta farko, Hakim Ajmal Khan a shekara ta, 1927.&lt;ref name=&quot;ja&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwar mutum ==
Ansari ya kasance a cikin gidan sarauta, wanda ake kira ''Darus Salaam'' ko kuma ''Gidan aminci.'' [[Mahatma Gandhi]] ya kasance baƙo mai yawa lokacin da ya ziyarci Delhi, kuma gidan ya kasance tushe na yau da kullun don ayyukan siyasa na Majalisar.
[[Fayil:Mohd. Hamid Ansari paying homage at the portrait of Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, on his 133rd birth anniversary, at Dr. M.A. Ansari Inter College, Yusufpur, Gaazipur in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh on December 25,2012.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]]
Ansari ya mutu a shekara ta, 1936 akan hanyarsa daga Mussoorie zuwa Delhi akan jirgin kasa sakamakon bugun zuciya. An binne shi a cikin harabar jami'ar Jamia Millia Islamia da ke Delhi.

=== Zuriya ===
Da yawa daga cikin dangin Ansari sun kasance a Kasar  Indiya bayan rabuwa a shekara ta, 1947, kuma sun zama 'yan siyasa a Kasar Indiya kyauta. Zuriyarsa da danginsa sun hada da:

* [[Mukhtar Ansari]]. An lasafta shi domin girmama kakansa, Mukhtar Jr. dan majalisar dokokin jihar Uttar Pradesh ne daga mazabar Mau. Ya lashe zaben a shekara ta, 2017 akan tikitin BSP. Shi ne Firayim wanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar kisan kai na Krishnanand Rai da sauran laifuka, kuma ya kwashe shekaru 13 a kurkuku. An sake shi a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 2019, bayan da shaidu a kansa suka zama masu adawa.
* Sibakatullah Ansari
* [[Fayil:Mohd. Hamid Ansari inaugurating the Photo Exhibition on the occasion of 134th Birth Anniversary of Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, organised by the Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]]Afzal Ansari
* Mohammad Hamid Ansari, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban kasar Indiya, sabanin yadda aka yi imani da shi, shi ba jikan Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari bane. Hasali ma, jika ne ga dan uwan Ansari.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu&quot;/&gt;

== Daraja ==
Hanyar Ansari a cikin Daryaganj, tsohon Delhi an sa masa suna.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu&quot;/&gt; Ansari Nagar kusa da AIIMS, New Delhi.

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Musulman Indiya]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1880]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 1936]]
[[Category:Shugabannin Kasar Indiya]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Mohamed Seghir Boushaki</title>
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[[File:%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_(3).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Mohamed Seghir Boushaki]]
'''Mohamed Seghir Boushaki''' (larabci: [محمد الصغير بوسحاقي]), (an haife shi 27 ga watan  Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1869, a Thénia, Lardin Boumerdès, Kabylie, Algeria; ya mutu a shekara ta alif 1959, a Thenia, Algeria) ɗan siyasar [[Abzinawa]] ne na [[Aljeriya]] bayan [[Faransa]] ta mamaye Algeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6466914t|title=Journal officiel de la République française. Débats parlementaires. Sénat : compte rendu in-extenso|date=19 May 1921|website=Gallica.bnf.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Mohamed Seghir Boushaki a shekara ta alif 1869, a ƙauyen Thala Oufella (Kabyle: ⵟⵀⴰⵍⴰ O ⵓⴼⴻⵍⵍⴰ) ana kiransa [[Soumâa]] (ana kiransa Larabci: الصومعة) saboda kango na Benian ntâa Soumâa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b72002410|title=Carte de l'Algérie divisée par tribus / par MM. E. Carette et Auguste Warnier ; Membres de la Commission Scientifique de l'Algérie|first1=Ernest (1808–1890) Fonction indéterminée|last1=Carette|first2=Auguste (1810–1875) Fonction indéterminée|last2=Warnier|date=1 January 1846|website=Gallica.bnf.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan tsohuwar katanga ta Berber ta Benian ntâa Soumâa ta Sarki Nubel [fr] ne ya gina ta lokacin da yankin na thenia ya kasance babban birnin Kabylie da Mitidja a Arewacin Afirka a lokacin tsufa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/Tarikh.Al-jazair.Al-am/kitab#page/n541/mode/2up |title=كتاب تاريخ الجزائر العام للشيخ عبد الرحمان الجيلالي |website=Archive.org |date=21 July 2010 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasashen da suka fara daga Oued Boumerdès da Oued Meraldene a yamma zuwa Oued Isser zuwa gabashin ƙauyen &quot;Thala Oufella ([[Soumâa]])&quot; na toabilar &quot;Aïth Aïcha&quot; wanda Mohamed ya kasance Seghir Boushaki kafin Faransa ta mamaye Algeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/fr/record/9200365/BibliographicResource_1000054848897.html |title=Carte de l'Algérie divisée par tribus / par MM. E. Carette et Auguste Warnier ; Membres de la Commission Scientifique de l'Algérie &amp;#124; Carette, Ernest (1808–1890) and Warnier, Auguste (1810–1875) – Europeana |website=Europeana.eu |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shekaru biyu kacal da haihuwar Mohamecd Seghir, duk Kabylie sun yi gangami zuwa &quot;Tawayen Mokrani&quot; a ranar 16 ga watan Maris shekarar alif 1871, don korar sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga filin da tudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/RepertoireAlphabtiqueDesTribusEtDouarsDeLalgrie1879/N5860320_PDF_1_-1DM#page/n93/mode/2up|title=Repertoire Alphabétique des tribus et douars de l'Algérie 1879|accessdate=25 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kayar da 'yan uwantaka ta Rahmaniya a wannan rikici na Kabyle, an tura shugabannin kabilun zuwa New Caledonia, daga cikinsu Cheikh Boumerdassi da &quot;Ahmed Ben Belkacem&quot; shugaban &quot;Aïth Aïcha&quot; wanda kuma ke kusa da Mohamed Seghir.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bordj.info/spip.php?article1467|title=Liste des déportés algériens en Nouvelle-Calédonie, 1867–1895 – Bordj info|last=R.B.|website=Bordj.info|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225163945/http://www.bordj.info/spip.php?article1467|archive-date=25 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Ahmed Ben Belkacem&quot;, an haife shi a shekarar alif 1837, kuma ɗan Ahmed ne, an tasa keyarsa ƙarƙashin &quot;Lambar 18744&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bordj.info/IMG/jpg/Docu2.jpg |format=JPG |title=318 List |website=Bordj.info |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya girma a cikin babban iyali inda babban wansa &quot;Ali Boushaki&quot; (1855-1965) ya kasance abin koyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyvgS7tbAxQC&amp;pg=PA40|title=Imperial Identities: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Race in Colonial Algeria|first=Patricia M. E.|last=Lorcin|date=16 July 1999|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781860643767|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifinsu &quot;Mohamed Boushaki&quot; (1834-1889), wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Moh Ouaâli&quot; (Larabci: موح واعلي}, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga balaguron Faransawa zuwa garin Dellys daga 7 zuwa 17 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1844 kuma wanda ya lalace garuruwa da yawa na Kabylie, gami da &quot;Thala Oufella (Soumâa)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUBYtw9hRNMC&amp;pg=PA189|title=saint arnaud marechal de france|first=Louis de|last=Charbonnières|date=1 January 1960|publisher=Nouvelles Editions Latines|isbn=9782723312301|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don haka, kakan Mohamed Seghir, &quot;Ali Boushaki&quot; (1823-1846) wanda ya auri &quot;Khdaouedj Dekkiche&quot; daga ƙauyen Gueraïchene na Souk El-Had, yana ɗaya daga cikin shahidan Kabyle a lokacin yaƙi da Frenchasar Faransa na Kabylie, ya bar nasa ɗa &quot;Moh Ouaâli&quot; maraya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sL3Tvgrs0DEC&amp;pg=PA56|title=Une grande figure, Saint-Arnaud maréchal de France|first=Louis de|last=Charbonnières|date=1 January 1960|publisher=Nouvelles Editions Latines|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kisan gillar da aka yiwa Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud ya cika kuma ƙauyen &quot;Thala Oufella (Soumâa)&quot; ya lalace, kaka mai takaba &quot;Khdaouedj Dekkiche&quot; kawai zata iya kiyaye ɗanta &quot;Moh Ouaâli&quot; ta ɗauke shi tare da iyayenta a ƙauyen Gueraïchene (Larabci: إيقرعيشن) a Souk El-Had har zuwa balagarta da sake gina garinsa na asali a cikin &quot;Aïth Aïcha&quot; kabilar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cerclealgerianiste.fr/index.php/archives/encyclopedie-algerianiste/histoire/histoire-militaire/generalites-militaires/232-le-marechal-de-saint-arnaud-l-algerie-et-la-france|title=Le maréchal de Saint-Arnaud, l'Algérie et la France – Géneralités militaires|website=Cerclealgerianiste.fr|accessdate=28 February 2017|archive-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221011332/http://www.cerclealgerianiste.fr/index.php/archives/encyclopedie-algerianiste/histoire/histoire-militaire/generalites-militaires/232-le-marechal-de-saint-arnaud-l-algerie-et-la-france|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan dawowarsa zuwa &quot;Thala Oufella&quot; a cikin shekarar 1852 yana da shekara 18, &quot;Mohamed Boushaki (Moh Ouaâli)&quot; ya auri ɗan uwansa &quot;Aïcha Ishak-Boushaki&quot; daga ƙauyen Meraldene wanda ya haifa &quot;Ali Boushaki&quot; a shekarar 1855 sannan kuma daga &quot;Mohamed Seghir Boushaki &quot;a cikin shekarar 1869.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://encyclopedie-afn.org/24_OFFICIERS_DE_L%E2%80%99ARM%C3%89E_BELGE|title=24 OFFICIERS DE L'ARMÉE BELGE – 1830–1962 ENCYCLOPEDIE de L'AFN|website=Encyclopedia-afn.org|accessdate=28 February 2017|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902183312/http://encyclopedie-afn.org/24_OFFICIERS_DE_L%E2%80%99ARM%C3%89E_BELGE|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karatu ==
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya fara karatun Alkur'ani ne a cikin Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki da aka sake ginawa a ƙauyen &quot;Thala Oufella&quot; kusa da kabarin kakan kakansa Sidi Boushaki (1394–1453) wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin masanan da masu ilimin tauhidi kafin isowar Ottomans a Aljeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jeanyvesthorrignac.fr/wa_files/INFO_20614_20MENERVILLE.pdf |title=Menerville |website=Jeanyvesthorrignac.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu, filayen tsaunin Dutsen &quot;Aïth Aïcha&quot;, arewacin ƙauyen &quot;Thala Oufella&quot;, an mallake shi tun farkon shekarar 1871 ta hannun manoman Alsatian da Lorraine waɗanda suka zo daga Faransa don gano garin Ménerville.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/geo.php?lieu=Bellefontaine%20(Alg%C3%A9rie) |title=Recherche géographique |website=Anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mekerra.fr/images/alsaciens/alsaciens-lorrains-emigration.pdf |title=Alsaciens – Lorrains en Algerie |website=Mekerra.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705215044/http://www.mekerra.fr/images/alsaciens/alsaciens-lorrains-emigration.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don haka, daga 1874 zuwa 1881, Mohamed Seghir ya yi kiwon garken garin tare da dan uwansa Ali da kuma dan uwan ​​nasa yayin da yake ci gaba da karantarwar Musulmi a kauyensu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.departement06.fr/documents/Import/decouvrir-les-am/rr191-indigenes.pdf |title=INDIGENES ET COLONISATION DANS LA PRESSE NICOISE DE LA BELLE EPOQUE |website=Departement06.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kirkirar ofisoshin Larabawa a Kabylie da kuma kafa rajistar fararen hula da gwamna Louis Tirman ya yi, an jingina sabbin alamomin ga dangin &quot;Aïth Aïcha&quot;, kuma an mika wa mazauna kauyukan takardun shaida, wanda ya ba Mohamed damar Seghir Boushaki don ci gaba da karatu a [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] da [[Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif]], da kuma a Tizi Ouzou a cikin &quot;Zawiya na Sheikh Mohand Ameziane&quot; inda ya saba da yawancin mashahuran masu zuwa na Babban Kabylie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=RHJ_016_0093|title=Le statut des musulmans en Algérie coloniale|first=Patrick|last=Weil|date=22 February 2017|issue=16|pages=93–109|via=Cairn.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karatu mai zurfi da tafsirin da Mohamed Seghir ya karba a cikin Tizi Ouzou Zawiyas, da kuma yawan halartar baƙi na Faransawa, sun ba shi damar yin tsokaci a cikin al'adun Berber-Arab a gefe guda, kuma ya buɗe kan gaskiyar gaskiyar Kasancewar Turawa a Kabylie na wani gabar teku, saboda haka ba shi babban jari mai amfani da harsuna uku don neman tafiyarsa ta siyasa da zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.seddouk-ouffella.com/documents/article/la-tarika-rahmania|title=Seddouk Ouffella, village de Cheikh Ahaddad|website=Seddouk-ouffella.com|accessdate=28 February 2017|archive-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105254/http://www.seddouk-ouffella.com/documents/article/la-tarika-rahmania|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
[[File:Confédérations et tribus de la Grande Kabylie (Tamawya Taqbaylit) Algérie.jpg|thumb|[[:fr:Tribus de la Kabylie|Kabylie kabilu]]]]
Bayan shekaru goma na karatun addinin Islama a Great Kabylie, Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya zauna a ƙauyensa &quot;Thala Oufella (Soumâa)&quot; a cikin 1891 kuma ya fara aiki a harkar noma da kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Kouider Djouab |url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lnr/244086 |title=La ville 'lieu du Soldat', une histoire méconnue |website=Djazairess.com |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kware a fannin noman bishiyar carob ta hanyar sakar wata cibiyar sadarwar danyar wake ta sayarwa a cikin jihar da kuma sarrafa shi cikin danko da kuma wake na moro.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170222082624/http://dspace.univ-tlemcen.dz/bitstream/112/304/1/Etude-de-la-valeur-nutritive-de-la-caroube-de-differentes-varietes-Algeriennes.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami shahararrun riba wanda ya ba shi damar yin hayar gida a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Ménerville (Thénia) da ke iyaka da &quot;Oued Arbia&quot; inda ya yi aure a shekarar 1898 yana da shekara 29 tare da Fatma Cherifi, ɗiyar wani dangi mai arziki da ke zaune kusa da Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif a Sidi Daoud tare da Kogin Sebaou.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.memoria.dz/jui-2012/figures-historiques/17-ans-lutte-l-emir-visit-trois-fois-la-kabylie |title=En 17 ans de lutte, l'Emir a visité trois fois la Kabylie |language=fr |website=Memoria.dz |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105646/https://www.memoria.dz/jui-2012/figures-historiques/17-ans-lutte-l-emir-visit-trois-fois-la-kabylie |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mohamed Seghir ya sauya tsarin tattara danyen wake a Kabylie zuwa wani hadadden kawance tsakanin kauyuka ta hanyar aure a tsohuwar Sashin Algiers wanda ya sake hada wilayan Algiers, Boumerdes, Tizi Ouzou, Bouira, Blida da Tipaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.elmoudjahid.com/fr/mobile/detail-article/id/15651 |title=Histoire : Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine le saint aux deux tombeaux |website=Elmoudjahid.com |date=18 August 2011 |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105954/http://www.elmoudjahid.com/fr/mobile/detail-article/id/15651 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da yake kasancewa mai cikakken goyon bayan Sufi Tariqa na Rahmaniyya, ya yawaita zuwa masallatai biyu na Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine a Bounouh (Boghni) da Hamma (Algiers), kuma da zaran ya haifi ɗa na farko a shekarar 1907, shi sanya masa suna &quot;M'Hamed Boushaki&quot; don tunawa da masanin ilimin kabyle &quot;M'Hamed Ben Abderrahmane El Azhari&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/108610 |title=Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine |website=Djazairess.com |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban kasuwancin sa ya ba shi damar halartar kasuwannin mako a duk cikin Kabylie inda ake tattaunawa kan ma'amaloli da yarjejeniyar aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre%20algerie/deux%20peuples-marche%20kabyle%20.html |title=Le marché en Kabylie pendant la guerre d'algerie |website=Histoire-en-questions.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233911/https://www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre%20algerie/deux%20peuples-marche%20kabyle%20.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaƙin Duniya na 1 ==
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya rasa matarsa ​​ta farko &quot;Fatma Cherifi&quot; a shekara ta 1914 jim kadan kafin barkewar yakin duniya na daya lokacin da ya kai shekaru 45, ya bar masa yara marayu da dama a kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sourcesdelagrandeguerre.fr/?p=3240|title=Retrouver un soldat algérien dans les archives françaises|date=28 May 2014|accessdate=25 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannan ya sake yin aure da sauri tare da &quot;Khdaouedj Tafat Bouzid&quot; daga ƙauyen &quot;Aïth Thafath&quot; a cikin Chabet el Ameur, wanda ke kula da marayu sannan kuma ta haifa masa wasu sabbin yaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lerhumel.free.fr/Ebooks/Description%20de%20l'Alg%E9rie%201847.pdf |title=Description et Division De L'Algerie |website=Lerhumel.free.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Faransawan da suka yi mulkin mallaka, wadanda sojojin Jamus da Stormtrooper suka kewaye shi, sun yi kira ga matasan Aljeriya da ke cikin rukunin dakarunta a cikin babban birni tare da alkawarin ba su a musayar wasu 'yan kasa da ke cikin Aljeriya kuma me zai hana a ba su cikakken' yanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK-hAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA360|title=Chroniques tizi-ouziennes et regionales, 1914–1928|first=Jean de|last=Crescenzo|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9782952584111|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin yara da yawa na Khachna da Great Kabylie an dauke su aiki a gaban Faransa a Turai, daga cikinsu akwai dangin Mohamed Seghir.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63719824 |title=La Tranchée : organe officiel de l'Amicale des mutilés du dépt. d'Alger et de la Fédération départementale des victimes de la guerre &amp;#124; 1937-12 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daya daga cikin wadannan sojojin kabyle shine dan dan uwansa &quot;Ali Boushaki&quot;, dan dan uwansa &quot;Abderrahmane Boushaki&quot; wanda ya kasance kofur a cikin &quot;runduna ta 1 ta masu sharpshooters ta Algeria&quot; daga shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1918.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6475945b |title=Journal officiel de la République française. Lois et décrets &amp;#124; 1923-06-21 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambancin da kayan adon bayan dawowar dan dan uwan ​​&quot;Abderrahmane Boushaki&quot; wanda aka yanka daga Faransa ya ba shi tare da danginsa da danginsa karin girma a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Algeria bayan 1918.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6586446v |title=L'Algérie mutilée : organe de défense des mutilés, réformés, blessés, anciens combattants, veuves, orphelins, ascendants de la Grande Guerre : bulletin officiel de l'Amicale des mutilés du département d'Alger &amp;#124; 1925-04-01 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar 'yan bindiga ==
[[File:ELD - Tirailleurs algériens blessés installés dans les autobus d'ambulance.JPG|thumb|[[:fr:1er régiment de tirailleurs algériens|Runduna ta 1 na masu ƙarancin finafinan Algeria]]]]
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya fara gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya a siyasa a matsayin wani bangare na mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga shekarar 1918 zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://insaniyat.revues.org/13001?lang=ar|title=Tizi-Ouzou : historique d'un col et son urbanisation|first=Saïd|last=Doumane|journal=Insaniyat / إنسانيات|date=31 December 2011|issue=54|pages=13–29|via=insaniyat.revues.org|doi=10.4000/insaniyat.13001}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://perso.netopi.fr/lkeller/palestro/souvenirs/archives/cfa.htm |title=Arrivée du train à Palestro |website=Perso.netopi.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222105940/http://perso.netopi.fr/lkeller/palestro/souvenirs/archives/cfa.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar siyasa ta Mohamed Seghir ba ta koma Algiers don zama a can ba saboda ana samun jigilar kaya ta layin dogo da ya hada Tizi Ouzou zuwa Algiers wanda aka kammala shi a shekarar 1888 bayan an hade Bouira da Algiers a shekarar  1886.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cerclealgerianiste.fr/index.php/archives/encyclopedie-algerianiste/territoire/villes-et-villages-d-algerie/algerois/97-tizi-ouzou |title=Tizi-Ouzou &amp;#124; Algérois |website=Cerclealgerianiste.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608103839/http://www.cerclealgerianiste.fr/index.php/archives/encyclopedie-algerianiste/territoire/villes-et-villages-d-algerie/algerois/97-tizi-ouzou |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shekaru 49 a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya tare da yara kusan goma a cikin kulawarsa da alhakinsa, Mohamed Seghir bai iya yunƙurin zama a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin Algiers ba ta hanyar ɗaukar kasada na manta kansa da narkewa a cikin cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar birni mulkin mallaka nesa da tsammanin mutanen ƙauyen Kabylian sun hau kan tsaunukan su kuma suna tunani game da Turawan zama waɗanda suka ɓata musu gonakinsu da makiyayarsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.piedsnoirs-aujourdhui.com/reali9.html |title=Les Chemins De Fer |website=Piedsnoirs-aujourdhui.com |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104131442/http://www.piedsnoirs-aujourdhui.com/reali9.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabon matsayin gatan dan dan uwansa &quot;Abderrahmane Boushaki&quot; a matsayinsa na tsohon soja ya ba wa &quot;Arch of Aïth Aïcha&quot; damar sake gina &quot;Zawiya na Sidi Boushaki&quot;, wanda aka lalata a shekarar 1844 a ƙauyen &quot;Thala Oufella (Soumâa)&quot;, tare da addu'a daki, makarantar koranta, ginshiki mai kyau, da gida ga malamin kur'ani. Wani magidanci dan kasar Faransa ya tsara Zawiya ta kauye cikin salon Berber-Moorish.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/medit_0025-8296_1964_num_5_2_1118|title=Les hommes et leurs activités dans la plaine des Issers|first=Yves|last=Sarthe|journal=Méditerranée|year=1964|volume=5|issue=2|pages=133–145|doi=10.3406/medit.1964.1118}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zuwan attajirin mai gidan &quot;Mohamed Naïth Saïdi&quot; daga yankin Larbaâ Nath Irathen don ya zauna a garin Ménerville (Thenia) na mulkin mallaka ya kasance wani mahimmin juyi a yankin &quot;Aïth Aïcha&quot;, saboda ya auri wani dan uwan ​​Mohamed Seghir Boushaki, Kuma ya gina dukkan gundumomi a cikin salon Moorish a tsakiyar wanda aka gina masallaci na farko a Lower Kabylia bayan mulkin mallakar Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-AJ174uPtwC&amp;pg=PA79|title=Alsaciens et Lorrains en Algérie: histoire d'une migration, 1830-1914|first=Fabienne|last=Fischer|date=1 January 1999|publisher=SERRE EDITEUR|isbn=9782906431430|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakan ya biyo bayan zuwan iyalai da yawa na Kabylian daga Djurdjura, kamar &quot;Redjouani&quot; da &quot;Djennadi&quot;, don sasantawa tsakanin baƙi na Turai a Ménerville (Thenia) kuma don haka inganta bayyanar wayewar kai na ƙasa tsakanin Tizi Ouzou da Algiers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.umc.edu.dz/images/N_65-66-MEYNIER.pdf |title=L'Algérie et les Algériens sous le système colonial. Approche historico historiographique |author=Gilbert Meynier |website=Umc.edu.dz |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223232621/https://www.umc.edu.dz/images/N_65-66-MEYNIER.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dokar Jonnart ==
[[File:Charles Jonnart 1918.jpg|thumb|upright|[[:fr:Charles Jonnart|Charles Jonnart]]]]
Babban labarin: [[Zaben kananan hukumomin Aljeriya na 1919]]&lt;br&gt;
Duba kuma: [[Koken 'Yancin Siyasar Aljeriya na 1920]]&lt;br&gt;
Theaddamar da tsarin sake tura jama'a, cibiyoyi da zamantakewar jama'a a Kabylie ta asalin mazauna sun sami keta doka ta hanyar Dokar Jonnart da Charles Jonnart ya yi shela a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1919 kuma ya ba wa 'yan Aljeriya damar zaɓa da zaɓaɓɓu a majalisun dokokin birni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.algeria.com/forums/history-histoire/22056-les-premi%E8res-%E9lections-alg%E9riennes-1919-1925-a.html |title=Les premières élections algériennes (1919–1925) |website=Algeria.com |date=30 November 2007 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75791317 |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &amp;#124; 1919-12-02 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=2 December 1919 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don haka, zaɓen birni na farko bayan yaƙin bayan gari ya gudana a Algeria a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba  shekarar 1919, wanda Mohamed Seghir Boushaki da Sarki Khaled suka halarci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7579128r |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &amp;#124; 1919-11-29 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=29 November 1919 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK-hAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA107|title=Chroniques tizi-ouziennes et regionales, 1914–1928|first=Jean de|last=Crescenzo|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9782952584111|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwagwarmayar Mohamed Seghir bayan shekara ta 1919 ta ta'allaka ne game da gwagwarmayar halaccin mulkin mallaka, yayin da yake kasancewa mai ƙiyayya ga ikon mallakar ƙasa amma har ila yau yana gwagwarmayar daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin Algeria da masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1966_num_2_1_929|title=Enquête sur les origines du nationalisme algérien. L'émir Khaled, petit-fils d'Abd El-Kader, fut-il le premier nationaliste algérien ?|first=Charles-Robert|last=Ageron|journal=Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée|year=1966|volume=2|issue=1|pages=9–49|doi=10.3406/remmm.1966.929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kabyleuniversel.com/2011/06/01/lemir-khaled-et-la-naissance-du-mouvement-nationaliste-algerien/ |title=L'Emir Khaled et la naissance du mouvement nationaliste algérien |website=KabyleUniversel.com |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817113553/http://kabyleuniversel.com/2011/06/01/lemir-khaled-et-la-naissance-du-mouvement-nationaliste-algerien/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gudanar da zaben Magajin garin Ménerville (Thenia) da mataimakansa a ranar Lahadi, 7 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1919, a zabukan Karamar Hukumar inda &quot;César Boniface&quot; a matsayin magajin gari, da mataimakansa &quot;Auguste Schneider&quot;, &quot;Georges Egrot&quot; Da &quot;Samuel Juvin &quot;, an zabe su duka da kuri'u 23 daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a 24.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75791406 |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &amp;#124; 1919-12-11 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=11 December 1919 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabi Mohamed Seghir a matsayin kansilan gari mai wakiltar Douar na &quot;Thala Oufella (Soumâa)&quot; a cikin Municipal na Ménerville a cikin ƙungiyar &quot;César Boniface&quot; na tsawon shekaru 5 daga shekarar 1920 zuwa shekarar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin 'yan majalissar Aljeriya sun zauna a zauren Ménerville Town Hall kusa da Mohamed Seghir kuma sun wakilci Douars daban-daban da suka kewaye garin mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7579130t |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &amp;#124; 1919-12-01 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=1 December 1919 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shigarwa ==
[[File:الأمير خالد.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Khalid ibn Hashim|Emir Khaled]]]]
Tun a shekarar 1920, Mohamed Seghir Boushaki tare da Sarki Khaled suka hada dabarun siyasa na kutsawa cikin tsarin mulki da al'adun mulkin mallaka, tare da kariyar da za ta ba su damar zuwa Sashin Algiers ba tare da wata matsala ba don saduwa da manyan masu kishin kasa. gefuna.

Wannan hukumar zaben ta baiwa Mohamed Seghir damar cin gajiyar dama da dama na matsayin kansila na gari kamar samun sassauci don gudanar da gonar hekta 70 da ke kudu maso gabashin birnin Merverville a gefen kauyen &quot;Thala Oufella (Soumâa) &quot;da kuma 'yar tazara daga Oued Isser.

&quot;Sarki Khaled&quot; ya yi amfani da wannan shigarwar da kutsawa ya kuma ziyarci kauyuka da kauyukan Sashin Algiers, kamar yadda kakansa sarki Abdelkader shi ma ya kasance yana wa'azin 'yanci ga' yan Aljeriya fiye da wadanda dokar Jonnart ta bayar.

Yawancin ayyukan siyasa na Mohamed Seghir tare da Sarki Khaled ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da wannan mulkin na shekarar 1923 ya yi ƙaura zuwa mulkin Misira zuwa Masar don ƙoƙari ya fusata haɓakar eancin Algeria da Kabyle.

A shekarar 1924, Mohamed Seghir ya sami izini don bude &quot;Moorish Café&quot; a cikin garin Ménerville wanda ke kallon titin Avenue de la Republique, inda dansa M'Hamed Boushaki (1907 - 1995) ya tafi Don yin aiki tare da 'yan uwansa har zuwa barkewar cutar Aljeriya juyin juya halin 'yanci a 1 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1954.

Kaɗan kadan Mohamed Seghir ya zama ɓangare na wasan siyasa na mulkin mallaka kuma ya fara sanya coan uwansa da danginsa a cikin ayyukan gudanarwa da sabis a cikin &quot;Canton of Alma (Boudouaou)&quot; da kuma cikin Algiers don ƙarfafa kasancewar Kabyle a babban birnin su lalatar da kakannin kakanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57765481 |title=La Tafna. Journal de l'arrondissement de Tlemcen &amp;#124; 1907-09-11 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sufanci ==
[[File:Bounouh CheikhBenAbderrahmane 22Mar.png|thumb|[[:ar:زاوية بونوح|Zawiyet Bounouh]]]]
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki bai fasa dangantakarsa ta ruhaniya da dangi ba tare da mabiyan Zawiyas Rahmaniyya na Tizi Ouzou wadanda sukan ziyarce shi a gidansa da ke Ménerville, suka yi hanya zuwa &quot;Moorish Café&quot; yayin motsinsu kuma suka zauna kamar shi a cikin Zagaye na 27 na Tizi Ouzou kamar shi a mazaba ta 29 na Alma (Boudouaou).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Nawel Ben |url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemidi/1009150501 |title=Bounouh ou le bercail de Sidi Abderrahmane |website=Djazairess.com |date=15 September 2010 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin bukukuwan addini, ayarin motocin mutane na Kabyle Sufis sun haɗu da ƙauyukan &quot;Aïth Aïcha&quot; da na &quot;Aïth Guechtoula&quot; na Boghni tare da zabura, karatun da intonations duk a hanyar da ta kai kusan kilomita 40. Mahajjata da almajiran Kabyle sun fara daga Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki don isa Bounouh Zaouiya domin yin Maulidin kowace shekara. Bayan haka Mohamed Seghir ya gina gidan fasinjoji na sa kai a &quot;Thala Oufella (Soumâa)&quot; don maraba da wadannan almajiran Sufayen a lokacin da suke yawo a addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why Celebrate Muhammad's Birthday But Not Christmas?|url=https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/celebrate-mawlid-not-christmas/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=About Islam|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya taba tura dansa &quot;M'Hamed Boushaki&quot; tare da sauran 'yan uwansa don yin karatu a &quot;Boumerdassi Zawiya&quot; kudu da Tidjelabine. A halin yanzu, babban wansa &quot;Ali Boushaki&quot; (1855-1965) ya bi hanyar tauhidi don zama ɗayan muftin na Lower Kabylie bisa ga al'adar Maliki kuma an kira shi Mokaddem na tarika Rahmaniyya a yankin tsakanin Mitidja da Djurdjura , da kuma matsayinsa na Limamin wa'azi a Masallacin Ménerville.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ethnopolis-net.over-blog.com/2015/01/confreries-soufies-en-kabylie.html |title=Confréries soufies en kabylie – Ethnopolis |website=Ethnopolis-net.over-blog.com |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amincewa ==
[[File:L'hémicycle du Sénat français en septembre 2009.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Senate (France)|Majalisar Dattawan Faransa]]]]
Kansila Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya yi fice daga shekarar 1920 zuwa shekarar 1925 a fagen siyasa, zamantakewa da addinai a yayin aikinsa na siyasa na farko bayan fitar da Dokar Jonnart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75826757 |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &amp;#124; 1927-08-12 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta haka ne Mohamed Seghir ya tattara goyon bayan 'yan majalisun Aljeriya da yawa don yin da kuma sanya hannu a &quot;Takardar Namba 30&quot; mai kwanan wata 18 ga watan Yuli shekarar 1920, inda ya yi zanga-zanga tare da takwarorinsa da yawa zuwa Majalisar Dattawa game da tanadin wani kudirin doka da Gwamnatin Faransa game da tsara tsarin Indigénat a Aljeriya da karɓar asalin Aljeriya zuwa haƙƙin siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7581527h |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &amp;#124; 1925-05-06 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan &quot;Takaddama mai lamba 30&quot; ta Mohamed Seghir da abokan aikin sa an binciki ta ne Sanatan Landes na lokacin wanda yake Charles Cadilhon a matsayin mai rubuta rahoton zaman majalisar dattijai a karkashin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7581529b |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &amp;#124; 1925-05-08 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mohamed Seghir ya yi karatun ta natsu game da yadda ake zartar da shawarwarin kwamitocin koke-koke a karkashin doka ta 100 ta dokokin aikin majalisar dattijan Faransa wanda ya tanadi cewa kowane sanata na iya neman rahoton a bainar jama'a a gaban koke ko wane irin rarrabuwa ne wanda Kwamitin ya ba shi a kan bukatarsa, ya rubuta a rubuce zuwa ga Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan, don a gabatar da wannan rahoton a zaman Majalisar Dattawa. Bayan ƙarewar lokacin da aka tsara don aiwatar da ƙararraki, ƙudurin Kwamitin zai zama na ƙarshe game da buƙatun waɗanda ba batun batun jama'a ba ne kuma za a ambata su a cikin Journal officiel de la République française.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75841984 |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &amp;#124; 1935-05-25 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=25 May 1935 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don haka &quot;Takardar Noma 30&quot; ta kasance kuma an tattauna sosai kafin a buga ta a cikin Jaridar Jaridar 20 watan Mayu shekarar 1921.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/chan/chan/pdf/sm/C_14629_15246.pdf |title=Les archives de la Chambre des députés sous la Troisième République (1919–1942) |website=Senat.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Majalisar dattijai ta Jamhuriya ta Uku&quot; ce ta yi muhawara game da wannan koke ƙarƙashin shugabancin Léon Bourgeois.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/comptes-rendus-seances/3eme/pdf/1920/07/S19200730_1603_1646.pdf |title=Journal Officiel |date=31 July 1920 |website=Senat.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sharuɗɗan ofis ==
[[File:Hôpital de Thénia.jpg|thumb|Dutsen Thala Oufella (Soumâa) in [[:en:Thenia|Thenia]].]]
&lt;center&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
 |+ Sharuɗɗan ofis na Mohamed Seghir Boushaki
 |-
 ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color: pink;&quot; | N°
 ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color: pink;&quot; | Ofis
 ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color: pink;&quot; | [[:en:Location (geography)|Wuri]]
 ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color: pink;&quot; | Daga
 ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color: pink;&quot; | Zuwa
 ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color: pink;&quot; | [[:en:List of French governors of Algeria|Gwamnan Aljeriya]]
 |-
 ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 01
 | style=&quot;text-align:left;  &quot; | [[:en:City council (France)|Majalisar gari]] ta [[:en:French Algeria|Faransa Aljeriya]]
 | style=&quot;text-align:left;  &quot; | [[:en:Thenia|Thenia]]
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 30 Nuwamba Nuwamba 1919&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7579132n |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &amp;#124; 1919-12-03 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=3 December 1919 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 Mayu 1925&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75815248 |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &amp;#124; 1925-05-03 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[:en:Jean-Baptiste Abel|Jean-Baptiste Abel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:en:Théodore Steeg|Théodore Steeg]]&lt;br /&gt;Henri Dubief
 |-
 ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 02
 | style=&quot;text-align:left;  &quot; | [[:en:City council (France)|Majalisar gari]] ta [[:en:French Algeria|Faransa Aljeriya]]
 | style=&quot;text-align:left;  &quot; | [[:en:Thenia|Thenia]]
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3 Mayu 1925
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1930
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[:en:Maurice Viollette|Maurice Viollette]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:fr:Pierre Bordes|Pierre Bordes]]
 |-
 ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 03
 | style=&quot;text-align:left;  &quot; | [[:en:City council (France)|Majalisar gari]] ta [[:en:French Algeria|Faransa Aljeriya]]
 | style=&quot;text-align:left;  &quot; | [[:en:Thenia|Thenia]]
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1935
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1939
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Georges Le Beau
 |}
&lt;/center&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Zaben kananan hukumomin Aljeriya na 1919]]
* [[Koken 'Yancin Siyasar Aljeriya na 1920]]
* [[Sidi Boushaki]]
* [[Brahim Boushaki]]
* [[Malikiyya]]
* [[Sufiyya]]
* [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]
* [[Zawiyet Sidi  Boumerdassi]] 
* [[Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif]]

== Majiya ==
[[File:Thenia 11092012.jpg|thumb|Dutsen wucewa na garin Thenia.]]
* {{cite book 
|date= 20 May 1921
|chapter= Pétitions
|work= Journal officiel de la République française.
|title= Sénat: Séance du 18 juillet 1920.
|url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6466914t
|language= French
|volume= N° 73
|location= Paris
|publisher= Quai Voltaire
|pages= 1172
|quote= Citation: p. 1170
}}

* {{cite book 
|date= 6 May 1925
|work= L'Écho d'Alger.
|title= Élections municipales 1925.
|url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7581527h
|language= French
|volume= N° 5689
|edition= 14ème Année
|location= [[Algiers|Alger]]
|publisher= Boulevard Carnot
|pages= 8
|quote= Citation: p. 5
}}

* {{cite book 
|date= 8 May 1925
|work= L'Écho d'Alger.
|title= Élections municipales 1925.
|url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7581529b
|language= French
|volume= N° 5691
|edition= 14ème Année
|location= [[Algiers|Alger]]
|publisher= Boulevard Carnot
|pages= 8
|quote= Citation: p. 5
}}

* {{cite book 
|date= 12 August 1927
|work= L'Écho d'Alger.
|title= Mandat municipal.
|url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75826757
|language= French
|volume= N° 6516
|edition= 16ème Année
|location= [[Algiers|Alger]]
|publisher= Boulevard Carnot
|pages= 4
|quote= Citation: p. 2
}}

* {{cite book 
|date= 25 May 1935
|work= L'Écho d'Alger.
|title= Élections municipales 1935.
|url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75841984
|language= French
|volume= N° 9059
|edition= 24ème Année
|location= [[Algiers|Alger]]
|publisher= Boulevard Carnot
|pages= 8
|quote= Citation: p. 6
}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [http://www.thenia.net/ Yanar Gizo &quot;www.thenia.net&quot; game da Thénia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418232811/http://thenia.net/ |date=2021-04-18 }}
* [http://menerville.free.fr/ Yanar Gizo na farko &quot;http://menerville.free.fr&quot; game da &quot;Ménerville da Thénia&quot; kafin 1962]
* [http://menerville2.free.fr/ Yanar Gizo na Biyu &quot;http://menerville2.free.fr&quot; game da &quot;Ménerville da Thénia&quot; kafin 1962]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boushaki, Mohamed Seghir}}

[[Category:Haihuwan 1869]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 1959]]
[[Category:Mutanen Aljeriya]]
[[Category:Iyalin Boushaki]]
[[Category:Musulmai]]
[[Category:Rahmaniyya]]
[[Category:Sufiyya]]
[[Category:'Yan siyasa]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mutanen Berom</title>
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      <text bytes="7586" sha1="rwbwk6d5iobsnscxf7cw1ef10fh35tj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Berom|image=Berom.png|image_caption=Berom cultural troupe|total=1 million|total_year=2010|total_source=SIL|total_ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bom|title=Berom|website=[[Ethnologue]]|access-date=7 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;|regions=[[Plateau State]] ([[Nigeria]])|languages=[[Berom language|Berom]]|religions=[[Christianity]], [[Traditional African religions]]|related=Iguta, Aten, [[Afusari|Afizere]], [[Irigwe people|Irigwe]], [[Atyap people|Atyap]],
[[Bajju people|Bajju]], [[Ham people|Ham]], [[Jukun people (West Africa)|Jukun]] and other Platoid peoples of the [[Middle Belt]], [[Tiv people|Tiv]], [[Igbo people|Igbo]], [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], [[Edo people|Edo]], [[Efik people|Efik]] and other [[Benue-Congo]] peoples of [[Nigeria|southern Nigeria]]}}
'''Berom''' (Wani lokacin ana rubuta '''Birom)''' shi ne mafi girman ƙabila ce dake [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]], tsakiyar [[Najeriya]] .  waɗanda suka haɗa [[Ƙananan hukumomin Nijeriya|ƙananan hukumomi]] hudu, wadanda suka hada da [[Jos ta Arewa]], [[Jos ta Kudu|Jos ta kudu]], [[Barkin Ladi|Barkin Ladi (Gwol)]] da [[Riyom]], Berom suma ana samun su a wasu ƙananan hukumomin [[Kaduna (jiha)|kudancin jihar Kaduna.]]

Berom suna magana da yaren Berom, wanda ke na reshen Filato na Benuwe-Congo, wani yanki ne na babban gidan masu yaren Neja-Congo . Ba shi da dangantaka da [[harshen Hausa]] (wanda dangin Afro-Asiya ne ) ko kuma wasu yarukan Afro-Asiatic na jihar Filato, wadanda kuma suke yarukan Chadi .

== Al'adu ==
Mutanen Berom suna da kyawawan al'adu. Suna yin bikin Nzem Berom kowace shekara a watan Maris ko Afrilu. Sauran bukukuwan sun hada da Nzem Tou Chun (worongchun) da Wusal Berom. Oneaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin asali ne a cikin Nijeriya (Jihar Filato) waɗanda ke yin imani da Allahn Yahudu da kuma Kirista (Dagwi). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://events.mtnonline.com/events/nzem-berom/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-06-07 |archive-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618113209/https://events.mtnonline.com/events/nzem-berom/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bukukuwa ===
Wasu bukukuwan Berom sun haɗa da:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Biki
! Layi
! Lokacin Biki a shekara
|-
| Mandiyeng
| Daga zamanin mulkin mallaka
| Maris – Afrilu
|-
| Nshok
| Daga zamanin mulkin mallaka
| Maris – Afrilu
|-
| Badu
| Daga zamanin mulkin mallaka
| Maris – Afrilu
|-
| Worongchun
| Daga zamanin mulkin mallaka
| Afrilu – Mayu
|-
| Vwana / Bwana
| Daga zamanin mulkin mallaka
| Agusta
|-
| Mado (bikin farauta)
| Daga zamanin mulkin mallaka
| Oktoba / Nuwamba
|-
| Behwol (bikin farauta)
| Daga zamanin mulkin mallaka
| Maris – Afrilu
|-
| Nzem Berom
| Tsarin mulkin mallaka
| Maris – Afrilu
|-
| Wusal Berom (Bikin Sallah)
| Tsarin mulkin mallaka
| Watanni
|}
Bukukuwa a al'adun Berom suna da alaƙa da aikin noma da farauta, waɗanda sune manyan al'amuran da suka shafi rayuwar Berom da ilimin sararin samaniya.

== Shugabanci ==
Berom suna da babban sarki da ake kira Gbong Gwom Jos .  Mulkin mallaka na gargajiya an ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1935 daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na [[Arewacin Najeriya]] .  Arewacin Najeriya ya kasance tare da halaye daban daban na yare da al'adu tsakanin ƙabilun Filato da sauran kungiyoyin. Wannan jahilcin na bambancin ƙabila da farko ya ƙarfafa shugabannin [[Hausawa]] wanda za su kula da asalin Jos na ƙasar da aka ƙirƙirar, wanda ya kasance cikin rikici tare da Berom saboda ra'ayoyi da maslaha iri-iri. 

Ta hanyar madauwari; Lamba 24p / 1916 [JOS PROF NAK 473/1916], mai ɗauke da kwanan wata 15 ga watan Agusta 1917, an umurci Mazaunin a Lardin Bauchi da ya turo wasu masu iko daga wasu shugabannin kananan hukumomi da suka hada da na gundumomi da na kauyuka don daukaka su a matsayin masu martaba daga mai girma Gwamna Janar. Dangane da zagayen, Mazaunin ya sake rubuta wa sakataren Lardin Arewa ta hanyar wasika mai lamba 24/1916 [JOSPROF NAK 473/1916] mai dauke da kwanan wata 27 ga Oktoba 1917, ya ba da shawarar mai girma sarki ya kula da yankunan karkara.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}}

A lokacin mulkin mallaka, an rarraba Berom zuwa ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu cin gashin kansu wadanda suka danganci yankuna, amma hukumar mulkin mallaka ta hade su karkashin Gbong Gwom a 1952 don taimakawa daidaita ayyukan yan asalin. 

=== Shugabanni ===
Babban sarki na farko Dachung Gyang ya hau mulki daga 1935 zuwa 1941.  A karkashin Dachung Gyang, an sanya cibiyar gargajiyar a matsayin Majalisar Kabilun Berom  ke tsara sarakuna a cikin Authorityan asalin Jos. Sannan ikonta ya kunshi Berom ne kawai tare da kebe shugabannin Buji, Naraguta, Jos da Bukuru. Koyaya, gwamnati, a cikin wata Gazette ta 7 ga Fabrairu 1918, ta gyara jerin don ta haɗa da Buji, Naraguta, Jos da Bukuru.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}}

Fitowar Da Rwang Pam (1947 har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 14 ga Yulin 1969  ) ya ga daga darajar shugaban Majalisar Ƙabilun zuwa kujerar Gbong Gwom Jos .  

Tun daga 1969, ana riƙe da tabon ta abubuwa masu zuwa:

* Da. Dr. Fom Bot, 19 ga watan Agusta 1969  har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2002 
* Da Victor Dung Pam, 17 ga Afrilu 2004  zuwa 7 ga Maris 2009 
* Da [[Jacob Gyang Buba]], 1 Afrilu 2009  zuwa yanzu

Tsohon gwamnan jihar Filato (2007-2015), [[Jonah David Jang]], ɗan asalin Berom ne.

== Sanannun mutane ==

* John Dungs †, soja, masanin masana'antu, dan siyasa kuma tsohon Shugaban Gudanar da Sojoji na jihar Delta
* [[Jonah David Jang|Jonah Jang]], soja kuma dan jiha, tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Filato
* Philip Davou Dung Bishop na Katolika na Shendam Diocese, alƙawari 5 Nuwamba, 2016. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dshnd.html&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Michael Botmang]], dan siyasa kuma tsohon Gwamnan jihar Filato
* Davou Zang, [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya]] a Majalisar Tarayya ta 4
* John Wash Pam † [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata na Tarayyar Najeriya]] kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa a Majalisar Tarayya ta 2
* Gyang Dalyop Datong †, [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya]] a majalisun tarayya na 6 da na 7
* Gyang Pwajok †, [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya]] a majalisar dokoki ta kasa ta 7
* Gabriel Bwan Fom † Memba na majalisar wakilan Najeriya a majalisun tarayya na 4 da 5
* Lamba Gwom, Ministan Sufuri na Tarayya a gwamnatin Shugaba [[Ibrahim Babangida]]
* Istifanus Gyang, [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya]] a majalisar dokoki ta 9
* Edward Pwajok, lauya kuma dan majalisar wakilan Najeriya a majalisar kasa ta 8
* Dachung Bagos, dan majalisar wakilan Najeriya a majalisar dokoki ta 9
* Sambo Choji, dan kwallon kafa
* Peter Gyang Sha †, tsohon babban hafsan da ke jagorantar runduna ta 3 mai sulke a Jos na sojojin Najeriya
* Chris Giwa, dan wasan kwallon kafa kuma mai kungiyar Giwa FC
* [[Jeremiah Gyang|Jeremiah Gyang mawaƙi]] kuma furodusa mai shirya fim
* Kenneth Gyang, mai daukar hoto
* Kevin Chuwang, Babban Brotheran Wasan Afirka a Lokacin 4

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* Roger Blench, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnomusicology/Video%20&amp;%20images/Africa/Nigeria/Berom/Images Hotunan Berom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630154038/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnomusicology/Video%20%26%20images/Africa/Nigeria/Berom/Images/ |date=2022-06-30 }}
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[[Category:Al'ummomi]]
[[Category:Al'adun Najeriya]]
[[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]]
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  <page>
    <title>Mansurat al-Khayt</title>
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[[Fayil:Historical map series for the area of Mansurat al-Khayt (1870s).jpg|thumb|Taswrarbtarihi ta mansurat]]
'''Mansurat al-Khayt ta''' kasance ƙauyen Balaraba Bafalasdine a yankin Safad . An rage yawan mutane yayin Yakin Basasa na shekarar alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da arba'in da bakwai1927 - 48 a Falasdinu Wajibi a watan Janairu 18, shekarar alif dubu daya da ɗaritara da arba'in da takwas 1948. An samo shi 11.5&amp;nbsp;km gabas da Safed, 1&amp;nbsp;kilomita yamma da Kogin Urdun .

== Tarihi ==
Wani sashi na sunan, ''al-Khayt'', ya fito ne daga yankin mai suna ''ard al-khayt'', wanda ke kudu maso yammacin tafkin Hula . &lt;ref&gt;Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/341/mode/1up 341], cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 474&lt;/ref&gt;

Al-Dimashqi (d.1327) ya yi rubutu game da ''Al Khait'' cewa: “Gundumar Upper Ghaur na Kwarin Jordan . A ƙasar kama da [[Iraƙi|Irak]] a cikin al'amarin na da shinkafa, da tsuntsaye, da ta maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi, mãdalla da amfanin gona. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;Al-Dimashqi, 1866, p. [https://archive.org/stream/cosmographie00muam#page/76/mode/1up 211] cited in le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/484/mode/1up 484]&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar karni na 18, malamin Sufi dan Syria kuma matafiyin al-Bakri al-Siddiqi (1688-1748 / 9) ya lura cewa ya wuce ta ''al-Khayt'' tare da alƙali daga Safad . 

=== Birtaniyya ===
A cikin kidayar Falasdinu da aka yi a shekarar 1922, wanda mahukunta masu kula da kuma dokar Birtaniyya suka gudanar, ''Kerad al Khait'' yana da yawan [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] 437, &lt;ref name=&quot;Census1922&quot;&gt;Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n44/mode/1up 42]&lt;/ref&gt; karu a cikin kidayar shekara ta 1931 lokacin da ''Mansurat el Hula'' ya yiwa musulmai guda 367 mazauna, a cikin jimillar gidaje guda 61. &lt;ref name=&quot;Census1931&quot;&gt;Mills, 1932, p. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111201210326/http://www.archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 108]&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ƙididdigar shekara ta 1945 ƙauyen yana da yawan musulmai 200,  tare da duniyoyi 6,735, dukkansu mallakar jama'a ne.  Daga wannan, an kuma yi amfani da dunams 5,052 don hatsi, &lt;ref name=&quot;Hadawi120&quot;&gt;Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p.  [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-120.jpg 120] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192541/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-120.jpg |date=2016-03-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da dunams 17 aka kasafta su a matsayin ginannun, wuraren jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hadawi170&quot;&gt;Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-170.jpg 170] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930002308/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-170.jpg |date=2018-09-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mansurat al-Hula ta kuma san ƙauyen don rarrabe shi da al-Mansura a Safed kuma yana da wurin bauta ga wani malamin gida wanda aka fi sani da al-Shaykh Mansur wanda daga baya aka sanya wa ƙauyen sunan.

=== 1948, bayan haka ===
An kwashe ƙauyen na ɗan lokaci bayan harin Haganah a ranar 18 ga Janairun shekara ta 1948. Haganah ya kasance yana cikin umarni don &quot;kawar da&quot; duk wanda ke cikin ƙauyen da ya ƙi. &lt;ref&gt;Morris, 2004, p.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&amp;pg=PA132 132], note #539, on p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&amp;pg=PA160 160]&lt;/ref&gt; An lura cewa &quot;an sanya gidaje da shinge a saukake&quot; yayin harin. &lt;ref&gt;Morris, 2004, p.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&amp;pg=PA344 344], note #13, p.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&amp;pg=PA396 396]&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin shekara ta 1948, wani sabon tsari da ake kira Habonim, wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Kfar Hanassi, ya hau kan yankin Mansurat al-Khayt. &lt;ref&gt;Morris, 2004, p.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&amp;pg=PA374 374], note #191, p.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&amp;pg=PA406 406]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.palestineremembered.com/Safad/Mansurat-al-Khayt/index.html Maraba da zuwa Mansurat al-Khayt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219025229/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Safad/Mansurat-al-Khayt/index.html |date=2010-02-19 }}
* [http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49262 Mansurat al-Khayt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919101904/https://zochrot.org/en/village/49262 |date=2020-09-19 }}, Zochrot
* [http://www.villagesofpalestine.com/MansuratalKhayt.htm Mansurat al-Khayt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608123825/http://www.villagesofpalestine.com/MansuratalKhayt.htm |date=2021-06-08 }}, Kauyukan Falasdinu
* Binciken Yammacin Falasdinu, taswira 4: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&amp;type_id=6&amp;id=8367 IAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423030247/https://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&amp;type_id=6&amp;id=8367 |date=2023-04-23 }}, [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.04.jpg Wikimedia commons]
[[Category:Masarautar Safad]]
[[Category:Larabawa]]
[[Category:Saudiyya]]
[[Category:Mutane Daga Zanjan, Iran]]
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  <page>
    <title>Mata a Nijar</title>
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[[File:Femme_peule_du_Dallol_Bosso(_Boboye)_02.jpg  |thumb| Wata yar Nijar]] 
[[File:Ambassador_Reddick_Visits_Diffa_During_Flintlock_2017_170307-A-UW671-037.jpg  |thumb| Ambasada Reddick ya ziyarci Diffa A lokacin Flintlock 2017]] 
[[File:Fulani_Woman_from_Niger.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Wata Bafulatana daga Nijar.]]
 
'''Mata a Nijar''' mata ne waɗanda suka fito ko suke zaune a ƙasar Nijar ta Afirka ta Yamma. Wadaynnan matan suna daga cikin yawan mutanen da kashi 98% na masu riƙo da [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci ne]] . Mafi yawa daga cikin dokokin da gwamnatin Nijar ta ɗauka don kare 'yancin matan Nijar galibin lokuta sun dogara ne da imanin [[Musulmi|musulmi.]]

Matan Nijar, ba za a ruɗe su da Najeriyar ba, sun ƙunshi ƙabilu iri-iri. Daga cikin manyan ƙabilun akwai [[Hausawa|matan Hausawa]], da matan [[Fulani|Fulani, da]] matan Zarma - Songhai, da matan [[Buzaye|Azbinawa.]] Hausawa a Nijar za'a iya gane su ta hanyar sutura su ta sanya abaya da zane da wani daidai da rigan, shugaban taye da shawl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ | title=Africa :: Niger — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency | access-date=2021-06-09 | archive-date=2021-03-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan gargajiya har yanzu ana ci gaba da yin wasa a cikin Nijar. Rayuwar iyali ga 'yan mata na iya zama babban ƙalubale a cikin al'ummar musulmin farko. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan halayen suna da illa ga rayuwar ƙasar, kamar ci gaban talauci da jahilci.

Ranar hutu a Jamhuriyar Nijar wacce aka fi sani da ranar mata ta Nijar ( ''Journée nationale de la femme nigérienne'' ) da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu, don tunawa da macen da mata suka yi a shekarar 1992 a [[Niamey|Yamai]] a lokacin taron kasa, suna neman shigar mata sosai a cikin ƙasa. cibiyoyi. Hutu ne wanda ya zama &quot;Tunawa da ƙasa&quot; a ranar 25 Nuwamban shekarar 1992.

== Tsarin al'ada ==
Nijar ƙasa ce a [[Afirka ta Yamma]] . Ta sami 'yencin kai daga Faransa a shekarata 1960, kuma tana ƙarƙashin mulkin jam'iyya ɗaya da mulkin soja har zuwa shekarar 1991. Yawancin ƙasar suna da yanayin zafi, bushe, hamada. Tana da kusan mazauna miliyan 20. Ƙabilun sune: Hausawa 53.1%, Zarma / Songhai 21.2%, Abzinawa 11%, Fulani (Peul) 6.5%, Kanuri 5.9%, Gurma 0.8%, Arab 0.4%, Tubu 0.4%, other / basu da 0.9%. Galibi al'umar karkara ce, kuma kusan duk yawan jama'a suna yin addinin Musulunci. 

== Haihuwa da rayuwar iyali ==
[[File:Termitwoman.jpg|left|thumb|231x231px| Nijar ce kan gaba wajen yawan aurar da yara mata da kuma yawan haihuwa a duniya{{Ana bukatan hujja}}]]
Uwa a cikin Nijar na da matsaloli masu yawa. Saboda dalilai na tattalin arziƙi, rashin dacewar kiwon lafiya, da kuma al'adun gargajiya, mata suna cikin mawuyacin hasara lokacin da suka haifi yaransu na fari.

Auren yara ƙanana al’ada ce da ta zama ruwan dare a Nijar. Kimanin kashi 75% na 'yan matan Nijar sun yi aure kafin ranar haihuwar su 18. Kodayake wani lokacin tare da haɗin gwiwar dangin su, galibi ana siyar da ƴan mata don aurar da yara ko aikin lalata. Aikin ''wahaya'' yana ba wa 'yan kasuwar bayi damar cin zarafin' yan mata 'yan shekaru 9, suna sayar da su a matsayin bayin gida ko kuma' yan mata masu yin lalata da su. Nijar wuri ne na bai daya na fataucin mutane, kasancewar tana da tushe, hanyar wucewa, kuma makoma ta ƙarshe ga waɗanda fataucin ya shafa a ciki da wajen kan iyakokin ƙasar. 'Yan mata mata, waɗanda aka siyar a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadagon su, a lokacin da maigidan yake so a cikin tsarin al'adar bawan gargajiya da ''wahaya'' ke haifarwa.

Mafi girman TFR (kusan yara / mata 7) a duniya haɗe da ƙarancin haihuwa na ƙuruciya ya nuna cewa youngan matan Nijar suna da yara a wani matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Yawan auren ƙananan yara, a dabi'ance, zai haifar da iyaye mata ƙanana da kuma yawan haihuwa, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya. Matsakaicin matsakaicin shekaru a tsakanin yara mata na farko a Nijar ya kai shekaru 18.1, wanda ya zo na biyu bayan na kusa da Chadi.

Tare da auren yara, yawan haihuwar samari, da ma mafi girma TFR yana zuwa mutuwar mata . Tare da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu na 555 cikin 100,000 da ake haifa, dole ne iyayen mata a Nijar su shawo kan rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a baya don tabbatar da cewa duka rayuwar ta fita cikin nasara. Rashin ingantaccen kiwon lafiya, isassun kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiya, da walwala da tattalin arziki duk suna taimakawa ga ƙasar Nijar wajen yawan mace-macen mata. Hakanan baya taimakawa lokacin da iyaye mata ke haihuwa yayin samari.

== Hakkokin mata ==
Yawan karatun jahilci a Nijar na ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙaranci a duniya. Matsakaicin ƙasa shine 19.1% tare da ilimin mata a 11%, mafi ƙanƙanci a duniya. . Wannan bayanan na waɗancan shekaru 15 ne da sama da hakan na iya karatu da rubutu. Ilimi, kodayake yana da dama, amma bai zama ruwan dare ba ga mata matasa. Kasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mata, duk shekarunsu, sun shiga cikin tsarin ilimin. Wararrun al'adun noma, irin na Nijar, ba koyaushe ke ba da muhimmanci ga ilimin boko ba.

Tashin hankalin jinsi ya zama koina a Nijar. Ana wulakanta mata sosai a Nijar, kuma bayanan sun dawo da hakan. Nijar ita ce kan gaba wajen [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/356rank.html#US yawan haihuwa da haihuwa a duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231063330/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/356rank.html#US |date=2020-12-31 }},  zuwa yanzu. Akwai karancin taimako na shari'a idan ya zo ga batun gurfanar da masu cin zarafin. An ba da rahoton cewa wasu mata a Nijar na ganin cewa abin da suka saba na cin zarafin cikin gida ne. Ayyukan gargajiya galibi suna da yawa yayin da al'umma ke ɗaukar mata da ƙarancin daraja saboda haka al'ada ce ta barin waɗanda aka cutar ba tare da adalci ba. Cin zarafin mata 'yan Nijar ya halatta ta ƙarni na wannan al'adar kuma da wuya wata ƙa'idar doka ta canza hanya. An yi tanadi don rage yawan tashin hankali, amma sun kasa haifar da sanannen canji.

== Manazarta ==

* [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/niger/images/tuareg-women-niger$24583-52 Hoton matan Abzinawan Nijar biyu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114040330/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/niger/images/tuareg-women-niger$24583-52 |date=2013-01-14 }}
* [http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/niger_62522.html Matan Nijar suna kan gaba wajen aiwatar da aikace-aikace don kare danginsu yayin matsalar abinci mai gina jiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915093631/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/niger_62522.html |date=2016-09-15 }} (A kallo: Niger) na Chris Tidey
* [http://www.irinnews.org/report/75720/niger-rape-and-beatings-of-women-seen-as-normal NIGER: Fyade da duka da aka yiwa mata da ake gani abu ne na al'ada]
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    <title>Mutanen Bassa(Laberiya)</title>
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      <text bytes="6934" sha1="np0k36uzup559zp2ccj8wayvhon0k77" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Bassa|image=File:(1922) pic.09 Bassa women.jpg|caption=Bassa women in 1922|native_name_lang=&quot;Bassa Wulu&quot;|population={{circa}} 4,022,600|region1={{flag|Liberia}}|pop1=692,000&lt;ref name=ciafactbook/&gt;|region2={{flag|Ivory Coast}}|pop2=65,000|region3={{flag|Sierra Leone}}|pop3=40,000|region4={{flag|Cameroon}}|pop4=3,225,600|languages=[[Bassa language|Bassa]], [[Kru Pidgin English]]|religions=[[Christianity]]|related_groups=[[Krahn people|Krahn]], [[Kru people|Kru]], [[Grebo people|Grebo]], [[Jabo people|Jabo]]}}
__NOTOC__

Mutanen '''Bassa ƙabilar''' [[Afirka ta Yamma|Afirka ta Yamma ne waɗanda asalinsu]] 'yan asalin ƙasar Liberiya ne. Sun kafa mafi rinjaye ko kuma wasu tsiraru a cikin kananan hukumomin Liberia na Grand Bassa, Rivercess, Margibi da Montserrado.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;James Stuart Olson (1996). ''The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary''. Greenwood. pp. 78–79. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27918-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-313-27918-8&lt;/bdi&gt;]]&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin babban birnin Liberia na [[Monrovia]], su ne mafi yawan kabilu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Patricia Levy; Michael Spilling (2008). ''Liberia''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 92. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3414-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7614-3414-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 0.57, sune kabila ta biyu mafi girma a cikin Laberiya (13.4%), bayan mutanen Kpelle (20.3%). &lt;ref name=&quot;ciafactbook&quot;&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia/ People and Society: Liberia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319020318/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia |date=2021-03-19 }}, CIA Factbook, United States&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana samun ƙananan al'ummomin Bassa a Saliyo da Ivory Coast.

Mutanene Bassa suna magana da [[Yaren Bassa a Laberiya, Saliyo|yaren Bassa, yare]] ne na Kru wanda ke da asalin harsunan Nijar-Congo. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/17/subgroups/bassa/ Bassa], Ethnologue&lt;/ref&gt; Suna da nasu tsarin rubutu na hoto amma ba a amfani da shi a cikin karni na 19, an kuma sake gano shi tsakanin bayin Brazil da West Indies a 1890s, kuma an sake sake gina shi a farkon 1900 ta Thomas Flo Darvin Lewis.&lt;ref&gt;Bassa: A language of Liberia: Writing, Ethnologue&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/17/subgroups/bassa/ Bassa: A language of Liberia: Writing], Ethnologue&lt;/ref&gt; Rubutun da aka farfaɗo da alamun ana kiransa ''Ehni Ka Se Fa''. 

A cikin yarukan gargajiya, ana kiran mutanen Bassa da sunan '''GbBambog-Mbogsa''' ko '''Bambog-Mbog.'''&lt;ref&gt;Emmanuel Kombem Ngwainmbi (2009). [[Molefi Kete Asante]] and Ama Mazama (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of African Religion''. SAGE Publishers. pp. 108–110. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4129-3636-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asali ==
Mutanen Bassa sun fito ne daga [[Misra|Misira]] a karni na 6 kafin zuwa annabi Isa, wanda daga baya suka yi kaura zuwa kuma suka zauna a yammacin Afirka ta yamma da wasu sassan da suka hada da [[Laberiya]], [[Saliyo]], [[Togo]] da [[Najeriya]], [[Senegal]] yayin da wasu suka zauna a yankin tsakiyar Afirka kamar [[Kamaru]] da Kwango.&lt;ref&gt;Emmanuel Kombem Ngwainmbi (2009). Asante and Mazama (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of African Religion''. p. 109&lt;/ref&gt; Gungiyoyin da ke cikin ƙasa daban-daban sun haɓaka al'adunsu daban, yare da zamantakewar su.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Paul Rozario (2003). ''Liberia''. Gareth Stevens. pp. 52–53. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-2366-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-8368-2366-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen Bassa suna da dangantaka da mutanen Basari na Togo da Senegal, da mutanen Bassa-Mpoku a yankunan Congo, da mutanen Bassa na Kamaru.  
[[File:Brooklyn_Museum_2000.38.4a-b_Mortar_with_Lid_in_the_Form_of_a_Man.jpg|thumb| Murfin da aka sassaka daga itace, wanda aka saka da gilashi ta farkon masanin Bassa na ƙarni na 20.]]
Hujjojin ilimin harshe da hadisai na baka na wadannan bangarori masu yawa daban-daban, kananan kungiyoyi masu mahimmanci sun nuna cewa sunan su ''Bassa na'' iya kasancewa da alaƙa da ''Bassa Sooh Nyombe'' wanda ke nufin &quot;Mutanen Uban Dutse&quot;. 'Yan kasuwar Turai na farko sun sami matsala wajen faɗin duka jimlar, kuma an yi amfani da gajeriyar hanyar Bassa a cikin wallafe-wallafen Yammacin tun daga wancan lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;Emmanuel Kombem Ngwainmbi (2009). [[Molefi Kete Asante]] and Ama Mazama (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of African Religion''. SAGE Publishers. pp. 108–110. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4129-3636-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Addini ==
Addinin gargajiyar mutanen Bassa yana da tushe na ɗabi'a da tunania, wanda ke girmama magabata da kuma ruhohi na allahntaka.  Addinin Kiristanci ya zo tsakanin mutanen Bassa a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma an fassara Baibul na farko zuwa yaren Bassa a 1922. Tsarin tallafi ya cakuda tunanin Kiristan Allah tare da ra'ayinsu na gargajiya game da Mafificin Sarki da kakannin farko mai iko wanda ya kasance mai jinkai da ramuwar gayya, yana ba da kyautatawa da kuma azabtar da marasa kyau.  Addinin gargajiya ya haɗa da al'adun sirri na maza da mata, kamar ƙungiyar Sande.&lt;ref&gt;Daniel Mato; Charles Miller (1990). ''Sande: Masks and Statues from Liberia and Sierra-Leone''. Galerie Balolu. pp. 15–16. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-90-800587-1-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-90-800587-1-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mishaneri na kiristoci da yawa daga ɗariku daban-daban na Kiristanci sun kasance suna aiki tsakanin mutanen Bassa a cikin ƙarni na 20. Waɗannan sun haifar da majami'u masu zaman kansu da yawa na Bassa daga Turai, Arewacin Amurka, Afirka da ƙungiyoyin Ikklesiyoyin bishara. &lt;ref&gt;Paul Gifford (2002). ''Christianity and Politics in Doe's Liberia''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 20, 105–107, 140–141, 197, 215, 228–230 with footnotes. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52010-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-521&lt;/bdi&gt;]]-52010-2&lt;/ref&gt; A zamanin yau, yawancin mutanen Bassa galibi suna bin [[Kiristanci]], amma sun riƙe abubuwa na addininsu na gargajiya.

== Al'umma ==
Mutanen Bassa a gargajiyance manoma ne wadanda suke noman doya, [[rogo]], eddoes da plantain. Su dangi ne masu nasaba da nasaba waɗanda ke zaune a ƙauyuka, kowannensu yana da sarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

 
== Majiya ==

* Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. ''Bayani: Harsunan Duniya'', bugu na goma sha biyar. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Siffar kan layi] .
* Somah, Syrulwa (2003), ''Nyanyan Gohn-Manan Tarihi, Hijira da Gwamnatin Bassa'' ; Hasken walƙiya Inc.

== Manazarta ==

* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/71017/rec/1 Don ruhohi da sarakuna: zane-zane na Afirka daga tarin Paul da Ruth Tishman], The Museum of Museum of Art Libraries, ya ƙunshi abubuwa akan mutanen Bassa
[[Category:Yarukan kasar Laberiy]]
[[Category:Mutanen Bassa (Laberiya)]]
[[Category:Yaruka na kusa masu bukatar gyara]]</text>
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    <title>Masallacin Abdülhamid II</title>
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'''Masallacin Abdülhamid II''' 

masallaci ne a cikin Garin Jibuti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-30|title=Djibouti's biggest mosque, a gift from Turkey, opens|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/359370/Djibouti-s-biggest-mosque-a-gift-from-Turkey-opens|access-date=2021-01-30|website=en.hawzahnews.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204101928/https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/359370/Djibouti-s-biggest-mosque-a-gift-from-Turkey-opens|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shine masallaci mafi girma a Djibouti.

An kammala shi a cikin shekarar 2019, Gidauniyar Diyanet ta [[Turkiyya]] ce ta dauki nauyinta. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Sarkin Ottoman Abdulhamid II. Ginin, wanda aka gina shi da salon Usmaniyya, yana da damar daukar mutane 6,000.

== Tarihi ==
An tattauna batun tunanin masallacin ne a shekarar 2015, a ganawar da shugaban Djibouti, Ismail Omarelle da shugaban Turkiyya Erdogan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Mosques in Africa: A test of strength in the Middle East {{!}} DW {{!}} 18.12.2019|url=https://www.dw.com/en/mosques-in-africa-a-test-of-strength-in-the-middle-east/a-51717439|access-date=2021-01-30|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina masallacin ne a kan wasu filaye da aka kwato. An bude masallacin ne a shekarar 2019. An bude masallacin ne tare da Firaminista Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Gine-gine ==

Masallacin an gina shi ne da salon farfado da Daular Usmaniyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Services|first=Compiled from Wire|date=2019-11-25|title=Djibouti's biggest mosque, courtesy of Turkey, counts down to opening|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2019/11/25/djiboutis-biggest-mosque-courtesy-of-turkey-counts-down-to-opening|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Daily Sabah|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da minarets guda biyu masu tsayin mita 46, da kuma kwazazzabo na tsakiya.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5827" sha1="l0n5h8d10siffbi2w1ve9st7z8sfqpw" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
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  <page>
    <title>Nana Klutse</title>
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'''Nana Ama Browne Klutse''' tana nazarin canjin yanayi na Afirka ta Yamma. Aikinta yana mai da hankali ne kan kimiyyar yanayi da ci gaba musamman kan Damuwar kasashen Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Klutse, NAB et al. (2016). Daily characteristics of West African summer monsoon precipitation in CORDEX simulations. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 123(1-2): 369-86.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Klutse NAB et al (2018). Potential impact of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming on consecutive dry and wet days over West Africa. Environmental Letters, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce babbar malama a Sashin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, Jami'ar Ghana. A baya, tana kula da Cibiyar hangen nesa da yanayi. Dokta Klutse masanin Kimiyyar Yanayi ce ta cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Afirka kuma babban marubuciya CE dake ba da gudummawa ga [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Rahoton Bincike]] na shida na IPCC (AR6). Ta kuma karfafa gwiwa ga 'yan mata a kasar Ghana don yin la'akari da ayyukan kimiyya da kuma tallafawa ci gaban ilimin kimiyya a kasar.

== Kwarewar sana'a ==
[[File:Dr Nana Ama Browne Klutse Senior Lecturer, Department of Physics, University of Ghana.jpg|thumb|Nana Klutse]]
Dokta Klutse ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Sararin Samaniya da Fasaha ta Ghana na Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Atom a matsayin babban masanin kimiyyar bincike daga shekara ta 2016 zuwa shekara ta 2018. Kafin wannan, ta kasance bakon malama a Cibiyar Bayar da Ilimin Kimiyyar Yammacin Afirka kan Yanayi da Ingantaccen Amfani da Kasa (WASCAL) da ke Akure, Kasar Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;GO_Klutse&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Donkor |first1=Kwadwo Baffoe |title=Dr Nana Ama Browne Klutse joins NDC Abura Asebu Kwamankese race |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/nana-ama-browne-klutse-joins-ndc-abura-asebu-kwamankese-race.html |access-date=8 January 2021 |work=Graphic Online |date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FCA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nana Ama Browne Klutse: Ghanaian scientist studies dynamics of west African monsoon |url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/nana-ama-browne-klutse-ghanaian-studies-dynamics-of-west-african-monsoon |website=Future Climate for Africa |access-date=8 January 2021 |date=21 December 2016 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508104315/https://futureclimateafrica.org/nana-ama-browne-klutse-ghanaian-studies-dynamics-of-west-african-monsoon/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://africanews.space/aims-announces-first-cohort-of-women-in-climate-change-science-fellows/| title=AIMS announces first cohort of women in Climate Change Science Fellows| date=2018-05-15| access-date=2021-07-13| archive-date=2021-12-10| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210161335/https://africanews.space/aims-announces-first-cohort-of-women-in-climate-change-science-fellows/| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ampofo |first1=Obrempong |title=Mfantseman: Science teachers trained in effective teaching methods |url=http://citifmonline.com/2018/02/mfantseman-science-teachers-trained-in-effective-teaching-methods/ |publisher=Citi 97.3 FM News |accessdate=3 April 2020 |date=26 February 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425123705/https://citifmonline.com/2018/02/mfantseman-science-teachers-trained-in-effective-teaching-methods/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
[[File:Nana Ama Browne Klutse.jpg|thumb|Nana Klutse]]
Dokta Klutse kuma tana aiki a cikin siyasa a matsayin memba na National Democratic Congress.

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Yanayi]]
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[[File:A_lady_suffering_from_the_Common_Cold.png  |thumb| Zanen yarinya na fama da Mura]] 
[[File:Wampole's Creo-Terpin for coughs and colds advertising card, circa 1910 (MOHAI 11327).jpg|thumb|bayanin mai mura a cikin hotuna wannan katun ɗin]]
[[File:Coughs and Sneezes.ogv|thumb|mura ta Kama wani tsoho]]
[[File:Accidental coughing.jpg|thumb|wannan matar mura ya sarƙeta da tari bakatatan]]
'''Mura''' ([[Turanci]]: ''cold, common cold'')&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2014. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf Ce Medical terminology and diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717175738/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
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[[File:Riehl_Zumbusch_Tafel_III_(2).jpg  |thumb| Maruru]] 
[[File:Furunculosis.jpg  |thumb|Maruru a Hannu]] 
[[File:Furoncle.jpg|thumb|hoton maruru]]
'''Maruru''' ([[Turanci]]: ''boil'')&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2014. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf Ce Medical terminology and diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717175738/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt; wani ƙurjine wanda yake fitowa ajikin mutum ko dabba yana da zafi da koma ƙyaƙyayi ajikin mutum.

==Manazarta==
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[[Category:Kiwon lafiya]]

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[[File:Diele_djin-rac.jpg  |thumb|Maƙero a gaefen Fuska ]] 
[[File:Dermatophytose_cou.jpg  |thumb|Maƙero ]]
'''Maƙenƙero''' ko '''Maƙero''' (da [[Turanci]]: ''dermatophytosis'')&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2013. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Mwaghavul%20diseases.pdf Mwaghavul disease names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717181922/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Mwaghavul%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt; wata cuta ce dake fita a jikin fatar mutum wanda ke da ƙaiƙayi sosai. Yakan fara  da 'yan kananun kuraje,  wanda suke fitowa a zagaye  ( circle  ), sannan rashin saka mashi magani yana saka  ya cigaba da kara girma.  Yana cikin cutukan da ake iya dauka,  ma'ana  wani zaya iya daukarsa daga jikin wani. 

==Manazarta==
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[[Category:Kiwon lafiya]]

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[[File:A_Chinese_woman_suffering_from_a_goitre_Wellcome_V0049857.jpg  |thumb| Wata yar kasar Sin, na fama da cutar Maƙoƙo]]
[[File:The_Dowser_by_Pietro_BellottiFXD.jpg|thumb|The Dowser]]
'''Maƙoƙo''' ([[Turanci]]: ''goitre'') kumburi ne a cikin wuya sakamakon girmamar tsokar Tairod (thyroid).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Thyroid Nodules and Swellings&quot;. ''British Thyroid Foundation''. 11 September 2019&lt;/ref&gt;. Ana iya alakanta Maƙoƙo da Tairod wanda baya aiki yadda ya kamata&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Goitre - NHS Choices&quot;. ''NHS Choices''. 19 October 2017&lt;/ref&gt;, inda yai yawa ko karancin zubar sinadarin Tairod a jiki kan haifarwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Can AS, Rehman A. Goiter ''(&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562161/&lt;/nowiki&gt;)''. [Updated 2021 Aug 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 6/6/2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fiye da kashi 90% na cututtukan  na faruwa ne ta rashin sinadarin Aidin&lt;ref&gt;Hörmann R (2005). Schilddrüsenkrankheiten Leitfaden für Praxis und Klinik (4., aktualisierte und erw. Aufl ed.). Berlin. pp. 15–37. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-936072-27-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar ta fito ne daga Latin gutturia,ma'ana makogwaro. Yawancin Maƙoƙo ba su da ciwon daji, ko da yake suna iya yin illa.

== Alamomin Maƙoƙo ==
Alamomin Maƙoƙo sun hada da  Kullun a gaban wuya, kusa da makogwaro, Jin matsewa a yankin makogwaro, kumburin jijiyar wuya, tari, Wahalar hadiya, Saurin bugun zuciya (tachycardia), zawo. zufa ba tare da motsa jiki ko ƙara yawan zafin jiki ba, da kuma girgiza&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Sanadi/Silar Maƙoƙo ==
A duk duniya, abin da ya fi zama sanadin goiter shine rashin sinadarin Aidin, wanda aka fi gani a ƙasashen da da kyar suke amfani da gishirin mai dauke da sinadarin Aidin. Ana kuma la'akari da ƙarancin sinadarin selenium a matsayin abin taimakawa. A cikin ƙasashen da ke amfani da gishiri mai dauke da sinadarin Aidin, Hashimoto's thyroiditis (Maƙoƙon Hashimato) shine yafi kasancewa sanadi&lt;ref&gt;Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Maƙoƙo kan iya samuwa ta sanadin Gubar sayanaid (Cyanide), wanda ya zama ruwan dare a ƙasashe masu zafi inda mutane ke cin tushen rogo mai arzikin Sayanaid a matsayin babban abinci&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Toxicological Profile For Cyanide&quot; (PDF). Atsdr.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2017&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Bincike ==
Ana iya gano cutar Maƙoƙo ta hanyar gwajin aikin Tairod (Thyroid function test), ga  wanda dake zargin yana da shi&lt;ref&gt;Goitre&quot;. ''nhs.uk''. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2019&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nau'ukan ==
Ana iya rarraba ana iya rarraba  Maƙoƙo kashi biyu, ko dai a matsayin Me-kololo nodular ko Me-yaduwa. Maƙoƙo Me-kololo ko dai na kololo ɗaya ne (uninodular) ko na kololo da yawa (multinodular&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nodular Goiter - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics&quot;. ''www.sciencedirect.com''. Retrieved 6 March 2022&lt;/ref&gt;). Maƙoƙo Me-kololo da yawa shine yafi yawa gurin saka rashin lafiya na jijiyar Tairod&lt;ref&gt;feingold, K. R.; et al. (2000). &quot;Multinodular Goiter&quot;. MDText.com. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 25905424&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.


wata cuta ce da take fitowa a wuyan mutum, takanyi kumburi sosai.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2013. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Mwaghavul%20diseases.pdf Mwaghavul disease names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717181922/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Mwaghavul%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
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==Manazarta==
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[[File:Schistosomiasis_(13382771945).jpg  |thumb| Schistosomiasis]] 
[[File:03_Hegasy_Schistosomiasis_Wiki_EN_CCBYSA.png  |thumb|Hegasy Schistosomiasis ]] 
'''Masasaku''' ([[Turanci]]: ''schistosomiasis'')&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2013. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Mwaghavul%20diseases.pdf Mwaghavul disease names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717181922/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Mwaghavul%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
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==Manazarta==
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'''Namijin kimba''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
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[[File:Grewia bicolor 1DS-II 3-2300.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Marken dutse]]
'''Marken dutse''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Grewia bicolor 1DS-II 3-3513.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Marken dutse]]
==Manazarta==
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'''Moda kasa''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Eriosema griseum-NMNH-13728555.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Moda kasa]]
==Manazarta==
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[[File:Cape Ash (Ekebergia capensis) (17287690206).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Maɗacin dutse]]
[[File:Cape Ash (Ekebergia capensis) fruits (17313229431).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Maɗacin dutse]]
'''Maɗacin dutse''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ekebergia capensis leaf and fruit.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Fure da ya'ya na Maɗacin dutse]]
[[File:Simply pinnate leaf of Ekebergia capensis IMG 2422.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Maɗacin dutse]]
==Manazarta==
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'''Namijin yadiya''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
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'''Miyar tsanya''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}} 
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shuka]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masakuwa</title>
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'''Masakuwa''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Sorghum_durra01.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Masakuwa]]
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shuka]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masallacin Banda Nkwanta</title>
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'''Masallacin Banda Nkwanta''' yana cikin gundumar Gonja ta yamma a yankin Arewacin Ghana. A halin yanzu masallacin na cikin [[yankin Savannah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Larabanga mosque in Ghana, Upper West region|url=http://ghana-net.com/larabanga-mosque.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Ghana-Net.com|language=en|archive-date=2024-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912204415/http://ghana-net.com/larabanga-mosque.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Banda Nkwanta ƙaramin gari ne da ke kan hanyar babbar hanyar Bui Dam da babbar hanyar Wa-Techiman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-06-20|title=Ghana's Historic Mosques: Banda Nkwanta|url=https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/06/20/ghana-historic-mud-mosque-banda-nkwanta/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=The Hauns in Africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612195114/https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/06/20/ghana-historic-mud-mosque-banda-nkwanta/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Limited|first=Alamy|title=Stock Photo - Mud-built Mosque At Banda Nkwanta, Ghana|url=https://www.alamy.com/mud-built-mosque-at-banda-nkwanta-ghana-image63000800.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Alamy|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Musulmin da suka yi hijira daga kudu daga Sudan ne suka gina masallacin a karni na 18. A cewar masana tarihi, Musulmai sun fara shigowa Afirka ta Masar ne a karni na 10 miladiyya kuma sun bazu zuwa yamma da kudu yayin cinikin zinare da hanyoyin bautar sahara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Banda Nkwanta Mosque {{!}} Breathlist|url=https://breathlist.com/africa/ghana/places-to-see/banda-nkwanta-mosque/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=breathlist.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803073418/https://breathlist.com/africa/ghana/places-to-see/banda-nkwanta-mosque/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siffofin ==
An gina shi da laka a cikin salon gine-ginen Sudano-Sahelian. Masallacin yana da tsayi sosai kuma an ce yana da manyan hasumiyai a tsakanin masallatan laka a Ghana. Hasumiyar gabashin masallacin tana da tsayin kafa 42.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan yana da madaidaicin madaidaiciya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adventure Archives|url=https://visitghana.com/adventure-news/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803072801/https://visitghana.com/adventure-news/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da siffa mai kusurwa huɗu tare da tsarin katako da ginshiƙai waɗanda ke ba da tallafi ga rufin. Yana da hasumiya biyu na pyramidal da adadin buttresses. Yana da pinnacles da ke fitowa daga saman falon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masallacin Maluwe</title>
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'''Masallacin Maluwe''' masallaci ne da ke kan titin Bole a gundumar Gonja ta Yamma a yankin Savannah na Ghana. Ya kasance a hukumance a yankin Arewa. Maluwe ƙaramin ƙauye ne gabas da [[Filin shakatawa na Bui]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adventure Archives|url=https://visitghana.com/adventure-news/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803072801/https://visitghana.com/adventure-news/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A cewar wani limamin masallacin, wani dan mishan ne daga kasar Mali ya gina shi. Ya gina masallatan laka guda biyar yayin da ya ratsa yankin a hanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-26|title=Ghana's Historic Mosques: Maluwe|url=https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/05/26/ghana-historic-mud-mosque-maluwe/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=The Hauns in Africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612191613/https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/05/26/ghana-historic-mud-mosque-maluwe/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siffofin ==
Masallacin yana da manyan katanga fiye da [[masallacin Larabanga]]. An gina masallacin da laka da salon Sudan kuma yana da hasumiyoyi guda biyu wadanda su ma sun fi [[masallacin Bole]] tsayi amma ba ya kai tsayin [[masallacin Banda Nkwanta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Andrea|title=Mosque in Maluwe|url=https://www.imb.org/image/mosque-in-maluwe-2/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=International Mission Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana da buttresses biyu a gefen yamma wanda ya yi kauri da boxy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nasiru Kabara</title>
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[[Fayil:Caliphate Nasiru Kabara 01.jpg|thumb|hutun Nasiru Kabara]]
'''Nasiru Muhammad Al -Muktar Kabara''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Nasuru Kabara''' (An haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, a shekara ta alif 1912 zuwa shekarar 1996),

An haife shi a shekara ta alif 1912, kuma ya rasu a shekara ta alif 1996. Babban fitaccen malamin [[Musulunci| Addinin Musulunci]] na [[Qadiriya|Ɗariƙar Qadiriyya]] ne a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]], wanda ya kafa [[Darul Qadiriyya]], kuma Jagoran Qadiriyya na [[Afirka|Ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sheikh Nasir Muhammad Kabara|url=https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/PeopleNasirKabara.html#gsc.tab=0|access-date=2021-08-03|website=www.rumbunilimi.com.ng|archive-date=2021-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801163730/https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/PeopleNasirKabara.html#gsc.tab=0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; a hukumance, Ɗansa [[Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara]] ne ya gaje shi bayan rasuwar sa. Kuma mahaifin wanda ake zargi da yin kalaman ɓatanci ga fiyayyen halitta [[Annabi Muhammad|Manzon Rahama (S A W)]], [[Abduljabbar Nasuru Kabara|Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara]]. Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara wanda a yanzu haka gwamnatin jihar Kano a ƙarƙashin [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Abdullahi Umar Ganduje Khadimul Islam]] ta turashi zuwa gidan gyara hali a jihar Kano. Mal Nasiru Kabara  yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun Malaman addinin Musulunci a Najeriya da Africa a bangaren  [[Qadiriya|Ɗariƙar Qadiriyya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-06|title=Ku San Malamanku tare da Abduljabbar Kabara|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-54830916|access-date= 24 December 2021|website=BBC News Hausa|language=ha}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haife shi a garin Kuringawa a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]]. Asali ance kakansa ya fito daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kabara kusa da kogin Nijar, bayan Jihadin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]] a shekarar (1804-8). Daga nan ne ya yi hijira zuwa Ƙasar Hausa, zuwa masarautar Kano a bayan ƙarni na goma sha takwas (18), inda ya zauna a gaban fadar masarautar Kano, inda aka ba shi fili don  ya zauna, wanda yau an wayi gari ana kiran wajen da matsayin Kabara Ward &quot;Unguwar Kabara&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Teachings and writings of Nasuru Kabara|url=https://org.uib.no/smi/sa/02/2Nasiru.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806222333/https://org.uib.no/smi/sa/02/2Nasiru.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ilimi==
Nasiru Kabara ya sami mafi yawan iliminsa daga kawunsa kuma sanannen malamin Qadiriyya a wancan lokacin, wanda aka fi sani da [[Ibrahım Ahmad Al-kanawı Natsughünne,]] wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun malamai a Kano. Kawunsa da malaminsa sun yi hidimar sarki hudu daban -daban a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Harker kin addini, daga cikinsu akwai [[Aliyu Babba]], Abbas, Usman da Abdullahi Bayero, a lokacin kawun nasa yana daya daga cikin manyan membobin 'yan uwan [[Ƙadiriya|Qadiriyya a garinsa.]] 

Ya sanya ‘ya'yan Kabara zuwa rassa biyu na darika, wato Kuntiyya da Ahlulbaiti, wanda Shehu Usman Dan Fodio ya kafa.

== Darika ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa a karshen ƙarni na 1940s, Nasiru Kabara ya mai da hankali kan haɗa kan kungiyar Qadiriyya a Kano a karkashin jagorancinsa, daga nan ya cigaba da buɗe masallatai da dama a duk faɗin ƙasar Hausa a matsayin ɓangaren ƙadiriyya, wanda hakan ya sa kuma ya zama jagoran Qadiriyya a Afirka.

== Musulunci ==
Shine wanda ya assasa Darul Qadiriyya (gidan Qadiriyya) a jihar Kano, inda dukkan mabiya Qadiriyya a duk fadin Afirka   ta Yamma suka dauke ta a matsayin cibiyar Qadiriyya ta Yammacin Afirka, an ba shi taken Nasuru Kabara, Al-Sinhaji, Al-ibiadiri, Al-Maliki, Al-Ash'ari, Sarkin yakin  Shehu Usmanu Bin Fodiyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tudun Nufawa|first=Abdulk̳adir Sammani|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/hasken-allah-ba-ya-gushewa-tarihin-sheikh-muhammad-nasuru-kabara-al-sinhaji-al-kadiri-al-maliki-al-ashari-sarkin-yakin-shehu-usmanu-bin-fodiyo-ra/oclc/173037236&amp;referer=brief_results|title=Hasken Allah ba ya Gushewa: tarihin Sheikh Muhammad Nasuru Kabara, Al-Sinhaji, Al-K̳adiri, Al-Maliki, Al-Ash'ari, Sarkin Yak̳in Shehu Usmanu Bin Fodiyo (RA)|last2=Sheshe|first2=Aminu Ahmad|date=1997|publisher=The authors|location=Kano|oclc=173037236}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Harkar Qadiriyya ===

=== Rubutu ===
Ya rubuta litattafan musulunci da dama akan Tafseer da Hadisi, wanda aka ce sun kai littattafai sama da guda 300.

== Iyali ==
Nasuru Kabara yana da 'ya'ya da yawa amma fitattu sune [[Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara]] babban ɗansa kuma magajinsa, ɗayan kuma [[Abduljabbar Nasuru Kabara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Malumfashi|first=Muhammad|date=2021-08-02|title=An jirkita kalaman Abduljabbar – ‘Yan Gidan Kabara sun zargi Malamai da sharri|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1427469-abduljabbar-ya-yan-nasiru-kabara-18-sun-rubutawa-buhari-takarda-kan-danuwansu.html|access-date= 24 December 2021 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=ha}}&lt;/ref&gt;  sauran sun haɗa da

* Sheikh Ibrahim Mu'azzam Nasir Kabara
* Sheikh Sidi Musal Qasiyuni Nasir Kabara.
* Malam Askiya Nasir Kabara
* Malam Yahya Nasir Kabara
* Malam Aburumana Nasir Kabara
* Sayyidah Saratu Nasir Kabara
* Sayyidah Nafisatu Nasir Kabara
* Sayyidah Khudriyyah Nasir Kabara
* Sayyidah Zam'atu Nasir Kabara 1
* Sayyidah Saffanatu Nasir Kabara 1
* Sayyidah Aishatu Mannubiyyah Nasir Kabara
* Sayyidah Ummu Aimanal Habashiyyah Nasir Kabara (I)
* Sayyidah Khadijatul Habashiyyah Nasir Kabara (II)
* Sayyidah Huza'iyyah Nasir Kabara
* Sayyidah Jamila Nasir Kabara
* Sayyidah Bulkisu Nasir Kabara
* Sayyidah Rukayya Nasuru Kabara
* Sayyidah Hansa'u Nasir Kabara.

== Duba kuma ==

* Qaribullahi Nasiru Kabara

== Haɗin waje ==

* https://org.uib.no/smi/sa/02/2Nasiru.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806222333/https://org.uib.no/smi/sa/02/2Nasiru.pdf |date=2021-08-06 }}

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Mutanen Nijeriya]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Mutanan Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Mutuwan 1996]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naim Van Attenhoven</title>
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'''Naim-Nhour Van Attenhoven''' (an haifeshi ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2003), Dan wasan kwallon kafa suka taka a matsayin mai tsaron gidan na Belgium kulob din Anderlecht. An haife shi a Belgium, yana wakiltar tawagar Nijar.

== Aikin kulob ==
Van Attenhoven tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙungiyoyin Belgium da PSV na kar Holland. A watan Mayu 2020, ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Anderlecht . 

== Aikin duniya ==
Van Attenhoven ya cancanci wakilcin Belgium da Nijar a matakin kasa da kasa. Tsohon dan wasan matasa ne na Belgium kuma ya buga wasannin sada zumunci na kungiyar yan kasa da shekaru 17 . 

A watan Maris na 2021, Van Attenhoven ya karɓi kiran farko zuwa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nijar don buga wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka da Ivory Coast da Madagascar .  Ya fara buga babbar tawagar sa a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2021 a wasan sada zumunci da ci 1-0 da Congo .   Ya kuma buga wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Nijar a gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa ta yan kasa da shekara 2021 a wannan watan. 

== Rayuwar mutum ==
An haifi Van Attenhoven a Belgium ga mahaifin Belgium da mahaifiyar Nijar.  Yayansa tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa na Nijar Ibrahim Tankary . 

== Ƙididdigar sana'a ==

=== Kasashen duniya ===
{{Updated|match played 9 June 2021}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Profile of Naïm-Nhour Van Attenhoven|url=https://www.besoccer.com/player/naim-nhour-van-attenhoven-917809|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902230735/https://www.besoccer.com/player/naim-nhour-van-attenhoven-917809|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da burin ƙwallon ƙasa da shekara
! Ƙungiya ta ƙasa
! Shekara
! Ayyuka
! Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nijar
| 2021
| 1
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimlar
! 1
! 0
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 

== Hanyoyin waje ==

* Naim Van Attenhoven 
* [https://www.acff.be/international/9299/carriere Naïm-Nhour Van Attenhoven] a ACFF
* {{Soccerway|695279}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 
[[Category:Mutanen Nijar]]
[[Category:Yan'wasan kwallon kafa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Massallacin Imam Turki bin Abdullah</title>
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[[Fayil:Dira Square.JPG|thumb|Massallacin Imam Turki bin Abdullah]]
Masallacin '''Imam Turki bin Abdullah''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Babban Masallacin Riyad''' ) wurin ibada ne a birnin [[Riyadh|Riyadh na]] [[Saudi Arebiya|ƙasar Saudiyya]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rihani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUfYAQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Grand+Mosque+Riyadh&amp;pg=PT131 |title=Ibn Sa'Oud Of Arabia |date=2013-10-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-18745-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunansa Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad . Wurin zama masallata mutane guda 17,000  kuma yana auna 16,800 m2, {{R|Arriyadh Development Authority}} yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masallatai a Saudi Arabiya. 

Ɓangaren waje da na sama na ciki shine farkon Arriyadh Limestone launin ruwan kasa {{R|Arriyadh Development Authority}} wanda ke bayyana zinari lokacin haskakawa da daddare.  Ƙananan ɓangaren ciki yana cikin farin marmara. Tsarin ya haɗa da ɗakunan karatu na maza da na mata na 325-m2 kowanne.

Masallacin yana da alaƙa kai tsaye daga bene na farko zuwa fadar Qasr Al-Hukm ta gadoji biyu a kan dandalin Assafah . {{R|Arriyadh Development Authority}}

== Tarihi ==
Wani babban Masallaci ya kasance a wurin shekaru da yawa amma Hukumar Raya Arriyadh ta sake gina shi kuma aka sake buɗe shi a cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1993. {{R|Arriyadh Development Authority}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin Masallatan Saudiyya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.gettyimages.ca/photos/imam-turki-bin-abdullah-mosque?sort=mostpopular&amp;mediatype=photography&amp;phrase=imam%20turki%20bin%20abdullah%20mosque Hotunan Getty don gini]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
[[Category:Masallatai]]
[[Category:Masallaci]]
[[Category:Masallatai Cairo]]
[[Category:Gine-gine]]
[[Category:Gine-gine a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabwa]]
[[Category:Gini]]</text>
      <sha1>hh5bxqwc1cz08f983829hr03h98cb8r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sunday Omobolanle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816746</id>
      <parentid>787486</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:02:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342964225|Sunday Omobolanle]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3159" sha1="i4mart49lwcs0jwg1pix4a6vr8arys5" xml:space="preserve"> 

'''Sunday Omobolanle aka Papi Luwe // i, [[Order of the Niger|MON]] (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1954) [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, darektan fim, kuma furodusa''' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heroic Quest for Love and Unity, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221014547/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |archive-date=2015-02-21 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Latestnigeriannews |title=RMD, Aluwe, 32 others in Glo new campaign |url=http://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/702302/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Latest Nigerian News |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sunday Omobolanle Archives |url=https://motherhoodinstyle.net/tag/sunday-omobolanle/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Motherhood In-Style Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1954, a Ilora, wani gari a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALUWE SUNDAY OMOBOLANLE |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1437/aluwe-sunday-omobolanle.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne mahaifin [[Sunkanmi Omobolanle]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na fim na Najeriya kuma darektan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exclusive interview with Papi Luwe's First Son, ACTOR SUNKANMI OMOBOLANLE |url=http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141623/http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2015-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunday Omobolanle ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Najeriya kamar ''Adun Ewuro'', fim din Najeriya na 2011 wanda ya nuna [[Oga Bello|Adebayo Salami]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALUWE ESCAPES DEATH |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/3376/aluwe-escapes-death.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, MON.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood/ Nigeria No.1 movies/ films resources online |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=www.nigeriafilms.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* ''Ƙaunar Rayuwata (2002) ''
* ''Green Snake (2003) a matsayin Udenwa''
* ''Olorire (2003) a matsayin Oluso''
* ''Perosoko (2003) a matsayin Cif''
* ''Lanleyin (2004) ''
* ''Eewo orun (2005) ''
* ''Adun ewuro (2006) ''
* ''Asoko ya fito (2008) ''
* ''Adun Ewuro (2011) ''
* ''Konkobilo''
* ''Oba Alatise''
* ''Shugaban ya tafi (2014) ''
* ''Rayuwar Jelili (2019) a matsayin Papi Luwe''
* ''Anikulapo (2022) a matsayin Babban Oyo''

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>i4mart49lwcs0jwg1pix4a6vr8arys5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816747</id>
      <parentid>816746</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:02:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3158" sha1="4z0kjl9vc6is48orbgtlva2j40lvtqw" xml:space="preserve"> 

'''Sunday Omobolanle''' aka Papi Luwe // i, [[Order of the Niger|MON]] (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1954) [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, darektan fim, kuma furodusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heroic Quest for Love and Unity, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221014547/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |archive-date=2015-02-21 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Latestnigeriannews |title=RMD, Aluwe, 32 others in Glo new campaign |url=http://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/702302/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Latest Nigerian News |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sunday Omobolanle Archives |url=https://motherhoodinstyle.net/tag/sunday-omobolanle/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Motherhood In-Style Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1954, a Ilora, wani gari a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALUWE SUNDAY OMOBOLANLE |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1437/aluwe-sunday-omobolanle.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne mahaifin [[Sunkanmi Omobolanle]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na fim na Najeriya kuma darektan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exclusive interview with Papi Luwe's First Son, ACTOR SUNKANMI OMOBOLANLE |url=http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141623/http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2015-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunday Omobolanle ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Najeriya kamar ''Adun Ewuro'', fim din Najeriya na 2011 wanda ya nuna [[Oga Bello|Adebayo Salami]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALUWE ESCAPES DEATH |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/3376/aluwe-escapes-death.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, MON.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood/ Nigeria No.1 movies/ films resources online |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=www.nigeriafilms.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* ''Ƙaunar Rayuwata (2002) ''
* ''Green Snake (2003) a matsayin Udenwa''
* ''Olorire (2003) a matsayin Oluso''
* ''Perosoko (2003) a matsayin Cif''
* ''Lanleyin (2004) ''
* ''Eewo orun (2005) ''
* ''Adun ewuro (2006) ''
* ''Asoko ya fito (2008) ''
* ''Adun Ewuro (2011) ''
* ''Konkobilo''
* ''Oba Alatise''
* ''Shugaban ya tafi (2014) ''
* ''Rayuwar Jelili (2019) a matsayin Papi Luwe''
* ''Anikulapo (2022) a matsayin Babban Oyo''

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>4z0kjl9vc6is48orbgtlva2j40lvtqw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816748</id>
      <parentid>816747</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:03:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3166" sha1="jlj1kkw8c1opicgayss09h2qcy97w1l" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sunday Omobolanle''' aka Papi Luwe // i, [[Order of the Niger|MON]] (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1954) [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, darektan fim, kuma furodusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heroic Quest for Love and Unity, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221014547/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |archive-date=2015-02-21 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Latestnigeriannews |title=RMD, Aluwe, 32 others in Glo new campaign |url=http://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/702302/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Latest Nigerian News |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sunday Omobolanle Archives |url=https://motherhoodinstyle.net/tag/sunday-omobolanle/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Motherhood In-Style Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1954, a Ilora, wani gari a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALUWE SUNDAY OMOBOLANLE |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1437/aluwe-sunday-omobolanle.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne mahaifin [[Sunkanmi Omobolanle]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na fim na Najeriya kuma darektan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exclusive interview with Papi Luwe's First Son, ACTOR SUNKANMI OMOBOLANLE |url=http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141623/http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2015-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunday Omobolanle ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Najeriya kamar ''Adun Ewuro'', fim din Najeriya na 2011 wanda ya nuna [[Oga Bello|Adebayo Salami]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALUWE ESCAPES DEATH |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/3376/aluwe-escapes-death.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, MON.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood/ Nigeria No.1 movies/ films resources online |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=www.nigeriafilms.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* ''Ƙaunar Rayuwata (2002) ''
* ''Green Snake (2003) a matsayin Udenwa''
* ''Olorire (2003) a matsayin Oluso''
* ''Perosoko (2003) a matsayin Cif''
* ''Lanleyin (2004) ''
* ''Eewo orun (2005) ''
* ''Adun ewuro (2006) ''
* ''Asoko ya fito (2008) ''
* ''Adun Ewuro (2011) ''
* ''Konkobilo''
* ''Oba Alatise''
* ''Shugaban ya tafi (2014) ''
* ''Rayuwar Jelili (2019) a matsayin Papi Luwe''
* ''Anikulapo (2022) a matsayin Babban Oyo''

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>jlj1kkw8c1opicgayss09h2qcy97w1l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816749</id>
      <parentid>816748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:03:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3175" sha1="dhh2moijq8v7x7p5n70yub3hwwcbh2m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sunday Omobolanle''' aka Papi Luwe // i, [[Order of the Niger|MON]] (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1954) [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, darektan fim, kuma furodusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heroic Quest for Love and Unity, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221014547/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |archive-date=2015-02-21 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Latestnigeriannews |title=RMD, Aluwe, 32 others in Glo new campaign |url=http://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/702302/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Latest Nigerian News |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sunday Omobolanle Archives |url=https://motherhoodinstyle.net/tag/sunday-omobolanle/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Motherhood In-Style Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Janairun shekarar 1954, a Ilora, wani gari a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALUWE SUNDAY OMOBOLANLE |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1437/aluwe-sunday-omobolanle.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne mahaifin [[Sunkanmi Omobolanle]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na fim na Najeriya kuma darektan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exclusive interview with Papi Luwe's First Son, ACTOR SUNKANMI OMOBOLANLE |url=http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141623/http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2015-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunday Omobolanle ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Najeriya kamar ''Adun Ewuro'', fim din Najeriya na 2011 wanda ya nuna [[Oga Bello|Adebayo Salami]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALUWE ESCAPES DEATH |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/3376/aluwe-escapes-death.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, MON.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood/ Nigeria No.1 movies/ films resources online |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=www.nigeriafilms.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* ''Ƙaunar Rayuwata (2002) ''
* ''Green Snake (2003) a matsayin Udenwa''
* ''Olorire (2003) a matsayin Oluso''
* ''Perosoko (2003) a matsayin Cif''
* ''Lanleyin (2004) ''
* ''Eewo orun (2005) ''
* ''Adun ewuro (2006) ''
* ''Asoko ya fito (2008) ''
* ''Adun Ewuro (2011) ''
* ''Konkobilo''
* ''Oba Alatise''
* ''Shugaban ya tafi (2014) ''
* ''Rayuwar Jelili (2019) a matsayin Papi Luwe''
* ''Anikulapo (2022) a matsayin Babban Oyo''

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>dhh2moijq8v7x7p5n70yub3hwwcbh2m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816750</id>
      <parentid>816749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:04:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3180" sha1="9xh4fyi7v1q2ksru0j474jxwasglj41" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sunday Omobolanle''' aka Papi Luwe // i, [[Order of the Niger|MON]] (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1954) [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, darektan fim, kuma furodusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heroic Quest for Love and Unity, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221014547/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |archive-date=2015-02-21 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Latestnigeriannews |title=RMD, Aluwe, 32 others in Glo new campaign |url=http://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/702302/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Latest Nigerian News |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sunday Omobolanle Archives |url=https://motherhoodinstyle.net/tag/sunday-omobolanle/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Motherhood In-Style Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Janairun shekarar 1954, a Ilora, wani gari a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALUWE SUNDAY OMOBOLANLE |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1437/aluwe-sunday-omobolanle.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne mahaifin [[Sunkanmi Omobolanle]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na fim na Najeriya kuma darektan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exclusive interview with Papi Luwe's First Son, ACTOR SUNKANMI OMOBOLANLE |url=http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141623/http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2015-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunday Omobolanle ya kuma rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Najeriya kamar ''Adun Ewuro'', fim din Najeriya na 2011 wanda ya nuna [[Oga Bello|Adebayo Salami]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALUWE ESCAPES DEATH |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/3376/aluwe-escapes-death.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, MON.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood/ Nigeria No.1 movies/ films resources online |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=www.nigeriafilms.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* ''Ƙaunar Rayuwata (2002) ''
* ''Green Snake (2003) a matsayin Udenwa''
* ''Olorire (2003) a matsayin Oluso''
* ''Perosoko (2003) a matsayin Cif''
* ''Lanleyin (2004) ''
* ''Eewo orun (2005) ''
* ''Adun ewuro (2006) ''
* ''Asoko ya fito (2008) ''
* ''Adun Ewuro (2011) ''
* ''Konkobilo''
* ''Oba Alatise''
* ''Shugaban ya tafi (2014) ''
* ''Rayuwar Jelili (2019) a matsayin Papi Luwe''
* ''Anikulapo (2022) a matsayin Babban Oyo''

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>9xh4fyi7v1q2ksru0j474jxwasglj41</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marina DeBris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816021</id>
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      <text bytes="23556" sha1="4jz2op5rjbkrms3b2hvlgpox5h5kgwh" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Marina DeBris''' sunan ne da wata mai fasaha ta Australiya ke amfani da shi wanda aikinsa ya mayar da hankali kan sake amfani da sharar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Sydney Morning Herald Photos of the week, November 18, 2021|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-sydney-morning-herald-photos-of-the-week-november-18-2021-20211116-h1ztmw.html|access-date=27 November 2021|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=19 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; don wayar da kan jama'a game da gurbatar teku da bakin teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Trash chic|url=http://www.spiegel.de/stil/trashion-marina-debris-macht-mode-aus-muell-a-1114213.html|access-date=February 12, 2017|publisher=Spiegel Online|date=May 10, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Greenmuze Staff|title=Washed Up Beach Art|url=http://www.greenmuze.com/art/artists/4000-washed-up-beach-art-.html|publisher=Greenmuze|date=19 June 2011|access-date=2012-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421022031/http://www.greenmuze.com/art/artists/4000-washed-up-beach-art-.html|archive-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Guzman|first1=Richard|title=Urban Ocean Festival brings music, art, food and more to Aquarium of the Pacific for ocean awareness|url=http://www.dailybulletin.com/lifestyle/20140429/urban-ocean-festival-brings-music-art-food-and-more-to-aquarium-of-the-pacific-for-ocean-awareness|access-date=2014-06-07|publisher=Daily Bulletin|date=2014-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Throwaway society. On the rubbish trail with artist and ‘trashion’ creator Marina DeBris|journal=Wilderness Journal|issue=010|url=https://journal.wilderness.org.au/issue-010/index.html?fbclid=IwAR2xbOewGW9syRqOA29NXMMHKtykfFRrGNUXABomKs_qdFTODCwNPOD1TaA#section-lzTgkH9No7|access-date=20 June 2021}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; DeBris yana amfani da sharar da aka wanke daga bakin teku don ƙirƙirar sharar, 'tankunan kifi', fasahar ado da sauran ayyukan fasaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguard&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title='Trashion' designer Marina DeBris turns ocean rubbish into high-end outfits – in pictures|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2016/sep/13/trashion-designer-marina-debris-turns-ocean-rubbish-into-high-end-outfits-in-pictures|access-date=14 September 2016|work=The Guardian|date=September 13, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Jesse|title=Art by Deb Ris|url=http://forthmagazine.com/art/2010/04/art-by-deb-ris/|publisher=Forth Magazine|date=April 18, 2010|access-date=2012-02-04|archive-date=2012-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430230538/http://forthmagazine.com/art/2010/04/art-by-deb-ris/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Huntington Beach Art Center|title=City Managers Weekly Report, Huntington Beach, California|date=November 14, 2011|url=http://www.huntingtonbeachca.gov/residents/news_publications/weekly_report/files/November-14-2011.pdf|access-date=December 26, 2021|archive-date=December 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211021514/https://www.huntingtonbeachca.gov/residents/news_publications/weekly_report/files/November-14-2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi amfani da sharar bakin teku don ba da hangen nesa guda ɗaya kan yadda ƙasa za ta yi kama da sararin samaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New Art|author=Elizabeth Schwyzer|work=Santa Barbara Independent|date=August 3, 2011|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2011/aug/03/new-art-peg-grady-raphael-perea-de-la-cabada-and-m/|access-date=December 26, 2021|archive-date=November 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109024800/https://www.independent.com/news/2011/aug/03/new-art-peg-grady-raphael-perea-de-la-cabada-and-m/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kazalika ƙirƙirar zane-zane daga tarkace, DeBris kuma shine mai tara kuɗi don ƙungiyoyin muhalli,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mar Vista Artist Turns Trash Into Eye-Opening Art|url=http://theopendaily.com/eco-living/mar-vista-artist-turns-trash-into-eye-opening-art|access-date=25 July 2012|newspaper=The Open Daily|date=2011-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630032443/http://theopendaily.com/eco-living/mar-vista-artist-turns-trash-into-eye-opening-art|archive-date=30 June 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Community Briefs: &quot;Trash becomes art.&quot;|url=http://www.smdp.com/Articles-c-2011-08-05-72324.113116-Trash-becomes-art.html|newspaper=Santa Monica Daily Press|date=August 5, 2011|author=Rebecca Asoulin}}{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ecosalon&quot;&gt;&quot;Coast Couture&quot; Rowena Ritchie, Eco Style West, Vol 23, August 23, 2011 [http://ecosalon.com/eco-style-west-vol-23-153/ &quot;Coast Couture.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Art exhibit of trash pieces on display at Fred Segal gallery in Santa Monica|url=http://argonautnews.com/art-exhibit-of-trash-pieces-on-display-at-fred-segal-gallery-in-santa-monica/|access-date=17 February 2013|newspaper=The Argonaut|date=2011-08-25|archive-date=2013-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175619/http://argonautnews.com/art-exhibit-of-trash-pieces-on-display-at-fred-segal-gallery-in-santa-monica/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da makarantu don ilimantar da yara game da gurɓacewar teku.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Santa Monica Baykeeper to Educate and Entertain Children at Abbott Kinney Street Festival September 25 in Venice, California.&quot; Kristine Lee. ''Westside Today''. n.d. [http://www.westsidetoday.com/n5928/santa-monica-baykeeper-to.html &quot;Santa Monica Baykeeper to Educate Children&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506180456/http://www.westsidetoday.com/n5928/santa-monica-baykeeper-to.html|date=2012-05-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=News » OC... and Sculpture by the Sea!|url=http://www.sutherland-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/news/oc-by-the-sea|publisher=Sutherland Public Schools|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043212/http://www.sutherland-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/news/oc-by-the-sea|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2021, DeBris ta sami kusan fuskoki 300 a bakin rairayin bakin teku, kuma ta yi amfani da su a cikin sharar ta da sauran abubuwan nunin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gachman|first1=Dina|title=What Will We Do With Our Masks Now?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/08/style/masks-after-covid.html|access-date=10 May 2021|publisher=New York Times|date=May 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

DeBris ita ma yar gwagwarmaya ce ta zamantakewa. A cikin shekarar 2011 ta shiga cikin wani kwamiti kan yadda masu fasaha za su iya ba da gudummawa ga manufofin jama'a na muhalli,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[[California Lawyers for the Arts]], Arts and Environmental Dialogue II—Los Angeles&quot;. ''California Lawyers for the Arts''. April 7, 2011 [http://www.calawyersforthearts.org/Resources/Documents/Arts_and_Environmental_Dialogue_II_Report_Final.pdf &quot;Arts and Environmental Dialogue II Final Report&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501153620/http://www.calawyersforthearts.org/Resources/Documents/Arts_and_Environmental_Dialogue_II_Report_Final.pdf |date=2012-05-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; haɓaka makamashi mai tsafta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hands Across the Sand! Activism immersed in Art!|url=http://www.art4allpeople.com/hands-across-the-sand-day-of-activism-and-conscious-art-art-4-all/|publisher=Art 4 All People, Workshops, Retreats and Fine Arts Gallery|access-date=8 August 2012|archive-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130195010/http://www.art4allpeople.com/hands-across-the-sand-day-of-activism-and-conscious-art-art-4-all/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kula da nune-nunen fasahar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=American Trash|url=http://earthwe.com/events/detail/american-trash|website=EarthWe|publisher=EarthWe|access-date=16 October 2014|archive-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005233913/http://earthwe.com/events/detail/american-trash|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SustainAbility A Call for Action-We are all in this together--Eco Art Exhibition For International artists|url=http://www.cac.ca.gov/artistcall/acdetail.php?id=25269|publisher=California Arts Council|access-date=9 August 2013|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213065726/http://www.cac.ca.gov/artistcall/acdetail.php?id=25269|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; DeBris ta yi aiki tare da marasa riba don tara kuɗi don ilimin fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Leonardo|first=Kathy|title=The Fashion of TRASHion Lights Up Downtown LA|url=http://whitehotmagazine.com/articles/up-downtown-la-8232-/2590|access-date=25 July 2012|newspaper=Whitehot Magazine|date=June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; DeBris an jera ta tare da Directory Artists na Muhalli na Mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Marina DeBris|url=http://weadartists.org/artist/marinadebris|publisher=Women Environmental Artists Directory|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213100720/http://weadartists.org/artist/marinadebris|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi da rayuwar sirri ==
DeBris ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Indiana da Makarantar Zane ta Rhode Island. Ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a New York City, London, Ingila, da Sydney, Australia. An haife ta a Detroit, ta rayu a Los Angeles,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=LA Art Lab|url=http://www.laartlab.org/about/marina-debris/|title=Marina DeBris|access-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206062007/http://www.laartlab.org/about/marina-debris/|archive-date=2012-02-06|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Washed Up, About page|url=http://www.washedup.us/|access-date=January 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Marina DeBris|url=http://www.artslant.com/global/artists/show/202922-marina-debris|work=Art Slant New York|publisher=Art Slant|access-date=January 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a halin yanzu tana zaune a Ostiraliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Thompson|first1=Sean|title='Trashion' designer Marina Debris set to unveil Zoolander-esque dresses made of rubbish|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/city-east/trashion-designer-marina-debris-set-to-unveil-zoolander-esque-dresses-made-of-rubbish/story-fngr8h22-1227576096144|access-date=23 November 2015|publisher=Daily Telegraph|date=October 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salo da wuraren zama ==
Ayyukan DeBris galibi ana nuna su a cikin ɗakunan ajiya,&lt;ref name=&quot;theguard&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Upstairs at the Market Gallery, ArtLab Presents: Language. February 26, 2011. http://www.artslant.com/la/events/show/147945-la-artlab-presents-language-an-art-show-closing {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917131437/https://www.artslant.com/la/events/show/147945-la-artlab-presents-language-an-art-show-closing |date=2017-09-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=11:11 A Creative Collective|url=http://www.1111acc.org/|publisher=11:11 A Creative Collective|access-date=2 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Transcending Trash: the Art of Upcycling|url=http://www.muzeo.org/exhibit_current.html|website=Muzeo Museum Current Exhibit, April 26, 2014 - August 31, 2014|publisher=Muzeo Muzeum|access-date=2014-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161926/http://www.muzeo.org/exhibit_current.html|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na teku,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Pitt|first1=Helen|title=Meet the coastal warrior creating couture from Sydney's shore waste|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/art-and-design/meet-the-coastal-warrior-creating-couture-from-sydney-s-shore-waste-20210126-p56wye.html|access-date=February 5, 2021|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=February 4, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sculpture by the Sea,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Wynne|first1=Emma|title=Aquarium of the pacific gyre by Marina DeBris at Sculpture by the Sea at Cottesloe Beach, 7 March 2014|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-11/sxs-cott-aquariumjpg/5311040|access-date=2014-06-22|publisher=ABC News Australia|date=2014-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Andrew|title=Bondi bubble turns head at Sculpture by the Sea|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/bondi-bubble-turns-head-at-sculpture-by-the-sea-20131023-2w1sb.html|access-date=2 November 2013|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=October 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Paget|first=Clive|title=Sculpture by the Sea takes art on holiday|url=http://www.limelightmagazine.com.au/Article/362073,sculpture-by-the-sea-takes-art-on-holiday.aspx|access-date=2 November 2013|newspaper=Limelight|date=28 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102225536/http://www.limelightmagazine.com.au/Article/362073,sculpture-by-the-sea-takes-art-on-holiday.aspx|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Wynne|first1=Emma|title=Aquarium of the pacific gyre by Marina DeBris at Sculpture by the Sea at Cottesloe Beach, 7 March 2014|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-11/sxs-cott-aquariumjpg/5311040|access-date=2014-06-07|issue=3/11/2014|publisher=ABC News|date=2014-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka nuna a cikin mujallu,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Obsolete|first1=Ricardo|title=OBSOLETE! #10: The SolarPunk Issue|url=http://obsolete-press.com/magazines/obsolete-10-solarpunk-issue/|website=Obsolete Magazine|publisher=Ricardo Obsolete|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410051539/http://obsolete-press.com/magazines/obsolete-10-solarpunk-issue/|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; an haɗa su cikin abubuwan kimiyya,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=LASER - Space and Place|url=http://artsci.ucla.edu/?q=events/laser-space-and-place|publisher=UCLA Art {{!}} Sci Center|access-date=May 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; an haɗa su cikin Cibiyar Wanke Ashore na Cibiyar Smithsonian,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Fortescue|first1=Elizabeth|title=Fashion or trash?: Bondi designer Marina Debris makes outfits out of ocean waste|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/fashion-or-trash-bondi-designer-marina-debris-makes-outfits-out-of-ocean-waste/news-story/0340f18d7ef86c9751077581d0b1d8b6|access-date=10 September 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=8 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko ƙungiyoyi kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za su iya amfani da su azaman lambobin yabo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=James|first=Mitch|title=Golden Goody Award Presented To Anna Cummins At UN Women LA Event|url=http://www.smmirror.com/articles/News/Golden-Goody-Award-Presented-To-Anna-Cummins-At-UN-Women-LA-Event/36386|access-date=14 February 2013|newspaper=Santa Monica Mirror|date=25 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana nuna ayyukanta a wuraren da ba a saba tunanin su azaman kayan tarihi ba, amma wuraren fasaha ne duk da haka, kamar wuraren sayar da kayayyaki,&lt;ref name=&quot;ecosalon&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Styrofoam Cups: From Trash to Fashion. Heal The Bay News Item. http://www.healthebay.org/blogs-news/styrofoam-cups-trash-fashion&lt;/ref&gt; Burning Man,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Stiv|title=Junkraft at Burning Man|url=http://5gyres.org/posts/2011/09/05/junkraft_at_burning_man_|work=The Latest on Plastic Pollution|publisher=5Gyres|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520210222/http://5gyres.org/posts/2011/09/05/junkraft_at_burning_man_|archive-date=20 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙwallon kwandon shara,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Surfrider Los Angeles news about upcoming events|url=http://www.ema-global.org/surfriders-trashers-ball-tonight-charity-surfrider-la/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729203206/http://www.ema-global.org/surfriders-trashers-ball-tonight-charity-surfrider-la/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-29|work=Surfriders News|publisher=Electronic Music Alliance|access-date=30 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; yawo a cikin gari,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Calendar entry for November 9, 2011|url=http://articles.hbindependent.com/2011-11-09/entertainment/tn-hbi-1110-calendar-20111109_1_huntington-beach-interfaith-council-veterans-day-ceremony-pier-plaza/2|work=Huntington Beach Independent|access-date=30 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsabtace ruwan rafi na Rana ta Duniya,&lt;ref name=&quot;Alvez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Alvez|first=Christian|title=Earth Day Report: Springtime Restoration &amp; Creek Cleanup at Ballona|url=http://www.ballonafriends.org/blog/2011/05/earth-day-report-springtime-restoration-creek-cleanup-at-ballona/|work=Friends of Ballona Wetlands|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612005030/http://www.ballonafriends.org/blog/2011/05/earth-day-report-springtime-restoration-creek-cleanup-at-ballona/|archive-date=2011-06-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; da muhalli kuma Nunin Adalci na Dabbobi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Resistance As Art: An Environmental &amp; Animal Justice Exhibit|url=http://events.kesq.com/Resistance_As_Art_An_Environmental_Animal_Justice_Exhibit/332840452.html|publisher=KESQ: CBS Local|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021344/http://events.kesq.com/Resistance_As_Art_An_Environmental_Animal_Justice_Exhibit/332840452.html|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

DeBris kuma tana haɗin gwiwa ko aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na yaƙi da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska, kamar Abokan Ballona Wetlands,&lt;ref name=&quot;Alvez&quot; /&gt; 5 Gyres,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Cummins|first=Anna|title=Marina Debris aka Garbage Girl rocks trash couture in Japan|url=http://www.5gyres.org/posts/2012/06/20/marina_debris_aka_garbage_girl_rocks_trash_couture_in_japan|publisher=5 Gyres|access-date=2013-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628052541/http://5gyres.org/posts/2012/06/20/marina_debris_aka_garbage_girl_rocks_trash_couture_in_japan|archive-date=2012-06-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; RuckusRoots,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=TRASHion Show: A Success|url=http://www.ruckusroots.org/trashion-show-a-success/|publisher=Ruckus Roots|access-date=2013-02-14|archive-date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522091112/http://www.ruckusroots.org/trashion-show-a-success/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Musamman kan Canjin Yanayi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UN Women Special Assembly on Climate Change|url=http://www.sgiquarterly.org/news2013apr-1.html|access-date=2 November 2013|newspaper=SGI Quarterly|date=n.d.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103202257/http://www.sgiquarterly.org/news2013apr-1.html|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heal the Bay&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Styrofoam Cups: From Trash to Fashion|url=http://www.healthebay.org/blogs-news/styrofoam-cups-trash-fashion|publisher=Heal the Bay|access-date=2013-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauran ƙungiyoyi, kamar Aquarium na Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bennett|first1=Sarah|title=Aquarium's Urban Ocean Festival Educates With Trash Fashion, Local Seafood and Art|url=http://lbpost.com/life/2000002220-aquarium-s-urban-ocean-festival-hopes-to-educate-with-trash-fashion-local-seafood-and-art|access-date=16 October 2014|publisher=Long Beach Post|date=2013-05-03|archive-date=2017-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410050625/http://lbpost.com/life/2000002220-aquarium-s-urban-ocean-festival-hopes-to-educate-with-trash-fashion-local-seafood-and-art|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marina DeBris kuma ta tsara kayan haɗi don Kyaftin Charles J. Moore, wanda ya yi aiki don kawo hankali ga Babban Sharan Ruwa na Pacific. Ayyukan DeBris tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman shine haɗin gwiwa tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo/mawaki Sheryl Lee, mai rawa Maya Gabay, da kuma mawaƙa Marla Leigh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Women L.A. Chapter to host First General Assembly December 8th|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/UN_Women_LA_Chapter/Goody_Awards/prweb10178997.htm|publisher=PR Web|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222130803/http://www.prweb.com/releases/UN_Women_LA_Chapter/Goody_Awards/prweb10178997.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

DeBris ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ginin ofis, Cibiyar MLC, don haskaka matsalolin kofuna na kofi. Cibiyar MLC ta dauki nauyin aikinta na &quot;Gaskiya da za a iya zubarwa&quot; da aka yi daga kofuna na kofi da aka yi amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Environmental Artist Marina DeBris collaborates with the MLC Centre|url=https://www.mlccentre.com.au/retail-precinct/blog/2017/disposable-truths|publisher=The MLC Centre|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Miyazaki|first1=Kaoko|title=Marina DeBris' Disposable Truths|url=https://www.sydneychic.com.au/single-post/2017/09/17/Marina-DeBris%E2%80%99-Disposable-Truths|access-date=27 November 2017|work=Sydney Chic|date=17 September 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034904/https://www.sydneychic.com.au/single-post/2017/09/17/Marina-DeBris%E2%80%99-Disposable-Truths|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Recycled Coffee Cup Sculpture Highlights Affects Of Everyday Waste|url=http://www.gettyimages.com/event/recycled-coffee-cup-sculpture-highlights-affects-of-everyday-waste-775038006|publisher=Getty Images|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043620/http://www.gettyimages.com/event/recycled-coffee-cup-sculpture-highlights-affects-of-everyday-waste-775038006|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
&quot;Shagon Rashin jin daɗi&quot; na DeBris ya kasance haɗin gwiwa mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Allen People's Choice Award a 2017 Sculpture By the Sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Allen's People's Choice Award|url=https://sculpturebythesea.com/allens-peoples-choice-award-2/|publisher=Sculpture by the Sea|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=People's Choice Prize|url=https://www.allens.com.au/spons/sculpture/bondi/bonpeo.htm|publisher=Allens|access-date=27 November 2017}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ba da &quot;Kantin Ƙarfafawa&quot; tare da Tallafin Tsarin Muhalli na Ruwa na Sydney saboda aikinta kan gurɓacewar ruwa da cinyewa,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sydney Water Environmental Sculpture Subsidy for Bondi 2017|url=http://sculpturebythesea.com/marina-debris-receives-bondi-2017s-sydney-water-environmental-artist-subsidy/|publisher=Sculpture by the Sea|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Magajin Garin Waverley.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Brandy|first1=Daniella|title=23 striking works from this year's Sculpture by the Sea|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/23-striking-works-from-this-years-sculpture-by-the-sea-2017-10|access-date=27 November 2017|publisher=Business Insider Australia|date=20 October 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043035/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/23-striking-works-from-this-years-sculpture-by-the-sea-2017-10|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Pitt|first1=Helen|title=Artist who picks up marine litter picks up Mayor's prize|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/artist-who-picks-up-marine-litter-picks-up-mayors-prize-20171021-gz5oma.html|access-date=27 November 2017|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=23 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marina kuma ta sami nasarar tallafin karatu na Helen Lempriere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=HELEN LEMPRIERE SCHOLARSHIP RECIPIENT MARINA DEBRIS|url=https://sculpturebythesea.com/helen-lempriere-scholarship-recipient-marina-debris/|publisher=Sculpture by the Sea|access-date=27 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong</title>
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[[File:Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong 2014-02-04 004.jpg|thumb|Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong]]
'''Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong''' (an haife ta a Tema), 'yar Ghana ce mai aikin shari'a kuma tsohuwar babban lauyan Ghana kuma ministar shari'a ta Ghana. Shugaba Mahama ne ya nada ta a shekarar, 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=President Mahama Administeres Oaths Of Allegiance And Secrecy To 17 Ministers|url=http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.1272708|publisher=[[Ghana Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002102000/http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.1272708|archive-date=2 October 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mace ta biyu da ke rike da wannan mukami a kasar, ta farko ita ce Mrs. [[Betty Mould-Iddrisu]]. Zamanta a matsayin babban mai shigar da kara na Ghana ya kare ne a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta,  2017. An nada ta a matsayin kotun sasantawa ta kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta duniya daga ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 2018 na tsawon shekaru uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-06-28|title=Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong made ICC member|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/marietta-brew-appiah-oppong-made-icc-member/|access-date=2020-10-25|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita memba ce Majalisar Daraja ta Gana Association of Restructuring and Insolvency Advisors (GARIA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://garia.org/governing-council/|title=Governing Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
[[File:Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong 2.jpg|thumb|Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong]]
Marietta ta fara karatun ta a Makarantar Iyaye ta Tema. Ta yi karatun sakandire a St Roses Senior High (Akwatia) inda ta yi karatun ta na yau da kullun (O level) da Advanced Level Certificate (A level). Daga nan ta samu digirin ta na digiri na uku (LLB) daga Jami’ar Ghana da ke Legon da kuma takardar shaidar sana’arta ta aikin lauya daga Makarantar Koyon Aikin Shari’a ta Ghana, (Makola). Daga nan ta tafi Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa ta Hague da ke Netherlands don samun Digiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Marietta Brew Appiah-Opong|url=http://www.mojagd.gov.gh/marietta-brew-appiah-opong|website=www.mojagd.gov.gh|publisher=Ministry of Justice and Attorney Generals Department|accessdate=9 February 2017|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724021032/http://www.mojagd.gov.gh/marietta-brew-appiah-opong|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
[[File:Z130927a-2 (9967223675).jpg|thumb|Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong]]
Marietta ta kasance lauya mai aiki tsawon shekaru ashirin da suka gabata inda ta fara aikinta a Fugar and Co. law firm. Daga nan ta koma zama babban abokin tarayya a kamfanin lauyoyi na Lithur Brew and Co. Ita mamba ce Majalisar Daraja ta Ghana Association of Restructuring and Insolvency Advisors (GARIA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Governing Council|url=https://garia.org/governing-council/|access-date=2020-10-25|website=GARIA|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Ta kasance mamba a hukumar bincike ta Ghana @50 sannan kuma mamba ce a hukumar kogin Volta (VRA) da marigayi shugaban kasa [[John Atta Mills|John Atta-Mills]] ya nada a shekarar, 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=President appoints more Board Members|url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/politics/president-appoints-more-board-members-5935|website=www.ghananewsagency.org|publisher=Ghana News Agency|accessdate=9 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ghana @50: White Paper On The Report Of The Commission Of Inquiry|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=180538|website=www.ghanaweb.com|date=30 November 2001|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=9 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nada Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong a matsayin babban mai shigar da kara na Ghana. kuma ministan shari'a na Ghana na tsohon shugaban kasa [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] daga watan Fabrairu shekara ta,  2013 zuwa 6 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=MRS.MARIETTA BREW APPIAH-OPPONG MINISTER FOR JUSTICE AND ATTORNEY GENERAL|url=http://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/two-remanded-for-trafficking-60-to-egypt-saudi-arabia/mrs-marietta-brew-appiah-oppong-minister-for-justice-and-attorney-general/|website=www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh|publisher=The Ghanaian Times|accessdate=9 February 2017|archive-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122152154/http://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/two-remanded-for-trafficking-60-to-egypt-saudi-arabia/mrs-marietta-brew-appiah-oppong-minister-for-justice-and-attorney-general/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Z130927a1_(9967257994).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Z130927a1_(9967257994).jpg|thumb|266x266px|Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong da Ambasada Susana Ruiz Cerutti daga Argentina.]]

== Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ==
[[Fayil:Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong 3.jpg|thumb|Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong suna gaisawa ]]
A cikin watan Yuni shekara ta, 2018, an nada ta don yin aiki na shekaru 3 a Kotun Hulɗar Kasuwanci ta Duniya na tsawon shekaru uku tsakanin 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta, 2018 zuwa 30 ga watan Yuni shekara ta, 2021. An yanke shawarar nada ta a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta,  2018. , a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na ICC a birnin Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2018/06/28/ghanas-marietta-brew-appiah-oppong-appointed-to-icc-arbitration-court/ |title=Ghana's Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong appointed to ICC arbitration court |access-date=2022-03-17 |archive-date=2024-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226200431/https://citinewsroom.com/2018/06/28/ghanas-marietta-brew-appiah-oppong-appointed-to-icc-arbitration-court/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Hukumar''' '''Masu Laifin Lalata da Ƴan'mata a Najeriya da asalin yadda za'a magance matsalar (NSOD)''' (''Nigeria Sexual Offender and Service Provider Database (NSOD) rumbun adana''). Hukumar tana tattara bayanai ne wanda suka ƙunshi rajistar masu laifin jima'i da rajistar mai bada sabis. Kundi ne ta hukumar hana fataucin bil'adama ta ƙasa da [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya]] ta buga a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2019 domin tattara bayanan cin zarafi da gudanar da bincike kan masu aikata laifuka a jihohi 36 na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria launches first national sex offenders register |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/26/nigeria-launches-first-national-sex-offenders-register |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=Adamawa launches sexual offender’s database |url=https://dailytrust.com/adamawa-launches-sexual-offenders-database |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330073830/https://dailytrust.com/adamawa-launches-sexual-offenders-database |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Sexual Offender &amp; Service Provider Database |url=https://nsod.naptip.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Nigeria Sexual Offender &amp; Service Provider Registers |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Database ɗin yana ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar hana fataucin mutane ta ƙasa]] (''National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons'' (NAPTIP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NAPTIP – National Agency For The Prohibition Of Trafficking In Persons |url=https://naptip.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330081543/https://naptip.gov.ng/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Abdoulay Diaby</title>
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[[File:Abdoulaye_Diaby.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Abdoulaye Diaby]]
'''Abdoulay Diaby''' (An haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka rawa a matsayin ɗan wasan hagu na Al Jazira. An haife shi a [[Faransa]], yana wakiltar Mali a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Sedan: Abdoulay Diaby passe pro&quot; (in French). Foot National. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya ==

=== Sedan ===
An kuma haife shi a Nanterre, Faransa, Diaby ya fara aikinsa a Sedan, bayan INF Clairefontaine (Cibiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa ta wuce).  Bayan ya ci gaba da wasa a Sedan, Diaby ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2010 a  Dijon, inda ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Lossémy Karaboué a cikin minti na 73rd, a cikin rashin nasarar daci 3-1. Ya sake fitowa a gefen bayan kwana uku a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu shekarar, 2010, ya kuma sake zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da AC Arles-Avignon. Ya kuma ci gaba da buga wasanni biyu a cikin kakar shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010.

A cikin kakar shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011, Diaby ya fara bayyana da tawagarsa a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010, inda ya fara wasan, a cikin nasara 2-0 a kan FC Steinseltz a zagaye na bakwai na Coupe de France. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2011, Diaby ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na ƙwararru na farko tare da kulob ɗin, yana riƙe shi har zuwa shekarar 2014. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar kuma ya kafa daya daga cikin kwallayen, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 5–3 da FC Istres a ranar 11 ga watan Maris shekarar 2011. Bayan kwana bakwai, a ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekarar, 2011, ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka biyo baya, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Le Havre.  A karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta, 2010 zuwa  2011, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni goma sha ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasa.&lt;ref&gt;FEUILLE DE MATCH FC STEINSELTZ 0–2 CS
SEDAN&quot; (in French). Ligue de Football Professionnel. 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29bAugust 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin kakar shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012, Diaby ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa, a cikin rashin nasara 2–1 da Clermont Foot a 12 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2011.  Bayan wata ɗaya, a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2011, ya sake zura kwallo a raga, a wasan da suka doke Le Havre da ci 3-0.  Sannan ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin watan Oktoba, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan Angers SCO (sau biyu) da Lille.  Ya kuma kawo ƙarshen fari na tsawon watanni biyu a ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2012, lokacin da ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da US Boulogne.  Ya kasance a cikin wani fari lokacin da a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2012, ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasara 2-1 akan Nantes. Duk da raunin da ya samu a lokacin kakar shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012,  Diaby ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 31 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara a duk gasa.

A cikin kakar shekarar, 2012  zuwa shekara ta 2013, Diaby ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3–2 da Nîmes Olympique a 17 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2012. Yayi nasara da ci 2–0 akan Clermont Foot a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2012, an kore shi da  jan kati kai tsaye a cikin mintuna na 80. Bayan yin aiki da dakatarwar wasa, Diaby ya koma cikin farawa kuma ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasarar 3–1 da Stade Lavallois a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2012. Bayan da aka fitar da shi daga tawagar farko saboda &quot;dalilai na ladabtarwa&quot; a farkon Nuwamba, ya zira kwallaye a dawowar sa a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2012, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Gazélec Ajaccio.  A wasan da suka yi da Auxerre a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2013, ya ci kwallo ta bakwai a kakar wasa ta bana, a ci 1-0.  Duk da fama da rauni da dakatarwa zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2012 zuwa 2013,  Diaby ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 28 kuma ya zira kwallaye bakwai a duk gasa. Duk da haka, bin kulob ta relegation zuwa Championnat de France Amateur.&lt;ref&gt;FEUILLE DE MATCH DIJON FCO 3–1 CS SEDAN&quot; (in French). Ligue de Football Professionnel. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Lille ===
An sanar a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2013 cewa Diaby ya koma Lille a kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din.  

Bayan shekaru biyu da ya yi a Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz ya ƙare a kakar shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 2015,  Diaby ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da Lille, ya mai da shi har zuwa shekarar 2019.  Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Lille a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2015, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Divock Origi, a wasan da suka doke Lyon da ci 2-1.  Ya ci gaba da kara buga wasanni biyu daga baya a kakar wasa ta bana, duka sun zo ne a madadin.&lt;ref&gt;LILLE RAPATRIE DIABY&quot; (in French). Le Figaro. 2

February 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2018.

&quot;Officiel : Lille prolonge Abdoulay Diaby!&quot; (in French). Foot Mercato. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 29
August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lille: improbable rebondissement dans la

course au serial buteur!&quot; (in French). Foot Mercato.

27 December 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lille recrute Diaby (Sedan) et le prête&quot; (in French). L’Equipe. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz (lamuni) ===
Nan da nan bayan ya shiga Lille, Diaby ya koma Belgium, inda ya shiga Mouscron-Péruwelz.  

Diaby ya fara buga wasansa na Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Antonio Jakoliš a cikin mintuna na 74, a cikin nasara da ci 2–1 akan RWS Bruxelles a ranar 10 ga watan  Agusta shekarar, 2013.  A ranar 4 ga Watan  Satumba shekarar, 2013, ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob din, a cikin nasara 3–2 a kan Eendracht Aalst.  Bayan bai nuna wasan farko a cikin watanni biyu ba, ya dawo a ranar 29 ga Watan  Nuwamba shekara ta, 2013, yana farawa a 2-0 nasara akan KSV Roeselare. Bayan ya rasa wasanni biyu a tsakiyar-Janairu, ya zira kwallaye a dawowar sa, a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Eendracht Aalst a ranar 25 ga Watan Janairu shekarar, 2014. Daga baya a cikin lokacin shekara ta, 2013 zuwa 2014, Diaby ya taimaka wa gefen samun haɓaka zuwa Jupiler Pro League kakar wasa mai zuwa. Ya kammala kakar wasan bana, inda ya buga wasanni 20 kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu a dukkan gasa.

An sanar a ranar 12 ga Watan Yuli shekarar, 2014 cewa Diaby ya sake shiga Mouscron-Péruwelz a karo na biyu akan lamuni. A cikin kakarsa ta biyu, tare da Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz a cikin Jupiler Pro League, Diaby ya fara zura kwallo a ragar Waasland-Beveren, Standard Liège (sau biyu), Zulte Waregem da Cercle Brugge (sau biyu). Daga baya ya kara kwallo ta goma da goma sha daya a karawar da suka yi da Lierse da Waasland-Beveren. A cikin Watan  Janairu shekara ta, 2015, Diaby ya koma kulob din iyayensa. A lokacin tafiyarsa, ya buga wasanni 22 kuma ya zura kwallaye 12 sau (wanda shine ya fi zura kwallaye a lokacin kuma har yanzu yana karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta, 2014 zuwa 2015) a duk gasa.&lt;ref&gt;Moeskroen scoort uit niets&quot; (in Dutch).
Nieuwsblad. 10 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August
2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Club Brugge ===
Bayan ya bayyana aniyarsa ta komawa Belgium, an sanar da shi a ranar 22 ga Watan  Mayu shekarar, 2015 cewa Diaby ya shiga kungiyar Jupiler Pro League Club Brugge, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu. An bayar da rahoton cewa tafiyar canja wuri ya ci Yuro miliyan biyu. Bayan ya koma kungiyar, ya ce burinsa a kakar wasa ta farko a Club Brugge shine ya zura akalla kwallaye 20.&lt;ref&gt;Club Brugge-aanwinst Diaby: 'Als ik 20 keer scoor,
zal iedereen wel tevreden zijn' &quot; (in Dutch).
Nieuwsblad. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Diaby ya fara buga wasa a Club Brugge a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli shekara ta, 2015, inda ya fara wasan gabaɗaya, a 1-0 da Gent a gasar cin kofin Belgian.  Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekara ta,  2015, ya fara buga gasar lig na Club Brugge, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2–1 da Sint-Truidense.  A wasan na biye da KV Mechelen a ranar 1 ga watan  agusta shekara ta, 2015, Diaby ya ci wa kulob din kwallonsa ta farko, a ci 3-0.  A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2015, ya zira kwallaye hudu, a cikin nasara da ci 7–1 akan Standard Liège. Bayan watanni biyu burin fari, ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015 a cikin nasara daci 2-0 akan OH Leuven, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar zira kwallaye a 2-0 nasara akan Westerlo.  A lokacin Disamba, ya kara da ciwa hudu a raga, da suka kasance a kan Charleroi, Westerlo (sau biyu) da kuma KV Kortrijk.  Bayan haka Diaby ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Gent a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin Belgium, inda suka doke su da ci 1-0 ya sa suka kai wasan karshe ta hanyar waje. Duk da raunin da ya samu, a ƙarshe ya taka leda a wasan karshe da Standard Liege, amma an kore shi saboda ƙwararrun ƙwararren Giannis Maniatis, yayin da Club Brugge ya yi rashin nasara da ci 2-1.  Bayan dakatarwar wasa daya, ya dawo fagen daga ranar 9 ga watan  Afrilu shekara ta, 2016 da Gent, wanda ya ga Club Brugge ya ci 2-0.  Daga nan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta, 2015 zuwa 2016, gami da zira kwallaye biyu, a cikin nasara da ci 4–0 akan Anderlecht ya lashe kofin gasar a karon farko cikin shekaru goma sha daya. Duk da fuskantar gasa daga Jelle Vossen, Leandro Pereira, Wesley Moraes, Bernie Ibini-Isei da José Izquierdo a ko'ina cikin shekarar,  2015 zuwa 2016 kakar, Diaby ya ci gaba da yin 47 bayyanuwa kuma ya zira kwallaye 20 sau (13 daga cikinsu shi ne babban haɗin gwiwa tare da Vossen). a duk gasa. 

A cikin kakar shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017, Diaby ya ci gaba da dawo da matsayinsa na farko a gefe, yana wasa a matsayin dan wasan.  Sai dai ya yi fama da zura kwallaye kamar yadda ya yi a kakar wasan da ta wuce.   mafi muni, ba da daɗewa ba Diaby ya sami damuwa game da raunin da ya samu a sakamakon. A ranar 25 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2017, ya dawo daga rauni, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka doke Waasland-Beveren da ci 2–1 Duk da haka, kuma, ya sake fama da Osteitis pubis wanda ya gan shi yana jinkiri na sauran kakar wasa. A ƙarshen kakar shekara ta, 2016 zuwa 2017, Diaby ya ci gaba da yin bayyana 20 a duk gasa.

A farkon kakar shekara ta,  2017 zuwa 2018, Diaby ya dawo daga rauni a farkon kakar wasa kuma bai fara bayyanarsa a kakar wasa ba a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2017, a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA Champions League da İstanbul Başakşehir. abin da ya sa suka yi rashin nasara da ci 3-0, kuma an fitar da su daga gasar.  Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2017, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Eupen da ci 3–1.  Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2017, ya sake zura kwallo a raga, a wasan da suka doke KV Kortrijk da ci 2–1. A cikin watan Disamba, Diaby ya samar da hanyar zira kwallaye a ragar Lokeren, Anderlecht (sau biyu), KV Mechelen da Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz (sau biyu). A watan Disamba, ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye tara a kakar wasa ta bana. A gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, Diaby ya zira kwallaye hudu a gefe, inda ya zura kwallo a ragar RSC Charleroi, Standard Liège (sau biyu) da Anderlecht.  Sai dai kuma ya samu rauni a idon sawun sa wanda hakan ya sa ya yi jinya har karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Ba da jimawa ba, kulob din ya ci gaba da lashe gasar a karo na biyu a cikin shekaru biyu da suka wuce, saboda yana cikin 'yan wasa uku da suka taka rawa a kakar wasa ta bana don lashe gasar zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa ba ya cikin tawagar farko, saboda raunin da ya samu a kakar wasa ta bana,  Diaby ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tawagar farko duk da fuskantar gasa daga Vossen da Wesley. A ƙarshen kakar shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018, Diaby ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye 16 a duk gasa.&lt;ref&gt;Club Brugge heeft Diaby en vervanger Meunier ophet oog&quot; (in Dutch). Nieuwsblad. 17 May 2015.
Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sporting CP ===
An sanar da shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2018 cewa Diaby ya shiga kulob din Portuguese Sporting CP, sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar a kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, ko da yake an bayar da rahoton cewa ya kashe €4 miliyan.  Kulob din ya kuma shigar da batun sakin dalar Amurka miliyan 70 kan Diaby.  Da shiga kulob din, Diaby ya ce game da tafiyar: &quot;Na yi matukar farin ciki da kasancewa a nan. Sporting CP babban kulob ne kuma da zarar na ji labarin yiwuwar zuwa nan ban yi kasa a gwiwa ba, na san cewa kwallon kafa ta [[Portugal]] tana da manyan kungiyoyi, wadanda a kodayaushe suke shiga gasar Turai.&quot;  Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar La Liga a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2018, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Nemanja Gudelj a minti na 86 a wasan da suka doke Braga da ci 1-0.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sporting Lisbon put $70m price tag on Mali's Diaby&quot;. BBC Sport. 22 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2020, bayan kashe duk kamfen na shekara ta, 2019 zuwa 2020 akan lamuni a Beşiktaş JK, Diaby an ba shi rancen zuwa Getafe CF na La Liga na tsawon shekara guda.&lt;ref&gt;Comunicado Sporting Clube de Portugal–Futebol, SAD&quot; (in Portuguese). Sporting CP. 21 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.

&quot;Abdoulaye Diaby, ancien joueur de Lille et de Sedan, va signer au Sporting CP&quot; (in French). L’Equipe. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2021 Sporting CP ta dawo da Diaby daga Getafe bayan wasanni 3 kawai kuma daga baya aka bada aronsa ga kulob din RSC Anderlecht na Belgium har zuwa karshen kakar wasa.

==== Lamuni zuwa ga Anderlecht ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2021, Diaby ya koma elgium First Division A kulob, Anderlecht a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa.  Lamunin ya haɗa da zaɓi don siye.&lt;ref&gt;CLUB BRUGGE-ANDERLECHT 4-0: Club Brugge viert eerste titel in elf jaar&quot; (in Dutch). De Standaard. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa ==
A cikin watan Oktoban shekarar, 2014, Mali ta kira Diaby a karon farko; sannan ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko, a cikin nasara 2-0 akan [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2014. Daga karshe Mali ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar, 2015 bayan ta lallasa Algeria da ci 2-0 a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba Shekara ta, 2014. 

A ƙarshen watan Disamba shekarar, 2014, an jera Diaby a cikin ƙungiyar maza ta wucin gadi 35 ta ƙasa.  Bayan ya bayyana sau biyu a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasanni biyu na farko a gasar, ya fara bayyanarsa a gasar, inda ya fara wasan kafin a sauya shi, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Guinea a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekarar, 2015. 

Kusan shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar, 2015, Diaby ya ci kwallonsa ta farko cikin watanni goma sha daya, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Benin . A gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika, Diaby ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu tsakanin 4 ga watan Yuni shekarar, 2016 da 4 ga watan Satumba shekarar, 2016 da Sudan ta Kudu da Benin .  Daga nan ya kawo karshen fari na shekaru biyu na fari lokacin da ya zura bugun fanareti na rabin-farko, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da [[Japan]] a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, Shekara ta , 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki ==

=== Kulob/Ƙungiya ===
{{Updated|match played 26 July 2020}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Abdoulaye Diaby » Club matches|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/abdoulay-diaby/2/|website=worldfootball.net|access-date=14 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;&gt;{{soccerway|abdoulay-diaby/129859|accessdate=6 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Sedan
|2009–10
|Ligue 2
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|2
|0
|-
|2010–11
|Ligue 2
|10
|2
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|11
|2
|-
|2011–12
|Ligue 2
|28
|7
|1
|1
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|31
|9
|-
|2012–13
|Ligue 2
|26
|7
|3
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|29
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!66
!16
!5
!1
!2
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!73
!18
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lille
|2013–14
|Ligue 1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2014–15
|Ligue 1
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!3
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!3
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Royal Excel Mouscron (loan)
|2013–14
|Belgian Second Division
|16
|3
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|5{{Efn|Appearances in Belgian Second Division promotion play-offs}}
|1
|21
|4
|-
|2014–15
|Pro League
|21
|12
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|22
|12
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!37
!15
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!5
!1
!43
!16
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Club Brugge
|2015–16
|Pro League
|24
|13
|5
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|9{{Efn|Four appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]], five appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|0
|8{{Efn|Appearances in Belgian Pro League play-offs}}
|4
|46
|21
|-
|2016–17
|First Division A
|16
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|2{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Champions League}}
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Belgian Super Cup]]}}
|0
|20
|0
|-
|2017–18
|First Division A
|27
|11
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|3{{Efn}}
|0
|7{{Efn}}
|4
|41
|16
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!67
!24
!10
!5
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!14
!0
!16
!8
!107
!37
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Sporting CP
|2018–19
|Primeira Liga
|29
|2
|5
|3
|4
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Europa League}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|40
|5
|-
|2019–20
|Primeira Liga
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira]]}}
|0
|3
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!31
!2
!5
!3
!4
!0
!2
!0
!1
!0
!43
!5
|-
|Beşiktaş (loan)
|2019–20
|Süper Lig
|31
|5
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|3{{Efn}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|37
|6
|-
|Getafe (loan)
|2020–21
|La Liga
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!235
!62
!24
!10
!6
!1
!19
!0
!22
!9
!306
!82
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
{{Updated|match played 14 November 2019}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;&gt;{{NFT|57443}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mali
|-
! Shekara
! Aikace-aikace
! Buri
|-
| 2014
| 3
| 1
|-
| 2015
| 5
| 1
|-
| 2016
| 2
| 2
|-
| 2017
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2018
| 4
| 1
|-
| 2019
| 9
| 2
|-
! Jimlar
! 24
! 7
|}

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===

: ''Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Mali.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
!A'a.
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasa
|-
| 1
| 11 Oktoba 2014
| Addis Ababa Stadium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
|&lt;/img&gt; Habasha
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| 2015 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika
|-
| 2
| 6 Satumba 2015
| Stade de l'Amitié, Cotonou, Benin
|&lt;/img&gt; Benin
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2017 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika
|-
| 3
| 4 ga Yuni 2016
| Juba Stadium, Juba, Sudan ta Kudu
|&lt;/img&gt; Sudan ta Kudu
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
|-
| 4
| 4 ga Satumba, 2016
| Stade du 26 Mars, Bamako, Mali
|&lt;/img&gt; Benin
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5-2
|-
| 5
| 23 Maris 2018
| Stade Maurice Dufrasne, Liège, Belgium
|&lt;/img&gt; Japan
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sada zumunci
|-
| 6
| 16 ga Yuni, 2019
| Jassim bin Hamad Stadium, Doha, Qatar
|&lt;/img&gt; Aljeriya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–3
|-
| 7
| 24 ga Yuni, 2019
| Suez Stadium, Suez, Misira
|&lt;/img&gt; Mauritania
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4–1
| 2019 Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka
|}

== Girmamawa ==
'''Club Brugge'''

* Belgian Pro League : 2015–16, 2017–18
* Belgium Super Cup : 2016

'''Wasanni CP'''

* Taça de Portugal : 2018-19
* Taca da Liga : 2018-19 

'''Al-Jazira'''

* UAE Super Cup : 2021

== Manazarta ==

* Abdoulay Diaby at BDFutbol
* Abdoulay Diaby at ForaDeJogo
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[[File:Abdoulaye_Diaby.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Abdoulaye Diaby]]
'''Abdoulay Diaby''' (An haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka rawa a matsayin ɗan wasan hagu na Al Jazira. An haife shi a [[Faransa]], yana wakiltar [[Mali]] a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Sedan: Abdoulay Diaby passe pro&quot; (in French). Foot National. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya ==

=== Sedan ===
An kuma haife shi a Nanterre, Faransa, Diaby ya fara aikinsa a Sedan, bayan INF Clairefontaine (Cibiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa ta wuce).  Bayan ya ci gaba da wasa a Sedan, Diaby ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2010 a  Dijon, inda ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Lossémy Karaboué a cikin minti na 73rd, a cikin rashin nasarar daci 3-1. Ya sake fitowa a gefen bayan kwana uku a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu shekarar, 2010, ya kuma sake zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da AC Arles-Avignon. Ya kuma ci gaba da buga wasanni biyu a cikin kakar shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010.

A cikin kakar shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011, Diaby ya fara bayyana da tawagarsa a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010, inda ya fara wasan, a cikin nasara 2-0 a kan FC Steinseltz a zagaye na bakwai na Coupe de France. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2011, Diaby ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na ƙwararru na farko tare da kulob ɗin, yana riƙe shi har zuwa shekarar 2014. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar kuma ya kafa daya daga cikin kwallayen, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 5–3 da FC Istres a ranar 11 ga watan Maris shekarar 2011. Bayan kwana bakwai, a ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekarar, 2011, ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka biyo baya, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Le Havre.  A karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta, 2010 zuwa  2011, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni goma sha ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasa.&lt;ref&gt;FEUILLE DE MATCH FC STEINSELTZ 0–2 CS
SEDAN&quot; (in French). Ligue de Football Professionnel. 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29bAugust 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin kakar shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012, Diaby ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa, a cikin rashin nasara 2–1 da Clermont Foot a 12 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2011.  Bayan wata ɗaya, a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2011, ya sake zura kwallo a raga, a wasan da suka doke Le Havre da ci 3-0.  Sannan ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin watan Oktoba, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan Angers SCO (sau biyu) da Lille.  Ya kuma kawo ƙarshen fari na tsawon watanni biyu a ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2012, lokacin da ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da US Boulogne.  Ya kasance a cikin wani fari lokacin da a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2012, ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasara 2-1 akan Nantes. Duk da raunin da ya samu a lokacin kakar shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012,  Diaby ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 31 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara a duk gasa.

A cikin kakar shekarar, 2012  zuwa shekara ta 2013, Diaby ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3–2 da Nîmes Olympique a 17 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2012. Yayi nasara da ci 2–0 akan Clermont Foot a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2012, an kore shi da  jan kati kai tsaye a cikin mintuna na 80. Bayan yin aiki da dakatarwar wasa, Diaby ya koma cikin farawa kuma ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasarar 3–1 da Stade Lavallois a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2012. Bayan da aka fitar da shi daga tawagar farko saboda &quot;dalilai na ladabtarwa&quot; a farkon Nuwamba, ya zira kwallaye a dawowar sa a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2012, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Gazélec Ajaccio.  A wasan da suka yi da Auxerre a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2013, ya ci kwallo ta bakwai a kakar wasa ta bana, a ci 1-0.  Duk da fama da rauni da dakatarwa zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2012 zuwa 2013,  Diaby ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 28 kuma ya zira kwallaye bakwai a duk gasa. Duk da haka, bin kulob ta relegation zuwa Championnat de France Amateur.&lt;ref&gt;FEUILLE DE MATCH DIJON FCO 3–1 CS SEDAN&quot; (in French). Ligue de Football Professionnel. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Lille ===
An sanar a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2013 cewa Diaby ya koma Lille a kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din.  

Bayan shekaru biyu da ya yi a Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz ya ƙare a kakar shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 2015,  Diaby ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da Lille, ya mai da shi har zuwa shekarar 2019.  Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Lille a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2015, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Divock Origi, a wasan da suka doke Lyon da ci 2-1.  Ya ci gaba da kara buga wasanni biyu daga baya a kakar wasa ta bana, duka sun zo ne a madadin.&lt;ref&gt;LILLE RAPATRIE DIABY&quot; (in French). Le Figaro. 2

February 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2018.

&quot;Officiel : Lille prolonge Abdoulay Diaby!&quot; (in French). Foot Mercato. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 29
August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lille: improbable rebondissement dans la

course au serial buteur!&quot; (in French). Foot Mercato.

27 December 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lille recrute Diaby (Sedan) et le prête&quot; (in French). L’Equipe. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz (lamuni) ===
Nan da nan bayan ya shiga Lille, Diaby ya koma Belgium, inda ya shiga Mouscron-Péruwelz.  

Diaby ya fara buga wasansa na Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Antonio Jakoliš a cikin mintuna na 74, a cikin nasara da ci 2–1 akan RWS Bruxelles a ranar 10 ga watan  Agusta shekarar, 2013.  A ranar 4 ga Watan  Satumba shekarar, 2013, ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob din, a cikin nasara 3–2 a kan Eendracht Aalst.  Bayan bai nuna wasan farko a cikin watanni biyu ba, ya dawo a ranar 29 ga Watan  Nuwamba shekara ta, 2013, yana farawa a 2-0 nasara akan KSV Roeselare. Bayan ya rasa wasanni biyu a tsakiyar-Janairu, ya zira kwallaye a dawowar sa, a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Eendracht Aalst a ranar 25 ga Watan Janairu shekarar, 2014. Daga baya a cikin lokacin shekara ta, 2013 zuwa 2014, Diaby ya taimaka wa gefen samun haɓaka zuwa Jupiler Pro League kakar wasa mai zuwa. Ya kammala kakar wasan bana, inda ya buga wasanni 20 kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu a dukkan gasa.

An sanar a ranar 12 ga Watan Yuli shekarar, 2014 cewa Diaby ya sake shiga Mouscron-Péruwelz a karo na biyu akan lamuni. A cikin kakarsa ta biyu, tare da Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz a cikin Jupiler Pro League, Diaby ya fara zura kwallo a ragar Waasland-Beveren, Standard Liège (sau biyu), Zulte Waregem da Cercle Brugge (sau biyu). Daga baya ya kara kwallo ta goma da goma sha daya a karawar da suka yi da Lierse da Waasland-Beveren. A cikin Watan  Janairu shekara ta, 2015, Diaby ya koma kulob din iyayensa. A lokacin tafiyarsa, ya buga wasanni 22 kuma ya zura kwallaye 12 sau (wanda shine ya fi zura kwallaye a lokacin kuma har yanzu yana karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta, 2014 zuwa 2015) a duk gasa.&lt;ref&gt;Moeskroen scoort uit niets&quot; (in Dutch).
Nieuwsblad. 10 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August
2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Club Brugge ===
Bayan ya bayyana aniyarsa ta komawa Belgium, an sanar da shi a ranar 22 ga Watan  Mayu shekarar, 2015 cewa Diaby ya shiga kungiyar Jupiler Pro League Club Brugge, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu. An bayar da rahoton cewa tafiyar canja wuri ya ci Yuro miliyan biyu. Bayan ya koma kungiyar, ya ce burinsa a kakar wasa ta farko a Club Brugge shine ya zura akalla kwallaye 20.&lt;ref&gt;Club Brugge-aanwinst Diaby: 'Als ik 20 keer scoor,
zal iedereen wel tevreden zijn' &quot; (in Dutch).
Nieuwsblad. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Diaby ya fara buga wasa a Club Brugge a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli shekara ta, 2015, inda ya fara wasan gabaɗaya, a 1-0 da Gent a gasar cin kofin Belgian.  Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekara ta,  2015, ya fara buga gasar lig na Club Brugge, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2–1 da Sint-Truidense.  A wasan na biye da KV Mechelen a ranar 1 ga watan  agusta shekara ta, 2015, Diaby ya ci wa kulob din kwallonsa ta farko, a ci 3-0.  A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2015, ya zira kwallaye hudu, a cikin nasara da ci 7–1 akan Standard Liège. Bayan watanni biyu burin fari, ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015 a cikin nasara daci 2-0 akan OH Leuven, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar zira kwallaye a 2-0 nasara akan Westerlo.  A lokacin Disamba, ya kara da ciwa hudu a raga, da suka kasance a kan Charleroi, Westerlo (sau biyu) da kuma KV Kortrijk.  Bayan haka Diaby ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Gent a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin Belgium, inda suka doke su da ci 1-0 ya sa suka kai wasan karshe ta hanyar waje. Duk da raunin da ya samu, a ƙarshe ya taka leda a wasan karshe da Standard Liege, amma an kore shi saboda ƙwararrun ƙwararren Giannis Maniatis, yayin da Club Brugge ya yi rashin nasara da ci 2-1.  Bayan dakatarwar wasa daya, ya dawo fagen daga ranar 9 ga watan  Afrilu shekara ta, 2016 da Gent, wanda ya ga Club Brugge ya ci 2-0.  Daga nan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta, 2015 zuwa 2016, gami da zira kwallaye biyu, a cikin nasara da ci 4–0 akan Anderlecht ya lashe kofin gasar a karon farko cikin shekaru goma sha daya. Duk da fuskantar gasa daga Jelle Vossen, Leandro Pereira, Wesley Moraes, Bernie Ibini-Isei da José Izquierdo a ko'ina cikin shekarar,  2015 zuwa 2016 kakar, Diaby ya ci gaba da yin 47 bayyanuwa kuma ya zira kwallaye 20 sau (13 daga cikinsu shi ne babban haɗin gwiwa tare da Vossen). a duk gasa. 

A cikin kakar shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017, Diaby ya ci gaba da dawo da matsayinsa na farko a gefe, yana wasa a matsayin dan wasan.  Sai dai ya yi fama da zura kwallaye kamar yadda ya yi a kakar wasan da ta wuce.   mafi muni, ba da daɗewa ba Diaby ya sami damuwa game da raunin da ya samu a sakamakon. A ranar 25 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2017, ya dawo daga rauni, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka doke Waasland-Beveren da ci 2–1 Duk da haka, kuma, ya sake fama da Osteitis pubis wanda ya gan shi yana jinkiri na sauran kakar wasa. A ƙarshen kakar shekara ta, 2016 zuwa 2017, Diaby ya ci gaba da yin bayyana 20 a duk gasa.

A farkon kakar shekara ta,  2017 zuwa 2018, Diaby ya dawo daga rauni a farkon kakar wasa kuma bai fara bayyanarsa a kakar wasa ba a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2017, a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA Champions League da İstanbul Başakşehir. abin da ya sa suka yi rashin nasara da ci 3-0, kuma an fitar da su daga gasar.  Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2017, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Eupen da ci 3–1.  Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2017, ya sake zura kwallo a raga, a wasan da suka doke KV Kortrijk da ci 2–1. A cikin watan Disamba, Diaby ya samar da hanyar zira kwallaye a ragar Lokeren, Anderlecht (sau biyu), KV Mechelen da Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz (sau biyu). A watan Disamba, ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye tara a kakar wasa ta bana. A gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, Diaby ya zira kwallaye hudu a gefe, inda ya zura kwallo a ragar RSC Charleroi, Standard Liège (sau biyu) da Anderlecht.  Sai dai kuma ya samu rauni a idon sawun sa wanda hakan ya sa ya yi jinya har karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Ba da jimawa ba, kulob din ya ci gaba da lashe gasar a karo na biyu a cikin shekaru biyu da suka wuce, saboda yana cikin 'yan wasa uku da suka taka rawa a kakar wasa ta bana don lashe gasar zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa ba ya cikin tawagar farko, saboda raunin da ya samu a kakar wasa ta bana,  Diaby ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tawagar farko duk da fuskantar gasa daga Vossen da Wesley. A ƙarshen kakar shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018, Diaby ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye 16 a duk gasa.&lt;ref&gt;Club Brugge heeft Diaby en vervanger Meunier ophet oog&quot; (in Dutch). Nieuwsblad. 17 May 2015.
Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sporting CP ===
An sanar da shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2018 cewa Diaby ya shiga kulob din Portuguese Sporting CP, sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar a kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, ko da yake an bayar da rahoton cewa ya kashe €4 miliyan.  Kulob din ya kuma shigar da batun sakin dalar Amurka miliyan 70 kan Diaby.  Da shiga kulob din, Diaby ya ce game da tafiyar: &quot;Na yi matukar farin ciki da kasancewa a nan. Sporting CP babban kulob ne kuma da zarar na ji labarin yiwuwar zuwa nan ban yi kasa a gwiwa ba, na san cewa kwallon kafa ta [[Portugal]] tana da manyan kungiyoyi, wadanda a kodayaushe suke shiga gasar Turai.&quot;  Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar La Liga a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2018, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Nemanja Gudelj a minti na 86 a wasan da suka doke Braga da ci 1-0.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sporting Lisbon put $70m price tag on Mali's Diaby&quot;. BBC Sport. 22 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2020, bayan kashe duk kamfen na shekara ta, 2019 zuwa 2020 akan lamuni a Beşiktaş JK, Diaby an ba shi rancen zuwa Getafe CF na La Liga na tsawon shekara guda.&lt;ref&gt;Comunicado Sporting Clube de Portugal–Futebol, SAD&quot; (in Portuguese). Sporting CP. 21 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.

&quot;Abdoulaye Diaby, ancien joueur de Lille et de Sedan, va signer au Sporting CP&quot; (in French). L’Equipe. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2021 Sporting CP ta dawo da Diaby daga Getafe bayan wasanni 3 kawai kuma daga baya aka bada aronsa ga kulob din RSC Anderlecht na Belgium har zuwa karshen kakar wasa.

==== Lamuni zuwa ga Anderlecht ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2021, Diaby ya koma elgium First Division A kulob, Anderlecht a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa.  Lamunin ya haɗa da zaɓi don siye.&lt;ref&gt;CLUB BRUGGE-ANDERLECHT 4-0: Club Brugge viert eerste titel in elf jaar&quot; (in Dutch). De Standaard. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa ==
A cikin watan Oktoban shekarar, 2014, Mali ta kira Diaby a karon farko; sannan ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko, a cikin nasara 2-0 akan [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2014. Daga karshe Mali ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar, 2015 bayan ta lallasa Algeria da ci 2-0 a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba Shekara ta, 2014. 

A ƙarshen watan Disamba shekarar, 2014, an jera Diaby a cikin ƙungiyar maza ta wucin gadi 35 ta ƙasa.  Bayan ya bayyana sau biyu a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasanni biyu na farko a gasar, ya fara bayyanarsa a gasar, inda ya fara wasan kafin a sauya shi, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Guinea a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekarar, 2015. 

Kusan shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar, 2015, Diaby ya ci kwallonsa ta farko cikin watanni goma sha daya, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Benin . A gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika, Diaby ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu tsakanin 4 ga watan Yuni shekarar, 2016 da 4 ga watan Satumba shekarar, 2016 da Sudan ta Kudu da Benin .  Daga nan ya kawo karshen fari na shekaru biyu na fari lokacin da ya zura bugun fanareti na rabin-farko, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da [[Japan]] a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, Shekara ta , 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki ==

=== Kulob/Ƙungiya ===
{{Updated|match played 26 July 2020}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Abdoulaye Diaby » Club matches|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/abdoulay-diaby/2/|website=worldfootball.net|access-date=14 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;&gt;{{soccerway|abdoulay-diaby/129859|accessdate=6 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Sedan
|2009–10
|Ligue 2
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|2
|0
|-
|2010–11
|Ligue 2
|10
|2
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|11
|2
|-
|2011–12
|Ligue 2
|28
|7
|1
|1
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|31
|9
|-
|2012–13
|Ligue 2
|26
|7
|3
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|29
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!66
!16
!5
!1
!2
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!73
!18
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lille
|2013–14
|Ligue 1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2014–15
|Ligue 1
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!3
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!3
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Royal Excel Mouscron (loan)
|2013–14
|Belgian Second Division
|16
|3
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|5{{Efn|Appearances in Belgian Second Division promotion play-offs}}
|1
|21
|4
|-
|2014–15
|Pro League
|21
|12
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|22
|12
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!37
!15
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!5
!1
!43
!16
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Club Brugge
|2015–16
|Pro League
|24
|13
|5
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|9{{Efn|Four appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]], five appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|0
|8{{Efn|Appearances in Belgian Pro League play-offs}}
|4
|46
|21
|-
|2016–17
|First Division A
|16
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|2{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Champions League}}
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Belgian Super Cup]]}}
|0
|20
|0
|-
|2017–18
|First Division A
|27
|11
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|3{{Efn}}
|0
|7{{Efn}}
|4
|41
|16
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!67
!24
!10
!5
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!14
!0
!16
!8
!107
!37
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Sporting CP
|2018–19
|Primeira Liga
|29
|2
|5
|3
|4
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Europa League}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|40
|5
|-
|2019–20
|Primeira Liga
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira]]}}
|0
|3
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!31
!2
!5
!3
!4
!0
!2
!0
!1
!0
!43
!5
|-
|Beşiktaş (loan)
|2019–20
|Süper Lig
|31
|5
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|3{{Efn}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|37
|6
|-
|Getafe (loan)
|2020–21
|La Liga
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!235
!62
!24
!10
!6
!1
!19
!0
!22
!9
!306
!82
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
{{Updated|match played 14 November 2019}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;&gt;{{NFT|57443}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mali
|-
! Shekara
! Aikace-aikace
! Buri
|-
| 2014
| 3
| 1
|-
| 2015
| 5
| 1
|-
| 2016
| 2
| 2
|-
| 2017
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2018
| 4
| 1
|-
| 2019
| 9
| 2
|-
! Jimlar
! 24
! 7
|}

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===

: ''Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Mali.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
!A'a.
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasa
|-
| 1
| 11 Oktoba 2014
| Addis Ababa Stadium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
|&lt;/img&gt; Habasha
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| 2015 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika
|-
| 2
| 6 Satumba 2015
| Stade de l'Amitié, Cotonou, Benin
|&lt;/img&gt; Benin
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2017 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika
|-
| 3
| 4 ga Yuni 2016
| Juba Stadium, Juba, Sudan ta Kudu
|&lt;/img&gt; Sudan ta Kudu
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
|-
| 4
| 4 ga Satumba, 2016
| Stade du 26 Mars, Bamako, Mali
|&lt;/img&gt; Benin
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5-2
|-
| 5
| 23 Maris 2018
| Stade Maurice Dufrasne, Liège, Belgium
|&lt;/img&gt; Japan
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sada zumunci
|-
| 6
| 16 ga Yuni, 2019
| Jassim bin Hamad Stadium, Doha, Qatar
|&lt;/img&gt; Aljeriya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–3
|-
| 7
| 24 ga Yuni, 2019
| Suez Stadium, Suez, Misira
|&lt;/img&gt; Mauritania
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4–1
| 2019 Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka
|}

== Girmamawa ==
'''Club Brugge'''

* Belgian Pro League : 2015–16, 2017–18
* Belgium Super Cup : 2016

'''Wasanni CP'''

* Taça de Portugal : 2018-19
* Taca da Liga : 2018-19 

'''Al-Jazira'''

* UAE Super Cup : 2021

== Manazarta ==

* Abdoulay Diaby at BDFutbol
* Abdoulay Diaby at ForaDeJogo
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1447" sha1="luqcn7wzllplorzo845sypnfs6vvcqm" xml:space="preserve">----
{{user info
| full name = '''Hassan Abdulhamid''' 
| job title = Volunteer Editor
| organization = Member of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group Wikimedia Hausa]
| short quote =
| image name = BnHamid at Wikimania 2025, 4.jpg
| hover text = Auto-portrait
| about me =

* I like books and quiet time and play adventure games in my downtime.
Edu
* I attended primary school from 2004 to 2010 and later graduated from GSSS Kankara. 
* Final Year BSc Computer Sci., Student
| about my work =

I contribute to Wikipedia by creating and improving articles, as well as guiding new editors.

I have been an active participant in all group activities since early 2020, even before joining this community, and continue to be involved to date.


'''Awards &amp; Achievements'''

I won first place in both the 
[https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Gasar_WPWP_2023_A_Hausa_Wikipedia #WPWPHA] Contest, and the 
[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Wikidata_2023 #WPWW] Contest in 2023

''' Let's Connect'''
[https://twitter.com/Bnhamid17 Let's interact on X/Twitter]
}}

{{User ha}}
{{userbox | border-c = #008080 | id = [[File:Hausa Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|38px]] | id-c = #FFFFFF | id-fc = #FFFFFF | id-s = 9 | info = This user is a member of '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group Wikimedia Hausa]'''. | info-c = #FFFFFF | nocat = {{{nocat|}}} }}
{{User en-3}}

&lt;/div&gt;
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    <title>Mutanen Guang</title>
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'''Mutanen Guan''' wata ƙabila ce da ake samun mutanen ta a kusan dukkanin sassan ƙasar [[Ghana]], waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙabilar [[Nkonya]], da [[Gonja people|Mutanen Gonja]], da [[Anum]], da [[Larteh language|Harshen Larteh]], da [[Nawuri]] da kuma [[Chumburu|Ntsumburu]].

Suna magana da yarukan Guan na dangin yaren Nijar da Kongo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/247767/Guan|title=Guan|encyclopedia=Britannica|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Su ne kashi 3.7% na al'ummar Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africa :: Ghana — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.cia.gov|archive-date=2021-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109003331/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
An yi imanin cewa Guan shine farkon mazauna Ghana na zamani waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga yankin Mossi na ƙasar Burkina ta zamani a wajajen shekara ta 1000 AD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/tribes/guan.php|title=Ghana Ethnic Groups: Guan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin waɗannan harsunan Guan suna da tasiri da manyan harsuna a Ghana, ya danganta da inda wata ƙabila ta Guan take. Guans a yankin Gabas sun haɗa da Anum, Boso, Larteh, Okere, da Kyerepong. Guans a yankin Volta sun hada da Buem, Nkonya, Likpe,Amedzofe, Vane da dai sauransu. A yankin tsakiya muna da yankunan Efutu, Awutu da Senya da Bawjiase. Kabilar Gonja dai suna arewa ne kuma bangaren Brong Ahafo, Bono da Ahafo. Al’ummar Nawuri na zaune ne a sassan Arewa da wasu sassan yankin Oti, galibinsu suna zaune ne a karshen gabashin gundumar Salaga; a yammacin gabar kogin Volta/Kogin Oti, mai tazarar kilomita 70 daga arewa da Kete Krachi. Guans kasancewar mutanen farko a Ghana, wasu sun shiga cikin al'adun manyan kabilu na yankuna daban-daban da muke da su a yau. Don haka, wasu ƴan asalin Kpeshie a Greater Accra da Nzema, Sefwi, Ahanta da sauransu a yankin Yamma da Yammacin Ba na iya gano tushensu zuwa Guans. ’Yan asalin mafi yawan Fantes da ke yankin tsakiya da suka hada da Asebu, Edna, Aguafo da dai sauransu da kuma Agona na iya gano asalinsu daga Guans. A halin yanzu an yarda cewa ana iya samun mutanen Guan a yankuna goma sha biyu (12) a Ghana: Oti, Arewa, Arewa maso Gabas, Savannah, Bono, Ahafo, Tsakiya, Yammacin Arewa, Yamma, Gabas, Volta da Brong Ahafo. Suna da haƙuri sosai kuma suna rayuwa a matsayin jama'a a cikin mahallinsu daban-daban. Suna magana da yarukan manyan ƙabilu inda ake samun su na asali kuma suna magana da yarensu dabam dabam a gida.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kabilu a Afrika]]
[[category:Kabilu a Ghana]]</text>
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{{infobox ethnic group|group=Soninke|native_name=|image=SarrakholaisLaptot.jpg|caption=Hoton mutumin Soninke (1890)|population=Sama da miliyan 2.0|region1={{flag|Mali}}|pop1=2,124,000(9.8%) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mali|website=www.cia.gov|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/#people-and-society|language=en|access-date=November 19, 2020|archive-date=March 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|region2={{flag|Senegal}}|pop2=225,154 (1.4%) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Senegal|website=www.cia.gov|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/#people-and-society|language=en|access-date=November 19, 2020|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|region3={{flag|Mauritania}}|pop3=378.000|region4={{flag|Gambia}}|pop4=142,606 (8.2%) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Distribution of the Gambian population by ethnicity 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2013 Censuses - GBoS|url=https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/population-and-demography/distribution-of-the-gambian-population-by-ethnicit|access-date=2021-06-17|website=www.gbosdata.org|archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145456/https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/population-and-demography/distribution-of-the-gambian-population-by-ethnicit|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|languages=Harshen Soninke, Farasanci|native_name_lang=|rels=Mafi rinjayen Ahlus Sunna|related=Mutanen Jakhanke, mutanen Mandinka, mutanen Bambara, mutanen Yalunka, sauran mutanen Mandé}}

'''Mutanen Soninke''' ƙabila ce ta yammacin Afirka da ke magana da harshen Mande a Mali, Fouta Djallon, kudancin Mauritania, gabashin Senegal, Guinea da Gambia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ralph A. Austen|title=In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature and Performance|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofsunjat00ralp|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33452-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofsunjat00ralp/page/143 143]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna magana da yaren Soninke, wanda kuma ake kira Serakhulle ko harshen Azer, wanda shine ɗayan yarukan Mande.&lt;ref name=&quot;dalby574&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Andrew Dalby|title=Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11568-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb/page/574 574]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen Soninke sune suka kafa tsohuwar daular Ghana ko Wagadou c. 300–1240 CE, Ƙungiyoyin Soninke sun haɗa da Maraka da Wangara. Lokacin da aka lalata daular Ghana, ƴan kasashen waje sun kawo Soninkes zuwa Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinée-Conakry, Jamhuriyar Ghana ta zamani, da kuma Guinea-Bissau inda wasu 'yan kasuwa suka yi kasuwanci. aka kira Wangara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunwick2003xxviii&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=John O. Hunwick|title=Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi's Taʾrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C|year=2003|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-12822-0|pages=xxviii with footnote 18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Galibin Musulmai, Soninke na daya daga cikin kabilun farko daga yammacin Afirka da suka musulunta a kusan ƙarni na 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;asante121&quot;&gt;Asante, Molefi Kete.&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta yawan mutanen Soninke na wannan zamani sun haura miliyan biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;DG2013soninke&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Diagram Group|title=Encyclopedia of African Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT825|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96341-5|page=825}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan al'adun mutanen Soninke suna kama da mutanen Mandé, da na Imraguen na Mauritania. Sun hada da al'adun Musulunci na auratayya,&lt;ref name=&quot;Brand2001p69&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Saskia Brand|title=Mediating Means and Fate: A Socio-Political Analysis of Fertility and Demographic Change in Bamako, Mali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZdrxQRXE7AC&amp;pg=PA69|year=2001|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-12033-5|pages=69–71}}&lt;/ref&gt; kaciya,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouldzeidoune2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ouldzeidoune|first1=Nacerdine|last2=Keating|first2=Joseph|last3=Bertrand|first3=Jane|last4=Rice|first4=Janet|title=A Description of Female Genital Mutilation and Force-Feeding Practices in Mauritania: Implications for the Protection of Child Rights and Health|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=4|year=2013|page=e60594|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0060594|pmid=23593257|pmc=3621896|bibcode=2013PLoSO...860594O|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma daidaita zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gomez24&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Michael Gomez|title=Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfhGouf7_TsC|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52847-4|page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bella1987&quot;&gt;Monica Bella (1987), [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.543.3564&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf AFRICA STUDIES: THE EXPLORATION OF ALTERNATIVE LAND TENURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE BAKEL SMALL IRRIGATED PERIMETERS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118234652/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.543.3564&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf|date=2017-11-18}}, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States Agency for International Development, Quote:&quot;Soninke society is not egalitarian, but rather is stratified into castes.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kabilanci ==
Ana kuma kiran mutanen Soninke da Aswanik, Dafing, Dafi, Dyakanke, Gadyaga, Maraka, Maraxa, Marka, Marka Soninké, Saracole, Sarakolé, Sarakollé, Sarakule, Sarawule, Saraxole, Seraculah, Serahuli, Serakhulle, Silabe, Soniake, Soninkés. , Sonninké, Toubakai, Wakore.&lt;ref&gt;RAMEAU, [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|BnF]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Suna nufin kansu da kalmar &quot;Soninké&quot;, wanda shine ainihin kalmar &quot;Soninko&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Mamadou Dramé, « Cérémonies et rites chez les Soninké », dans ''Peuples du Sénégal'', Sépia, Saint-Maur, 1996, p. 65&lt;/ref&gt; to amma kuma ana kiran su &quot;Sarakholés&quot; ta Wolofs, &quot;Marakas&quot; ta Bambaras, &quot;Wangara&quot; ta Mandinka, &quot;Wakoré&quot;. &quot; ta Songhais, ko ma &quot;Toubakai&quot;. &quot;Marka&quot; shine sunan da aka san su a Mali a yankin Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso, Ségou, Mopti da Burkina Faso a cikin na Dafina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Olson1996p373&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=James Stuart Olsen|title=The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Peoples_of_Africa/MdaAdBC-_S4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=0|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0313-27-918-8|page=373}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmar &quot;Serakhulle,&quot; ko da yake sau da yawa ana da'awar cewa kalmar Wolof ce, an yi amfani da ita ga Soninke aƙalla a ƙarni na 16 kuma al'ummomi suna amfani da kalmar har zuwa Gambiya da ƙasar [[Hausa]]. Jahankas, rukuni na rukuni, suna magana da kansu kamar yadda ake cire Serakhulle. A tarihi, kalmar &quot;Soninke&quot; tana ɗauke da ma'anoni mara kyau a cikin Futa Djallon da Senegambia, don haka mafi yawan amfani da kalmar &quot;Serakhulle.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Sanneh, Lamin.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[File:BakelDiobé.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BakelDiob%C3%A9.jpg|right|thumb|Diobé, mai mulkin Soninke zamanin mulkin mallaka na garin Bakel, tare da masu ba shi shawara (1887-1888)]]
[[File:GuerriersSarrakholais.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuerriersSarrakholais.jpg|left|thumb|295x295px|mayaka na Soninke ]]
Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa yankunan da ake samun mutanen Soninke suna zama a zamanin da. An gina waɗannan ƙauyuka na dutse a kan tudun dutsen Tichit-Walata da tsaunin Tagant na Kudancin Mauritania. Ko da yake babu wasu bayanai da suka tsira da suka nuna ko wace ƙabila ce waɗannan mutanen, mazauna wannan yanki a tsakanin 2500 KZ da 600 KZ suna da alaƙa da Soninke da Mande mafi girma. Wata muhimmiyar al'ummar noma da makiyaya ta samu ci gaba a wannan zamanin kafin tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;conrad23&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=David C. Conrad|title=Empires of Medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mP2KSOvJHbMC&amp;pg=PA25|year=2009|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-1-60413-164-2|pages=23–25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shillington2012p88&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=History of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdscBQAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-00333-1|pages=88–89}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neolithic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Holl|first1=Augustin|title=Coping with uncertainty: Neolithic life in the Dhar Tichitt-Walata, Mauritania, ( ca. 4000–2300 BP)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248548075|website=Research Gate|publisher=Comptes Rendus Geosciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Holl|first=Augustin|date=1985-12-01|title=Subsistence patterns of the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic, Mauritania|journal=African Archaeological Review|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=151–162|doi=10.1007/BF01117458|s2cid=162041986|issn=0263-0338}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HollA11985&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Holl A|title=Background to the Ghana Empire: archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (Mauritania)|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=4|issue=2|date=1985|url=https://www.academia.edu/2558381|doi=10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4|pages=108}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga al'adar baka ta Soninke, kakan Soninke shine Dinga, wani lokaci ana cewa ya fito daga Gabas ta Tsakiya (ko da yake irin wannan labarin ba zai yuwu ba, kamar yadda alamar &quot;Tsakiya ta Tsakiya&quot; ta zo bayan Mande ya Musulunta),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=David C. Conrad|title=Empires of Medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mP2KSOvJHbMC&amp;pg=PA25|year=2009|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-1-60413-164-2|pages=25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ylwMAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=dinga+cisse+middle+East&amp;dq=dinga+cisse+middle+East&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiLwv_RqfXlAhXjSt8KHeexAKAQ6AEwBHoECAMQAg History in Africa, Volume 10]'', by Africa Studies Association, p. 60, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spaulding. 2003 p. 27&quot;&gt;Levtzion and Spaulding.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mauny 1961&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Mauny|first=Raymond|year=1961|title=Tableau géographique de l'ouest africain au moyen age, d'après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie|publisher=Institut français d'Afrique Noire|place=Dakar}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'ya'yan sun hada da Dyabe Sisse, wanda ya kafa masarautar Wagadu mai babban birnin Kumbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Levtzion|first1=Nehemia|author-link1=Nehemia Levtzion|title=Ancient Ghana and Mali|date=1973|publisher=Methuen &amp; Co Ltd|location=New York|isbn=0841904316|pages=16–18, 21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata al’adar Soninke ta nuna cewa sun yi hijira daga Aswan, Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uivtCqOlpTsC&amp;q=cisse+aswan&amp;pg=PA104|title=Encyclopedia of African American History [3 volumes]|first1=Leslie M.|last1=Alexander|first2=Walter C. Rucker|last2=Jr|date=9 February 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|access-date=25 April 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9781851097746}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka ka'idodin asalin ƙasashen waje kusan gaba ɗaya suna shakka / watsi da masana kuma an yi imani da su sakamakon tasirin al'adun Eurasiatic daga baya (Wato Larabawa da Faransanci).&lt;ref name=&quot;Spaulding. 2003 p. 27&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mauny 1961&quot; /&gt; Shaidar archaeological tana goyan bayan juyin halitta na Daular Ghana da sauran jihohin Mande daga tushe a gabanin al'adun Soninke na gida kamar na Dhar Tichitt, maimakon daga Arewacin Afirka ko Gabas ta Tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;HollA11985&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last=Munson|first=Patrick J.|year=1980|title=Archaeology and the prehistoric origins of the Ghana Empire|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=21|issue=4|pages=457–466|jstor=182004|doi=10.1017/s0021853700018685}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rubuce-rubucen farko game da Soninke sun fito ne daga malaman tarihin Musulunci na farko. Soninke, bisa ga waɗannan bayanan, su ne waɗanda suka kafa tsohuwar daular Ghana (kada a ruɗe su da Ghana ta zamani), wanda ake kira daular Wagadu.&lt;ref name=&quot;conrad23&quot; /&gt; Wannan daular dai ta samo asali ne tun a karni na 5 AD kuma ta ruguje da ita kusan karni na 12,&lt;ref name=&quot;conrad23&quot; /&gt; bayan da musulmi suka fara mamaye wannan yanki a karni na 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shillington2012p88&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Soninke Soninke people] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105232659/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Soninke|date=2016-11-05}}, Encyclopædia Britannica, Quote: &quot;The Soninke were the founders of the ancient empire of Ghana, which was destroyed after the invasions of Muslim conquerors in the 10th century&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdiga da rarrabawa ==
[[File:Soninke.gif|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soninke.gif|right|thumb|Taswirar cibiyoyin yawan jama'ar Soninke a Mali]]
A wannan zamani, jimillar mutanen Soninke ya haura miliyan biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;DG2013soninke&quot; /&gt; Ana samun mutanen Soninke a ko'ina cikin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma a Faransa, saboda gudun hijirar da suka yi a lokacin da Senegal da Mali ke cikin daular Faransa ta mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;dalby574&quot; /&gt;

Yawancin mutanen Soninke ana samun su ne a kwarin kogin Senegal na sama da kuma kan iyakar Mali-Senegal-Mauritania tsakanin Nara da Nioro du Sahel. Hijira a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Faransa ya sa Soninke da yawa suka gina al'ummomi a Dakar, wasu biranen Afirka da Faransa. Al'ummar Soninke sune farkon mazauna Faransa, al'ummarsu tana cikin Paris da kuma a kudancin Faransanci, kuma harshensu shine yare na farko da ake magana da shi tsakanin yawancin al'ummomin musulmi na Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;dalby574&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, akwai Soninke da yawa da ke zaune a birane a fadin Afirka ta Tsakiya, yawan mutanen da suka hada da sababbin bakin haure da kuma zuriyar hijira tun daga shekarun 1800, kamar kwamfutocin da ke wakiltar 'yan kasuwa na Faransa da na mulkin mallaka a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=François Manchuelle|title=Willing Migrants: Soninke Labor Diasporas, 1848-1960|url=http://www.ohioswallow.com/book/Willing+Migrants|year=1997|publisher=Ohio University Press|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002022744/http://www.ohioswallow.com/book/Willing+Migrants|archive-date=2017-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cibiyoyin kasuwanci karkashin jagorancin kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa na ''Wangara'', sun yada al'adun Soninke a cikin mafi yawan Mali da Senegal, kudancin Mauritania, arewacin Burkina Faso, da kuma wasu sassan Gambia, da Guinea-Bissau. Al'ummomin 'yan kasuwa na Maraka-Soninke da gonaki (wanda ke tsakiyar arewacin birnin Segou, Mali) sun kasance tushen tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin daular Bambara, kuma sun gina hanyoyin kasuwanci a yankin yammacin Afirka.

== Addini ==
Mutanen Soninke sun kasance hanyar kasuwanci ta bakin teku tsakanin mutanen Berber na yankin Maghreb da sauran dauloli a yammacin Afirka. A cikin tarihinsu na farko, sun taimaka musanya gishiri daga arewaci da gabar tekun yamma don zinare da aka samu a cikin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shillington2012p90&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=History of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdscBQAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-00333-1|pages=90–92}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan sana’ar ta kawo musu ’yan kasuwa Musulmi, musamman Larabawa masu sana’ar sayar da zinari, bayan da Musulunci ya isa Arewacin Afirka. An samo farkon ambaton Daular Ghana ta mutanen Soninke a cikin ayyukan Balarabe na karni na 8 Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī kuma an sami ƙarin cikakkun bayanai a cikin ayyukan wani masanin ƙasa na Larabawa na ƙarni na 11 Al-Bakri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shillington2012p90&quot; /&gt;

Sarakuna da 'yan kabilar Soninke na Daular Ghana sun musulunta a karni na 11, kuma tun daga lokacin suke musulmi. Wasu majiyoyin addinin Islama sun nuna cewa musuluntar ya samo asali ne bayan mamaye daular Ghana a shekara ta 1076 da Almoravid ya yi.&lt;ref name=&quot;asante121&quot; /&gt; Mutanen Soninke, kamar sauran al'ummar Mande, suna bin mazhabar Malikiyya ta Sunna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=John A. Shoup|title=Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-362-0|pages=183–184}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'umma da al'adu ==
[[File:SarrakholaisCaravanier.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SarrakholaisCaravanier.jpg|thumb|Wani Mutumin Soninke a cikin 1890, wanda M. Philippe ya zana]]
Al'ummar Soninke da al'adunta a tarihi suna da al'adu da yawa tare da kabilun makwabta, musamman mutanen Mande. Wannan ya hada da addinin Musulunci, sana'o'i, abinci, ayyukan ibada, tsarin iyali, bukukuwan aure da daidaita zamantakewa.

=== Tsarin zamantakewa ===
Al'ummar Soninke, kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi a cikin Mande, an tsara su ta hanyoyi daban-daban na tsarin zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bella1987&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Haddy Tunkara-Bah|year=2016|title=Sociocultural factors influencing fertility among the Soninke|journal=African Renaissance|volume=13|number=1–2|pages=31–44}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Tal Tamari|year=1991|title=The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=32|number=2|pages=221–250|publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor=182616|doi=10.1017/s0021853700025718}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyoyin Soninke sun haɗa da nau'i na kyauta mai suna ''Horro'' ko ''Horon'', nau'in tsarin kati mai suna ''Namaxala'' ko ''Nyaxamalo'', da kuma bayi da ake kira ''Komo''.&lt;ref name=&quot;gomez24&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tal61&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Tal Tamari|editor=David C. Conrad and Barbara E. Frank|title=Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzeVS6pYS7YC|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-11264-8|pages=61–63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanretta2009p37&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Sean Hanretta|title=Islam and Social Change in French West Africa: History of an Emancipatory Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fj79QbyRJUC&amp;pg=PA37|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89971-0|pages=37 with footnote 23}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin rukunin Jaara na mutanen Soninke, mai martaba da ake kira Tunkanlenmu ya kasance wani nau'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanretta2009p37&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mamadou Lamine Diawara (1990), La Graine de la Parole: dimension sociale et politique des traditions orales du royaume de Jaara (Mali) du XVème au milieu du XIXème siècle, volume 92, Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH, pages 35-37, 41-45&lt;/ref&gt; Al'ummar Soninke ta zama mai ma'ana sosai bayan karni na 13.&lt;ref name=&quot;tal61&quot; /&gt;

Bayin sun kasance mafi girma, ɗaya a ƙasa a cikin Soninke kamar sauran kabilun Afirka ta Yamma, kuma sun kasance kusan rabin yawan jama'a. Bayin da ke cikin mutanen Soninke an jera su cikin matsayi uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Littlefield1991p79&quot; /&gt; Bayin ƙauyen gungun masu hidima ne masu gata waɗanda ke zaune ba tare da ƙauyen ba kuma suna karɓar umarni daga sarkin ƙauyen. Bayin gida sun zauna tare da iyali kuma ba a iya siyar da su. Mafi ƙasƙanci a tsakanin bayi shine bayin fatauci waɗanda za'a iya saya da siyarwa. Bayan lokaci, kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan ya zama na ƙarshe, in ji Daniel Littlefield, farfesa a tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Littlefield1991p79&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Daniel C. Littlefield|title=Rice and Slaves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEO5lLG95lMC&amp;pg=PA79|year=1991|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-06214-8|pages=79 footnote 11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sama da bayin akwai jikokin Soninke, waxanda su ma na gado ne, na gado, kuma suna da matsayi na matsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;hoffman10&quot; /&gt; Sun haɗa da, alal misali, ''garanke'' (masu aikin fata) a ƙasan ''fune'' (bard), ''fune'' a ƙasan ''gesere'' ko ''jeli'' (mawaƙa, mawaƙa), da ''jeli'' a ƙarƙashin ''tage'' ko ''numu'' (masu sana'a, ma'aikatan tukwane).&lt;ref name=&quot;hoffman10&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Barbara G. Hoffman|title=Griots at War: Conflict, Conciliation, and Caste in Mande|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N420DztTNJMC|year=2001|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-10893-4|pages=8, 10–12, 30–31, 35–36, 235–240, 246, 269–270 note 31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Za a iya haɗa tsarin simintin gyare-gyare da tsarin serf zuwa Mandé 'Nyamakalaw' (a zahiri 'caste'). Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa Larabawa da Berbers za su shiga cikin tsarin kasuwanci da sufuri da aka riga aka kafa tare da Afirka ta Yamma (ciniki a cikin zinariya, gishiri, da wasu bayi zuwa wani ɗan ƙaramin abu), ginawa a kan hanyoyin kasuwanci da aka rigaya a baya. zuwa Ghana da yammacin gabar tekun Atlantika ta hanyar tsarin kasuwanci na karni na 11 ya zama mai inganci a cikin karni na 13 da na 14 daular Mali da daular Songhai na karni na 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeCorse2001p17&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Susan McIntosh|editor=Christopher R. DeCorse|title=West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Fcr1HSZXNgC|year=2001|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-7185-0247-8|pages=17–18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da aikin bautar ya ƙaru, haka nan tsarin ƙabila ya ƙaru. Tamari ya ba da shawarar cewa wani abin da ke tattare da haɓakar tsarin bautar shine ci gaba da bunƙasa tsarin kabilanci a tsakanin yawancin kabilun Afirka a kusan ƙarni na 13.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeCorse2001p17&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamari 1991p13c&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Tamari|first=Tal|title=The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa|journal=The Journal of African History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=32|issue=2|year=1991|pages=221–250|doi=10.1017/s0021853700025718}}&lt;/ref&gt; McIntosh ya yarda da Tamari, amma ya bayyana cewa akwai yuwuwar bayyanar tsarin kabilanci ya faru tun da farko a cikin al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka kamar Soninke, Mande, Malinke, Wolof, Serer, da sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeCorse2001p17&quot; /&gt; Ta ba da ci gaba da yaduwar ɗimbin jama'a a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi zuwa kusan karni na 10, saboda kama bayi, cinikin bayi da kuma riƙe bayi da manyan iyalai suka yi, wata cibiya ce da aka kafa a Yammacin Afirka a wancan lokacin, kuma bautar ta haifar da samfuri don dangantaka mara kyau da zamantakewa. stratification na mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeCorse2001p17&quot; /&gt;

Shaidar harshe ta nuna cewa tsarin rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da alaƙa da tsarin ƙabilanci da bautar da ƙila an raba su tsakanin mutanen Manding da Soninke, da yuwuwar wasu kamar mutanen Dogon na Yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Tal Tamari|editor=David C. Conrad and Barbara E. Frank|title=Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzeVS6pYS7YC|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-11264-8|pages=65–67, 71–73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bambance-bambancen harshe tsakanin kabilanci da tsarin bayi na Soninke da Manding a daya hannun da kuma kabilun arewacin Afirka kamar kabilar Abzinawa da Moors a daya bangaren, ya nuna cewa wadannan sun samo asali ne daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Tal Tamari|editor=David C. Conrad and Barbara E. Frank|title=Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzeVS6pYS7YC|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-11264-8|pages=68–69}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aure ===
[[File:Boilat-22-Femme_sarackoullée.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boilat-22-Femme_sarackoull%C3%A9e.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Matar Soninke, zane na 1853 na David Boilat]]
Aure a cikin al'ummar Soninke yana bin tsarin Musulunci. Auren ’yan uwa ya zama ruwan dare kuma an fi so a al’adar Soninke, kamar yadda ake yi da mutanen Fula.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brand2001p69&quot; /&gt; Iyaye sun yarda da aure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brand2001p69&quot; /&gt; Wani karin magana na gargajiya yana cewa, &quot;An yi 'yan uwan ​​juna.&quot; Al'adar da ke tsakanin 'yan kasuwa Soninke, in ji Saskia Brand, farfesa a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam da ilimin kimiyya, na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da imanin al'adun cewa auren 'yan uwan ​​​​yana &quot;taimakawa wajen kiyaye kuɗi a cikin iyali&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brand2001p69&quot; /&gt;

Idan iyalan biyu sun yarda, an daura auren (''i na tamma laga'') a masallaci. Duk wata bayan daurin aure, namiji yakan biyawa dangin matar sadakin sadakin amarya (''nakhafa'') na abinci da sauran abubuwan da suka kashe. Auren wanda ake kira ''futtu'', an kammala shi ne tare da yarjejeniyar aure da ta ambaci sadaki, kuma ana tare da bikin aure mai suna ''karikompe''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=the history of soninke(sarahule) and culture|url=http://mfsumareh.weebly.com/history-of-soninke.html|last=Sumareh|first=Muhammed F}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabbin ma'auratan suna da masu ba da shawara. Ana kiran mai ba mutumin shawara ''khoussoumanta-yougo'' kuma na macen ana kiransa ''khoussoumanta-yakhare''. Bayan an shafe mako guda ana biki, matan sun hadu domin nuna kyaututtukan da ma'auratan suka samu daga iyayensu galibi daga wajen mahaifiyar matar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Culture Et Tradition|year=2002|publisher=Soninkara.com|access-date=2006-04-05|url=http://www.soninkara.com/main.php3?f=accueil|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113021254/http://www.soninkara.com/main.php3?f=accueil|archive-date=2006-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haramta auren jinsi tsakanin al'umma da kuma layukan kabilanci, in ji Saskia Brand. Amma, a cikin iyalai masu daraja da yawa, maɗaukaki na iya ɗaukar mata daga ɓoyayyen bayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brand2001p69&quot; /&gt;

=== Kaciya ===
[[File:Femmes_soninkees.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Femmes_soninkees.jpg|thumb|321x321px|Wata mata Soninke da ’yarta a Sélibaby, Mauritania]]
Soninke suna yin kaciya kuma suna kiransa birou. Kowace rana, yaran da aka yi wa kaciya a shekarar da ta shige, suna shirya tam-tams ga sababbin maza domin su shirya su ta hanyar tunani. A duk lokacin bikin kaciya, yaran da za a yi wa kaciya suna zaune a kusa da &quot;tambour&quot; da ake kira &quot;daïné&quot;. Sauran matasan ƙauyen, ƴan mata, mata, maza, da bayi suna zagaya da samarin. A wannan lokacin an kewaye samarin da kyawawan gyale masu suna ''disa'' sing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The circumcision among Soninke|url=http://www.soninkara.org/societe-soninkara/circoncision/index.php|access-date=2006-04-28|publisher=Soninkara.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061225180752/http://www.soninkara.org/societe-soninkara/circoncision/index.php|archive-date=2006-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marubucin Mamadou Soumare ya rubuta &quot;Sama da aikin tiyata na gargajiya, al'adar kaciya ta sa a shaida, jimiri na jiki, zafi, ƙarfin hali, a cikin kalma ɗaya halin yaron.&quot;

==== Kaciyar mata ====
Mutanen Soninke sun dade suna yin kaciya (FGM), wanda kuma ake kira kaciyar mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouldzeidoune2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ericksen|first=K. P.|title=Female Genital Mutilations in Africa|journal=Cross-Cultural Research|volume=23|issue=1–4|year=1989|pages=182–204|doi=10.1177/106939718902300104|s2cid=144624739}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan FGM ya fi yawa a tsakanin Soninke fiye da tsakanin kabilun makwabta kamar mutanen Wolof da sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouldzeidoune2013&quot; /&gt; Ana yin wannan al'ada ta al'ada a matsayin al'ada na yarda da jama'a, kuma wani lokaci ana ɗauka cewa ana buƙata don dalilai na addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouldzeidoune2013&quot; /&gt; A kasashen Mauritania da Senegal, FGM na yaro ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin dokokin zamani amma ana ci gaba da yin hakan saboda al'adar ta sanya takunkumi ga 'yan mata masu shekaru kasa da daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouldzeidoune2013&quot; /&gt; Bisa ga rahoton 2009 kan Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, aikin FGM tsakanin Soninke ya haɗa da gurɓata nau'in III mafi haɗari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=US State Department|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NMXABwIjyAC&amp;pg=PA554|year=2010|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=554}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abinci ===
Abincin karin kumallo ya hada da ''fonde'', porridge da gero, sukari, madara, da gishiri, da ''sombi'', porridge na shinkafa, gero ko masara. Don abincin rana ''demba tere'' da ''takhaya'' sun zama ruwan dare, duka sun ƙunshi shinkafa da gyada, kayan abinci na Soninke akai-akai. ''Dere'', stew, shine cakuda gero da wake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Soninke Recipes|year=2002|publisher=Soninkara.com|access-date=2006-04-05|url=http://www.soninkara.org/societe-soninkara/cuisine-soninke/index.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220154506/http://www.soninkara.org/societe-soninkara/cuisine-soninke/index.php|archive-date=2007-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Soninke a al'adance suna yin kasuwanci da noma. A lokacin damina, maza da mata duk suna noma. Duk da haka, mata yawanci suna zama a gida don dafa abinci da kuma kula da 'ya'yansu. Suna kuma yin wasu ayyuka, kamar rini kayan auduga.

Yawancin bakin haure na farko a yammacin Afirka a Faransa sun fito ne daga wannan kabila.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_1_33/ai_56027336|access-date=2006-04-28|title=Willing Migrants: Soninke Labor Diasporas, 1848-1960|work=Journal of Social History|first=R. Darrell|last=Meadows|year=1999|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051356/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_1_33/ai_56027336|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soninke wata kabila ce da ke da tasiri a Gambia da Senegal da kuma Mali.

== Sanannen mutanen Soninke ==

* Doussou Bagayoko, mawaƙin Mali
* Mamadou Bagayoko, dan kwallon kasar Mali
* Siaka Bagayoko, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Abdoulaye Bathily, masanin tarihi kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Senegal
* Djegui Bathily, Judoka na Senegal
* Lassana Bathily, dan kasar Mali
* Germain Berthé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Ousmane Berthé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Khassa Camara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mauritaniya
* Soninke Camara, mawaƙin Mali
* Zoumana Camara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa
* Aliou Cissé, kocin kwallon kafa na Senegal
* Kaya Magan Cissé
* Papiss Cissé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
* Lassana Hawa Cissokho, mawaƙin Mali
* Moussa Diagana, marubuci dan kasar Mauritania
* Souleymane Diamoutené, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Fousseni Diawara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Diaby Doua, mawakiyar Mali
* Cheick Doucoure, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Boukary Dramé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
* Mamadou Lamine Dramé, ya kasance marabout a ƙarni na 19 wanda ya yi yaƙi da mulkin mallaka na Faransa
* Demba Ganda Fadiga, mawakin Mali
* Diadia Fadiga, mawakin kasar Mali
* Ganda Fadiga, griot na Mali
* Khalilou Fadiga, dan kwallon Senegal
* Babou Fofana, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Lamine Gassama, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
* Mamoudou Gassama, bakin haure da ba shi da takardar izini daga Mali
* Omar Gassama, dan siyasar Gambia
* Sadio Gassama, dan siyasar kasar Mali
* Askia Mohammad I, ya kasance sarki a karni na 15 na daular Songhai
* Bingourou Kamara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
* Frédéric Kanouté, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Sadio Kanouté, dan kwallon kasar Mali
* N'Golo Kanté, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa
* Ibrahima Kébé, ɗan wasan gani na Senegal
* Babacar Khoma, dan kwallon Senegal
* Sékou Koïta, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Mademba Konté, mawaƙin Mali
* Yimbi Kuma, rapper na Mali
* Linky LK, mawakin Mali
* Mamadou Demba Magassa, mawakin kasar Mali
* Moussa Marega, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Mali
* Falaye Sacko, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Mali
* Lamine Sakho, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
* Mamadou Sakho, dan kwallon Faransa
* Harouna Samaké, dan wasan Malin Kamale N’goni
* Issaka Samaké, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Soumaila Samaké, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na ƙasar Mali
* Yéah Samaké, ɗan kasuwan Mali kuma ɗan siyasa
* Mamadou Samassa, dan kwallon kasar Mali
* Diadie Samassékou, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Oumou Sangaré, mawaƙin Mali
* Younousse Sankharé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
* Landing Savané, ɗan siyasan Senegal
* Sitapha Savané, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ɗan ƙasar Senegal
* Djibril Sidibé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Gabourey Sidibe, 'yar wasan Amurka
* Mahamadou Sidibé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Kaidama Sidibé, tsohon Firaministan Mali
* Tiranké Sidimé, mawaƙin Guinea
* Muhammed B. Sissoho, Gambiya Soninke Tv &amp; Mai gabatar da jawabi na rediyo
* Sidney Sokhona, ɗan fim ɗin Mauritaniya
* Bintou Soumbounou, mawakiyar Mali
* Maimouna Soumbounou, mawakiyar kasar Mali
* Fanta Souroukou, mawaƙiyar Mali
* Youssouf Sabaly, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
* Myriam Soumaré, 'yar wasan guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Faransa
* Yacouba Sylla, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Abubacarr Tambadou, tsohon ministan shari'a na Gambia
* Adama Tamboura, dan kwallon kasar Mali
* Aïce Tamoura, mawaƙin Mali
* Demba Tandia, mawaƙin Mali
* Mamadou Tandja, tsohon shugaban kasar Nijar daga 1999 zuwa 2010
* Sidy Bonco Tangoudia, mawaƙin Mali
* Djelimady Tounkara, mawaƙin Mali
* Maakan Tounkara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na Faransa
* Mamadou Tounkara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Sipaniya
* Bassala Touré, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Halima Kissima Touré, mawakiyar kasar Mali
* Balemé Kandji Traoré, mawaƙin Mali
* Molla Wagué, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
* Moussa Wagué, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Senegal
* Demba Seck

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Harshen Soninke]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Littafi Mai Tsarki ==

* (a Turanci) François Manchuelle, ''Origins of Black African Emigration to France : the Labor Migrations of the Soninke, 1948-1987'', Santa Barbara, University of California, 1987 (Thèse)
* (a Faransanci) M. T. Abéla de la Rivière, ''Les Sarakolé et leur émigration vers la France'', Paris, Université de Paris V, 1977 (Thèse de 3 cycle)
* (a Faransanci) Amadou Diallo, ''L’éducation en milieu sooninké dans le cercle de Bakel : 1850-1914'', Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 1994, 36 p. (Mémoire de DEA)
* (a Faransanci) Alain Gallay, « La poterie en pays Sarakolé (Mali, Afrique Occidentale) », ''Journal de la Société des Africanistes'', Paris, CNRS, 1970, tome XL, n° 1, p.&amp;nbsp;7-84
* (a Faransanci) Joseph Kerharo, « La pharmacopée sénégalaise : note sur quelques traitements médicaux pratiqués par les Sarakolé du Cercle de Bakel », ''Bulletin et mémoires de la Faculté mixte de médecine et de pharmacie de Dakar'', t. XII, 1964, p.&amp;nbsp;226-229
* (a Faransanci) Nianguiry Kanté, ''Contribution à la connaissance de la migration &quot;soninké&quot; en France'', Paris, Université de Paris VIII, 1986, 726 p. (Thèse de 3 cycle)
* (a Faransanci) Michael Samuel, ''Les Migrations Soninke vers la France'', Paris, Université de Paris. (Thèse de 3 cycle)
* (a Faransanci) Badoua Siguine, ''La tradition épique des forgerons soninké'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 198?, (Mémoire de Maîtrise)
* (a Faransanci) Badoua Siguine, ''Le surnaturel dans les contes soninké'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1983, 215 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise)
* (a Faransanci) Mahamet Timera, ''Les Soninké en France : d'un histoire à l'autre'', Karthala, 1996, 244 p.&amp;nbsp;ISBN
* (a Faransanci) Louis Léon César Faidherbe, ''Vocabulaire d'environ 1,500 mots français avec leurs correspondents en ouolof de Saint-Louis, en poular (toucouleur) du Fouta, en soninké (sarakhollé) de Bakel'', 1864, Saint-Louis, Imprimerie du Gouvernement, 1864, 70 p.
* (a Faransanci) Louis Léon César Faidherbe, ''Langues sénégalaises : wolof, arabe-hassania, soninké, sérère, notions grammaticales, vocabulaires et phrases'', E. Leroux, 1887, 267 p.
* (a Faransanci) Christian Girier, ''Parlons soninké'', l'Harmattan, Paris, 1996, ISBN
* (a Faransanci) Rhonda L. Hartell, Alphabets de langues africaines, Unesco et Summer Institute of Linguistics, Dakar, 1993;
* (a Faransanci) Direction de la promotion des langues nationales du Sénégal, Livret d'auto-formation en Soninké, éditions Kalaama-Edicef, 2001.</text>
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    <title>Mohammed Al-Mansor</title>
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'''Mohammed Al-Mansor''' ( {{Lang-ar|محمد المنصور}} ; an haifi shi 9 ga Yulin shekara ta 1948) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar Kuwaiti. Kuma ya fito ne daga dangin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.

== Fina-finai ==
*''[[Kuwait Connection]]''
*''Bas Ya Bahr''
*''Al-Thiab la takal Al-Laham'' ({{lang-en|Wolves do not eat meat}})
*''Talah Al-Samat'' ({{lang-en|Shadows of silence}})
{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}

== Manazarta ==

==Hanyoyin haɗin waje==
* [http://www.alqabas.com.kw/Article.aspx?id=441659&amp;date=27102008جريدة Jaridar ''Al-Qabas'']{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1948]]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mansor, Mohammed}}
[[ar:محمد المنصور]]
[[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]]
[[Category:Mutane daga kasar Kuwait]]</text>
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      <comment>This is a photo I took, not a photo of me</comment>
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'''Justin Anthony Knapp''' (an haife shi a watan Nuwamba 18, 1982),  an kuma sanshi a yanar gizo da '''Koavf''', mai [[Al'ummar Wikipedia|amfani da Wikipedia]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda shine mutum na farko da ya ba da gudummawar fiye da gyare-gyare miliyan ɗaya zuwa [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The hardest working man on Wikipedia |date=April 19, 2012 |url=http://www.dailydot.com/news/wikipedian-first-1-million-edits/ |publisher=[[Daily Dot]] |access-date=September 3, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Kevin |last=Morris |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/wikipedian-first-1-million-edits/ |title=The hardest working man on Wikipedia |work=The Daily Dot |date=April 19, 2012 |access-date=October 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  {{As of|September 2021}}  , Knapp ya yi gyara sama da miliyan 2.1 akan Wikipedia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://xtools.wmflabs.org/sc/en.wikipedia.org/Koavf |work=XTools |title=Koavf - Simple Counter |access-date=August 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821114502/https://xtools.wmflabs.org/sc/en.wikipedia.org/Koavf |url-status=live |archive-date=August 21, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikipedia:List of Wikipedians by featured article nominations]]&lt;/ref&gt; An ba shi matsayi na 1 a cikin mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawar Wikipedia a kowane lokaci daga Afrilu 18, 2012, zuwa Nuwamba 1, 2015, lokacin da [[Steven Pruitt]] ya zarce shi.

== Ilimi ==
Knapp ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kirista, inda ya yi rajista a cikin 1997.  Yana da digiri a fannin falsafa da kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Indiana - Jami'ar Purdue Indianapolis .  

== Sana'a ==

=== Wikipedia ===
[[File:Great_Lakes_2011_Training.jpg|right|thumb| Knapp (na uku daga hagu) a taron horo na Wikipedia a cikin 2011]]
Knapp ya sanar da gyara na miliyan zuwa Wikipedia a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=First man to make 1 million Wikipedia edits|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9215151/First-man-to-make-1-million-Wikipedia-edits.html|work=The Telegraph|date=April 20, 2012|access-date=September 3, 2012|last1=Titcomb|first1=James}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin, ya kasance yana ƙaddamarwa a matsakaita 385 gyare-gyare a rana tun lokacin da ya shiga cikin Maris 2005; game da aikinsa ya ce: &quot;Kasancewa ba zato ba tsammani kuma ba tare da son rai ba zai yi maka haka.&quot;  Margaret Ferguson, mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Indiana - Jami'ar Purdue Indianapolis kuma ɗaya daga cikin malaman Knapp, ta ce ba ta yi mamakin kwazonsa na gyara Wikipedia ba.   A cikin 2012, wanda ya kafa Wikipedia [[Jimmy Wales]] ya taya Knapp murna saboda aikinsa kuma ya ba shi lambar yabo mafi girma na shafin saboda nasarar da ya samu  ta hanyar bayyana cewa 20 ga Afrilu za ta zama Ranar Justin Knapp.   A cikin wata hira da 2014 da ''Business Insider'', Knapp ya ce &quot;babu wata rana ta yau da kullum&quot; game da gyaran Wikipedia, da kuma cewa &quot;tafi zuwa gyara su ne ƙananan salo da gyaran typo&quot;. Ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa raguwar adadin editocin Wikipedia &quot;ba lallai ba ne matsala&quot;. 

An zaɓi sunan mai amfani da shi na Wikipedia, Koavf, a matsayin taƙaitaccen bayanin &quot;Sarkin duk Vext Fans&quot;, dangane da wata takara da Knapp ya shiga don ''Vext'' a cikin 1990s.  Knapp ya kasance babban mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin littafin George Orwell,   kuma ya yi gyare-gyare da yawa da suka shafi rarraba albam ta hanyar tsarin rukunin Wikipedia.  A cikin 2012, ''Indianapolis Star'' ta ba da rahoton cewa Knapp wani lokacin yana gyara Wikipedia na tsawon awanni 16 a rana. 

=== Ayyukan aiki ===
A shekara ta 2005, a babban taron [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] na Sittin, Knapp ya ba da shawarar mutanen Sahrawi kuma ya yi magana game da halin da ake ciki a [[Yammacin Sahara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 6, 2005 |title=Representatives of member states, non-self governing territories, petitioners address Fourth Committee, as it continues general debate on decolonization: Statements Focus on Questions of Gibraltar, Western Sahara, Guam |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/gaspd314.doc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407211927/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/gaspd314.doc.htm |archive-date=April 7, 2013 |access-date=February 14, 2013 |work=[[United Nations]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Representatives of member states, non-self governing territories, petitioners address Fourth Committee, as it continues general debate on decolonization: Statements Focus on Questions of Gibraltar, Western Sahara, Guam |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2005/gaspd314.doc.htm |url-status=live |access-date=August 11, 2021 |website=[[United Nations]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Har ila yau, ya shiga cikin shirya al'umma don mayar da taro na hudu a 2013.

=== Sauran ===
Knapp yana da ayyuka da yawa, gami da isar da pizzas don Indianapolis pizzeria Just Pizza,  yana aiki a kantin kayan miya, da aiki a layin tashin hankali .  

== Jerin wallafe-wallafe ==

* &quot; [[wikisource:The Grant Shapps Affair Is a Testament to Wikipedia's Integrity and Transparency|Al'amarin Grant Shapps Alkawari ne ga Mutunci da Gaskiyar Wikipedia]] &quot;, wanda Guardian Media Group ya buga don ''The Guardian'' akan layi, Afrilu 23, 2015
* &quot;Shigar da Jama'a cikin Halayen Da'a Game da Babban Bayanai&quot; a cikin ''Ma'anar Da'a a Babban Bayanai: Binciken Bincike'' (ed. Jeff Collman da Sorin Adam Matei), wanda Springer Publishing ya buga, Afrilu 2016, shafi.&amp;nbsp;43-52,  da {{Doi|10.1007/978-319-28422-4_4}}  

== Nassoshi ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Justin Knapp's Wikipedia user page
* Justin Knapp publications indexed by Google Scholar
* [https://gizmodo.com/5903743/seven-years-one-million-edits-zero-dollars-wikipedias-flat-broke-superstar-editor &quot;Seven Years, One Million Edits, Zero Dollars: Wikipedia's Flat Broke Superstar&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116031122/https://gizmodo.com/5903743/seven-years-one-million-edits-zero-dollars-wikipedias-flat-broke-superstar-editor |date=2018-11-16 }}
* [http://www.webpronews.com/justin-knapp-becomes-wikipedia-legend-with-one-million-edits-2012-04 &quot;Justin Knapp Becomes Wikipedia Legend With One Million Edits&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403185313/http://www.webpronews.com/justin-knapp-becomes-wikipedia-legend-with-one-million-edits-2012-04 |date=2016-04-03 }}
* [http://www.joe.ie/tech/tech-news/justin-knapp-one-man-one-million-wikipedia-edits-0023740-1 &quot;Justin Knapp: One man, one million Wikipedia edits&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020144212/http://www.joe.ie/tech/tech-news/justin-knapp-one-man-one-million-wikipedia-edits-0023740-1 |date=2012-10-20 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120618180217/http://www.indystar.com/article/20120611/LOCAL/206110312 &quot;Week in Wiki out: Hoosier is top contributor to online encyclopedia&quot;]
* [https://www.thrillist.com/culture/meet-the-guy-who-s-made-1-4-million-wikipedia-edits-and-counting-justin-knapp Meet The Guy Who's Made 1.4 Million Wikipedia Edits And Counting]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nana Akomea</title>
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'''Nana Akomea,'''(an haife shi 5 ga watan Agusta 1961) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar Okaikwei ta Kudu daga 1997 zuwa 2009, yana wakiltar Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;GW&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Nana-Akomea-calls-dep-minister-stupid-fool-215736 Nana Akomea calls dep. minister &quot;stupid fool&quot;], at GhanaWeb; published August 6, 2011; retrieved February 4, 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Akomea a ranar 5 ga Agusta 1961. Ya fito daga Nsutam a gundumar Fanteakwa a yankin Gabashin Ghana. A cikin 1991, Akomea ya sami Digiri na Digiri a fannin Sadarwa daga Jami'ar Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-06|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Akomea, Nana|url=http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=55|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506210220/http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=55|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-05-06|access-date=2020-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Akomea ɗan jarida ne kuma mai talla kuma ƙwararriyar sadarwa.[2] Ya yi aiki a Focal Point Advertising Company kafin ya zama MP.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-06|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Akomea, Nana|url=http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=55|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506210220/http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=55|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-05-06|access-date=2020-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Online&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Kudos, Dr. Dampare! You're Doing A Good Job!! - Nana Akomea Praises IGP|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202201/459447.php|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2022-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125161750/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202201/459447.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Akomea shi ne Daraktan Sadarwa na Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kishin Kasa. Ya rike wannan mukamin ne tun ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2011 bayan murabus din Kwaku Kwarteng, tsohon darakta. A fagen siyasa, ya kasance ministan yada labarai (2003-2005), da kuma ministan raya ma'aikata da ayyukan yi (2007-2009).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-04|title=Calls for further sanctions against Carlos Ahenkorah needless - Nana Akomea|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/national/calls-for-further-sanctions-against-carlos-ahenkorah-needless-nana-akomea/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819211743/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/national/calls-for-further-sanctions-against-carlos-ahenkorah-needless-nana-akomea/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Akomea Roots For Afoko|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201403/193924.php|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121035159/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201403/193924.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Commonwealth&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.ca/books?id=mVgDL1j3TgQC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;lpg=PA79&amp;dq=%22Nana+Akomea%22+minister&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=XCUvxvUKUD&amp;sig=GW3UGf1aUJ5jNsl3AegbNkYeXQg&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjgp_2ln_fRAhVF0oMKHVEWAFwQ6AEIcDAR#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Nana%20Akomea%22%20minister&amp;f=false Commonwealth Ministers Reference, Book 2003], edited by Cheryl Dorall, published by the Commonwealth Secretariat, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Zabe ==
An zabi Akomea a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Okaikwei ta kudu a majalisa ta 5 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Results Parliamentary Elections|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/election.results.parliamentary.php|access-date=2020-07-11|website=www.ghanaweb.com|archive-date=2020-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024033152/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/election.results.parliamentary.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Online2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Kudos, Dr. Dampare! You're Doing A Good Job!! - Nana Akomea Praises IGP|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202201/459447.php|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2022-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125161750/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202201/459447.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabe shi da kuri'u 35,438 daga cikin 64,916 da aka kada, kwatankwacin kashi 54.6% na yawan kuri'u masu inganci. An zabe shi a kan Isaac Mensah na National Democratic Congress, William Aryee na Democratic Freedom Party da Anthony Mensah na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun samu kashi 39.77%, 0.36% da 5.28% bi da bi na jimlar kuri'un da aka kada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-06|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Akomea, Nana|url=http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=55|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506210220/http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=55|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-05-06|access-date=2020-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ghana/10489.pdf|title=Ghana Elections 2008|publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung|year=2010|location=Ghana|pages=98}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zaben 1996 ===
Akomea ya yi takarar mazabarsa ne a kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party a babban zaben Ghana na 1996. Ya doke Agbemor Yeboah Ernest na jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress da samun kashi 44.70% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada wanda ya yi daidai da kuri'u 35,284 yayin da takwaransa ya samu kashi 29.00% na kuri'u 22,928 daidai da kuri'u.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Shi Kirista ne (Presbyterian) kuma bai yi aure da ’ya’ya biyu ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-06|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Akomea, Nana|url=http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=55|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506210220/http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=55|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-05-06|access-date=2020-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Milena Balsamo</title>
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[[Fayil:Il Cittadino Italiano n 111-1886 (IA CittadinoItaliano1888-189).pdf|thumb|jaridar kasar italiya mai dauke da labaranta]]
[[Fayil:Stamp of Peru - 1961 - Colnect 386589 - Olympic Games ROMA.jpeg|thumb|tabarin was an da tajeyi na Olympic]]
'''Milena Balsamo''' (an haife ta 26 Janairu, 1961 Bologna). ita 'yar wasan Paralympic ce ta Italiya.

Ta yi gasa a keken guragu a matsayin mai tsere a rukuni na 4, kuma ta halarci wasannin nakasassu na1984, na Stoke Mandeville, da na nakasassu na bazara na 1988, a Seoul, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo guda biyar, gami da hudu a cikin relay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Milena Balsamo - Athletics {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile|url=https://www.paralympic.org/milena-balsamo|access-date=2022-11-08|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Collare ,d'oro saboda cancantar wasanni daga kwamitin Olympics na Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Scheda persona - Milena Balsano|url=https://www.coni.it/it/attivita-istituzionali/onorificenze/home/scheda-persona/schedaatleta.html?cognome=Balsano&amp;nome=Milena&amp;id=104284|access-date=2022-11-08|website=www.coni.it|archive-date=2022-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183208/https://www.coni.it/it/attivita-istituzionali/onorificenze/home/scheda-persona/schedaatleta.html?cognome=Balsano&amp;nome=Milena&amp;id=104284|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
An haife ta a Bologna. An horar da ta a cikin San Michele Society.

Ta ci lambar tagulla a wasannin nakasassu na bazara na 1984, a cikin mita 4x400,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stoke Mandeville &amp; New York 1984 - athletics - womens-4x400-m-2-5|url=https://www.paralympic.org/stoke-mandeville-new-york-1984/results/athletics/womens-4x400-m-2-5|access-date=2022-11-08|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da lambar azurfa a mita 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stoke Mandeville &amp; New York 1984 - athletics - womens-100-m-4|url=https://www.paralympic.org/stoke-mandeville-new-york-1984/results/athletics/womens-100-m-4|access-date=2022-11-08|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe lambar zinare a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin rani na 1988 a cikin mita 4x100,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Seoul 1988 - athletics - womens-4x100-m-2-6|url=https://www.paralympic.org/seoul-1988/results/athletics/womens-4x100-m-2-6|access-date=2022-11-08|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da lambar tagulla a mita 4x200,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Seoul 1988 - athletics - womens-4x200-m-2-6|url=https://www.paralympic.org/seoul-1988/results/athletics/womens-4x200-m-2-6|access-date=2022-11-08|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da mita 4x400.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Seoul 1988 - athletics - womens-4x400-m-2-6|url=https://www.paralympic.org/seoul-1988/results/athletics/womens-4x400-m-2-6|access-date=2022-11-08|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1992, ta bar gasar kasa da kasa.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Mutanen Italiya]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1961]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mariella Bertini</title>
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'''Mariella Bertini''' (an haife ta 30 Satumba 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.coni.it/it/attivita-istituzionali/onorificenze/home/scheda-persona/schedaatleta.html?cognome=BERTINI&amp;nome=MARIELLA&amp;id=104285|title=Mariella Bertini - Scheda persona|website=coni.it|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911144148/https://www.coni.it/it/attivita-istituzionali/onorificenze/home/scheda-persona/schedaatleta.html?cognome=BERTINI&amp;nome=MARIELLA&amp;id=104285|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsohuwar yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Italiya wacce ta ci lambobin yabo takwas a wasannin nakasassu na bazara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://db.ipc-services.org/sdms/hira/web/multi-medallists/type/PG/npc/ITA|title=All-Time Paralympic Summer Games Multi-Medallists - Country Italy|website=db.ipc-services.org|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907054531/https://db.ipc-services.org/sdms/hira/web/multi-medallists/type/PG/npc/ITA|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi aure ga keken guragu da mai harbi Santo Mangano, shi ma, kamar ta, wanda ya lashe lambobin yabo na Paralympic guda takwas tsakanin Seoul 1988 da Atlanta 1996.

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moses Fasanya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Moses Fasanya''' wani Kanal ne ɗan Najeriya ne daga [[Ibadan|garin Ibadan]] na [[Oyo (jiha)|jihar Oyo]] wanda ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin shugaban mulkin soja na [[Abiya|jihar Abia]] (Agusta 1996 – Agusta 1998) a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]].&lt;ref&gt;http://abiaexecutiveinformant.com/storylinks.html{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya zama shugaban mulkin soja na [[Ondo (jiha)|jihar Ondo]] a cikin watan Agustan 1998, inda ya miƙa mulki ga gwamna Adebayo Adefarati a cikin watan Mayun 1999.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya jawo wahalhalu a jihar Ondo ta hanyar yin katsalandan wajen gudanar da zaɓen shugaban gargajiya na [[Owo]], lamarin da ya janyo hargitsi da kashe-kashe da ɓarnata dukiya.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20050912023350/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/04/20/20010420pol05.html&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 1998, an kashe ɗaruruwan mutane a rikicin da ya ɓarke tsakanin ƴan [[Mutanen Ijaw|ƙabilar Ijaw]] na yankin Akpata da ƴan [[Yarbawa|ƙabilar Ilaje]] [[Ilaje|da]] ke neman aiki a wani sabon rijiyoyin mai da aka gano. Fasanya ya sha wahala wajen samun yarjejeniya da shugabannin Ijaw kan hanyoyin daidaita lamarin.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/05/world/ethnic-clashes-kill-hundreds-of-nigerians.html&lt;/ref&gt; Ya tura sojoji da ƴan sanda yankin a wani yunƙuri na maido da zaman lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,HRW,,NGA,,3ae6a82e0,0.html&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Fabrairun 1999, mataimakan Fasanya sun zalunce su tare da tsare ƴan jarida goma sha biyar da ke bayar da rahotannin taron shugabannin Jihar Odu’a Investment Company a [[Akure]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.mediarightsagenda.org/other%20publications/Annuall%20Report%20for%201999.pdf |access-date=2023-03-28 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513015425/http://www.mediarightsagenda.org/other%20publications/Annuall%20Report%20for%201999.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin watan Maris ɗin 2009, wata tankar mai ta kama wuta a [[Obadore]] kusa da [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]]. Tsohon gwamna Fasanya ya yi asarar kayayyakin bugu da sauran kayayyaki na sama da Naira miliyan 3 da ya ajiye a shaguna goma na garin da gobarar ta tashi.&lt;ref&gt;http://thepmnews.com/2009/03/16/after-the-fire-ex-governor-traders-count-losses?version=print{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}
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  <page>
    <title>Nahom Mesfin Tariku</title>
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'''Nahom Mesfin Tariku''' ( Amharic : nahom Mesfin mulkin ; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris 1989) ɗan wasan tseren [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ne wanda ya kware a tseren mita 3000. Ya yi takara a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarun 2008 da 2012. An haife shi a Dila.&lt;ref&gt;All-Athletics. &quot;Profile of Nahom Mesfin

Tariku&quot; .&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Gudun sana'a ==
Ya kai wasan karshe na steeplechase a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a shekarar 2007. Nahom ya wakilci Habasha a gasar Olympics ta bazara na shekara ta 2008, yana gudanar da wasan steeplechase. Ya sake wakilci Habasha a irin wannan taron a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2012.&lt;ref&gt;Nahom Mesfin Archived 2012-07-30 at the

Wayback Machine. [[London]] 2012. Retrieved on

2012-07-28.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2013 ya koma [[Amurka]], inda ya canza zuwa tseren hanya. Ya fara horarwa a Flagstaff, [[Arizona]] don yin gudu a tsayi mai nisa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pikespeaksports.us/group/roadtrailrunning/forum/topics/stroing-elite-field-belley-dancers-and-race-expo-highlight-37th-g?commentId=5021591%3AComment%3A453315&amp;groupId=5021591%3AGroup%3A66] Bergsten, Tim. &lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya koma [[Alexandria]], Virginia, kuma ya ci gaba da cin nasara a jerin tsere a yankin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. A wata gagarumar gasa ta shekarar 2014 Cherry Blossom 10 Mile Run, Mesfin ya gama a matsayi na 12 da lokacin 47:30. &lt;ref&gt;[http://trackshack.com/cherryblossom/2014/Top%20Men.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408085507/https://www.trackshack.com/cherryblossom/2014/Top%20Men.pdf |date=2023-04-08 }} Trackshack.com: 2014 Credit Union Cherry Blossom 10 Mile Run - Men]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikodin na gasar ==
{| {{AchievementTable}}
|-
!colspan=&quot;6&quot;|Representing {{ETH}}
|-
|2005
|[[2005 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] 
|[[Marrakech, Morocco]]
|4th
|2000 m s'chase
|5:29.51
|-
|2006
|[[2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] 
|[[Beijing, China]]
|4th
|3000 m s'chase
|[[2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase|8:28.29]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2007
|[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] 
|[[Algiers, Algeria]]
|bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot;| 3rd
|3000 m s'chase
|[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase|8:17.21]]
|-
|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Osaka, Japan]]
|12th
|3000 m s'chase
|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase|8:28.86]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2008
|[[2008 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]]
|4th
|3000 m s'chase
|[[2008 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase|8:50.21]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|[[Beijing, China]]
|19th (h)
|3000 m s'chase
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 3000 metre steeplechase|8:23.82]]
|-
|2010
|[[2010 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Nairobi, Kenya]]
|4th
|3000 m s'chase
|[[2010 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase|8:30.25]]
|-
|2011
|[[2011 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Daegu, South Korea]]
|11th
|3000 m s'chase
|[[2011 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase|8:25.39]]
|-
|2012
|[[2012 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Porto Novo, Benin]]
|4th
|3000 m s'chase
|[[2012 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase|8:20.23]]
|}

=== Mafi kyawun mutum ===

* Mita 3000 na cikin gida - 7:46.39 min (2008)
* Tsawon mita 3000 - 8:12.04 min (2011)
* Mita 1500 na cikin gida - 3:43.31 (2008)
* mita 5000 - 13:29.74 (2009)
* Tsawon mita 2000 - 5:29.51 (2005)

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Nahom Mesfin Tariku at World Athletics
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1989]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mutanen Mucubal</title>
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{{Databox}}
[[File:Mucubal_woman.jpg|right|thumb| Wata mace Mucubal kusa da Virei, [[Angola]] a 2011]]
'''Mutanen Mucubal''' ('''Mucubai''', '''Mucabale''' ko '''Mugubale''') rukuni ne na mutanen Herero a kudancin [[Angola]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;natgeo&quot;&gt;&quot;Woman from the Mucubal (Mucubai,

Mucabale, Mugubale) tribe&quot; . Photo Contest

2011 . National Geographic . 2011. Retrieved

21 July 2012.{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar Masai, wanda aka ce suna da alaka da su, ba su da yawa, ya danganta da shanu da [[noma]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;natgeo&quot; /&gt; Yankinsu yana cikin hamadar Namib, wanda tsaunin Serra da Chela ke arewa da shi da Kogin Cunene a kudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;natgeo&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;zwela&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.zwelangola.com/ler.php?id=3783|title=Mucubais considerados como verdadeiros 'donos' de África|work=[[Zwela Angola]]|date=29 October 2010|agency=SOL|accessdate=21 July 2012|language=Portuguese}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot;Mucubais considerados como

verdadeiros 'donos' de África&quot; . Zwela

Angola (in Portuguese). SOL. 29 October

2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutanen Mucubal yawanci suna sa ƙananan tufafi, suna ɗaukar adduna ko mashi, kuma sun shahara saboda juriyarsu, wani lokacin suna gudun {{Convert|50|mi|km}} a rana.  Ƙauyen su yawanci sun ƙunshi rukunin bukkoki da aka tsara cikin da'ira. &lt;ref name=&quot;zwela&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1930s, Portuguese sun kiyasta cewa akwai kusan Mucubal 5,000, suna mamaye yanki kashi biyu cikin uku daidai girman Portugal. Tsakanin 1939 zuwa 1943, sojojin Portugal sun kai farmaki kan Mucubal, wadanda suka zarga da tawaye da kuma satar shanu, ya haifar da kashe daruruwan Mucubal. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, an kama mutane 3,529 a fursuna, kashi 20% daga cikinsu mata ne da kananan yara, kuma an daure su a sansanonin fursuna. Da yawa sun mutu a zaman bauta saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki, tashin hankali da aikin tilastawa. An aika kusan 600 zuwa [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|Sao Tome da Principe]]. An kuma aika daruruwa zuwa wani sansani a Damba, inda kashi 26% suka mutu. A cewar Rafael Coca de Campos, hare-haren na Mucubal sun hada da kisan kare dangi.&lt;ref&gt;Coca de Campos, Rafael (2022).

&quot;Kakombola: O genocídio dos Mucubais na

Angola Colonial, 1930 – 1943&quot;. Atena Editora

(in Portuguese). doi :10.22533/

at.ed.663221201 .

ISBN 978-65-5983-766-3&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Mounir Majidi</title>
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'''Mounir Majidi''' ( cikakken suna Mohamed Mounir El Majidi, {{Lang-ar|منير الماجيدي}}   ; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun Shekarar 1965) ɗan kasuwan [[Morroco|Morocco]] ne. Ya kuma kasance babban sakataren Sarki Mohammed VI tun 2000 kuma shugaban gidan sarauta, SIGER, tun 2002. Har ila yau, shi ne shugaban kungiyar al'adun Maroc, kungiyar da ke gudanar da bikin Mawazine, na Fath Union Sport (FUS) Rabat, na makarantar wasanni ta Mohammed VI, da kuma gidauniyar asibitin Cheikh Zaid.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Ƙuruciya ===
Dan ma'aikacin gwamnati ne, Mounir Majidi an haife shi kuma ya girma a wani yanki mai karamin karfi na [[Rabat]]). Ya Kuma sami manyan maki a makaranta, kuma daga baya aka zaɓe shi dan zama makarantar gida tare da ɗan uwan Mohammed VI na marigayi Naoufel Osman, ɗan Ahmed Osman da Gimbiya Lalla Nuzha ('yar'uwar Hassan II ). &lt;ref name=&quot;lepointafrique&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/economie/maroc-holding-royale-el-majidi-fixe-un-nouveau-cap-01-10-2014-1868330_2258.php|title=Maroc - Holding royale : El Majidi fixe un nouveau cap|date=1 October 2014|newspaper=Le Point Afrique|author=Malick Diawara|language=fr|access-date=14 June 2023|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190957/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/economie/maroc-holding-royale-el-majidi-fixe-un-nouveau-cap-01-10-2014-1868330_2258.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mounir Majidi abokin karatunsa ne na dan uwan marigayi Mohammed VI &quot;Nawfal Osman&quot;, dan Ahmed Osman da ''Gimbiya Lalla Nuzha'' ('yar'uwar Hassan II ).&lt;ref name=tel&gt;{{cite news|title=Portrait-Enquête. Qui est vraiment Mounir Majidi ?|url=http://marocglobe.com/2012/03/27/portrait-enquete-qui-est-vraiment-mounir-majidi/|access-date=14 August 2012|newspaper=Telquel|date=27 March 2012|archive-date=29 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829234553/http://marocglobe.com/2012/03/27/portrait-enquete-qui-est-vraiment-mounir-majidi/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta a [[Strasbourg]], Faransa inda ya yi aiki a Sagem kuma ya zauna na wasu shekaru kafin ya tafi [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] inda ya kammala MBA a Jami'ar Pace.  Ya koma Maroko ya yi aiki a kamfanoni daban-daban mallakar ONA kafin ya kafa kamfanin talla (FC COM ko FC Holding). Bayan da aka nada Mohammed VI an zabe shi a matsayin da yake yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;Nicolas Marmié (5 August 2010). &quot;La
méthode Mohammed VI - Ombre et lumière
sur les éminences grises&quot; . Jeune Afrique.
Retrieved 14 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekara ta 1985, Mounir Majidi ya ƙaura zuwa [[Strasbourg]], Faransa, don nazarin kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Louis Pasteur. Bayan kammala karatunsa kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a SAGEM, ya ƙaura zuwa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] inda ya kammala MBA a fannin kudi a Jami'ar Pace.  

Mounir Majidi yana sana’o’i da dama, yawancinsu suna da alaka da yadda yake tafiyar da hannun jarin Sarki a ONA da FC Com na kamfanin talla.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mounir EL Majidi, le sujet économique
de Mohammed VI&quot; . Maghreb-info.com (in
French). 16 October 2014. Archived from the
original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 5
January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;  Bugu da ƙari, yana jagorantar bikin kiɗa na Rabat, Mawazine &amp;#x2013; ta hanyar &quot;Ƙungiyar Al'adun Maroc&quot; wanda yake shugabanta. Ya kuma kasance shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Rabat FUS Rabat,   kuma shugaban kuma wanda ya kafa Kwalejin kwallon kafa ta Mohammed VI (''Académie Mohammed VI de kwallon kafa'').&lt;ref&gt;Mustapha Sehimi (16 May 2008). &quot;Majidi à
la tête du sport roi&quot; . Maroc Hebdo .
Retrieved 14 November 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mounir Majidi ya koma Maroko ya yi aiki a Banque Commerciale du Maroc, ONA da Caisse de dépôt et de gestion.&lt;ref&gt;Mustapha Sehimi (16 May 2008). &quot;Majidi à
la tête du sport roi&quot; . Maroc Hebdo .
Retrieved 14 November 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mounir Majidi FUS 1.jpg|thumb|Mounir Majidi]]
A shekara ta 1997, ya kafa Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Farko (FC COM), kamfanin tallan tallan tallace-tallace tare da nasa samfurin allunan talla.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irritée, FC COM monte au créneau&quot; .
L'économiste (in French). 4 July 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Sakataren Sarki Mohammed VI ===
A shekara ta 2000, Sarki Mohammed VI ya zabe shi a matsayin sakatarensa na sirri. Shi ne mai kula da sake tsara tsarin tafiyar da harkokin fadar Sarki da kula da harkokin sarauta.  A shekara ta 2002, Sarki Mohammed ya nada Mounir Majidi a matsayin shugaban SIGER, gidan sarauta, da burin sabunta shi da kuma karfafa shi. Bugu da ƙari, yana jagorantar dabarun ci gaba na ONA da Société Nationale d'Investissement (SNI): waɗannan kamfanoni guda biyu sun zama fikafikan makamai na canjin tattalin arzikin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mounir Majidi poursuit le rêve africain
du Maroc&quot; . La Revue de l'Afrique (in
French). 2 October 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;  Manufar Majidi ita ce kafa sabon tsarin tafiyar da harkokin tattalin arziki a kusa da &quot;masu zaratan kasa&quot;, musamman a fannonin samun bunkasuwa kamar su sadarwa, makamashi, sufuri, banki, kiwon lafiya, yawon bude ido, gidaje da dillalai.  Wannan dabarar tana da nufin mayar da Maroko a matsayin babbar cibiyar tattalin arziki a yankin arewa maso yammacin Afirka, da ma duk fadin nahiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;revueafrique&quot; /&gt;

=== Sauran ayyukan ===
A shekara ta 2003, Sarki Mohammed ya nada Mounir Majidi shugaban gidauniyar Cheikh Zaid don gudanar da ayyuka da ci gaban asibitin Cheikh Zaid da ke Rabat. Mounir Majidi ya tsara tare da tura sabon tsarin tattalin arziki ga asibitin, wanda ya haifar da dawo da kwanciyar hankali na kudi da cin gashin kai. Daga shekarun 2003 zuwa 2012, yawan kuɗin ya tashi daga Yuro miliyan 2,9 zuwa Yuro miliyan 24,6.  A shekarar 2005, Sarkin ya baiwa Mounir Majidi shugabancin kungiyar al'adun Maroc, kungiyar da ke gudanar da bikin Mawazine na shekara.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;HCZ, une référence sanitaire&quot; . Economie-
entreprises.com (in French). March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;  Majidi ya mayar da bikin zuwa taron kasa da kasa ta hanyar kawo sabon tsarin tattalin arziki na taron, wanda ya haifar da riba mai yawa, duk lokacin da aka ba da kyauta mai kyau da kuma kyauta ga 95% na mahalarta.   Daga cikin mashahuran masu fasaha na kasa da kasa da suka kasance a kan matakin bikin akwai Whitney Houston (2008), Stevie Wonder (2009), Sting (2010), Mariah Carey (2012), Justin Timberlake (2014).  A cikin Disamba 2007, an zabi Mounir Majidi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Fath Union Sport na Rabat kuma ya ƙaddamar da wani shiri na zamani wanda aka ƙaddara ya zama abin koyi na ƙasa ga sauran ƙungiyoyin wasanni:  sabunta abubuwan more rayuwa, ma'anar siyasar wasanni, da haɓakar ƙungiyoyin wasanni. alamar FUS.  An sake zabei sa a matsayin shugaba  a watan Maris 2014.  A shekarar 2008, Sarki Mohammed ya sanar da kafa makarantar horar da kwallon kafa ta Mohammed VI sannan ya zabi Mounir Majidi a matsayin shugaban aikin.  A karkashin kulawar sa, makarantar ta bude kofofinta a watan Satumbar 2009, tare da sabbin kayayyakin more rayuwa gaba daya daga abokan hulda masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;Mustapha Sehimi (16 May 2008). &quot;Majidi à
la tête du sport roi&quot; . Maroc Hebdo/
Maghress.com .&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mounir Majidi FUS 4.jpg|thumb|Mounir Majidi a tsakiyar wasu mutane]]

== Rigima ==
[[Fayil:Mounir Majidi FUS 1.jpg|thumb|Mounir Majidi a cikin mutane ]]
A watan Yunin 2012 jaridar Le Monde ta Faransa da kuma wasu jaridu masu zaman kansu na Morocco sun tuhumi Majidi da cin hanci da rashawa na miliyoyin daloli.&lt;ref&gt;Benchemsi, Ahmed. &quot;La grande corruption
règne en maître au Maroc&quot; . Le Monde (in
French).&lt;/ref&gt;   Ba a kawo wani mataki na shari'a a Maroko ba amma Majidi ya kai karar dan jaridar Moroko Ahmed Benchemsi, marubucin labarin Le Monde kuma wanda ya kafa TelQuel, saboda bata suna a Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Des exploitants pas comme les autres&quot; .
Archived from the original on 18 May 2013.
Retrieved 13 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;  Majidi kuma ya yi iƙirarin baƙar fata.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Paris court finds journalist defamatory in
Majidi vs Benchemsi&quot; . afrika-news.com .
Afrika News. Retrieved 3 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni 2015 Babban Kotun Paris ta wanke Benchemsi kuma ba a bayar da diyya ba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;French Court Recognizes Defamation in
Majidi-Benchemsi Case&quot; .
newsdghana.com . News Ghana. Retrieved 3
August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]


&lt;references /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Mykhailo Mudryk</title>
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[[File:Mykhailo Mudryk - Spain U21 vs Ukraine U21, 5 July 2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mudryk]]
[[Fayil:Mykhailo Mudryk - Spain U21 vs Ukraine U21, 5 July 2023.jpg|thumb|Mykhailo mudryk Dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Ukraine]]
'''Mykhailo &quot; Misha&quot; Petrovych Mudryk ''' (an haifeshi ranar 5 ga watan Janairu, 2001). Kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne dan asalin kasar Ukraine wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba ga kungiyar kwallon kafan  Premier League ta Chelsea da tawagar kasa ta  Ukraine.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.whoscored.com/Players/409376/Show/Mykhailo-Mudryk&lt;/ref&gt;

Mudryk ya fara aikinsa ne a makarantan koyon kwallon kafa ta  Metalist Kharkiv da Dnipro , kafin ya koma kungiyar Shakhtar Donetsk a shekarar 2016.&lt;ref&gt;https://dailypost.ng/2023/07/03/transfer-itll-be-great-mykhailo-mudryk-urges-chelsea-to-sign-20-year-old-midfielder/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasansa na farko bayan shekaru biyu da zuwansa kungiyar, sannan anbada  aronshi ga Arsenal Kyiv da Desna Chernihiv.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.besoccer.com/player/m-mudryk-427266 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-07 |archive-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707164145/https://www.besoccer.com/player/m-mudryk-427266 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2023 ne kuma, ya koma kungiyar ta Chelsea ta kasar Ingila a cikin canja wuri mai daraja akan Yuro €70 miliyan (£ 62 miliyan), wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na Ukraine mafi tsada a kowane lokaci kuma dan wasa mafi tsada da aka taba sayowa daga gasar Premier ta Ukraine.

Mudryk ya kasance tare da kungiyar manya ta kasa a shekarar 2022, wanda a baya yakasance ne tareda kungiyar kasa ta matasa.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 
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    <title>Mario Scelba</title>
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'''Mario Scelba''' ({{IPA-it|ˈmaːrjo ʃˈʃɛlba|pron|it-Mario Scelba.ogg}}; 5 September 1901 – 29 October 1991) was an Italian [[Ɗan siyasa|politician]] who served as the 33rd prime minister of Italy from February 1954 to July 1955. A founder of the Christian Democracy, Scelba was one of the longest-serving Minister of the Interior in the history of the republic, having served at the Viminale Palace in three distinct terms from 1947 to 1962. A fervent pro-Europeanist, he was also President of the European Parliament from March 1969 to March 1971.

An san shi da dokokinsa da manufofinsa, Scelba ya kasance mai mahimmanci a sake gina Italiya bayan yakin basasa, godiya ga sake tsarinsa na 'yan sandan Italiya, wanda ya fito da rashin tsari daga yakin. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/scelba-ministro-troppo-celerino.html Scelba, il ministro troppo celerino], il Giornale&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Scelba a Caltagirone, [[Sisiliya|Sicily]], a cikin shekarar 1901. Mahaifinsa Gaetano Scelba talaka ne mai rabon gado a filin firist Don Luigi Sturzo, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Maria Gambino ta kasance uwar gida .   Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar, daya daga cikinsu ya rasu tun yana karami. Scelba ya girma a cikin dangin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] masu lura. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 12 kacal, an tilasta masa barin makaranta kuma ya taimaka wa iyalinsa. Duk da haka, a cikin 1914 Don Sturzo ya ɗauki matakai don tabbatar da ilimi ga Scelba, wanda ya fara halartar aji na farko na ƙananan motsa jiki a Caltagirone. Barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na daya]] ya tilasta wa cibiyar dakatar da darussa kuma Scelba ta farfado da shekarun da suka bata ta hanyar yin karatu a matsayin mai zaman kanta da kuma samun difloma na gargajiya a shekara ta 1920. Daga nan ya karanci shari'a kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Sapienza ta Rome a shekara ta 1924, tare da yin nazari kan karkatar da yanki. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mario-scelba_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ Mario Scelba – Dizionario Biografico], treccani.it&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin jami'a, Sturzo ne ya zabe shi a matsayin mataimakinsa da sakatare. Tun daga shekara ta 1919, Sturzo a haƙiƙa ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Demokraɗiyya ta Kirista ta Italiya (PPI) kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan siyasa a ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.laciviltacattolica.it/articolo/luigi-sturzo-e-il-partito-popolare-italiano/ Luigi Sturzo e il Partito Popolare Italiano]&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da mai mulkin kama-karya Benito Mussolini ya hau kan karagar mulki, yana murkushe duk wasu jam'iyyu, ciki har da PPI, Sturzo ya yi gudun hijira, yayin da Scelba ya kasance a Roma a matsayin mai ba da labari. A lokacin mulkin, Scelba ya rubuta wa jaridar ''Il Popolo'' (&quot;Mutane&quot;), amma lokacin da aka dakatar da ita a shekara ta 1925, ya kafa wata jarida ta sirri ta mako-mako da aka sani da ''L'idea popolare'' (&quot;Ra'ayin Jama'a&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;[https://issuu.com/istitutoluigisturzo/docs/04-2._luigi_sturzo_-_mario_scelba._ Luigi Sturzo – Mario Scelba : Carteggio (1923–1956)]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wadannan shekaru, Scelba ya fara aikinsa a matsayin [[lauya]] a kamfanin lauyoyi na Filippo Del Giudice, kuma a lokacin da aka tilasta wa na baya ya bar kasar don ceto daga zalunci, Scelba ya gaji abokan cinikinsa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://digilander.libero.it/storiadimenticata/scelba.htm Mario Scelba – Siti personali], Libero&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1929, ya auri Nerina Palestini, daga San Benedetto del Tronto, daga gare ta yana da 'ya mace Maria Luisa, an haife shi a 1930. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.alinari.it/it/dettaglio/TEA-S-000741-0001 Mario Scelba con la moglie ad un ricevimento]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon sana'ar siyasa ==
[[File:Mario_Scelba_1946.jpg|left|thumb|218x218px| Mario Scelba a 1946]]
A cikin 1930s, ya zama babban abokin Alcide De Gasperi, tsohon shugaban Jam'iyyar Jama'a bayan gudun hijira Sturzo. Tare da De Gasperi, ya yi aiki tare a cikin tsara ''ra'ayoyin Reconstructive Dimokuradiyya na Kiristanci'', daftarin shirin farko na jam'iyyar gaba, wanda aka buga a watan Yuli 1943. Scelba na cikin kwamitin da ya jagoranci sabuwar jam'iyyar da aka fi sani da Christian Democracy (DC), a lokacin mulkin Jamus. Shi ma 'yan Nazi sun kama shi, amma an sake shi cikin kwanaki uku.  Bayan 'yantar da Roma a watan Yuni 1944, ya shiga kwamitin zartarwa na sabuwar jam'iyyar. A cikin majalissar interregional na DC, da aka gudanar a [[Napoli|Naples]] a ranakun 29 da 30 ga Yuli 1944, an zaɓi Scelba ga majalisar jam'iyyar ta ƙasa, wadda ta nada De Gasperi a matsayin sabon sakatare . A maimakon haka aka nada Scelba mataimakin sakatare. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt311091&quot;&gt;[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2DA1439F932A05753C1A967958260 Mario Scelba Dies at 90 in Rome; A Prime Minister in Postwar Italy], Obituary in ''The New York Times'', October 31, 1991&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mario_Scelba_e_Giulio_Andreotti.jpg|thumb|Mario Scelba]]
A watan Satumba 1943, Scelba a matsayin Kirista dimokuradiyya, ya shiga National Liberation Committee (CLN), laima kungiyar siyasa da kuma babban wakilin Italiya juriya motsi yaki da Jamus mamaya na [[Italiya]] a sakamakon armistice na Cassibile .  A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1945, Ferruccio Parri, shugaban jam'iyyar Action, ya zama sabon Firayim Minista kuma ya nada Scelba a matsayin Ministan Wasiku da Sadarwa, &lt;ref&gt;[https://storia.camera.it/governi/i-governo-parri Governo Parri], camera.it&lt;/ref&gt; matsayin da zai rike har zuwa Fabrairu 1947, ko da a karkashin Firayim Minista Alcide De Gasperi. . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.governo.it/it/i-governi-dal-1943-ad-oggi/ordinamento-provvisorio-25-luglio-1943-23-maggio-1948-assemblea-3 Governo De Gasperi I], governo.it&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1945, an nada shi a Majalisar Kasa, Majalisar Dokoki da ba a zaba ba da aka kafa a Masarautar Italiya bayan karshen yakin. &lt;ref&gt;[https://storia.camera.it/legislature/sistema-consulta-non-elettiva-1945#nav Storia della Camera – Consulta Nazionale], camera.it&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin babban zaɓe na 1946, an zaɓi Scelba a Majalisar Mazabar Mazabar Catania–Messina–Siracusa–Ragusa–Enna da kusan ƙuri'u 40,000. &lt;ref&gt;[https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=A&amp;dtel=02/06/1946&amp;tpa=I&amp;tpe=I&amp;lev0=0&amp;levsut0=0&amp;lev1=29&amp;levsut1=1&amp;ne1=29&amp;es0=S&amp;es1=S&amp;ms=S Elezioni del 1946 – Collegio di Catania–Messina–Siracusa–Ragusa–Enna], Ministero dell'Interno&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ministan cikin gida ==
A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 1947, Scelba ya zama Ministan Cikin Gida a gwamnati ta uku ta Alcide de Gasperi, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.governo.it/it/i-governi-dal-1943-ad-oggi/ordinamento-provvisorio-25-luglio-1943-23-maggio-1948-assemblea-1 Governo De Gasperi III], governo.it]&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya ci gaba da zama a ofis har zuwa Yuli 1953. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.governo.it/it/i-governi-dal-1943-ad-oggi/ii-legislatura-25-giugno-1953-14-marzo-1958/governo-de-gasperi-viii/3224 Governo De Gasperi VIII], governo.it&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Scelba ya kasance mafi iko a ƙasar, bayan De Gasperi. 

Bayan da ya shaida Red Biennium da tashin hankali na farkisanci, wanda ya haifar da rikicin 'yan sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma samuwar [[mulkin kama-karya]], Scelba ya gamsu sosai da cewa kula da tsarin jama'a ya zama dole don kare sabuwar tsarin dimokiradiyya da jamhuriya. ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ildubbio.news/2018/06/13/cera-scelba-kossiga-storia-sceriffi/ |title=&quot;Quando c’era lui.&quot; Da Scelba a Cossiga: storia di sceriffi |access-date=2023-07-20 |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525215023/https://www.ildubbio.news/2018/06/13/cera-scelba-kossiga-storia-sceriffi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a haƙiƙa, a duk tsawon mulkinsa ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga doka da oda . &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=YvTIDQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=scelba+8+mila+comunisti&amp;pg=PT68 La via italiana alla democrazia]&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicinsa mai tsauri ya sa aka masa lakabi da &quot;Iron Sicilian&quot; saboda rashin tausayinsa na murkushe zanga-zangar ma'aikatan bangaren hagu da yajin aikin da ya yi, da kuma gangamin 'yan fascist . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.francoangeli.it/Ricerca/scheda_libro.aspx?Id=5905 La repubblica della forza: Mario Scelba e le passioni del suo tempo]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kisan kisa na Portella della Ginestra ===
Bayan watanni uku kacal a ofis a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Scelba ya fuskanci kisan kiyashin na Portella della Ginestra . Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan nasarar zaben na bangaren hagu a zaben yankin Sicilian na shekarar 1947, an kai hari kan faretin kwadago na ranar 1 ga Mayu a Portella della Ginestra, wanda ya kai ga kashe mutane 11 da raunata sama da talatin. An alakanta harin da dan ta'adda kuma jagoran 'yan aware Salvatore Giuliano,  manufar ita ce hukunta 'yan adawa na cikin gida saboda sakamakon zaben na baya-bayan nan. &lt;ref name=&quot;dickie265&quot;&gt;Dickie, ''Cosa Nostra'', pp. 265–6&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mario_Scelba_1947.jpg|right|thumb|230x230px| Mario Scelba a 1947]]
Scelba ya kai rahoto ga Majalisar washegari cewa har zuwa yadda ‘yan sanda za su iya tantance, harbin Portella della Ginestra ba na siyasa ba ne. Ya yi ikirarin cewa ‘yan bindiga sun yi kaurin suna a cikin kwarin da abin ya faru.  Duk da haka, an kalubalanci wannan sigar ta hagu. Mataimakin kwaminisanci Girolamo Li Causi ya jaddada yanayin siyasar kisan kiyashin, yana mai ikirarin cewa Mafia ne suka kai harin, tare da hadin gwiwa da manyan masu mallakar filaye, sarakuna da kuma 'yan rajin kare hakkin jama'a . &lt;ref name=&quot;tim120547&quot; /&gt; Ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa sufeto 'yan sanda Ettore Messana - wanda ya kamata ya daidaita batun gurfanar da 'yan fashin - ya kasance tare da Giuliano kuma ya yi tir da Scelba saboda barin Messana ya ci gaba da zama a ofis. Daga baya takardun za su tabbatar da zargin. &lt;ref name=&quot;servadio128&quot;&gt;Servadio, ''Mafioso'', pp. 128–9&lt;/ref&gt; Li Causi da Scelba za su kasance manyan abokan hamayya bayan kisan kiyashin - kisan da ake zargin Salvatore Giuliano da aka yi, da kuma shari'ar Laftanar Giuliano Gaspare Pisciotta da sauran sauran mambobin kungiyar Giuliano.

An gudanar da shari'ar wadanda ke da alhakin a cikin birnin Viterbo, wanda ya fara a lokacin rani na 1950. A lokacin shari'ar, an sake zargin Scelba da hannu a cikin shirin aiwatar da kisan kiyashi, amma zargin ya saba da sabani ko kuma a bayyane. A ƙarshe, alkali ya ƙarasa da cewa babu wata hukuma mafi girma da ta ba da umarnin kisan kiyashin, kuma ƙungiyar Giuliano ta ɗauki kanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;dickie265&quot;&gt;Dickie, ''Cosa Nostra'', pp. 265–6&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shari'ar Pisciotta ya ce: &quot;Sau da yawa Scelba ya koma kan maganarsa: Mattarella da Cusumano sun koma Roma don neman a yi mana afuwa gaba daya, amma Scelba ya musanta dukan alkawuransa.&quot; Pisciotta ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya kashe Salvatore Giuliano a cikin barcinsa ta hanyar tsarawa da Scelba. Duk da haka, babu wata shaida cewa Scelba yana da dangantaka da Pisciotta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ser135&quot;&gt;Servadio, ''Mafioso'', pp. 135–7&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1948 zabe ===
Babban zaɓen da aka yi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1948 ya yi tasiri sosai sakamakon [[Cold War|yaƙin cacar baka]] tsakanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Bayan juyin mulkin kwaminisanci a watan Fabrairu na 1948 a cikin Czechoslovakia, Amurka ta firgita game da niyyar Soviet kuma tana tsoron cewa, idan haɗin gwiwar hagu ya ci zabe, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Italiya (PCI) da Tarayyar Soviet za ta jawo Italiya cikin Tarayyar Soviet. fagen tasiri. 

Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a cikin zaɓen baki da tsatsauran ra'ayi a tarihin jamhuriyar Italiya. Farfagandar dimokaradiyya ta Kirista ta shahara wajen iƙirarin cewa a ƙasashen gurguzu “’ya’ya na tura iyaye gidan yari”, “ya’ya mallakar gwamnati ne”, “mutane sun ci nasu ‘ya’yansu” da kuma iƙirarin cewa bala’i zai afka wa Italiya idan masu hannun hagu za su kai hari. iko.  

A matsayinsa na ministan harkokin cikin gida, Scelba ya sanar da cewa gwamnati na da mutane 330,000 da ke karkashin makamai, ciki har da wata runduna ta musamman ta 150,000 da ke shirin kai wa 'yan gurguzu idan za su yi kokarin kawo matsala a ranar zabe. &lt;ref name=&quot;tim120448&quot;&gt;[http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,779791,00.html Show of Force]{{Dead link}}, ''Time Magazine'', April 12, 1948&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai daga karshe an yi nasarar lashe zaben da rata mai dadi daga DC, wanda ya kayar da kawancen jam'iyyar Popular Democratic Front (FDP) mai ra'ayin hagu wanda ya hada da PCI da Italiyanci Socialist Party (PSI). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=179–194}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan zaben, De Gasperi ya ci gaba da mulki ba tare da 'yan gurguzu ba, wadanda suka kasance gwamnati tun daga watan Yunin 1944, lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin farko bayan yakin, har zuwa watan Mayun 1947, yayin da Scelba ya rike mukaminsa na ministan harkokin cikin gida. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.governo.it/i-governi-dal-1943-ad-oggi/i-legislatura-8-maggio-1948-4-aprile-1953/governo-de-gasperi-v/3228 Governo De Gasperi V], governo.it&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Reorganization of the police ===
[[File:Reparto_Celere.jpg|right|thumb|230x230px| The ''Reparto Celere'', tawagar tarzoma ta musamman da ke hawan jeep na ' yan sandan Italiya]]
A lokacin hidimarsa, Scelba ya sake tsara tsarin 'yan sandan Italiya sosai, inda ya fara da korar tsoffin 'yan jam'iyyar fiye da 8,000, tare da zargin kasancewa 'yan tawayen kwaminisanci. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.corriere.it/giampaolo-pansa-ritorno-in-solferino/19_novembre_23/i-misteri-scelba-ministro-piu-odiato-che-tolse-comunisti-polizia-fa3d7454-0dce-11ea-8033-a2d631aa9706_preview.shtml?reason=unauthenticated&amp;cat=1&amp;cid=-gq-UEKB&amp;pids=FR&amp;credits=1&amp;origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fgiampaolo-pansa-ritorno-in-solferino%2F19_novembre_23%2Fi-misteri-scelba-ministro-piu-odiato-che-tolse-comunisti-polizia-fa3d7454-0dce-11ea-8033-a2d631aa9706.shtml I misteri di Scelba, il ministro più odiato che tolse i comunisti dalla polizia], Corriere della Sera&lt;/ref&gt; Sa’ad da ya hau ofis, ƙungiyar ’yan sanda ta yi rashin kunya har Scelba ya ce: “Idan na kasance ɗan gurguzu, da gobe zan fara juyin juya hali.  A lokacin mulkinsa, ya mayar da ‘yan sandan kasar da suka ruguje zuwa wani runduna ta wasu jami’ai 100,000, sannan ya kafa rundunar tarzoma, dauke da muggan makamai da makamai da motoci masu sulke da jeep na musamman, mai suna ''Reparto Celere'' (“Sashen Fast”). 

Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mutum mai aiwatar da abin da ya dauka na gurguzu. A yin haka, Scelba ya sha suka daga Kiristoci da yawa na demokraɗiyya waɗanda suka ƙi yarda da mugun halinsa. A shekara ta 1952, ya rubuta abin da ake kira &quot;Dokar Scelba&quot;, wanda ya gabatar da laifin neman gafarar farkisanci. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iht.com/articles/2000/11/22/edold.t_42.php 1950: Italian Activism], International Herald Tribune&lt;/ref&gt;

Scelba yana da ra'ayin mazan jiya game da wasu batutuwa kamar sutsan wanka, sumbatar jama'a da tsiraici. Duk da wannan da kuma damuwarsa guda ɗaya na doka da oda, akan al'amuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki Scelba ya jingina a hagu na tsakiya a cikin DC. Ya fi son ƙarin gyare-gyaren zamantakewa da ayyukan jama'a, yana kai hari ga masu hasashe don haɓaka farashin. &quot;Kusan ba zai yiwu ba,&quot; in ji shi, &quot; zama Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na gwamnatin da ba ta damu ba ko mutane suna aiki ko a'a.&quot;  Scelba ya jaddada yiwuwar raunana karfin kwaminisanci &quot;ta hanyar ƙaddara matakan inganta zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kamar sake fasalin ƙasa na manyan gidaje a Kudancin Italiya, alal misali.&quot;  Yayin da yake kan mukamin, ya kuma shiga cikin kafa hanyar sadarwa ta Gladio, aikin &quot; tsayawa baya &quot; [[NATO|na NATO]] a cikin Italiya bayan yakin duniya na biyu, wanda aka yi niyya don tsara juriya bayan mamayewar Warsaw Pact na yammacin Turai. &lt;ref&gt;Ganser, ''[http://www.indymedia.org.uk/media/2006/12/358945.pdf NATO's secret Armies]'', p. 107&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Scelba_De_Gasperi.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px| Mario Scelba tare da Firayim Minista Alcide De Gasperi a cikin shekarun 1950]]
Babban zaɓen na 1953 ya kasance da sauye-sauye a cikin dokar zaɓe. Ko da babban tsarin ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da cin hanci ba, gwamnati ta gabatar da wani kaso mai tsoka na kashi biyu bisa uku na kujeru a majalisar na kawancen da zai samu cikakkiyar rinjayen kuri'u. Canjin ya samu kakkausan adawa daga jam'iyyun adawa da kuma kananan abokan kawance na DC, wadanda ba su da wata dama ta hakika ta samun nasara a karkashin wannan tsarin. Masu zaginta sun kira sabuwar dokar da sunan ''zamba'',  ciki har da wasu 'yan adawa na kananan jam'iyyun gwamnati wadanda suka kafa kungiyoyin adawa na musamman don musun [[Zaftarewar ƙasa|zaftarewar kasa]] ta wucin gadi ga Demokradiyyar Kirista.

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na masu adawa da &quot;Dokar Zamba&quot; ta cimma burinta. Haɗin gwiwar gwamnati ya sami kashi 49.9% na ƙuri'un ƙasa, ƙuri'u dubu kaɗan ne kawai na ƙofa na babban rinjaye, wanda ya haifar da rabon kujeru na yau da kullun. A fasahance, gwamnati ta lashe zaben, inda ta samu rinjayen kujerun majalisun biyu. Amma takaicin rashin samun nasara a babban rinjaye ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin manyan kawancen. Majalisar ta tilastawa De Gasperi yin murabus a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta. &lt;ref&gt;{{In lang|it}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120801002834/http://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89210209 {{Lang|it|Come il Senato si scoprì vaso di coccio}}, in L’Ago e il filo, 2014]&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Agusta, Shugaba Einaudi ya nada Pella a matsayin sabon Firayim Minista . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/05/12/news/matterella_cita_einaudi_e_l_incarico_a_pella_fu_il_primo_governo_del_presidente-196214438/?ref=RHPPLF-BL-I0-C8-P1-S1.8-T2 Mattarella cita Einaudi e l'incarico a Pella: fu il primo governo del presidente]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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== Sources ==

* {{In lang|en}} [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11848 Mont Puke, Wallis and Futuna], Peakbagger.com.
* {{In lang|en}} [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/wallis-and-futuna/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424005145/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/wallis-and-futuna |date=2021-04-24 }}, cia.gov.</text>
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'''Matteo Fiorenza'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.transfermarkt.com/matteo-fiorenza/profil/spieler/658586&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.besoccer.com/player/matteo-fiorenza-859645 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-10-10 |archive-date=2024-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117015122/https://www.besoccer.com/player/matteo-fiorenza-859645 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni a shekarar 2003 dan kwallon kafar kasar Italiya neh mai taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kafar Torino a serie A na Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.flashscore.com.ng/player/fiorenza-matteo/xAyLiodg/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eurosport.com/football/matteo-fiorenza_prs639033/person.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;
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      <text bytes="10302" sha1="6030s7052fygqjk4t5fms2uuxz3sfey" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Muhammad Jailani bin Khamis''' [[ɗan siyasa]] Malaysian ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Melaka (MLA) na Rembia tun daga watan Mayu, shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha takwas 2018. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Melaka (EXCO) a cikin gwamnatin jihar Barisan Nasional (BN) a karkashin tsohon Cif Minista [[Sulaiman Ali|Sulaiman Md Ali]] daga Nuwamba, shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021 zuwa Maris, shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da ukku 2023 don wa'adi na uku, daga Maris shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin 2020 zuwa Nuwamba, shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021 don wa'adin na biyu kuma a ƙarƙashin tsohon Babban Minista Adly Zahari daga watan Mayun shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha takwas 2018 zuwa rushewar gwamnatin jihar Pakatan Harapan (PH) a watan Maris shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin 2020 don wa'a ta farko. Shi memba ne na United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), wata jam'iyya ce ta hadin gwiwar Barisan Nasional (BN).&lt;ref name=info&gt;{{cite news|url=https://pru.sinarharian.com.my/calon/6077/muhammad-jailani-khamis|title=Muhammad Jailani Khamis|language=ms|work=PRU Di Sinar|publisher=[[Sinar Harian]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Adalci ta Jama'a (PKR), wani bangare na hadin gwiwar Pakatan Harapan (PH) kafin ya bar PKR kuma ya zama mai zaman kansa yana tallafawa hadin gwiwarsa ta BN na watanni tara sannan daga baya ya shiga UMNO.&lt;ref name=umno&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/557391|title=After leaving PKR, Rembia rep joins Umno|work=[[Bernama]]|date=2 January 2021|publisher=[[Malaysiakini]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=ADUN Rembia sertai UMNO|language=Malay|url=https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/117285/BERITA/Politik/ADUN-Rembia-sertai-UMNO|accessdate=2 January 2021|agency=[[Sinar Harian]]|date=2 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=ADUN Rembia kembali ke pangkuan UMNO|language=Malay|url=https://mykmu.net/2021/01/02/adun-rembia-kembali-ke-pangkuan-umno/|accessdate=2 January 2021|publisher=MyKMU|date=2 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2018/05/426390/10-exco-melaka-angkat-sumpah-jawatan|title=10 EXCO Melaka angkat sumpah jawatan|author=Fairuz Zaidan|date=16 May 2018|language=ms|publisher=[[Berita Harian]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/archive/malacca-cm-announces-portfolios-excos-BUARCH548249|title=Malacca CM announces portfolios for excos|date=17 May 2018|publisher=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun Daily]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/melaka-cm-announces-state-exco-line-233583|title=Melaka CM announces state exco line-up|work=[[Bernama]]|date=13 March 2020|language=ms|publisher=[[Astro Awani]]|access-date=10 November 2021|archive-date=26 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126195303/https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/melaka-cm-announces-state-exco-line-233583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2020/03/554183/sembilan-exco-melaka-angkat-sumpah|title=Sembilan Exco Melaka angkat sumpah|author=Amir Mamat|date=13 March 2020 |language=ms|publisher=[[Harian Metro]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fagen siyasa ==
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha tara 2019, shi da Machap Jaya MLA Ginie Lim Siew Lin ba su halarci majalisar dokokin jihar ba kuma hakan ya haifar da shan kashi daga wata ƙungiya mai mulki na PH don gabatar da Shugaban Melaka PKR [[Halim Bachik]] a matsayin Sanata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/11/25/absent-two-votes-pkr-defeated-over-new-melaka-senator|title=Absent two votes, PKR defeated over new Melaka senator|work=[[Bernama]]|date=25 November 2019|publisher=[[Free Malaysia Today]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban PKR Anwar Ibrahim ya sadu da su game da batun kuma daga baya ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da shi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/unacceptable-for-pkr-assemblymen-to-be-absent-for-melaka-senator-motion-says-anwar|title=Unacceptable for PKR assemblymen to be absent for Melaka senator motion, says Anwar|date=26 November 2019|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin rikicin siyasar Malaysia na shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin 2020 a watan Maris na shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin 2020, Jailani ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rushewar gwamnatin jihar PH da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya karkashin jagorancin Adly yayin da yake daga cikin MLAs da suka bar PH. Ya bar PKR kuma ya haifar da Adly a cikin asarar goyon baya mafi rinjaye a cikin taron. An tilasta Adly ya yi murabus a matsayin Babban Minista kuma gwamnatin ta tashi. Ya sauya goyon baya ga BN a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Daga baya BN ta koma mulki tare da Perikatan Nasional (PN) a matsayin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa. An nada Sulaiman na BN a matsayin sabon Babban Minista don maye gurbin Adly. Daga baya aka sake nada shi a matsayin memba na EXCO don wannan fayil ɗin. A cikin shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021, ya koma UMNO.&lt;ref name=umno/&gt; A cikin Zaben jihar Melaka na shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021, jam'iyyar ta zabi shi a matsayin dan takarar BN don kare kujerar Rembia kuma an sake zabarsa a matsayin Rembia MLA kuma an sake nada shi a matsayin memba na EXCO don wannan fayil ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/bahasa/tempatan/2021/11/04/prn-melaka-umno-tampil-90-muka-baharu/|title=PRN Melaka: Umno tampil 90% muka baharu|language=ms|date=4 November 2021|publisher=[[Free Malaysia Today]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/11/06/melaka-polls-barisan-unveils-candidates-list-contesting-all-28-state-seats|title=Melaka polls: Barisan unveils candidates list contesting all 28 state seats|date=6 November 2021|publisher=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Maris shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da ukku 2023, an tabbatar da cewa Sulaiman ya yi murabus a matsayin Babban Minista. Jailani ya lakafta Babban Minista mai zuwa Ab Rauf Yusoh a matsayin shugaban &quot;baya&quot;. Maganar ta shahara a lokacin rikicin siyasa kuma ana amfani da ita sau da yawa don bayyana gwamnati ko ɗan siyasa wanda ba a zaba shi ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ba kuma ba tare da samun umarnin zabe daga mutane ba. Wani memba na EXCO da Merlimau MLA Muhamad Akmal Saleh sun mayar da martani kuma sun bayyana cewa babu wani MLA da ke da hannu wajen hambarar da Sulaiman da matsa masa ya yi murabus tare da tunatar da shi game da rawar da ya taka a faduwar gwamnatin jihar PH a watan Maris na shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da ukku 2023. A ranar talatin da daya 31 ga watan Maris shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da ukku 2023, an nada Tanjung Bidara MLA Ab Rauf a matsayin Babban Minista don maye gurbin Sulaiman. Ya yi zargin cewa Ab Rauf ya matsa lamba kuma ya hambarar da Sulaiman kuma ya bayyana cewa ba ya goyon bayan Ab Rauf da gwamnatinsa duk da cewa dukansu biyu MLA ne na Barisan Nasional. A ranar biyar 5 ga Afrilu shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da ukku 2023, Ab Rauf ya nada jerin EXCO kuma an sauke Jailani daga jerin kamar yadda ake tsammani.

== Sakamakon zaɓe ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%&quot;
|+'''Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Malacca'''&lt;ref name=&quot;GE14 results&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=Malay|accessdate=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Star GE14&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|accessdate=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PRN Melaka 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dashboard.spr.gov.my/#!/dun/4/N.06|title=N.06 REMBIA|publisher=SPR Dashboard|date=7 November 2021|accessdate=8 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Shekara
!Mazabar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mai neman takara
!Zaɓuɓɓuka
!Pct
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Masu adawa
!Zaɓuɓɓuka
!Pct
!Zaben da aka jefa
!Mafi rinjaye
!Masu halarta
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |'''N06 Rembia'''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Muhammad Jailani Khamis''' (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwZA&quot;&gt;PKR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; |'''6,773'''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''52.37%'''
| {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Norpipah Abdol (UMNO) 
| align=&quot;right&quot; |4,959
|38.35%
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |13,175
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1,814
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |84.26%
|-
| {{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Mohammad Rashidi Abd Razak (PAS) 
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1,200
|9.28%
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Muhammad Jailani Khamis''' (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwfw&quot;&gt;UMNO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) 
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; |'''4,224'''
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''41.61%'''
| {{Party shading/PH}} |
|Zamri Pakiri (PKR) 
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3,364
|33.13%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |10,152
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |860
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |64.43%
|-
| {{Party shading/Perikatan Nasional}} |
|Zamzuri Arifin (BERSATU) 
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2,433
|23.97%
|-
| {{Party shading/Independent}} |
|Murali Krishnan (IND) 
| align=&quot;right&quot; |67
|0.66%
|-
| {{Party shading/Independent}} |
|Sabarudin Kudus (IND) 
| align=&quot;right&quot; |64
|0.63%
|}

== Daraja ==

=== Darajar Malaysia ===

* : 
** [[File:MY-MAL_Exalted_Order_of_Malacca.svg|50x50px]] Aboki Class I na Order of Malacca (DMSM) - '''Datuk''' (2018)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/447144|title=Rina heads list of 419 recipients of Malacca state awards|language=|work=[[Bernama]]|publisher=[[Malaysiakini]]|date=13 October 2018|accessdate=13 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{{Flag|Malacca}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Muhammad Jailani Khamisa a Facebook
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>6030s7052fygqjk4t5fms2uuxz3sfey</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chris Iheuwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>62331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816671</id>
      <parentid>776031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:04:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344541820|Chris Iheuwa]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816671</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4389" sha1="nnebid9dwmergx60cn12lv34q3xvrru" xml:space="preserve"> 

'''Chris Iheuwa''' Listenⓘ ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai yin fim kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na [[Nollywood|Masana'antar Nollywood]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-22 |title=Why Nollywood filmmakers still make money ritual movies - Actor, Chris Iheuwa |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Why-Nollywood-filmmakers-still-make-money-ritual-movies-Actor-Chris-Iheuwa-1521740 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne mataimakin shugaban kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi da rawar da ya taka a cikin Rattle Snake (1995), Phone Swap (2012), [[Joba (fim na 2019)|''Joba'']] (2019), The Second Bed (2020), La Femme Anjola (2020), Stranger (2022). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ya sami digiri na farko daga wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] da kuma digiri na Masters a Jami'an Legas . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ &quot;Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-08-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikici game da satar mutane ==
An kusan sace Iheuwa a shekarar 2021. An yaudare shi zuwa wani wuri da ba a sani ba a Port Harcourt inda 'yan sanda suka cece shi.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!'''Shekarar da aka samar'''
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|2024
|''Shiru''
|Mai yanke hukunci
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
|''[[Otal din Labamba]]''
|Shugaba
|Comedy / Laifi
|-
|''Al'amarin Lahadi''
|Sam
|Soyayya
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2022
|''Ran Mi Lowo (Ku taimake Ni) ''
|
|
|-
|''Kasancewa''
|Tsofaffi
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|''Wata Yunin da ke da launin shudi''
|
|
|-
|[[The Wildflower|''Furen daji'']]
|Barrister Tosan
|
|-
|[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwa mata na jini'']]
|Kawun Saratu
|Ƙananan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|''Baƙi''
|Dokta Olatunde
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |2021
|''Ka bar Bayani''
|Barr. Jembewon
|
|-
|''[[What Happened at St James|Abin da ya faru a St James]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Movement-Japa|Motsi na Japa]]''
|Uncle Willie
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|''[[Progressive Tailors Club|Kungiyar Masu Tattalin Arziki]]''
|Daddy Junior
|
|-
|''[[Charge and Bail (fim)|Haraji da Bail]]''
|Alkalin Kunle
|
|-
|[[13 Letters (fim)|''13 Wasiƙu'']]
|
|Comedy / Drama
|-
|''[[Shadow Parties|Ƙungiyoyin Inuwa]]''
|Ben Akuga
|Ayyuka
|-
|''An kulle shi''
|Shugaba 'yan sanda
|Takaitaccen
|-
|[[Prophetess (fim)|''Annabi'']]
|Baba Osaze
|Comedy / Drama
|-
|''[[La Femme Anjola|Matar Anjola]]''
|Odera Kalu
|
|-
|''Talakawa''
|Adekunle
|
|-
|''Nkiru na Musamman''
|Shugaba
|
|-
|''[[The Cleanser (fim)|Mai tsaftacewa]]''
|
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|2020
|''[[Introducing the Kujus|Gabatar da Kujus]]''
|Otunba
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
|''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girma]]''
|Sanata Adebayo
|
|-
|[[Love Is War (2019 film)|''Ƙauna Yaƙi ce'']]
|Injiniya Obaseki
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|''[[The Delivery Boy|Yaron Bayarwa]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ya yi farin ciki''
|Mista Collins
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|''[[Isokin|Isoken]]''
|Uncle Mike
|
|-
|''Gimbiya ta Daddy''
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Ka mika wuya ga Kaisar''
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Phone Swap|Sadarwar Wayar Wayar Way]]''
|Tony
|Comedy / Romance
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999
|[[Karishika|''Karishika na II'']]
|
|
|-
|''Rattlesnake 3''
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|1997
|''[[Owo Blow|Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1995
|[[Rattlesnake (fim, 1995)|''Rattlesnake 2'']]
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|[[Rattlesnake (fim, 1995)|''Rattlesnake'']]
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|4256192}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>nnebid9dwmergx60cn12lv34q3xvrru</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816672</id>
      <parentid>816671</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:04:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816672</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4397" sha1="ru4m685fuq1xv5vo9bhd02tuwf9esjz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Chris Iheuwa''' Listenⓘ ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai yin fim kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na [[Nollywood|Masana'antar Nollywood]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-22 |title=Why Nollywood filmmakers still make money ritual movies - Actor, Chris Iheuwa |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Why-Nollywood-filmmakers-still-make-money-ritual-movies-Actor-Chris-Iheuwa-1521740 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne mataimakin shugaban kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi da rawar da ya taka a cikin Rattle Snake (1995), Phone Swap (2012), [[Joba (fim na 2019)|''Joba'']] (2019), The Second Bed (2020), La Femme Anjola (2020), Stranger (2022). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ya sami digiri na farko daga wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] da kuma digiri na Masters a Jami'an Legas . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ &quot;Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-08-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikici game da satar mutane ==
An kusan sace Iheuwa a shekarar 2021. An yaudare shi zuwa wani wuri da ba a sani ba a Port Harcourt inda 'yan sanda suka cece shi.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!'''Shekarar da aka samar'''
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|2024
|''Shiru''
|Mai yanke hukunci
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
|''[[Otal din Labamba]]''
|Shugaba
|Comedy / Laifi
|-
|''Al'amarin Lahadi''
|Sam
|Soyayya
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2022
|''Ran Mi Lowo (Ku taimake Ni) ''
|
|
|-
|''Kasancewa''
|Tsofaffi
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|''Wata Yunin da ke da launin shudi''
|
|
|-
|[[The Wildflower|''Furen daji'']]
|Barrister Tosan
|
|-
|[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwa mata na jini'']]
|Kawun Saratu
|Ƙananan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|''Baƙi''
|Dokta Olatunde
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |2021
|''Ka bar Bayani''
|Barr. Jembewon
|
|-
|''[[What Happened at St James|Abin da ya faru a St James]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Movement-Japa|Motsi na Japa]]''
|Uncle Willie
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|''[[Progressive Tailors Club|Kungiyar Masu Tattalin Arziki]]''
|Daddy Junior
|
|-
|''[[Charge and Bail (fim)|Haraji da Bail]]''
|Alkalin Kunle
|
|-
|[[13 Letters (fim)|''13 Wasiƙu'']]
|
|Comedy / Drama
|-
|''[[Shadow Parties|Ƙungiyoyin Inuwa]]''
|Ben Akuga
|Ayyuka
|-
|''An kulle shi''
|Shugaba 'yan sanda
|Takaitaccen
|-
|[[Prophetess (fim)|''Annabi'']]
|Baba Osaze
|Comedy / Drama
|-
|''[[La Femme Anjola|Matar Anjola]]''
|Odera Kalu
|
|-
|''Talakawa''
|Adekunle
|
|-
|''Nkiru na Musamman''
|Shugaba
|
|-
|''[[The Cleanser (fim)|Mai tsaftacewa]]''
|
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|2020
|''[[Introducing the Kujus|Gabatar da Kujus]]''
|Otunba
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
|''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girma]]''
|Sanata Adebayo
|
|-
|[[Love Is War (2019 film)|''Ƙauna Yaƙi ce'']]
|Injiniya Obaseki
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|''[[The Delivery Boy|Yaron Bayarwa]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ya yi farin ciki''
|Mista Collins
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|''[[Isokin|Isoken]]''
|Uncle Mike
|
|-
|''Gimbiya ta Daddy''
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Ka mika wuya ga Kaisar''
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Phone Swap|Sadarwar Wayar Wayar Way]]''
|Tony
|Comedy / Romance
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999
|[[Karishika|''Karishika na II'']]
|
|
|-
|''Rattlesnake 3''
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|1997
|''[[Owo Blow|Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1995
|[[Rattlesnake (fim, 1995)|''Rattlesnake 2'']]
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|[[Rattlesnake (fim, 1995)|''Rattlesnake'']]
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|4256192}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>ru4m685fuq1xv5vo9bhd02tuwf9esjz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816673</id>
      <parentid>816672</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:05:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816673</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4398" sha1="tl052yiz8mtgvgjsi6qtw9qncft7xgd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Chris Iheuwa''' Listenⓘ ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai yin fim kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na [[Nollywood|Masana'antar Nollywood]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-22 |title=Why Nollywood filmmakers still make money ritual movies - Actor, Chris Iheuwa |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Why-Nollywood-filmmakers-still-make-money-ritual-movies-Actor-Chris-Iheuwa-1521740 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar ƴan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi da rawar da ya taka a cikin Rattle Snake (1995), Phone Swap (2012), [[Joba (fim na 2019)|''Joba'']] (2019), The Second Bed (2020), La Femme Anjola (2020), Stranger (2022). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ya sami digiri na farko daga wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] da kuma digiri na Masters a Jami'an Legas . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ &quot;Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-08-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikici game da satar mutane ==
An kusan sace Iheuwa a shekarar 2021. An yaudare shi zuwa wani wuri da ba a sani ba a Port Harcourt inda 'yan sanda suka cece shi.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!'''Shekarar da aka samar'''
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|2024
|''Shiru''
|Mai yanke hukunci
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
|''[[Otal din Labamba]]''
|Shugaba
|Comedy / Laifi
|-
|''Al'amarin Lahadi''
|Sam
|Soyayya
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2022
|''Ran Mi Lowo (Ku taimake Ni) ''
|
|
|-
|''Kasancewa''
|Tsofaffi
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|''Wata Yunin da ke da launin shudi''
|
|
|-
|[[The Wildflower|''Furen daji'']]
|Barrister Tosan
|
|-
|[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwa mata na jini'']]
|Kawun Saratu
|Ƙananan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|''Baƙi''
|Dokta Olatunde
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |2021
|''Ka bar Bayani''
|Barr. Jembewon
|
|-
|''[[What Happened at St James|Abin da ya faru a St James]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Movement-Japa|Motsi na Japa]]''
|Uncle Willie
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|''[[Progressive Tailors Club|Kungiyar Masu Tattalin Arziki]]''
|Daddy Junior
|
|-
|''[[Charge and Bail (fim)|Haraji da Bail]]''
|Alkalin Kunle
|
|-
|[[13 Letters (fim)|''13 Wasiƙu'']]
|
|Comedy / Drama
|-
|''[[Shadow Parties|Ƙungiyoyin Inuwa]]''
|Ben Akuga
|Ayyuka
|-
|''An kulle shi''
|Shugaba 'yan sanda
|Takaitaccen
|-
|[[Prophetess (fim)|''Annabi'']]
|Baba Osaze
|Comedy / Drama
|-
|''[[La Femme Anjola|Matar Anjola]]''
|Odera Kalu
|
|-
|''Talakawa''
|Adekunle
|
|-
|''Nkiru na Musamman''
|Shugaba
|
|-
|''[[The Cleanser (fim)|Mai tsaftacewa]]''
|
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|2020
|''[[Introducing the Kujus|Gabatar da Kujus]]''
|Otunba
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
|''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girma]]''
|Sanata Adebayo
|
|-
|[[Love Is War (2019 film)|''Ƙauna Yaƙi ce'']]
|Injiniya Obaseki
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|''[[The Delivery Boy|Yaron Bayarwa]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ya yi farin ciki''
|Mista Collins
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|''[[Isokin|Isoken]]''
|Uncle Mike
|
|-
|''Gimbiya ta Daddy''
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Ka mika wuya ga Kaisar''
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Phone Swap|Sadarwar Wayar Wayar Way]]''
|Tony
|Comedy / Romance
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999
|[[Karishika|''Karishika na II'']]
|
|
|-
|''Rattlesnake 3''
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|1997
|''[[Owo Blow|Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1995
|[[Rattlesnake (fim, 1995)|''Rattlesnake 2'']]
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|[[Rattlesnake (fim, 1995)|''Rattlesnake'']]
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|4256192}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>tl052yiz8mtgvgjsi6qtw9qncft7xgd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816674</id>
      <parentid>816673</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:05:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816674</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4403" sha1="97fton2wox351yaj8wh7ywvcwjn5xt7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Chris Iheuwa''' Listenⓘ ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai yin fim kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na [[Nollywood|Masana'antar Nollywood]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-22 |title=Why Nollywood filmmakers still make money ritual movies - Actor, Chris Iheuwa |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Why-Nollywood-filmmakers-still-make-money-ritual-movies-Actor-Chris-Iheuwa-1521740 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar ƴan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi da rawar da ya taka a cikin Rattle Snake (1995), Phone Swap (2012), [[Joba (fim na 2019)|''Joba'']] (2019), The Second Bed (2020), La Femme Anjola (2020), Stranger (2022). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ya sami digiri na farko daga wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] da kuma digiri na Masters a Jami'an Legas . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/03/nollywood-actor-chris-iheuwa-clocks-50/ &quot;Nollywood actor Chris Iheuwa clocks 50 - P.M. News&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-08-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikici game da satar mutane ==
An kusan sace Iheuwa a shekarar 2021. An kuma yaudare shi zuwa wani wuri da ba a sani ba a Port Harcourt inda ƴan sanda suka cece shi.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!'''Shekarar da aka samar'''
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|2024
|''Shiru''
|Mai yanke hukunci
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
|''[[Otal din Labamba]]''
|Shugaba
|Comedy / Laifi
|-
|''Al'amarin Lahadi''
|Sam
|Soyayya
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2022
|''Ran Mi Lowo (Ku taimake Ni) ''
|
|
|-
|''Kasancewa''
|Tsofaffi
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|''Wata Yunin da ke da launin shudi''
|
|
|-
|[[The Wildflower|''Furen daji'']]
|Barrister Tosan
|
|-
|[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwa mata na jini'']]
|Kawun Saratu
|Ƙananan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|''Baƙi''
|Dokta Olatunde
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |2021
|''Ka bar Bayani''
|Barr. Jembewon
|
|-
|''[[What Happened at St James|Abin da ya faru a St James]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Movement-Japa|Motsi na Japa]]''
|Uncle Willie
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|''[[Progressive Tailors Club|Kungiyar Masu Tattalin Arziki]]''
|Daddy Junior
|
|-
|''[[Charge and Bail (fim)|Haraji da Bail]]''
|Alkalin Kunle
|
|-
|[[13 Letters (fim)|''13 Wasiƙu'']]
|
|Comedy / Drama
|-
|''[[Shadow Parties|Ƙungiyoyin Inuwa]]''
|Ben Akuga
|Ayyuka
|-
|''An kulle shi''
|Shugaba 'yan sanda
|Takaitaccen
|-
|[[Prophetess (fim)|''Annabi'']]
|Baba Osaze
|Comedy / Drama
|-
|''[[La Femme Anjola|Matar Anjola]]''
|Odera Kalu
|
|-
|''Talakawa''
|Adekunle
|
|-
|''Nkiru na Musamman''
|Shugaba
|
|-
|''[[The Cleanser (fim)|Mai tsaftacewa]]''
|
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|2020
|''[[Introducing the Kujus|Gabatar da Kujus]]''
|Otunba
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
|''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girma]]''
|Sanata Adebayo
|
|-
|[[Love Is War (2019 film)|''Ƙauna Yaƙi ce'']]
|Injiniya Obaseki
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|''[[The Delivery Boy|Yaron Bayarwa]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ya yi farin ciki''
|Mista Collins
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|''[[Isokin|Isoken]]''
|Uncle Mike
|
|-
|''Gimbiya ta Daddy''
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Ka mika wuya ga Kaisar''
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Phone Swap|Sadarwar Wayar Wayar Way]]''
|Tony
|Comedy / Romance
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999
|[[Karishika|''Karishika na II'']]
|
|
|-
|''Rattlesnake 3''
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|1997
|''[[Owo Blow|Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1995
|[[Rattlesnake (fim, 1995)|''Rattlesnake 2'']]
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|[[Rattlesnake (fim, 1995)|''Rattlesnake'']]
|Bala
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|4256192}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>97fton2wox351yaj8wh7ywvcwjn5xt7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mosobalaje Oyawye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66646</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816445</id>
      <parentid>744546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:08:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>816445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4159" sha1="cek2cnhj52rnnfua19sbz1ing7zskyz" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Osoba Olusegun.jpg|thumb|Mosobalaje Oyawye]]
'''Jamiu Mosobalaje Olaloye Oyawoye''' [[Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya|FAS]] (12 ga Agusta 1927-22 Mayu 2023), masanin ilimin kasa na Najeriya ne kuma shugaban al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://punchng.com/african-first-geology-professor-oyawoye-dies-at-95/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban majagaba a shahararriyar [https://www.offagrams.org/ Makarantar Nahawu ta Offa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207024153/https://offagrams.org/ |date=2023-12-07 }} . Ya samu digirin digirgir a [[Ilmin duwatsu|fannin ilmin kasa da kasa]] daga Jami’ar Durham a shekarar 1959.&lt;ref&gt;https://reed.dur.ac.uk/xtf/view?docId=bookreader/DU_Warden/warden58/wr1958METSfile.xml#page/20/mode/2up&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara aiki a matsayin malami a sashen nazarin kasa da kasa a jami’ar Ibadan, inda ya yi murabus a shekarar 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya kasance shugaban [[Bankin Guaranty Trust|bankin Guaranty Trust Plc]] tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2005. Ya kasance memba na Shirin Harkokin Kasa da Kasa na Duniya kuma shugaban farko na kungiyar Geological Society of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;https://tribuneonlineng.com/oyawoye-africas-first-professor-of-geology-is-dead/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/africas-first-prof-of-geology-oyawoye-dies-at-95/&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Oyawoye ga Yarima Monmodu Oyawoye na gidan sarautar Anilelerin na Offa da Alhaja Sellia Amoke daga gidan sarautar Ikirun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;http://bookcraftafrica.com/single/view/171&lt;/ref&gt; An haife shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1927, a Offa, wani birni a jihar Kwara a arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Methodist, Ode-Olomu Offa da Offa Grammar School tsakanin 1943 zuwa 1946.&lt;ref&gt;https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/oyawoye-professor-mosobalaje-olayoye/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/kwara-gov-felicitates-first-african-geology-professor-oyawoye-at-94/&lt;/ref&gt; Oyawoye ya sami digirin digirgir na Kimiyya daga Jami’ar Jihar Washington a shekarar 1955, sannan ya samu digirin digirgir a Jami’ar Durham a 1959.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130416045342/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/aug/24/087.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga shekarar 1960 ya kasance malami a sashen nazarin kasa da kasa a jami'ar Ibadan. An nada shi Farfesa a shekarar 1966 kuma ya zama shugaban sashen nazarin kasa a shekarar 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://factualtimesng.com/alade-merin-remembering-the-life-and-times-of-africas-father-of-geology/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-08 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730112659/https://factualtimesng.com/alade-merin-remembering-the-life-and-times-of-africas-father-of-geology/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya taimaka wajen kafa Makarantar Mines ta Zambiya a Jami'ar Zambiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Nasarorin da aka samu ==
Ya taba zama memba a majalisar kimiya da fasaha ta Najeriya daga 1970 zuwa 1974, kuma memba a majalisar jami'ar Ibadan daga 1970 zuwa 1976, mamba a kwamitin farko na hukumar raya babban birnin tarayya daga 1976 zuwa 1980, kuma shugaban kungiyar kasashen yammacin Afrika. Majalisar Jarabawa (WAEC) daga 1985 zuwa 1988. Shugaban Kamfanin Refining da Petroleum na Kaduna (NNPC) (1989-1993) kuma Shugaban Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya Yola (1989-1993) Farfesa Oyawoye ya taba zama Shugaban Bankin Guaranty Trust Plc. Ya kuma taba zama tsohon Darakta a kamfanin mai na RAK Unity Petroleum daga baya kuma shugaban kamfanin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  

Oyawoye ya rasu ne a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2023, yana da shekaru 95.&lt;ref&gt;https://dailypost.ng/2023/05/22/nigeria-will-miss-him-immensely-buhari-mourns-prof-oyawoye/&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kyauta ==

* Kyautar Nasarar tsofaffin ɗalibai, Jami'ar Jihar Washington (1984)
* Wakilin Daraja na Kungiyar Masu Neman Man Fetur ta Najeriya (1991)
* [[Nnamdi Azikiwe|Nnamdi Azikwe]] (2008)
* [[Order of the Niger|Jami’in Hukumar Neja]] (2000)
* Kwamandan oda na Nijar  
* Wanda aka zaba don lambar yabo ta karramawa ta Najeriya (2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Nassoshi ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
[[Category:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1927]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345528285|Leonid Brezhnev]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev''' [ b ] {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|ɛ|ʒ|n|ɛ|f}};&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Brezhnev}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{langx|ru|Леонид Ильич Брежнев}} {{IPA|ru|lʲɪɐˈnʲit ɨˈlʲjidʑ ˈbrʲeʐnʲɪf||a= Ru-Leonid Ilich Brezhnev.ogg}};&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/brezhnev &quot;Brezhnev&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br/&gt;{{langx|uk|Леонід Ілліч Брежнєв|Leonid Illich Brezhniev}} {{IPA|uk|leoˈn⁽ʲ⁾id iˈl⁽ʲ⁾ːidʒ ˈbrɛʒnʲeu̯|}}.}} (19 Disamba 1906{{Spaced en dash}} 10 Nuwamba 1982)  ɗan siyasa ne na Soviet wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet daga 1964 har zuwa [[Mutuwa da jana'izar jihar Leonid Brezhnev|rasuwarsa]] a 1982. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamin Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Babban Soviet (shugaban ƙasa) daga 1960 zuwa 1964 sannan daga baya daga 1977 zuwa 1982. Wa'adinsa na Babban Sakatare kuma shugaban Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance na biyu bayan na [[Joseph Stalin]] a tsawon lokacin.

An haifi Leonid Brezhnev a cikin dangin ma'aikata a Kamenskoye a cikin Gundumar Yekaterinoslav ta Daular Rasha . Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba ya kafa Tarayyar Soviet, Brezhnev ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta jam'iyyar Kwaminis mai mulki a 1923 kafin ya zama memba na hukuma a 1929. Lokacin da Jamus ta Nazi ta mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a watan Yunin 1941, ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama a matsayin kwamishina kuma ya tashi cikin sauri zuwa matsayi don zama babban janar a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an ɗaukaka Brezhnev zuwa Kwamitin Tsakiya na jam'iyyar a 1952 kuma ya zama cikakken memba na Politburo a 1957. A 1964, ya shiga cikin cire Nikita Khrushchev a matsayin shugaban Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Sakataren Farko na CPSU . Lokacin da aka hambarar da Khrushchev, Brezhnev ya kafa ƙungiya mai ƙarfi tare da Firayim Minista [[Alexei Kosygin]] da Sakataren CC Nikolai Podgorny waɗanda suka fara jagorantar ƙasar a madadin Khrushchev.  {{Sfn|Bacon|2002}} {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya yi nasarar haɗa iko don zama babban mutum a cikin shugabancin Soviet. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|McCauley|1997}} &quot;In October 1964, Brezhnev became First Secretary (renamed General Secretary in 1966) of the Party with Aleksei Kosygin taking over as USSR Prime Minister, and Nikolai Podgorny becoming Soviet President. Just as after Stalin's death there was a collective leadership but Brezhnev wanted to become boss. His opportunity came in 1968 when the Prague Spring developed to such an extent that it appeared that the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia might lose power. In August 1968 the Soviet Union and several of its allies intervened and began the process of 'normalisation'. Brezhnev, as Party leader, took prime position during the conflict because Czechoslovakia was a socialist country and therefore under the supervision of the Soviet Communist Party. Kosygin who had launched some useful reforms, was pushed aside as economic orthodoxy became the order of the day. He lacked the political guts to fight for primacy. By 1969, one can regard Brezhnev as top dog.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Reynolds|2000}} &quot;...For several years after Khrushchev's demise [in 1964], power within the [Soviet] collective leadership remained both dispersed and balanced: Nikolai Podgorny, the hard-line head of state, dominated relations with Third World countries; Prime Minister Kosygin handled the economy and urged détente with the West; Brezhnev, the party secretary, looked after Eastern Europe, harping on the threat from Germany and the United States. Gradually, in the late 1960s, Brezhnev maneuvered his way into preeminence. Partly, like Stalin and Khrushchev before him, he used his control of the party apparatus to promote allies and topple enemies. But he also raised his profile by moving into the foreign-policy arena, stealing some of Kosygin's ideas while retaining his own reputation as a hard-liner on security. It was Brezhnev who put the new 'peace program' to the twenty-fourth party congress in April 1971. During the summer, Gromyko indicated that in future Nixon should write to Brezhnev, and not Kosygin, about foreign policy.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rigby|1989}} &quot;The record suggest that at least up to the late 1960s the power and authority of the new General Secretary were hardly adequate to ensure coherent and expeditious top-level decision-making. From about 1969 [Brezhnev's] primacy gradually became more evident and soon a 'cult' emerged embodying formulas that marked him out as clearly superordinated over the other party and state leaders. Gradually he succeeded in insinuating old cronies into high level posts and the first of them appeared in the top executive bodies. In 1977 Brezhnev was able to add to the General Secretaryship the post of President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, a post whose importance had been builty up in the preceding years. In his last years in office the 'cult' intensified and several more of his old associates were added to the top executive.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, mulkin Brezhnev ya inganta matsayin Tarayyar Soviet a duniya yayin da yake daidaita matsayin jam'iyyar da ke mulki a gida. Yayin da Khrushchev ke aiwatar da manufofi akai-akai ba tare da tuntuɓar ofishin siyasa ba, Brezhnev ya yi taka tsantsan wajen rage rashin amincewa tsakanin manyan jam'iyyun ta hanyar cimma matsaya ta hanyar amincewa, ta haka ne ya dawo da kamannin shugabancin gama gari . Bugu da ƙari, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin samun nutsuwa tsakanin manyan ƙasashe biyu [[Cold War|na Yaƙin Cacar Baki]], ya cimma daidaito tsakanin makaman nukiliya da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma ya ƙarfafa ikon Moscow akan Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai . Bugu da ƙari, yawan makamai da ƙasar ta tara da kuma tsoma bakin soja a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Brezhnev ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa tasirin Soviet a ƙasashen waje, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970, masu lura da jama'a da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa Tarayyar Soviet ta zarce Amurka ta zama babbar ƙarfin soja a duniya.

Akasin haka, shugabancin Brezhnev ya kuma shaida ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin danniya da takunkumi a duk faɗin Tarayyar Soviet idan aka kwatanta da shekarun sassaucin ra'ayi na Khrushchev Thaw . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Zubok|2009}} &quot;Both Stalinists and anti-Stalinists approved of Khrushchev's removal in October 1964. People who supported the Thaw and de-Stalinization believed that Khrushchev was a spent force and any future leadership would be better than his. Soon, however, they realized how wrong they were. The new guard in the Kremlin quickly terminated de-Stalinization from above. The majority of party leaders and ideologists did not like what they saw in the educated strata of society; growing individualism, creeping Westernism, popularity of American music and mass culture, growing pacifism, and pluralistic attitudes. Where the party ideologists failed, the KGB began to step in: a special division of Soviet secret police had the task of 'guiding' Soviet cultural and intellectual elites and 'shielding' them from 'harmful influences'...[¶]The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 substantiated the fears of the Soviet anti-Stalinist intelligentsia that the post-Khrushchev leadership might take the country in a neo-Stalinist direction. The crushing of the Prague Spring and its 'socialism with a human face' dashed the hopes of many educated Soviet patriots that the existing system could be reformed...[¶] Under Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet leadership abandoned reformist projects. It was content to live with the fossilized ideology and sought to repress cultural dissent and force its participants into exile and immigration.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;   A ƙarshe, ƙiyayyar Brezhnev ga gyare-gyaren siyasa da tattalin arziki ta haifar da zamanin koma bayan tattalin arziki da ake kira Zamanin Tsayawa . Baya ga cin hanci da rashawa da ya yaɗu a cikin ƙasar, wannan lokacin ya kasance da raguwar wadatar kayan masarufi da raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Bayan shekarar 1975, lafiyar Brezhnev ta tabarbare cikin sauri kuma ya ƙara janye kansa daga mulkin ƙasar duk da cewa ya ci gaba da riƙe madafun iko. Daga ƙarshe ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1982 kuma Yuri Andropov ya gaje shi a matsayin Babban Sakatare. Da ya hau mulki a shekarar 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev ya yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Brezhnev saboda rashin inganci da rashin sassauci kafin ya fara kamfen na ' yantar da Tarayyar Soviet. Duk da sukar manufofin gwamnatinsa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, mulkin Brezhnev ya sami babban yabo a cikin kuri'un jama'a da aka gudanar a Rasha bayan Soviet.

== Rayuwar farko da farkon aikin ==

=== 1906–1939: Asali ===
An haifi Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1906 a Kamenskoye (yanzu Kamianske, [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] ) a cikin Gundumar Yekaterinoslav ta Daular Rasha ga ma'aikacin ƙarfe Ilya Yakovlevich Brezhnev (1874–1934) da matarsa, Natalia Denisovna Mazalova (1886–1975). {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Mahaifinsa yana zaune a Brezhnevo, Gundumar Kursk, kafin ya koma Kamenskoye. Iyayen mahaifiyar Brezhnev sun fito ne daga Yenakieve . &lt;ref name=&quot;Whistle&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brezhnev |first=Leonid |date=1981 |title=Воспоминания. Жизнь по заводскому гудку |trans-title=Memories: Life by the Factory Whistle |url=https://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/83903/0/leonid-brezhnev-zhizn-po-zavodskomu-gudku.html |journal=[[Kommunist]] |language=ru |pages=13–14 |issn=0131-1212}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da ƙabilar Brezhnev a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Ukraine a wasu takardu, ciki har da fasfo ɗinsa,    da kuma Rashanci a wasu.  {{Sfn|Bacon|2002}}

'Yar'uwar Brezhnev ta rubuta cewa a shekarar 1913, Brezhnev ya shiga makarantar coci . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an shigar da shi makarantar nahawu. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Brezhnev ya bar Kamenskoe zuwa Kursk saboda yunwar 1921-1923 kuma ya sami aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya a wani masana'antar mai da girki . {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}}

A shekarar 1923, Brezhnev ya shiga Komsomol, ƙungiyar matasa ta Bolshevik. Marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa Paul J. Murphy ya yi imanin cewa ya yi hakan ne saboda dalilai na aiki. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} A wannan shekarar, Brezhnev ya yi rajista a wata kwaleji kuma bayan shekaru huɗu ya sami digiri a fannin kula da ƙasa . {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Ya fara aiki shekara guda kafin kammala karatunsa, da farko a matsayin mai horo a Byelorussian SSR, kuma bayan ya sami takardar shaidar, a Gundumar Kursk sannan daga baya a Ural Oblast . {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} A lokacin aikinsa a can, Brezhnev ya nemi zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a 1929, inda ya shafe shekaru biyu a matsayin ɗan takara kafin ya zama cikakken memba na Jam'iyyar shekaru biyu bayan haka. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Brezhnev ya kai matsayin shugaban rajistar filaye na [[Ekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]] a 1930, amma ya bar shi bayan rabin shekara guda ya koma [[Moscow]] don yin rajista a Cibiyar Injinan Noma. Masanin tarihi Susanne Schattenberg ta yi hasashen cewa ya yi hakan ne don guje wa wuce gona da iri na tattara bayanai da Tarayyar Soviet ke yi a wancan lokacin. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]]
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'''Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev''' [ b ] {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|ɛ|ʒ|n|ɛ|f}};&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Brezhnev}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{langx|ru|Леонид Ильич Брежнев}} {{IPA|ru|lʲɪɐˈnʲit ɨˈlʲjidʑ ˈbrʲeʐnʲɪf||a= Ru-Leonid Ilich Brezhnev.ogg}};&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/brezhnev &quot;Brezhnev&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br/&gt;{{langx|uk|Леонід Ілліч Брежнєв|Leonid Illich Brezhniev}} {{IPA|uk|leoˈn⁽ʲ⁾id iˈl⁽ʲ⁾ːidʒ ˈbrɛʒnʲeu̯|}}.}} (19 Disamba 1906{{Spaced en dash}} 10 Nuwamba 1982)  ɗan siyasa ne na Soviet wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet daga 1964 har zuwa [[Mutuwa da jana'izar jihar Leonid Brezhnev|rasuwarsa]] a 1982. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamin Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Babban Soviet (shugaban ƙasa) daga 1960 zuwa 1964 sannan daga baya daga 1977 zuwa 1982. Wa'adinsa na Babban Sakatare kuma shugaban Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance na biyu bayan na [[Joseph Stalin]] a tsawon lokacin.

An haifi Leonid Brezhnev a cikin dangin ma'aikata a Kamenskoye a cikin Gundumar Yekaterinoslav ta Daular Rasha . Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba ya kafa Tarayyar Soviet, Brezhnev ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta jam'iyyar Kwaminis mai mulki a 1923 kafin ya zama memba na hukuma a 1929. Lokacin da Jamus ta Nazi ta mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a watan Yunin 1941, ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama a matsayin kwamishina kuma ya tashi cikin sauri zuwa matsayi don zama babban janar a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an ɗaukaka Brezhnev zuwa Kwamitin Tsakiya na jam'iyyar a 1952 kuma ya zama cikakken memba na Politburo a 1957. A 1964, ya shiga cikin cire Nikita Khrushchev a matsayin shugaban Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Sakataren Farko na CPSU . Lokacin da aka hambarar da Khrushchev, Brezhnev ya kafa ƙungiya mai ƙarfi tare da Firayim Minista [[Alexei Kosygin]] da Sakataren CC Nikolai Podgorny waɗanda suka fara jagorantar ƙasar a madadin Khrushchev.  {{Sfn|Bacon|2002}} {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya yi nasarar haɗa iko don zama babban mutum a cikin shugabancin Soviet. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|McCauley|1997}} &quot;In October 1964, Brezhnev became First Secretary (renamed General Secretary in 1966) of the Party with Aleksei Kosygin taking over as USSR Prime Minister, and Nikolai Podgorny becoming Soviet President. Just as after Stalin's death there was a collective leadership but Brezhnev wanted to become boss. His opportunity came in 1968 when the Prague Spring developed to such an extent that it appeared that the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia might lose power. In August 1968 the Soviet Union and several of its allies intervened and began the process of 'normalisation'. Brezhnev, as Party leader, took prime position during the conflict because Czechoslovakia was a socialist country and therefore under the supervision of the Soviet Communist Party. Kosygin who had launched some useful reforms, was pushed aside as economic orthodoxy became the order of the day. He lacked the political guts to fight for primacy. By 1969, one can regard Brezhnev as top dog.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Reynolds|2000}} &quot;...For several years after Khrushchev's demise [in 1964], power within the [Soviet] collective leadership remained both dispersed and balanced: Nikolai Podgorny, the hard-line head of state, dominated relations with Third World countries; Prime Minister Kosygin handled the economy and urged détente with the West; Brezhnev, the party secretary, looked after Eastern Europe, harping on the threat from Germany and the United States. Gradually, in the late 1960s, Brezhnev maneuvered his way into preeminence. Partly, like Stalin and Khrushchev before him, he used his control of the party apparatus to promote allies and topple enemies. But he also raised his profile by moving into the foreign-policy arena, stealing some of Kosygin's ideas while retaining his own reputation as a hard-liner on security. It was Brezhnev who put the new 'peace program' to the twenty-fourth party congress in April 1971. During the summer, Gromyko indicated that in future Nixon should write to Brezhnev, and not Kosygin, about foreign policy.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rigby|1989}} &quot;The record suggest that at least up to the late 1960s the power and authority of the new General Secretary were hardly adequate to ensure coherent and expeditious top-level decision-making. From about 1969 [Brezhnev's] primacy gradually became more evident and soon a 'cult' emerged embodying formulas that marked him out as clearly superordinated over the other party and state leaders. Gradually he succeeded in insinuating old cronies into high level posts and the first of them appeared in the top executive bodies. In 1977 Brezhnev was able to add to the General Secretaryship the post of President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, a post whose importance had been builty up in the preceding years. In his last years in office the 'cult' intensified and several more of his old associates were added to the top executive.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, mulkin Brezhnev ya inganta matsayin Tarayyar Soviet a duniya yayin da yake daidaita matsayin jam'iyyar da ke mulki a gida. Yayin da Khrushchev ke aiwatar da manufofi akai-akai ba tare da tuntuɓar ofishin siyasa ba, Brezhnev ya yi taka tsantsan wajen rage rashin amincewa tsakanin manyan jam'iyyun ta hanyar cimma matsaya ta hanyar amincewa, ta haka ne ya dawo da kamannin shugabancin gama gari . Bugu da ƙari, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin samun nutsuwa tsakanin manyan ƙasashe biyu [[Cold War|na Yaƙin Cacar Baki]], ya cimma daidaito tsakanin makaman nukiliya da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma ya ƙarfafa ikon Moscow akan Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai . Bugu da ƙari, yawan makamai da ƙasar ta tara da kuma tsoma bakin soja a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Brezhnev ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa tasirin Soviet a ƙasashen waje, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970, masu lura da jama'a da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa Tarayyar Soviet ta zarce Amurka ta zama babbar ƙarfin soja a duniya.

Akasin haka, shugabancin Brezhnev ya kuma shaida ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin danniya da takunkumi a duk faɗin Tarayyar Soviet idan aka kwatanta da shekarun sassaucin ra'ayi na Khrushchev Thaw . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Zubok|2009}} &quot;Both Stalinists and anti-Stalinists approved of Khrushchev's removal in October 1964. People who supported the Thaw and de-Stalinization believed that Khrushchev was a spent force and any future leadership would be better than his. Soon, however, they realized how wrong they were. The new guard in the Kremlin quickly terminated de-Stalinization from above. The majority of party leaders and ideologists did not like what they saw in the educated strata of society; growing individualism, creeping Westernism, popularity of American music and mass culture, growing pacifism, and pluralistic attitudes. Where the party ideologists failed, the KGB began to step in: a special division of Soviet secret police had the task of 'guiding' Soviet cultural and intellectual elites and 'shielding' them from 'harmful influences'...[¶]The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 substantiated the fears of the Soviet anti-Stalinist intelligentsia that the post-Khrushchev leadership might take the country in a neo-Stalinist direction. The crushing of the Prague Spring and its 'socialism with a human face' dashed the hopes of many educated Soviet patriots that the existing system could be reformed...[¶] Under Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet leadership abandoned reformist projects. It was content to live with the fossilized ideology and sought to repress cultural dissent and force its participants into exile and immigration.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;   A ƙarshe, ƙiyayyar Brezhnev ga gyare-gyaren siyasa da tattalin arziki ta haifar da zamanin koma bayan tattalin arziki da ake kira Zamanin Tsayawa . Baya ga cin hanci da rashawa da ya yaɗu a cikin ƙasar, wannan lokacin ya kasance da raguwar wadatar kayan masarufi da raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Bayan shekarar 1975, lafiyar Brezhnev ta tabarbare cikin sauri kuma ya ƙara janye kansa daga mulkin ƙasar duk da cewa ya ci gaba da riƙe madafun iko. Daga ƙarshe ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1982 kuma Yuri Andropov ya gaje shi a matsayin Babban Sakatare. Da ya hau mulki a shekarar 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev ya yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Brezhnev saboda rashin inganci da rashin sassauci kafin ya fara kamfen na ' yantar da Tarayyar Soviet. Duk da sukar manufofin gwamnatinsa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, mulkin Brezhnev ya sami babban yabo a cikin kuri'un jama'a da aka gudanar a Rasha bayan Soviet.

== Rayuwar farko da farkon aikin ==

=== 1906–1939: Asali ===
An haifi Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1906 a Kamenskoye (yanzu Kamianske, [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] ) a cikin Gundumar Yekaterinoslav ta Daular Rasha ga ma'aikacin ƙarfe Ilya Yakovlevich Brezhnev (1874–1934) da matarsa, Natalia Denisovna Mazalova (1886–1975). {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Mahaifinsa yana zaune a Brezhnevo, Gundumar Kursk, kafin ya koma Kamenskoye. Iyayen mahaifiyar Brezhnev sun fito ne daga Yenakieve . &lt;ref name=&quot;Whistle&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brezhnev |first=Leonid |date=1981 |title=Воспоминания. Жизнь по заводскому гудку |trans-title=Memories: Life by the Factory Whistle |url=https://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/83903/0/leonid-brezhnev-zhizn-po-zavodskomu-gudku.html |journal=[[Kommunist]] |language=ru |pages=13–14 |issn=0131-1212}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da ƙabilar Brezhnev a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Ukraine a wasu takardu, ciki har da fasfo ɗinsa,    da kuma Rashanci a wasu.  {{Sfn|Bacon|2002}}

'Yar'uwar Brezhnev ta rubuta cewa a shekarar 1913, Brezhnev ya shiga makarantar coci . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an shigar da shi makarantar nahawu. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Brezhnev ya bar Kamenskoe zuwa Kursk saboda yunwar 1921-1923 kuma ya sami aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya a wani masana'antar mai da girki . {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}}

A shekarar 1923, Brezhnev ya shiga Komsomol, ƙungiyar matasa ta Bolshevik. Marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa Paul J. Murphy ya yi imanin cewa ya yi hakan ne saboda dalilai na aiki. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} A wannan shekarar, Brezhnev ya yi rajista a wata kwaleji kuma bayan shekaru huɗu ya sami digiri a fannin kula da ƙasa . {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Ya fara aiki shekara guda kafin kammala karatunsa, da farko a matsayin mai horo a Byelorussian SSR, kuma bayan ya sami takardar shaidar, a Gundumar Kursk sannan daga baya a Ural Oblast . {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} A lokacin aikinsa a can, Brezhnev ya nemi zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a 1929, inda ya shafe shekaru biyu a matsayin ɗan takara kafin ya zama cikakken memba na Jam'iyyar shekaru biyu bayan haka. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Brezhnev ya kai matsayin shugaban rajistar filaye na [[Ekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]] a 1930, amma ya bar shi bayan rabin shekara guda ya koma [[Moscow]] don yin rajista a Cibiyar Injinan Noma. Masanin tarihi Susanne Schattenberg ta yi hasashen cewa ya yi hakan ne don guje wa wuce gona da iri na tattara bayanai da Tarayyar Soviet ke yi a wancan lokacin. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]]
[[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]]
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  <page>
    <title>Brother Jekwu</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:34:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345258607|Brother Jekwu]]&quot;</comment>
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Brother Jekwu fim ne mai ban dariya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2016 wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya jagoranta,  wanda [[Mike Ezuruonye]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar da shi.  An sake shi a duk faɗin Cinemas a cikin 2016.  

== Makirci ==
Da yake neman nasarar daji, wani ɗan ƙauyen ya bi dan uwansa daga Najeriya zuwa Kenya kuma ya yi tuntuɓe cikin al'amuran kasuwanci na wani sanannen mai mulki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editor |first=Op-ed |date=2016-12-18 |title=Movie review: The sometimes funny, twisted world of Brother Jekwu |url=https://ynaija.com/movie-review-sometimes-funny-twisted-world-brother-jekwu/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BBFC |title=Brother Jekwu |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/brother-jekwu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzi4nje |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==
 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb title}}
* Brother Jekwua kanNetflix  
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brother Jekwu}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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      <origin>816702</origin>
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      <text bytes="1035" sha1="jntv2yz5pqu08cyo2x58cp4zpqw5ffs" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Brother Jekwu fim ne mai ban dariya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2016 wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya jagoranta,  wanda [[Mike Ezuruonye]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar da shi.  An sake shi a duk faɗin Cinemas a cikin 2016.  

== Makirci ==
Da yake neman nasarar daji, wani ɗan ƙauyen ya bi dan uwansa daga Najeriya zuwa Kenya kuma ya yi tuntuɓe cikin al'amuran kasuwanci na wani sanannen mai mulki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editor |first=Op-ed |date=2016-12-18 |title=Movie review: The sometimes funny, twisted world of Brother Jekwu |url=https://ynaija.com/movie-review-sometimes-funny-twisted-world-brother-jekwu/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BBFC |title=Brother Jekwu |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/brother-jekwu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzi4nje |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==
 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb title}}
* Brother Jekwua kanNetflix  
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brother Jekwu}}</text>
      <sha1>jntv2yz5pqu08cyo2x58cp4zpqw5ffs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816703</id>
      <parentid>816702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:35:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816703</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1053" sha1="hquwul6k6b4e1yqjamq7rbij4dw9wr4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Brother Jekwu fim ne mai ban dariya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na shekarar 2016 wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya jagoranta,  wanda [[Mike Ezuruonye]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar da shi.  An sake shi a duk faɗin Cinemas a cikin shekarar 2016.  

== Makirci ==
Da yake neman nasarar daji, wani ɗan ƙauyen ya bi dan uwansa daga Najeriya zuwa Kenya kuma ya yi tuntuɓe cikin al'amuran kasuwanci na wani sanannen mai mulki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editor |first=Op-ed |date=2016-12-18 |title=Movie review: The sometimes funny, twisted world of Brother Jekwu |url=https://ynaija.com/movie-review-sometimes-funny-twisted-world-brother-jekwu/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BBFC |title=Brother Jekwu |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/brother-jekwu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzi4nje |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==
 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb title}}
* Brother Jekwua kanNetflix  
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brother Jekwu}}</text>
      <sha1>hquwul6k6b4e1yqjamq7rbij4dw9wr4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816704</id>
      <parentid>816703</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:35:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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      <origin>816704</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1059" sha1="4pdgwcmbqcuvsdnwghfuiotqv2m1xdp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Brother Jekwu fim ne mai ban dariya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na shekarar 2016 wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya jagoranta,  wanda [[Mike Ezuruonye]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar da shi.  An sake shi a duk faɗin Cinemas a cikin shekarar 2016.  

== Makirci ==
Da yake neman nasarar daji, wani ɗan ƙauyen ya bi ɗan uwansa daga Najeriya zuwa Kenya kuma ya kuma yi tuntuɓe cikin al'amuran kasuwanci na wani sanannen mai mulki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editor |first=Op-ed |date=2016-12-18 |title=Movie review: The sometimes funny, twisted world of Brother Jekwu |url=https://ynaija.com/movie-review-sometimes-funny-twisted-world-brother-jekwu/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BBFC |title=Brother Jekwu |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/brother-jekwu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzi4nje |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==
 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb title}}
* Brother Jekwua kanNetflix  
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brother Jekwu}}</text>
      <sha1>4pdgwcmbqcuvsdnwghfuiotqv2m1xdp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ijogbon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>70220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816720</id>
      <parentid>794777</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:47:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345826436|Ijogbon]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816720</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1792" sha1="n6fghyq7otgp9kc76peys0sedjhnuop" xml:space="preserve">'''''Ijogbon''''' fim ne na kasada na Najeriya na 2023 wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya samar kuma [[Netflix]] ta rarraba shi. Yana daya daga cikin yarjejeniyar fina-finai uku da Kunle Afolayan ya sanya hannu tare da [[Netflix]]. [[Tunde Babalola]] ne ya rubuta fim din kuma an sake shi zuwa Netflix a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2023 . Tauraron fim din [[Gabriel Afolayan]], [[Adunni Ade]], Tsohon tauraron BBNaija, Dorathy Bachor, [[Sam Dede]], Femi Branch, [[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]], [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]], Yemi Solade da wasu. An harbe fim din a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], a cikin KAP Film Village da Resort . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chikelu&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani game da shi ==
Ijogbon, fim din kasada mai zuwa ya ba da labarin matasa huɗu daga wani kauye mai nisa a yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Wadannan matasa huɗu sun ga jaka na lu'u-lu'u a cikin hanyoyi masu ban mamaki kuma sun zaɓi adana waɗannan lu'u'u-ulu'u, shawarar da suka yanke na adanawa da ɓoye waɗannan lu'ulu'u duk da cewa masu shi suna fitowa don neman lu'u na su sun haifar da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a gaba da su, suna sanya ɗaya daga cikinsu cikin matsala mai tsanani.

== Masu ba da labari ==
Zaɓuɓɓukan fim ɗin sune: 

* ''[[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] a matsayin Kabiesi''
* ''[[Gabriel Afolayan]] a matsayin Ɗan'uwa Kasali''
* ''[[Sam Dede]] a matsayin Rev. Sangodoyin''
* ''[[Tana Adelana]] a matsayin Mama Oby''
* ''Yemi Solade a matsayin Cif Owonifaari''
* ''[[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]] a matsayin Shugaba''
* ''Ofishin Femi a matsayin Banjo''
* ''[[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Chidera''
* ''Funky Mallam a matsayin Kafachan''
* ''Dorathy Bachor a matsayin Bisi''
* ''Ruby Akubueze a matsayin Oby''
* ''Ojuolape Kayode a matsayin Jamiu''
* ''Oluwaseyi Ebiesuwa a matsayin Ranti''

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>n6fghyq7otgp9kc76peys0sedjhnuop</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816721</id>
      <parentid>816720</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:48:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816721</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1804" sha1="6qsc7tuacd1tu3iiisqpi0q9o0w2bb4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Ijogbon''''' fim ne na kasada na Najeriya na 2023 wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya samar kuma [[Netflix]] ta rarraba shi. Yana daya daga cikin yarjejeniyar fina-finai uku da Kunle Afolayan ya sanya hannu tare da [[Netflix]]. [[Tunde Babalola]] ne ya rubuta fim din kuma an sake shi zuwa Netflix a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2023 . Tauraron fim din [[Gabriel Afolayan]], [[Adunni Ade]], Tsohon tauraron BBNaija, Dorathy Bachor, [[Sam Dede]], Femi Branch, [[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]], [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]], Yemi Solade da wasu. An harbe fim din a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], a cikin KAP Film Village da Resort . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chikelu&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani game da shi ==
Ijogbon, fim din kasada mai zuwa ya ba da labarin matasa huɗu daga wani kauye mai nisa a yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Wadannan matasa huɗu sun ga jaka na lu'u-lu'u a cikin hanyoyi masu ban mamaki kuma sun zaɓi adana waɗannan lu'u'u-ulu'u, shawarar da suka yanke na adanawa da ɓoye waɗannan lu'ulu'u duk da cewa masu shi suna fitowa don neman lu'u na su sun haifar da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a gaba da su, suna sanya ɗaya daga cikinsu cikin matsala mai tsanani.

== Masu ba da labari ==
Zaɓuɓɓukan fim ɗin sune: 

* ''[[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] a matsayin Kabiesi''
* ''[[Gabriel Afolayan]] a matsayin Ɗan'uwa Kasali''
* ''[[Sam Dede]] a matsayin Rev. Sangodoyin''
* ''[[Tana Adelana]] a matsayin Mama Oby''
* ''Yemi Solade a matsayin Cif Owonifaari''
* ''[[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]] a matsayin Shugaba''
* ''Ofishin Femi a matsayin Banjo''
* ''[[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Chidera''
* ''Funky Mallam a matsayin Kafachan''
* ''Dorathy Bachor a matsayin Bisi''
* ''Ruby Akubueze a matsayin Oby''
* ''Ojuolape Kayode a matsayin Jamiu''
* ''Oluwaseyi Ebiesuwa a matsayin Ranti''

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6qsc7tuacd1tu3iiisqpi0q9o0w2bb4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816722</id>
      <parentid>816721</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:48:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816722</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1824" sha1="j84x1uxkr2u343koup4uhixvqh4chml" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Ijogbon''''' fim ne na kasada na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya samar kuma [[Netflix]] ta rarraba shi. Yana ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyar fina-finai uku da Kunle Afolayan ya sanya hannu tare da [[Netflix]]. [[Tunde Babalola]] ne ya rubuta fim din kuma an sake shi zuwa Netflix a ranar 13 ga Oktoban shekarar 2023 . Tauraron fim din [[Gabriel Afolayan]], [[Adunni Ade]], Tsohon tauraron BBNaija, Dorathy Bachor, [[Sam Dede]], Femi Branch, [[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]], [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]], Yemi Solade da wasu. An harbe fim din a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], a cikin KAP Film Village da Resort . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chikelu&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani game da shi ==
Ijogbon, fim din kasada mai zuwa ya ba da labarin matasa huɗu daga wani kauye mai nisa a yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Wadannan matasa huɗu sun ga jaka na lu'u-lu'u a cikin hanyoyi masu ban mamaki kuma sun zaɓi adana waɗannan lu'u'u-ulu'u, shawarar da suka yanke na adanawa da ɓoye waɗannan lu'ulu'u duk da cewa masu shi suna fitowa don neman lu'u na su sun haifar da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a gaba da su, suna sanya ɗaya daga cikinsu cikin matsala mai tsanani.

== Masu ba da labari ==
Zaɓuɓɓukan fim ɗin sune: 

* ''[[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] a matsayin Kabiesi''
* ''[[Gabriel Afolayan]] a matsayin Ɗan'uwa Kasali''
* ''[[Sam Dede]] a matsayin Rev. Sangodoyin''
* ''[[Tana Adelana]] a matsayin Mama Oby''
* ''Yemi Solade a matsayin Cif Owonifaari''
* ''[[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]] a matsayin Shugaba''
* ''Ofishin Femi a matsayin Banjo''
* ''[[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Chidera''
* ''Funky Mallam a matsayin Kafachan''
* ''Dorathy Bachor a matsayin Bisi''
* ''Ruby Akubueze a matsayin Oby''
* ''Ojuolape Kayode a matsayin Jamiu''
* ''Oluwaseyi Ebiesuwa a matsayin Ranti''

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j84x1uxkr2u343koup4uhixvqh4chml</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816724</id>
      <parentid>816722</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:48:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816724</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1826" sha1="cwt5adurwxkzdfxutrp5lxkuqacpcnt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Ijogbon''''' fim ne na kasada na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya samar kuma [[Netflix]] ta rarraba shi. Yana ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyar fina-finai uku da Kunle Afolayan ya sanya hannu tare da [[Netflix]]. [[Tunde Babalola]] ne ya rubuta fim din kuma an sake shi zuwa Netflix a ranar 13 ga Oktoban shekarar 2023 . Tauraron fim ɗin [[Gabriel Afolayan]], [[Adunni Ade]], Tsohon tauraron BBNaija, Dorathy Bachor, [[Sam Dede]], Femi Branch, [[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]], [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]], Yemi Solade da wasu. An harbe fim ɗin a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], a cikin KAP Film Village da Resort . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chikelu&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani game da shi ==
Ijogbon, fim din kasada mai zuwa ya ba da labarin matasa huɗu daga wani kauye mai nisa a yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Wadannan matasa huɗu sun ga jaka na lu'u-lu'u a cikin hanyoyi masu ban mamaki kuma sun zaɓi adana waɗannan lu'u'u-ulu'u, shawarar da suka yanke na adanawa da ɓoye waɗannan lu'ulu'u duk da cewa masu shi suna fitowa don neman lu'u na su sun haifar da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a gaba da su, suna sanya ɗaya daga cikinsu cikin matsala mai tsanani.

== Masu ba da labari ==
Zaɓuɓɓukan fim ɗin sune: 

* ''[[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] a matsayin Kabiesi''
* ''[[Gabriel Afolayan]] a matsayin Ɗan'uwa Kasali''
* ''[[Sam Dede]] a matsayin Rev. Sangodoyin''
* ''[[Tana Adelana]] a matsayin Mama Oby''
* ''Yemi Solade a matsayin Cif Owonifaari''
* ''[[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]] a matsayin Shugaba''
* ''Ofishin Femi a matsayin Banjo''
* ''[[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Chidera''
* ''Funky Mallam a matsayin Kafachan''
* ''Dorathy Bachor a matsayin Bisi''
* ''Ruby Akubueze a matsayin Oby''
* ''Ojuolape Kayode a matsayin Jamiu''
* ''Oluwaseyi Ebiesuwa a matsayin Ranti''

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cwt5adurwxkzdfxutrp5lxkuqacpcnt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816725</id>
      <parentid>816724</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:49:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816725</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1827" sha1="6gngs3t969c49whxg0ogmxzi64t6mjf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Ijogbon''''' fim ne na kasada na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya samar kuma [[Netflix]] ta rarraba shi. Yana ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyar fina-finai uku da Kunle Afolayan ya sanya hannu tare da [[Netflix]]. [[Tunde Babalola]] ne ya rubuta fim din kuma an sake shi zuwa Netflix a ranar 13 ga Oktoban shekarar 2023 . Tauraron fim ɗin [[Gabriel Afolayan]], [[Adunni Ade]], Tsohon tauraron BBNaija, Dorathy Bachor, [[Sam Dede]], Femi Branch, [[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]], [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]], Yemi Solade da wasu. An harbe fim ɗin a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], a cikin KAP Film Village da Resort . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chikelu&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani game da shi ==
Ijogbon, fim ɗin kasada mai zuwa ya ba da labarin matasa huɗu daga wani kauye mai nisa a yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Wadannan matasa huɗu sun ga jaka na lu'u-lu'u a cikin hanyoyi masu ban mamaki kuma sun zaɓi adana waɗannan lu'u'u-ulu'u, shawarar da suka yanke na adanawa da ɓoye waɗannan lu'ulu'u duk da cewa masu shi suna fitowa don neman lu'u na su sun haifar da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a gaba da su, suna sanya ɗaya daga cikinsu cikin matsala mai tsanani.

== Masu ba da labari ==
Zaɓuɓɓukan fim ɗin sune: 

* ''[[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] a matsayin Kabiesi''
* ''[[Gabriel Afolayan]] a matsayin Ɗan'uwa Kasali''
* ''[[Sam Dede]] a matsayin Rev. Sangodoyin''
* ''[[Tana Adelana]] a matsayin Mama Oby''
* ''Yemi Solade a matsayin Cif Owonifaari''
* ''[[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]] a matsayin Shugaba''
* ''Ofishin Femi a matsayin Banjo''
* ''[[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Chidera''
* ''Funky Mallam a matsayin Kafachan''
* ''Dorathy Bachor a matsayin Bisi''
* ''Ruby Akubueze a matsayin Oby''
* ''Ojuolape Kayode a matsayin Jamiu''
* ''Oluwaseyi Ebiesuwa a matsayin Ranti''

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6gngs3t969c49whxg0ogmxzi64t6mjf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sola Kosoko</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:14:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345930803|Sola Kosoko]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sola Kosoko''', Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Sola Kosoko-Abina''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1980), &lt;ref name=&quot;slickson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Slickson |title=Celebrity Birthday: Sola Kosoko is a year Older |url=http://slickson.com/celebrity-birthday-sola-kosoko-is-a-year-older/ |website=slickson.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya kuma darektan fim da aka sani da Láròdá òjò . Ita 'yar [[Jide Kosoko]] ce . &lt;ref name=&quot;slickson&quot; /&gt; Sola kosoko ta fito a fim din ''Pala Pala'' wanda ya hada da Yemi Solade da Muyiwa Kosoko . Ta yi jawabi ga matasan Najeriya a lokacin shirin Media Literacy and Capacity Building . 

== Ilimi ==
Kosoko tana da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Kosoko ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a 1999 inda ta fito a fim mai suna ''Ola Abata'' wanda mahaifinta ya samar; [[Jide Kosoko]] . A shekara ta 2001, ta yi fim din ''Omo Olorire'' wanda ya sa ta shahara. Ta yi fim a fina-finai da yawa a Turanci da Yoruba tun lokacin da ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Sola Kosoko tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan [[Jide Kosoko]] . Ta auri Abiodun Abinna, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Oluwasindara da Oluwasikemi) da ɗa (Oluwasire).

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==

* Nomin da mutane suka bayar a cikin birni

== Hotunan da aka zaɓa ==

* ''Ola Abata'' (1999) 
* ''Oko Irese'' (2000) 
* ''Omo Olorire'' (2003) a matsayin Enitan
* ''Oko Irese''
* ''Omo Bishop'' (2005) 
* Eje Adegbenro 2 (2006) a matsayin Akowe Adegbenre
* ''Onitemi (2007) ''
* ''Láròdá òjò'' (2008) a matsayin Inuwa
* ''[[Apaadi]] (2009) ''
* ''Eti Keta (2011) a matsayin Ifeoma''
* ''Oloruka'' (2017) 
* ''Oga (2017) a matsayin Abokin Demi''
* ''Fadar sarauta'' (2018) 
* ''Ainiwa (2021) a matsayin Sindara''
* Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Asabi
* ''Jemila''
* ''Kwarin Tsakanin''
* ''Roses da ƙaya''&lt;ref name=&quot;Encomium Magazine 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title='I want to exceed my father's success,' says Sola Kosoko |url=https://encomium.ng/i-want-to-exceed-my-fathers-success-says-sola-kosoko/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Encomium Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|2535409}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>0pukkahlvu8wkqvzajxf8zm9wa2q7dq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816763</id>
      <parentid>816762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:14:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816763</origin>
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      <text bytes="2312" sha1="bdyehwmmgohs48cnoj0ew6ifnwhmt07" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sola Kosoko''', Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Sola Kosoko-Abina''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1980), &lt;ref name=&quot;slickson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Slickson |title=Celebrity Birthday: Sola Kosoko is a year Older |url=http://slickson.com/celebrity-birthday-sola-kosoko-is-a-year-older/ |website=slickson.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya kuma darektan fim da aka sani da Láròdá òjò . Ita 'yar [[Jide Kosoko]] ce . &lt;ref name=&quot;slickson&quot; /&gt; Sola kosoko ta fito a fim din ''Pala Pala'' wanda ya hada da Yemi Solade da Muyiwa Kosoko . Ta yi jawabi ga matasan Najeriya a lokacin shirin Media Literacy and Capacity Building . 

== Ilimi ==
Kosoko tana da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Kosoko ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a 1999 inda ta fito a fim mai suna ''Ola Abata'' wanda mahaifinta ya samar; [[Jide Kosoko]] . A shekara ta 2001, ta yi fim din ''Omo Olorire'' wanda ya sa ta shahara. Ta yi fim a fina-finai da yawa a Turanci da Yoruba tun lokacin da ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Sola Kosoko tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan [[Jide Kosoko]] . Ta auri Abiodun Abinna, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Oluwasindara da Oluwasikemi) da ɗa (Oluwasire).

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==

* Nomin da mutane suka bayar a cikin birni

== Hotunan da aka zaɓa ==

* ''Ola Abata'' (1999) 
* ''Oko Irese'' (2000) 
* ''Omo Olorire'' (2003) a matsayin Enitan
* ''Oko Irese''
* ''Omo Bishop'' (2005) 
* Eje Adegbenro 2 (2006) a matsayin Akowe Adegbenre
* ''Onitemi (2007) ''
* ''Láròdá òjò'' (2008) a matsayin Inuwa
* ''[[Apaadi]] (2009) ''
* ''Eti Keta (2011) a matsayin Ifeoma''
* ''Oloruka'' (2017) 
* ''Oga (2017) a matsayin Abokin Demi''
* ''Fadar sarauta'' (2018) 
* ''Ainiwa (2021) a matsayin Sindara''
* Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Asabi
* ''Jemila''
* ''Kwarin Tsakanin''
* ''Roses da ƙaya''&lt;ref name=&quot;Encomium Magazine 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title='I want to exceed my father's success,' says Sola Kosoko |url=https://encomium.ng/i-want-to-exceed-my-fathers-success-says-sola-kosoko/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Encomium Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|2535409}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>bdyehwmmgohs48cnoj0ew6ifnwhmt07</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816765</id>
      <parentid>816763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:15:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>23935</id>
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      <text bytes="2318" sha1="7zbvfahc0ldq6ch8nnig4l8pn5mhec5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sola Kosoko''', Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sa ni da '''Sola Kosoko-Abina''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1980), &lt;ref name=&quot;slickson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Slickson |title=Celebrity Birthday: Sola Kosoko is a year Older |url=http://slickson.com/celebrity-birthday-sola-kosoko-is-a-year-older/ |website=slickson.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya kuma darektan fim da aka sani da Láròdá òjò . Ita 'yar [[Jide Kosoko]] ce . &lt;ref name=&quot;slickson&quot; /&gt; Sola kosoko ta fito a fim din ''Pala Pala'' wanda ya hada da Yemi Solade da Muyiwa Kosoko . Ta kuma yi jawabi ga matasan Najeriya a lokacin shirin Media Literacy and Capacity Building . 

== Ilimi ==
Kosoko tana da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Kosoko ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a 1999 inda ta fito a fim mai suna ''Ola Abata'' wanda mahaifinta ya samar; [[Jide Kosoko]] . A shekara ta 2001, ta yi fim din ''Omo Olorire'' wanda ya sa ta shahara. Ta yi fim a fina-finai da yawa a Turanci da Yoruba tun lokacin da ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Sola Kosoko tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan [[Jide Kosoko]] . Ta auri Abiodun Abinna, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Oluwasindara da Oluwasikemi) da ɗa (Oluwasire).

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==

* Nomin da mutane suka bayar a cikin birni

== Hotunan da aka zaɓa ==

* ''Ola Abata'' (1999) 
* ''Oko Irese'' (2000) 
* ''Omo Olorire'' (2003) a matsayin Enitan
* ''Oko Irese''
* ''Omo Bishop'' (2005) 
* Eje Adegbenro 2 (2006) a matsayin Akowe Adegbenre
* ''Onitemi (2007) ''
* ''Láròdá òjò'' (2008) a matsayin Inuwa
* ''[[Apaadi]] (2009) ''
* ''Eti Keta (2011) a matsayin Ifeoma''
* ''Oloruka'' (2017) 
* ''Oga (2017) a matsayin Abokin Demi''
* ''Fadar sarauta'' (2018) 
* ''Ainiwa (2021) a matsayin Sindara''
* Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Asabi
* ''Jemila''
* ''Kwarin Tsakanin''
* ''Roses da ƙaya''&lt;ref name=&quot;Encomium Magazine 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title='I want to exceed my father's success,' says Sola Kosoko |url=https://encomium.ng/i-want-to-exceed-my-fathers-success-says-sola-kosoko/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Encomium Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|2535409}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>7zbvfahc0ldq6ch8nnig4l8pn5mhec5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816766</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:15:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>23935</id>
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'''Sola Kosoko''', Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sa ni da '''Sola Kosoko-Abina''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1980), &lt;ref name=&quot;slickson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Slickson |title=Celebrity Birthday: Sola Kosoko is a year Older |url=http://slickson.com/celebrity-birthday-sola-kosoko-is-a-year-older/ |website=slickson.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya kuma darektan fim da aka sani da Láròdá òjò . Ita 'yar [[Jide Kosoko]] ce . &lt;ref name=&quot;slickson&quot; /&gt; Sola kosoko ta fito a fim din ''Pala Pala'' wanda ya hada da Yemi Solade da Muyiwa Kosoko . Ta kuma yi jawabi ga matasan Najeriya a lokacin shirin Media Literacy and Capacity Building . 

== Ilimi ==
Kosoko tana da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Kosoko ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1999 inda ta fito a fim mai suna ''Ola Abata'' wanda mahaifinta ya samar; [[Jide Kosoko]] . A shekara ta 2001, ta yi fim din ''Omo Olorire'' wanda ya sa ta shahara. Ta yi fim a fina-finai da yawa a Turanci da Yoruba tun lokacin da ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Sola Kosoko tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan [[Jide Kosoko]] . Ta auri Abiodun Abinna, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Oluwasindara da Oluwasikemi) da ɗa (Oluwasire).

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==

* Nomin da mutane suka bayar a cikin birni

== Hotunan da aka zaɓa ==

* ''Ola Abata'' (1999) 
* ''Oko Irese'' (2000) 
* ''Omo Olorire'' (2003) a matsayin Enitan
* ''Oko Irese''
* ''Omo Bishop'' (2005) 
* Eje Adegbenro 2 (2006) a matsayin Akowe Adegbenre
* ''Onitemi (2007) ''
* ''Láròdá òjò'' (2008) a matsayin Inuwa
* ''[[Apaadi]] (2009) ''
* ''Eti Keta (2011) a matsayin Ifeoma''
* ''Oloruka'' (2017) 
* ''Oga (2017) a matsayin Abokin Demi''
* ''Fadar sarauta'' (2018) 
* ''Ainiwa (2021) a matsayin Sindara''
* Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Asabi
* ''Jemila''
* ''Kwarin Tsakanin''
* ''Roses da ƙaya''&lt;ref name=&quot;Encomium Magazine 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title='I want to exceed my father's success,' says Sola Kosoko |url=https://encomium.ng/i-want-to-exceed-my-fathers-success-says-sola-kosoko/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Encomium Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|2535409}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>cif5vwgyhgqxdzej24ro6ztb9j9qoc9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816767</id>
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'''Sola Kosoko''', Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sa ni da '''Sola Kosoko-Abina''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1980), &lt;ref name=&quot;slickson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Slickson |title=Celebrity Birthday: Sola Kosoko is a year Older |url=http://slickson.com/celebrity-birthday-sola-kosoko-is-a-year-older/ |website=slickson.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya kuma darektan fim da aka sani da Láròdá òjò . Ita 'yar [[Jide Kosoko]] ce . &lt;ref name=&quot;slickson&quot; /&gt; Sola kosoko ta fito a fim din ''Pala Pala'' wanda ya hada da Yemi Solade da Muyiwa Kosoko . Ta kuma yi jawabi ga matasan Najeriya a lokacin shirin Media Literacy and Capacity Building . 

== Ilimi ==
Kosoko tana da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Kosoko ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1999 inda ta fito a fim mai suna ''Ola Abata'' wanda mahaifinta ya samar; [[Jide Kosoko]] . A shekara ta 2001, ta yi fim din ''Omo Olorire'' wanda ya sa ta shahara. Ta yi fim a fina-finai da yawa a Turanci da Yoruba tun lokacin da ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Sola Kosoko tana ɗaya daga cikin ƴa'ƴan [[Jide Kosoko]] . Ta auri Abiodun Abinna, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Oluwasindara da Oluwasikemi) da ɗa (Oluwasire).

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==

* Nomin da mutane suka bayar a cikin birni

== Hotunan da aka zaɓa ==

* ''Ola Abata'' (1999) 
* ''Oko Irese'' (2000) 
* ''Omo Olorire'' (2003) a matsayin Enitan
* ''Oko Irese''
* ''Omo Bishop'' (2005) 
* Eje Adegbenro 2 (2006) a matsayin Akowe Adegbenre
* ''Onitemi (2007) ''
* ''Láròdá òjò'' (2008) a matsayin Inuwa
* ''[[Apaadi]] (2009) ''
* ''Eti Keta (2011) a matsayin Ifeoma''
* ''Oloruka'' (2017) 
* ''Oga (2017) a matsayin Abokin Demi''
* ''Fadar sarauta'' (2018) 
* ''Ainiwa (2021) a matsayin Sindara''
* Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Asabi
* ''Jemila''
* ''Kwarin Tsakanin''
* ''Roses da ƙaya''&lt;ref name=&quot;Encomium Magazine 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title='I want to exceed my father's success,' says Sola Kosoko |url=https://encomium.ng/i-want-to-exceed-my-fathers-success-says-sola-kosoko/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Encomium Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|2535409}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>p9xjonl28v5v72e6nyb2y9igz7ro8bm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mickey Fonseca</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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[[Fayil:The Journal v. 27, no. 36, September 17, 2015 (IA Journal091715).pdf|thumb|makala maindauke da  tarihin mickey]]
'''Mickey Fonseca''', ɗan fim ne na Mozambican, marubuci kuma furodusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mickey Fonseca bio |url=https://shortcutznetwork.com/mickey-fonseca/ |access-date=2021-10-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fi saninsa da jagorantar gajeren fim din 2009 ''Mahla'' da fim mai ban tsoro na 2019 Resgate . Shi  wanda ya kafa kamfanin samar da fina-finai Mahla Filmes . 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haifi Fonseca kuma ta girma a Maputo, Mozambique .&lt;ref name=&quot;Redemption&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-15 |title=Mickey Fonseca - Redemption |url=https://www.filmfestzell.at/de/film/mickey-fonseca-redemption/ |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Film Fest Zell |language=de-DE}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da yake da shekaru 12, sha'awarsa ga fina-finai ta girma inda ya rubuta wasiƙu ga sanannen mai shirya fina-fakkaatu Steven Spielberg.

== Ayyuka ==
A tsakiyar shekarunsa na ashirin, Fonseca ya koma Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gudu ga Monkey Films . A shekara ta 2006, ya kafa kamfanin samar da fina-finai &quot;Mahla Filmes&quot; wanda aka kafa a Maputo. 'an nan kuma na tsawon shekaru shida, kamfanin ya harbe tallace-tallace kawai.

A cikin 2011, Fonseca ta halarci shirin 8-Week Screenwriting a Kwalejin Fim ta New York .   hanyar shirin, ya sami damar saduwa da masu shirya fina-finai da yawa na Hollywood da ma'aikatan fasaha inda Fonseca ya yi aiki tare da su a matsayin manajan wuri da mataimakin manajan a Afirka don fina-fukkuna masu ban sha'awa ''Diana'' da Blood Diamond .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mickey Fonseca |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bd958cf88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727234510/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bd958cf88 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2020 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=BFI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mickey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mickey Fonseca |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/nyfa-news/alumni/mickey-fonseca/ |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Alumni - New York Film Academy |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029201348/https://www.nyfa.edu/nyfa-news/alumni/mickey-fonseca/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekara ta 2009, ya fara fim dinsa ta hanyar jagorantar gajeren fim din Traidos pela traição . 'an nan kuma ya ba da umarnin gajeren ''Mahla'' a wannan shekarar. Fim din ya zama canji a cikin aikinsa, inda fim din ya sami yabo mai kyau kuma an zabi shi don mafi kyawun gajeren lokaci a yawancin gasa na fina-finai: AMAA (Nigeria), TARIFA (Spain), Aguilar del Campoo (Spain), Festival Du Film D'Afrique et des Iles (Reunion Isalnd) da XXX Festival Cinema Africano .  (Verona, Italiya). [1]

Bayan wannan nasarar, daga baya ya samar da wasu gajeren fina-finai guda biyu a karkashin tutar Mahla Filmes: ''Wasikar'' da Dowry kuma ya ba da umarnin gajeren gajeren sa na uku Poisoned Love, duk a cikin 2010. A cikin 2018, ya rubuta, ya samar kuma ya ba da umarnin fim dinsa na farko Resgate .  A African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA), fim din ya lashe kyautar Best Screenplay da Best Production Design tare da zabarsa don wasu kyaututtuka biyu: Best Film da Best Director. Sa'an nan a Film Fest Zell, ya lashe kyautar Courageous Film Award don jagorantar fim din.  cikin wannan shekarar, an sake zabarsa don Kyautar Young Talent don Mafi Kyawun Fim a Bikin Fim na Hamburg . [1]  cikin 2020, fim din ya zama fim na farko daga Lusophone: Afirka mai magana da Portuguese da aka nuna akan Netflix.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
!Irin wannan
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2006
|''Diamond na jini''
|Mataimakin darektan na uku
|Fim din
|
|-
|2009
|''An kawo su ne saboda cin amana''
|Darakta, furodusa
|Gajeren fim
|
|-
|2009
|''Mahla''
|Darakta, furodusa, Marubuci
|Gajeren fim
|
|-
|2009
|''Mai ba da agaji''
|Mataimakin manajan samarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2010
|''Wasikar''
|Mai gabatarwa
|Gajeren fim
|
|-
|2010
|''Kyautar Kyauta''
|Mai gabatarwa
|Gajeren fim
|
|-
|2010
|''Ƙaunar guba''
|Darakta, furodusa, Marubuci
|Gajeren fim
|
|-
|2010
|''Dina''
|Darakta, furodusa, Marubuci
|Gajeren fim
|
|-
|2012
|''Sean Banan da ba shi da amfani Seanfrika''
|Mai gabatarwa
|Fim din
|
|-
|2013
|''Diana''
|Manajan wuri
|Fim din
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Redemption (2019 film)|Ceto]]''
|Darakta, furodusa, Marubuta, Darakta na Fasaha
|Fim din
|
|-
|2019
|''Abin tunawa da Mbuzini''
|Mai gabatarwa
|Takaitaccen Bayani
|
|-
|2020
|''ƙaunatacce...''
|Mai kula da samarwa, darektan zane
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|2644670}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mars Kadiombo Yamba Bilonda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71913</id>
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      <id>816030</id>
      <parentid>492501</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T16:15:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>816030</origin>
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      <text bytes="2127" sha1="kf3el9ih3mgrma8pf6tr7fgmxu619m5" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Mars Kadiombo Yamba Bilonda,''' (3 Maris 1958 - 15 Yuli 2021). ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Kongo, marubuci, kuma darektan fim. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kitsita|first=Jephté|date=16 July 2021|title=RDC : Décès de l'artiste Kadiombo Yamba|trans-title= |url=https://www.7sur7.cd/2021/07/16/rdc-deces-de-lartiste-kadiombo-yamba|language=French|work=7sur7.cd|location= |access-date=18 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na mataki&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last= |first= |date=18 July 2011|title=Kadiombo Yamba: &quot;Je ne fournis pas d’effort, la comédie est en moi&quot;|trans-title= |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/le-grand-temoin/2011/07/18/kadiombo-yamba-je-ne-fournis-pas-d%25e2%2580%2599effort-la-comedie-est-en-moi|language=French|work=[[Radio Okapi]]|location= |access-date=18 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma darektan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Mbuyi|first=Gisèle|date=30 March 2021|title=&quot; Paris à tout prix &quot;, un film de Kadiombo Yamba Bilonda|trans-title=|url=https://www.digitalcongo.net/article/60632e4d0a82430015944dbc/|language=French|work=Digitalcongo.net|location=Kinshasa|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716091158/https://www.digitalcongo.net/article/60632e4d0a82430015944dbc/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* Fuskar da aka ɓoye na Mobutu (2016).
* Coloré (2019) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://revoir.tv5monde.com/toutes-les-emissions/colore|title=Coloré|work=TV5Monde|language=French}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last= |first= |date=10 November 2020|title=La série Coloré à la rencontre du public et des artisans de Kinshasa|trans-title= |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/ohdio/premiere/emissions/le-6-a-9/segments/entrevue/208949/cinema-industrie-television-francophonie-afrique-jeunesse-acteur|language=French|work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Radio-Canada]]|location= |access-date=18 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; .
* Paris a duk farashin (2021)

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Matattun 2021]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>kf3el9ih3mgrma8pf6tr7fgmxu619m5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mohcine Malzi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73365</id>
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      <id>816420</id>
      <parentid>415531</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T03:57:35Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>816420</origin>
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      <text bytes="3912" sha1="n6d0fck58mf17ial6yq79i4239gochy" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Mohcine ta dubu Malzi''' (kuma '''Mouhcine Malzi''') '[[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta ƙasar Maroko .&lt;ref name=Tan&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.graziamaroc.ma/articles/fifm-parterre-de-stars-aa-marrakech/ZZZEEDGF |title=FIFM: star crowd in Marrakech! |date=November 30, 2018 |language=French |publisher=Grazia Maroc |access-date=November 26, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Aiki ==
Mohcine Malzi an san shi da rawar da ya taka na &quot;Abdelkader&quot; a cikin fim din [[Faouzi Bensaïdi]] na 2017, wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya, ''[[Volubilis (fim)|Volubilis]]'', wanda ya hada da [[Nadiya Kounda|Nadia Kounda]] da Nezha Rahil, kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar &quot;Mafi kyawun Actor&quot; a bikin fina-finai na Tangier na 2018 (TNFF). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://quid.ma/culture/fifm-:-le-tapis-rouge-de-marrakech-verra-defiler-des-plus-grands-noms-du-cinema-mondial- |title=FIFM: THE MARRAKECH RED CARPET WILL SEE THE BIGGEST NAMES IN WORLD CINEMA |date=November 30, 2018 |language=French |publisher=Quid |access-date=November 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  cikin 2019, ya fito a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Saidi Bensaïdi, ''Takis Bied'', tare da Mohamed El Khyari, Sahar Seddiki, Anas El Baz, Hassan Foulane da Saida Baâdi &lt;ref name=&quot;Tax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://m.2m.ma/fr/programme/taxi-bied-bientot-dans-les-salles-de-cinema-20190214/ |title=&quot;Taxi Bied&quot;, soon in cinemas! |date=February 16, 2019 |publisher=2M |language=French |access-date=November 25, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a cikin 2020 ya fito a cikin fim din talabijin na Maroko, L'''Balisa'', tare da Ahmed Yreziz da Jalila Tlamsi . [2]  sake haɗuwa da darektan Maroko Faouzi Bensaïdi don fim din Summer Days wanda aka shirya don fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Marrakech na 2022.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Fim din ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Shekara
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Fim din
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Matsayi
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Bayani
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Tabbacin.
|-
|2019
|''[[Taxi Bied|Takis Bied]]''
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo
|Wasan kwaikwayo, Wasan kwaikwayo
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Volubilis (fim)|Volubilis]]''
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo (''Abdelkader'') 
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Julie-Aicha]]''
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015
|''Dutse da Kasbah''
|Dan wasan kwaikwayo (Afghan Star Technician, a matsayin Mohcine Malzi) 
|Wasan kwaikwayo, Kiɗa, Yaƙi
|
|-
|''[[Les griffes du passé|Grifos na baya]]''
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo (''Mounir'') 
|Abin mamaki
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Formatage|Tsarin]]''
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|
|-
|2013
|''Tana da ciwon sukari 3''
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|
|-
|2012
|''Dutse na haƙuri''
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo (''Soja 2'') 
|Wasan kwaikwayo, Yaƙi
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Death for Sale|Mutuwa don Sayarwa]]'' (Mutuwa don sayarwa) 
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo (''Allal'') 
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|
|}

=== Talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Shekara
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Fim din
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Matsayi
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Bayani
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Tabbacin.
|-
|2019
|''Ezzaima''
|Dan wasan kwaikwayo (''Karim'') 
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin (2019-2020), Wasan kwaikwayo
|
|-
|2018 -
|''Wala alik''
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 1 Episode, 2018
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin, Drama
|
|-
|2017
|''Ƙasar''
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin (2011-2020), Laifi, Wasan kwaikwayo, Asirin
|
|}

== Godiya gaisuwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Abin da ya faru
!Kyautar
!Mai karɓa
!Sakamakon
|-
|2018
|TNFF
|''Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo''
|Shi da kansa| {{Won}}
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naa Ashorkor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>816670</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T09:49:25Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>816670</origin>
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      <text bytes="12910" sha1="hdqv3525gigpim9sbf2f1cp4yux343r" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Naa Ashorkor at 3Music Awards 2022.jpg|thumb|Hton naa ashorkor]]
[[Fayil:Naa Ashorkor 111.jpg|thumb|Hoton naa ashorkar]]


 {{Infobox person|name=Naa Ashorkor|image=Naa Ashorkor at 3Music Awards 2022 (2).jpg|imagesize=250|alt=|caption=Naa Ashorkor at 3Music Awards 2022|birth_name=Nisirine Naa Ashorkor Mensah-Doku|birth_place={{birth-date and age|24 November 1988}}|other_names=|occupation=Broadcast [[Journalist]] and [[Actress]]|employer=Media General|organization=[[TV3 Ghana]]|years_active=2009–present|spouse=Ahuma Cabutey Adodoadji|website=|children=}}'''Naa Ashorkor''' (an Haife shi 24 Nuwamba 1988),   kuma aka sani da '''Nisirine Naa Ashorkor Mensah-Doku''', yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ghana|ta Ghana]] kuma mai aikin jarida wacce a halin yanzu ke aiki a Media General Limited, wanda ke ɗauke da TV3 Ghana da sauransu.  Kafin ta shiga Media General Limited, ta taɓa yin aiki da Asaase Radio, gidan rediyon [[Accra]]. An san ta da yin tauraro a cikin ''Cikakken Hoton'' (2009) da kuma Iroko TV's ''Poisoned Bait.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nisirine Mensah-Doku - 'I wont (sic) trade my education for the world'|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/junior-graphic/i-ll-tell-my-story/nisirine-mensah-doku-i-wont-trade-my-education-for-the-world.html|access-date=2019-05-18|website=Graphic Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanama2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=11 June 2010|title=Biography: Naa Ashorkor Mensah-Doku|agency=Ghanama|url=http://www.ghanamma.com/news/biography-naa-ashorkor-mensah-doku/|accessdate=10 May 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063352/http://www.ghanamma.com/news/biography-naa-ashorkor-mensah-doku/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Reymond Awusei|date=2023-08-04|title=Ace broadcaster, Naa Ashorkor joins Media General|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/ace-broadcaster-naa-ashorkor-joins-media-general/e6ksbkh|access-date=2024-01-03|website=Pulse Ghana|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;daily guide2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Francis Addo|date=9 October 2014|title=Lydia Forson Talks Of Naa Ashorkor Marriage|agency=Dailyguideghana.|url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/lydia-forson-talks-of-naa-ashorkor-marriage/|accessdate=10 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-29|title=Naa Ashorkor BACK on radio... Asaase 99.5 is the dial|url=https://enewsgh.com/2020/06/29/naa-ashorkor-back-on-radio-asaase-99-5-is-the-dial/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Proudly Ghanaian! {{!}} Enews|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028122615/https://enewsgh.com/2020/06/29/naa-ashorkor-back-on-radio-asaase-99-5-is-the-dial/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

A cikin 2010, ta lashe kyautar ''mafi kyawun jaruma'' a Afirka Movie Academy Awards saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin ''Cikakken Hoto'' .   Naa Ashorkor kuma tauraro tare da Yvonne Okoro, Joselyn Dumas, John Dumelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanacelebs2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=11 Jun 2010|title=Spotlight: Naa Ashorkor Mensah-Doku|url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/06/11/spotlight-naa-ashorkor-mensah-doku/|accessdate=10 May 2015|work=|publisher=Ghanacelebrities}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghanaweb2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=15 June 2012|title=Naa Ashorkor Talks Family and Love|work=|agency=Ghanaweb.|location=Accra - Ghana|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=242057|accessdate=10 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Sana'a ==
[[File:Naa_Ashorkor_0.jpg|thumb| Naa Ashorkor tana karbar bakuncin 3 Music Awards Brunch 2020]]
Ashorkor, tare da [[Chris Attoh]], sun karɓi baƙuncin lambar yabo ta Vodafone Ghana na 2016.  Ta kuma ɗauki nauyin gasar Miss Malaika Ghana na tsawon shekaru takwas.  Askorkor ta fara ne a matsayin mai gabatarwa da tashar Starr 103.5 FM inda ta ɗauki nauyin shirin tsakar rana mai suna ''The Zone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naa Ashorkor, Chris Attoh, Dj Black To Host 2016 VGMA|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201604/277473.php|access-date=2019-04-13|website=peace fm online}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Joselyn Dumas, Naa Ashorkor And James Gardiner For Miss Malaika Ghana 2018 Audition|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/pageants/201807/357372.php|access-date=2019-08-16|website=peace fm online|archive-date=2023-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418164557/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/pageants/201807/357372.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' ''&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naa Ashorkor Moves On From EIB Network|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Naa-Ashorkor-moves-on-from-EIB-network-594618}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

A cikin 2008, an nuna ta a fim ɗinta na farko na [[Shirley Frimpong-Manso]]&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ta kasance mai gabatarwa tare da Multimedia Group daga 2017 har zuwa 2020, inda ta karɓi baƙuncin ''Showbiz AZ'' da ''Strong da Sassy.''   Ta koma Asaase Radio a ƙarshen watan Yuni 2020 kuma a halin yanzu tana ɗaukar nauyin shirye-shiryen ''Tsakanin Sa'o'i'' da ''Just Us'' .  A cikin Maris 2021, ita ce mai masaukin baƙi don 3 Music Awards''.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Multimedia Group terminates Naa Ashorkor's appointment|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/multimedia-group-terminates-naa-ashokor-s-appointment.html|access-date=2020-05-06|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naa Ashorkor Moves On From EIB Network|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Naa-Ashorkor-moves-on-from-EIB-network-594618}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naa Ashorkor to host Asaase Radio's mid-afternoon show|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/naa-ashorkor-to-host-midafternoon-show-on-asaase-fm.html|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naa Ashorkor and Jay Foley return as 3Music Awards hosts - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/naa-ashorkor-and-jay-foley-return-as-3music-awards-hosts/|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Myjoyonline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wata 'yar kasuwa ce da ke gudanar da kamfanoni guda biyu: Jaarno, kasuwar abinci ta dijital, da Afrilu Communications, wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naa Ashorkor reaches out to young entrepreneurs via social media|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/July-30th/naa-ashorkor-reaches-out-to-young-entrepreneurs-via-social-media.php|access-date=2019-09-17|website=Myjoyonline.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ashorkor jakadan alama ne na Unilever Ghana  da kuma Verna Mineral Water.  Ta kuma ba da shawarar DKT International Ghana, inda take aiki a matsayin Jakadiyar Alamar Kayayyakin Hannun Lydia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naa Ashorkor Named Brand Ambassador For Unilever Campaign|url=http://kasapafmonline.com/2017/08/31/naa-ashorkor-named-brand-ambassador-of-unilever-campaign/|access-date=2024-03-04|archive-date=2018-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204858/http://kasapafmonline.com/2017/08/31/naa-ashorkor-named-brand-ambassador-of-unilever-campaign/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naa Ashorkor &amp; others Endorse Verna Changing Lives Autism Awareness|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Juliet-Abrahim-Naa-Ashorkor-others-endorse-Verna-Changing-Lives-Autism-Awareness-608695}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Naa Ashorkor.jpg|thumb|Naa Ashorkor]]
Ashorkor ya taɓa shiga cikin shahararrun tallace-tallacen talabijin, musamman na Tigo Ghana ''Drop That Yam'' da tallace-tallacen Yensor Nkoaa.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
[[Fayil:Naa Ashorkor at 3 Music Awards 22 2.jpg|thumb|Naa Ashorkor]]
Naa Ashorkor ta auri abokiyar zaman ta Ahuma Cabutey Adodoadji a shekara ta 2014.  A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 2017, ta sanar da haihuwar ɗanta ta kafafen yaɗa labarai da kafofin watsa labarun.  Ta sanar da haihuwar ɗanta na biyu, shi ma ɗa, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-01-12|title=Video: Pregnant Naa Ashorkor twerking!|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/january-12th/video-pregnant-naa-ashorkor-twerking.php|access-date=2019-05-18|website=Myjoyonline|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518173432/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/january-12th/video-pregnant-naa-ashorkor-twerking.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Baby Boy|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/naa-ashorkor-ghanaian-actress-and-tv-host-delivers-baby-boy-id7123550.html|access-date=2024-03-04|archive-date=2018-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620023910/http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/naa-ashorkor-ghanaian-actress-and-tv-host-delivers-baby-boy-id7123550.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-07-01|title=Naa Ashorkor announces baby number two with stunning baby bump photos|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/naa-ashorkor-announces-baby-number-two-with-stunning-baby-bump-photos/d0vpdlz|access-date=2019-07-29|website=Entertainment|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Filmography ==
'''Fim'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
! Take
! Matsayi
! Bayanan kula
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2020
| ''[[Adam The First|Adamu Na Farko]]'' 
| Bintu
| Matsayin Taimakawa
|-
| [[Aloevera|Aloeira]] 
| Veranda
| Matsayin Taimakawa
|-
| 2019
| ''Cikakken Hoton - Bayan Shekaru Goma'' 
| Akasi Duah
| Matsayin Taimakawa
|-
| 2015
| ''Karin Rana Daya''
| Joe
| Matsayin Taimakawa
|-
| 2014
| ''Wasika Daga Adamu''
| Kabuki
| Matsayin Taimakawa
|-
| 2014
| ''Bait mai guba''
| Kadijah
| Matsayin Taimakawa
|-
| 2010 - 2013
| ''[[Adams Apples|Adams apples]]''
| Kuku
| Matsayin Jagoranci
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Checkmate (fim, 2010)|Checkmate]]''
| Naana
| Matsayin Taimakawa
|-
| 2009
| ''Biyu''
| Zulaika
| Matsayin Taimakawa
|-
| 2009
| ''Cikakken Hoton''
| Akasi
| Matsayin Jagoranci. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Fina-Finan Afirka guda 3 don Jagoranci, Mafi kyawun Jarumin Jarumi wajen Tallafawa Role &amp; Mafi Darakta
|-
| 2008
| ''An raini''
| Soraya
| Matsayin Taimakawa
|}
'''Talabijin'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Take
! Matsayi
! Bayanan kula
|-
| 2022
| 3 Kyautar Kiɗa 2022 
| Ita kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| Talabijin na musamman
|-
| 2021
| 3 Kyautar Kiɗa 2021 
| Ita kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| Talabijin na musamman
|-
| 2020
| Kyautar Maza Na Shekarar (EMY) 
| Kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| Talabijin na musamman
|-
| 2017
| Kyautar Celebrity Peoples 
| Kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| Talabijin na musamman
|-
| 2017
| Bugu na 3 na Gasar Girke-girke na Kaji na Amurka 
| Kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| Talabijin na musamman
|-
| 2016
| Kyautar Mazaje na Musamman na Shekara (EMY).
| Kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| Talabijin na musamman
|-
| 2016
| ''Vodafone Ghana Music Awards''
| Ita kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| Talabijin na musamman
|-
| 2015
| ''Kawai Dokar''
| Ita kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| ''Nunin Shari'a''
|-
| 2013
| ''Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka''
| Ita kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| Talabijin na musamman
|-
| 2012-2017
| ''Tatsuniyoyi Daga Dakin Foda''
| Ita kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| ''Shirin Magana da Tattaunawa na 'Yan Mata''
|-
| 2010-2012
| ''Miss Malaika Grand Finale''
| Ita kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| Talabijin na musamman
|-
| 2011-2012
| ''Rufe Salsa Fiesta''
| Kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| gaskiya jerin talabijin
|-
| 2009-2016
| ''Tsammani Wanene Zai Taho Don Dindin''
| Kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| gaskiya jerin talabijin
|-
| 2009 - Kwanan wata
| ''Miss Ghana''
| Kanta (mai masaukin baki)
| Ƙwallon Ƙawa
|}
'''Mataki'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
! Shekara
! Take
! Bayanan kula
|-
| 2017
| Bukom 
| Mai gabatarwa
|-
| 2017
| Masu kammala karatun gidan yari 
| Mai gabatarwa. Satirin Siyasa
|-
| 2016
| ''Dinner For Promotion''
| Matsayin Taimakawa. Abin ban dariya
|-
| 2015
| ''Kada Ku Yi Tufafi Don Kirsimeti''
| Matsayin Jagoranci. Abin ban dariya
|-
| 2015
| ''Magani Ga Soyayya''
| Matsayin Jagoranci. Mai gabatarwa. Abin ban dariya
|-
| 2013
| ''Wajen Soyayya''
| Matsayin Jagoranci
|-
| 2012
| ''Haihuwarsa A Karni na 21''
| Matsayin Jagoranci. Sake daidaita haihuwar Yesu Kiristi
|-
| 2011
| ''Gudu Domin Matar Ka''
| Matsayin Jagoranci. Wasan Barkwanci na Manya
|-
| 2010
| ''Ma'anar Farji Monologues''
| Matsayin Jagoranci. Wasan Episodic
|}
'''Rediyo'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
! Shekara
! Take
! Cibiyar sadarwa
! Bayanan kula
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017-2020
| Mai ƙarfi da Sassy
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Joy 99.7 FM
| Nunin Maganar Mata
|-
| Showbiz A zuwa Z
| Nunin karshen mako
Sharhin Nishaɗi da Nazari
|-
| 2014 - 2017
| ''Yankin''
| Taurari 103.5 FM
| Nunin Safiya
|}

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{IMDb name|4443087}}
[[Category:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Modesinuola Ogundiwin</title>
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      <text bytes="4375" sha1="7adkh3uyk6h5739i2vfdipiwwflge4r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Modesinuola
| image              = 
| caption            = 
| birth_name         = Modesinuola Ogundiwin
| birth_date         = 
| birth_place        = [[Lagos]], Nigeria
| citizenship        = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| alma_mater         = [[Afe Babalola University]]
| education          = The Vale College 
| spouse             = 
| relatives          = Mowasinuola Ogundiwin ({{abbr|sis|Sister|sister}})
| family             =  &lt;!-- overrides mother and father parameters --&gt;
| father             = 
| occupation         = [[Actress]]
| notable_works      = [[Wura (TV series)|Wura]]
| title            =  2016 [[Next Movie Star]] Winner
| years_active    = 2016–present
}}
'''Modesinuola Ogundiwin''' yar wasan Najeriya ce, wacce aka sani da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Kanyinsola Adeleke a kan shirin Showmax na asali na telenovela na Najeriya ''Wura'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Augoye |first=Jayne |date=6 December 2023 |title=Wura Season 2 premieres in OAU, cast relieve time on set |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/649247-wura-season-2-premieres-in-oau-cast-relieve-time-on-set.html |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2016, an sanar da ita wadda ta yi nasara a fitowar ta 12 na Tauraruwar Fim ta gaskiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Guardian Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=24 December 2016 |title=Modesinuola is Next Movie Star |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/modesinuola-is-next-movie-star/ |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
Modesinuola Ogundiwin ya fito ne daga jihar Ogun, Najeriya. Tana da kanwa tagwaye mai suna Mowasinuola. A cikin 2015, ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na nishaɗi; yin bitar kiɗa da fina-finai, yayin amfani da ƙaramin yanki na blogger http://atokede.blogspot.com/ . Kafin 2016, ta zama mai aiki kuma ta shiga cikin Tauraron Fim na gaba, wani nunin ganowa don sababbin basira a cikin sana'ar wasan kwaikwayo. A wannan shekarar ne aka sanar da ita wadda ta lashe gasar wasan kwaikwayo karo na goma sha biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;The Guardian Nigeria&quot;/&gt; A cikin 2018, ta fara fitowa fim dinta na Nollywood ''Trauma'', wanda ta shirya.

A cikin 2021, ta fara fitowa ta farko akan ''Iwa Eda'', wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin [[Rok Studios|na Rok Studios]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iwa Eda |url=https://rokstudios.ng/content/iwa-eda/ |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=ROK Studios |archive-date=28 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328025633/https://rokstudios.ng/content/iwa-eda/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan shekarar, [[Ndani TV]] ta dauke ta, don shiga cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo ''na Rumor yana da It'', kakar ta uku a matsayin Amara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rumour Has It Season 3: Official Trailer |url=https://ndani.tv/rumour-has-it-season-3-official-trailer/ |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=Ndani TV}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2023, darektan wasan kwaikwayo na Wura, Showmax original telenovela, ya ɗauke ta aiki, inda ta buga Kanyinsola Adeleke. Bayan rawar da ta taka a Wura, ta zama batu mai cike da cece-kuce daga masoyan shirin sakamakon kamanceceniya da ta da jarumin jarumar nan [[Scarlet Gomez]], wanda ya buga Wura.

A ranar 8 ga Yuli 2023, Modesinuola ya yi tauraro a cikin ''Romoke's Demon'', wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin [[Rok Studios|na Rok Studios]] wanda aka fara akan Rok2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Romoke’s Demon |url=https://www.rokchannels.tv/rok2/romokes-demon/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=Rok}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmography ==

=== jerin talabijan ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Jerin talabijan
! Matsayi
! Bayanan kula
|-
| 2023
| ''Wura''
| Kanyinsola Adeleke
| Telenovela
|-
| 2023
| ''Gudun hijira''
| Oyiza Majekodunmi
| Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021
| ''Jita-jita Yana Da Shi''
| Amara
| Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
| ''Okoto: Silsilar''
| Hadiza
| Wasan kwaikwayo
|}

=== Fim ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Fim
! Matsayi
! Bayanan kula
|-
| 2024
| ''Saurayi Na Jarumi''
| Tomisin
| Abin ban dariya
|-
| 2023
| ''Aljanin Romoke''
|
| Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2021
| ''Iya Eda''
|
| Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
| 2018
| ''Tashin hankali''
| Mai gabatarwa
| Wasan kwaikwayo
|}

== Magana ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Martin Indyk</title>
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      <text bytes="13348" sha1="n6cgf5wtgko8qh1hdhf6hdl1boe60qx" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Martin Sean Indyk''' (an haife shi 1 Yuli 1951) ɗan diflomasiyyar Amurka ne kuma mai sharhi kan alakar kasashen waje tare da gwaninta a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] .

Ya kasance fitaccen ɗan'uwa a Diflomasiya ta Duniya kuma daga baya mataimakin shugaban zartarwa a Cibiyar Brookings a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], 2001-2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brookings: MARTIN S. INDYK&quot;&gt;[https://www.brookings.edu/author/martin-s-indyk/ Brookings: MARTIN S. INDYK]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya dauki hutu daga Cibiyar Brookings don zama wakilin Amurka na musamman kan Tattaunawar Isra'ila da Falasdinu daga 2013 zuwa 2014.

A halin yanzu ya kasance fitaccen ɗan'uwa a majalisar kula da harkokin waje . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/expert/martin-s-indyk |title=Council on Foreign Relations: Martin S. Indyk&quot; |access-date=2024-03-17 |archive-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725054405/https://www.cfr.org/expert/martin-s-indyk |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Indyk ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin jakadan Amurka a [[Isra'ila|Isra’ila]] (1995 – 1997; 2000 – 2001)  sannan kuma a matsayin mataimakin sakatariyar harkokin wajen gabas ta tsakiya a lokacin gwamnatin Clinton .

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Martin Indyk a shekara ta 1951 a [[Landan|London, United Kingdom]], ga wani dangin [[Yahudawa]] da suka yi hijira daga Poland. &lt;ref name=&quot;Weiss&quot;&gt;[http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.612266 Haaretz: &quot;Former 'Meet the Press' host David Gregory writing book on his Jewish faith&quot; by Anthony Weiss] August 24, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya, inda ya girma, yana girma a yankin Sydney na Castlecrag . Babban ɗan'uwansa shine masanin ilimin Ostiraliya kuma mai wallafa Ivor Indyk .

Indyk ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Sydney a 1972 tare da Bachelor of Economics . Daga nan sai ya koma [[Isra'ila]] don yin karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Hebrew ta Kudus . Yayin da yake zaune a [[Jerusalem|birnin Kudus]] yana shirye-shiryen kwasa-kwasan jami'a, yakin Yom Kippur ya barke, kuma Indyk ya shafe sauran yakin yana aikin sa kai kan kibbutz Alumim a kudancin Isra'ila, al'amarin da ya kira &quot;lokaci mai ma'ana a rayuwata.&quot; Ya ce ya ma yi tunanin yin hijira zuwa Isra'ila a lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;Nathan Guttman, [http://forward.com/news/israel/181554/mideast-mediator-martin-indyk-draws-ire-from-both/ &quot;Mideast Mediator Martin Indyk Draws Ire From Both Sides of Israeli Spectrum&quot;], ''Jewish Daily Forward'' (August 2, 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/palestinian-affairs/indyks-third-chance-323693 Indyk's third chance]&lt;/ref&gt; Ya koma makarantar digiri na biyu kuma ya sami digiri na uku a fannin dangantakar kasa da kasa daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia a 1977. Ya auri Jill Collier, wanda yake da yara biyu, Sarah da Yakubu. Sun rabu.

Indyk ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka a 1982 kuma ya fara aiki tare da ƙungiyar masu fafutuka a Washington, DC. Ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 1993, mako guda kafin ya shiga Majalisar Tsaro ta Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;[[Al Kamen]], [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/02/02/inside-state/19939d53-3913-4694-a6a8-5ddc2a2f9be5/ Inside: State], ''Washington Post'' (February 2, 1995).&lt;/ref&gt; Indyk Bayahude ne mai gyara . &lt;ref name=&quot;Weiss&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Thomas Gorguissaian, [[Al Ahram]] International 24 September - 4 October 2000&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa da diflomasiyya ==
A cikin 1982, Indyk ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan bincike na Kwamitin Hulɗa da Jama'a na Isra'ila (AIPAC), ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare Isra'ila a Washington.   Daga 1985 Indyk ya yi aiki shekaru takwas a matsayin Babban Daraktan Cibiyar Washington don Manufofin Gabas ta Tsakiya, cibiyar bincike ta ƙware kan nazarin manufofin Gabas ta Tsakiya. &lt;ref&gt;[[John Mearsheimer|Mearsheimer, John J.]]; [[Stephen Walt|Walt, Stephen M.]], ''[[The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy]]'', Macmillan, September 4, 2007. Cf. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bQHXJ4JzxV4C&amp;dq=washington+institute+for+near+east+policy+pro+israel&amp;pg=PA152 p.152]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kasance babban farfesa a makarantar Johns Hopkins na Advanced Studies International, inda ya koyar da siyasar Isra'ila da manufofin kasashen waje. Indyk kuma ya koyar a Cibiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya a Jami'ar Columbia, Cibiyar Moshe Dayan na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Tel Aviv, da Sashen Harkokin Siyasa a Jami'ar Macquarie a Sydney, Australia. Indyk ya yi ta yada labarai da yawa kan manufofin Amurka game da shirin zaman lafiya na Larabawa da Isra'ila, kan dangantakar Amurka da Isra'ila, da kuma barazanar zaman lafiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya da [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] da [[Iran]] ke yi.

Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] kuma a matsayin babban darektan harkokin Gabas da Kudancin Asiya a Majalisar Tsaro ta Amurka . Yayin da yake NSC, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba shugaban kasa shawara da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro kan al'amuran Larabawa da Isra'ila, Iraki, Iran, da Kudancin Asiya. Ya kasance babban memba na kungiyar zaman lafiya ta yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Warren Christopher kuma ya kasance wakilin Fadar White House a Hukumar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Isra'ila.

Ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Isra'ila, daga Afrilu 1995 zuwa Satumba 1997, kuma daga Janairu 2000 zuwa Yuli 2001. Shi ne na farko kuma ya zuwa yanzu, shi kadai, haifaffen jakadan Amurka a Isra'ila.

Ya yi aiki a hukumar New Israel Fund .  Indyk a halin yanzu yana hidima a Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari don Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Amurka mai zaman kanta ta DC. 

A ranar 29 ga Yulin 2013 Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya nada Indyk a matsayin wakilin Washington na musamman na Gabas ta Tsakiya don dawo da tattaunawar zaman lafiya tsakanin Isra'ila da [[Palestin autonomija|Hukumar Falasdinu]] .  Firaministan Isra'ila [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] da shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] duk sun goyi bayan nadin nasa.  Ya yi murabus daga wannan mukamin a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2014, inda ya koma Cibiyar Brookings a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta kuma darakta mai kula da manufofin kasashen waje.   A cikin 2018, ya bar Brookings zuwa Majalisar kan Harkokin Waje . &lt;ref name=&quot;Brookings: MARTIN S. INDYK&quot;/&gt;

== Rigima ==
A shekara ta 2000, FBI ta sanya Indyk karkashin bincike bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ya yi amfani da wasu abubuwa masu mahimmanci ba daidai ba ta hanyar amfani da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da ba a tantance ba a cikin jirgin sama don shirya bayanan ganawarsa da shugabannin kasashen waje.    Babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa an lalata duk wani abu na musamman, kuma babu alamar leƙen asiri . 

Indyk ya kasance &quot;a fili ... jakadan Amurka na farko da aka cire wa gwamnati izinin tsaro.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Kempster&quot; /&gt; Jaridar ''Los Angeles Times'' ta ruwaito cewa &quot;tsofaffin jami'an diflomasiyya sun yi korafin cewa an mayar da Indyk a matsayin mai zagon kasa ga nau'in rashin tsaro da ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin wakilan da ke daukar aikin tantancewa a gida daga ofis.&quot;  An dakatar da izinin Indyk amma an sake dawo da shi a wata mai zuwa, &quot;don tsawon lokacin rikicin da ake ciki,&quot; saboda &quot;ci gaba da tashin hankali a Isra'ila, Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Gaza [Strip] da kuma dalilai na tsaro na kasa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Kempster&quot; /&gt;

== Suka ==

=== Karbar tallafi daga Qatar ===
A cikin 2014, Indyk ya shiga cikin bincike lokacin da wani bincike ''na New York Times'' ya nuna cewa kasar [[Qatar]] mai arziki a yankin Gulf ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 14.8, gudummawar shekaru hudu ga Cibiyar Brookings, don tallafawa ayyukan Brookings guda biyu,  Cibiyar Brookings a Doha da Shirin Alakar Amurka da Duniyar Musulunci.  Binciken na ''Times'' ya gano cewa Brookings na daya daga cikin fiye da dozin goma masu tasiri a Washington da kungiyoyin bincike da &quot;sun karbi dubun-dubatar daloli daga gwamnatocin kasashen waje a cikin 'yan shekarun nan yayin da suke matsawa jami'an gwamnatin Amurka yin amfani da manufofin da galibi ke nuna masu ba da gudummawa. abubuwan fifiko.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot; /&gt; Masana da dama da jaridar ''Times'' ta yi hira da su sun nuna firgita a kan lamarin, suna masu cewa &quot; gudummawar ta haifar da yarjejeniyoyin da ba a sani ba cewa kungiyoyin bincike za su dena sukar gwamnatocin masu ba da gudummawa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot; /&gt;

Bayyanar zabin da cibiyar ta yi na karbar kudaden da Qatar ta biya ya jawo cece-kuce musamman saboda a lokacin, Indyk yana aiki ne a matsayin mai shiga tsakani na sulhu tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinawa, kuma saboda Qatar ce ke ba da tallafin kungiyoyin masu jihadi a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma ita ce babbar mai tallafawa kudi. na Hamas, &quot;makiyin kasar Isra'ila da Mahmoud Abbas 'Fatah jam'iyyar.&quot;  Babban jami'in siyasa na Hamas Khaled Meshaal, wanda ke jagorantar ayyukan Hamas kan Isra'ila, Qatar kuma tana da mafaka.  Indyk ya kare tsarin tare da Qatar, yana mai cewa bai yi tasiri a aikin masana ba kuma &quot;don zama masu dacewa da manufofin, muna bukatar mu shiga masu tsara manufofi.&quot;  Duk da haka, tsari tsakanin Qatar da Brookings ya sa jami'an gwamnatin Isra'ila su yi shakkar rashin son kai na Indyk[[Mahmoud Abbas]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;r.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot; /&gt;.

=== Na views on Isra'ila ===
Aikin Indyk ya kasance &quot;ya nuna halaye guda biyu masu dawwama, kuma a wasu lokuta masu gasa: goyon bayansa ga Isra'ila, da kuma kyama ga ayyukan sulhu na Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin Jordan .&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guttman&quot;&gt;Nathan Guttman, [http://forward.com/news/israel/198155/how-martin-indyk-went-from-aipac-man-to-blaming-is How Martin Indyk Went From AIPAC Man To Blaming Israel for Talk's Failure], ''Jewish Daily Forward'' (May 14, 2014).&lt;/ref&gt; Ra'ayin Indyk &quot;sun fusata Isra'ila da Falasdinawa a lokuta daban-daban.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guttman&quot; /&gt;

Isi Leibler ya soki Indyk a cikin 2010 ''Jerusalem Post'' op-ed, inda ya kira shi &quot;mai adawa da Isra'ila.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Isi Leibler, [http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/From-pro-Israel-to-anti-Israel-apologist From pro-Israel to anti-Israel apologist], ''Jerusalem Post'' (April 29, 2010).&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2014, ''Ha'aretz'' ya ruwaito cewa &quot;An gano Indyk a Urushalima a matsayin tushen da ba a san shi ba&quot; a cikin labarin Nahum Barnea na ''Yedioth Ahronoth'', 'wanda jami'an Amurka da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba sun zargi Isra'ila da gazawar tattaunawar sulhu. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Resign2014&quot;&gt;[http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-envoy-to-resign-after-blaming-settlements-for-talks-failure/ 'US envoy to resign after blaming settlements for talks failure'], [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] &amp; ''Times of Israel'' Staff (May 5, 2014).&lt;/ref&gt; An nakalto majiyar ''Yediot Acharonot'' wanda ba a san sunansa ba yana cewa: &quot;Ya kamata Yahudawa su kasance masu wayo; gaskiya ne kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin al'umma mai taurin kai. Ya kamata ku san yadda ake karanta taswirar: A cikin ƙarni na 21, duniya ba za ta ci gaba da yin la'akari da mamayar Isra'ila ba. Mamaya na barazana ga matsayin Isra'ila a duniya tare da yin barazana ga Isra'ila a matsayinta na yahudawa ... Falasdinawa sun gaji da halin da ake ciki. Za su sami jiharsu a ƙarshe - ko ta hanyar tashin hankali ko ta hanyar komawa ga ƙungiyoyin duniya. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Resign2014&quot; /&gt; Kalaman sun fusata jami'an Isra'ila. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guttman&quot;/&gt;

== Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai ==
Yayin da yake inganta littafinsa, ''Innocent Abroad: Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka'', a kan 8 Janairu 2009, Indyk ya shiga tattaunawa game da shawarwarin zaman lafiya na Isra'ila da Falasdinu tare da Norman Finkelstein akan ''Dimokiradiyya Yanzu!'' . Indyk ya nuna cewa yana jin &quot;jakar yashi&quot; ta hanyar rashin sanar da shi &quot;cewa zan kasance cikin wata muhawara da Norman Finkelstein. Ba na sha'awar yin hakan. Ni ma ba na nan a matsayin mai magana da yawun Isra'ila&quot;. 

== Labarai ==

=== Littattafai ===

* ''[https://www.amazon.com/Innocent-Abroad-Intimate-American-Diplomacy/dp/B002PJ4GAE/ref=sr_sp-atf_title_1_1?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1386434286&amp;sr=1-1&amp;keywords=Martin+Indyk Innocent A Wajen: Ƙimar Ƙimar Ƙimar Diflomasiya ta Zaman Lafiya ta Amirka a Gabas ta Tsakiya]'', Simon &amp; Schuster, 2009.
* ''[https://www.amazon.com/Bending-History-Barack-Foreign-Brookings/dp/081572182X/ref=sr_sp-atf_title_1_3?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1386434286&amp;sr=1-3&amp;keywords=Martin+Indyk Tarihin Lankwasa: Manufofin Waje na Barack Obama]'', Brookings Institution Press, 3 Fabrairu 2012.
* ''Jagoran Wasan: Henry Kissinger da Fasahar Diflomasiya ta Gabas ta Tsakiya'', Knopf, 26 Oktoba 2021.

=== Labarai ===

* Martin Indyk, &quot;Bakon Tashin Matattu na Maganin Jihohi Biyu: Yadda Yaƙin da Ba A Iya Tunani Ba Zai Iya Kawo Game da Zaman Lafiya Mai Imani&quot;, ''Harkokin Harkokin Waje'', Vol. 103, ba. 2 (Maris/Afrilu 2024), shafi na 8–12, 14–22.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.brookings.edu/experts/indykm Martin S. Indyk, Cibiyar Brookings]
* Appearances  
* [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-middle-east-isnt-worth-it-anymore-11579277317 Gabas Ta Tsakiya Bata Cancanta Ba]
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[[Fayil:Female Djiboutian troopsserving under the African Union Mission in Somalia, end their tour of duty in Somalia.jpg|thumb|Yan matan sojojin Somaliya]]
[[Fayil:2015 06 11 Somali Female MPs' Workshop-4 (18708656831).jpg|thumb|matan Somaliya]]
'''Mata a Somaliya''' sun kasance wani muhimmin sashe na al'ummar Somaliya, tare da fayyace ma'anoni da muhimman ayyuka a cikin iyali da tsari. Wannan ya hada da matan Somaliya a [[Somaliland]], jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta wacce duniya ta amince da ita a matsayin yankin [[Somaliya]] mai cin gashin kanta . &lt;ref&gt;[internationally Somaliland’s Quest for International Recognition and the HBM-SSC Factor]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Frspc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia – Provisionalinternationally Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |access-date=13 March 2013 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga lokacin da [[Ismail Urwayni]] ya yi wa addinin Musulunci a shekarar 1890, har zuwa lokacin da kasar Derwish ta sha kashi a hannun turawan Ingila a shekarar 1920, matan da ke cikin tudu daga Jidali, yankin Sanaag a arewa, zuwa Beledweyne a kudu, ana kiransu da ''Darawiishaad.'' (jam'i) ko ''Darwiishad'' (mufuradi). 

== Yawan jama'a ==
Yawancin mutane a Somaliya [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mepc.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-12-01 |title=Middle East Policy Council – Muslim Populations Worldwide |url=http://www.mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214023655/http://www.mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp |archive-date=2006-12-14 |access-date=2010-06-27 |publisher=Mepc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al'ummar Somaliya na karuwa da kashi 1.67% a duk shekara da kuma yawan haihuwa na haihuwa 41.45/mutane 1,000. Adadin yawan haihuwa na Somaliya a shekarar 2013 ya kasance yara 6.17 da aka haifa kowace mace, wanda shi ne na hudu mafi girma a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=2024-03-27 |archive-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822103819/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin mazauna yankin matasa ne, masu matsakaicin shekaru 17.7. 44.3% na yawan jama'a suna tsakanin shekarun 0-14, 53.5% suna tsakanin shekarun 15-64, kuma 2.3% kawai suna da shekaru 65 ko fiye. Matsakaicin adadin jima'i yana da ma'auni daidai gwargwado, tare da gwargwadon yawan maza kamar mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;/&gt;

Sakamakon yakin basasa, ainihin kididdigar yawan al'ummar Somaliya ya yi wuya a iya tantancewa tun shekara ta 1975. A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kusan rabin al'ummar Somaliya, ya zuwa shekarar 2014, mata ne. 

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Afirka akwai karancin ilimi da yawan mace-macen jarirai a Somaliya. 

== Tarihin yancin mata a Somaliya ==
[[File:Halimaahmed4.jpg|right|thumb| Marubuciya kuma 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa Halima Ahmed]]
A ƙarshen karni na 9 AD, kusan duk mutanen da ke zaune a Somaliya sun [[Musulunci|musulunta]] . Haqqoqin mata a qarqashin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|kur’ani]] sun haxa da ‘yancin rayuwa, ilimi, mallaka da gadon dukiya, da kuma ‘yancin yin aure da haqqin aure da wanda zai aura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Women and Islam |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2510 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622060604/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2510 |archive-date=June 22, 2010 |access-date=2018-11-20 |website=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam: Oxford Studies Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda, al'adun Somaliya sun kasance a al'ada suna aiki a matsayin uba, inda maza suka yanke shawarar yanke shawara na kudi da na iyali, kuma suka mamaye fagen jama'a.

Bayan da Somaliya ta samu 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1960, an baiwa maza da mata 'yancin kada kuri'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Daeyun |date=2009 |title=Somali Women |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~park22d/classweb/Women.html |access-date=2018-11-20 |website=Lives in Conflict: Somali Women and Children |archive-date=2014-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002044732/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/%7Epark22d/classweb/Women.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da karuwar shigar mata cikin rayuwar jama'a daga shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980. Shiga makaranta mata da mata a wuraren aiki da shigar mata a fagen siyasa da soja duk sun karu a lokacin.  Dokar Iyali ta 1975 ta ba wa mata da maza haƙƙi daidai gwargwado game da aure, saki, da gadon dukiya da kuma hana auren mata fiye da ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=I.A. |date=2015 |title=Somali women and the socialist state. |url=http://www.qscience.com/doi/pdf/10.5339/messa.2015.4 |journal=Journal of Georgetown University-Qatar Middle Eastern Studies Student Association |volume=4 |doi=10.5339/messa.2015.4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba Siad Barre ya goyi bayan kafa kungiyar mata ta kasar Somaliya (SWDO) a shekarar 1977 domin tunawa da Hawo Tako, mace ce a kungiyar matasan Somaliya masu adawa da mulkin mallaka wacce sojojin Italiya suka kashe a 1948. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Gwamnatin Barre ta kafa SWDO kuma ta nada mata shugabanninta domin ta ci gaba da bin gwamnati mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1994 |title=RefWorld: Human Rights Brief: Women in Somalia |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a83b8.html |access-date=2018-11-20 |website=RefWorld |publisher=Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daidaiton jinsi ==
Mata a cikin birane sun fi zama shugaban gida.

== Tsarin dangi da dangi ==
[[File:Traditional_Somali_hand_craft.jpg|left|thumb| Sana'ar hannu ta gargajiya a lokacin makon al'adu a birnin Hargeisa, Somaliya]]
Ƙungiyoyin dangi na mutanen Somaliya muhimman ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa ne, kuma kasancewa memba na dangi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adu da siyasar Somaliya . Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci ne kuma galibi ana kasu kashi-kashi, wani lokaci tare da rarrabuwa da yawa.

Al'ummar Somaliya al'ada ce ta kabilanci . Matan da suka yi aure ana so su shiga dangin miji. Don tsawaita dangantakar abokantaka, aure sau da yawa yana zuwa ga wani ɗan Somaliya daga wani dangi daban. Misali, wani bincike na 1994 ya nuna cewa a cikin aure 89 da mazajen Dhulbahante suka yi, 55 (62%) suna tare da matan kabilar Dhulbahante ban da na mazajensu; 30 (33.7%) sun kasance tare da mata na dangin dangi na sauran dangin dangi ( Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); kuma 3 (4.3%) suna tare da matan wasu dangin Darod ( Majeerteen 2, Ogaden 1). &lt;ref&gt;Ioan M. Lewis, ''Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society'', (Red Sea Press: 1994), p.51&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1975, fitattun sauye-sauyen gwamnati game da dokokin iyali a cikin [[Duniyar Musulunci|ƙasar musulmi]] an fara aiwatar da su a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Somaliya, wanda ya sanya mata da maza, ciki har da mata da miji, a kan gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;Pg.115 – Women in Muslim family law by John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Iyali ta Somaliya ta 1975 ta bai wa maza da mata daidaiton rabon dukiya tsakanin miji da mata a lokacin saki da kuma keɓantaccen haƙƙin mallakar kowane ma'aurata akan dukiyarsa. &lt;ref&gt;Pg.75 – Generating employment and incomes in Somalia: report of an inter-disciplinary employment and project-identification mission to Somalia financed by the United Nations Development Programme and executed by ILO/JASPA&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Somali_woman_in_traditional_dress_Circa_1940.jpg|right|thumb| Matar Somaliya ''a Guntino'' na gargajiya .]]
A lokacin ayyukan yau da kullun, na yau da kullun, mata a Somaliya kan sa ''guntiino'', doguwar rigar da aka ɗaure a kafaɗa kuma an ɗaure a kugu. Guntiino bisa ga al'ada an yi shi ne da fararen yadudduka na fili wani lokacin da ke nuna iyakoki na ado, ko da yake a zamanin yau ana amfani da su alindi, masaku da aka saba a yankin kahon Afirka da wasu sassan [[Arewacin Afirka]] . Ana iya sa tufafin a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban kuma tare da yadudduka daban-daban.

A karkashin mulkin Socialist Barre (1969-1991), mata suna da 'yancin yin sutura yadda suke so, kuma yawancin matan birni ba sa sanya hijabi; duk da haka, bayan barkewar yakin basasar Somaliya a shekarar 1991, akasarin matan Mogadishu sun fara sanya hijabi a karon farko, kuma wadanda ba su yi ba, an tursasa su. &lt;ref&gt;Heather M. Ako: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0Eg-b6EQt-cC&amp;dq=somalia+veil+hijab+barre&amp;pg=PA89 The Politics of Dress in Somali Culture]'', p. 87-89&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin ayyukan yau da kullun, ayyukan yau da kullun, matan Somaliya sukan sa {{Transl|ar|guntiino}}, doguwar rigar riga da aka ɗaure a kafaɗa kuma an ɗaure a kugu. A cikin ƙarin tsari na yau da kullun irin su bukukuwan aure ko bukukuwan addini kamar [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Idi]], mata suna sa {{Transl|ar|dirac}}, wanda shine doguwar, haske, rigar voile diaphanous da aka yi da auduga ko polyester wanda aka sawa a kan cikakken tsawon rabin zamewa da brassiere. Matan aure suna yawan wasa da gyale da ake kira ''shash'', haka nan kuma sukan rufe saman jikinsu da shawl da aka fi sani da {{Transl|ar|garbasaar}} . Mata marasa aure ko matasa, duk da haka, suna sanya hijabi, kuma {{Transl|ar|jiilbab}} ma an saba sanyawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi&quot;&gt;Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, ''Culture and Customs of Somalia'', (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.117-118.&lt;/ref&gt;

Don ƙarin saituna na yau da kullun kamar bukukuwan aure ko bukukuwan addini kamar [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Idi]], mata suna sa dirac, doguwar riga, haske, rigar voile mai diaphanous da aka yi da auduga, polyester ko masana'anta. An san shi da gorgorad, an yi shi da siliki na ƙasa kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban ɓangare na kayan gabaɗaya.

Dirac yawanci yana walƙiya kuma yana da launi sosai, mafi shaharar salo shine waɗanda ke da iyakoki ko zare. Ana samun wannan masana'anta ne daga shagunan sayar da tufafi na Somaliya tare da ''gorgorad'' . A da, ana siyan masana'anta na dirac akai-akai daga masu sayar da kayayyaki na Kudancin Asiya.
[[File:Somtradanhd4.png|left|thumb| Matasa maza da mata na Somaliya suna yin waƙar rawan dhaanto na gargajiya a Jubaland]]
Matan aure suna yawan wasa da gyale da ake kira ''shash'', haka nan kuma sukan rufe saman jikinsu da shawl da aka fi sani da ''garbasaar'' . Mata marasa aure ko samari ba sa rufe kawunansu koyaushe. Tufafin gargajiya na larabawa irin su jallabi kuma ana yawan sawa.

Bugu da ƙari, matan Somaliya suna da daɗaɗɗen al'ada na sanya kayan ado na zinariya da na azurfa, musamman ma bangles. A lokutan bukukuwan aure, ana yawan yi wa amarya ado da zinare. Matan Somaliya da yawa bisa al'ada suma suna sanya abin wuya na gwal da sawu. Xirsi, abin wuyan quranic, wanda kuma ake sawa a ƙasashe irin su Habasha da Yemen, ana kuma sawa akai-akai.

[[Lalle|Henna]] wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun Somaliya. Matan Somaliya ne suke sawa a hannayensu, hannaye, ƙafafu da wuyansu yayin bukukuwan aure, [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Idi]], Ramadan, da sauran lokutan bukukuwa. Zane-zanen henna na Somaliya sun yi kama da waɗanda ke cikin yankin Larabawa, galibi suna nuna ƙirar furanni da siffofi uku. Hakanan ana yawan yi wa dabino ado da ɗigon henna kuma ana tsoma ƙafafu a cikin rini. Yawanci ana yin bukukuwan henna kafin a yi bikin aure.

'Yan mata da mata na Somaliya da ke yin addinin Musulunci za su sanya hijabi .  Wannan ya zama salon suturar da aka fi sani ga 'yan mata da mata na Somaliya.

Wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da Face2Face Africa ta fitar ya nuna cewa Somalia ce tafi kowacce mace kyau a [[Afirka]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Website Ranks African Countries with the Most Beautiful Women |url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/most-beautiful-african-women}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Adabi ==
Somaliya tana da dadadden al'adar wakoki. Siffofin baiti na Somaliya da yawa da suka inganta sun haɗa da ''buraanbur'' da mata ke motsawa, da ''gabay'', ''jiifto'', ''geeraar'', ''wiglo'', ''beercade'', ''afarey'' da ''guuraw'' . Gabay (waƙar almara) galibi maza ne suka tsara ita tana da tsayi da mita mafi rikitarwa, galibi ta wuce layi 100. Ana daukar ta a matsayin alamar samun mawaka ne idan matashin mawaki ya iya tsara irin wannan baiti, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin tsayin waka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abdullahi75&quot;&gt;Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, ''Culture and Customs of Somalia'', (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.75-76&lt;/ref&gt;

''Buraanbur'', wanda ke da ma'auni mai sauƙi, da farko mata ne suka haɗa shi. Ƙungiyoyin malamai da masu karantawa ( ''hafidayaal'' ) a al'adance sun yada fasahar fasaha mai kyau. Wa}o}i sun ta’allaka ne a kan jigogi da dama, da suka haɗa da ''baroorodiiq'' (elegy), ''amaan'' (yabo), ''soyayya'' (romance), ''guhaadin'' (diatribe), ''digasho'' (gloating) da ''guubaabo'' (shiriya). An yi wannan baroorodiiq ne don tunawa da rasuwar fitaccen mawaki ko jigo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abdullahi75&quot;&gt;Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, ''Culture and Customs of Somalia'', (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.75-76&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fitattun mata ==
[[File:2016_19_Somali_Women-5_(27773704325).jpg|thumb| Shugabannin matan Somaliya da mambobin kungiyoyin farar hula sun halarci wani taro a birnin Mogadishu a ranar 19 ga watan Yunin 2016, inda suka amince da tsarin zabe wanda zai baiwa mata damar samun wakilcin kashi 30 cikin 100, a dukkan matakai na jagoranci a zabe mai zuwa.]]
Fitattun mata a kasar sun hada da Honourable Fawzia Yusuf H. Adam, ‘yar majalisa kuma tsohuwar mataimakiyar firaministan kasar kuma ministar harkokin waje, a halin yanzu shugabar jam’iyyar National Democratic Party, kuma shugabar HIIGSI a hadakar jam’iyyun siyasa 10 a Somaliya. 'Yar takarar shugaban kasa mace ta farko (Fadumo Dayib &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2016 |title=First female in Somalia's history to run for president |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-13/fadumo-dayib-first-female-in-somalia-to-run-for-president/7927552 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ), Barnet Muslim Women's Network collion Hanan Ibrahim, tsohuwar ministar ci gaban zamantakewa ta tarayya Maryam Qaasim, tsohuwar ministar harkokin waje ta yankin [[Somaliland]] Edna Adan Ismail, da kuma mashawarcin majalisa Hodan Ahmed .

== FGM ==
Kimanin kashi 97.9% na mata da 'yan mata a Somaliya an yi musu kaciya a wani bincike na 2005. Wannan shi ne a lokacin mafi girman adadin tsarin a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-12-09 |title=Prevalence of FGM |url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716094114/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html |archive-date=July 16, 2009 |access-date=2010-12-30 |publisher=Who.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton UNICEF na 2010 ya ba da rahoton cewa Somaliya ce ta fi kowacce yawan mace-mace a duniya na Nau'in FGM, inda kashi 79% na dukkan matan Somaliyan aka yi musu wannan aikin. Wani kashi 15% na mata kuma an yi wa Nau'in II FGM. &lt;ref name=&quot;prb.org&quot;&gt;[http://www.prb.org/pdf10/fgm-wallchart2010.pdf Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Data and Trends: UPDATE 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908085959/http://www.prb.org/pdf10/fgm-wallchart2010.pdf |date=2017-09-08 }} UNICEF, Page 7&lt;/ref&gt;

An samu raguwar yaduwar cutar a yankin arewacin Somaliya. A shekara ta 2013, UNICEF tare da hukumomin Somaliya sun ba da rahoton cewa, yawan mace-macen yara mata masu shekaru 1 zuwa 14 a yankunan arewa masu cin gashin kai na Puntland da [[Somaliland]], ya ragu zuwa kashi 25 cikin 100 bayan wani gangamin wayar da kan jama'a da addini.  Mataki na 15 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayya da aka amince da shi a watan Agustan 2012 ya haramta kaciyar mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frspc&quot;/&gt;

== Bayanan kula ==
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  <page>
    <title>Nasra Ali Abukar</title>
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[[Fayil:A farewell ceremony for the Somali athletes' delegation participating in the 31st Summer World University Games in Chengdu, China - 2023.jpg|thumb|Nasra Ali Abukar a tsakiya]]
[[Fayil:Nasra Ali Abukar 2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb|nasra ali abukar]]
[[Fayil:Nasra Abukar Ali and the Chinese Ambassador FEI Shengchao 2023.jpg|thumb|Nasra ai abukar wajan ansar kyauta]]
'''Nasra Ali Abukar''' ( Somali; An haife shi a ranar 15 ga Satumba, shekara ta 2004) daliba ce a jami'ar Somaliya da ta shahara da shiga gasar tseren mita 100 a gasar XXXI FISU ta jami'ar duniya a [[Chengdu]], kasar Sin, inda ta zo karshe. Babban sakamakonta mara kyau da kuma fahimtar rashin wasan motsa jiki ya haifar da fushin duniya da zargin nuna son kai lokacin da aka gano tana da alakar dangi da shugabar kwamitin wasannin guje-guje na Somaliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;I Saw The Potbelly...&quot;: Outrage Over Somali Athlete's 100-Metre &quot;Sprint&quot; |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/i-saw-the-potbelly-outrage-over-somali-athletes-100-metre-sprint-4261599 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2023-08-02 |title=Runner at center of controversy after posting 'slowest-ever' 100&amp;nbsp;m |url=https://nypost.com/2023/08/02/runner-at-center-of-controversy-after-posting-slowest-ever-100m/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=New York Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somali, Yarışı Zorla Bitiren Nasra Abukar Ali'nin Görüntüleri Sonrası Soruşturma Başlattı |url=https://ajansspor.com/haber/cinde-somalili-atlet-krizi-sorusturma-baslatildi-636155 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=ajansspor.com |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Somalian Sprinter Faces Backlash for Questionable Performance at World University Games – Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/somalian-sprinter-records-slow-performance-at-world-university-games/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mata |first=William |date=2023-08-02 |title=Outrage after untrained Somali runner enters 100&amp;nbsp;m sprint in athletics championship |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/athletics/somalia-runner-untrained-athletics-world-university-games-b1098246.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Evening Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Fage ==
Mahaifiyar Ali Abukar dai ita ce Deka Adan Dahir, wadda 'yar uwarta Asha Adan Dahir ta rike mukamin mataimakiyar shugabar tawaga a kasar Somalia a gasar wasannin jami'ar duniya ta XXXI FISU, kuma likita ce a asibitin Banadir, yayin da wata 'yar uwarta Khadija Adan Dahir ta jagoranci gasar wasannin motsa jiki ta kasa. kwamitin.  

A ranar 26 ga Yuli, shekara ta 2023, yayin wata sanarwar manema labarai, Ali Abukar ya ce, “A yau, na yi matukar farin ciki da na wakilci Somaliya a matsayin mai tseren {{Sic|100 meters}}   &quot;, kafin mu je wasannin. 

== Rigima ==

=== Rubuce-rubuce ===
A cikin faifan bidiyo na gasar, ana iya ganin Ali Abukar yana bayan sauran fagen yayin da 'yan wasan suka yi gudun hijira zuwa matakin karshe. Daga karshe ta gama nisa cikin dakika 21.81, kusan dakika 10 a bayan shugabar ta 11.4. &lt;ref name=&quot;udn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=聯合新聞網 |title=成都世大運／百米跑21秒81超慢 索馬利亞女將怎麼參賽的？ |url=https://udn.com/news/story/120610/7344120 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=聯合新聞網 |language=zh-Hant-TW}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An lura cewa matakin cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta mata ta Amurka 100m tawagar ne 11.15 seconds, kuma mafi jinkirin rikodin lokacin a cikin 100 na matam a gasar Olympics ta 2020 ya kasance dakika 15.26, wanda ya fi lokacin Ali Abukar gudu fiye da dakika shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brinsford |first=James |date=2023-08-02 |title=Somalia runner recording painfully slow time in 100&amp;nbsp;m race sparks outrage |url=https://www.newsweek.com/somalia-runner-recording-slowest-ever-100m-sparks-outrage-1816841 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-02 |title='Untrained' runner selected for professional 100&amp;nbsp;m race and records slowest time ever |url=https://www.ladbible.com/news/sport/nasra-abukar-ali-somalia-untrained-runner-100m-video-285190-20230802 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=LADbible |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802230127/https://www.ladbible.com/news/sport/nasra-abukar-ali-somalia-untrained-runner-100m-video-285190-20230802 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya sun yi iƙirarin cewa lokacin da za ta ƙare ya kafa &quot;rikodin don ƙare a hankali&quot; a tarihin 100 na mata.m. Duk da haka, saboda rashin bayanan tarihi, ba zai yiwu a tantance ko wannan gaskiya ne ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;udn&quot;/&gt;

A cikin tsarin ba da maki na wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na duniya, hukumar kula da wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta kasa da kasa, ana ba da maki ne bisa la'akari da yadda ake gudanar da wasan, tare da mafi girman maki 1,400 ga matan da suka kammala gasar 100.m a cikin dakika 10.12 ko ƙasa da haka. Lokacin Ali Abukar na dakika 21.81, duk da cewa ya yi kasa da matakin cancanta, har yanzu zai ba da maki 1 kacal. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-02 |title=Somalia's Nasra Abukar &quot;breaks the record for the slowest 100&amp;nbsp;m time&quot;, investigation launched |url=https://www.sportbible.com/athletics/somalia-nasra-abukar-100m-2023-world-university-games-064113-20230802 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=SPORTbible |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Martani ===
Bidiyon wasan kwaikwayon Ali Abukar ya jawo hankali sosai kuma ya zarce 19.8ra'ayoyi miliyan akan [[Twitter]]. Shahararriyar faifan bidiyon ya haifar da tambayoyi da suka, yayin da mutane da yawa ke mamakin dalilin da ya sa ma'aikatar matasa da wasanni ta zabi dan wasan da ba shi da kwarewa a gasar tsere da kuma rashin shiri don ya wakilci Somaliya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

'Yan tseren tseren nesa na kasar Somaliya Mo Farah da Abdi Nageeye sun bayyana bacin rai da kunya ga ma'aikatar wasanni da kuma kwamitin Olympics na Somaliya kan zaben dan wasa mara horo a maimakon wanda ya cancanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-02 |title=Dhegeyso: Muxuu Cabdi Nageeye ka yiri tartanka oroddada ee guuldarrada ay kasoo gaartay Soomaaliya? |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/articles/cw8192p2vpno |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=BBC News Somali |language=so}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Mo Farah muxuu ka yirii guuldarradii Soomaaliya kala kulantay tartanka oradka ee Shiinaha? - Somali |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/live/war-66219667 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=BBC News Somali |language=so-SO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tambayoyi sun taso a [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|shafukan sada zumunta]] game da sahihancin shigarta cikin tawagar, wanda aka ce yana da alaka da Ali Abukar yayan athletics president na Somalia.&lt;/link&gt;&lt;/link&gt;  da na Khadija Adan Dahir, shugabar kwamitin wasannin motsa jiki. Wannan ya haifar da zarge-zargen nuna son kai da rashin bin ka’ida na kudi, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; da aka gabatar da hotunan da ke nuna cewa Adan Dahir ya taya ta murnar shiga tawagar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Adan Dahir ya shaidawa BBC Somali cewa Ali Abukar ya samu horo mai tsauri domin shirya shiga cikin shekaru biyu da suka wuce. Sai dai Ali Abukar ya bayyana cewa ta shafe wata guda tana atisaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=Maxaad ka ogtahay orodyahannada Soomaaliya ku matalaya tartanka Shiinaha ka dhacaya? |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/articles/c3geze9nqrno |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=BBC News Somali |language=so}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==

=== Martani ===
[[File:A_farewell_ceremony_for_the_Somali_athletes'_delegation_participating_in_the_31st_Summer_World_University_Games_in_Chengdu,_China_-_2023.jpg|thumb| Manyan jami'ai daga ma'aikatar wasanni ta Somaliya yayin bikin bankwana da tawagarsu da ke halartar wasannin bazara karo na 31 na jami'ar duniya.]]
Kwamitin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na Somaliya ya ba da uzuri game da zabar dan wasan mai cike da takaddama. Shi ma ministan wasanni na Somaliya Mohamed Barre ya ba da hakuri kan lamarin, yana mai cewa ma'aikatarsa ba ta da masaniyar cewa an zabi Ali Abukar domin ya fafata a wasannin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dickinson |first=Marley |date=2023-08-02 |title=Somalia Athletics apologizes for sending untrained athlete to World University Games |url=https://runningmagazine.ca/sections/runs-races/somalia-athletics-apologizes-for-sending-untrained-athlete-to-world-university-games/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Canadian Running Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Lloyd |title=Don't laugh at the Somali sprinter who placed last at the World University Games' 100-meter dash. That could be your time. |url=https://www.insider.com/somali-runner-nasra-abukar-ali-last-world-university-games-100-2023-8 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya nuna damuwarsa, yana mai cewa &quot;rashin gaskiya ne da kunya. &quot; ga kasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;apology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-02 |title=WATCH: Untrained athlete goes viral for slow time in 100-meter sprint, Somalian sports minister apologizes |url=https://www.cbssports.com/olympics/news/watch-untrained-athlete-goes-viral-for-slow-time-in-100-meter-sprint-somalian-sports-minister-apologizes/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=CBSSports.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 3 ga Agusta, shekara ta 2023, Ali Abukar ya mayar da martani ga sukar da ‘yan kasar suka yi mata na yi mata lakabi da “mafi kyawun ‘yar wasa a wasannin kasa da kasa”, yana mai cewa “’yan Somaliya sun cancanci a ba su wakilci a gasar tsere; Na yi gudu da kafa, amma har yanzu […] yayi nasarar gama gudu.&quot;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-03 |title=Viral Somali sprinter named 'slowest ever', responds after being criticised |url=https://nairobinews.nation.africa/viral-somali-sprinter-named-slowest-ever-responds-after-being-criticised/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Nairobi News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804025756/https://nairobinews.nation.africa/viral-somali-sprinter-named-slowest-ever-responds-after-being-criticised/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dakatar da bincike ===
[[Fayil:Nasra Abukar Ali and the Chinese Ambassador FEI Shengchao 2023.jpg|thumb|Nasra Ali Abukar]]
Mohamed Barre ya sha alwashin gudanar da cikakken bincike kan tsarin zaben da ya sa aka zabi Ali Abukar. &lt;ref name=&quot;apology&quot;/&gt; Daga karshe ya bayyana cewa binciken da kwamitin Olympics na Somaliya ya yi ya nuna cewa Ali Abukar ba shi da wani tarihi a fagen gudu ko kuma sauran wasanni. A ranar 2 ga Agusta, shekara ta 2023, kwamitin Olympics ya aiwatar da umarnin da ministar ta bayar na dakatar da Khadija Adan Dahir daga mukaminta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Guddoomiyaha Xiriirka Ciyaaraha Fudud ee Soomaaliya oo shaqadii laga joojiyey orodkii Nasro awgii – Somali |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/live/war-66219667 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=BBC News Somali |language=so-SO}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda &quot;lalata da mulki, son zuciya, da bata sunan al'umma&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somalia suspends athletics head after runner goes viral in snail-paced 100&amp;nbsp;m |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/8/3/somalia-suspends-athletics-head-after-runner-goes-viral-in-snail-paced-100m |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Magana ==
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    <title>Nana Adwoa Awindor</title>
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'''Nana Adwoa Awindor''' ma'aikaciyar gidan talabijin [[Ghana|ce ta Ghana]] kuma Uwar Sarauniyar Afigya-Kwabre a [[yankin Ashanti]] na [[Ghana]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;toppost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2013 |title=Nana Adwoa Awindor Gets Top Post |url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201311/181065.php |access-date=6 August 2016 |publisher=Peace FM online |archive-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025523/http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201311/181065.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2013, an zabe ta shugabar farko ta hukumar gudanarwa ta nahiyar Afirka ta Queens and Women Cultural Networks Network . &lt;ref name=&quot;toppost&quot; /&gt; Ita mamba ce a kungiyar matan Sarauniya ta Ghana (Shugabannin Gargajiya na Mata). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526112709/https://www.thestandpoint.com.gh/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mistiaen |first=Veronique |date=3 December 2015 |title=Meet the Queen Mothers: 10,000 amazing women taking back power in Africa |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/meet-the-queen-mothers-10000-amazing-women-taking-back-power-in/ |access-date=6 August 2016 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
NanaHemaa Awindor ita ce mai karɓar bakuncin shirin talabijin na farko na Ghanaian International Link mai suna Greetings From Abroad / Back Home Again,&lt;ref name=toppost/&gt; kuma Shugaba na kamfanin samarwa, Premier Productions.&lt;ref name=hurt/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/161287/pay-attention-to-ghanaians-living-abroad-adwoa-awindor.html|work=Modern Ghana|title=Pay Attention To Ghanaians Living Abroad - Adwoa Awindor|date=28 March 2008|accessdate=6 August 2016|first=Matthew|last=Odartey}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/it-hurts-to-read-bad-stuff-about-my-daughter-nana-adwoa-awindor.html|title=It hurts to read bad stuff about my daughter -Nana Adwoa Awindor - Graphic Online {{!}} Ghana News|last=Jasmine|first=Arku|newspaper=Graphic Online|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Awindor 'yar asalin Adum Kwanwoma ce .&lt;ref name=&quot;hurt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=It Hurts To Read Bad Stuff About My Daughter |url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201306/165900.php |access-date=6 August 2016 |publisher=Peace FM Online |archive-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006025741/http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201306/165900.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mahaifiyar mawaƙa Efya.&lt;ref name=&quot;toppost&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;joy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dela Aglanu |first=Ernest |date=9 April 2015 |title=I have never seen Efya smoke – Nana Adwoa Awindor |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2015/April-9th/i-have-never-seen-efya-smoke-nana-adwoa-awindor.php |access-date=6 August 2016 |website=Joy Online |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029135942/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2015/April-9th/i-have-never-seen-efya-smoke-nana-adwoa-awindor.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;An ba Awindor lambar yabo ta CIMG Marketing Woman of the Year (2006). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=info@ghanabase.com |first=Ghana Base |title=Ghanabase.com Ghana Music News :: Nana Adwoa Awindor - Beautiful Brain ::: Breaking News {{!}} News in Ghana {{!}} profiles |url=http://lifestyle.ghanabase.com/profiles/2007/139.asp |access-date=2017-01-31 |website=lifestyle.ghanabase.com |archive-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204174639/http://lifestyle.ghanabase.com/profiles/2007/139.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abbas II</title>
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      <text bytes="2058" sha1="pv5dtg2wij7dvvt01ubg32tlcudwm8c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty|image=Shah Abbas II, (ruled 1642-1666), Aga Khan trust of culture (painting dated to 17-18th century).png|caption=Shah Abbas II a 1663|succession1=[[Shah|Shahanshah]]|reign1=15 ga Mayu 1642 – 26 ga Oktoba 1666|coronation1=15 ga Mayu 1642, Kashan|predecessor1=[[Safi]]|successor1=[[Sulaiman I]]|reg-type1=Vazir-e A'zam|regent1=Saru Taqi&lt;br&gt;Soltan al-Ulama&lt;br&gt;Muhammad Beg&lt;br&gt;Mirza Muhammad Karaki|birth_name=Soltan Muhammad Mirza|birth_date=30 ga Agusta 1632|death_date=26 Oktoba 1666 (shekaru 34)|birth_place=Qazvin, [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|border|20px]] [[Daular Safawiyya]]|death_place=Behshahr, [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|border|20px]] [[Daular Safawiyya]]|burial_place=Haramin Fatima Masumeh, [[Qom]], [[Iran]]|religion=[[Musulunci]] [[Shi'a|Shi'anci]]|spouses=Nakihat Khanum&lt;br&gt;Gimbiya Anuka|issue=[[Sulaiman I]]&lt;br&gt;Hamza Mirza|father=[[Safi]]|mother=Anna Khanum|dynasty=[[Daular Safawiyya|Gidan Safawiyya]]|signature=Tughra Abbas II.jpg|signature_type=Tughra|full name=Abul Muzaffar Shah Abbas II al-Husaini al-Musawi al-Safawi Bahadur Khan}}
[[Fayil:Shah Abbas II.jpg|thumb|Abbas II]]
[[Fayil:Abbas II of Persia, Palace of Chehel Sotoun. Painted circa 1647.jpg|thumb|Abbas II]]
[[Fayil:Shah Abbas II Safavi.jpg|thumb|Abbas II]]
'''Abbas II''' ([[Farisawa]]: عباس دوم ''ʿAbbās II'') (30 ga Agusta 1632 – 26 Oktoba 1666) An haife shi a matsayin '''Soltan Muhammad Mirza''' ([[Farisawa]]: سلطان محمد میرزا) Shi ne [[Shah]] na bakwai na [[daular Safawiyya]], kuma ya yi mulki daga 1642 zuwa 1666.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170516233058/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abbas-ii &lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi yana da shekaru tara bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, [[Safi|Shah Safi]].&lt;ref&gt;غير معروف (1835). &quot;Аббасъ I&quot;. Энциклопедический лексикон. Том 1, 1835 (بالروسية). 1: 11–12.&lt;/ref&gt;  Farkon mulkinsa yana karkashin kulawar vazîr-i aʾzam Saru Taqi. Har shah ya iya kawo karshen wa'adinsa yana da shekara goma sha biyar ya fara mulkinsa cikakkiya.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moussa Diaby</title>
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[[Fayil:Moussa Diaby, 2022-07-31, Saisoneröffnung Bayer 04, Leverkusen (1).jpg|thumb|Moussa Diaby]]
[[Fayil:Francia-usa-64.jpg|thumb|Moussa Diaby]]
'''Moussa Diaby''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ko mai kai hari a kulob din Aston Villa na Premier League da tawagar ƙasar  Faransa . &lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=M. Diaby |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/moussa-diaby/436589/ |access-date=14 April 2018 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kulob din ==

=== Paris Saint-Germain ===
Diaby samfurin Kwalejin Matasa ce ta Paris Saint- Germain . Ya shiga kulob din lokacin da yake dan shekara 13 kuma ya fara buga wa kungiyar B wasa a shekarar 2017. Diaby ita ce mai karɓar Titi d&quot;Or na 2016 a  matsayin mafi kyawun ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa a makarantar Paris Saint-Germain . &lt;ref name=&quot;BundesligaInfo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who is Moussa Diaby: Bayer Leverkusen's NextGen star? |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/moussa-diaby-who-is-the-bayer-leverkusen-and-france-winger-arjen-robben-10640 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=Bundesliga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kudin ga Crotone ====
An ba da rancen Diaby ga F.C. Crotone don rabi na biyu na kakar Serie A ta 2017-18. &lt;ref name=&quot;BundesligaInfo&quot;/&gt; Ya fara wasan farko a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2018 a wasan Jerin A da Genoa . Ya maye gurbin Marcello Trotta bayan minti 84 a cikin asarar 1-0.&lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Genoa vs. Crotone - 14 April 2018 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/04/14/italy/serie-a/genoa-cfc/fc-crotone/2539088/ |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zai wasan farko na Crotone a wasan 1-1 da suka yi da Juventus a ranar 18 ga Afrilu.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;BundesligaInfo&quot; /&gt;

==== Komawa zuwa PSG ====
A ranar 14 ga Satumba 2018, Diaby, wanda ya maye gurbin Lassana Diarra a rabin lokaci, ya zira kwallaye ga PSG a minti na 86 a cikin nasara 4-0 a kan AS Saint-Étienne . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Teenager Moussa Diaby on target as PSG cruise to 4-0 win over Saint-Etienne |url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/ligue-1/2018-2019/teenager-moussa-diaby-on-target-as-psg-cruise-to-4-0-win-over-saint-etienne_sto6932177/story.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diaby ya zama mai digiri na 124 na makarantar kimiyya don nunawa ga babban bangare.

Ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 25 na [[2018–19 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season|2018–19]]_Ligue_1&quot; id=&quot;mwNg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;2018–19 Ligue 1&quot;&gt;Lig 1 a shekarar 2018-19, inda ya zira kwallaye sau hu fafatawa kuma yana taimakawa kowane minti 190 yayin nasarar kare kulob din.&lt;ref name=&quot;BundesligaInfo&quot;/&gt;

=== Bayer Leverkusen ===
A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2019, an sanar da cewa Diaby zai shiga Bayer Leverkusen ka yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2019 |title=Bayer 04 sign French striker Moussa Diaby |url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/bayer04/bayer-04-sign-french-striker-moussa-diaby |access-date=14 June 2019 |publisher=Bayer 04 Leverkusen}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diaby ya zira kwallaye na farko na Bundesliga ga Leverkusen a farkon wasansa na farko a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2019 a gwagwaladawasan 1-1 na kulob din tare da SC Freiburg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 November 2019 |title=Bayer 04 Leverkusen 1:1 SC Freiburg |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/50530400 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BundesligaInfo&quot;/&gt;

Diaby ya zira kwallaye na uku na Leverkusen a lokacin dakatarwa don rufe nasarar da aka samu a kan 1.  FC Union Berlin a wasan kusa da na karshe na DFB-Pokal a ranar 4 ga Maris 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2020 |title=Bayer Leverkusen through to DFB Cup semi-finals after fighting back to beat 10-man Union Berlin |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/bayer-leverkusen-union-berlin-dfb-cup-live-line-ups-stats-havertz-alario-bailey-10261 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=Bundesliga}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zagaye na gaba, a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2020, Diaby ya zira kwallaye na farko a nasarar Leverkusen 3-0 a kan kashi na huɗu na 1. 1. FC Saarbrücken don samun wuri a wasan karshe na DFB-Pokal na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2020 |title=Fourth-tier Saarbrucken's German Cup fairy tale came to an end as they were well beaten by Bayer Leverkusen in an empty stadium in the semi-final. |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/52983588 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan 2021, ya zira kwallaye a Bundesliga a kan Borussia Mönchengladbach kuma wannan shine burinsa na farko na kakar. Ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye 9 kuma ya ba da taimako 8 a kakar 2022-23.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Transfer Talk: Gunners set sights on dynamic Diaby |url=https://www.livescore.com/en/news/transfer-talk-arsenal-moussa-diaby-premier-league-2023052404510250082/ |website=LiveScore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aston Villa ===
A ranar 22 ga watan Yulin 2023, Diaby ya komawa kungiyar Aston Villa ta Premier League don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, ya ki amincewa da tafiya zuwa Saudi Pro League, wanda aka ruwaito ya zama rikodin kulob din £ 51.9m,  ya sake haduwa da tsohon kocin PSG Unai Emery. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-07-22 |title=Aston Villa announce Moussa Diaby signing |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2023/july/22/villa-announce-diaby-signing/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Aston Villa Football Club}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin, Diaby ya zira kwallaye bayan ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a cikin nasarar 2-0 kafin kakar wasa ta Fulham a gasar Premier League Summer Series a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reis |first=Bruna |date=2023-07-27 |title=£100m Diaby prediction as Tielemans 'incredible' for Villa |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-receive-100m-moussa-27403751 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=BirminghamLive |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, ya zira kwallaye a karon farko na Premier League a wasan da ya yi da Newcastle United 5-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2023 |title=Newcastle United 5–1 Aston Villa |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66413644 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba da lambar yabo ta Premier League Most Powerful Goal, bayan Opta ta lissafa cewa tana tafiya a 109.84km / h a lokacin da ta kai ga burin - da sauri fiye da kowane burin a Premier League a wannan kakar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2024 |title=Diaby wins Oracle Most Powerful Goal award |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4024550 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=www.premierleague.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
[[Fayil:Francia-usa-63.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Diaby yana wasa a Faransa U-20]]
Diaby gwagwalada matashi ne na kasa da kasa na Faransa wanda ya wakilci morning kasar a matakan U18, U19, U20, da U21. 

Ya samar da burin daya da kuma taimakawa uku a gasar zakarun Turai ta U19 ta 2018 ta UEFA, inda ya samu matsayi a cikin tawagar gasar.  A lokacin rani mai zuwa, ya zira kwallaye guda kuma ya taimaka wa wasu biyu a wasanni hudu a  gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U20 ta shekarar 2019 inda aka kawar da Faransa a zagaye na 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;BundesligaInfo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=USA edge France in baking Bydgoszcz thriller |url=https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/matches/match/400010610/#match-summary |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517053731/https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/matches/match/400010610/#match-summary |archive-date=17 May 2019 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2021, ya karbi kiransa na farko zuwa babbar tawagar Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=La liste des vingt-trois Bleus |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/3280-la-liste-des-vingt-trois-bleus.html |access-date=26 August 2021 |website=fff.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2021 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 da Bosnia da Herzegovina, inda ya maye gurbin [[Kylian Mbappé]] a minti na karshe na wasan.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haifi Diaby ne a birnin [[Faris|Paris]] a cikin Gwagwalada dangin [[Mali|Malian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2013 |title=Les &quot;Titis&quot; maliens du PSG: Une mine d'or pour le football malien – Malifootball |url=http://malifootball.com/les-qtitisq-maliens-du-psg-une-mine-dor-pour-le-football-malien/ |publisher= |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416205800/http://malifootball.com/les-qtitisq-maliens-du-psg-une-mine-dor-pour-le-football-malien/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moussa DIABY |url=https://www.unfp.org/joueur/moussa-diaby-20766/ |website=unfp.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{{Updated|match played 19 May 2024|&lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;/&gt;}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[DFB-Pokal]], [[FA Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]], [[EFL Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Turai
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Paris Saint-Germain]]
|2017–18
|[[Ligue 1|Lig 1]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2018–19
|Lig 1
|25
|2
|6
|1
|2
|1
|1 [ƙasa-alpha 3]{{Efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}
|0
|0
|0
|34
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!25
!2
!6
!1
!2
!1
!1
!0
!0
!0
!34
!4
|-
|Crotone (rashin aro) 
|2017–18
|Jerin A
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Bayer Leverkusen
|2019–20
|Bundesliga
|28
|5
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|6[ƙasa-alpha 4]{{Efn|Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, four appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|39
|8
|-
|2020–21
|Bundesliga
|32
|4
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|8[ƙasa-alpha 5]{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Europa League}}
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|43
|10
|-
|2021–22
|Bundesliga
|32
|13
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|8[ƙasa-alpha 5][lower-alpha 5]
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|42
|17
|-
|2022–23
|Bundesliga
|33
|9
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|14[ƙasa-alpha 6]{{Efn|Six appearances and two goals in UEFA Champions League, eight appearances and three goals in UEFA Europa League}}
|5
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|48
|14
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!125
!31
!11
!4
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!36
!14
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!172
!49
|-
|Aston Villa
|2023–24
|[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]]
|38
|6
|3
|1
|1
|0
|12 [ƙasa-alpha 7]{{Efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}}
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|54
|10
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!190
!39
!20
!6
!3
!1
!48
!17
!0
!0
!262
!63
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Kasashen Duniya ===
{{Updated|match played 26 March 2024}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=31608|title=Moussa Diaby|website=EU-Football.info|access-date=1 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara
!Ƙungiyar ƙasa
!Shekara
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Faransa
|2021
|4
|0
|-
|2022
|4
|0
|-
|2023
|2
|0
|-
|2024
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!11
!0
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Paris Saint-Germain'''

* [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]]: 2018-19 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 April 2019 |title=PSG Champions as Lille held at Toulouse |url=https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/psg-champions-as-lille-held-at-toulouse.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626220236/https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/psg-champions-as-lille-held-at-toulouse.htm |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=21 April 2019 |website=Ligue 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Zakarun Turai: 2018 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PSG thrash Monaco to win French Super Cup as Neymar plays 15 minutes |url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/report?gameId=511012 |access-date=4 August 2018 |publisher=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Faransa'''

* UEFA Nations League: 2020-21 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2021 |title=France beat Spain to win Nations League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/match/2030761--spain-vs-france/ |access-date=10 October 2021 |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Titi na Zinariya: 2016 &lt;ref name=&quot;BundesligaInfo&quot;/&gt;
* Kungiyar Wasanni ta Turai ta kasa da shekaru 19 ta gasar: 2018 
* Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 2022-23 
* Babban burin Premier League: 2023-24 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.avfc.co.uk/players/moussadiaby Moussa Diaby] a Aston Villa FC
* Moussa DiabyaGasar Firimiya
* [https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/8981-diaby-moussa/fiche.html Bayanan Faransa] a FFF
* {{UEFA player}}
* Moussa Diabya WorldFootball.net
{{Aston Villa F.C. squad}}{{Titi d'Or winners}}
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'''Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam''' (Pashto: '''ډاکټر محمد شفیق همدم''') sanannen marubuci ne, jagora a fasahar sadarwa da tsaro ta yanar gizo, kuma manazarcin siyasa daga Afghanistan. &lt;ref name=&quot;atlantic-community1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-10-26 |title=12 Ways NATO Helped Build a Better Afghanistan |url=http://www.atlantic-community.tv/index/Open_Think_Tank_Article/12_Ways_NATO_Helped_Build_a_Better_Afghanistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185816/http://www.atlantic-community.tv/index/Open_Think_Tank_Article/12_Ways_NATO_Helped_Build_a_Better_Afghanistan |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-26 |publisher=Atlantic Community: Open Think Tank Foreign Policy}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coming home, moving forward |url=http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/20120516_120516-NATO-Review-Chicago-Summit.pdf |publisher=NATO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rike muƙamai kamar mataimakin babban mai bai wa shugaban Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afganistan shawara, babban manazarci/mai ba da shawara ga NATO &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-05-04 |title=Standing by Afghanistan: the strategic choice |url=https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2016/05/04/standing-by-afghanistan-the-strategic-choice/index.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=NATO Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma shugaban kungiyar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta Afghanistan (AACN). 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Hamdam a watan Janairun 1981 a ƙauyen Alishing da ke lardin Laghman a ƙasar Afganistan. A shekarar 1986 ya shiga makarantar firamare ta Lam-e-Shahid a Kabul. A shekarar 1999 ya sauke karatu a Shahid Muhammad Arif High School a [[Jalalabad]]. A wannan shekarar, ya shiga Kwalejin Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Jami'ar Nangarhar amma Taliban ta tilasta masa barin. A cikin shekarar 2002, ya sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Lafiya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Nangarhar. A cikin shekarar 2003, ya sami Difloma mai zurfi a fannin Gudanarwa da Tattalin Arziki daga Kwalejin Gudanarwa da Tattalin Arziki na Swiss. A cikin shekarar 2010, ya sauke karatu daga Cibiyar George C Marshall, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Towards Self Sufficiency |url=http://members.marshallcenter.org/system/files/pcv3n3eng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130827141920/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:rxHDWMPS-f0J:https://members.marshallcenter.org/system/files/pcv3n3eng.pdf+&amp;cd=10&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=af |archive-date=2013-08-27 |access-date=2013-10-26 |publisher=George C Marshall Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://members.marshallcenter.org/system/files/pcv3n3eng.pdf] {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ta Turai a Jamus, inda ya karanta ci gaban tsaro da dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kammala Babban Shirin a Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy a Jami'ar Harvard. Ya kuma sami Digiri na biyu na Tsaron Ƙasa daga Cibiyar Siyasa ta Duniya da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Yana da Master of Engineering a Cybersecurity daga Makarantar Injiniya da Aiwatar da Kimiyya a Jami'ar George Washington. Hamdam ya kware a cikin yaruka da yawa, gami da Dari, Pashto, [[Urdu]], da Ingilishi.

== Tarihin sana'a/Aiki ==
[[Fayil:Dr._Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_and_General_David_Petraeus_US_Commander_in_Afghanistan.JPG|left|thumb|363x363px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam da Janar David Petraeus, tsohon Daraktan Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka kuma tsohon kwamandan ISAF 2011.]]
Hamdam a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara a Deloitte, yana ba da jagoranci da tallafi ga kamfanoni na Fortune 100 da yawa a cikin yanayin tsaro na intanet da fasahar bayanai. Kafin wannan matsayi, ya riƙe muƙamin Babban Manajan Shirye-shirye a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya da ke Washington, DC A Afghanistan, Hamdam ya kasance mataimakin babban mai ba da shawara ga shugaban Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2017 |title=Alumnus Spotlight: Mohammad Shafiq, Nobel Peace Prize Nominee and Deputy Senior Advisor to the President of Afghanistan |url=https://www.iwp.edu/news_publications/detail/alumnus-spotlight-mohammad-shafiq-nobel-peace-prize-nominee-and-deputy-senior-advisor-to-the-president-of-afghanistan |access-date=2018-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; kan harkokin ƙasa da ƙasa a babban ba da shawara. Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa kan Harkokin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (SAOP UN-Affairs).

Al'amuran Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na SAOP sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya guda daya ga Afghanistan, tsarin dabarun da ya maye gurbin Tsarin Taimakon Ci Gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNDAF) ga Afghanistan. Wannan ya haɗa da yin nasarar tsara tsarin tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin gwamnatin Afghanistan da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Aiwatar da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Ɗaya ko Isarwa A Matsayin Ɗaya (DAO) ya gabatar da manyan ƙalubale ga dangin MDD da gwamnatin Afghanistan, amma SAOP ta samu nasara a wannan kokarin.

A karkashin sabon tsarin, an wajabta wa Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta daidaita shirye-shiryenta da ayyukanta tare da dabarun ƙasa da abubuwan da suka sa gaba a Afghanistan.
[[Fayil:Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_in_Morocco.jpg|thumb|286x286px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam tare da 'yan kasuwan Afghanistan da jami'an gwamnati a Morocco don taron yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na kasa da kasa]]
A matsayinsa na Babban Mashawarci kuma Babban Manazarci, Hamdam ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da shawara ga manyan NATO, Amurka, da masu tsara manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2014 |title=American Conference Institute |url=http://www.americanconference.com/2014/626/anti-corruption-london/speaker-list |publisher=C4 USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; kan harkokin siyasa da ci gaba na Afghanistan, Kudancin Asiya, da Asiya ta Tsakiya. A sa'i ɗaya kuma, yana riƙe da muƙamin shugaban  na kungiyar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Afganistan (AACN), wata fitacciyar haɗakar kungiyoyin farar hula da ta himmatu wajen magance cin hanci da rashawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 Nov 2013 |title=MP, Traffic Cop Win &quot;Honest Man&quot; Award |url=http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/13045-mp-traffic-cop-win-honest-man-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026064201/http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/13045-mp-traffic-cop-win-honest-man-award |archive-date=2014-10-26 |website=Tolo News TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hamdam ya raba gwanintarsa a matsayinsa na kwararre kan batutuwa na Jami'ar Maryland kuma a matsayin babban jami'in bincike a Civil Vision International. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Civil Vision International |url=http://www.civilvision.org/ |publisher=Civil Vision International |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025044405/http://www.civilvision.org/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwarewarsa daban-daban sun haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin watsa labarai, siyasa, da diflomasiyyar jama'a ga babban wakilin farar hula na NATO a Afghanistan daga shekarun 2008 zuwa 2014.

Bayan shawarwarinsa da ayyukan nazari, Hamdam yana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Ya zauna a Hukumar Kula da Cigaban Ilimi ta Zamani (MODE) kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban hukumar zartarwa na Kungiyar Kallon Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa.  Har ila yau, shi ne ƙwalwar da ke bayan yunƙuri irin su Youth For Peace, Afganistan Youth Against Corruption, Anti-Corruption Watch Organization, da Kabul Tribune—jarida ta yanar gizo. Bugu da ƙari, Hamdam ya kafa kungiyar Haɗin kan matan Afganistan da ke yaki da cin hanci da rashawa.

Alamominsa sun haɗa da kasancewa memba na Shugabannin Matasan Afganistan Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Mataimakin Shirye-shiryen a Cibiyar Gina Zaman Lafiya ta Hiroshima, da kuma ɗan takara a Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ( UNCAC ). Hamdam kuma memba ne na Muryar Against Corruption da kungiyar farar hula ta Afganistan don bayar da shawarwari.

A lokacin zaɓukan shugaban ƙasa da na lardin Afganistan na shekarar 2009, Hamdam ya ba da gudummawa a matsayin mai gabatar da jawabai kan tattaunawar siyasa a Moby Media, [[Tolo T.V.|Tolo TV]] Daga shekarun 2003 zuwa 2008, ya riƙe muƙamin mai kula da harkokin yaɗa labarai kuma mai magana da yawun Operation Dore Freedom and Department of Defense.  A cikin shekarun 2002 da 2003, Hamdam ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Ayyuka na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 'Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration project a Kabul.

Tafiyarsa zuwa hidimar jama'a ta fara ne a cikin shekarar 2001 a matsayin mai fassara mai zaman kansa, kuma daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2001, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ayyuka tare da Health Net International TPO da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a birnin [[Jalalabad]] a gabashin Afghanistan. Ƙungiyar Asiya ta amince da Hamdam a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Shugabannin Matasan Asiya na 21, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asia Society |url=http://sites.asiasociety.org/asia21summit/828-2/local-chapters/afghanistan-young-leaders-initiative/2013-ayli-forum/ |publisher=Asia Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana mai da hankali ga gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga jagoranci a yankin.

== Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ==
[[Fayil:Afghan_Anti-Corruption_Network_5_Km_Race_Against_Corruption.jpg|left|thumb|239x239px| 2013 Race Against Afganistan a fadin kasar wanda kungiyar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta Afghanistan ta shirya, inda dubban matasan Afganistan suka shiga matsin lamba ga gwamnati don kawo gyara.]]
[[Fayil:Dr._Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_Nominee_for_the_2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize.JPG|thumb|296x296px| Capitan Farzana Marie, mawaƙiya kuma PhD, tsohon Shugaban, Ƙungiyar Jama'a Wayar da Kan Jama'a, Haɗaɗɗiyar Ƙungiyar Taimako ta Inter-Agency Task Force (CJIATF) Shafafiyat ta ba da takaddun shaida na lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ga Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam.]]
Hamdam ya ce matsalar cin hanci da rashawa ita ce babbar matsalar da ke haifar da rashin tsaro a Afganistan da kuma tashe tashen hankula, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An Open Letter to President Karzai and President Obama |url=http://www.uncaccoalition.org/learn-more/articles/199-an-open-letter-to-president-karzai-and-president-obama |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130828134802/http://www.uncaccoalition.org/learn-more/articles/199-an-open-letter-to-president-karzai-and-president-obama |archive-date=2013-08-28 |access-date=2013-10-26 |publisher=UNCAC Coalition}}&lt;/ref&gt; noman poppy, sarrafa muggan kwayoyi da safarar miyagun kwayoyi. Ya kafa mafi girman rukuni na masu fafutuka na zamantakewar al'umma daga ko'ina cikin Afghanistan don yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, aiki mafi haɗari da kuma tsauri a ɗaya daga cikin mafi cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kwanciyar hankali a duniya. Ta hanyar zanga-zangar lumana da zanga-zangar irin wannan 5&amp;nbsp;Km a faɗin ƙasar na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, ya tara dubban 'yan ƙasar don matsawa gwamnati lamba ta kawo sauyi, ta hanyar 5&amp;nbsp;km tseren cin hanci da rashawa. Ya kuma haɗa kan matasa da ɗalibai da mata domin su taka rawa wajen yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Shi mai fafutuka ne mai fafutuka, wanda ya bayyana kararrakin manyan jami'an cin hanci da rashawa kuma ya bayar da shawarar bin sawu da zalunci  na mambobin majalisar ministoci da manyan 'yan siyasa. Hamdam ya tona asirin satar filaye, da almundahana da manyan jami'an gwamnati da na majalisar ministoci. Ya bayar da shawarar tabbatar da gaskiya a zaɓe da kuma gyara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afghan Election Fraud–Who is Responsible? |url=http://www.sismec.org/2014/05/15/afghan-election-fraud-who-is-responsible/ |website=SISMEC |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2014-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025054320/http://www.sismec.org/2014/05/15/afghan-election-fraud-who-is-responsible/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bankaɗo almundahana a bankin Kabul, inda aka wawure kusan dalar Amurka biliyan daya ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa da kuma haddasa rugujewar bankin.

Hamdam ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Karzai saboda rashin ɗaukar kwararan matakai na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. A wata hira da ya yi da gidan talabijin na CBS ya ce cin hanci da rashawa yana farawa ne daga kan titi zuwa fada kuma ya kira gwamnatin Karzai a matsayin gwamnati mafi cin hanci da rashawa. Ya sha yin kira da matsin lamba ga gwamnatin Afganistan kan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kallon cin hanci da rashawa a matsayin babbar matsala ga ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=Dec 2016 |title=Rule of Law Index 2016 |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/RoLI_Final-Digital_0.pdf |journal=World Justice Project |volume=3 |pages=177 |via=ISBN (online version): 978-0-9882846-1-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don gudummawar da ya bayar ga gaskiya, adalci, zaman lafiya da tsaro na Afganistan, an zaɓe shi don bada lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 AYLI Forum |url=https://asiasociety.org/asia21-young-leaders/2013-ayli-forum |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=Asia Society |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta Combined Joint Interagency Task Force-Shafafiyat (Rundunar Tsaro ta NATO). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-15 |title=Afghanistan snapshot: how the experts see it |url=https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2012/06/15/afghanistan-snapshot-how-the-experts-see-it/index.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=NATO Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'amuran Afghanistan ==
[[Fayil:Dr._Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_During_a_Conference_on_Afghanistan_in_Brussels.jpg|thumb|296x296px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam a taron Tsaro &amp;amp;amp; Tsaro a Brussels 2013]]
Hamdam na bin diddigin abubuwan da ke faruwa a Afganistan da na ƙasashen yankin. Bayan al'amuran Afghanistan a matsayin mai sa ido, ya halarci taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan Afghanistan, Hague 2009 a Netherlands, taron NATO 60 a Strasburg da Kehl, Faransa a shekarar 2009, taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Kabul a shekarar 2010, taron NATO a Lisbon [[Portugal]] a shekarar 2010, 2nd International Bonn Conference game da Afghanistan, taron kolin Chicago na NATO a shekarar 2011 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NATO |date=September 2011 |title=How important is the fight against corruption? |url=https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2012/06/15/afghanistan-snapshot-how-the-experts-see-it/index.html |access-date=1 Jan 2019 |website=NATO Review Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; da dubun-dubatar sauran tarukan ƙasa da na ƙasa da ƙasa kan Afghanistan. A matsayinsa na ɗan kallo, ya lura da zaɓukan shugaban ƙasa na Afghanistan a shekarar 2004 da 2009, da zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokokin Afghanistan da na larduna a shekarar 2005 da Loya Jirga na Gargajiya kan Afghanistan da yarjejeniyar kawancen Amurka. 

Da yake ba da shawara don kusanci da ƙawayen yamma, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hamdam |first=Mohammad Shafiq |date=May 4, 2016 |title=Standing by Afghanistan: the strategic choice |url=https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2016/05/04/standing-by-afghanistan-the-strategic-choice/index.html |access-date=May 4, 2016 |website=NATO Review Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hamdam ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Tsaro ta Biyu (BSA) tsakanin Afghanistan da Amurka. Daga cikin shugabannin da masu fafutuka na Afghanistan, ya kuma sanya hannu kan wasikar zuwa ga shugaba Obama na bayar da shawarwari ga BSA kuma wasikar ta ce: Mun yi kakkausar suka kan amincewa da yarjejeniyar tsaro da ƙasashen biyu suka cimma a watan jiya a ''Loya Jirga'' tare da jaddada cewa ya kamata a sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da bata lokaci ba.  Muryarmu tana nuna ƙwazo mai girma daga kowane ɓangarorin al'ummar Afganistan, gami da shugabannin addinanmu da na 'yan kasuwa, waɗanda suka damu game da makomar ƙasarmu kuma suna fatan ganin ƙarshen ƙarshe na BSA cikin gaggawa.
[[Fayil:Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_Help_IDPs.jpg|thumb|298x298px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam a lokacin rabon tallafin jin kai ga iyalan mabukata na 'yan gudun hijira a Afghanistan.]]
Wakilin Afganistan a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, yana ba da shawarar samar da zaman lafiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hamdam |first=Mohammad Shafiq |date=August 23, 2019 |title=The prospect of life after peace agreement in Afghanistan- Interview |url=http://www.diplomaticaspects.eu/international-news/3067-the-prospect-of-life-after-peace-agreement-in-afghanistan |access-date=August 23, 2019 |website=Diplomatic Aspects Diplomatic, European and International News |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230043239/https://www.diplomaticaspects.eu/international-news/3067-the-prospect-of-life-after-peace-agreement-in-afghanistan |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; amintacce, nuna gaskiya da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya buƙaci shugabannin Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai su tallafa wa Afganistan a yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya rubuta a ɗaya daga cikin muƙalarsa ga shugabannin EU cewa: Afghanistan ita kaɗai ba za ta iya cimma burinta na rage cin hanci da rashawa ba; tana buƙatar goyon bayan ƙasashen duniya. Ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yakamata a ɗauki matakai masu mahimmanci don kawar da matsalar. Waɗannan ayyuka yakamata su haɗa da baiwa kungiyoyin farar hula da kafafen yaɗa labarai damar taka rawa wajen yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Idan ana son Afganistan ta cancanci samun taimako a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, za a buƙaci da gaske, da himma mai karfi, da azamar siyasa, da kuma yanke shawara a aikace domin aiwatar da dokoki da dabarun da ake bukata don shawo kan matsalar cin hanci da rashawa a Afghanistan.

Hamdam dai ya sha suka kan ra'ayinsa na goyon bayan ƙasashen yamma daga wasu 'yan siyasar Afganistan da wasu masu adawa da ƙasashen yamma. Ana yi masa kallon mai goyon bayan Yamma. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin diflomasiyya na NATO, sau da yawa yakan kare manufofin NATO da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ana ganinsa a matsayin mai goyon bayan NATO. Hamdam ya sha kare matsayin NATO a lokuta da dama kuma ya sha ba da shawarar cewa Afganistan ta zama mamba ta NATO. Ya sha suka daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na musulmi da masu fafutuka a yankin saboda labarinsa, inda ya bayyana karara cewa ya kamata Afghanistan ta kasance mamba ta NATO. Bayan kammala aikin ISAF, ya ba da shawarar a ɗaya daga cikin kasidarsa cewa, &quot;Ya kamata gwamnatin Afghanistan da NATO su sami damar shiga sabuwar dangantaka, cikakke, kusanci, karfi da dangantaka. mutunta Afghanistan Dangantakar da ka iya sanya Afganistan ta zama ƙasa memba ta NATO a nan gaba.&quot; Yayin da wasu manazarta ke kiran aikin na ISAF a matsayin gazawa, amma Hamdam ya kira hakan a matsayin nasara mai cike da tarihi kuma babba. 

== A matsayin marubuci ==
[[Fayil:Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_with_Asia_21_Yong_leaders.jpg|thumb|297x297px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam a cikin shugabannin Asiya 21 na Yong]]
[[Fayil:Dr._Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_and_Senior_U.S_Senator_Lindsey_Graham.JPG|thumb|299x299px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam tare da Sanata Lindsey Graham na Amurka]]
Ya rubuta wa ''The Huffington Post'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohammad Shafiq |first=Hamdam |date=2016-02-22 |title=Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam's Biography |url=https://www.huffpost.com/author/mohammad-shafiq-hamdam |access-date=2016-02-22 |website=Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam Blog |publisher=The Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma manyan jaridu da mujallu na Afghanistan kan siyasa, tsaro da harkokin waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 Jul 2018 |title=Afghanistan: Gunmen attack Jalalabad education building |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/afghanistan-clashes-ongoing-jalalabad-education-building-180711053151719.html |website=Al Jazeera English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake magana game da batutuwan da suka shafi cin hanci da rashawa da kuma al'amuran Afganistan ya kasance yana fitowa a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labaru na ƙasa da na duniya, irin su Tolo News TV, Khaama Press News Agency, RFE/RL,  BBC, CBS, AFP, ARD, VOA. TRT TV, Aljazeera TV, ''The Washington Post'' da sauran manyan kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na duniya.

Yana da kyakkyawan fata game da Afghanistan. Bayan kammala aikin ISAF na shekaru goma a Afghanistan, ya rubuta a kan Khaama Press  cewa Afghanistan ta 2001 ba ta kamanta da Afghanistan na 2015. Tare da dakaru 352,000 masu karfi na Tsaron Afghanistan, da Amurka da NATO ke marawa baya, ɓangaren kungiyoyin farar hula da ke dada karfi, da kuma yawan matasa, 'yan Afghanistan na fatan cewa ƙasarsu ba za ta taba komawa cikin duhu ba. Domin wannan ya ci gaba da yin tasiri, dole ne Afghanistan da abokan hulɗarta su ci gaba da faɗaɗa waɗannan nasarori cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, tare da samar da wani sabon zamani na canji.

Hamdam na kallon dimokuraɗiyya a matsayin wani sabon al'amari a Afghanistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pasarlay |first=Shamshad |date=March 2018 |title=Restraining Judicial Power: The Fragmented System |url=https://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1237&amp;=&amp;context=ilr&amp;=&amp;sei-redir=1&amp;referer=https%253A%252F%252Fcse.google.com%252Fcse%253Fcx%253Dpartner-pub-9634067433254658%25253A9653363797%2526cof%253DFORID%25253A10%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526q%253Dfiletype%25253Apdf%252Bshafiq%252Bhamdam%2526qfront%253Dshafiq%252Bhamdam%2526algorithm%253Dfiletype%25253Apdf%252B%2526ad%253Dn9%2526num%253D10%2526rurl%253Dhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.pdfsearchengine.net%25252Fsearchresult.html%25253Fcx%25253Dpartner-pub-9634067433254658%2525253A9653363797%252526cof%25253DFORID%2525253A10%252526ie%25253DUTF-8%252526q%25253Dfiletype%2525253Apdf%25252Bshafiq%25252Bhamdam%252526qfront%25253Dshafiq%25252Bhamdam%252526algorithm%25253Dfiletype%2525253Apdf%25252B%2526siteurl%253Dhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.pdfsearchengine.net%25252F#search=%22filetype%3Apdf%20shafiq%20hamdam%22 |journal=Michigan State International Law Review |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=283}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya jaddada a kan kawo sauyi da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hurst |first=Cindy |date=Jan 1, 2014 |title=Strategic Implications of the Afghan Mother Lode and China's Emerging Role |url=https://ndupress.ndu.edu/JFQ/Joint-Force-Quarterly-72/Article/577485/strategic-implications-of-the-afghan-mother-lode-and-chinas-emerging-role/ |journal=Joint Force Quarterly NDU Press |volume=72 |via=Joint Force Quarterly 72 (1st Quarter, January 2014) }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rubuta a cikin Unipath &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamdam |first=Mohammad Shafiq |date=January 30, 2015 |title=A FRESH START |url=https://unipath-magazine.com/a-fresh-start/ |journal=Unipath |volume=V9N3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙwararriyar mujallar soja ce ta kwamandan Rundunar Tsakiyar Amurka ta buga kwata kwata a matsayin taron ƙasa da ƙasa na jami'an soji a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Asiya: Gwamnatoci da cibiyoyi suna aiki daban-daban a cikin al'ummomin dimokuraɗiyya. Ya yi ikirarin cewa ba wai yaki da ta'addanci da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne kawai, a'a, shugabanci nagari ne ke da muhimmanci ga Afganistan. Yana ganin raunin shari'a da kasancewar &quot;kullun rashin adalci&quot; da kuma mafaka ga masu cin hanci da rashawa a Afganistan da ƙasashen waje a matsayin babban abin da ke taimakawa wajen take hakkin bil'adama da rashin adalci.

Ya yi imanin cewa fiye da shekaru goma gwamnatin Afghanistan da Amurka ba su iya bayyana alakar da ke tsakaninsu ba. Hamdam ya rubuta a cikin editan ra'ayinsa, ''A Decade of Relations Without Definition'',  cewa Afghan-U. Dangantakar S. bai kamata ta kasance a kan mutuwa da kashe juna kawai ba, a'a, ta kasance a kan muradun zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa. Dama da dama &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hamdam |first=Mohammad Shafiq |date=August 23, 2018 |title=Q&amp;A with Mohd. Shafiq Hamdam, President of Afghanistan's Dy. Sr. Advisor, about opportunities for Indo-Afghan collaborations |url=https://southasiafasttrack.com/2018/08/23/mohd-shafiq-hamdam-president-of-afghanistan-dysr-advisor-talks-opportunities-economic-collaborations-education-youth-more/ |access-date=Jan 14, 2020 |website=South Asia Fast Track}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun riga sun wanzu don gina wannan dogon lokaci da kwanciyar hankali. A halin yanzu dai wasu 'yan ƙasar na kallon kasancewar Amurka a ƙasar ta Afganistan a matsayin 'yan sandan duniya da kuma rundunar yaki da Al-Qaeda da Taliban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hamdam |first=Mohammad Shafiq |date=May 27, 2016 |title=The Legacy of Mullah Mansour |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/the-legacy-of-mullah-mansour/ |access-date=May 27, 2016 |website=The Diplomat}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hamdam yana ba da shawarar samar da zaman lafiya a Afghanistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=KAURA |first=VINAY KAURA |date=March 2018 |title=Understanding the Complexities of the Afghan Peace Process |url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ORF_Occasional_Paper_151_Afghanistan.pdf |journal=Observer Research Foundation {{!}} ORF |via=ISBN : 978-81-937032-9-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi imanin cewa soja kawai yana nufin yakin Afghanistan ba zai iya kawo karshen ba. Sai dai kungiyar Taliban ta sha neman a janye sojojin Amurka gaba ɗaya, amma Hamdam na son kasancewar Amurka da NATO cikin dogon lokaci a Afghanistan.

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>NIMBY</title>
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[[Fayil:Nimby_unfinished_tower_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Hasumiyar da ba a gama ba a Tenleytown, Washington, DC wanda daga baya aka cire shi sakamakon korafe-korafe daga unguwar]]
'''NIMBY''' ( / ko nimby ) , [ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of Nimby |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/nimby |access-date=17 July 2015 |publisher=Macmillan Dictionary |archive-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721203623/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/nimby |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; taƙaitaccen jumlar kalmar &quot; '''ba a cikin bayan gida na ba''' &quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cambridge Dictionaries Online – meaning of NIMBY |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/nimby |access-date=17 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oxford Dictionaries – definition of Nimby |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Nimby |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729041134/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Nimby |archive-date=29 July 2012 |access-date=17 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; siffa ce ta adawa da mazauna yankin don ba da shawarar ci gaban ƙasa '''.''' ci gaban kayayyakin more rayuwa a yankinsu, da kuma goyon bayan tsauraran ka'idojin amfani da kasa. Yana da ma'ana cewa irin waɗannan mazaunan suna adawa da ci gaban ne kawai saboda yana kusa da su kuma za su yi haƙuri ko goyan bayansa idan an gina shi daga nesa. Ana kiran mazaunan sau da yawa '''nimbys''', kuma ana kiran ra'ayinsu '''nimbyism''' . An san kishiyar motsi da YIMBY don &quot;yes in my backyard&quot;. 

Wasu misalai na ayyukan da nimbys suka yi adawa da su sun haɗa da ci gaban gidaje  (musamman don Gidaje masu araha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Axel-Lute |first=Miriam |date=2021-11-17 |title=What Is NIMBYism and How Do Affordable Housing Developers Respond to It? |url=https://shelterforce.org/2021/11/17/what-is-nimbyism-and-how-do-affordable-housing-developers-respond-to-it/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Shelterforce |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko wuraren shakatawa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2022 |title=Westlake council approves moratorium on manufactured homes in portion of city |url=https://www.kplctv.com/2022/04/28/westlake-council-approves-moratorium-manufactured-homes-portion-city/?outputType=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;), layin dogo mai saurin gudu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-06-28 |title=Fast rail critics 'rich nimbys' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-13943014 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; mafaka marasa gida,  kula da rana,  makarantu, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] da kwalejoji,  hanyoyin keke da shirin sufuri wanda ke inganta ababen more rayuwa na masu tafiya,  gonakin hasken rana [4] incinerators, [6] tsarin tsabtace shara, [4] da wuraren ajiyar makaman nukiliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UC Berkeley forced to cap enrollment after NIMBY lawsuit |url=https://www.morningbrew.com/daily/stories/2022/03/04/uc-berkeley-forced-to-cap-enrollment-after-nimby-lawsuit |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Morning Brew |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=Kevin J. |last2=Boatwright |first2=Jessica |last3=Brahma |first3=Sreeya |last4=Xu |first4=Weibin |date=2019-08-01 |title=NIMBY, not, in siting community wind farms |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928765518303002 |journal=Resource and Energy Economics |volume=57 |pages=85–100 |doi=10.1016/j.reseneeco.2019.04.004 |issn=0928-7655 |s2cid=159139028}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Tour_group_entering_North_Portal_of_Yucca_Mountain.jpg|alt=|thumb|295x295px|Gidan ajiyar sharar nukiliya na Yucca Mountain, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eureka County, Nevada – Yucca Mountain.org |url=https://www.yuccamountain.org/ |access-date=2020-04-25 |website=www.yuccamountain.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai nisan kilomita 80 a arewa maso yammacin Las Vegas, gwamnati ce ta amince da shi sannan 'yan Nevada suka yi adawa da shi. Kudin tarayya ya ƙare a cikin 2011.]]
Developments likely to attract local objections include:

* Infrastructure development, such as new roads and motorway service areas, railway, light rail and metro lines, airports, power plants, retail developments, sales of public assets, electrical transmission lines, wastewater treatment plants, [[Wajen zubar da shara|landfills]], sewage outfalls and prisons;
* Waste facility development, e.g. exploration of disposal sites for nuclear/radiation waste;
* The extraction of mineral resources including ore, aggregates and hydrocarbons from [[Hakar ma'adinai|mines]], quarries and oil wells or gas wells, respectively;
* Renewable energy generators, such as wind farms and solar panels;
* Businesses trading in goods perceived as immoral, such as adult video, liquor stores, and cannabis dispensaries;
* Accommodations perceived as primarily benefiting disadvantaged people, such as subsidized housing for the [[Talauci|financially disadvantaged]], supportive housing for the mentally ill, congregate living care homes (as for the developmentally disabled),  halfway houses for drug addicts and [[Laifi|criminals]], and homeless shelters.
* Services catering to certain stigmatized groups (for example, [[Addiction|injection drug users]]), such as methadone clinics, syringe exchange programmes, drug detoxification facilities, supervised injection site;
* Large-scale developments of all kinds, such as big-box stores and housing subdivisions.

Dalilan da aka yi da'awar game da waɗannan abubuwan sun bambanta, kuma an ba da wasu a ƙasa.

* Ƙarin zirga-zirga: ƙarin ayyuka, ƙarin gidaje ko ƙarin shagunan suna da alaƙa da karuwar zirga-zane a kan tituna na gida da kuma buƙatar wuraren ajiye motoci. Cibiyoyin masana'antu kamar ɗakunan ajiya, masana'antu, ko [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren zubar da shara]] sau da yawa suna ƙara yawan zirga-zirgar motoci.
* Harm ga ƙananan kasuwanci da ke cikin gida: ci gaban babban kantin sayar da akwatin na iya samar da gasa mai yawa ga kantin sayarwar da ke cikin ƙasa; Hakanan, gina sabuwar hanya na iya sa tsohuwar hanyar ba ta tafiya sosai, wanda ke haifar da asarar kasuwanci ga masu mallakar dukiya. Wannan na iya haifar da farashi mai yawa, ko kuma asarar kasuwancin da ake girmamawa.
* Rashin darajar dukiyar zama: gidaje kusa da ci gaban da ba a so na iya zama maras kyau ga masu sayarwa. Kudin da ya ɓace daga harajin dukiya na iya, ko a'a, a biya shi ta hanyar karuwar kudaden shiga daga aikin.
* [[Gurbatar yanayi|Rashin gurɓata muhalli]] na ƙasa, iska, da ruwa: tashoshin wutar lantarki, masana'antu, wuraren sinadarai, wuraren ƙone gawa, wuraren tsabtace datti, filayen jirgin sama, da irin waɗannan ayyukan na iya - ko ana iya da'awar - gurɓata ƙasar, iska, ko ruwa a kusa da su. Musamman wuraren da aka ɗauka suna da ƙanshi na iya haifar da ƙin yarda.
* Rashin gurɓataccen haske: ayyukan da ke aiki da dare, ko kuma wanda ya haɗa da hasken tsaro (kamar fitilun titi a filin ajiye motoci), ana iya zargi da haifar da gurɓatawar haske.
* Rashin gurɓataccen amo: ban da hayaniya na zirga-zirga, aikin na iya zama mai hayaniya. Wannan ƙiyayya ce ta yau da kullun ga wutar lantarki, filayen jirgin sama, hanyoyi, da wuraren masana'antu da yawa, amma kuma filayen wasa, bukukuwan, da wuraren shakatawa na dare waɗanda ke da hayaniya sosai da dare lokacin da mazauna yankin ke son barci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nightclub music needs restricting to reduce noise pollution, say environmentalists |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_nightclub-music-needs-restricting-to-reduce-noise-pollution-say-environmentalists_215054.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102034/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_nightclub-music-needs-restricting-to-reduce-noise-pollution-say-environmentalists_215054.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=12 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rashin gani da gazawar &quot;haɗuwa&quot; tare da gine-ginen da ke kewaye da shi: aikin da aka tsara na iya zama mara kyau ko kuma babba, ko kuma ya jefa [[inuwa]] a kan wani yanki saboda tsayinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Curbed |date=20 February 2014 |title=Hundreds Fret About Superscrapers' Shadows As Extell Rebuts |url=http://ny.curbed.com/2014/2/20/10141252/hundreds-fret-about-superscrapers-shadows-as-extell-rebuts |access-date=15 September 2016 |archive-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728101949/http://ny.curbed.com/2014/2/20/10141252/hundreds-fret-about-superscrapers-shadows-as-extell-rebuts |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rashin jin ƙaramin gari na al'umma: shawarwari da zasu iya haifar da sababbin mutane da ke motsawa cikin al'umma, kamar shirin gina sabbin gidaje da yawa, galibi ana da'awar canza halin al'umma.
* Rashin albarkatun jama'a da makarantu: an ba da wannan dalili don duk wani karuwa a cikin yawan jama'ar yankin, kamar yadda za'a iya buƙatar ƙarin wuraren makaranta don ƙarin yara, amma musamman ga ayyukan da zasu iya haifar da wasu nau'ikan mutane da suka shiga cikin al'umma, kamar gida na rukuni don mutanen da ke da nakasa, ko baƙi.
* Amfanin da ba daidai ba ga wadanda ba na gida ba: aikin ya bayyana don amfanin mutane masu nisa, kamar masu saka hannun jari (a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci kamar masana'antu ko manyan shagunan akwatin) ko mutane daga yankunan makwabta (a cikin yanayin ayyukan gwamnati na yanki, kamar filayen jirgin sama, manyan hanyoyi, maganin datti, ko wuraren zubar da shara).
* Karin aikata laifuka: wannan galibi ana amfani da shi ga ayyukan da ake ganin suna jan hankalin ko daukar ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa ko 'yan tsiraru na launin fata, da kuma ayyukan da ke kula da mutanen da ake zaton sau da yawa suna aikata laifukan, kamar marasa lafiya, matalauta, da masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu nau'ikan ayyukan, kamar mashaya ko wuraren magani na marijuana, ana iya ganin su kai tsaye suna ƙara yawan aikata laifuka a yankin.
* Hadarin bala'i (na muhalli), kamar tare da ayyukan hakowa, masana'antar sinadarai, [[madatsar ruwa]],  ko tashoshin makamashin nukiliya.
* Gundumomi na tarihi: yankin da abin ya shafa yana kan rajistar al'adun gargajiya, saboda yawancin tsofaffin kadarorinta da ake kiyayewa kamar haka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cities Should Think Twice About Expanding Historic Districts – Forbes – Adam Millsap reporting&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Millsap |first=Adam |title=Cities Should Think Twice About Expanding Historic Districts |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adammillsap/2021/03/17/cities-should-think-twice-about-expanding-historic-districts/?sh=7dcb7229192f |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=Emily |date=23 December 2015 |title=Historic Preservation and Its Costs |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/historic-preservation-and-its-costs-11014.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=www.city-journal.org |publisher=City-Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Are landmark districts linked to affordable housing and segregation? A Chicago lawsuit makes the connection, but a historic preservationist disputes it – Chicago Tribune – Sarah Freishtat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Freishtat |first=Sarah |date=14 February 2022 |title=Are landmark districts linked to affordable housing and segregation? A Chicago lawsuit makes the connection, but a historic preservationist disputes it |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/real-estate/ct-re-chicago-landmarks-lawsuit-affordable-housing-20220214-ljtegdd6zrhs7mkrm7l2xdrxbu-story.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=www.chicagotribune.com |publisher=Chicago Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabaɗaya, ana tsammani ko tsoratar da ƙin yarda da yawa na NIMBY, saboda ƙin yarda yana iya samun nasara kafin a fara ginin. Sau da yawa ya makara don yin adawa da aikin bayan kammala shi tunda ba za a iya juyawa da sababbin ƙari ba. Dalilin NIMBYism wasu suna ganin shi ne saboda farashin da aka mayar da hankali ga sararin samaniya da fa'idodi masu rarraba tare da farashin ma'amala wanda ke haifar da gazawar warware rikici.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=David |last2=Warren |first2=Joseph |date=2022 |title=The NIMBY problem |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/09516298211044852 |journal=Journal of Theoretical Politics |volume=34 |pages=145–172 |doi=10.1177/09516298211044852}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar yadda jerin suka nuna, zanga-zangar na iya faruwa saboda dalilai daban-daban. Sabuwar hanya ko cibiyar cin kasuwa na iya haifar da karuwar zirga-zirga da damar aiki ga wasu, da kuma rage zirga-zane ga wasu, cutar da kasuwancin cikin gida.

Mutanen da ke cikin yankin da tsare-tsaren suka shafa wani lokacin suna kafa ƙungiya wacce za ta iya tattara kuɗi da shirya ayyukan ƙin yarda. NIMBYists na iya hayar lauya don gabatar da roƙo na yau da kullun, da kuma tuntuɓar kafofin watsa labarai don samun goyon bayan jama'a ga shari'ar su.

== Asalin da tarihi ==
An fara bayyana sunan ne a cikin wata kasida ta jarida a watan Fabrairun 1979 a cikin [[Virginia]]'s Daily Press . 
{{Blockquote|agencies need to be better coordinated and the &quot;nimby&quot; (not in my backyard) syndrome must be eliminated.}}
Wataƙila labarin ya yi nuni da Joseph A. Lieberman, memba na Hukumar Makamashi ta Atomic ta Amurka. Maganar '&quot;ba a cikin jarida ta baya ba,' ba tare da acronym ba, ta kuma bayyana a cikin mujallar muhalli a watan Fabrairun 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sniatynski |first=Gillian |date=February–March 1980 |title=Hazardous Wastes |url=https://archive.org/details/enviroviews2n6/page/4 |journal=Environment Views |volume=2 |issue=6 |page=5 |quote=The 'not in my back yard' syndrome is a compound of fears about health, safety, and environmental quality}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magana ta farko ta ''Oxford English Dictionary''' ita ce labarin Christian Science Monitor daga Nuwamba 1980, kodayake har ma a can marubucin ya nuna cewa an riga an yi amfani da kalmar a cikin masana'antar sharar gida mai haɗari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spy |first=Word |title=NIMBY – Word Spy |url=http://www.wordspy.com/words/nimby.asp |access-date=15 September 2016 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814104136/http://www.wordspy.com/words/NIMBY.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Livezey |first=Emilie Travel |date=6 November 1980 |title=Hazardous waste |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/1106/110653.html |journal=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=15 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;Tunanin da ke bayan kalmar, na juriya da aka tsara a cikin gida ga amfani da ƙasa da ba a so, mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne a baya. Ɗaya daga cikin shawarwari shine ya fito ne a cikin shekarun 1950.&lt;ref&gt;Maiorino, Al. (22 March 2011)  [http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/5384/do-you-have-control-over-nimbyism/ &quot;Do You Have Control Over NIMBYism?&quot;] ''Biomass Magazine''&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarun 1980s, ɗan siyasan Burtaniya Nicholas Ridley, wanda shi ne Sakataren Gwamnatin Conservative na Muhalli ya shahara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heywood |first=Andrew |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Short memories? |journal=Housing Finance International |issue=Spring 2015 |pages=4–5. 2 |via=Business Source Complete}}&lt;/ref&gt; Comedian George Carlin ya yi amfani da kalmar a 1992 don ''Jammin' a New York'' na musamman, yana nuna cewa mutane sun riga sun ji labarin hakan.&lt;ref&gt;Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/43Egm0j_p1A Ghostarchive] and the {{Cite web |title=George Carlin on N.I.M.B.Y. |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43Egm0j_p1A&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=YouTube |format=video |quote=We &lt;nowiki&gt;{{sic}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; got somethin' in this country (you've heard of it) – it's called NIMBY – n-i-m-b-y – Not In My BackYard! |archive-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120232139/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43Egm0j_p1A&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |url-status=bot: unknown }}: {{Cite web |title=George Carlin on N.I.M.B.Y. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43Egm0j_p1A |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=YouTube |format=video |quote=We &lt;nowiki&gt;{{sic}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; got somethin' in this country (you've heard of it) – it's called NIMBY – n-i-m-b-y – Not In My BackYard!}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun yi amfani da acronym NIMBY tun farkon shekarun 1980 don bayyana juriya na al'ummomi ga wurin zama na wuraren da ake jayayya da amfani da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Borell |first=Klas |last2=Westermark |first2=Åsa |date=31 October 2016 |title=Siting of human services facilities and the not in my back yard phenomenon: a critical research review |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-34235 |journal=Community Development Journal |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=246–262 |doi=10.1093/cdj/bsw039}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'anar kalmar ta fito tun lokacin da aka gabatar da ita a cikin shekarun 1980.  Baya ga tasirin su a kan kowane ci gaba ko unguwa, yanzu ana fentin kungiyoyin NIMBY da manufofi kamar yadda suke kara tsananta wariyar launin fata, zurfafa Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, da kuma iyakance yawan samar da Gidaje masu araha.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimesTwilightOfTheNIMBY&quot; /&gt; Akwai littattafai da labarai da yawa game da yadda za a magance ra'ayoyin NIMBY. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan labarin yana tattauna adawar NIMBY ga gidaje masu araha ta Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙasa ta Kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=https://www.facebook.com/TamaracTalkFL |date=2023-05-24 |title=Shape the Future of Tamarac: Give Your Vision a Voice at Upcoming Workshops • Tamarac Talk |url=https://tamaractalk.com/shape-future-tamarac-2040-comp-plan-workshops-44140 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=tamaractalk.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bambance-bambance ==
''NIMBY'' da kalmomin da aka samo asali ''Nimbyism'', ''Nimbys'', da nimbyists, suna nufin a bayyane ga muhawara game da ci gaba gaba gaba gaba ɗaya ko ga takamaiman lamari. Saboda haka, amfani da su yana da rikici. Kalmar galibi ana amfani da ita ga masu adawa da ci gaba, yana nuna cewa suna da ƙanƙanta, son kai, ko ra'ayoyin hangen nesa. Amfani da shi sau da yawa yana mai banƙyama.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1968870.ece You can't park here: it's my retreat, says ‘Nimby’ Clooney]{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (''[[The Times]]'')&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ba a unguwata ba ===
Ana amfani da kalmar Not in my neighbourhood, ko ''NIMN'', akai-akai. &quot;NIMN&quot; kuma yana nufin ayyukan majalisa ko yarjejeniyar sirri da aka yi da manufar kiyaye asalin launin fata a cikin wani yanki ko yanki na zama ta hanyar tilasta kiyaye membobin wasu kabilu daga shiga yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scharper |first=Diane |date=21 March 2010 |title=Ex-Sun author traces bigotry's role in shaping Baltimore |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-03-21/entertainment/bal-ae.bk.neighborhood21mar21_1_blacks-and-jews-rouse-white-woman |journal=The Baltimore Sun |access-date=2024-07-15 |archive-date=2015-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806122319/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-03-21/entertainment/bal-ae.bk.neighborhood21mar21_1_blacks-and-jews-rouse-white-woman |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan bangaren, &quot;Ba a cikin Makwabta ba,&quot; na marubuci kuma ɗan jarida Antero Pietila, ya bayyana yawan kuɗin da siyasar NIMN ke da shi a kan yanayin gidaje a Baltimore a cikin karni na 20 da kuma tsarin tsarin, rabuwa na launin fata da ya haifar.
==manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Opay</title>
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      <text bytes="4183" sha1="3i9wkp5xpqdyzow3uf7fwm1bx1o8a8j" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
OPay is a leading fintech company focused on emerging markets. Since its establishment in 2018, OPay has been dedicated to providing convenient digital wallet and payment services to the unbanked population in Africa. Currently, its business has expanded to Nigeria, Egypt, Pakistan, Indonesia, and other countries, providing inclusive and convenient financial services such as loans, payments, digital wallets, and innovative solutions powered by AI and big data.

== Tarihi ==
OPay was established in 2018, and licensed by the Central Bank of Nigeria in 2018.It was insured by the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation. In May 2019, OPay launched its Point of sale service, which was mostly dominant in Nigeria during the naira cash strike. In November 2021 Olu Akanmu was appointed the co-CEO of OPay until his resignation in 2023. With 8 years of development, OPay has become one of the most competitive fintech unicorns in emerging markets and has achieved significant market presence, particularly in Nigeria and Egypt.

A watan Satumbar 2021, OPay ta sami tallafin kasa da kasa karkashin jagorancin bankin Soft.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2021 |title=Africa-focused payment firm OPay raises $400 million in funding round led by SoftBank |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/africa-focused-payment-firm-opay-040352184.html |access-date=June 7, 2024 |website=Yahoo Finance}}&lt;/ref&gt; OPay ya kai ga Masar a cikin shekara  ta 2021, kuma [[Babban Bankin Masar]] ya amince da shi da kuma bayar da katunan da aka riga aka biya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2022 |title=OPay obtains approval of CBE to issue prepaid cards |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2022/04/14/opay-obtains-approval-of-cbe-to-issue-prepaid-cards/ |access-date=June 7, 2024 |website=Dailynewsegypt}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, OPay Najeriya ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Verve International don yin rajistar katin zare kudi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2022 |title=OPay partners Verve to roll out OPay Instant Debit Card |url=https://www.thecable.ng/opay-partners-verve-to-roll-out-opay-instant-debit-card-get-yours-anytime-anywhere-instantly/ |access-date=June 7, 2024 |website=TheCable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abokan cinikin OPay sun yi dandazo a hedkwatar kamfanin da ke Legas, kan sanarwar badakalar da wani wakili ya bayar.  Sai dai kamfanin ya musanta wannan ikirarin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oamen |first=Samuel |date=October 3, 2023 |title=FACT CHECK: Video of OPay agents protest in Ikeja FALSELY shared as recent |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/fact-check-video-of-opay-agents-protest-in-ikeja-falsely-shared-as-recent/ |access-date=June 7, 2024 |website=The Nation Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2023 kotun Shari'a a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] ta yanke wa wakilin OPay hukuncin ɗaurin watanni tara saboda karya amincewa da sata daga abokin ciniki na kan layi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhammad |first=Khaleel |date=April 8, 2023 |title=Kano court sentences Opay agent to nine months in jail for stealing |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/04/08/kano-court-sentences-opay-agent-to-nine-months-in-jail-for-stealing/ |access-date=June 7, 2024 |website=Daily Post Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

OPay na ɗaya daga cikin Fintechs huɗu da CBN ta nemi su dakatar da shiga cikin abokan ciniki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oladunmade |first=Muktar |date=April 29, 2024 |title=Exclusive: CBN directs four fintechs to stop onboarding new customers |url=https://techcabal.com/2024/04/29/exclusive-cbn-directs-four-fintechs-to-stop-onboarding/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Techcabal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne saboda karuwar binciken wadannan bankunan akan hanyoyin KYC. Duk da haka, an ɗaga ƙuntatawa a watan Yunin wannan shekarar 2024 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oni |first=Aderonke |date=June 3, 2024 |title=OPay, Kuda resume onboarding of new customers as CBN lifts restriction |url=https://www.thecable.ng/opay-kuda-resume-onboarding-of-new-customers-as-cbn-lifts-restriction/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Cable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
* [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]]
* [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]]

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Bankuna]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mata a Jamus</title>
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      <text bytes="19616" sha1="sxe1pmbb7tvzpyam6ez0ghtczii8jyr" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Matsayin matan Jamus sun canza a cikin tarihi, kamar yadda al'ada da al'umma da suke zaune a ciki suka sami sauye-sauye daban-daban. A tarihi, da kuma a halin yanzu, halin da mata ke ciki ya bambanta tsakanin yankunan Jamus, musamman a cikin karni na 20, lokacin da akwai ƙungiya ta siyasa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki daban a Jamus ta Yamma idan aka kwatanta da Gabashin Jamus.&lt;ref name=&quot;pri.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women in Germany's east earn close to what men do. Can we thank socialism for that? |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-12-07/women-germanys-east-earn-close-what-men-do-can-we-thank-socialism |website=The World from PRX}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, Kudancin Jamus yana da tarihin Tasirin Roman Katolika mai karfi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Startseite www.ekd.de |url=https://www.ekd.de/index.htm |website=www.ekd.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin Tarihi ==
Matsayin gargajiya na mata a cikin Al'ummar Jamus sau da yawa ana bayyana shi ta hanyar abin da ake kira &quot;Ks huɗu&quot; a cikin harshen Jamusanci: Kinder (''Yara''), ''Kirche'' (coci), ''Küche'' (kitchen), da ''Kleider'' (tufafi), suna nuna cewa manyan ayyukansu suna ɗaukar da kiwon yara, halartar ayyukan addini, dafa Abincin da ba da abinci, da kuma ma'amala da tufafi da kayan ado. Koyaya, matsayinsu ya canza a cikin karni na 20. Bayan samun 'yancin jefa kuri'a a 1918, matan Jamus sun fara daukar nauyin da maza suka yi a baya. Bayan karshen yakin duniya na 2, an lakafta su da ''Trümmerfrauen'' ko &quot;mata na rushewa&quot; saboda sun kula da &quot;waɗanda suka ji rauni, sun binne matattu, kayan da aka ceto&quot;, kuma sun shiga cikin &quot;aiki mai wuya na sake gina Jamus da ta lalace ta hanyar kawai share&quot; rushewa da rushewar yaƙi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GC&quot;&gt;[http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_women.htm Women In German Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127012944/https://germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_women.htm |date=2020-11-27 }}, German Culture, germanculture.com&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a hanyoyi da yawa, Jamus duk da haka ta bambanta da sauran yankuna masu magana da Jamusanci a Turai, kasancewar ta fi ci gaba a kan 'yancin mata na shiga siyasa, idan aka kwatanta da makwabciyar [[Switzerland]] (inda mata suka sami' yancin jefa kuri'a a 1971 a matakin tarayya, kuma a matakin yanki na gida a 1990 a cikin canton na Appenzell Innerrhoden) da [[Liechtenstein]] a 1984. A cikin Jamus, akwai kuma bambance-bambance na yanki masu ƙarfi; alal misali Kudancin Jamus (musamman Bavaria) ya fi ra'ayin mazan jiya fiye da sauran sassan Jamus; yayin da tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus ta fi tallafawa rayuwar ƙwararru ta mata fiye da tsohuwar Jamus ta Yamma.&lt;ref name=&quot;demographic-research.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andreas Klärner |date=22 July 2015 |title=The low importance of marriage in eastern Germany – social norms and the role of peoples' perceptions of the past |url=http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol33/9/33-9.pdf |website=Demographic Research |pages=239–272 |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820171405/https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol33/9/33-9.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aure da dokar iyali ==
Dokar Iyali a [[Yammacin Jamus]], ta, har zuwa kwanan nan, ta ba mata matsayi na ƙasa dangane da mazajensu. Sai kawai a cikin 1977 ne canje-canjen majalisa suka samar da [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]] a cikin aure; har zuwa wannan ranar, mata masu aure a Jamus ta Yamma ba za su iya aiki ba tare da izini daga mazajensu ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;pri.org&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reconciliation Policy in Germany 1998–2008, Construing the 'Problem' of the Incompatibility of Paid Employment and Care Work, by Cornelius Grebe; pg 92: ''&quot;However, the 1977 reform of marriage and family law by Social Democrats and Liberals formally gave women the right to take up employment without their spouses' permission. This marked the legal end of the 'housewife marriage' and a transition to the ideal of 'marriage in partnership'.&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt;A Gabashin Jamus, duk da haka, mata suna da ƙarin haƙƙoƙi.

A shekara ta 1977, dokar kisan aure a Jamus ta Yamma ta sami manyan canje-canje, ta motsa daga tsarin kisan aure na kuskure zuwa wanda ba laifi ba ne. Wadannan sabbin ka'idojin saki, wadanda ke ci gaba da aiki a yau a duk faɗin Jamus, sun tsara cewa za'a iya samun saki ba tare da kuskure ba bisa ga shekara guda na rabuwa ta zahiri idan ma'aurata biyu sun yarda, da shekaru uku na rabuwa na zahiri idan kawai matar daya ta yarda. Har ila yau, akwai tanadi don &quot;kisan aure da sauri&quot; wanda za'a iya samun shi a kan buƙata ta kowane ma'aurata, ba tare da lokacin rabuwa ba, idan an tabbatar da shi a kotu cewa ci gaba da auren zai zama matsala mara ma'ana ga mai shigar da kara saboda dalilai da suka shafi halayyar ɗayan ma'aurita; wannan keɓewa yana buƙatar yanayi na musamman kuma ana la'akari da shi bisa ga shari'a-da- shari'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current Legal Framework: Divorce in Germany - impowr.org |url=http://www.impowr.org/content/current-legal-framework-divorce-germany |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506174653/http://www.impowr.org/content/current-legal-framework-divorce-germany |archive-date=6 May 2017 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=www.impowr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dieter Martiny |last2=Dieter Schwab |date=October 2002 |title=Grounds for Divorce and Maintenance Between Former Spouses |url=http://ceflonline.net/wp-content/uploads/Germany-Divorce.pdf |website=ceflonline.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, a Jamus, kamar yadda yake a wasu ƙasashen Yamma, an sami karuwar sauri a cikin haɗin kai da haihuwa a waje da aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ostner |first=I. |date=1 April 2001 |title=Cohabitation in Germany - rules, reality and public discourses |journal=International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=88–101 |doi=10.1093/lawfam/15.1.88}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, kashi 35% na haihuwa a Jamus sun kasance ga mata marasa aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00018 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin yankunan tsohuwar Jamus ta Yamma da Gabashin Jamus: an haifi yara da yawa ba tare da aure ba a gabashin Jamus fiye da yammacin Jamus: a cikin 2012, a gabashin Jamusanci 61.6% na haihuwa sun kasance ga mata marasa aure, amma a yammacin Jamus kawai 28.4% . &lt;ref name=&quot;demographic-research.org&quot;/&gt;

Ra'ayoyin game da ƙaddamar da kai na jima'i, kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da aure, sun canza: alal misali, har zuwa 1969, zina laifi ne na laifi a Jamus ta Yamma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Summary: Adultery in Germany - impowr.org |url=http://www.impowr.org/content/summary-adultery-germany |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014004222/http://www.impowr.org/content/summary-adultery-germany |archive-date=14 October 2017 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=www.impowr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai kawai a cikin 1997, duk da haka, Jamus ta cire izinin aurenta daga dokar fyade, kasancewar tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Yammacin Turai na ƙarshe da suka yi haka, bayan doguwar gwagwarmayar siyasa da ta fara a cikin shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;jurawelt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Breaking Male Dominance in Old Democracies.&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, kafin 1997, ma'anar fyade a Jamus ita ce: &quot;Duk wanda ya tilasta wa mace ta yi jima'i da shi, ko kuma tare da mutum na uku, ta hanyar tilastawa ko barazanar haɗari ga rayuwa ko ga jiki, za a hukunta shi da ba kasa da shekaru biyu ba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;icty.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kunarac, Vukovic and Kovac - Judgement - Part IV |url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kunarac/tjug/en/kun-tj010222e-4.htm |access-date=22 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1997 an yi canje-canje ga dokar fyade, fadada ma'anar, ta sa ta kasance mai tsaka-tsaki da jinsi, da kuma cire cire cirewar aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE |url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/index.html |access-date=22 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin, ana iya gurfanar da fyade a matsayin &quot;Sakamako na jiki&quot; (Sashe na 223 na Dokar Laifuka ta Jamus), &quot;Rashin&quot; (Sashi na 185 na Dokar Laifin Jamus) da kuma &quot;Yin amfani da barazanar ko tilas don sa mutum ya yi, ya sha wahala ko ya bar wani aiki&quot; (Nötigung, Sashe na 240 na Dokar Laifukan Jamus) wanda ke ɗauke da ƙananan hukunci, kuma ba a gurfanar su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;jurawelt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Word - 1Deckblatt.doc |url=http://www.jurawelt.com/sunrise/media/mediafiles/13792/tenea_juraweltbd52_kieler.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020164804/http://www.jurawelt.com/sunrise/media/mediafiles/13792/tenea_juraweltbd52_kieler.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=2016-07-16 |website=Jurawelt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar sana'a ==
[[Fayil:EU_27_Gender_Pay_Gap_2014.png|alt=Bar graph showing the gender pay gap in European countries|left|thumb|Rashin biyan albashi na jinsi a matsakaicin kuɗin da ake samu a cikin kasashe membobin EU, a cewar Eurostat 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;EC stats&quot;&gt;[[European Commission]]. &lt;/ref&gt; Jamus tana da daya daga cikin mafi girman gibin albashi na jinsi a cikin EU.]]
Yayinda aka karfafa mata a Gabashin Jamus su shiga cikin ma'aikata, wannan ba haka ba ne a Yammacin Jamus, inda aka fahimci aikin mace na farko a gida, kula da iyalinta. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mata da yawa suna aiki don biyan kuɗi. Kodayake yawancin mata suna aiki, da yawa suna aiki na ɗan lokaci; a cikin Tarayyar Turai, kawai Netherlands da [[Austriya|Austria]] suna da mata da yawa da ke aiki na ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Part-time work: A divided Europe |url=http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=ro&amp;catId=89&amp;newsId=2535&amp;furtherNews=yes |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da mata ke fuskanta shi ne cewa uwaye da ke da ƙananan yara kuma suna so su bi aiki na iya fuskantar zargi na zamantakewa. A cikin shekara ta 2014, hadin gwiwar da ke mulki ta amince da sanya kashi 30% na mata don mukaman Kwamitin sa ido daga 2016 zuwa gaba.

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Yamma har ma da wadanda ba na Yamma ba, Jamus tana da ƙananan mata a matsayin shugabancin kasuwanci, ƙasa da Turkiyya, Malaysia, Najeriya, Indonesia, Botswana, Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women in business 2015 results |url=http://www.grantthornton.global/en/press/press-releases-2015/women-in-business-2015/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329025556/https://www.grantthornton.global/en/press/press-releases-2015/women-in-business-2015/ |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=Grant Thornton International Ltd. Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa mata ba su da yawa a manyan mukamai shine al'adar zamantakewa wanda ke ganin aikin cikakken lokaci bai dace da mata ba. Musamman Kudancin Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ne game da matsayin jinsi. A cikin 2011, José Manuel Barroso, shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a lokacin, ya bayyana cewa &quot;Jamus, har ma da Austria da Netherlands, ya kamata su kalli misalin kasashen arewa [...] wanda ke nufin cire cikas ga mata, tsofaffin ma'aikata, baƙi da masu neman aiki don shiga cikin ma'aikata&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Germany's persistently low birthrate gets marginal boost - DW - 18.08.2011 |url=http://www.dw.com/en/germanys-persistently-low-birthrate-gets-marginal-boost/a-15325123-0 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=DW.COM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cin zarafin mata ==
Binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2013 na hukunce-hukunce 202 na duniya ya gano cewa a Jamus kashi 47.3% na wadanda aka kashe mata ne, kashi 10 mafi girma na mata da aka kashe a duk hukunce-hin-hukuncen, kuma sama da matsakaicin duniya na 21.3%.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDOC1&quot;&gt;[http://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/data.html UNDOC Homicide Statistics 2013] used tables: [http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/data/GSH2013_Homicide_count_and_rate.xlsx Homicide counts and rates] &amp; [http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/data/GSH2013_Sex_data.xlsx Percentage of male and female homicide victims] Retrieved May-31-2014&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin mata da aka kashe ya kasance mai yawa a makwabciyar Switzerland (50%) da Austria (40.2%) (duba kididdigar kisan kai ta jinsi). 

== Lafiyar haihuwa da inganci ==
Yawan mace-mace a Jamus shine mutuwar 7/100,000 haihuwar rayuwa (kamar yadda na 2010).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418113820/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=www.cia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] shine 0.1% na manya (shekaru 15-49) - kimantawa na shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221190412/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=www.cia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;jimlar yawan haihuwa (TFR) a Jamus shine haihuwar 1.44 ga kowace mace (kimanin 2016), ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028133713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html |archive-date=28 October 2009 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=www.cia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin yara yana da yawa: daga cikin mata da aka haifa a 1968 a [[Yammacin Jamus]], kashi 25% sun kasance ba tare da haihuwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Éva Beaujouan |last2=Tomáš Sobotka |last3=Zuzanna Brzozowska |last4=Kryštof Zeman |date=January 2017 |title=Has childlessness peaked in Europe? |url=https://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/26128/540.population.societies.2017.january.en.pdf |website=ined.fr |access-date=2024-09-15 |archive-date=2017-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105932/https://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/26128/540.population.societies.2017.january.en.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zubar da ciki a Jamus doka ce a lokacin [[Ciki|watanni uku na farko]] a kan yanayin ba da shawara, kuma daga baya a cikin ciki a lokuta na buƙatar likita. A lokuta biyu akwai lokacin jira na kwanaki 3.

Ilimin jima'i a makarantu ya ba da umarni ta doka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bildungsklick.de/pm/35091/sexualaufklaerung-in-europa/ Sexualaufklärung in Europa] (German)&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Jamus, kuma a cikin 2011 Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai, ta ki amincewa da korafe-korafe daga iyayen Baptist da yawa game da ilimin jima'i na makarantar Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2011 |title=Complaints against Germany about mandatory sex education classes declared inadmissible |url=https://sikic.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/admissibility-decision-dojan-and-others-v-germany-1.pdf |website=European Court of Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Bernstein, George, and Lottelore Bernstein. &quot;Attitudes toward Women's Education in Germany, 1870-1914.&quot; ''International Journal of Women's Studies'' 2 (1979): 473–488.
* Bock, Gisela, and Patricia Thane, eds. ''Maternity and gender policies: Women and the rise of the European welfare states, 1880s-1950s'' (Routledge, 2012).
* Chickering, Roger.  “‘Casting their gaze more broadly’: Women's Patriotic Activism in Imperial Germany,” ''Past and Present'' 118 (1988), 156–85.
* Crance, Cynnthia. ''Divided lives: the untold stories of Jewish-Christian women in Nazi Germany'' (2001) [[iarchive:dividedlivesunto0000unse|online]]
* Dawson, Ruth P. ''The Contested Quill: Literature by Women in Germany, 1770-1800'' (U of Delaware Press, 2002).
* Freeland, Jane. ''Feminist Transformations and Domestic Violence Activism in Divided Berlin, 1968‒2002'' (Oxford University Press, 2022)
* Green, Lowell. &quot;The education of women in the Reformation.&quot; ''History of Education Quarterly'' 19.1 (1979): 93–116. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/367811 online]
* Gupta, Charu. &quot;Politics of gender: women in Nazi Germany.&quot; ''Economic and Political Weekly'' (1991): WS40-WS48 [https://www.academia.edu/download/30273744/Women_in_Nazi_Germany_EPW.pdf online]{{Dead link|date=July 2022}}.
* Hagemann, Karen et al. eds. ''Gendering Post-1945 German History: Entanglements'' (Berghahn Books, 2019)
* Harvey, Elizabeth. &quot;Visions of the volk: German women and the far right from Kaiserreich to Third Reich.&quot; ''Journal of women's History'' 16.3 (2004): 152-167 [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/172169/summary online].
* Lewis, Gertrud Jaron. ''By Women, for Women, about Women: The Sister-Books of Fourteenth-Century Germany'' (PIMS, 1996).
* Lewis, Margaret Brannan. ''Infanticide and abortion in early modern Germany'' (Routledge, 2016).
* Mason, Tim. &quot;Women in Germany, 1925-1940: Family, Welfare and Work. Part I.&quot; ''History Workshop'' 1976 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288034 online].
* Moeller, Robert G. ''Protecting motherhood: Women and the family in the politics of postwar West Germany'' (U of California Press, 1996).
* Petschauer, Peter. &quot;Improving Educational-Opportunities for Girls in 18th-Century Germany.&quot; ''Eighteenth-Century Life'' 3.2 (1976): 56–62.
* Reagin, Nancy. ''A German Women’s Movement: Class and Gender in Hanover, 1880–1933'' (U of [[North Carolina]] Press, 1995).
* Reagin, Nancy.  “The Imagined Hausfrau: National Identity, Domesticity and Colonialism in Imperial Germany,” ''Journal of Modern History'' 73#1 (2001): 54–86.
* Rottmann,  Andrea. ''Queer Lives across the Wall: Desire and Danger in Divided Berlin, 1945-1970'' (University of [[Toronto]] Press, 2023).
* Rublack, Ulinka. ''The crimes of women in early modern Germany'' (Oxford University Press, 1999).
* Ruble, Alexandria N. ''Entangled Emancipation: Women’s Rights in Cold War Germany'' ((University of Toronto Press, 2023) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=60481 online scholarly review of this book]
* Rupp, Leila J. ''Mobilizing women for war: German and American propaganda, 1939-1945'' (Princeton University Press, 2015).
* Simonton, Deborah, ed. ''The Routledge history of women in Europe since 1700'' (Routledge, 2006).
* Steffens, Melanie C., and Christof Wagner. &quot;Attitudes toward lesbians, gay men, bisexual women, and bisexual men in Germany.&quot; ''Journal of Sex Research'' 41.2 (2004): 137-149 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Melanie_Steffens/publication/8384707_Attitudes_toward_lesbians_gay_men_bisexual_women_and_bisexual_men_in_Germany/links/571a5ffd08ae7f552a473080/Attitudes-toward-lesbians-gay-men-bisexual-women-and-bisexual-men-in-Germany.pdf online].
* Stephenson, Jill. ''Women in Nazi Germany'' (Pearson Education, 2001).
* Stibbe, Matthew. ''Women in the Third Reich'' (Arnold, 2003),
* Wildenthal, Lora. ''German Women for Empire, 1884–1945'' (Duke University Press, 2001)
* Wunder, Heide, and Thomas J. Dunlap, eds. ''He is the sun, she is the moon: women in early modern Germany'' (Harvard University Press, 1998).

== Haɗin waje ==

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'''Muhammad Ali Mirza'''  an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1977), wanda aka fi sani da '''Injiniya Ali Mirza''', ko kuma ta hanyar sunansa na farko kamar '''EMAM''', [[Mullah|Malamin addinin Musulunci]] ne a kasar Pakistan kuma YouTuber . &lt;ref name=&quot;g392&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 Nov 2023 |title=Which political party does engineer Muhammad Ali Mirza support? |url=https://mmnews.tv/which-political-party-does-engineer-muhammad-ali-mirza-support/ |access-date=1 Oct 2024 |website=MM News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c366&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kayani |first=Amir |date=15 Mar 2021 |title=One arrested after cleric Muhammad Ali Mirza survives attack in Jhelum |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1612703 |access-date=1 Oct 2024 |website=DAWN.COM}}&lt;/ref&gt; Injiniya ne ta hanyar sana'a, a san shi da laccocinsa kan batutuwan addini, wanda ya jawo hankalin rikice-rikice da yawa, gami da yunkurin saɓo a shekara ta alif dubu biyu da a shirin da ukku 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;v775&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faisal |first=Ziyad |date=25 Jun 2020 |title=So You Think Engineer Agrees With You? 10 Times Muhammad Ali Mirza Surprised People |url=https://nayadaur.tv/25-Jun-2020/so-you-think-engineer-agrees-with-you-10-times-muhammad-ali-mirza-surprised-people |access-date=1 Oct 2024 |website=NayaDaur}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Muhammad Ali Mirza a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 1977 a Jhelum, Punjab .  Mahaifinsa, Mirza Arshad Mahmud, an ruwaito cewa yana aiki a Bankin Allied. Ali Mirza ya sami karatunsa a matsayin injiniya daga Jami'ar Injiniya da Fasaha, Taxila . Ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan Gwamnatin Punjab a kan ma'auni na albashi na 19 amma daga baya ya bar aikin da sashen ya nemi ya bari saboda ya zama mutum na jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndUrdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Arshad |date=6 May 2020 |title=علما کو دھمکیاں دینے کے الزام میں گرفتار انجینیئر محمد علی مرزا کون ہیں؟ |url=https://www.independenturdu.com/node/35726/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D9%88-%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86-%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%BA%D8%9F |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=[[The Independent|Independent Urdu]] |language=Urdu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2020 |title=FIR lodged against popular religious scholar and speaker Engineer Muhammad Ali Mirza |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/608361/fir-lodged-against-popular-religious-scholar-and-speaker-engineer-muhammad-ali-mirza/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 May 2020 |title=पाकिस्‍तान में धार्मिक विद्वानों को धमकियां देने वाला इंजीनियर गिरफ्तार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/world/engineer-arrested-for-threatening-religious-scholars-in-pakistan-dlnk-3089350.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=[[News18 India|News18 Hindi]] |language=Hindi |archive-date=2022-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612174143/https://hindi.news18.com/news/world/engineer-arrested-for-threatening-religious-scholars-in-pakistan-dlnk-3089350.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
==Manazarta==</text>
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'''Marie-Thérèse Humbert''' (an haife ta ranar 17 ga watan Yuli, 1940) marubuciya ce yar ƙasar [[Moris|Mauritian]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;lehman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marie-Thérèse Humbert |url=http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/humbert.html |website=Île en île |publisher=Lehman College |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-date=2024-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105223916/https://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/humbert.html |url-status=dead }}{{In lang|fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami kyautar Grand prix des lectrices de Elle .

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife ta ne a Quatre Bornes kuma ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge da Sorbonne. Ta koma kasar [[Faransa]] a shekarar 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehman&quot;/&gt; Ta yi takara a matsayin yar takarar gurguzu a sashen Indre na kasar Faransa kuma ta yi takara a Saint-Julien-de-Vouvantes.

== Ayyukan da aka zaba&lt;ref name=lehman/&gt; ==

=== Novels ===
* ''À l'autre bout de moi'' (1979), received the [[Grand prix des lectrices de Elle]].
* ''Le Volkameria'' (1984)
* ''Une robe d'écume et de vent'' (1989)
* ''Un fils d'orage'' (1992), received the Prix Terre de France
* ''La montagne des signaux'' (1994)
* ''Le chant du seringat la nuit'' (1997)
* ''Amy'' (1998)
* ''Comme un voile d'ombres'' (2000)

===Short stories ===
* &quot;En guise de préface&quot; in ''Maurice, le tour de l'île en quatre-vingts lieux'' (1994)
* &quot;Parole de femme&quot; in ''Au tour des femmes'' (1995)
* &quot;De la lumière, de l'amour et du silence&quot;, &quot;Le tout ainsi, en vrac&quot; and &quot;Clopin-clopant&quot; in ''[[Raymonde Vincent]], 1908-1985, hommages'' (1995)
* &quot;Adeline&quot; in ''Tombeau du cœur de François II'' (1997)
* &quot;La véritable histoire de notre mère Eve au Jardin d'Eden&quot; in ''Elles, Histoires de femmes'' (1999)
* &quot;Les galants de Lydie&quot; in ''Une enfance outremer'' (2001)
* &quot;Fraternité ; hommage au poète Édouard Maunick&quot; in ''Riveneuve Continents'', Winter 2009-2010

==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]]</text>
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    <title>Martin Mull</title>
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'''Martin Eugene Mull''' (Agusta 18, 1943 - Yuni 27, Shekara ta 2024) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda aikinsa ya haɗa da gudummawar mawaƙa da mai zane.Ya zama sananne akan Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman, juyi-kashe Fernwood 2 Night, da America 2 Night. Sauran manyan ayyuka sun haɗa da Colonel Mustard a cikin fim ɗin 1985 Clue, Leon Carp akan Roseanne, Willard Kraft akan Sabrina the Teenage Witch, Vlad Masters / Vlad Plasmius akan Danny Phantom, da Gene Parmesan akan Ci gaban Kama. Yana da rawar da ya taka maimaituwa akan Maza Biyu da Rabi a matsayin Russell, mai amfani da ƙwayoyi, mai harhada magunguna.
==Rayuwa da ilimi==
An haifi Mull a Chicago, ɗan Betty Mull, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma darekta, da Harold Mull, injiniyan acoustics.&lt;ref&gt;https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&amp;dat=19791207&amp;id=PlBSAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6807,6524252&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙaura tare da danginsa zuwa North Ridgeville, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], lokacin yana ɗan shekara biyu.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180624204305/http://mivoice.flightpathcreative.com/pdfs/issue-31-5.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Sun zauna a wurin har ya kai shekara 15 sa’ad da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa New Kan’ana, Connecticut. Ya halarci kuma ya sauke karatu daga Sabuwar Kan'ana High School.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Martin Mull&quot;. Patterson &amp; Associates. Archived from the original on 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2006-09-17.&lt;/ref&gt; Mull ya yi karatun zane-zane kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 1965 daga Makarantar Zane ta Rhode Island tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts; a cikin 1967, ya sami Master of Fine Arts a zanen, kuma daga RISD.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180920084234/https://www.risd.edu/news/stories/martin-mull-witnesses-the-madness/&lt;/ref&gt;
==Sana'a==
===Waka===
Mull ya shiga kasuwancin nunawa a matsayin marubucin waƙa, inda ya rubuta waƙar Jane Morgan ta 1970, &quot;Yarinya mai suna Johnny Cash&quot;, wanda ya kai kololuwa a lamba 61 akan jadawalin ƙasar Billboard. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya fara aikin nasa na rikodi. A cikin shekarun 1970, kuma musamman a farkon rabin shekaru goma, Mull ya fi saninsa a matsayin ɗan wasan barkwanci, yana yin waƙoƙin satirical da na ban dariya duka a raye kuma a cikin rikodin studio. Maimakon yin amfani da tarkon mataki na mafi yawan ayyukan kida, Mull ya ƙawata matakinsa da kayan shaguna masu daɗi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/03/archives/martin-mulls-fabulous-furniture.html&lt;/ref&gt;
Sanannen wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa sun haɗa da buɗewa don Randy Newman da Sandy Denny a zauren Symphony na [[Boston]] a 1973,&lt;ref&gt;http://www.learningace.com/doc/5522258/4b3a3c254d6c5346578e77192425c261/n24{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Frank Zappa a Hedikwatar Duniya ta Armadillo ta Austin a 1973, Billy Joel a Wilkes-Barre, [[Pennsylvania]] a 1974; kuma don Bruce Springsteen a Shady Grove Music Fair a Gaithersburg, [[Maryland]] a watan Oktoba 1974. Kundin sa na farko mai taken kansa, wanda Capricorn ya fitar a cikin 1972, ya fito da manyan mawakan da suka hada da Ramblin 'Jack Elliott, Levon Helm daga The Band, Keith Spring na NRBQ, Jack Bone,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.discogs.com/release/4561276-Martin-Mull-Martin-Mull&lt;/ref&gt; da Libby Titus. Elvis Costello da Gary Sperrazza sun dangana maganar &quot;Rubuta game da kiɗa kamar rawa ne game da gine-gine&quot; ga Martin Mull.&lt;ref&gt;http://quoteinvestigator.com/2010/11/08/writing-about-music/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.freakonomics.com/2010/12/30/quotes-uncovered-dancing-about-architecture/&lt;/ref&gt;
===Acting===
Fitaccen aikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Mull shine Garth Gimble a cikin 1976 na gidan talabijin na 1976 na sabulun sabulu mara hankali Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman. Wannan ya haifar da yin aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo Fernwood 2 Night (1977) da Amurka 2 Night (1978), wanda ya buga wasan kwaikwayon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Barth Gimble (dan uwan tagwaye na Garth), sabanin Fred Willard, a matsayin sidekick da mai shela Jerry. Hubbard. Mull ya fito a matsayin ɗan wasan motsa jiki, Eric Swan a cikin fim ɗin FM na 1978, fasalin fim ɗin sa na farko. A cikin 1979, Mull ya fito a cikin shirin Taxi na Hollywood Calling. Ya ƙirƙira, ya rubuta, kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na 1984 CBS sitcom Life Life, tare da Megan Follows yana wasa 'yarsa matashi.
A cikin shekarun 1980s, Mull ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin fina-finan Mr. Mama (1983) da Clue (1985), kuma yana da rawar jagoranci a Serial (1980). A cikin 1985, ya haɗu tare da yin tauraro a cikin The History of White People in America - Associated Press ta ce abin ba'a shine &quot;abin da mutane da yawa ke tunanin shine mafi kyawun aikinsa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://apnews.com/article/martin-mull-dead-9e388ada08324634fe763b798abd0bc4&lt;/ref&gt;
Ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin jerin tallace-tallace na Michelob da Pizza Hut, kuma a cikin jerin tallan talabijin da rediyo don Red Roof Inn tare da Willard. Ya fito a cikin 1986 Pecos Bill episode na Shelley Duvall TV jerin Tall Tales &amp; Legends. A cikin shirin 1990 na The Golden Girls, ya yi wasan hippie wanda ke tsoron duniyar waje.
Mull yana da dogon gudu daga 1991 zuwa 1997 a matsayin Leon Carp, Roseanne Conner's shugaban gay (kuma daga baya abokin kasuwanci) a kan jerin TV Roseanne. Daga 1997 zuwa 2000, ya buga Willard Kraft akan wasan kwaikwayon Sabrina the Teenage Witch; ya kasance mataimakiyar shugabar makarantar sakandare ta Sabrina Spellman a yanayi na 2 da 3 da kuma shugabar makarantarta a kakar wasa ta 4. Mull ya bayyana a matsayin tauraruwar baƙo a wasan kwaikwayon Hollywood Squares, yana fitowa a matsayin cibiyar cibiyar a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na karshe, daga 2003 zuwa 2004. Ya yi muryar Vlad Masters / Vlad Plasmius, babban mugu a Danny Phantom daga 2004 zuwa 2007.
A ƙarshen 2004 kuma a cikin 2013 na Netflix-samar da Lokacin 4 na Ci gaban Kama, Mull ya kwatanta Gene Parmesan, mai bincike mai zaman kansa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0515209/characters/nm0611898&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 2008 zuwa 2013, yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin Mazaje Biyu da Rabi a matsayin Russell, mai yin amfani da ƙwayoyi da sayar da magunguna. A cikin 2008 da 2009, Mull baƙo ya yi tauraro a cikin sassa biyu na jerin talabijin Gary Unmarried, a matsayin mahaifin Allison.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/gary-unmarried/&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, ya fito a cikin sassa biyu na jerin talabijin na Community kamar George Perry, mahaifin Britta Perry. Ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin Fox TV sitcoms Dads (2013-14) da The Cool Kids (2018-19), na karshen tare da David Alan Grier, Vicki Lawrence, da Leslie [[Jodan|Jordan]]. A cikin 2016, Mull ya fito a matsayin tauraro baƙo a cikin satirical TV jerin Veep, rawar da ta ba shi nadin Emmy. Ƙididdigarsa daga baya sun haɗa da Ranch, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, da Bob's Burgers.
===Art===
Mull ya fara zane-zane a cikin 1970s, kuma aikinsa ya bayyana a rukuni da kuma nunin solo. Ya shiga cikin nunin 15 ga Yuni, 1971 &quot;Flush with the Walls&quot; a dakin maza na Boston Museum of Fine Arts don nuna rashin amincewa da rashin fasahar zamani da na gida a gidan kayan gargajiya.&lt;ref&gt;http://thephoenix.com/boston/arts/122501-local-artists-commemorate-and-re-stage-a-leg/&lt;/ref&gt; An gudanar da nune-nunen nasa na farko na mutum ɗaya a cikin 1980 a Molly Barnes Gallery a [[Los Angeles]] kuma mai zane Mark Kostabi ya yaba da shi a matsayin kayan aiki don ƙaddamar da nasa aikin saboda &quot; Rungumar Mull a lokaci ɗaya na ban dariya da gravitas a cikin fasahar gani.&quot; Ayyukansa sau da yawa ya haɗu da zane-zane na hoto, da fasahar pop da salon haɗin gwiwa.&lt;ref&gt;Martin Mull Archived 2012-06-12 at the Wayback Machine, Artnet&lt;/ref&gt;Ya buga wani littafi na wasu daga cikin zane-zanensa, mai suna Painting Drawings and Words, a cikin 1995. An yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanensa akan murfin don littafin Joyce Carol Oates na 2008 'Yar'uwata, Ƙaunata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://furioushorses.com/2009/04/01/format-follies-pt-3/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-09 |archive-date=2013-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624213019/http://furioushorses.com/2009/04/01/format-follies-pt-3/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani kuma daga cikin zane-zanensa, mai suna After Dinner Drinks (2008), wanda mallakar Steve Martin ne, an yi amfani da shi don murfin Love Has Come For You, wani kundi na Martin da Edie Brickell.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/music/news/article_1714215.php |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-09 |archive-date=2014-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232931/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/music/news/article_1714215.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa==
Mull ya sake aure sau biyu sannan ya auri mawakiya Wendy Haas. Wendy Has. Mull da Haas suna da 'ya mace, Maggie,&lt;ref&gt;Wojciechowski, Michele &quot;Wojo&quot; (September 27, 2013). &quot;FOX's Dads Star Martin Mull: The Accidental Comedian&quot;. Parade. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/martin-mull/bio/164903&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-09-04-9409040315-story.html&lt;/ref&gt; wanda kamar na 2021 shine mai aiwatar da aiwatar da hadin gwiwa don Guy Family. A cikin hira na 2010 akan The Green Room tare da Paul Provenza , Mull ya ce shi mai rashin imani ne:

         ''Lallai ba na kyamar wani da zabinsa ya bi duk abin da zai yi, a gare ni ne kawai, ba shi da ma'ana sosai. Ina tsammanin ƙarin cutarwa ta zo wa duniyar nan ta hanyar tsarin addini, mai yiwuwa, fiye da kowane yanayi ɗaya da muka ƙirƙira.''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijCXUVj3ea0&lt;/ref&gt;

Mull ya mutu daga doguwar rashin lafiya a gidansa na Los Angeles a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2024, yana da shekaru 80.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/28/arts/television/martin-mull-dead.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thewrap.com/martin-mull-comic-actor-of-clue-roseanne-dies-at-80/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/martin-mull-dead-funnyman-fernwood-2-night-star-1235935445/&lt;/ref&gt;
==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Musa al-Sadr</title>
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  {{databox}}

'''Musa Sadr al-Din al-Sadr''' ( Arabic  &lt;/link&gt; ) ( Persian  &lt;/link&gt; ) {{Lrm}} An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan  Yuni shekarar 1928 - ya bace 31 ga Agusta shekarar 1978) malamin Shi'a ne na Lebanon-Iran, [[ɗan siyasa]] kuma mai juyin juya hali A Lebanon, ya kafa tare da farfado da ƙungiyoyin Shi'a da yawa na Labanon, gami da makarantu, ƙungiyoyin agaji, da ƙungiyar Amal . 

An haife shi a unguwar Chaharmardan a [[Qom|birnin Qom]] na [[Iran|ƙasar Iran]], ya yi karatun boko da na boko a [[Iran|kasar Iran]] . Shi Ɗan gidan Al-Sadr ne daga Jabal Amel a kasar Labanon, reshen [[Al-Musawi|gidan Musawi]] wanda ya samo asali daga [[Musa al-Qazim|Musa Ibn Jaafar]], Imamin Shi'a na bakwai, kuma daga karshe na [[Annabi|Annabin Musulunci]] [[Muhammad]] ta hanyar 'yarsa Fatima. Saboda haka, Musa al-Sadr sau da yawa ana sanyawa da lakabi na girmamawa ''[[Sayyid]]'' . Ya bar birnin Kum zuwa [[Najaf]] domin karantar ilimin tauhidi sannan ya dawo Iran bayan juyin mulkin kasar Iraki a shekara ta 1958 .

Bayan wasu shekaru, al-Sadr ya tafi Taya, Lebanon a matsayin manzon Ayatullah Borujerdi da Hakim . Daga Taya, ya buga littafin, ''Maktabi Islam'' .  Fouad Ajami ya kira shi &quot;mai girma a cikin tunanin siyasar Shi'a na yau da kullun&quot;.  Ya baiwa 'yan Shi'a na Lebanon &quot;hankalin al'umma&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;abaw&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Samii |first=Abbas William |year=1997 |title=The Shah's Lebanon policy: the role of SAVAK |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=66–91 |doi=10.1080/00263209708701142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1978, Sadr da wasu sahabbai biyu, Sheikh Mohamad Yaacub da [[:fr:Abbas Bader el-Dine|Abaass Bader el Dine]], sun tafi kasar Libya don ganawa da jami'an gwamnati bisa gayyatar [[Muammar Gaddafi]] . An dai ga mutanen uku ne a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta. Ba a sake jin duriyarsu ba. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da yanayin bacewar al-Sadr, babu wanda ya tabbata. Har yanzu dai ba a san inda yake ba.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==

=== Tarihin iyali ===
Musa al-Sadr ya fito ne daga dogayen layukan malamai suna gano zuriyarsu zuwa ga Jabal Amel .  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ake bukata&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Kakansa S. Salih b. An haifi Muhammad Sharafeddin, babban malami a Shhour, wani ƙauye kusa da Tyre, Lebanon . Bayan wani yanayi mai ban tsoro da ya faru dangane da boren adawa da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]], ya tafi Najaf.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;da ake bukata&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; an Sharafeddin, Sadreddin, ya bar Najaf zuwa [[Isfahan]], wadda a lokacin ita ce cibiyar koyar da addini mafi muhimmanci a Iran. Ya koma Najaf jim kadan kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1847. Karamin 'ya'yansa biyar, Ismail ( ''as-Sadr'' ), an haife shi ne a Isfahan, a [[Iran|kasar Iran]] ta Qajar, kuma a karshe ya zama babban [[Ijitihadi|mujtahidi]] .

An haifi ɗa na biyu na Ismail, wanda kuma ake kira Sadreddin, a Iraqi Ottoman kuma ya yanke shawarar zama na dindindin a Iran. Ya zama mahaifin Musa al-Sadr. Yayin da yake zaune a Iran, Sadreddin ya auri 'yar Ayatollah Hussein Tabatabaei Qomi, shugaban addini na Iran. Za ta zama mahaifiyar Musa Sadr. {{Page needed|date=August 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ake bukata&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Musa al-Sadr a unguwar Cheharmardan da ke [[Qom|birnin Qom]] na kasar Iran a ranar 4 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1928. &lt;ref name=&quot;abaw&quot;/&gt; 

Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Hayat da ke Kum inda ya halarci darussan hauza ba bisa ka'ida ba; Ya fara karatun boko na hukuma a shekarar 1941. Malamansa sun ɗauke shi a matsayin &quot;mai gaggawar koyo kuma mai ilimi sosai ga ƙuruciyarsa&quot;. Bayan wani lokaci ya fara koyar da wasu dalibai darussa &quot;ƙananan matakin&quot;. Wannan ya zo daidai da &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;yantar da siyasar Iran&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, yanayin siyasar zamaninsa ya kasance na duniya, ta yadda akasarin malaman addini &quot;suka ji a siyasance da zamantakewa&quot;.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ake bukata&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Don samun wani tasiri a cikin &quot;rayuwar kasa&quot; ya kammala da cewa dole ne ya saba da &quot;kimiyya na zamani da duniyar zamani&quot;. A sakamakon haka, ya fara “cikakken ilimin boko” tare da karatunsa na hauza. Ya koma [[Tehran]] inda ya kammala digiri na uku a [[Fiƙihu|fannin fikihu]] ( ''fiqhu'' ) da ilimin siyasa a jami'ar Tehran sannan ya koyi turanci da faransanci.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;nan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&lt;/sup&gt; sai ya dawo birnin Kum domin karantar ilimin tauhidi da falsafar Musulunci karkashin [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai|Allamah Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;abaw&quot;/&gt;

== A Iraki ==
Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1953, ya bar birnin Kum zuwa Najaf inda ya yi karatun tauhidi karkashin Ayatullah Muhsin al-Hakim da Abul Qasim Khui . &lt;ref name=&quot;abaw&quot;/&gt; A can yana da malamai kamar: Ayatullah Hakim, Shaykh Morteza al Yasin, Ayatullah Abulqasim Khu'i, Shaykh Hossein Hilli, Shaykh Sadra Badkubahi, da sauransu, wadanda wasunsu suka zama ''Marja'' bayan rasuwar Ayatullah Borujerdi . Musa Sadr ya zama ''[[Ijitihadi|mujtahidi]]'' a Najaf. A 1955 ya tafi Lebanon inda ya gana da Abd al-Hossein Sharafeddin . Ya taba haduwa da shi a shekarar 1936 lokacin da danginsa suka karbi bakuncin Abd al-Husayn a Iran. A wannan shekarar ya bar Iran ya koma Najaf, kuma a cikin kaka na 1956 ya auri diyar Ayatullah Azizollah Khalili.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ake bukata&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Komawa Iran ==
Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a Iraki a shekara ta 1958 tare da hambarar da masarautun kasar Iraki, al-Sadr ya koma Iran. A nan ne ya karbi bukatar Ali Davani, wanda Ayatullah Shariatmadari ya aiko, kuma ya zama editan ''Darsha'i az maktab-e Islam'', wanda aka fi sani da ''Maktab-e Eslam'', wata mujalla da Hawza ta Kum ta buga kuma ta amince da shi. Ayatullah Broujerdi.  Ya fara bayar da gudunmawa ne da batu na uku, inda ya mai da hankali kan tattalin arzikin Musulunci, “maudu’in labari a lokacin”.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2018}}&lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)&quot;&gt;An&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D; &amp;#x5B;&lt;/sup&gt; a wannan filin a matsayin littafi. Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama babban editan jaridar &quot;de facto-in-chief&quot;. Ya bar mujallar a watan Disamba 1959 tare da wasu daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ta. {{Page needed|date=August 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ake bukata&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Musa al-Sadr ya kuma taka rawa wajen tsara wani sabon shiri na ''Hauza'' mai suna &quot;Shirin Farko na gyara Hauza&quot; ( Persian    &lt;/link&gt; ), wanda daga nan aka janye, tare da haɗin gwiwar Mohammad Beheshti . A cikin 1959, Sadr ya kafa makarantar sakandare mai zaman kansa wanda ya ba da madadin tsarin ilimin jihar don &quot;iyaye masu lura&quot;. {{Page needed|date=August 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ake bukata&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Tashi zuwa Lebanon ==
[[Fayil:Musa_Al-Sadr_and_AbdulNaser.jpg|right|thumb| Musa Sadr tare da [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] a cikin 1960s]]
Musa al-Sadr ya ki amincewa da bukatar Ayatullah Broujerdi na zuwa [[Italiya]] a matsayin wakilinsa, maimakon haka ya bar birnin Qum zuwa Najaf. A nan ne Ayatullah Muhsin al-Hakim ya bukace shi da ya amsa gayyatar   daga danginsu Sayed Jafar Sharafeddin ya zama babban jigo na Shi'a a birnin Taya mai tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kudancin Lebanon, wanda ya gaji mahaifin Jafar Abdul Hussein Sharif Al Din, wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1957. 

Ya bar Najaf zuwa Taya a karshen shekara ta 1959, &lt;ref name=&quot;abaw&quot;/&gt; a matsayinsa na &quot;ma'aiki&quot; na Ayatullah Broujerdi da Ayatullah Hakim.  A bisa bukatar wasu malamai daga baya ya yi tafiye-tafiye da dama zuwa kasar Iran inda ya gabatar da laccoci da dama kamar su &quot;Musulunci Addinin Rayuwa&quot; da &quot;Duniya Ta Shirya Karbar Kiran Musulunci&quot;. Na karshen ya hada da gabatar da abubuwan da ya faru a Labanon tare da jaddada bukatar yin aiki &quot;don ci gaban musulmi.&quot;  

A shekara ta 1967 Imam Sadr ya yi tattaki zuwa [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] domin sanin al'ummar kasar Labanon tare da duba al'amuransu da kuma kokarin danganta su da kasarsu ta haihuwa. Ya kuma gana da shugaban Ivory Coast [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] da shugaban Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor tare da ba da taimako na alama ga marayu a [[Senegal]] . Senghor ya yaba da wannan karimcin na Imam, inda ya yi nuni da cewa yana bibiyar ayyukansa da matukar sha'awa, wanda ya yi tasiri matuka wajen yada soyayya da imani a tsakanin 'yan kasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=مركز الإمام موسى الصدر للأبحاث والدراسات :: محطات مضيئة » سيرة الإمام |url=http://www.imamsadr.net/Home/contents1.php?id=2 |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=www.imamsadr.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Al-Sadr, wanda aka fi sani da ''Imam Musa'', cikin sauri ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun masu fafutukar kare al'ummar Shi'a na kasar Labanon, kungiyar da ke fama da matsalar tattalin arziki da siyasa. 

&quot;[Al-Sadr] ya yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba don inganta yawan al'ummarsa - don ba su murya, don kare su daga bala'in yaki da rikicin kabilanci,&quot; in ji Vali Nasr .  Sadr ya burge mutanen Lebanon “ta hanyar ba da taimako mai amfani,” ba tare da la’akari da mazhabarsu ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;abaw&quot;/&gt; An gan shi a matsayin mai matsakaici,  yana buƙatar Kiristocin Maronite su bar wasu ikonsu, amma suna bin ecumenism da zaman lafiya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islam Times – Imam Musa Al Sadr – his life and disappearance |url=http://islamtimes.org/en/doc/article/389866/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605125454/http://islamtimes.org/en/doc/article/389866/ |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=26 May 2016 |website=Islam Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1969 ne aka nada Imam Musa a matsayin shugaban majalisar koli ta addinin musulunci ta kasar Lebanon (SISC), ( Arabic   .&lt;/link&gt; ) wata kungiya da ke nufin baiwa Shi'a karin magana a gwamnati.

A cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, al-Sadr ya shagaltu da jagorancin [[Alawites|Alawīs]] na Sham a wani yunƙuri na haɗa ikonsu na siyasa da na [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Shi'a 'yan-sha-biyu]] . Ko da yake akwai jayayya, amincewa da 'Alawī a matsayin 'yan Shi'a ya zo ne a cikin Yuli 1973 lokacin da shi da shugabannin addini 'Alawī suka yi nasarar nada 'Alawī a matsayin mufti na hukuma ga al'ummar Sha-biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2010 |title=Syria's Alawis and Shiism – Martin Kramer on the Middle East |url=http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/syria-alawis-and-shiism/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;talhamy9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Talhamy |first=Yvette |date=Autumn 2009 |title=The Syrian Muslim Brothers and the Syrian-Iranian Relationship |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mej/summary/v063/63.4.talhamy.html |journal=The Middle East Journal |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=561–580 |doi=10.3751/63.4.12 |s2cid=144219075 |access-date=29 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Imam_Musa_Sadr_on_a_hunger_strike_in_Safa_Beirut_Mosque_().jpg|left|thumb| Musa Sadr ya yajin cin abinci na kwanaki uku a masallacin Safa da ke birnin Beirut domin nuna adawa da yakin basasar Lebanon.]]
Ya farfado da sadaka ta ''Jami'at al-Birr wal-Ihsan'', wadda S. Salih b. Muhammad Sharafeddin kuma ya tara kudi ga The Social Institute (al-Mu'assasa al-Ijtima'iyya), gidan marayu a Taya. A cikin 1963, Sadr ya kafa makarantar dinki da reno mai suna The Girls' Home (Bayt al-Fatat). A shekarar ne ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Musulunci (Ma'had al-Dirasat al-Islamiyya). A cikin 1964, Sadr ya fara Cibiyar Fasaha ta Burj al-Shimali, wanda masu taimakon Shi'a ne suka ba da kuɗin tallafin, lamunin banki, da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Lebanon. &lt;ref name=&quot;abaw&quot;/&gt; A cikin 1974, ya kafa, tare da Hussein el-Husseini, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ( Arabic  &lt;/link&gt; ) don matsawa 'yan Shi'a inganta tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Sun kafa makarantu da dakunan shan magani da dama a ko'ina cikin kudancin Lebanon, wanda yawancinsu har yanzu suna aiki a yau.  Sadr ya yi yunkurin hana saukowa cikin tashin hankali wanda a karshe ya kai ga yakin basasar Lebanon ta hanyar fara azumi a wani masallaci a Beirut. A can ne 'yan kasar Labanon suka ziyarce shi daga kowane bangare - Musulmi da Kirista. [[Yasser Arafat]] da ministan harkokin wajen Syria [[Abdul Halim Khaddam|Abd al-Halim Khaddam]], suma sun ziyarce shi. Kafa majalisar ministocin hadin kan kasa ya biyo bayan taron kuma yunkurin al-Sadr na samar da zaman lafiya nasara ce ta wucin gadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;abaw&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin yakin, ya daidaita kansa tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Lebanon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff writers |title=The Imam Musa Sadr |url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/musa-sadr/ |access-date=27 June 2016 |website=almashriq.hiof.no |publisher=Al Mashriq}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da kuma haɗin gwiwar Mostafa Chamran  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ake bukata&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; ya samar da wani reshe mai dauke da makamai wanda aka fi sani da ''Afwāj al-Muqāwamat al-Lubnāniyyah'' ( Arabic  &lt;/link&gt; ), wanda aka fi sani da Amal ( Arabic  &lt;/link&gt; ma'ana &quot;bege&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;John&quot; /&gt; ), &lt;ref name=&quot;abaw&quot;/&gt; wanda ya tara matasa da tsararraki masu ilimi na iyalan Husaini da Musawi.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;shafi&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;da ake bukata&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Shi'a su ne kawai babbar al'umma ba tare da wata kungiyar 'yan bindiga a kasar 'yan bindiga ba; Al-Sadr ne ya kirkiro Amal don kare hakki da muradun Shi'a.  

To sai dai kuma a shekara ta 1976 ya janye goyon bayan da Syria ta yi wa Falasdinawa da mayakan sa-kai. Ya kuma ba da hadin kai sosai tare da Mostafa Chamran, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, da sauran masu fafutukar Islama na Iran a lokacin yakin basasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ostovar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon P. |date=2009 |title=Guardians of the Islamic Revolution Ideology, Politics, and the Development of Military Power in Iran (1979–2009) |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/64683/afshon_1.pdf;jsessionid=DF7BFA33BF18FF73E9117CB0504F14E1?sequence=1 |access-date=26 July 2013 |publisher=University of Michigan |format=PhD Thesis}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Sadr da Chamran sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran. Sun shiga zanga-zangar adawa da Shah daga Iran. A cewar mataimakin Amal Ali Kharis, Musa Sadr da Chamran sun kasance kashin bayan juyin juya halin Iran da kuma yadda mutum ba zai iya magana kan juyin juya halin Iran ba tare da ambaton wadannan mutane biyu ba. {{Page needed|date=August 2020}}

Bugu da kari, Sadr ya taka rawa wajen bunkasa alaka tsakanin Hafez Assad, shugaban kasar Syria a lokacin, da kuma masu adawa da [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], Shah na Iran. &lt;ref name=&quot;tablet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Badran |first=Tony |date=22 June 2010 |title=Syriana |url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/36751/syriana |access-date=4 August 2013 |website=Tablet}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=&lt;!-- left/right/center --&gt;|total_width=}}
Musa Sadr ya ci gaba da kulla alaka mai karfi ta iyali tare da shugabannin siyasa a Iran, Lebanon da Iraki. Yana da alaƙa da fitattun mutane Iraniyawa wato Sadeq Tabatabaei (ɗan ɗan'uwansa), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ataie |first=Mohammad |date=2013 |title=Revolutionary Iran's 1979 Endeavor in Lebanon |url=http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/revolutionary-irans-1979-endeavor-lebanon?print |access-date=2 June 2016 |publisher=Middle East Policy Council |quote=Another pro-Amal figure in the provisional government was Musa Sadr's nephew, Sadeq Tabatabai (...)}}&lt;/ref&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Imam Grandson, Iranian President Condole Tabatabai's Passing Away |url=http://en.imam-khomeini.ir/en/n11192/News/Imam_Grandson_Iranian_President_Condole_Tabatabai%E2%80%99s_Passing_Away |access-date=2 June 2016 |website=en.imam-khomeini.ir |quote=Late Seyed Sadegh Tabatabai was brother in law of Hajjat al-Islam Seyyed Ahmad Khomeini, son of the founder of the Islamic Republic and nephew of Imam Musa Sadr. |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610234910/http://en.imam-khomeini.ir/en/n11192/News/Imam_Grandson_Iranian_President_Condole_Tabatabai%E2%80%99s_Passing_Away |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma [[Mohammad Khatami]] (matar sa ƙanwar Musa Sadr ce),   da kuma Ayatullah Khumaini dan Ahmad Khomeini (matar sa daya ce daga cikin yayan Musa Sadr).  &lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh University Press&quot; /&gt; An auri ɗan Sadr da jikanyar Khumaini. &lt;ref name=&quot;asharq8&quot; /&gt; 'Yar'uwarsa, Rabab al-Sadr, 'yar gwagwarmayar zamantakewa ce wadda ke yin aikin agaji, kuma mai zane-zane da aka horar da shi a Italiya wanda ya sami digiri na uku a falsafar,  [[Søren Kierkegaard]] ya rinjayi yanayinta.  '

=== Charisma ===
Musa Sadr Fouad Ajami ya kira Musa Sadr a matsayin &quot;babban jigo a tunanin siyasar Shi'a na zamani.&quot;  A cewarsa, hatta jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka sun yi wa Musa Sadr zagon kasa bayan sun gana da shi. Ya goyi bayan da’awarsa ta wajen yin ishara ga kebul da George M. Godley, jakadan Amurka a Lebanon ya aika gida: “Ba shi da mahawara daya daga cikin manyan mutane, idan ba mafi kyawu da na hadu da su a Lebanon ba. . . . kwarjini a bayyane take kuma gaskiyarsa a fili tana da ban tsoro&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;The Atlantic&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ignatius |first=David |date=June 1986 |title=The vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4259316/GPS?sid=wikipedia |journal=The Atlantic |pages=77 |access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Lebanon, ya sami karbuwa sosai &quot;saboda kyakkyawar dangantakarsa da matasa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;abaw&quot;/&gt;

Yana tsaye a {{Convert|6|ft|6|in|m}},  masani Fouad Ajami ya bayyana kwarjinin Sadr da maganadisu kamar haka:&lt;blockquote&gt;Kasar Lebanon ta dade tana zama kasa mai kyau game da kamanni, aura, al haiba na jagora. Musamman ‘yan Shi’a sun yi nuni da cewa mutanen banza ne. A cikin al’adar Shi’a, imamai ba wai kawai mazaje ne ma’asumai ba (an ce imami ma’asumi ne, ba ya kuskure) a’a, sun kasance ma’abota kamala ta zahiri. Makaho ko gurgu da ba a yarda da shi a matsayin Imami ba. Musa al Sadr, kyakykyawan mutumi mai kyan gani, ya kasance mai gaskiya ga tunanin mutanensa na yadda mutum mai tsoron Allah da rarrabuwar kawuna da girman haihuwa ya kamata ya kasance. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance mai zance mai ban sha'awa a cikin al'adun da ke ɗaukaka magana da kuma waɗanda ke iya bayyana a cikin harshen Larabci na gargajiya abin da ke cikin zukatan wasu. &lt;/blockquote&gt;kuma&lt;blockquote&gt;Sayyid Musa ya zura ido yana kallon hadisai da wani abin tsoro ga mazaje na kiran malamai da na asali. Ya shakuwa da mata, suna yaba kamanninsa da kyawunsa kuma sun ji dadin cewa ba sai sun yi fira daga falo da taro ba a lokacin da ya zo, kamar yadda suka yi da malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Kamar yadda ya dace da mutumin da yake da rigar addini, ya daina musafaha da mata, mataimakansa da abokansa sun riga sun gargaɗi matan Kirista da za su sadu da shi cewa kada su yi ƙoƙari su gaisa. Amma ko wannan haramcin an keta shi a yanzu da su. Wata mata da ta yarda cewa an kusantar da shi, yana kusa da shi, ta taba miko masa hannu, sai ya dauko a tsakanin hannayensa biyu, ya ce bai kamata ba, kuma yana yin abin da ya kamata. ' ba zai yi ba, cewa ba zai sake yin hakan ba. &lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Bacewa ==
A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1978, Sadr da wasu sahabbai biyu, Sheikh Muhammad Yaacub da dan jarida Abbas Badreddine ( [[:fr:Abbas Bader el-Dine|fr]] ), sun tafi kasar Libya domin ganawa da jami'an gwamnati   bisa gayyatar [[Muammar Gaddafi]] . An dai ga mutanen uku ne a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta. &lt;ref name=&quot;yal3sep&quot; /&gt; Ba a sake jin duriyarsu ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;yal3sep&quot; /&gt; 

An yi imani da cewa, aƙalla ta hanyar Musulman Shi'a na Lebanon, cewa Gaddafi ya ba da umarnin kashe Sadr, &lt;ref name=&quot;The Atlantic&quot;/&gt; amma akwai dalilai daban-daban. Libya ta sha musanta alhakinta, tana mai cewa Sadr da abokansa sun bar Libya zuwa Italiya.  Sai dai magoya bayan limamin da ya bace sun yi nuni da cewa an gano kayan Sadr a wani otel [[Tripoli|na birnin Tripoli]] kuma babu wata shaida da ke nuni da zuwansa [[Rum|Roma]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Norton, Augustus R 2007&quot; /&gt; Kamfanonin jiragen sama ba su iya tabbatar da cewa Sadr ya taba tashi zuwa Italiya daga Libya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Norton, Augustus R 2007&quot; /&gt;

A cewar dan jarida mai kawo rigima Amir Taheri, Gaddafi ya bada umarnin kashe Sadr ta hanyar bazata. Kamar yadda yake ba da labarin a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''Holy Terror: The inside story of Islamic Terrorism'', &quot;Ya girgiza hannu cikin fushi, Gaddafi ya furta kalmar larabci ' ''Khalas!'' &quot;. Taheri ya ci gaba da da’awar cewa a cikin wannan yanayi da Gaddafi yana nufin “Ina tare da shi!”, amma Kyaftin Saad ya fassara wannan da “Kawar da shi!”. A cewar Taheri, Kyaftin Saad zai tuka Sadr da abokansa zuwa tashar harbin Janzur mai tazarar kilomita tara daga yammacin Tripoli ya kashe su. Da jin labarin Gaddafi ya yi &quot;mamaki da fushi&quot;. Daga nan ne babban hafsan tsaron Gaddafi Janar Mustafa Kharoubi ya umarci wasu jami’ansa guda uku da su yi ado da kayan mullah su dauki jirgin Alitalia mai lamba 881 na ranar 31 ga watan Agusta zuwa Rome, ta hanyar amfani da fasfo na Sadr da abokansa biyu. 

Dan Sadr ya yi ikirarin cewa yana nan a asirce a gidan yari a Libya amma bai bayar da hujja ba.  Kakakin majalisar dokokin kasar Labanon Nabih Berri ya yi ikirarin cewa gwamnatin Libya musamman shugaban kasar Libya ne ke da alhakin bacewar Imam Musa Sadr, kamar yadda ''[[Asharq Al-Awsat|jaridar Asharq Al-Awsat]]'' ta birnin Landan, jaridar Pan-Arab ta Saudiyya ta ruwaito a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2006.   

A cewar Janar Mansour Qadar shugaban tsaron Siriya [[Rifat al-Assad]] ya shaidawa jakadan Iran a Siriya cewa Gaddafi ya shirya kashe Sadr.  A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 2008 gwamnatin Lebanon ta tuhumi Gaddafi bisa bacewar Sadr.  Bayan faduwar gwamnatin Gaddafi, Lebanon da Iran sun yi kira ga 'yan tawayen Libya da su binciki makomar Musa Sadr. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saeed Kamali Dehghan |date=24 August 2011 |title=Lebanon and Iran urge Libyan rebels to probe 33-year-old mystery |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/24/libya-missing-cleric |website=the Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa Roula Talj ta ce dan Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ya shaida mata cewa Sadr da mataimakansa, Mohammed Yaqoub da Abbas Badreddin ( [[:fr:Abbas Bader el-Dine|fr]] ), ba su taba barin Libya ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}&lt;/link&gt;A cewar wakilin Majalisar rikon kwarya ta Libya &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)&quot;&gt;birnin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; [[Kairo|,]] Gaddafi ya kashe Sadr bayan tattaunawa game da akidar Shi'a. Sadr ya zarge shi da rashin sanin koyarwar Musulunci da kuma rassan Musulunci na Shi'a da [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunna]] . A cewar wasu majiyoyi, Gaddafi ya sa aka kashe Sadr da abokansa bisa bukatar shugaban [[Falasdinawa]] [[Yasser Arafat]] . A lokacin 'yan Shi'a da Palasdinawa sun shiga cikin fadace-fadacen da aka yi da makami a Kudancin Lebanon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fouad Ajami |date=17 May 2011 |title=Fouad Ajami: Gadhafi and the Vanished Imam – WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703421204576327043387056276 |website=WSJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=Is the Missing Shi'ite Cleric Imam Musa Sadr Alive in Libya? – TIME |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053630,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228055005/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053630,00.html |archive-date=28 February 2011 |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyin kuma sun yi zargin cewa Gaddafi ya kawar da Sadr ne bisa bukatar [[Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]], wanda ya dauki Sadr a matsayin wanda zai iya hamayya da shi.  Daga baya Gaddafi ya goyi bayan Khumaini a yakin Iran da Iraki . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1985-06-27 |title=Iraq Breaks Ties With Libya Over Support for Iran |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-27-mn-10776-story.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar wani tsohon jami’in leken asirin kasar Libya, an yi wa Sadr dukan tsiya ne saboda ya jajirce wajen kalubalantar Gaddafi a gidansa a kan al’amuran tauhidi.  A wata hira da tashar talabijin ta Al Aan TV, Ahmed Ramadan, wani jigo a gwamnatin Gaddafi, kuma wanda ya shaida ganawar da aka yi tsakanin Sadr da Gaddafi, ya yi ikirarin cewa ganawar ta dauki tsawon sa'o'i biyu da rabi kuma ta kare da Gaddafi yana cewa &quot;ku dauke shi&quot;. Ramadan ya kuma bayyana sunayen jami'ai uku da ya yi imanin cewa su ne suka haddasa mutuwar Sadr.   

A cikin 2011, Abdel Monem al-Houni ya yi ikirarin cewa an aika gawar Sadr zuwa Sabha a cikin jirgin saman Gaddafi na sirri kuma aka binne shi a can. Dan uwan Houni, Najieddine Yazigi ne ya yi jigilar jirgin, wanda daga baya aka kashe shi domin a boye sirrin.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-03-02 |title=Libya revolt may solve mystery of cleric’s fate |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/369808 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Arab News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2021, Muqtada al-Sadr, dan uwan Musa Sadr kuma shugaban kungiyar Sadrist a Iraki, ya sanar da cewa an kafa wani kwamiti da zai binciki makomar Musa Sadr. 

== Gado ==
[[Fayil:Banner-MusaAlSadr-40yearsDisappearanceCommemoration-Tyre-NabihBerri-Amal_RomanDeckert06092018.jpg|thumb| Tuta a Taya, bikin cika shekaru 40 da bacewar Sadr]]
Har yanzu dai al'ummar Shi'a na Lebanon suna kallon Imam Musa Sadr a matsayin wani muhimmin jagora na siyasa da ruhi. Matsayinsa ya karu ne bayan bacewarsa a watan Agusta 1978, kuma a yau magoya bayan Amal da [[Hezbollah|Hizbullah]] suna girmama gadonsa.  A wurin mutane da yawa ya zama shahidi kuma “limamin bace”. Wani abin girmamawa ga ci gaba da shahararsa shi ne yadda ya shahara a sassan Lebanon don kwaikwayon lafazin Farisa.  Jam'iyyar Amal ta kasance muhimmiyar kungiyar Shi'a a Lebanon kuma tana kallon Sadr a matsayin wanda ya kafa ta.
{{Cquote|His great political influence and fame was enough for people to not consider his philosophical attitude, although he was a well-trained follower of long living intellectual tradition of Islamic Philosophy.}}

== Ayyuka ==
Sadr ya rubuta dogon gabatarwa ga Henry Corbin ''na Tarihin Falsafar Musulunci'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Shia Muslims in Lebanon&quot;, 1st Work Published in Iran on Imam Musa Sadr |url=http://iqna.ir/en/news/2093699/%E2%80%9Cshia-muslims-in-lebanon%E2%80%9D-1st-work-published-in-iran-on-imam-musa-sadr- |access-date=2024-12-24 |archive-date=2018-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022172626/http://iqna.ir/en/news/2093699/%E2%80%9Cshia-muslims-in-lebanon%E2%80%9D-1st-work-published-in-iran-on-imam-musa-sadr- |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hadin kan Mazhabobin Musulunci A cewar Imam Musa Sadr'' ya hada da tarihin rayuwa da kuma fassarar Turanci na daya daga cikin littafansa, ''Imam Musa Sadr: surush-e wahdat, Majma' Jahani-ye Taqrib-e Madhahib-e Islami, 2004.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unity of the Islamic Schools of Thought According to Imam Musa Sadr |url=https://www.al-islam.org/printpdf/book/export/html/46094 |access-date=2019-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cibiyoyi ==

* Imam Moussa Al Sadr Center for Research &amp; Studies - Beirut, Lebanon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=مركز الإمام موسى الصدر للأبحاث والدراسات |url=http://www.imamsadr.net/Home/index.php |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=www.imamsadr.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sadr Foundation - Tyre, Lebanon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imam Sadr Foundation - Lebanon |url=https://www.imamsadrfoundation.org:443/ |access-date=2019-11-29 |website=www.imamsadrfoundation.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sadr Foundation - Dearborn, Michigan, Amurka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SadrFoundation.US |url=http://www.sadrfoundation.us/ |access-date=2019-11-29 |website=www.sadrfoundation.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]]
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    <title>Mughlai paratha</title>
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{{Infobox food|name=Mughlai paratha|image=Mughlai Kheema Paratha.JPG|caption=Mughlai paratha made in [[Karnataka, India]]}}

'''Mughlai paratha''' ( Rubutun Roman: Moglai pôrata ) sanannen abincin yaren Bengali ne na kan titi wanda ya ƙunshi biredi mai laushi ( ''paratha'' ) wanda aka nannade ko kuma a cushe shi da ''keema'' (nama mai ɗanɗano) da/ko kwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Colleen Taylor}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Colleen Taylor}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga Bengal Subah a lokacin [[Mughal Empire|daular Mughal]] a matsayin wanda ya samo asali daga Gözleme na Turkiyya ko kuma [[Murtabak|Motabbaq]] na Yemen.  &lt;ref name=&quot;getbengal.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Was it the British who named Kolkata's favourite Mughlai paratha? |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/was-it-the-british-who-named-kolkatas-favourite-mughlai-paratha |access-date=2020-09-24 |website=Get Bengal |quote=The Turks introduced Indians to Gözleme, a delicious traditional Turkish savoury. It is a flatbread recipe stuffed with spiced and minced lamb or beef filling. It is somewhat similar to Mughlai paratha and can be called the precursor of Mughlai Parantha itself.}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi yarda cewa ana shirya ta ne don gidan sarauta na Mughal Emperor Jahangir. &lt;ref name=&quot;food.ndtv.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Mughlai Paratha: We Bet You Can't Resist This Meat Filled Deep-Fried Egg Paratha from Bengal |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/mughlai-paratha-we-bet-you-cant-resist-this-meat-filled-deep-fried-egg-paratha-from-bengal-1727173 |access-date=2020-09-24 |website=NDTV Food |quote=Food Critic Bikramjeet Ray sees a lot of similarities between the Mughlai paratha and the Arabic or Lebanese breads, where you find a square-shaped and deep fried bread or wrap stuffed with meat. |archive-date=2020-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017113744/https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/mughlai-paratha-we-bet-you-cant-resist-this-meat-filled-deep-fried-egg-paratha-from-bengal-1727173 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihi ==
Mughlai paratha na ɗaya daga cikin girke-girke na Mughlai waɗanda suka shiga Abincin Bengali a lokacin [[Mughal Empire|Daular Mughal]]. An yi imanin cewa Mughlai paratha ya samo asali ne a lokacin mulkin Mughal Jahangir kuma Turks ne suka gabatar da Bengalis zuwa Gözleme, abinci mai dadi na gargajiya na Turkiyya. Kayan girke-girke ne na gurasa da ake cikawa da naman rago mai ɗanɗano ko naman sa. Yana da kama da Mughlai paratha kuma ana iya kiransa magajin Mughlai. Mulkin Mughal galibi ya rinjayi abincin manyan biranen gudanarwa na Bengal Subah, kamar [[Dhaka]] da Murshidabad, maimakon yankin karkara.Wannan yana daya daga cikin shahararrun abinci a [[Bangladesh]], musamman a [[Dhaka]], saboda tasirin Daular Mughal a kan al'adun abinci na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-26 |title=Royal member of the paratha family |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/food/royal-member-the-paratha-family-1467541 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=The Daily Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;Abincin ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Kolkata]] a [[Bengal ta Yamma|Yammacin Bengal]] daga tsoffin manyan biranen Bengal Subah, kamar Dhaka da Murshidabad , bayan Kolkata ta zama babban birnin sabuwar Shugabancin Bengal, a karkashin Birtaniya Raj, kuma abincin ya zama sanannen abincin titi a Kolkata. 
&lt;ref name=&quot;getbengal.com&quot;/&gt;

== Abubuwan da ake yin amfani da su ==
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen shirya Mughlai paratha na iya haɗawa da garin alkama, flour, [[Ghee|man shanu]], ƙwai, albasa da aka yanka da kyau, yankakken koren tattasai, tarugu, da yankakken ganyen coriader.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mughlai Paratha |url=http://food.ndtv.com/recipe-mughlai-paratha-98844 |website=NDTV Food |access-date=2024-12-26 |archive-date=2016-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065824/http://food.ndtv.com/recipe-mughlai-paratha-98844 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani lokaci ana amfani da kaza, naman sa ko rago keema da wasu bambance-bambance. Hakanan ana iya ci ba tare da nama ba don cikawa.

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* Abincin Bangladesh
* Jerin abincin Bangladesh
* Abincin Indiya
* Jerin abincin Indiya
* Jerin abinci na titi
* [[Murtabak]]
* [[Mahdjouba]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mishbah Al-Mashuri</title>
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'''Muhammad Mishbah Al-Mashuri Handayan''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan  Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indonesia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Lao League 1 Master 7 FC, a aro daga ƙungiyar Ligue 2 Nusantara United .

== Ayyukan kulob din ==

=== Persib Bandung U-18 ===
Bayan ya buga wa kungiyoyi da yawa na gida, kamar SSB Tajimalela FA a cikin Liga Kompas Kacang Garuda U-14, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nugroho |first=Ronny Aryanto |title=Tajimalela FA dan Big Stars Babek FA Berbagi Nilai |url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/utama/2019/10/06/tajimalela-fa-dan-big-stars-babek-fa-berbagi-nilai |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Kompas |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mishbah ya sanya hannu ta Persib Bandung U-19 kuma ya fafata a gasar zakarun matasa ta Indonesia, Elite Pro Academy Liga 1 Indonesia . Ɗaya daga cikin manyan burin Mishbah a cikin Elite Pro Academy ya kasance a lokacin nasarar Persib Bandung U-19 5-0 a kan Arema FC a rukuni na B na Elite Pro Academy Liga 1, wanda aka gudanar a filin Yon Zipur 5, Kepanjen, Malang Regency, a ranar Lahadi, 10 ga Disambain shekara ta 2023. Mishbah ya zira kwallaye a minti na 33, wanda ya kawo Persib Bandung U-19 zuwa jagora 4-0, ya ba da gudummawa ga sakamakon 5-0 na karshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Endan |first=Suhendra |title=PERSIB U-18 Menang Telak di Gim Kedua Lawan Arema FC |url=https://persib.co.id/article-details/persib-u-18-menang-telak-di-gim-kedua-lawan-arema-fc |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Persib.co.id |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jagora 7 ===
Nusantara United FC ta kafa haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa tare da Master 7 FC, kulob din da ke da matsayi na farko a cikin Lao League 1 don kakar 2024, wanda ke zaune a [[Vientiane]]. A matsayin wani ɓangare na a wannan haɗin gwiwar, Nusantara United tana ba da rance biyu daga cikin waɗanda suka kammala karatunsu, Bagus Ilham da Misbah Al-Mashuri, ga Master 7 FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=I. D. N. |last2=Rahmanda |first2=taufani |title=Nusantara United Kerja Sama dengan Tim Liga 1 Laos, Dua Pemain Dipinjamkan |url=https://skor.id/post/nusantara-united-kerja-sama-dengan-tim-liga-1-laos-dua-pemain-dipinjamkan |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=IDN Times |language=id |archive-date=2024-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091509/https://skor.id/post/nusantara-united-kerja-sama-dengan-tim-liga-1-laos-dua-pemain-dipinjamkan |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Misbah ya fara bugawa a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2024, a kan [[Namtha United]], yana zuwa a minti na 75 g Misbah ya ba da taimako ga Bagus Ilham, yana taimakawa Master 7 FC samun nasara 2-0 a kan Nam Tha United.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=3 pemain Indonesia di Liga Laos memberikan impact |url=https://www.instagram.com/idn_abroad/p/DAoNloPyYK2/?img_index=1 |access-date=2024-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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  <page>
    <title>Marguerite Barankitse</title>
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      <text bytes="21697" sha1="bt0c1nl9ginee7lu6vdc2uasox3rxj8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Մարգարիտ_Բարանկիցե_(2).JPG|thumb|Barankitse in [[Yerevan]] at Matenadaran, a lokacin panel Aurora Dialogues, kafin bikin Aurora Prize bikin.]]
[[Fayil:Marguerite_Barankitse_2017_stamp_of_Armenia.jpg|thumb|Barankitse akan tambarin Armenian 2017]]
'''Marguerite &quot;Maggie&quot; Barankitse''' ( '''an haife ta''' a shekara ta 1957 a Ruyigi, lardin Ruyigi,  a kasar  [[Burundi]] ) 'yar gwagwarmayar ce, ta kasar Burundi ne da ke aiki don inganta jin dadin yara da kuma kalubalantar wariyar launin fata a [[Burundi]] . Bayan ceto yara 25 daga [[Kisan Kiyashi|kisan kiyashi]], an tilasta mata ta ga rigingimu tsakanin [[Hutu]] da [[Tutsi]] a kasarta a shekarar 1993. Ta kafa Maison Shalom, wani matsuguni da ke ba da damar kula da lafiya, ilimi, da al'adu ga yara marayu sama da 20,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-08-27 |title=Burundi's Great Mother: Maggie Barankitse |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/burundis-great-mother-mag_b_3813440 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Domin ta yi zanga-zangar adawa da wa'adi na uku ga shugaba Pierre Nkurunziza, tana gudun hijira .

A cikin shekaru 26 da ta tana  aiki a Burundi, Maison Shalom ya girma zuwa babbar hanyar sadarwa ta makarantu, asibitoci, da sabis na kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar. Manufarta ita ce inganta rayuwar yaran kasar  Burundi, ta hanyar hada kai da ci gaba mai dorewa tare da babban burin samar da zaman lafiya mai dorewa a kasar. Sai dai kuma a shekarar 2015 aka tilastawa Barankitse tserewa daga kasarta, kuma Maison Shalom ya fada cikin rikicin siyasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Conflict Tracker l Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Global Conflict Tracker |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nisa daga mika kai, Barankitse ta mayar da hankalinta kuma ta yanke shawarar sadaukar da dukkan karfinta don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar Burundi fiye da 90,000 a [[Ruwanda]] .  A cikin 2017, ta buɗe Cibiyar Al'umma ta Oasis of Peace a [[Kigali]] don taimakawa 'yan makaranta, ba da tallafi na tunani da zamantakewa ga azabtarwa da fyade, da aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba mai dorewa a fannoni kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, horar da sana'a, al'adu, da samun kudin shiga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kantengwa |first=Sharon |date=2017-09-03 |title=Oasis of Peace: Giving Burundian refugees new lease of life |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/143824/Lifestyle/oasis-of-peace-giving-burundian-refugees-new-lease-of-life |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bayyana cewa hangen nesanta ita ce ta sanya mutunci a cikin 'yan gudun hijira don ci gaba da burinsu: &quot;Mugunta ba ta da kalma ta ƙarshe - Ƙauna kullum tana cin nasara.&quot;

Barabkitse ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Juan Maria Bandres don 'Yancin Mafaka, da Kyautar Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Gwamnatin Faransa (duka 1998), Kyautar Yara ta Duniya (2003), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maggy Barankitse - World's Children's Prize |url=https://worldschildrensprize.org/maggy-barankitse |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=worldschildrensprize.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyautar 'Yanci huɗu (Yanci Daga So), Kyautar Muryar Jajircewa na Hukumar Mata da 'Yan Gudun Hijira 40 ( &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards |url=http://rooseveltinstitute.org/fdr-four-freedoms-awards-1/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyautar (2005), Kyautar Opus (2008), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marguerite &quot;Maggy&quot; Barankitse |url=http://www.opusprize.org/maggy-barankitse/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyautar [[UNESCO]] (duka 2008), Kyautar Rigakafin Rikici (2011), da Kyautar Aurora don Farkawa Bil Adama (2016).

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Marguerite &quot;Maggie&quot; Barankitse a shekara ta 1957 a Ruyigi, Gabas-Burundi, daya daga cikin yankuna mafi talauci na kasar. A cikin al'adun Tutsi, ta kasance malama a makarantar sakandare ta yankin amma an kore ta saboda zanga-zangar da ta yi na nuna wariya tsakanin Hutu da Tutsi a fagen. Sai ta tafi aiki a matsayin sakatare na bishop na Katolika a Ruyigi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nekita |date=2017-06-04 |title=Extraordinary Women: Celebrating Marguerite Barankitse 'Angel of Burundi' |url=https://nekitaink.wordpress.com/2017/06/04/extraordinary-women-celebrating-marguerite-barankitse-angel-of-burundi/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Nekita ink |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da tashe-tashen hankula da ake ta fama da su, Barankitse ta yi mafarkin samun jituwar kabilanci ta hanyar daukar yara bakwai: Hutu hudu da Tutsi uku. Yayin da rikici ya barke tsakanin kabilun biyu bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa zababben shugaban kasar Burundi na farko ta hanyar dimokuradiyya, wata kungiyar Tutsi da ke dauke da makamai ta kai wa Ruyigi hari a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1993, don kashe 'yan kabilar Hutu da ke boye a gidan Bishop din. Barankitse ya yi nasarar boye yawancin yaran amma mayakan sun kama su. Sun yi mata dukan tsiya da wulakanci, suka tilasta mata kallon kisan ’yan Hutu 72, amma ta ki gaya musu inda aka boye yaran. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Courage of Giving Refuge: Marguerite Barankitse |url=https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/events/barankitse/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Contending Modernities |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe, an kare ta ne kawai saboda al'adun Tutsi. Bayan bala'in ne Barankitse ta tattara 'ya'yanta da ta yi reno da marayun da suka tsira ta boye su a wata makaranta da ke kusa. Yayin da yara ke neman matsuguni da ita, ta yanke shawarar kafa wata karamar kungiya mai zaman kanta : Maison Shalom, House of Peace. Gidanta yana buɗewa ga yara daga kowane ƙabila: Tutsi, Hutu, da Twa . Ta kira su &quot;Ya'yana Hutsitwa&quot;,  kuma suna kiranta ''Oma''  (ko &quot;kaka&quot; a Jamusanci). A cikin shekaru da suka biyo baya, Maison Shalom a Ruyigi yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wurare a Burundi inda Hutus da Tutsis suka zauna cikin jituwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-27 |title=Marguerite Barankitse, l'harmonie entre les peuples |url=https://www.psychologies.com/Planete/Portraits-de-femmes/Portraits/Marguerite-Barankitse-l-harmonie-entre-les-peuples |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Psychologies.com, psychologie, mieux se connaître pour mieux vivre sa vie {{!}} Psychologies.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga abubuwan da suka faru na 1993, yara da matasa sama da 20,000 sun amfana daga Maison Shalom. Kafin rikicin na Burundi a halin yanzu, kungiyar ta dauki sama da mutane 270 aiki, da suka hada da ma'aikatan jinya, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam, da malamai wadanda suka aiwatar da ayyuka na musamman ga yaran.

A watan Afrilun 2016, Barankitse ya yi magana game da wa'adi na uku na Shugaba Pierre Nkurunziza kuma ya shiga zanga-zangar matasa na yin tir da shi. A sakamakon haka, an tilasta mata ta ɓoye tsawon wata guda a ofishin jakadanci a [[Bujumbura]] .  Daga ƙarshe, sai ta gudu; gwamnati na da sunanta a jerin wadanda suka mutu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-04-25 |title=George Clooney remet le prix Aurora à la Burundaise Marguerite Barankitse |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160425-armenie-humanitaire-burundi-barankitse-marguerite-prix-aurora-erevan-clooney |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barankitse ta sami kanta 'yar gudun hijira.

== Maison Shalom in Burundi ==
A cikin kaka na 1993, bayan kisan Melchior Ndadaye, zababben shugaban kasar Burundi na farko (dan Hutu), yakin basasar Burundi ya fara da kisan kiyashi a duk fadin kasar. A lardin Ruyigi, bala'i ya afku a ranar 24 ga Oktoba. Domin daukar fansa kan kisan da aka yi wa ‘yan kabilarsu, Tutsi na farautar ‘yan kabilar Hutu na garin, wadanda ke boye a gine-ginen cocin. Barankitse, ’yar Tutsi, ita ma tana can, kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi shawara da ƙungiyar Tutsi don kada su yi tashin hankali. Duk da haka, ƙoƙarinta ya ci tura: Sun yanke shawarar ɗaure ta a kan kujera kuma suka tilasta mata kallon yadda aka kashe abokanta 72.  Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan bayan kisan kiyashin, yaran wadanda aka kashe sun fara fitowa daga maboyarsu. A ranar, Barankitse ta ce, ta fahimci cewa aikinta zai kasance yaki da tashe-tashen hankula da ke addabar kasarta ta hanyar ba wa wadannan yaran, da kuma 20,000 da za su biyo baya, madadin kiyayya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-20 |title=Fundadora de Maison Shalom pide a Europa que deje de pagar guerras en África |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20180220/44938890469/fundadora-de-maison-shalom-pide-a-europa-que-deje-de-pagar-guerras-en-africa.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin bala'in da ke faruwa, labari ya bazu cikin sauri game da &quot;mahaukaciyar mace ta Ruyigi&quot; wacce ta kuskura ta dauki duk marayun da suka zo wurinta, ba ta hana kowa ba. Twa, Hutu, Tutsi: Barankitse bai bambanta ba.

Barankitse ya fara tattara yara marayu 25 na kisan kiyashin Ruyigi. Tare da taimakon kawaye na Turai da Burundi, ta shirya wata hanyar sadarwa da ke ba da kulawa ga yawan yara. &lt;ref&gt;Christel Martin, La Haine n'aura pas le dernier mot : Maggy, la femme aux 10 000 enfants, Paris, Albin Michel, October 2005, 47-48-90-102 p. ({{ISBN|2-226158588}})&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Mayu 1994, bishop na Roman Katolika na Ruyigi, Bishop Joseph Nduhirubusa  ya amince da canza tsohuwar makaranta zuwa wurin ajiyar yara da ake kira 'Maison Shalom'. Yaran sun sanya wa suna, don tunawa da wata waka da aka ji a gidan rediyo a lokacin, kuma saboda kalmar &quot;zaman lafiya&quot; a Kirundi ta kasance cikin kayan aiki da ƙazantar da su daga maharan daga bangarorin biyu na rikicin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maggy et la Maison Shalom |url=https://www.peresblancs.org/maison_shalom.htm |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.peresblancs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maison Shalom ya fi mayar da hankali kan yara, ciki har da [[Yara a cikin soja|yara soja]], marayu, yara da aka yanke, da kuma yara kanana a kurkuku. Duk da haka, ayyukansa sun kasance ga al'umma baki daya, yana da tasiri ba kawai ga rayuwar marayu ba, har ma da duk yankin da zai iya samun damar yin amfani da shi. Ba da jimawa ba ayyukan Maison Shalom ya fadada zuwa wasu garuruwa kamar Butezi da Gizuru, inda Barankitse ya bude wasu matsugunan yara.

A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, abin da kawai mafaka ne na neman kare marayu daga bangarorin biyu bayan yakin basasa, ya girma ya zama ƙauye gaba ɗaya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-03-22 |title=Maggy Barankitse Built A Village And Saved Thousands of Children |url=https://www.africa.com/maggy-barankitse-built-a-village/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.africa.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya haɗa da banki, gidan cin abinci, Asibitin REMA, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=20 ans de la Maison Shalom : « Aujourd'hui, nous célébrons la victoire de l'amour sur la haine ! » |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/ruyigi-maison-shalom-victoire-amour-sur-haine/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.iwacu-burundi.org |archive-date=2023-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629085840/https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/ruyigi-maison-shalom-victoire-amour-sur-haine/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; otal,  kantin sayar da kayayyaki, cibiyar sarrafa kayan aiki don koyon dinki da lissafi, makarantar horar da kanikanci, wurin shakatawa, har ma da gidan sinima. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ActionAid International |url=https://actionaid.org/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=actionaid.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:REMA_Hospital_built_by_Maison_Shalom_in_Burundi.jpg|thumb|Asibitin REMA wanda Maison Shalom ya gina a Burundi]]
Yawancin ayyukan sun kasance tsare-tsare na samar da kudaden shiga da matasan da kansu suka gudanar, kamar gidan bako, sinima, wurin bitar mota, da makamantansu. Lokacin da suka sami 'yancin kai, matasan da Maison Shalom ya tallafa musu sun sami ƙaramin gida da fili.

A shekara ta 2004 kimanin yara 20,000 ne suka amfana da taimakon Barankitse, kai tsaye ko a fakaice. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maison des Anges le site de l'association en France pour la Maison Shalom au Burundi |url=http://www.maison-des-anges.org/maisonshalom/historique/historique2004.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928101128/http://www.maison-des-anges.org/maisonshalom/historique/historique2004.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 |access-date=2006-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-08-27 |title=Burundi's Great Mother: Maggie Barankitse |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/burundis-great-mother-mag_b_3813440 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2015, an gina sama da gidaje 300 na yara da matasa masu shekaru tsakanin 4 zuwa 20. Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta kuma taimaka wa ‘yan gudun hijira na cikin gida da kuma ‘yan gudun hijirar Burundi da suka dawo don komawa Ruyigi tare da gano ‘yan uwansu da suka bace. Barankitse ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], inda ya kafa ayyukan ba da shawara don inganta rigakafin cutar kanjamau. Ita da ma’aikatanta sun kula da yara sama da 100 da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau da aka yi watsi da su ko kuma an yi marayu.

Barankitse ya kuma fara wani shiri na taimaka wa matasan da ke daure. An haifi wasu yaran a gidan yari, kuma ta yi aikin nemo musu rayuwa mai inganci, ta hanyar ilimi da gida a wajen gidan yari. Tawagar ta ta ci gaba da inganta harkar noma tare da kafa aikin samar da kudi don baiwa iyaye damar bunkasa kananan sana’o’i. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MFC |date=2023-06-28 |title=Les maisons d'orphelins de Maggy |url=https://www.lalibre.be/international/2011/10/26/les-maisons-dorphelins-de-maggy-EYSPRYJDQJHS7BN325VNJSM2VY/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=La Libre.be |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, duk da haka, duk abin da ya fadi . Gwamnatin Burundi ta fara murkushe zanga-zangar adawa da shugaba Nkurunziza. Dubban 'yan Burundi sun fara gudu zuwa Rwanda, [[Uganda]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ko DRC. Barankitse ya yi zanga-zangar, ya kula da matasan da suka jikkata, ya kuma ciyar da wadanda ke kurkuku. Amma a watan Yunin 2015, Barankitse da kanta aka tilastawa guduwa. A Burundi, akwai farashi a kanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-09-12 |title=Marguerite Barankitse, la « Maman nationale » du Burundi |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/hebdo/20140912-burundi-portrait-marguerite-barankitse-maman-nationale-societe-civile |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maison Shalom Rwanda da Cibiyar Al'umma Oasis of Peace ==
Barankitse ta ki yin zamanta a Turai cikin kwanciyar hankali, kuma ta yanke shawarar sadaukar da karfinta don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar Burundi fiye da 90,000 a Ruwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Situation Burundi Situation |url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/burundi |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=data2.unhcr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara da gwaninta: ilimi. Ta yi gwagwarmayar neman ilimi ga yara da daliban jami'a a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-22 |title=Marguerite Barankitse: &quot;Cuando perdonas, curas el mundo&quot; |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20180223/44984326969/marguerite-barankitse-burundi-maison-shalom.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sanya yara 126 a makarantun gaba da sakandare, 160 a makarantar sakandare, kuma ta sami guraben karatu na 353 ga ɗaliban 'yan gudun hijira na matakin jami'a don shiga jami'o'in Rwanda, da guraben karatu 10 ga mafi kyawun ɗalibai don yin karatu a jami'o'i a ƙasashen waje.

A watan Mayun 2017, Barankitse ya buɗe Cibiyar Aminci ta Community Center Oasis of Peace ga yaran makaranta, yana ba da tallafi na tunani da zamantakewa ga waɗanda aka azabtar da su da fyade, da aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba mai dorewa a fannoni kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, horar da sana'o'i, al'adu, da samar da kuɗin shiga.  Cibiyar tana ba da darussa iri-iri da suka haɗa da cikin harshen Ingilishi, fasahar dafa abinci, ɗinki, ɗinki, da zane. Har ila yau, yana da gidan cin abinci kuma yana da kayan aiki ta hanyar yanar gizo tare da kwamfutoci masu haɗin Intanet don bincike da horar da kwamfuta. Kimanin mutane 200 ne ke zuwa Cibiyar a kowace rana kuma suna amfana da ayyuka daban-daban da Maison Shalom ke bayarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kantengwa |first=Sharon |date=2017-09-03 |title=Oasis of Peace: Giving Burundian refugees new lease of life |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/143824/Lifestyle/oasis-of-peace-giving-burundian-refugees-new-lease-of-life |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maison Shalom ya nemi taimakon ‘yan gudun hijira musamman ma matasa da ke gudun hijira domin su rayu cikin mutunci, don amfani da lokacin gudun hijira wajen karfafawa da kuma gafartawa wadanda suka tilasta musu barin kasarsu ta asali. 
[[Fayil:Elite_Center_of_Maison_Shalom_at_Mahama_refugee_camp_in_Rwanda.jpg|thumb]]

== Mahama Elite Center a Mahama Refugee Camp ==
Tun daga shekarar 2015, sama da 'yan Burundi 430,000 ne aka tilastawa yin hijira tare da neman mafaka a kasashe makwabta kamar Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Situation Burundi Situation |url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/burundi |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=data2.unhcr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin su, fiye da 90,000 suna Rwanda, wanda 58,000 ke zaune a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Mahama .  Ana ɗaukar wannan sansanin a matsayin misali na kula da 'yan gudun hijira a yankin Gabashin Afirka. 

Don tallafawa 'yan gudun hijirar da ke zaune a wurin,  Maison Shalom ya bude Cibiyar Mahama Elite a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2018.  Wannan cibiyar horarwa ta shirya don ba da horon sana'a da aikin yi ga 'yan gudun hijirar Burundi a sansanin. Aikin zai baiwa matasa damar inganta rayuwarsu amma kuma za su karfafa sana’o’insu. 

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==
[[Fayil:Burgos_-_Murales_pacifistas_del_Colegio_Santa_María_la_Nueva_y_San_José_Artesano_03.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Graffiti na Marguerite Barankitse a Burgos, Spain]]
Iyakar abin da ta yi, da kuma yadda ta kare dukkan yara ba tare da la'akari da asalinsu ba, [[Tutsi]] ko [[Hutu]], ya kawo yabo ga Maggy daga ko'ina cikin duniya: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gouby |first=Melanie |date=8 August 2016 |title=After rescuing 20,000 Burundian orphans, Marguerite Barankitse forges on in exile |url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/08/08/after-rescuing-20000-burundian-orphans-marguerite-barankitse-forges-on-in-exile/ |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1998 : Kyautar 'yancin ɗan adam, wanda gwamnatin Faransa ta ba shi. – Liberté – Egalité – Fraternité
* 2000 : Kyautar Arewa-Kudu daga Majalisar Turai
* 2000 : kofin jarumta da kungiyar Africa International na wata-wata ke bayarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maggy et la Maison Shalom {{!}} Maison Shalom |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.maisonshalom.org/fr/34/maggy-et-la-maison-shalom#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=archive.wikiwix.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 : Kyautar Yara ta Duniya don Haƙƙin Yara
* 2004 : Kyautar Muryar Jajircewa ta Hukumar Mata da Yara 'Yan Gudun Hijira 
* 2004 : lambar yabo ta Nansen 'yan gudun hijira
* 2008 : Kyautar Opus &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laureates – Champions for Faith-Filled Change |url=http://www.opusprize.org/laureates/ |access-date=12 June 2017 |website=Opus Prize}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 2008 : Kyautar UNESCO
* A cikin watan Yunin 2009, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa na Luxembourg, [[UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children|Babban Mashawarcin UNICEF ga Yara]], ya ziyarci Maison Shalom a ziyarar da ya kai Burundi.  A cikin Oktoba 2011, Grand Duchess ya yi maraba da Marguerite Barankitse zuwa Luxembourg don buɗe nunin hoto don tallafawa Maison Shalom. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-02 |title=wort.lu {{!}} Artikel {{!}} Im Gefängnis wegen einer Ziege |url=http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/letzebuerg/artikel/2011/10/166114/im-gefaengnis-wegen-einer-ziege.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102060301/http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/letzebuerg/artikel/2011/10/166114/im-gefaengnis-wegen-einer-ziege.php |archive-date=2012-01-02 |access-date=2023-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2011, Barankitse &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marguerite Barankitse, Laureate of the 2011 the Fondation Chirac Prize |url=http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/2011/10/laureate-of-the-2011-prize-for-conflict-prevention/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=Fondation Chirac}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya sami [[Fondation Chirac Prize for Conflict Prevention|lambar yabo ta rigakafin rikice-rikice]] daga hannun Kofi Annan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Video: Marguerite Barankitse, 2011 Laureate of the Fondation Chirac Prize |url=http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/2011/11/video-marguerite-barankitse-2011-laureate-of-the-fondation-chirac-prize |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=Fondation Chirac}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da lambar yabo ta Rigakafin Rikici kowace shekara ta Fondation Chirac, wanda tsohon shugaban Faransa [[Jacques Chirac]] ya ƙaddamar a cikin 2008 .
* A cikin 2011 Barankitse ya sami kyautar ɗan jarida ''Golden Doves for Peace'' wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Italiya Archivio Disarmo ta bayar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.archiviodisarmo.it/images/pdf/list.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422180003/https://www.archiviodisarmo.it/images/pdf/list.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-22 |access-date=2019-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2016, Marguerite ya sami kyautar $ 1.1 miliyan Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity, lambar yabo da aka ba wa masu ba da agaji don tunawa da [[Armenian genocide|kisan kare dangi na Armenia]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Calling to Love |url=https://auroraprize.com/en/calling-love |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=auroraprize.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Meleane Pau'uvale</title>
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'''Meleane Lolohea Pau'uvale''' ONZM (an haife ta a shekara 1948 ko 1949 ) malama ce [[Tonga|na Tongan]], 'yar gwagwarmayar harshe/yare, kuma shugabar al'umma a New Zealand.

Bayan ta isa New Zealand daga Tonga a cikin shekarar 1990s, Pau'uvale ta gano rashin wadatattun albarkatu don ilimin al'adu da yare na Tongan tsakanin al'ummar da ke can. An gane kokarinta na cike wannan gibin a cikin shekarar 2023 lokacin da aka naɗa ta Jami'ar Daraja ta New Zealand Order of Merit.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Meleane Pau'uvale a Ha'akio Tukulalo Olo'ua a gundumar Tongan ta Vava'u a kusan shekara ta 1949. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2021 |title=Unwavering vision for young Tongan learners |url=https://www.mpp.govt.nz/news-and-events/2021/unwavering-vision-for-young-tongan-learners/ |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Ministry for Pacific Peoples |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116185403/https://www.mpp.govt.nz/news-and-events/2021/unwavering-vision-for-young-tongan-learners/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCulloch |first=Gabrielle |date=21 August 2022 |title=How a Tongan language preschool is keeping its community afloat |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/education/300658311/how-a-tongan-language-preschool-is-keeping-its-community-afloat |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Stuff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta auri Siosifa Pau'uvale, abokiyar tarbiyya, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu tare da su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Pacific Grant recipients |url=https://core-ed.org/en_NZ/about-core/our-projects/past-grant-recipients/ |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Tātai Aho Rau Core Education |language=en-NZ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116185403/https://core-ed.org/en_NZ/about-core/our-projects/past-grant-recipients/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru talatin, ta koyar a manyan makarantu da Cocin Free Wesleyan na Tonga ke gudanarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekarar 1990s, ta ƙaura zuwa New Zealand, inda ta fahimci cewa akwai buƙatar ilimi da aka mayar da hankali kan harshen Tongan da al'ada ga al'ummar Tongan a can. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ta shahara da aikinta a kan ilimin yara da koyar da harshe/yare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 June 2023 |title=Early childhood education important, says Meleane Pau'uvale ONZM |url=https://matangitonga.to/2023/06/13/early-childhood-education-important-says-meleane-pauuvale-onzm |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Matangi Tonga |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 1999, Pau'uvale ta kafa Cibiyar Ilimi ta Farko ta Akoteu Kato Kakala a garejin ta a Māngere, wajen [[Auckland]], New Zealand. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=The King's Birthday and Coronation Honours List 2023 |url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/lists/kb2023-onzm |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga karshe ta samu amincewar hukuma da kuɗaɗe ga cibiyar, wacce a yanzu ta ke a garin Ōtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta ci gaba da jagorantar makarantar kuma tana aiki a matsayin babban malaminta &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2015 |title=Fakakoloa Aotearoa: enriching New Zealand |url=https://gazette.education.govt.nz/articles/1H9cua-fakakoloa-aotearoa-enriching-new-zealand/ |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Education Gazette |language=en-NZ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116185405/https://gazette.education.govt.nz/articles/1H9cua-fakakoloa-aotearoa-enriching-new-zealand/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, Pau'uvale ta kasance jagora a ƙoƙarin tallafawa al'ummar Tongan a duk faɗin New Zealand, ciki har da ta hanyar kafa sabis na ilimi na Alaha Manongi, shirya Makon Harshen Tongan, da kuma tsara tsarin kiwon lafiya na Kato Kakala ga iyalan Tongan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ta taimaka wajen buga litattafai na waƙoƙi da gajerun shaguna na harshen Tongan guda uku, kuma cibiyar ta samar da kayan aikin dijital don ilimin al'adun Tongan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A cikin Ranar Haihuwar Sarki na 2023 da Girmamawa, Pau'uvale an naɗa ta  Babbar Jami'in Daraja na New Zealand Order of Merit, don ayyuka ga al'ummar Tongan da ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=Fifteen Pasifika people on NZ King’s Birthday Honours List |url=https://www.kanivatonga.co.nz/2023/06/fifteen-pasifika-people-on-nz-kings-birthday-honours-list/ |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Kaniva Tonga News |language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=The King's Birthday and Coronation honours list 2023 |url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/kings-birthday-and-coronation-honours-list-2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mary Dozier</title>
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'''Mary Dozier''', Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka, tana riƙe da kujerar Amy E. du Pont na Ci gaban Yara a Jami'ar Delaware.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae - Mary Dozier |url=https://www.psych.udel.edu/Documents%20Bios%20CVs/Dozier-Mary-CV.pdf |access-date=January 30, 2021 |website=University of Delaware official website.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dozier ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Duke inda ta sami digiri a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a shekara ta 1976, kuma ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin halayyar asibiti a shekara ta 1983. Ta shiga bangaren koyarwa a Delaware a shekarar 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae - Mary Dozier |url=https://www.psych.udel.edu/Documents%20Bios%20CVs/Dozier-Mary-CV.pdf |access-date=January 30, 2021 |website=University of Delaware official website.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana ɗaya daga cikin masu kirkirar Haɗin kai da Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC) shiga tsakani na iyaye. Gidan Bayyanawa na California don Kula da Lafiyar Yara ya amince da shigar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Attachment And Biobehavioral Catch Up › Program › Detailed |url=https://www.cebc4cw.org/program/attachment-and-biobehavioral-catch-up/detailed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212071911/https://www.cebc4cw.org/program/attachment-and-biobehavioral-catch-up/detailed |archive-date=2025-02-12 |access-date= |website=CEBC |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar shiga tsakani ita ce kara kula da mai kula, ikon mai kula da ya bi jagorancin yaro, da kuma guje wa halayen shiga tsakani ko tsoro daga mai kula. Yawancin gwaje-gwaje masu saurin sarrafawa sun rubuta tasirin ABC wajen inganta hankalin mai kulawa da tsaro na jarirai, da kuma rage halayyar tashin hankali ta yaro. Har ila yau, an rubuta shigar da ABC don samun tasiri a kan hanyoyin neurological da endocrine da ke nuna tsarin motsin rai.

ABC a halin yanzu ana daukar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi nasara a ƙarni na biyu na shiga tsakani na iyaye. Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ta bayar ga ka'idar haɗewa, an ba Dozier lambar yabo ta Bowlby-Ainsworth don Binciken Fassara kan Amincewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Mary Dozier |url=http://www.abcintervention.org/mary-dozier/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ABC Intervention |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Labaran da aka fi ambaton su sun hada da:

* Dozier M, Stoval KC, Albus KE, Bates B. Haɗin kai ga jarirai a cikin kulawa: Matsayin mai kulawa.''Ci gaban yara''. 2001 Satumba;72 (5):1467-77.
* Dozier M, Kobak RR. Psychophysiology a cikin tambayoyin haɗe-haɗe: Shaida mai haɗuwa don kashe dabarun. ''Ci gaban yara''. 1992 Disamba;63 (6):1473-80.
* Mary Dozier, Kelly L Cue, Lara Barnett. Clinicians a matsayin masu kulawa: rawar da ƙungiyar haɗe-haɗe ke takawa a cikin magani. ''[[Journal of consulting and clinical psychology|Jaridar shawarwari da ilimin halayyar asibiti]]'' 62 (4) 793.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Musuluncin Sunni a Iraki</title>
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[[Fayil:Flag of Iraq (1963–1991).svg|thumb|Bambance-bambancen tsohuwar Ttatar Jamhuriyar Iraki ana amfani da su a matsayin tuta ta kabilanci ga 'yan Iraki Sunni]]
[[Fayil:مدخل جامع الإمام الأعظم.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Abu Hanifa dake [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]]; an gina shi a kusa da kabarin [[Imam Abu Hanifa|Abu Hanifa]]]]
'''Musuluncin Sunni a Iraq''' (Arabic: الإسلام السني في العراق) ita ce mazhabar Musulunci ta biyu mafi girma a Iraki bayan Musuluncin Shi'a.  Galibin musulmi ‘yan sunni na Iraqi Larabawa ne.  Musulman Sunni na Iraqi galibi suna zaune ne a rabin arewacin Iraki.  Larabawa Sunni da farko suna zaune ne a kusurwar Sunni, Mesopotamiya na sama da yankunan hamada, kamar Al-Anbar Governorate a cikin Hamadar Larabawa da Hamadar Sham.  Kurdawan Sunni suna zaune a yankin Kurdistan na Iraki mai tsaunuka.

A shekara ta 2003, Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka ta kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 95% na yawan mutanen Iraki Musulmai ne, daga cikinsu Sunnis sun kai kusan kashi 40%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religious Politics in Iraq |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2003/05/religious-politics-iraq |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526085640/https://www.usip.org/publications/2003/05/religious-politics-iraq |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani rahoto na CIA World Factbook daga 2015 ya kiyasta cewa 29-34% na yawan mutanen Iraki Musulmi ne na Sunni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-21 |title=CIA World Fact Book |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/#people-and-society |access-date=2021-04-25 |archive-date=2022-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110151312/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da binciken da Pew Research ya yi a shekara ta 2011, kashi 42% na Musulman Iraqi Sunni ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;PewResearch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Lipka |date=2014-06-18 |title=The Sunni-Shia divide: Where they live, what they believe and how they view each other |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/18/the-sunni-shia-divide-where-they-live-what-they-believe-and-how-they-view-each-other/ |access-date=2021-04-15 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai kimanin Larabawa Sunni miliyan 9, Kurdawa Sunni miliyan 4.5 da Sunni Turkmen miliyan 3 a Iraki, bisa ga rahoton da aka buga a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2015 |title=Minorities in Iraq: Pushed to the brink of existence |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/548988/EPRS_BRI(2015)548988_REV1_EN.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A farkon zamanin Islama, Iraki ta kasance cibiyar cibiyar Khalifancin Abbasid, tare da birnin [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]] yana aiki a matsayin babban birninta daga karni na 8 zuwa 13. Larabawa Sunni sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gwamnati (ciki har da Daular Abbasid mai mulki) da rayuwar al'adu ta Khalifanci, kuma manyan mutane da yawa na ilimin Islama da wallafe-wallafen sun fito daga Iraki a wannan lokacin da kuma lokacin Golden Age na Islama.

A lokacin mulkinsa, Sarki Faisal I san cewa tushen ikonsa yana tare da Larabawa Sunni na Iraki, waɗanda suka ƙunshi 'yan tsiraru. Larabawa Sunni na Iraqi sun kasance kashin baya na gwamnatin Ba'athist ta [[Saddam Hussein]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gaub |first=Florence |date=2017 |title=Meet Iraq's Sunni Arabs: A strategic profile |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep17448 |publisher=European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Shia da Nouri al-Maliki ke jagoranta ta danne Sunnis, tana jaddada halin kirki na kabilun Sunni Larabawa ga Jihar Musulunci, kodayake ba su da ra'ayin [[Salafiyya|Salafist]]. Yawancin Sunnis yanzu sun ɗauki makamai a kan Daular Islama don dakatar da yunkurin kafa iko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A cikin wani bincike a shekarar 2015, kashi 13 cikin 100 ne kawai na Larabawa Sunni na Iraqi suka yi imanin cewa gwamnatin tsakiya a Bagadaza tana kan hanyar da ta dace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mansour |first=Renad |date=March 2016 |title=The Sunni Predicament in Iraq |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CMEC_59_Mansour_Sunni_Final.pdf |website=Carnegie: Middle East Center |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda ci gaba da zalunci da gwamnatin Shia ke jagoranta, kungiyoyin Sunni Islamist da Ba'athist kamar Sojojin Naqshabandi sun dauki makamai a kan gwamnati a lokacin zanga-zangar Iraqi ta 2012-2013. Wannan ya haifar da Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Anbar na 2013 da kuma fara yakin da aka Yaƙi a Iraki da Daular Islama wanda ya kasance har zuwa Disamba 2017.

== Yawan jama'a ==

=== Larabawan Sunni ===
Larabawa Sunni suna da kashi 45% na yawan mutanen [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], Yawancin su suna zaune a cikin Sunni Triangle, yankin da ke da yawan jama'a na Iraki a arewa da yammacin [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]]. Ya kai daga Tikrit (maɓallin kudu maso gabas), Ramadi (maɓin kudu maso yamma) zuwa Mosul (maɓɗin arewa). Har ila yau, ya haɗa da biranen Samarra, Fallujah, Balad da Hīt .  Har ila yau, suna zaune a Upper Mesopotamia da yankunan hamadar Larabawa da hamadar Siriya.

Kamar sauran Larabawa na Iraqi, Larabawa Sunni na Iraqi sun fito ne daga tsoffin mutane da masu cin nasara da suka mamaye Iraki daga [[Yankin Larabawa]] a karni na bakwai. Kodayake 'yan tsiraru ne, Larabawa Sunni sun mamaye siyasar Iraqi har zuwa lokacin da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta mamaye Iraki a shekara ta 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Iraq - Fanack.com |url=https://fanack.com/iraq/population-of-iraq/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=The MENA Chronicle {{!}} Fanack |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai kabilun Larabawa Sunni da yawa a Iraki, gami da Dulaim, Al-Bu Nasir, [[Albu Nimr|Al-Bu Nimr]], Al-Ubaid, Otaibah, Shammar da Mutayr.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IRAQ: The Role of Tribes |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-role-tribes |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kurdawa ===
98% na Kurdawa na Iraki Musulmai ne na Sunni, yayin da sauran 2% Musulmai ne Shia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Besheer |title=Who are the Iraqi Kurds? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2014/08/20/who-are-the-iraqi-kurds/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;   A sakamakon yaduwar Islama, Islama ta Sunni ([[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'i]]) ta zama babbar addinin mutanen Kurdawa. Akwai Feyli Kurds waɗanda ke bin addinin Shia, wato addinin Shiya goma sha biyu. Ana tunanin Islama addini ne na mulki da kuma ruhaniya, Kurdawa suna tabbatar da kiyaye ainihin ruhaniya da asalin ƙasa. Ayyukansu da imanin su sun yi kama da na Larabawa Sunni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

=== Turkmen ===
Da farko Turkmen na Iraqi Musulmai ne na Sunni, yawancin Turkmen na Iraki ba su da siyasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irak Türkmenleri |url=http://insamer.com/tr/irak-turkmenleri_1524.html |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=insamer.com |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da haka suna ci gaba da yin aiki, bayan sun sanya fassarar ra'ayin addini da ake yi a [[Turkiyya|Jamhuriyar Turkiyya]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oğuzlu |first=H. T. |date=October 2004 |title=Endangered community: the Turkoman identity in Iraq |url=http://hdl.handle.net/11693/49129 |language=English |issn=1360-2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;Abubuwan addini da kabilanci da tashin hankali da ke cikin al'adun siyasar Iraki ba su da tasiri sosai ga Turkmen na Iraki.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Nancy Kalembe</title>
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'''Nancy Linda Kalembe''' (an Haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, 1980) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar ƙasar [[Uganda]]. 

Ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar siyasa mai zaman kanta don shugabancin ƙasar Uganda a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2021, inda ita ce 'yar takara ɗaya tilo da ta yi takara, amma ta sha kayi a hannun shugaba mai ci [[Yoweri Museveni]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Athumani |first=Halima |date=2021-01-11 |title=Uganda's Only Female Presidential Candidate Says Leadership Needs to Change |url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/ugandas-only-female-presidential-candidate-says-leadership-needs-change |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-02-04 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Presidential Campaign Programme |url=https://www.ec.or.ug/presidential-campaign-program |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Electoral Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nancy Kalembe backs Bobi Wine for presidency |url=https://ekyooto.co.uk/2021/01/10/nancy-kalembe-backs-bobi-wine-for-presidency/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Ekyooto Uganda |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Nancy Kalembe a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, 1980, kuma ta girma a gundumar Iganga a yankin Busoga na Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluka |first=Esther |date=2020-11-14 |title=I will not be intimidated out of the presidential race- Nancy Kalembe |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/will-not-be-intimidated-out-presidential-race-kalembe-3021290 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-13 |title=Nancy Kalembe, Could She Become Ugandas First Woman President? |url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/nancy-kalembe-could-she-become-ugandas-first-woman-president-of-uganda |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Uganda Radio Network |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin iyali mai yara 18. An haifi Kalembe ga George Patrick Bageya, wanda shine tsohon shugaban ƙaramar hukumar V na Iganga, da Aida Cissy Kubaaza. Ta yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Dutsen Saint Mary ta Namagunga|Kwalejin Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga]] don takardar shedar ilimi ta Uganda da Makarantar Sakandare ta Mariam don samun Advanced Certificate of Education Uganda. A cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2020-07-05 |title=Who is Nancy Kalembe, the female presidential aspirant? |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/profiles/2020/07/profile-who-is-nancy-kalembe-the-female-presidential-aspirant.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2020-11-03 |title=Only female candidate Nancy Kalembe finally nominated |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2020/11/only-female-candidate-nancy-kalembe-finally-nominated.html |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma kasance daliba 'yar wasan motsa jini a Makerere, kuma ta cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 2004 a matsayin 'yar tsere, amma, a asusunta, gwamnati ba za ta iya ba da damar daukan nauyin dukkannin 'yan wasan da suka cancanci zuwa [[Athens]] ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Aiki ==

=== Sashin masu zaman kansu ===
Kafin ta shiga harkar siyasa, Kalembe ta yi aiki a matsayin anchor a gidan rediyon Uganda da kuma bankuna da kamfanonin mai a Najeriya da Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2003, ta zama ƴar takara ga Miss Uganda bisa ƙawaye, bayan da aka yi mata lakabi da tomboy a duk rayuwarta. Ta shiga cikin na farko biyar amma ba ta yi nasara ba; duk da haka, an zaɓe ta Miss Intelligence, inda ta samu aiki a gidan rediyon Sanyu FM.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;

Har ila yau Kalembe ta yi aikin fim da talabijin, kuma ta fito a ''The Apprentice Africa'' a shekarar 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Ita ce ta kafa Spring Clean, kamfanin tsaftacewa, kuma Shugabar Mbalimbali Ltd, ruwan abarba na tushen Nakawa da kamfanin samar da jam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

=== yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa ===
A watan Yulin 2020, Kalembe ta sanar da cewa za ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ta kaddamar da yakin neman zaɓe a Birnin [[Jinja]] a watan Nuwamba 2020, ta fito a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-10 |title=Independent presidential candidate Nancy Kalembe suspends campaigns over lack of funds |url=https://www.dispatch.ug/2020/12/10/independent-presidential-candidate-nancy-kalembe-suspends-campaigns-over-lack-of-funds/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Kampala Dispatch |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-28 |title=Publishing of the Final Results for Presidential Elections 2021 |url=https://www.ec.or.ug/news/publishing-final-results-presidential-elections-2021 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-02-04 |website=Electoral Commission |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita ce mace ɗaya tilo da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin ƙasar a zaɓen shekara ta 2021, inda ta zama mace ta huɗu da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin ƙasar a tarihin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-01-12|title=Uganda elections 2021: What you need to know|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55573581|access-date=2021-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;  Idan har ta samu nasarar yakin neman zaɓenta na dogon lokaci, da ta zama shugabar ƙasa mace ta farko a Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ntreh |first=Nii |date=2020-12-11 |title=Nancy Kalembe: Who is Uganda's only female presidential candidate looking to unseat Museveni? |url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/nancy-kalembe-who-is-ugandas-only-female-presidential-candidate-looking-to-unseat-museveni |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Face2Face Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kulanyi |first=Rachael |date=2020-11-05 |title=INTERVIEW: I need God not a husband to give me identity—Presidential candidate Nancy Kalembe |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/2020/11/05/interview-i-need-god-not-a-husband-to-give-me-identity-presidential-candidate-nancy-kalembe/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212161722/https://www.matookerepublic.com/2020/11/05/interview-i-need-god-not-a-husband-to-give-me-identity-presidential-candidate-nancy-kalembe/ |archive-date=2021-02-12 |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Matooke Republic |language=en-US |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dandalinta ya mayar da hankali kan shirye-shiryen yaki da fatara da rashin aikin yi, da kuma kula da lafiya da ababen more rayuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-15 |title=Nancy Kalembe: Uganda's only female presidential candidate |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/africa/nancy-kalembe-uganda-s-only-female-presidential-candidate-3258010 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ambaci tsohon shugaban ƙasar [[Uruguay]] José Mujica a matsayin wani kwarin guiwar siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;

Kamfen ɗin Kalembe ya fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Serugo |first=Geoffery |date=2020-12-09 |title=Nancy Kalembe cries out for support as campaigns hit her pockets harder |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/12/09/nancy-kalembe-cries-out-for-financial-support-as-campaigns-hit-her-pockets-harder.html |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Eagle Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta samu kuri'u 38,772 kwatankwacin kashi 0.37 cikin ɗari na kuri'un da aka kaɗa, a zaɓen da aka yi fama da rikici tsakanin shugaba mai ci [[Yoweri Museveni]] da abokin ƙarawar Bobi Wine kan sahihancin zaɓen. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mackinnon|first=Amy|date=2021-01-11|title=Uganda Heads to the Polls, With 'Dictator' on the Line|work=Foreign Policy|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/11/uganda-elections-polls-bobi-wine-museveni-dictator/|access-date=2021-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta bayyana shirin sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brian |first=Kakooza |date=2025-03-04 |title=Nancy Kalembe announces her 2026 presidential bid |url=https://www.xtrafrica.com/uganda/nancy-kalembe-announces-her-2026-presidential-bid |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Xtrafrica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Kalembe ta yi aure a shekara ta 2007, amma daga baya ita da mijinta suka rabu. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu daga wannan auren. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A wata hira da wata kafar yaɗa labarai ta Uganda a lokacin yakin neman zaɓenta na shugaban ƙasa, ta ce, &quot;Afrika ta manta da cewa matan Afirka suna da karfin gaske ko muna da miji ko ba mu da miji... Ina buƙatan Allah, ba mijin aure ba, ya bani shaida.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Mark Klett</title>
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'''Mark Klett''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1952) ɗan asalin Amurka ne [[mai daukar hoto]]. An haɗa aikinsa a cikin tarin Smithsonian American Art Museum,  da Museum of Fine Arts Houston  da Museum of Modern Art, New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAAM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mark Klett {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/mark-klett-2658 |website=americanart.si.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mark Klett: The Hangar that held the bomber Enola Gay |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/140185/the-hangar-that-held-the-bomber-enola-gay |website=mfah.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mark Klett |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/3144 |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Klett a Albany, New York . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kopeikingallery.com |url=https://www.kopeikingallery.com/artists/mark-klett/bio |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.kopeikingallery.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar St. Lawrence tare da BS a [[Ilmin duwatsu|Geology]] a shekarar 1974, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Amurka . A cikin 1977, ya kammala shirin MFA a Binciken Nazarin Kayayyakin gani a Rochester, New York yana karatu tare da Nathan Lyons . &lt;ref name=&quot;ICP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2018 |title=Mark Klett |url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/mark-klett?all/all/all/all/0 |website=International Center of Photography |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi Farfesa ne na Regents kuma yana koyar da ɗaukar hoto a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona.

== Aiki ==
.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASUART&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mark Klett: Ideas About Time {{!}} ASU Art Museum |url=https://asuartmuseum.asu.edu/exhibitions/traveling/mark-klett-ideas-about-time |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825051550/https://asuartmuseum.asu.edu/exhibitions/traveling/mark-klett-ideas-about-time |archive-date=2021-08-25 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=asuartmuseum.asu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ayyukan daukar hoto na Klett suna mai da hankali kan yanayin yamma da hulɗar mutum da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHMAG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 2020 |title=Photographer Mark Klett captures the impact of time and people on the Western landscape |url=https://www.phgmag.com/photographer-mark-klett-captures-the-impact-of-time-and-people-on-the-western-landscape/ |website=Phoenix Home &amp; Garden}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, hotunansa suna amsawa ga hotuna na tarihi kuma ayyukansa suna bincika alaƙar tsakanin lokaci, canji da fahimta

An kuma san shi musamman don ayyukan sake ɗaukar hoto, kwanan nan tare da mai haɗin gwiwa Byron Wolfe, wanda ya haɗa da shimfidar wurare na yamma, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, da Glenn Canyon. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReconsView&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Book Reviews: Reconstructing the View |url=https://blog.photoeye.com/2012/12/book-reviews-reconstructing-view.html |website=blog.photoeye.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;VIEWSACROSSTIME&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Klett |first=Mark |last2=Rothman |first2=Aaron |date=11 July 2011 |title=Views Across Time |url=https://placesjournal.org/article/views-across-time/?cn-reloaded=1 |journal=Places Journal |issue=2011 |doi=10.22269/110711 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labarai ==

* ''Second View: The Rephotographic Survey Project.'' With Ellen Manchester and JoAnn Verburg, University of New Mexico Press, 1984.
* ''Traces of Eden: Travels in the Desert Southwest.'' David R. Godine, 1986.
* ''Headlands: the Marin Coast at the Golden Gate.'' With Miles De Coster, Mike Mandel,Paul Metcalf, and Larry Sultan, University of New Mexico Press, 1989.
* ''One City/Two Visions.'' Bedford Arts Publishers, San Francisco, CA, 1990.
* ''Photographing Oklahoma. 1889-1991.'' Oklahoma City Art Museum, 1991.
* ''Revealing Territory.'' University of New Mexico Press, 1992.
* ''Capitol View: A New Panorama of Washington DC.'' With Merry Foresta, Smithsonian Institution and Book Studios, 1994.
* ''Desert Legends: Restoring the Sonoran Borderlands.'' With Gary Paul Nabhan, Henry Holt, 1994.
* ''The Black Rock Desert.'' With Bill Fox, University of Arizona Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0816521727}}.
* ''Third Views, Second Sights, A Rephotographic Survey of the American West.'' Museum of New Mexico Press, 2004. With Byron Wolfe. {{ISBN|0-89013-432-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-89013-432-4|0-89013-432-4]].
* ''Yosemite in Time: Ice Ages, Tree Clocks, Ghost Rivers.'' With Rebecca Solnit and Byron Wolfe, Trinity University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|1-59534-042-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-59534-042-4|1-59534-042-4]].
* ''After the Ruins: Rephotographing the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire.'' University of California Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-520-24556-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-520-24556-3|0-520-24556-3]].
* ''Mark Klett: Saguaros by Gregory McNamee and Mark Klett.'' Radius Books, 2007. {{ISBN|1-934435-00-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-934435-00-7|1-934435-00-7]].
* ''The Half Life of History'', with William Fox. Radius Books, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-1934435397}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1934435397|978-1934435397]]
* ''Reconstructing the View, the Grand Canyon Photographs of Mark Klett and Byron Wolfe'', with Byron Wolfe, Rebecca A. Senf, Stephen J. Pyne. University of California Press, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0520273900}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0520273900|978-0520273900]]
* ''Camino del Diablo'', Radius Books, 2017. With Raphael Pumpelly {{ISBN|978-1942185017}}
* ''Drowned River: The Death and Rebirth of Glen Canyon on the Colorado'', with Rebecca Solnit and Byron Wolfe. Radius Books, 2018.  {{ISBN|978-1942185253}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1942185253|978-1942185253]]
* ''Seeing Time: Forty Years of Photographs'', Anne Wilkes Tucker, Keith E. Davis, Rebecca A. Senf. University of Texas Press, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1477320235}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1477320235|978-1477320235]]

== Kyauta ==

* 1979: Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}}
* 1982: Kyauta ta Ƙasa don Fellowship na Fasaha{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}}
* 1984: Kyauta ta Ƙasa don Fellowship na Fasaha{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}}
* 1993: Mai ɗaukar hoto na Shekara daga Abokan Hoto{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}}
* Japan/U. S. Ƙwararriyar Mawaƙin Ƙirƙira{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}}
* 2001: Farfesa Regents, Jami'ar Jihar Arizona &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=View ASU faculty members who won the Regents Professor award |url=https://provost.asu.edu/regents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000505/https://provost.asu.edu/regents |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2004: Guggenheim Fellowship &lt;ref name=&quot;GF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation {{!}} Mark Klett |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/mark-klett/ |website=gf.org |access-date=2025-04-03 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209085642/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/mark-klett/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tari ==
Ana gudanar da aikin Klett a cikin tarin dindindin masu zuwa:

* Gidan kayan tarihi na Fine Arts Houston &lt;ref name=&quot;MFAH&quot;/&gt;
* Gidan kayan tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, New York: 33 kwafi (tun daga 26 Satumba 2021) &lt;ref name=&quot;moma&quot;/&gt;
* Smithsonian American Art Museum &lt;ref name=&quot;SAAM&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Official website|www.markklettphotography.com}}
* [https://www.klettandwolfe.com The collaborative works of Mark Klett and Byron Wolfe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320093936/https://www.klettandwolfe.com/ |date=2025-03-20 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110809175243/http://ccp.uair.arizona.edu/item/36301 Collection of Mark Klett photos at the Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona.]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Mohamed Diab''' (Arabic) {{IPA|arz|mæˈħ.amæd dˤiæb}}{{IPA|arz|mæˈħ.amæd dˤiæb}}Maganar Larabci ta Masar: [mæˈħ.amæd dīb], an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) marubuci ne kuma darektan Masar wanda aikinsa sau da yawa yana kan batutuwan gaggawa game da al'ummar Masar. {{IPA|arz|mæˈħ.amæd dˤiæb}}An san shi da fim dinsa na farko na Cairo 678 (Les Femmes du bus 678), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AlloCine |title=Les Femmes du Bus 678 |url=http://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=193512.html |access-date=1 April 2016 |website=AlloCiné}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka saki wata daya kafin juyin juya halin Masar, da kuma jagorantar jerin [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] na ''Moon Knight'' .

== Ayyuka ==

=== ''Alkahira 678'' ===
[[678 (fim)|''Alkahira 678'']] ita ce karo na farko na darakta na Diab. Fim din ya biyo bayan labaran da suka haɗu da mata uku da suka kamu da annobar cin zarafin jima'i a Alkahira. An fitar da fim din a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 kuma an dauke shi fim din Masar na zamani mafi yawan lambobin yabo. An rarraba fim din a duniya kuma ya yi kyau sosai musamman a Faransa, inda ya sayar da tikiti 265,000 kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta ÉcranTotal ta &quot;coup de foudre du public&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bon début pour les femmes du bus 678 |url=http://evene.lefigaro.fr/cinema/actualite/bon-debut-pour-les-femmes-du-bus-678-1011571.php |access-date=1 April 2016 |website=Evene.fr |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413112452/http://evene.lefigaro.fr/cinema/actualite/bon-debut-pour-les-femmes-du-bus-678-1011571.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Eshtebak (Clash) '' ===
''[[Clash (fim na 2016)|Eshtebak (Clash)]]'' ya kamata ya zama fim game da tasowa na juyin juya halin Masar amma daga ƙarshe ya zama fim wanda ya kama faduwar juyin juya hali. Dukan fim din an harbe shi ne daga cikin iyakokin motar 'yan sanda. Fim din yana karɓar tallafi da kudade daga San Francisco Film Society, CNC l'aide au Cinémas du Monde da ARTE France. Fim din ya kasance zaɓi ne na hukuma don bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2016, Un Certain Regard category . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 2016 Official Selection |url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/62135.html |access-date=14 April 2016 |website=Festival de Cannes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Moon Knight'' ===
A watan Oktoba na 2020 an hayar Diab don kai tsaye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Disney+ + ''Moon Knight'', wanda aka saita a cikin Marvel Cinematic Universe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |last2=Kroll |first2=Justin |date=27 October 2020 |title='Moon Knight': Mohamed Diab To Direct Marvel's Disney+ Series |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/moon-knight-mohamed-diab-to-direct-marvels-disney-series-1234604345/ |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diab ya nace kan kawo sahihancin Masar ga saitunan fim din duk da cewa bai iya yin fim a can ba. Kula da mafi ƙanƙantaccen bayani yana da mahimmanci a gare shi, kamar ƙara launuka masu launin shuɗi da yanayin Kogin Nilu da dare. Tare da matarsa, Sarah Goher, sun zaɓi waƙoƙin kiɗa na Masar kamar [[Bahlam Maak]], [[El Melouk]], da Batwanes Beek, waɗanda dukansu marubuta ne na Masar suka kirkiro su don isar da ainihin yanayin ƙasar.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
'''Fim din'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
! style=&quot;width:65px;&quot; |Daraktan
! style=&quot;width:65px;&quot; |Marubuci
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007
|''[[Real Dreams|Mafarki na Gaskiya]]''| {{No}}| {{Yes}}
|-
|''[[The Island (2007 fim)|Tsibirin]]''| {{No}}| {{Yes}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2009
|''Canjin''| {{No}}| {{Yes}}
|-
|''Godiya gaisuwa''| {{No}}| {{Yes}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|''[[678 (fim)|Alkahira 678]]''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}
|-
|''Kayan ado''| {{No}}| {{Yes}}
|-
|2014
|''Tsibirin 2''| {{No}}| {{Yes}}
|-
|2016
|''[[Clash (fim na 2016)|Rashin jituwa]]''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}
|-
|2021
|''Amira''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}
|}

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Micki Pistorius</title>
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'''Micki Pistorius''' masanin ilimin halayyar ƴar Afirka ta Kudu ce ko kuma masanin ilimin lissafi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce mace ta farko a cikin sana'arta kuma mai ba da bayanan farko a Afirka ta Kudu, tana aiki a kan manyan shari'o'i da suka shafi Masu kisan gilla ga Ofishin 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1990.

An san ta da tarihin rayuwarta, Catch Me a Killer (2000), wanda aka kafa jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na wannan sunan, wanda aka saki a 2024.

== Rayuwa ta farko da karatun digiri ==
Pistorius ta girma a [[Pretoria]] . Ta yi karatun Jamusanci a makaranta, kuma ta kammala karatu tare da BA, tana karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam da harsuna a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] . Ta yi karatun Faransanci a jami'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 January 2015 |title=About the Author |url=https://heroes-warriors.com/about-the-author/ |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=Heroes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Jarida ===
Bayan kammala karatunta tare da BA, Pistorius ta fara aiki a cikin hulɗar jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da rubuta sakonnin manema labarai, kafin ya shiga [[Journalism|aikin jarida]]. Da farko a wata jarida ta gida, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin 'yar jaridar labarai ta rediyo a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Afirka ta Kudu (SABC) a Pretoria, wanda kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a talabijin.&lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot;/&gt;

Bayan ta koma Cape Town, ta rubuta wa mujallar mata kafin a nada ta a matsayin manajan a cikin wallafe-wallafen a Asusun Duniya na Yanayi a Stellenbosch . Bayan barin wannan aikin, ta koma Pretoria kuma ta yi aiki a hulɗa da jama'a a Zoo na Pretoria . &lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot;/&gt;

=== Ayyukan bincike ===
Pistorius daga nan ta nemi kuma an yarda da shi a cikin girmamawar ilimin halayyar dan adam da shirye-shiryen masters a Jami'ar Pretoria, inda ta sami digiri biyu cum laude.&lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot;/&gt; Ta fara koyarwa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, inda ta sami suna saboda rashin jin daɗi.

Pistorius ta shiga Hukumar 'yan sanda ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAPS) a cikin 1994,  inda ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci Sashin Nazarin Halitta (IPU)  wanda aka fi sani da Sashen Nazarin Hutatta (IPS), &lt;ref name=&quot;Labuschagne&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Labuschagne |first=Gérard |title=The Profiler Diaries: From the case files of a police psychologist Penguin Random House South Africa |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.co.za/extracts/profiler-diaries-case-files-police-psychologist |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=Penguin Random House South Africa |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313030551/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.co.za/extracts/profiler-diaries-case-files-police-psychologist |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a matsayin babban masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. 

A cikin shekaru biyu na wannan nadin, ta kammala ta D.Phil, tare da rubutunta: &quot;A psycho-analytical approach to serial killers&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot;/&gt; Yayinda take rubuta rubutunta game da masu kisan gilla, na farko a Afirka ta Kudu,  ta haɓaka ka'idarta da ke danganta Ci gaban jima'i na Freudian da kisan gida.  Ta kuma tattara darussan bincike na ilimin halayyar dan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1997, Pistorius ta horar da masu bincike sama da 100 don bincika masu aikata laifuka, da kuma magaji biyu, ciki har da Elmarie Myburgh .  Daga baya ta ce masu bincike sun yarda da ita kuma ta yi aiki sosai tare da su, kuma horarwar da ta ci gaba an tsawaita ta a duniya.

Pistorius ta shiga cikin shari'o'in kisan gilla sama da talatin yayin da yake SAPS. Daga cikin masu kisan kai wadanda ta yi aiki a kansu sune Norman Afzal Simons, Moses Sithole, [[David Selepe]], Stewart Wilken, Sipho Thwala, Velaphi Ndlangamandla, Cedric Maake, [[David Mmbengwa]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 2003 |title=Micki Pistorius, une profileuse en Afrique du Sud – Tueurs en Serie.org |url=http://www.tueursenserie.org/micki-pistorius-une-profileuse-en-afrique-du-sud/ |access-date=30 May 2017 |website=www.tueursenserie.org |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;    da Christopher Mhlengwa Zikode.&lt;ref name=&quot;lagrange2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=La Grange |first=Borrie |date=1 September 2009 |title=Neglect of children as damaging as sexual abuse |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2009-09-01-neglect-of-children--as-damaging-as-sexual-abuse/ |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=TimesLIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000, ta yi murabus daga 'yan sanda tare da matsayi daidai da Babban mai kula,  kuma ta shiga kamfanin bincike mai zaman kansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot;/&gt; Ta nemi shawara lokacin da ta fahimci cewa tana fama da matsalar damuwa ta bayan rauni.&lt;ref name=&quot;express2024&quot; /&gt;

==== Abokan aiki da ƙungiyar ====
[[Elmarie Myburgh]], wanda ya kasance memba na kafa IPU / IPS, ya yi aiki tare da Pistorius. &lt;ref name=&quot;Labuschagne&quot;/&gt; Tana da digiri a fannin laifuka da ilimin halayyar dan adam daga [[Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma]] da kuma difloma a fannin shari'a ta aikata laifuka daga Jami'an Johannesburg, kuma tun daga shekarar 2021 ita ce kadai mai horar da bayanan da SAPS ta yi amfani da ita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Storm |date=23 September 2021 |title=Elmarie Myburgh: How SAPS' lone criminal profiler helped imprison the 'Facebook Rapist' |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/elmarie-myburgh-how-saps-lone-criminal-profiler-helped-imprison-the-facebook-rapist-23-september-2021/ |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=[[The South African]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa 2022 Myburgh har yanzu yana cikin IPS, bayan an inganta shi zuwa Lieutenant Colonel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Geldenhuys |first=Kotie |date=1 August 2022 |title=Celebrating 50 years of women in policing! Meet Lt-Col Elmarie Myburgh |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.10520/ejc-servamus_v115_n8_a12 |journal=Servamus Community-based Safety and Security Magazine |volume=115 |issue=8 |issn=1608-0351}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce memba mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin, kuma mai yiwuwa mafi tsawo mai aiwatar da doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Labuschagne&quot; /&gt; Ta horar da jami'an 'yan sanda uku don karɓar mulki lokacin da ta yi ritaya a kusan 2031, lokacin da ta cika shekaru 60.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Elmarie Myburgh: South Africa's lone criminal profiler battles crime tidal wave |url=https://today.rtl.lu/entertainment/news/a/1790620.html |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=RTL Today |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313063502/https://today.rtl.lu/entertainment/news/a/1790620.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gérard Labuschagne]], wanda ke da PhD a fannin ilimin halayyar asibiti kuma ya yi aiki a asibitin likitanci yana yin gwaje-gwaje kafin ya shiga sashin, ya maye gurbin ta a matsayin shugaban sashin, amma ya ce yana da abubuwa da yawa da zai koya daga Captains Elmarie Myburgh da Lynne Evans a IPU. Ya rubuta littafi, The Profiler Diaries (2020), game da wasu shari'o'in da ya yi aiki a kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Labuschagne&quot;/&gt;

=== Rubuce-rubuce ===
Wani mai wallafawa na Burtaniya ya gayyace ta ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta, wanda ya zama littafin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya mai suna Catch Me a Killer (2000), bayan Penguin Afirka ta Kudu ta sayi rubutun kuma ta buga shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;catchwc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Catch me a killer |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/47867786 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=WorldCat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayinda take aiki ga kamfanin mai zaman kansa, Pistorius ta rubuta Strangers in the Street: Tarihin Tarihi na masu kisan gilla na SA (2002) wanda Penguin SA ta sake buga, wanda daga nan ya ba ta umurni ta rubuta Fatal Females (2004), wanda ya bayyana laifukan mata masu aikata laifuka 51. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta wallafa wani labari na tarihi, ''Sorg'' . ''Bayanan masu kisan gilla da sauran laifuka'' sun biyo baya a shekara ta 2005. An buga fassarar [[Afrikaans]] na Catch Me a Killer, Skimme in die Skadu, a shekara ta 2006. [1]'', an buga shi a shekara ta 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot;/&gt;''

=== Talabijin ===
Pistorius daga nan ya shiga kamfanin samar da talabijin na Zyron (wanda 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Sandra Prinsloo da furodusa Jan Groenewalt suka mallaka), kuma ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya gabatar da jerin shirye-shiryen aikata laifuka guda biyu. Ta kuma fito a cikin shirye-shiryen aikata laifuka da yawa na gida da na duniya, gami da SABC, M-Net, KykNET, [[BBC]], da sauransu. Canal Plus a Faransa ta watsa wani shirin Micki et le vent noir (''Micki da Black Wind'') game da aikinta a matsayin mai tsara bayanai, kuma mujallu da yawa na duniya, gami da Paris Match, sun nuna labarai game da ita.&lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot;/&gt;

Wani jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na aikata laifuka na gaskiya na kashi 11, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cannon |first=Nicholas |date=2 March 2024 |title=Catch Me A Killer: release date, cast, plot, trailer, episode guide, exclusive interview and everything you need to know |url=https://www.whattowatch.com/watching-guides/catch-me-a-killer-release-date-cast-plot-trailer-episode-guide-exclusive-interview-and-everything-you-need-to-know |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=What to Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ake kira Catch Me a Killer kuma ya dogara da tarihin rayuwarta na wannan sunan, Showmax ne ya fitar da shi a farkon 2024. Mawallafin jagora a cikin jerin shine [[Amy Jephtaa|Amy Jephta]], da Charlotte Hope taurari a matsayin Pistorius . Kamfanin samar da Night Train Media na Jamus ne ya samar da jerin, tare da CMak (UK) da M-Net (SA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldbart |first=Max |date=25 January 2024 |title='Catch Me a Killer': Showmax unveils trailer for serial killer profiler series starring 'Game of Thrones' Charlotte Hope |url=https://deadline.com/video/catch-me-a-killer-showmax-game-of-thrones-miranda-hope/ |publisher=Deadline |format=video + text}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pistorius ya kasance mai ba da shawara a kan jerin, kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga Hope yayin yin fim.&lt;ref name=&quot;woods2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Cat |date=22 February 2024 |title='Game of Thrones' to groundbreaking profiler: 'Catch Me A Killer' star Charlotte Hope on her new role |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/whats-on/article/from-game-of-thrones-to-groundbreaking-profiler-catch-me-a-killer-star-chr/nbhfhpb22 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[SBS Television]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tracey Larcombe ce ta ba da umarnin jerin.

=== Ayyuka na baya ===
Pistorius ta bude aiki mai zaman kanta a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam da mai ba da shawara kuma ta rubuta wasu abubuwa a cikin gida kafin ta sake juyawa a cikin aikinta. A shekara ta 2010 ta yi rajista don digiri na girmamawa a cikin ilimin kimiyyar Littafi Mai-Tsarki . Ta kammala digiri a cikin shekara guda bayan bincike da gabatar da labarai 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot;/&gt;

Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 2010, ta ba da shawara ta ƙwararru a matsayin likitan halayyar asibiti a cikin shari'ar kotu da ta shafi wata mace da ta yi lalata da yara a ƙarƙashin tasirin ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciya. Ya zuwa 2013 har yanzu tana ba da shawara ga hukumomin gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu.

A cikin 2015, ta haɓaka shafin yanar gizon mu'amala, wanda ake kira Heroes, fahimtar tunanin mutum game da ra'ayoyin maza game da dangantaka, bayan ta yi hira da maza da yawa game da raʼayoyinsu game da soyayya, jima'i, aure, saki, da alaƙar platonic. A cikin wannan aikin, tana amfani da tatsuniyoyin Helenanci a matsayin kwatanci kuma tana amfani da nazarin shari'a don kwatanta jigogi.&lt;ref name=&quot;heroes&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2024, Pistorius ta kaddamar da Tashar YouTube ta kanta, &quot;Micki Pistorius Profiler on Record&quot;.

== Halaye da ƙwarewa ==
Pistorius ita ce mace ta farko a cikin sana'arta &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; kuma mai tsarawa na farko a Afirka ta Kudu.

An san ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu ilimin halayyar dan adam a duniya ta hanyar mutane kamar su mai ba da bayanan FBI Robert Ressler,   wanda ta sami horo, tare da Roy Hazelwood, a Dundee, Scotland.

In her memoir, Pistorius wrote that she has &quot;cryptesthesia&quot;, a form of extra-sensory perception. She has also said that she has empathy for serial killers, who she says are &quot;not monsters; they are human beings with tortured souls. I will never condone what they do, but I can understand them.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwar sirri ==
Pistorius ita ce kawun dan wasan Paralympic kuma mai kisan kai, Oscar Pistorius . 

Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2024, Pistorius tana zaune a tsibirin [[Moris|Mauritius]], &lt;ref name=&quot;woods2024&quot;/&gt; inda take aiki da ilimin halayyar mutum, a wasu lokuta tana tuntuɓar sana'ar lauya a matsayin masanin ilimin halayya, kuma tana gabatar da darussan ga kamfanoni kan kocin manajoji da masu gudanarwa game da [[Emotional intelligence|basirar motsin rai]] ga manajoji, tsaro a wurin aiki, da aminci na motsin rai a wurin aiki. Ta kuma ba da lacca a Jami'ar Open ta Mauritius da [[Middlesex University Mauritius|Jami'ar Middlesex Mauritius]], kuma a cikin 2023 ta gabatar da gabatarwa kan ilimin halayyar mutum a Ofishin Darakta na Masu gabatar da kara.

Tana da sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar archaeology, kuma ta ce ta sami zaman lafiya a Mauritius.

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

* ''Ka kama ni mai kisan kai'' (Penguin, 2000)  &lt;ref name=&quot;catchwc&quot;/&gt;{{ISBN|0-14-029722-7}}
* ''Baƙi a kan titi'' (Penguin, 2002)  {{ISBN|0-14-100356-1}}
* Mata masu mutuwa (Penguin, 2004)  {{ISBN|0-14-302440-X}}
* Bayanan Serial Killers da sauran laifuka a Afirka ta Kudu (Penguin, 2005)   &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{ISBN|0-14-302482-5}}
* Skimme a cikin Die Skadu (Penguin, 2006)  {{ISBN|978-0-14-302517-7}}
* ''Sorg'' (Penguin, 2012)   (littafin tarihi) {{ISBN|978-0-14-352715-2}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Bourgouin, Stéphane. Micki Pistorius wata mace ce da ke bin masu kisan gilla.  (A Faransanci)  {{ISBN|2-86391-997-0}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110218005818/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/dr-micki-pistorius-4678 Micki Pistorius] a cikin ''Wanene wanene Afirka ta Kudu'' (an adana shi 2011) 
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=We8zV8M-aYYC Ka kama ni mai kisan kai]'' a kan Google Books
{{Authority control}}
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[[Mabiya Sunnah]] ([[Hanafiyya|Hanafi]] / Deobandi) shi ne mafi girma kuma addini na ƙasa a [[Afghanistan|Masarautar Musulunci ta Afganistan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Taliban's Opposition to Islamic Sects; Nadeem: &quot;All Afghans Are Followers of the Hanafi Denomination&quot; |url=https://8am.media/eng/talibans-opposition-to-islamic-sects-nadeem-all-afghans-are-followers-of-the-hanafi-denomination/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hayat |first=Bais |date=2023-12-17 |title=Taliban minister asserts sole dominance of Hanafi school in Afghanistan |url=https://amu.tv/76319/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Amu TV |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/papers/remaking-of-afghanistan-how-the-taliban-are-changing-afghanistans-laws-and-legal-institutions/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.isas.nus.edu.sg}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara aiwatar da Musulunci a Afganistan bayan mamayar daular Musulunci ta Larabawa a Afghanistan daga karni na 7 zuwa na 10, inda aka mika wuya na karshe zuwa musulunta a karshen karni na 19. Gabaɗaya al'ummomin yankin sun yarda da shi azaman maye gurbin [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrianism]] da [[Buddha]], ƙabilun gida sun fara canzawa zuwa sabon addini. Musulunci shi ne addinin gwamnatin [[Afghanistan|Afganistan]], wanda kusan kashi 99.7% na al'ummar Afghanistan [[musulmi]] ne . Kusan kashi 85% na [[Mabiya Sunnah|mabiya Sunna]] ne, yayin da kusan kashi 10% ' [[Shi'a|yan Shi'a]] ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2012 |title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |access-date=4 September 2013 |website=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion &amp; Public Life Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Factbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=People and Society:: Afghanistan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |access-date=2017-05-22 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=www.cia.gov |archive-date=2021-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184342/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin 'yan Shi'a suna cikin reshe [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|na 'yan-sha-biyu]] kuma kaɗan ne kawai ke bin Ismailism . &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 August 2021 |title=Taliban's religious ideology – Deobandi Islam – has roots in colonial India |url=https://theconversation.com/talibans-religious-ideology-deobandi-islam-has-roots-in-colonial-india-166323}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Soniya |date=2021-08-22 |title=We're Indians first, Taliban view of Islam not ours, say Deoband Islamic scholars, locals |url=https://theprint.in/india/were-indians-first-taliban-view-of-islam-not-ours-say-deoband-islamic-scholars-locals/720283/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan da [[Nasarar Musulunci a Farisa|Musulunci ya gama mamaye Farisa]], sai Larabawa Musulmi suka fara tafiya zuwa kasashen gabashin [[Iran|Farisa]] kuma a shekara ta 652 suka kwace [[Herat]] .  A ƙarshen karni na 10 AZ, Turkawa Ghaznavids sun mamaye sarakunan Kabul Shahi .

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Herat_Masjidi_Jami_courtyard.jpg|left|thumb| Masallacin Juma'a na Herat wanda aka gina a lokacin Ghurids a karni na 12, yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a [[Afghanistan]] .]]
A cikin karni na 7, [[Larabawa]] [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun|Halifancin Rashidun]] sun shiga yankin da ke a yanzu Afghanistan bayan cin nasara kan Farisawa [[Daular Sasanian|Sassanid]] a [[Yakin Nahavand|Nihawand]] . Bayan wannan gagarumin shan kashi, Sarkin Sassanid na ƙarshe, Yazdegerd III, ya gudu zuwa gabas mai zurfi zuwa [[tsakiyar Asiya]] . A yayin zawarcin Yazdegerd, Larabawa sun shiga yankin daga arewa maso gabashin [[Iran]]  ta [[Herat]], inda suka ajiye wani kaso mai yawa na sojojinsu kafin su wuce zuwa arewacin Afghanistan.

Yawancin mazauna arewacin Afganistan sun karbi Musulunci ta hanyar kokarin Mishan Umayyawa, musamman a zamanin Halifa Hisham da [[Umar II|Umar bn AbdulAziz]] .  A kudu Abdur Rahman bin Samara ya yi kutsawa cikin kasar Zabulistan wadda Zunbila ta mulka. 
[[Fayil:The_Surrender_of_Kandahar.jpg|thumb| Karamin karamin daga Padshahnama yana nuna mika wuya [[Shi'a]] Safavid a Kandahar a 1638 ga sojojin [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] da Kilij Khan ya jagoranta.]]
A zamanin mulkin Al-Mu'tasim da magabatansa, galibin al'ummar yankin ne suke gudanar da addinin musulunci, sannan bayan faduwar Abbasiyawa, a karkashin Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari, Musulunci shi ne babban addinin [[Kabul]] da sauran manyan garuruwan Afganistan. An haifi mahaifin [[Imam Abu Hanifa|Abu Hanifa]], Thabit bin Zuta, a yankin da ke a yanzu Afghanistan. Ya yi hijira zuwa [[Kufa]] (a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ), inda aka haifi Hanifa. Daga baya, Samaniyawa sun yada [[Mabiya Sunnah|addinin Sunni]] zuwa tsakiyar Asiya, kuma an yi cikakken fassarar [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Kur'ani]] na farko zuwa [[Farisawa|Farisa]] a karni na 9. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Musulunci ya mamaye fagen addini na kasar. Shugabannin Musulunci sun shiga fagen siyasa a lokuta daban-daban na rikice-rikice amma ba kasafai suke gudanar da harkokin duniya na dogon lokaci ba.

Ragowar kasancewar Shahi a Peshawar Mahmud na Ghazni ya kore shi a shekara ta 998 da 1030.  An maye gurbin Ghaznavid da daular Ghurid wanda ya fadada daular Musulunci mai karfi. Masallacin Juma'a na Herat na daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a kasar, wanda ake kyautata zaton an fara gina shi ne a karkashin Ghurid a karni na 12. A wannan lokacin, wanda aka fi sani da [[Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci]], Afghanistan ta zama babbar cibiyar ilimi ta biyu a [[Duniyar Musulunci|duniyar musulmi]] bayan [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Ghaznavid Dynasty&quot;, History of Iran, Iran Chamber Society |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/history/ghaznavids/ghaznavids.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124185258/http://iranchamber.com/history/ghaznavids/ghaznavids.php |archive-date=24 November 2010 |access-date=14 November 2010 |publisher=Iranchamber.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;JFS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan – John Ford Shroder, University of Nebraska |url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031052339/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |archive-date=31 October 2009 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=Webcitation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mamayar Mongol da halaka, Timuridawa sun sake gina yankin tare da mayar da shi cibiyar koyon addinin musulunci. Shi'a Islam ya yi hanyar zuwa kudancin Afganistan a lokacin mulkin Safawiyawa a karni na 16. Har sai da Mir Wais Hotak ya 'yantar da 'yan Afganistan a shekara ta 1709, yankin Kandahar na Afganistan ya kasance fagen fama tsakanin 'yan Shi'a Safawad da 'yan Sunni [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] .

=== Cin nasara daga Abdur Rahman Khan ===
[[Fayil:Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg|left|thumb| Masallacin Juma'a dake [[Kandahar]] . Kusa da shi akwai Haramin Tufafi da kuma kabarin [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] .]]
Sarki Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901) ne ya qaddamar da aiki na farko na Musulunci a matsayin kayan aikin gina ƙasa a lokacin tafiyarsa zuwa ga ƙasa. Ya zartar da cewa dole ne dukkan dokoki su bi ka'idar Musulunci don haka ya daukaka Shari'a akan dokokin al'ada da ke cikin Pashtunwali . An sanya [[Ulama'u|malamai]] ne domin su halasta su kuma sanya takunkumi ga kokarin jiharsa da kuma hukumarsa ta tsakiya. Hakan ya kara habaka al’ummar addini a bangare guda, amma yayin da ake kara shigar da su cikin ofis a matsayin ma’aikatan gwamnati, a karshe shugabancin addini ya raunana. Yawancin gata na tattalin arziki da masu addini da cibiyoyin addini suka samu an sake fasalin su a cikin tsarin gwamnati; yaduwar ilmantarwa, da zarar hakki na malamai, an kula da su sosai; kuma Amir ya zama babban mai hukunta adalci.
[[Fayil:Men_praying_in_Afghanistan.jpg|thumb| Maza [[Sallah|suna addu'a]] a gidan Ali Mazar da ke birnin [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] na arewacin Afghanistan]]
Wadanda suka gaji Abdur Rahman Khan sun ci gaba da fadada manufofinsa yayin da suke kara zaburar da zaman duniya. Musulunci ya kasance tsakiyar mu'amala, amma tsarin addini ya kasance da gaske ba na siyasa ba, yana aiki azaman ɗabi'a maimakon tasiri na siyasa. Duk da haka, Musulunci ya tabbatar da kansa a lokacin rikicin kasa. Haka kuma, a lokacin da shugabannin addini suka yi la'akari da kansu a cikin mummunar barazana, ƴan addini masu kwarjini a lokaci-lokaci sun yi amfani da addinin Islama don haɗa ƙungiyoyin da ba su da tushe don adawa da gwamnati. Sun taso a lokuta da dama suna adawa da Sarki Amanullah Shah (1919-1929), alal misali, don nuna adawa da sauye-sauyen da suka yi imani da cewa kutse ne na yammaci ga Musulunci.

Sarakunan da suka biyo baya, suna lura da dabi’un gargajiya da suka saba wa tsarin mulkin duniya, sun yi taka-tsan-tsan wajen jana’izar dacewar Musulunci da zamanance. Duk da haka, kuma duk da matsayin da yake da shi a cikin al'umma, wanda ya ci gaba da nuna bambanci tsakanin addini da gwamnati, rawar da addini ke takawa a cikin harkokin gwamnati ya ci gaba da raguwa.
[[Fayil:Lashkargah_Mosque.jpg|thumb| Wani masallaci a Lashkar Gah, a kudancin kasar]]
[[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|Kundin tsarin mulki]] na 1931 ya sanya [[Hanafiyya|Hanafi]] Shariah ta zama addinin kasa, yayin da kundin tsarin mulkin 1964 kawai ya ba da umurni cewa gwamnati ta gudanar da ayyukanta na addini kamar yadda mazhabar Hanafiyya ta tanada. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1977 ya ayyana Musulunci a matsayin addinin Afganistan, amma bai ambaci cewa al'adar gwamnati ta zama Hanafiyya ba. The Penal Code na 1976 da Civil Code na 1977, rufe dukan fagen adalci zamantakewa, wakiltar manyan yunƙurin jurewa abubuwa na duniya dokokin bisa, amma maye gurbinsu da, sauran tsarin. Misali, an umurci kotuna da su fara duba shari’o’i bisa ga dokar duniya, yin amfani da Shari’a a wuraren da ba su shafi addini ba. A shekarar 1978, gwamnatin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) ta fito fili ta nuna kyama ga kafa addini. Duk da haka, har yanzu ’yan siyasar PDP suna amfani da maganganun Musulunci a duk tsawon rayuwarsu, inda Hafizullah Amin ya bayyana cewa PDPA ta ginu ne bisa tsarin Musulunci.   Tsarin mulkin PDP wanda ba ruwansa da addini ne ya tunzura sabuwar Harkar Islamiyya zuwa tawaye ta kasa; Musulunci ya tashi daga matsayinsa na kishin kasa don taka rawar gani.

Musulunci mai siyasa a Afghanistan yana wakiltar hutu daga al'adun Afghanistan. Harkar Islama ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1958 a tsakanin tsangayar jami'ar Kabul, musamman a tsangayar koyar da shari'ar Musulunci, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1952 da manufar daukaka darajar koyarwa ta addini don dacewa da kimiyya da fasahar zamani. Wadanda suka assasa galibin farfesoshi ne da [[Ƴan'uwa Musulmai|kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi]] [[Misra|ta Masar]], jam'iyyar da aka kafa a shekarun 1930, wacce aka sadaukar domin farfado da Musulunci da daidaiton zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa. Manufarsu ita ce su zo su daidaita da duniyar zamani ta hanyar samar da akidar siyasa da ta ginu a kan Musulunci. Shugabannin Afganistan, duk da cewa suna da bashi da yawa daga cikin wadannan ra'ayoyi, ba su kulla alaka mai karfi da irin wannan yunkuri a wasu kasashe ba.

'Yantar da halayen gwamnati bayan zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin 1964 ya haifar da zazzafar gwagwarmaya tsakanin ɗalibai a Jami'ar Kabul. Farfesoshi da dalibansu sun kafa kungiyar Matasan Musulmi (Sazmani Jawanani Musulman) a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 a daidai lokacin da 'yan hagu suma suke kafa jam'iyyu da dama. Da farko daliban ‘ [[Kwaminisanci|yan gurguzu]] sun fi daliban musulmi yawa, amma a shekara ta 1970 matasan musulmi sun samu rinjaye a zaben dalibai. An dauki membobinsu ne daga makarantun jami'a da makarantun sakandare a garuruwa da dama kamar [[Mazar-i-Sharif|Mazari Sharif]] da [[Herat]] . Wasu daga cikin wadannan farfesoshi da dalibai sun zama jagororin 'yan tawayen Mujahid a shekarun 1980s.

=== Radicalization da kasancewar NATO ===
Mamaya na 1979 Soviet don goyon bayan gwamnatin gurguzu ya haifar da babban tsoma baki na addini a cikin rikicin siyasar Afghanistan, kuma Musulunci ya hada 'yan adawar siyasa daban-daban. Da kwace mulki da jam'iyyar PDP ta yi a watan Afrilun 1978, Musulunci ya riga ya zama jigon hada kan 'yan adawa da akidar gurguzu na sabbin sarakuna.
[[Fayil:Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar,_1987.jpg|thumb| Mujahideen suna addu'a a lardin Kunar a lokacin yakin Soviet-Afganistan a shekarun 1980]]
Yunkurin mamayewar Tarayyar Soviet da [[Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci|juyin juya halin Iran]] ba wai kawai ya jagoranci boren kasa ba, har ma da shigo da musulmi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasashen waje zuwa Afghanistan. Jagororin mujahidan sun kasance masu kwarjini da alaka da mabiya. A lokuta da dama shugabannin sojoji da na siyasa sun maye gurbin shugabancin kabilanci; a wasu lokuta ana karfafa shugabancin addini; sau da yawa masu addini hade da shugabancin siyasa. Mabiya sun zabi shugabanninsu na gari ne bisa zabi na kashin kansu da fifiko a tsakanin yankuna, kungiyoyi, kabilanci ko kabilu, amma manyan shugabannin sun yi fice ta hanyar alakarsu da wasu daga waje masu sarrafa dukiyar kudi da makamai.

Tare da taimakon taimakon kasashen waje, a karshe mujahidan sun samu nasara a jihadin da suka yi na fatattakar sojojin Soviet, amma ba a yunkurinsu na gina wata hanyar siyasa ta yadda za a gudanar da mulkin Afganistan bayan nasarar da suka samu ba. A tsawon yakin, mujahidai ba su taba samun cikakkiyar damar maye gurbin tsarin gargajiya da tsarin siyasa na zamani da ya ginu bisa Musulunci ba. Galibin kwamandojin mujahidai ko dai sun yi amfani da tsarin mulki na gargajiya, sun zama sababbi, ko kuma sun nemi daidaita tsarin siyasar zamani da al’ummar gargajiya. A lokaci guda fitattun shuwagabanni sun tara dukiya da madafun iko, sabanin yadda ake da su a baya, dukiya ta zama abin da ke tabbatar da tauye madafun iko a kowane mataki.
[[Fayil:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_International_brothers,_sisters_in_faith_gather_at_Kandahar_Air_Field_for_Eid_al-Adha_(Image_1_of_10).jpg|thumb| Musulman da ke yin addu'o'i tare a yayin gudanar da ibadar [[Sallar Idi Babba|Idin Al-Adha]] a sansanin sojin sama na Kandahar da ke kudancin Afganistan]]
Tare da ficewar sojojin kasashen waje da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake neman rugujewar gwamnatin Kabul ta hagu, a karshe kungiyar Islamic State of Afghanistan ta kasance a cikin Afrilu 1992. Wannan yana wakiltar hutu na musamman tare da tarihin Afganistan, domin kwararrun addini ba su taɓa yin amfani da ikon ƙasa ba. Sai dai sabuwar gwamnatin ta kasa tabbatar da halaccinta, kuma, yayin da yawan tallafin da take bayarwa na kudi ya wargaza, kwamandojin kananan hukumomi da na tsakiya da mayakansu ba wai kawai sun yi fada a tsakanin su ba, amma sun dauki wasu abubuwa da ba za a amince da su ba, a yunkurinsu na neman mulki da riba. A duk fadin kasar nan al'ummar kasar na fama da muzgunawa, kwace, garkuwa da mutane, fashi da makami da kuma ayyukan batanci ga mata. Fataucin muggan kwayoyi ya karu da ban tsoro; babu inda manyan hanyoyin suka kasance lafiya. Mujahid din sun yi watsi da amanar da suka taba samu.

A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1994 wata kungiya mai suna [[Taliban]] ta fito tana mai shan alwashin tsarkake al'ummar kasar daga masu yaki da masu aikata laifuka. Nufinsu shi ne su kafa gwamnatin Musulunci ta “tsarkake” da ke karkashin tafsirin nasu tsantsa na [[Shari'a|Shariah]] . Da yawa daga cikin 'yan siyasar [[Pakistan]] sun goyi bayan Taliban, ciki har da Sami ul Haq wanda ake kallo a matsayin Uban Taliban. Da yawa daga cikin jagororinta sun kasance membobin mujahidai a lokaci guda, amma yawancin sojojinsu matasa ne 'yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan da aka horar da su a [[Makarantar Islamiyya|makarantun]] Islama na Pakistan, musamman ma wadanda Jami'at-e Ulema-e Islam Pakistan ke gudanarwa, jam'iyyar siyasa ta Pakistan mai ra'ayin mazan jiya karkashin jagorancin Maulana Fazlur Rahman, babban abokin hamayyar Qazi Hussainat, Jama'a Ahmade mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. mai goyon bayan mujahidan.

Wanda ke da hedikwata a [[Kandahar]], galibin Pashtuns ne daga yankunan karkara, kuma tun daga manyan shugabanni har zuwa mayakan sa-kai a shekarun su talatin ko arba'in da ma kanana, Taliban sun mamaye kasar. A cikin watan Satumban 1996 sun kwace birnin Kabul kuma suka mulki mafi yawan kasar Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. Ma'aunin meteoric ya tafi kusan ba a ƙalubalanci ba. An tattara makamai aka kuma tabbatar da tsaro. Har ila yau, ayyukan da aka yi na tabbatar da Shari’ar Musulunci sun hada da kisan gilla a bainar jama’a, da jifan su saboda zina, da yanke hukuncin sata, da hana duk wani nau’in caca kamar su tashi sama, [[Dara (Chess)|da dara]] da zakara, da haramcin kade-kade da bidiyo, da haramta hotunan mutane da dabbobi, da kuma hana sautin muryar mata. Dole ne mata su kasance kamar ganuwa kamar yadda zai yiwu, a bayan mayafi, a cikin purdah a cikin gidajensu, kuma a kore su daga aiki ko karatu a wajen gidajensu. Hadakar sojojin Afghanistan da NATO sun hambarar da su a karshen shekara ta 2001. Galibin su dai sun tsere ne zuwa makwabciyar kasar Pakistan inda suka kaddamar da [[Tashin Hankalin Taliban|hare-hare]] kan gwamnatin Afghanistan da ke samun goyon bayan kungiyar tsaro ta NATO a halin yanzu. Tattaunawar zaman lafiya tsakanin Taliban da gwamnatin Afghanistan na ci gaba da gudana har zuwa 2013.

== Musulunci a tsakanin al'ummar Afghanistan ==
Ga 'yan Afganistan, Musulunci yana wakiltar tsarin alama mai yuwuwar haɗewa wanda ke kawar da rarrabuwar kawuna wanda akai-akai ke tashi daga kasancewar girman girman kai a cikin biyayyar kabilanci da yalwar darajar mutum da dangi da ake samu a cikin al'ummomin kabilu da yawa kamar Afghanistan.
[[Fayil:Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg|thumb|250x250px| 'Yan Afganistan na gudanar da sallar la'asar a lardin Kunar (Disamba 2009)]]
Musulunci babban tasiri ne mai yaduwa a cikin al'ummar Afghanistan; bukukuwan addini suna nuna yanayin kowace rana da yanayi. Baya ga wani [[Masallaci|masallacin tsakiyar jam’i]] domin yin sallar jam’i na mako-mako wanda ya wajaba a kan maza a Musulunci (amma ba ga mace ba) kuma galibin jama’a ne, kananan masallatai masu kula da al’umma suna tsayawa a tsakiyar kauyuka, da kuma unguwannin gari da na gari. [[Masallaci|Masallatai]] ba kawai wuraren ibada ba ne, amma don ayyuka masu yawa, gami da matsuguni ga baƙi, wuraren saduwa, abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali kan bukukuwan addini na zamantakewa da makarantu. Kusan kowane dan Afganistan ya taba yin karatu a makarantar masallaci a wani lokaci a lokacin kuruciyarsa; domin da yawa wannan ita ce kawai ilimin boko da suke samu.

Domin Musulunci hanya ce ta rayuwa kuma tana aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ka'ida ta zamantakewa da ke tsara duk wata alaka ta mutum, matsayin mutum da iyali ya dogara da yadda ya kamata a kiyaye tsarin kimar al'umma bisa ma'anonin da Musulunci ya bayyana. Wadannan ana siffanta su da gaskiya, tawakkali, karimci, nagarta, takawa, gaskiya, gaskiya, hakuri da mutunta wasu. Domin kiyaye mutuncin iyali, dattawa kuma suna kula da halayen 'ya'yansu bisa ga waɗannan ka'idodin Musulunci. A wasu lokatai, hatta dangantakar ƙabilanci ko ƙabilanci ana bayyana su ta hanyar da'awar fifikon addini. A takaice dai, Musulunci ya tsara mu'amala ta yau da kullum ta dukkan al'umma.
[[Fayil:Men_praying_at_Babur_Gardens_in_2010.jpg|left|thumb|226x226px| Maza [[Sallah|suna Sallah]] a cikin Lambunan Babur a Kabul]]
Cibiyar addini tana da matakai da yawa. Kowane musulmi na iya jagorantar ƙungiyoyin da ba na yau da kullun ba a cikin addu'a. [[Mullah|Masallatai]] da ke gudanar da masallatai a kullum gwamnati ce ke nada su bayan tattaunawa da al’ummominsu, kuma duk da cewa gwamnati ce ke ba da kuɗaɗen kuɗi, mullah sun fi dogaro da gudummawar al’umma da suka haɗa da matsuguni da wani kaso na amfanin gona. Waɗanda ake zaton sun ƙware a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alƙur'ani]] da [[Sunnah|Sunna]] da [[Hadisi]] da [[Shari'a]], dole ne su tabbatar da cewa al'ummarsu sun kasance masu ilimi a kan tushen al'ada da halayen Musulunci. Wannan ya ba su damar yin sulhu a kan tafsirin addini. Sau da yawa suna aiki a matsayin malamai masu biyan kuɗi waɗanda ke da alhakin azuzuwan ilimin addini da ake gudanarwa a masallatai inda yara ke koyon kyawawan ɗabi'u da ingantattun ayyukan al'ada. Matsayin su yana da ƙarin al'amuran zamantakewa don suna gudanar da al'ada a lokutan rikicin rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa, aure da mutuwa.
Amma mullah na yankunan karkara ba sa cikin tsarin da aka kafa na malamai. Yawancin mullahs ne na ɗan lokaci kuma suna aiki a matsayin manoma ko masu sana'a. Wasu ba su da ilimi, ko kuma sun fi mutanen da suke yi wa hidima ilimi kaɗan. Sau da yawa, amma ba ko da yaushe ba, su ne mutanen da ba su da kuɗi kaɗan kuma, saboda sun dogara ga al'ummar da ta nada su, ba su da wani iko ko da a cikin iyakokin zamantakewa. Sau da yawa ana mutunta su kuma su ne ɗimbin barkwanci da suke yi da girman kai da jahilci. Amma duk da haka matsayinsu na masu sasantawa na addini ya tilasta musu daukar matsayi a kan batutuwan da ke da alaka da siyasa kuma tun da yawancin mullah suna sabani da juna, suna cin karo da wata al'umma, galibi ana ganin su a matsayin masu kawo cikas a cikin al'ummominsu.

Wasu kungiyoyin Musulunci suna adawa da girmama waliyyai da wuraren ibada, musamman ma masu alaka da Hadisin [[Salafiyya]] ko Ahlus-Sunnah . Duk da haka, yanayin yanayin Afganistan yana cike da walwala tare da wuraren ibada na girmama tsarkaka na kowane kwatance. Yawancin tsoffin ƙauyuka da garuruwan Afganistan sun girma a kusa da wuraren ibada na daɗaɗɗen tarihi. Wasu masu gudun hijira suna amfani da su azaman mafaka.

Wuraren ibada sun bambanta da siffa daga sassauƙan tudun ƙasa ko duwatsun da aka yiwa alama zuwa manyan gine-gine masu ƙayatarwa da ke kewaye da kabari na tsakiya. Fitattun shugabannin addini da na zamani ne ke kula da waɗannan manyan wuraren. Wurare na iya zama wurin hutawa na ƙarshe na jarumi (shahid), malamin addini mai daraja, mashahurin mawaƙin Sufi, ko kayan tarihi, kamar gashin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] ko guntun mayafinsa (khirqah). Tatsuniyoyi masu yawa na tunawa da mu'ujizar [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], [[Khalifofi|halifa]] na hudu kuma limamin Shi'a na farko da aka yi imanin an binne shi a babban dakin ibada na al'umma da ke tsakiyar tsakiyar Mazari Sharif, Haramin Maɗaukaki. Ana girmama Ali a duk fadin Afghanistan saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai shiga tsakani wajen fuskantar zalunci.

Bikin baje kolin shekara-shekara da ake yi a wuraren ibada na jan hankalin dubban mahajjata tare da tattaro dukkan sassan al'umma. Mahajjata kuma suna ziyartar wuraren ibada domin neman ceton waliyyai don neman alfarma na musamman, walau maganin rashin lafiya ko kuma haihuwar da. Mata musamman sun sadaukar da ayyukan da suka shafi wuraren ibada. Wadannan ziyarce-ziyarcen na iya zama gajere ko kuma ta wuce kwanaki da yawa kuma mahajjata da yawa suna ɗaukar layukan warkarwa na musamman masu albarka (yawanci tawiz ) don kawar da mugun ido, tabbatar da alaƙar soyayya tsakanin ma'aurata da mata da sauran nau'ikan ta'aziyya. Kamar girmama waliyyai, irin waɗannan ayyuka gabaɗaya ba a ƙarfafa su a cikin Musulunci bisa ga fahimtar al'adar Kur'ani da Hadisai (maganganun annabci na Rabi)

== Shi'a a Afghanistan ==
[[Fayil:Blue_mosaic_mosque,_Kabul.jpg|thumb| Masallacin Abul Fazl a [[Kabul]] yayin da ake gina shi a shekara ta 2008, masallacin Shi'a mafi girma a Afghanistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2010 |title=Masjid Jame, Kabul |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/51400588@N06/4726044458/in/photostream/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar Afghanistan 'yan Shi'a ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Factbook&quot;/&gt; Yawancin 'yan Shi'a a Afganistan na cikin reshen [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|sha biyu]] . Wannan ya hada da kabilar Hazara da kuma karamar kungiyar Qizilbash da ke birni, wadanda asalinsu ne daga gabashin Iran.

Daliban Shi'a masu sane da siyasa sun kafa ƙungiyar Maoist ta Afghanistan a cikin 1960s da farkon 1970s. Bayan juyin juya halin Saur (Juyin juya halin Afrilu) na 1978 da [[Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci|juyin juya halin Iran]] na 1979, kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Shi'a a yankin Hazarajat, duk da cewa suna yawan samun sabani da juna, sun shiga ayyukan mujahidai . Shi'a Iran ce ta taimaka musu kuma sun yi yaki da gwamnatin Afganistan mai samun goyon bayan Soviet da kuma sauran kungiyoyin mujahidai.

A lokacin yunkurin siyasa da ya kai ga kafa daular Musulunci ta Afganistan a shekara ta 1992, kungiyoyin Shi'a ba su yi nasara ba wajen yin shawarwari don samar da daidaito, sakamako na siyasa da zamantakewa.

=== Ismailiya ===
Isma'ilawa sun yarda da Ismail bn Jafar maimakon [[Musa al-Qazim|Musa al-Kazim]] a matsayin magajin Imam [[Jafar as-Sadiq]] . Al'ummomin Ismaili a Afganistan ba su da yawan jama'a fiye da 'yan-sha-biyu da suke daukar 'yan bidi'a na Ismailiyya. Ana samun su da farko a ciki da kuma kusa da gabashin Hazarajat, a yankin Baghlan a arewa da Hindu Kush, tsakanin tsaunin Tajik na Badakhshan, da kuma tsakanin Wakhi a cikin Wakhan Corridor . Isma’ilawa sun yi imani da cewa jerin Imamai ko a wata kalma Welayat da suka zo daga Imami na farko, Hazar-e-Ali, ba za su taba karewa ba. Limami na 49 shine [[Aga Khan IV]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World View – Aga Khan |url=http://www.agakhanfilm.org/who_is.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724225825/http://www.agakhanfilm.org/who_is.asp |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=15 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;morrisKingship&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=H. S. |year=1958 |title=The Divine Kingship of the Aga Khan: A Study of Theocracy in East Africa |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=454–472 |doi=10.1086/soutjanth.14.4.3628938 |jstor=3628938 |s2cid=160596479}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2016 |title=The Aga Khan's Direct Descent From Prophet Muhammad: Historical Proof |url=https://ismailignosis.com/2016/07/09/the-aga-khans-direct-descent-from-prophet-muhammad-historical-proof/ |access-date=9 July 2016 |publisher=Ismaili Gnosis Research Team}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A lokacin yakin Soviet na 1980 a Afganistan Sayed Jafar Naderi shi ne kwamandan Isma'il, wanda ake kira 'Yakin Kayan Kayan' a cikin wani shirin Documentary na Journeyman Pictures. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 October 2018 |title=Warlord of Kayan (1989) Trailer |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeiSw8vCxvM |access-date=28 March 2024 |publisher=Journeyman Pictures}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=Warlord of Kayan (1989) - Full Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjmytxDcv6Y |access-date=28 March 2024 |publisher=Hassan bin Sabbah Youtube Channel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan faduwar Taliban a 2001, Ismailis ya kafa wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai suna National Unity Party of Afghanistan, wacce kuma aka sani da National Solidarity Party of Afghanistan wacce ke da kujeru a majalisar ministocin gwamnatin Afghanistan, gami da Ma'aikatar Zaman Lafiya ta Jiha a 2020. A zaben shugaban kasa na 2009, 2014 da 2019 ta goyi bayan Hamid Karzai a 2009, [[Ashraf Ghani]] a 2014 da Dr. Abdullah Abdullah a 2019.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Election 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wafa |first=Abdul Waheed |date=August 2009 |title=Karzai Campaigns in Remote Afghan Valley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/02/world/asia/02afghan.html |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tasirin Sufanci ==
Dariƙun Sufaye guda uku sun shahara: Naqshbandiya da aka kafa a Bukhara, [[Qadiriya]] da aka kafa a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], da Cheshtiya da ke Chesht-i-Sharif a gabashin [[Herat]] . Daga cikin Naqshbandi, Ahmad al Faruqi Kabuli, haifaffen arewacin Kabul, ya sami suna saboda koyarwarsa a [[Indiya]] a zamanin Sarkin Moghul Akbar a karni na sha shida.

Wani shahararren dan [[Qadiriya]] mai suna Mawlana Faizani ya yi fice a shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970, kuma ya kasance babban mai suka akan tasirin falsafar gurguzu. Mawlana Faizani da aka daure a cikin tsakiyar 70s, Mawlana Faizani ya bace a lokacin da khalqis suka hau mulki kuma ya ci gaba da ɓacewa har yau.

Mawdid al-Cheshti ne ya kafa ɗariƙarCheshtiya wanda aka haife shi a karni na sha biyu kuma daga baya ya koyar a Indiya. Ƴan uwantaka na Cheshtiya, waɗanda suka fi maida hankali a cikin kwarin Kogin Hari da ke kewayen Obe, Karukh da Chehst-i-Sharif, suna da ƙarfi sosai a cikin gida kuma suna kula da madrasas tare da kyawawan ɗakunan karatu. A al'adance Cheshtiya sun nisanta kansu daga siyasa, ko da yake sun kasance masu fafutuka sosai a lokacin da ake gwabzawa a cikin kungiyoyinsu da kuma yankunansu.

Herat da kewaye suna da mafi girma da adadi mafi girma da bambancin rassan Sufi, yawancinsu suna da alaƙa da kaburburan piri (ziarat). Ana samun sauran ƙungiyoyin Sufanci a duk faɗin arewa, tare da mahimman cibiyoyi a [[Maymana|Maimana]], Lardin Faryab, da [[Kunduz, Afghanistan|Kunduz]] . 'Yan uwantaka a Kabul da kewayen Mazari Sharif galibi suna da alaka da Naqshbandiya. Ana samun Qadiriya galibi a cikin gabashin Pashtun na Wardak, Paktia da Nangarhar, gami da ƙungiyoyin makiyaya da yawa na Ghilzai . Sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi suna zaune a [[Kandahar]] da Shindand, Lardin Farah . Cheshtiya na tsakiya ne a cikin kwarin Kogin Hari. Babu daruruwan Sufaye na yau da kullun a cikin 'yan Shi'a a Hazarajat ta tsakiya, kodayake wasu ma'anoni suna da alaƙa da [[Sayyid|Sayyids]] zuriyar Mohammad, waɗanda aka fi sani da Shi'a.

Afganistan ta sha bamban da kasancewar rashin gaba tsakanin [[Ulama'u|malamai]] (malaman addini) da darikun [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] . Da yawa daga cikin jagororin Sufaye ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin malamai, kuma da yawa daga cikin malamai suna da alaƙa da ƴan uwan Sufaye. Jama'a na ba wa Sufaye daraja ga koyan su da kuma mallakar karamatu, ikon ruhi da Allah ya ba su wanda ke baiwa pirs damar yin ayyukan karimci da ba da albarka (barakat). Saboda haka Sufanci wani karfi ne na jama'a. Bugu da kari, tun da shugabannin Sufaye suka nisanta kansu daga abubuwan da ba su dace ba, a wasu lokutan ake mayar da su a matsayin masu shiga tsakani da ba su da sha'awa a cikin rigingimun kabilanci a maimakon mullah wadanda ake kyautata zaton suna mayar da kananan al'amura na duniya zuwa ga sabani da ake yi a cikin maganganun Musulunci.

Duk da zaman lafiyar Sufawan Afganistan a cikin al'ummar Afganistan, shugabannin Sufaye na daga cikin wadanda aka kashe bayan juyin juya halin Saur, daga cikinsu akwai Baha'uddin Jan, ''Pir naqshbandi'' na Aimaq na gundumar Purchaman, Farah.

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Musulunci a ƙasashe]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Álvaro Carreras</title>
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Álvaro Fernández Carreras (an haife shi 23 Maris 2003) kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a kungiyar Primeira Liga Benfica.

==Aikin kulob==
An haife shi a Ferrol, Carreras ya fara aikinsa tare da Galicia de Caranza, kafin ya koma kulob din garinsu na Racing de Ferrol a 2007. A lokacin da yake tare da kulob din, ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, inda ya zira kwallaye 100 a kakar wasa a cikin matasa. Ya koma Deportivo de La Coruña a matsayin matashi a shekara ta 2012, inda aka canza shi zuwa baya na hagu, kafin ya koma Real Madrid a 2017.
Manchester United Carreras ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Premier League Manchester United daga Real Madrid a watan Satumba na 2020 kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu, a cikin sha'awar sauran kungiyoyin Turai kamar Barcelona da Manchester City.Ya fara horo tare da kungiyar farko a farkon matakan kakar 2021–22.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 2003]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Jerin bayi</title>
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[[Fayil:Livorno_Quattro_mori_monument_07.JPG|thumb|375x375px|Ɗaya daga cikin siffofi huɗu na bayi da aka ɗaure a gindin tarihi na Moors huɗu a Livorno, Italiya, wanda ƙila samfurori sun kasance ainihin bayi]]
[[Bauta|Bautar]] tsarin zamantakewa ne na tattalin arziki wanda mutane ke bautar da su: an hana su 'yancin a matsayin su na muatne  kuma an tilasta su yin aiki ko ayyuka ba tare da diyya ba. Ana kiran waɗannan mutane bayi, ko kuma bayi.

Wadannan sune jerin sanannun mutanen tarihi waɗanda aka bautar da su na tsawon lokaci a rayuwarsu, a cikin haruffa ta hanyar suna na farko.
 

== A ==

* '''Ibrahim''', wani baƙar fata ne wanda ya ɗauki sakonni tsakanin iyaka da Charles Town a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe da Cherokee, wanda aka 'yantar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christina Snyder p 141&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books/about/Slavery_in_Indian_Country.html?id=cXhONCyfy2gC Christina Snyder, ''Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America''], p. 141, {{ISBN|978-0-674-04890-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2019 |title=Abraham the Unstoppable, Part 1 |url=https://www.ccpl.org/charleston-time-machine/abraham-unstoppable-part-1 |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Charleston County Public Library |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kenneth W. |first=Porter |author-link=Kenneth Porter (poet) |date=1946 |title=The Negro Abraham |url=https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol25/iss1/5/ |journal=Florida Historical Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori''' (1762-1829), yarima daga [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] kuma ya zama bautar Amurka na tsawon shekaru 40 har sai Shugaba [[John Quincy Adams]] ya 'yantar da shi.
* '''Abram Petrovich Gannibal''' (1696-1781), wanda sarkin Rasha Peter the Great, gwamnan [[Tallinn]] ([[Tallinn|Reval]]) (1742-1752), janar-a-shugaba (1759-1762) ya karɓa don gina sansanonin teku da canals a Rasha; kakan Alexander Pushkin. Dubi ''Bawa a cikin Fasahar Turai'' don hotuna.
* '''Absalom Jones''' (1746-1818), tsohon bautar da ta sayi 'yancinsa, abolitionist da kuma limami - firist na farko da aka naɗa na Ikilisiyar Episcopal.{{Spaced en dash}}
* '''Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 644), ɗan sana'a na Farisa kuma fursuna wanda ya kashe Khalifa na biyu na Islama [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar ibn al-Khattab]] (r. 634-644).
* '''Addas''' (karni na 7) wani ɗan [[Kirista]] ne wanda ya zauna a [[Ta'if|Taif]] a lokacin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], wanda ake zaton shi ne mutum na farko daga lardin yammacin Taif da ya tuba zuwa Islama.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the divine purpose for sending prophets? |url=http://islambyquestions.net/Prophets/DivinePurpose.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226045313/http://islambyquestions.net/Prophets/DivinePurpose.htm |archive-date=2012-02-26 |access-date=2009-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Adriaan na Bruin''' ({{Circa}} 1700-1766), wanda a baya ake kira '''Tabo Jansz''', bawa ne a Jamhuriyar Dutch wanda ya zama ɗan 'yanci a Hoorn, Arewacin Holland.&lt;ref name=&quot;bruin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bruin |first=Jan de |date=2013 |title=Twee West-Friese slaven |url=https://www.oudhoorn.nl/kwartaalblad/pdf/oud_hoorn_2013_2.pdf |journal=Oud Hoorn |language=nl |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=59–63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;haarnack&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haarnack |first=Carl |last2=Hondius |first2=Dienke |date=25 March 2012 |title=Swart in Nederland |url=http://bukubooks.wordpress.com/swart/ |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Buku – Bibliotheca Surinamica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nicolaas Verkolje ne ya nuna shi.
* '''Adam Brzeziński''' (1768 - ''bayan'' 1797), Bawan Poland da Royal Ballet Dancer, wanda aka ba da gudummawa ga Sarkin Poland ta hanyar nufin da wasiyya.
* '''Aesop''' ({{Circa}} 620-564 KZ), mawaki na Girka kuma marubuci ko mai fassara Labaran Aesop .
* '''Afanasy Grigoriev''' (1782-1868), bawan Rasha kuma masanin gine-gine na Neoclassical.
* '''Afrosinya''' (1699/1700-1748), bawa na Rasha, mai yiwuwa fursuna ne na Finnish, uwargidan Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich na Rasha.

[[Fayil:Cabeza_de_Vaca_Portrait.jpg|right|thumb|235x235px|Álvar Núñez Kan shanu]]

* '''Agathoclia''' (ya mutu {{Circa}} 230), shahidai ne kuma mai kula da garin Mequinenza a [[Ispaniya|Spain]].
* '''Alam al-Malika''' (ya mutu 1130), mawaƙi mai bautar da aka inganta ya zama Firayim Minista na zahiri, mai ba da shawara da kuma mai mulkin [[Zabid|Zubayd]], a cikin abin da ke yanzu [[Yemen]].
* '''Alexina Morrison''', mai tsere daga bautar a [[Louisiana]] wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa yarinya ce da aka sace kuma ya kai karar ubangijinta don 'yancinta a wannan ƙasa, yana haifar da irin wannan jin daɗi game da shi cewa taron jama'a sun yi barazanar kashe shi.
* '''Alfred &quot;Teen&quot; Blackburn''' (1842-1951), daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsira daga bautar a Amurka wadanda suka tuna da shi.
* '''Alfred Francis Russell''' (1817-1884), Shugaban Laberiya na 10.
* '''Alice Clifton''' ({{Circa}} 1772-ba a san ta ba), a matsayin matashiya mai bautar, ta kasance mai tuhuma a cikin shari'ar kisan jarirai a shekara ta 1787.
* Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca ({{Circa}} 1490-{{Circa}} 1558), mai binciken Mutanen Espanya wanda 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka bautar da shi a Tekun Gulf na abin da ke yanzu Amurka bayan ya tsira daga rushewar balaguron Narváez a cikin 1527. 
* '''Al-Khayzuran bint Atta''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 789), yarinya '[[Yemen|'Yan Yemen]] ce mai bautar da ta zama matar K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Al-Mahdi kuma mahaifiyar K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Al'Al-Hadi da Harun al-Rashid, mafi shahara daga cikin [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]].
* '''Alp-Tegin''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 963), memba ne na makiyaya Turks na tsaunuka na Asiya ta Tsakiya wanda aka kawo shi a matsayin bawa lokacin da yake yaro a kotun Samanid a babban birnin su Bukhara kuma wanda ya tashi ya zama kwamandan sojojin Samanid Empire a Khorasan. Daga baya ya zama gwamnan [[Ghazni|Ghazna]] wanda ya fada ƙarƙashin Daular Samanid . Daga baya surukinsa Sabuktigin zai sami Daular Ghaznavid .
* Amanda America Dickson (1849-1893), 'yar fararen manomi na Georgia David Dickson da Julia Frances Lewis, wanda mahaifiyar Dickson ta bautar da shi. Kodayake an bautar da ita bisa doka har zuwa lokacin da ta sami 'yanci bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka, an haifi Amanda Dickson a matsayin wanda mahaifinta ya fi so kuma ya gaji dukiyarsa ta $ 500,000 bayan mutuwarsa a 1885. 

[[Fayil:Aesop_pushkin01.jpg|left|thumb|264x264px|Aesop a cikin wani mutum-mutumi na Hellenistic da aka yi iƙirarin shi ne, Art Collection of Villa Albani, Roma]]

* '''[[Ammar ibn Yasir|Ammar bin Yasir]]''' (570-657), daya daga cikin shahararrun ''[[Sahabban Annabi|Sahaba]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i'' (abokan annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] S.A.W) wanda [[Abubakar|Abu Bakr]] ya 'yantar da shi.
* '''Amos Fortune''' (1710-1801), yarima ne na Afirka wanda ya kasance bawa a Amurka a mafi yawan rayuwarsa. Littafin yara game da shi, Amos Fortune, Free Man ya lashe lambar yabo ta Newbery a shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da daya 1951.
* '''Anarcha Westcott''' ({{Circa}} 1828-ba a sani ba), wata baƙar fata ce da aka bautar a Amurka wacce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata da yawa da aka yi wa J. Marion Sims gwaji.

[[Fayil:Voronikhin.jpg|right|thumb|297x297px|Hoton Andrey Voronikhin. Hoton da V. A. Bobrov ya yi daga farkon karni na 19th.]]

* '''Andrey Voronikhin''' (1759-1814), bawan Rasha, masanin gine-gine kuma mai zane.
* '''Andrea Aguyar''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1849), wani baƙar fata ne da aka 'yantar da shi daga [[Uruguay]] wanda ya shiga Giuseppe Garibaldi a lokacin juyin juya halin Italiya a Yaƙin basasar Uruguay na shekarun 1840 kuma an kashe shi yana yaƙi don kare Jamhuriyar Roma ta shekarar alif dari takwas da arbain da tara 1849.
* '''Andrew Jackson Beard''' (1849-1921), mai kirkiro, an 'yantar da shi yana da shekaru 15 ta hanyar Sanarwar Emancipation .
* '''Anna J. Cooper''' (1858-1964), marubuciya, malami, mai magana da kuma sanannen masanin Afirka-Amurka.
* '''[[Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley]]''' (1793-1870), mace mai bautar sannan kuma mai shuka da mai bautar kanta.
* '''Anna Williams''', wata mace mai bautar a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] wacce ta samu nasarar kai karar Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don DC Circuit don 'yancinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Case Overview: Ann Williams, Ann Maria Williams, Tobias Williams, &amp; John Williams v. George Miller &amp; George Miller Jr. |url=https://earlywashingtondc.org/cases/oscys.caseid.0105 |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=earlywashingtondc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Annice''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1828), an kashe shi saboda kisan yara biyar.
* '''Annika Svahn''' (fl. 1714), mace 'yar Finland da Rasha ta sace a lokacin Babban Yakin Arewa . Yarinyar wani vicar a Joutseno, ta zama watakila sanannen wanda aka azabtar da shi saboda cin zarafin da fararen hula suka sha a Finland a lokacin mamayar Rasha Greater Wrath .
* '''[[Antarah ibn Shaddad]]''' (525-608), Larabawa kafin Islama wanda aka haifa wa wata mace mai bautar, wanda mahaifinsa ya 'yantar da shi a ranar da za a yi yaƙi, shi ma mawaki ne.
* '''Anthony Burns''' (1834-1862), mai wa'azi na Baptist wanda ya tsere wa bautar zuwa [[Boston]] kawai don a sake kama shi saboda Dokar Fugitive Slave na 1850, sannan wadanda suka yi adawa da sake kama shi a Boston suka sayi 'yancinsa.
* '''Antonia Bonnelli''' (1786-1870), wanda kabilar Mikasuki ta kama shi kuma ta bautar da shi a Florida a cikin 1802.
* '''António Corea''', sunan Turai da aka ba Koriya. An kai shi Italiya, wanda ya sanya shi mai yiwuwa Koriya ta farko da ta kafa a Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jin-Yeong |date=30 January 2004 |title=The Secret of Korean Man Painted by Rubens |url=https://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20040130/233138/1 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Guanches|Guanche]]&quot; id=&quot;mwATU&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Antón Guanche&quot;&gt;Antón Guanche''' (karni na 15), Guanche daga Tenerife, ya kama shi, ya bautar, kuma ya koma tsibirin.
* '''Aqualtune Ezgondidu Mahamud da Silva Santos''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1677), gimbiya ta [[Masarautar Kongo|Kongo]], mahaifiyar Ganga Zumba kuma kakarta ta Zumbi dos Palmares . Ta jagoranci mutane 10,000 a lokacin [[Yaƙin Mbwila]] tsakanin [[Masarautar Kongo]] da Masarautar Portugal . Sojojin Portugal ne suka kama ta, suka kawo ta Brazil kuma suka sayar da ita a matsayin bawa. Ta kirkiro mazaunin bayi na Quilombo dos Palmares tare da ɗanta Ganga Zumba . &lt;ref&gt;Maria Aparecida Schumaher, Erico teixeira Vital Brazil, ''Dicionário Mulheres do Brasil: de 1500 até a atualidade'', {{ISBN|9788571105737}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Archer Alexander (1810-1879), samfurin bawa a cikin 1876 Emancipation Memorial sculpture.

[[Fayil:Петровское._Бюст_А.П._Ганнибала.jpg|right|thumb|263x263px|Abram Petrovich Gannibal, wanda aka yi masa rauni a Petrovskoe, [[Rasha]]]]

* '''Archibald Grimké''' (1849-1930), an haife shi a cikin bautar, ɗan fari, ya zama lauyan Amurka, mai ilimi, ɗan jarida, diflomasiyya da shugaban al'umma.
* '''Arthur Crumpler''' ({{Circa}} 1835-1910), ya tsere wa bautar a [[Virginia]], mijin na biyu na [[Rebecca Lee Crumpler|Dokta Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Kate |date=1 April 2016 |title=Escaped Slave Arthur Crumpler Took Pride in Learning |url=https://americacomesalive.com/escaped-slave-arthur-crumpler-took-pride-learning/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=America Comes Alive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title=The Crumplers |url=https://mathsciencehistory.com/2021/02/25/the-crumplers/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Math! Science! History! |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225071621/https://mathsciencehistory.com/2021/02/25/the-crumplers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Aster Ganno''' ({{Circa}} 1872-1964), wata matashiya 'yar Habasha ce da take hannun dakarun Sojojin Ruwa na kasar Italiya daga jirgin bawa da ke tsallaka zuwa Yemen. Ta ci gaba da fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa yaren Oromo. Har ila yau, ta shirya kayan karatu da rubutu kuma ta ci gaba da ciyar da sauran rayuwarta a matsayin malamar makaranta.
* '''Augustine Tolton''' (1854-1897), firist na farko a Amurka.
* '''Aurelia Philematium''', wata 'yar 'yanci wacce dutsen kabarinta ya ɗaukaka aurenta da ɗan'uwanta mai' yanci, Lucius Aurelius Hermia . 

[[Fayil:William_Hoare_of_Bath_-_Portrait_of_Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo,_(1701-1773).jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Ayuba Suleiman Diallo]] na William Hoare (1733) ]]

* '''[[Ayuba Suleiman Diallo]]''' shekara ta (1701-1773), wanda aka fi sani da Ayuba ben Solomon, Musulmi ne na jihar Bundu a Yammacin Afirka wanda aka bautar shekaru biyu a [[Maryland]], an 'yantar da shi a shekarar alif dari bakwai da talatin da hudu 1734, kuma daga baya ya rubuta bayanan da aka buga a matsayin daya daga cikin labaran farko na bawa.

[[Fayil:رسم_الظاهر_بيبرس.png|left|thumb|343x343px|Baibars]]

* '''Baibars''' shekarar (1223-1277), wanda aka fi sani da '''Abu al-Futuh''', Kipchak Turk wanda ya zama Mamluk sultan na Masar da [[Siriya]].
* '''Balthild''' ({{Circa}} 626-680), wata mace ta Anglo-Saxon da aka haifa ta musamman wacce aka sayar da ita cikin bautar tun tana yarinya kuma ta yi aiki a gidan Erchinoald, magajin garin fadar Neustria. Daga baya ta zama sarauniya ta hanyar auren Clovis II, sannan kuma mai mulki a lokacin 'yan tsiraru na ɗanta Clotaire. Ta soke aikin cinikin bayi na Kirista kuma ta nemi 'yancin yara da aka sayar zuwa bautar. Paparoma Nicholas I ne ya tsarkake ta kimanin shekaru 200 bayan ta mutu.
* '''Bass Reeves''' shekara ta (1838-1910), daya daga cikin mataimakin baki na farko na Amurka Marshals a yammacin [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]], an yaba da kama masu laifi sama da 3,000 tare da harbi da kashe 'yan fashi goma sha huɗu a kare kansu.
* '''Belinda Sutton''' (1713-179?), an haife ta a Ghana, ta nemi goyon baya daga dukiyar bawanta, an dauke ta da shari'ar biyan kuɗi ta farko kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga gwagwarmaya ta gaba.

[[Fayil:Belinda_AmericanMuseum1787.jpg|thumb|Roƙon Belinda Sutton, an sake buga shi]]

* '''Bell (Belinda) ''' ({{Circa}} 1750-{{Circa}} 1772), an haife ta a Bengal, an kawo ta Scotland a cikin sabis na kamfanin gabashin Indiya. An zarge ta da kisan jarirai, ta nemi a kore ta kuma an sanya ta a matsayin &quot;bawa na rayuwa&quot; kuma an kai ta Virginia a shekara ta 1772. Ita ce mutum na karshe da aka dauka a matsayin bawa a kotun Burtaniya.
* '''Benjamin S. Turner''' (1825-1894), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya wakilci Gundumar Majalisa ta farko ta Alabama a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya wakilci jihar a Majalisa.
* '''Benkos Biohó''', an haife shi a cikin dangin sarauta na Tsibirin Bissagos, wanda aka sace shi kuma ya bautar da shi. Bayan sufuri zuwa Mutanen Espanya New Granada a Kudancin Amurka ya sami nasarar tserewa, ya taimaka wa wasu bayi da yawa su tsere kuma ya kafa al'ummar maroon na San Basilio na Palenque. Gwamna Diego Pacheco Téllez-Girón Gómez de Sandoval na [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]] ya ci amanarsa kuma ya rataye shi a 1621, amma al'ummar da ya kafa ta tsira cikin 'yanci kuma ta wanzu har zuwa yanzu.
* '''Betty Hemings''' ({{Circa}} 1735-1807), wata bautar da aka haɗu da launin fata a mulkin mallaka na Virginia wanda a cikin 1761 ya zama bawan jima'i na maigidansa, mai shuka John Wayles, kuma yana da yara shida masu haɗu da kabilanci tare da shi a cikin shekaru 12, gami da Sally Hemings da James Hemings .
* Big Eyes (fl. 1540), mace ta Wichita da mutanen Tejas suka bautar kafin Juan de Zaldívar ya kama ta kuma bautar da ita.
* '''Bilichild''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 610), sarauniya ce ta Austrasia ta hanyar auren Theudebert II .
* '''[[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal ibn Ribah]]''' (580-640), an 'yantar da shi a karni na 6. Ya tuba zuwa addinin [[Musulunci]] kuma shi ne ''[[Ladani|muezzin]]'' na [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]].
* '''Bill Richmond''' (1763-1829), an haife shi a Amurka, an sake shi kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan dambe na Ingila.

[[Fayil:Saint_Non's_Chapel_-_Fenster_3_St.Bride.jpg|thumb|Saint Brigid na Kildare kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ɗakin sujada na Saint Non, St Davids, Wales]]

* '''Billy''' (an yafe shi a shekara ta 1754), mutumin da ya tsere daga gonar John Tayloe II kuma an tuhume shi da cin amana a kan Virginia a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka . An gafarta masa bayan ya yi jayayya cewa, a matsayin bawa, ba shi da ɗan ƙasa kuma saboda haka ba zai iya cin amanar gwamnati ba wanda bai yarda da ita ba.
* '''Bissula''' (fl. 368) ya bautar da mace ta Alemannic, kuma muse na mawaki na Roman Ausonius.
* '''Blanche Bruce''' (1841-1898) na farko kuma kawai tsohon bawa da ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka.
* '''Blandina''' ({{Circa}} 162-177), bawa ne kuma shahadar Kirista a Roman Gaul . 
* The Bodmin manumissions, wani rubutun hannu a yanzu a cikin British Library  yana adana sunaye da cikakkun bayanai game da bayi da aka 'yantar a Bodmin (babban garin Cornwall a lokacin) a cikin ƙarni na 9 ko 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;jones&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Heather Rose |date=2001 |title=Cornish (and Other) Personal Names from the 10th Century Bodmin Manumissions |url=http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/bodmin/ |access-date=18 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gospel-book with added Cornish records of manumissions ('The Bodmin Gospels' or 'St Petroc Gospels') |url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8620&amp;CollID=27&amp;NStart=9381 |access-date=18 May 2017 |publisher=The British Library |archive-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222165905/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8620&amp;CollID=27&amp;NStart=9381 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Booker T. Washington''' (1856-1915), wanda aka haifa a cikin bautar, ya zama malamin Amurka, marubuci kuma shugaban al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka bayan Yaƙin basasa.
* '''Saint Brigid na Kildare''', babban Saint na [[Ireland]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAiQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Ireland&quot;&gt;Irish. Bisa ga al'ada, an haifi Brigid a shekara ta 451 AD a Faughart,  kawai arewacin Dundalk   a County Louth, Ireland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Story of St. Brigid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Story of St. Brigid |url=http://www.stbrigid.ie/story-of-st-brigid.html |website=St. Brigid's GNS, Glasnevin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;irishcatholic.ie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2023 |title=Following Brigid's Way – The Irish Catholic |url=http://irishcatholic.ie/article/following-brigid%E2%80%99s-way |access-date=May 31, 2025 |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813054136/http://irishcatholic.ie/article/following-brigid%E2%80%99s-way |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta Brocca ce, bawa ne na Kirista Pict wanda Saint Patrick ya yi masa baftisma. Sun kira mahaifinta Dubhthach, wani shugaban Leinster.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bethu Brigte |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T201002/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matar Dubthach ta tilasta masa sayar da mahaifiyar Brigid ga wani druid lokacin da ta yi ciki. An haifi Brigid kanta a cikin bautar. An ce yaron Brigid ya yi mu'ujizai, gami da warkarwa da ciyar da matalauta.&lt;ref&gt;Wallace, Martin. ''A Little Book of Celtic Saints''. Belfast. Appletree Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-86281-456-1}}, p.13&lt;/ref&gt; A kusa da shekaru goma, an mayar da ita a matsayin baiwar gida ga mahaifinta, inda al'adar sadaka ta kai ta ga ba da kayanta ga duk wanda ya nemi. A cikin Lives guda biyu, Dubthach ya yi fushi da ita sosai har ya ɗauke ta cikin karusa zuwa Sarkin Leinster don sayar da ita. Yayinda Dubthach ke magana da sarki, Brigid ya ba da takobinsa mai daraja ga mai bara don musayar shi don abinci don ciyar da iyalinsa. Sarkin ya amince da tsarkakarta kuma ya shawo kan Dubthach ya ba 'yarsa' yancinta, bayan haka ta fara aikinta a matsayin sanannen nun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=St Brigit of Ireland – Monastic Matrix |url=http://monasticmatrix.osu.edu/commentaria/st-brigit-ireland#_ftn1 |access-date=2025-05-31 |archive-date=2021-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319005311/https://monasticmatrix.osu.edu/commentaria/st-brigit-ireland#_ftn1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Brigitta Scherzenfeldt''' (1698-1733), marubuciya ta Sweden kuma malamin saƙa wanda aka kama a lokacin Babban Yakin Arewa kuma ya rayu a matsayin bawa a masarautar Kalmyk a Asiya ta Tsakiya.
* '''Bussa''', an haife shi mutum ne mai 'yanci a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda mai yiwuwa ya [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] ne daga zuriyar Igbo kuma 'yan kasuwa na bayi na Afirka suka kama shi, suka sayar wa Birtaniya, kuma suka kai shi [[Barbados]] (inda Bautar ta kasance doka tun 1661) a ƙarshen karni na 18 a matsayin bawa.

[[Fayil:Aisse.jpg|left|thumb|Charlotte Aïssé]]
[[Fayil:Cezayirli_Gazi_Hasan_Paşa_büstü.JPG|right|thumb|359x359px|Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha bust a Gidan Tarihin Ruwa na Mersin]]

* '''Caenis''', tsohuwar mace mai bautar kuma sakatariyar Antonia Minor (mahaifiyar sarki Claudius) kuma uwargidan sarki na Roma Vespasian.
* '''Kaisar''' ({{Circa}} 1737-1852), bawa na ƙarshe da aka 'yantar da shi a New York. Mai tsufa, yana iya kasancewa mutum na farko da aka taɓa ɗauka yayin da yake da rai, a cikin 1851.
* '''Kaisar Nero Paul''' ({{Circa}} 1741-1823), ya zama bautar tun yana yaro a Afirka kuma ya kawo shi Exeter, New Hampshire, an sake shi kuma ya fara sanannen iyalin New England na abolitionists.
* '''Paparoma Callixtus I''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 223), tsohon bautar, Paparoma daga kimanin 218 zuwa kimanin 223, a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Romawa Heliogabalus da Alexander Severus . An yi masa shahadar saboda bangaskiyarsa ta Kirista kuma mai tsarki ne na [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]].
* '''Carlota''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1844), ya jagoranci tawaye na bayi a [[Cuba]] a cikin 1843-1844.
* Castus, wani bawa Gaul kuma daya daga cikin shugabannin tawaye na bayi mutane a lokacin Yaƙin Bawa na Uku
* '''Catalina na Motril''' (fl. 1501-1531), baiwar ɗakin kwana na Catherine na Aragon a lokacin auren Catherine da Henry na takwas a [[Ingila]]
* '''Cato''' (1786-1803), wani bawa ne a Charleston, New York, wanda ya kashe Mary Akins mai shekaru goma sha biyu bayan yunkurin fyade. An buga ikirarinsa a cikin wallafe-wallafen kisan kai na lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;Karen Halttunen, Murder Most Foul, p. 175, {{ISBN|0-674-58855-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Cato''', wani dan Afirka-Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan leƙen asirin Black Patriot na Amurka da mai aikawa da ke tattara bayanai tare da mai shi, Hercules Mulligan .
* '''Celia''' (ta mutu a shekara ta 1855), wata mace da aka yanke mata hukunci kuma aka kashe ta saboda kisan Robert Newsom, bawanta. A lokacin Shari'a, John Jameson ta yi jayayya cewa ta kashe shi don kare kansa don dakatar da Newsom daga yi mata fyade.
* '''Cesar Picton''' ({{Circa}} 1765-1831), bawa a [[Senegal]], ya yi aiki a matsayin bawa a Ingila, kuma daga baya ya zama attajiri mai sayar da kwal.
* '''Cevri Kalfa''', wata yarinya 'yar Georgia da ta yi bawa a gidan sarakuna a [[Istanbul]], wacce ta ceci rayuwar Mahmud II kuma an ba ta lada saboda jaruntakarta da amincinta ta hanyar nada ta ''haznedar Usta'', babban mai ba da kuɗi na [[Harem]]&quot; id=&quot;mwArY&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Harem&quot;&gt;harem na mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ceylan |first=Nurbike |date=27 October 2019 |title=Cevri Kalfa and Her School |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/841346 |journal=İnsan ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha''' (1713-1790), wani bawa na Georgia a [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] wanda ya zama babban vizier, Kapudan Pasha kuma kwamandan sojoji.
* Charity Folks (1757-1834), Baƙin Afirka na Amurka wanda aka haifa a Annapolis, Maryland, an sake shi daga bautar a shekara ta 1797 kuma daga baya ya zama mai mallakar dukiya.
* '''Charles Deslondes''', Mulatto na Haiti wanda aka ba shi aikin kula da wasu bayi a gonar André kuma shugaban 1811 German Coast Uprising a [[Louisiana]] ta yanzu. &quot;Militia&quot; ne suka kashe shi da mummunan rauni wanda ya kashe tawaye na bayi.
* '''Charlotte Aïssé''', ({{Circa}} 1694-1733), marubuciya ce ta Faransa, 'yar wani shugaban Circassian, wanda aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Ottoman Black Sea.
* '''Charlotte Dupuy''' ({{Circa}} 1787/1790-{{Circa}} 1866), wanda kuma ake kira '''Lottie''', ta shigar da karar 'yanci a 1829 a kan baiwarta, Henry Clay, a lokacin Sakataren Gwamnati, kuma ta ɓace.
* '''Chica da Silva''' ({{Circa}} 1732-1796), wanda aka fi sani da '''Xica da Silva''', yarinya ce ta Brazil wacce ta zama sananniya saboda zama mai arziki da iko duk da cewa an haife ta cikin bautar.
* '''Chloe Cooley''' (fl. 1793), bautar da aka yi a Kanada, ta hanyar tashin hankali da jigilar ta zuwa Amurka ta haifar da Dokar Upper Canada ta 1793 game da Bautar.
* '''Christopher Shields''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1774), [[George Washington]] ya bautar da shi kuma ya ci gaba da zama bautar a Dutsen Vernon . Ba a san inda ya mutu ba.
* '''Christophorus Plato Castanis''', (an haife shi a shekara ta 1814) wani bawa ne na Girka wanda ya tsere daga Chios. Ya zo Amurka tare da Samuel Gridley Howe da John Celivergos Zachos . Castanis marubuci ne kuma malami na Girkanci-Amurka.
* '''Çiçek Hatun''' (fl. 1453), yarinya Girka da aka kama a lokacin faduwar Constantinople kuma aka sanya ta a matsayin Ɗaya daga cikin ƙwaraƙwaran (bawan jima'i) a cikin gidan Ottoman na Sultan Mehmet II 
* '''Clara Brown''' ({{Circa}} 1800-1885), tsohuwar mace ta [[Virginia|Virginian]] wacce ta zama jagorar al'umma, mai ba da agaji kuma ta taimaka wa tsoffin bayi a lokacin [[Colorado]]'s Gold Rush .
* Claudia Acte (fl. ƙarni na 1), uwargidan sarki Nero na Roma.
* '''Paparoma Clement I''' (ya mutu 100), Paparoma na huɗu bisa ga al'adar Katolika. Wataƙila ya kasance ɗan 'yanci na Titus Flavius Clemens . 
* '''Cleon''' (ya mutu 132 BC) shugaban a cikin Yaƙin Bawa na Farko .
* Colonel Tye (1753-1780), wanda aka fi sani da '''Titus Cornelius''', wanda ya kasance bawa, ya zama sojan Black Loyalist kuma shugaban 'yan tawaye a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka.
* '''Crixus''', ɗan gwagwarmayar Gallic kuma shugaban soja a Yaƙin Bawa na Uku .
* '''[[Cudjoe Lewis]]''' ({{Circa}} 1840-1935), an haife shi '''Oluale Kossola''', wanda ya tsira na uku zuwa na ƙarshe a Amurka na cinikin bayi na Transatlantic. An kai shi a kan jirgin bawa na ''Clotilda''.
* Cuffy (ya mutu a shekara ta 1763), wani dan [[Mutanen Akan|Akan]] ne wanda aka kama shi a asalinsa na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], an dauke shi aiki a gonakin mulkin mallaka na Dutch na Barbice a [[Guyana]] na yanzu, kuma a shekara ta 1763, ya jagoranci tawaye na bayi sama da 2,500 a kan mulkin mallaka. A yau, shi jarumi ne na kasa a Guyana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=David Granger |year=1992 |title=Guyana coins |url=http://www.guyanaguide.com/guyanacoins.html |url-status=usurped |journal=El Dorado |issue=2 |pages=20–22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626103447/http://www.guyanaguide.com/guyanacoins.html |archive-date=June 26, 2008 |access-date=6 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fayil:Dred_Scott_photograph_(circa_1857).jpg|right|thumb|Dred Scott, wanda ya rasa karar shari'a don 'yancinsa a Kotun Koli ta Amurka a 1857]]

* '''Dabitum''', mace bawa a Tsohon Babila da aka sani da wasikar da ta yi game da zubar da ciki.
* '''Daniel Bell''' ({{Circa}} 1802-1877) wanda ya yi ƙoƙari na shekaru da yawa don samun 'yanci na dindindin ga kansa, matarsa, da' ya'yansa. Ya taimaka wajen shirya abin da ake kira &quot;mafi girman yunkurin tserewa da aka sani ta Amurkawa masu bautar&quot;, wanda ake kira Pearl incident a Washington, DC, a cikin 1848.
* '''Dada Masiti''' ({{Circa}} 1810s-15 Yuli 1919) mawaki, masanin asiri da masanin addinin Musulunci.
* '''Dave Drake''' ({{Circa}} 1801-1876), wanda aka fi sani da Dave the Potter .
* '''Deborah Squash''', tare da mijinta Harvey sun tsere daga Dutsen Vernon na [[George Washington]], sun shiga Birtaniya a New York a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, kuma an kwashe su a shekara ta 1783 a matsayin 'yanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyhs_slavery&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2005 – 26 March 2006 |title=Exhibit: Slavery in New York |url=http://www.slaveryinnewyork.org/ |access-date=2008-02-11 |publisher=New York Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Denmark Vesey''' ({{Circa}} 1767-1822), wani dan Afirka-Amurka ne kuma daga baya wani danci wanda ya shirya abin da zai kasance daya daga cikin manyan tawaye na bayi a Amurka ba a ɓoye labarin shirin ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;library.uncg.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digital Library on American Slavery |url=http://dlas.uncg.edu/ |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=dlas.uncg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Dido Elizabeth Belle''' (1761-1804), an haife ta cikin bautar a matsayin 'yar Maria Belle, wata mace ta Afirka a West Indies, da Sir John Lindsay, jami'in Royal Navy. Lindsay ta dauki Belle tare da shi lokacin da ya koma Ingila a shekara ta 1765, ya ba da gudummawa ga kawunsa William Murray, 1st Earl na Mansfield, da matarsa Elizabeth Murray, Countess na Mansfield. Murrays sun ilimantar da Belle, suna kawo ta a matsayin mace mai zaman kanta a gidan su na Kenwood, tare da 'yar uwarsu, Lady Elizabeth Murray . Belle ta zauna a can shekaru 30. A cikin wasiƙarsa ta shekara ta 1793, Lord Mansfield ya tabbatar da 'yancinta kuma ya ba ta kuɗi da kuɗi, yana mai da ita magaji.
* '''Diego''' ya kasance tsohon dan gudun hijira wanda ke da alaƙa da mai ba da hanya na Ingila Francis Drake. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1573, Drake ya kai hari [[Panama]]&quot; id=&quot;mwA4c&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Darién, Panama&quot;&gt;Darien (a Panama ta zamani), inda [[Maroons]] - 'yan Afirka da suka tsere daga masu mallakar bayi na [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]] suka taimaka masa sosai kuma suna farin cikin taimaka wa abokan gaba na Ingila. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne Diego, wanda ya tabbatar da ƙwararren mai gina jirgin ruwa kuma ya bi Drake zuwa Ingila. A shekara ta 1577, lokacin da [[Elizabeth I|Sarauniya Elizabeth]] ta aika Drake don fara balaguro a kan Mutanen Espanya a bakin tekun Pacific na Amurka - wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Drake yana kewaye da duniya - Diego ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin Drake; ƙwarewarsa a cikin Mutanen Espanya da Ingilishi zai sa ya zama mai fassara mai amfani lokacin da aka kama Mutanen Espanya ko Portuguese masu magana da Mutanen Espanya. An yi masa aiki a matsayin bawan Drake kuma an biya shi albashi, kamar sauran ma'aikatan. Diego ya mutu yayin da jirgin Drake ke tsallaka Pacific, daga raunukan da aka samu a baya a cikin tafiyar. Drake ya yi baƙin ciki da mutuwarsa, Diego ya zama aboki mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaufman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaufmann |first=Miranda |author-link=Miranda Kaufmann |date=August 31, 2018 |title=The Untold Story of How an Escaped Slave Helped Sir Francis Drake Circumnavigate the Globe |url=https://www.history.com/news/the-untold-story-of-how-an-escaped-slave-helped-sir-francis-drake-circumnavigate-the-globe |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=History}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Diogenes|Diogenes na Sinope]]''' ({{Circa}} 412-323 KZ), masanin falsafar Girka wanda 'yan fashi suka sace kuma suka sayar da shi a Koranti.
* '''Diocletian''' (244-312), [[Sarakunan Romawa|Sarkin sarakuna na Roma]], an haife shi ne a matsayin bawan Sanata Anullinus. Ta wasu tushe, mahaifin Diocletian ne (wanda ba a san sunansa ba) wanda ya kasance bawa, kuma an 'yantar da shi kafin haihuwar ɗansa, sarki na gaba.
* '''Dionysius I''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1492), Babban Ikklisiya na Constantinople, wanda Ottomans suka bautar da shi a baya bayan faduwar Constantinople a shekara ta 1453.
* '''Dolly Johnson''' (an haife ta a ƙarshen 1820s, ta mutu bayan 1887), mace 'yar Afirka ta Amirka daga Tennessee, wadda Shugaba [[Andrew Johnson]] ya bautar da ita, daga baya ta zama karamin mai mallakar kasuwanci.
* '''Dorota Sitańska''' (ya mutu ''bayan'' 1797), Bawan Poland da Royal Ballet Dancer, wanda aka ba da gudummawa ga Sarkin Poland ta hanyar nufin da wasiyya.
* '''Dred Scott''' ({{Circa}} 1799-1858), wani dan Afirka ne na Amurka a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] wanda ya kai karar 'yancinsa a cikin shari'ar da aka yada a kasa, Scott v. Sandford, wanda ya kai [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] a 1857.

[[Fayil:Baker,_Lady_Florence,_Maull_&amp;_Co.,_BNF_Gallica.jpg|left|thumb|Florence, Lady Baker c. 1875. Wani dan kasar Romania da aka bautar da shi a matsayin maraya, Samuel Baker ne ya sayi shi, wanda ya auri ta.]]

* '''Edward Mozingo Sr.''', ({{Circa}} 1649-1712), wanda aka sace daga Afirka lokacin da yake kimanin shekaru 10, an sayar da shi zuwa bautar a Jamestown, Virginia. Bayan mai shi ya mutu, sai ya kai karar 'yancinsa kuma ya ci nasara. Ya auri wata matalauciya farar fata, Margaret Pierce Bayley (1645-1711) kuma tare da su, a zahiri, sun kafa layin Mozingo a Arewacin Amurka.
* Elijah Abel (1808-1884), an haife shi a matsayin [[Bakar fata|baki]] a [[Maryland]] kuma ya yi imanin cewa ya tsere wa bautar a kan [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]] zuwa Kanada. Ya shiga Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe a farkon kwanakinsa, yana daga cikin baƙi na farko da suka karɓi firist dinsa kuma baƙar fata na farko da ya hau zuwa matsayi na dattijo da saba'in.
* '''[[Elizabeth Marsh]]''' (1735-1785), wata mace ta Ingila wacce 'yan fashi suka kama ta kuma suka tsare ta a matsayin bautar a Maroko.
* '''Edith Hern Fossett''', wata mace da Shugaba [[Thomas Jefferson]] ya bautar da ita, wani mai dafa abinci na Faransa ya koya mata dafa abinci kuma ya kirkiro abincin Faransa a [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Monticello.
* '''Elias Polk''' (1806-1886), mai fafutukar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na karni na 19.
* '''Eliezer na Dimashƙu''', bawan [[Ibrahim]] kuma amintaccen manajan gidan Uba a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci.
* '''Elieser''' mutum ne wanda iyalin Paulo de Pina, Yahudawa na Fotigal suka yi bautar da su waɗanda suka koma Netherlands a cikin 1610 don guje wa tsanantawa da tilasta juyawa a Portugal. Ya zauna tare da iyalin a Amsterdam har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1629 kuma an binne shi a makabartar Beth Haim, makabartar Yahudawa mafi tsufa a Netherlands. Ya bayyana cewa an sake shi, ko dai ''de jure'' ko a aikace, kuma ya kasance kusa da daidaito tare da dangin da suka mallake shi a Portugal - wanda aka nuna ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa ya halarci jana'izar matar maigidansa, Sara de Pina, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan lokacin shida, kuma an binne shi tare da (tsoffin) masu shi tare da Jacob Israel Belmonte, dan kasuwa mafi arziki a cikin al'umma. Dole ne Elieser ya tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci kuma an yarda da shi a matsayin Bayahude, in ba haka ba ba za a binne shi a cikin makabartar Yahudawa ba; ana iya ba shi sunan &quot;Elieser&quot; a lokacin da ya tuba, yana tunatar da Eliezer na Damascus. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mambobin al'ummar Surinam a cikin Netherlands sun ɗauki ƙwaƙwalwar Elieser, waɗanda suka gina wani mutum-mutumi na shi kuma suna gudanar da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara zuwa kabarinsa a kan abin da aka sani da ''Ranar Elieser''.
* '''[[Elisenda na Sant Climent]]''' (1220-1275), bautar da aka yi a lokacin wani hari na bawa a Mallorca kuma aka sanya shi a cikin matan sarkin a Tunis.
* '''Eliza Hopewell''', wata mace da ɗan leƙen asirin Confederate Isabella Maria Boyd (&quot;Belle Boyd&quot;) ya bautar da ita. A shekara ta 1862, ta taimaka wa ayyukan leken asiri na mai shi, tana ɗauke da sakonni ga Sojojin Tarayya a cikin wani lamari na tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Claire J. |title=Eliza Corsey Hopewell |url=https://www.clairejgriffin.com/eliza-corsey-hopewell/ |website=Claire J. Griffin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Eliza Moore''' (1843-1948), ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin bayi na Afirka da ke zaune a Amurka.
* '''Elizabeth Johnson Forby''', mace mai launin fata ta Amurka da Shugaba Andrew Johnson, 'yar Dolly Johnson ta bautar. &lt;ref name=&quot;andrew johnson white house&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fling |first=Sarah |date=2021 |title=The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-formerly-enslaved-households-of-president-andrew-johnson |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Elizabeth Key Grinstead''' (1630-bayan 1665), mace ta farko ta asalin Afirka a yankunan Arewacin Amurka don kai karar 'yancinta da cin nasara. Key da jaririnta, John Grinstead, an sake su a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1656, a cikin mulkin mallaka na [[Virginia]], bisa ga gaskiyar cewa mahaifinta ɗan Ingila ne kuma ita Kirista ce mai baftisma.
* '''Elizabeth Freeman''' ({{Circa}} 1742-1829), wanda aka fi sani da '''Bett''' kuma daga baya '''Mama Bett''', ta kasance daga cikin baƙi na farko a Massachusetts don gabatar da karar 'yanci kuma ya ci nasara a kotu a ƙarƙashin kundin Tsarin mulki na 1780, tare da hukuma cewa bautar ba bisa ka'ida ba ce.
* '''Elizabeth Hobbs Keckley''' (1818-1907), wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin mai kula da tufafi da kuma mai amincewa da Mary Todd Lincoln, Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka. Keckley ya rubuta kuma ya buga tarihin kansa, Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House (1868).
* Ellen Craft (1826-1891), matar William Craft mai launin fata, wacce ta tsere tare da shi daga Georgia zuwa Philadelphia, ta hanyar nuna kanta a matsayin farar mace da baiwarta, a cikin shari'ar da ta zama sananne.
* '''Ellen More''', wata baiwa da aka kawo fadar sarauta ta Scotland
* Emilia Soares de Patrocinio (1805-1886) bautar Brazil ce, mai bautar kuma 'yar kasuwa.
* '''Emiline''' (shekara 23); '''Nancy''' (20); '''Lewis''', ɗan'uwan Nancy (16); '''Edward''', ɗan'uwa na Emiline (13); '''Lewis''' da '''Edward''', 'ya'yan Nancy (7); '''Ann''', 'yar Nancy (5); da '''Amanda''', 'yar Emiline (2), an sake su a cikin shari'ar ''Lemmon v. New York'' ta 1852 bayan masu mallakar Virginia sun kawo su New York.
* '''Emily Edmonson''' (1835-1895), tare da 'yar'uwarta Mary, sun shiga yunkurin tserewa na 1848 wanda ba a yi nasara ba wanda aka sani da Abin da ya faru na Pearl, amma Henry Ward Beecher da cocinsa sun tara kudade don 'yantar da su.
* '''Enrique na Malacca''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Henry the Black''', bawa kuma mai fassara na [[Ferdinand Magellan]] kuma mai yiwuwa mutum na farko da ya kewaya duniya a cikin tafiyar Magellan ta 1519-1521.
* '''[[Epictetus]]''' (55-{{Circa}} 135), masanin falsafa Girka na dā.
* '''Estevanico''' (1500-1539), wanda aka fi sani da '''Esteban the Moor''' . A ka'ida ya kasance bawa na Portuguese don, daga baya, ya zama bawan Mutanen Espanya. Ya kasance daya daga cikin mutane hudu da suka tsira daga mummunar Tafiyar Narváez, daga baya ya zama jagora a neman biranen zinariya guda bakwai kuma mai yiwuwa mutum na farko na Afirka da ya isa abin da ke yanzu [[Arizona]] da [[New Mexico]].
* '''Eston Hemings''' (1808-1856), ɗan Sally Hemings da [[Thomas Jefferson]] .
* '''Eucharis''', wata 'yar asalin Girka da aka haifa daga Roman Licinia, an bayyana ta a cikin rubutun ta a ƙarni na 1 AD a matsayin goma sha huɗu lokacin da ta mutu, yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma ƙwararren mai rawa.&lt;ref&gt;Elaine Fantham, Helene Peet Foley, Natalie Boymel Kampen, Sarah B. Pomeroy, H. A. Shapiro, ''Women in the Classical World'' p. 270, {{ISBN|0-19-509862-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Eunus''' (ya mutu 132 BC), wani bautar Romawa daga Apamea a Siriya, shugaban tawayen bayi a Yaƙin Bawa na Farko a Lardin Roma na Sicily . Eunus ya zama sananne a cikin motsi ta hanyar sunansa a matsayin annabi da ma'aikaci mai ban mamaki. Ya yi iƙirarin karɓar wahayi da sadarwa daga allahiya Atargatis, wata shahararriyar allahiya a ƙasarsa; ya bayyana ta da Demeter na Sicilian. Wasu daga cikin annabce-annabce sun kasance cewa bayi masu tayar da kayar baya za su sami nasarar kama birnin Enna kuma zai zama sarki wata rana.
* '''Euphemia''' (ya mutu 520s), Sarauniyar Daular Byzantine ta hanyar aure ga Justin I, asalin bawa ne.
* '''Euphraios''', bawa da kuma banki na [[Athens|Atina]].  &lt;ref name=&quot;garlan70&quot;&gt;Yvon Garlan, ''Slavery in Ancient Greece'', p. 67, {{ISBN|0-8014-9504-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Exuperius da Zoe''' (ya mutu 127), Shahadar Kirista na ƙarni na 2. Su ma'aurata ne waɗanda arna suka bautar da su a Pamfiliya. An kashe su tare da 'ya'yansu maza, Cyriacus da Theodolus, saboda ƙin shiga cikin al'adun arna lokacin da aka haifi ɗansu.

[[Fayil:Frederick_Douglass_(circa_1879).jpg|right|thumb|Frederick Douglass, babban dan Afirka na Amurka na karni na 19]]
[[Fayil:Self-portrait_by_F.Slavyanskiy_(1850s,_Russian_museum).JPG|left|thumb|Hoton kansa na Fyodor Slavyansky (1850s, gidan kayan gargajiya na Rasha) ]]

* '''Fabia Arete''', Tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Roma kuma 'yar'uwarta wacce ake magana da ita a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ko ''archimima'' wacce ta sami nasara sosai kuma tana iya kasancewa cikin tsirarun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo mata don yin sassan magana. 
* '''Felicitas''' (ya mutu 203), shahidi Kirista kuma waliyyi. 
* '''Fezzeh Khanom''' ( {{Circa|1835}} – 1882), mace ‘yar Afurka wadda Bab ta bautar da [[Báb|ita]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Anthony A. |date=May 2012 |title=Enslaved African Women in Nineteenth-Century Iran: The Life of Fezzeh Khanom of Shiraz |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies/article/abs/enslaved-african-women-in-nineteenthcentury-iran-the-life-of-fezzeh-khanom-of-shiraz/F0FCAADB077369D61AD8E29BADB0298C |journal=Iranian Studies |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=417–437 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2011.637769 |issn=0021-0862 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Anthony A. |date=2015 |title=Half the Household Was African: Recovering the Histories of Two African Slaves in Iran |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0km6m833 |journal=UCLA Historical Journal |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Florence Baker''' (1841 – 1916), mai binciken Hungarian-British, wanda aka sayar da shi cikin [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|bauta a cikin Daular Usmaniyya]] kuma Samuel Baker ya cece ta wanda daga baya ta yi aure.
* '''Florence Johnson Smith''', 'yar Ba'amurke wacce Shugaba Andrew Johnson 'yar Dolly Johnson ta bauta. &lt;ref name=&quot;andrew johnson white house&quot;/&gt;
* '''Fountain Hughes''' (1848-1957), an yi hira da shi a watan Yuni shekar ta alif dari tara da arbain da tara 1949 game da rayuwarsa ta [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Marubuta na Tarayya .
* '''Francis Bok''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), Bawan Dinka daga [[Sudan ta Kudu]], yanzu ya zama mai kawar da kai kuma marubuci a Amurka.
* '''Francis Jackson''' (an haife shi 1815 zuwa 1820), an haife shi kyauta, an sace shi a 1850 kuma an sayar da shi cikin bauta kuma a ƙarshe an sake shi a 1855 tare da ƙudurin ''Francis Jackson v. John W. Deshazer'' .
* '''Francis James Grimké''' (1850-1937), minista.
* '''Francisco Menéndez''', wani mutum da aka yi bauta a [[South Carolina]] wanda ya tsere zuwa Sipaniya Florida, inda ya yi aiki a cikin mayakan Mutanen Espanya, yana jagorantar sansanin da aka kafa a 1738 a Fort Mose . Wannan rukunin yanar gizon shine farkon al'ummar baƙar fata masu 'yanci na doka a cikin abin da ke yanzu Amurka.
* '''François Mackandal''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1758), shugaban [[Maroons|Haitian Maroon]] .
* '''Frederick Douglass''' (1818-1895), an haife shi cikin bauta a [[Maryland]] kuma ya tsere zuwa Arewa maso Gabas a 1838, inda ya zama mashahurin marubuci, mai magana, da jami'in diflomasiyya.
* '''Fyodor Slavyansky''' (1817-1876), mai zane-zane na Rasha.

[[Fayil:Gordon,_scourged_back,_NPG,_1863.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton jarrabawar likita na Gordon yana nuna cewa an yi masa bulala, wanda masu adawa da abolitionists suka rarraba don fallasa zaluncin bautar]]
[[Fayil:Portrait_of_Rabia_Gülnuş.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton Gülnuş Sultan]]

* '''Gabriel Prosser''' (1776-1800), shugaban tawayen bayi na Virginia.
* '''Gaius Furius Chresimus''', Roman na dā. A matsayinsa na 'yanci, ya samar da irin wannan amfanin gona daga karamin gonarsa cewa an zarge shi da yin sihiri da amfanin gona na wasu mutane, amma lokacin da ya samar da kayan aikin gona a kotu, an wanke shi. Pliny the Elder ya ba da labarinsa a matsayin shaida cewa aiki tuƙuru shine abin da ke da mahimmanci a aikin gona.&lt;ref&gt;Daniel Odgen, ''Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts In The Greek and Roman Worlds'', p. 277, {{ISBN|978-0-19-538520-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Galatian de Sesse (karni na 16), jarumi Mai asibiti na Aragonese kuma Gwamna na Gozo wanda aka bautar da shi a lokacin harin Ottoman na 1551 a kan Gozo kuma ya shafe shekaru biyar a matsayin bawa na jirgin ruwa kafin a fanshe shi kuma a 'yantar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Curmi |first=Luca |date=2023 |title=The Attack on Gozo of 1551 and its Effects on the Gozo Population – Part I |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/117642/1/The%20attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population%20Part%201%202023.pdf |journal=The Gozo Observer |issue=47 |pages=16–23 |issn=1996-3114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112172542/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/117642/1/The%20attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population%20Part%201%202023.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Galeria Lysistrate (karni na biyu), uwargidan sarki na Roma Antoninus Pius .
* '''Ganga Zumba''' ko '''Ganazumba''' ({{Circa}} 1630-1678), zuriyar wani sarki da ba a san shi ba na [[Masarautar Kongo|Kongo]] wanda ya tsere wa bautar a mulkin mallaka na [[Brazil]] kuma ya zama shugaban farko na mazaunin bayi na Quilombo dos Palmares .
* '''Gannicus''', wani bawa Celt kuma daya daga cikin shugabannin bayi 'yan tawaye a lokacin Yaƙin Bawa na Uku
* '''Garafilia Mohalbi''' (1817-1830), wani bawa na Girka wanda wani dan kasuwa na Amurka ya cece shi kuma ya kawo shi Boston. Ta mutu da ƙuruciya kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga babban motsi na fasaha.
* '''[[Genghis Khan]]''' ({{Circa}} 1162-1227), wanda aka kama bayan wani hari kuma Taichiud ya bautar da shi.
* '''George Africanus''' (1763-1834), wani dan Afirka ne daga [[Saliyo]] wanda ya zama dan kasuwa mai nasara a [[Nottingham]].
* '''George Edward Doney''' (1758-1809), mutumin Gambiya wanda William Capell, 4th Earl na Essex ya bautar.
* '''George Colvocoresses''' (1816-1872), daga Chios, Girka, wanda ya zo Amurka kuma ya zama kyaftin a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, an bautar da shi a takaice tun yana yaro. An sanya masa suna Colvos Passage.
* '''George Freeman Bragg''' (1863-1940), an haife shi cikin bautar a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]] kuma daga baya ya zama babban firist na Episcopal kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa.
* '''George Lewis''' (1794-1811), wanda aka fi sani da Slave George, wani bawa ne da aka kashe a [[Kentucky]] a daren Disamba 15-16, 1811.
* '''George Moses Horton''' (1797-1884), marubucin Afirka na farko; littafi na farko na shayari da aka buga a Arewacin Carolina.
* '''George Washington Carver''' ({{Circa}} 1864-1943), masanin kimiyya na Afirka, masanin tsire-tsire, malami da mai kirkiro wanda aka sani da karfafa noman madadin amfanin gona ga [[auduga]] kamar [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] da peanuts a Kudu; an haife shi cikin bautar a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] kuma an 'yantar da shi tun yana ƙarami bayan yakin basasar Amurka.
* '''George Griffin''' (1849-1897), an haife shi cikin bautar a [[Maryland]] kuma daga baya aka 'yantar da shi; aminin Mark Twain
* '''George W. Hayes''' (1847-1933), mai gabatar da kara a kotu kuma ɗan siyasa a Ohio na al'adun Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka da aka bautar da su tun da wuri a rayuwarsa.
* '''Gerónimo na Aguilar''' (1489-1531), wani ɗan Franciscan, ya rushe jirgin ruwa a Yucatán Peninsula a cikin 1511 kuma Mayans suka kama shi kuma suka bautar da shi.
* '''Gosala''', malamin tsattsauran ra'ayi na ƙarni na shida KZ na tsohuwar Indiya - ɗan zamani (kuma abokin hamayya) na [[Gautama Buddha]] - an ce an haife shi cikin bautar, kuma ya zama mai tsattsa ra'ayi tsirara bayan ya gudu daga mai kama shi, wanda ya sami nasarar riƙe tufafin Gosala kuma ya cire shi yayin da ya gudu.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}
* '''Gonzalo Guerrero''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1536), masanin jirgin ruwa ne daga Palos, Spain, wanda ya rushe a yankin Yucatán a shekara ta1511 kuma Maya na yankin ya bautar da shi.
* '''Gordon''', wanda aka fi sani da Whipped Peter, wani dan Afirka ne wanda ya tsere zuwa sansanin Sojojin Tarayyar daga wani shuka kusa da Baton Rouge, Louisiana a 1863. Hotunan Gordon da aka karɓa a lokacin gwajin likita an buga su a cikin ''Harper's Weekly'' kuma sun ba da tabbacin gani na Arewacin Arewa game da zalunci na bautar. Sun yi wahayi zuwa ga baƙi masu yawa masu 'yanci don shiga cikin Sojojin Tarayyar.
* '''Gülnuş Sultan''' (1642-1715) shi ne Haseki Sultan na Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV da Valide sultan ga 'ya'yansu maza Mustafa II da Ahmed III .
* '''Guðríður Símonardóttir''' (1598-1682), mace 'yar Iceland da masu bautar [[Arewacin Afirka]] suka kama (Barbary Pirates).
* '''Gustav Badin''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1822), ma'aikaci a kotun sarauta ta Sweden, asalinsa bawa ne na Denmark.

[[Fayil:Titian - Portrait of a Woman (La Sultana Rossa).jpg|thumb|Hurrem Sultan, wata yarinya bawa ta Gabashin Turai da sultan Ottoman Süleyman the Magnificent ya saya, wanda ya auri ta. ]]

* '''Hababa''', ƙwaraƙwarar K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Yazid II.
* '''Hagar''', mutumin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, na Saratu.
* '''Hannah Bond''' (an haife ta a shekarun 1830), sunan alkalami Hannah Crafts,  ta rubuta The Bondwoman's Narrative bayan samun 'yancinta. Wataƙila littafi na farko da wata mace 'yar Afirka ta Amirka ta yi, ita ce kawai sanannen littafin da wata mace ta tsere daga bautar ta rubuta.
* '''Hark Olufs''' (1708-1754), ɗan jirgin ruwa na [[Denmark|Danish]], 'yan fashi na [[Aljeriya]] ne suka kama shi. An sayar da shi ga Bey na [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]], ya zama Babban Kwamandan sojan doki na Bey. An sake shi a shekara ta 1735.
* '''Harriet Balfour''' ({{Circa}} 1818-1858), mace mai bautar da aka haifa a Surinam wacce aka 'yantar da ita a 1841 kuma ta koma Scotland
* '''Harriet Evans Paine''', ({{Circa}} 1822-1917), mace mai bautar Texas kuma daga baya masanin tarihi da mai ba da labari.
* '''Harriet Hemings''' (1801-bayan 1822), 'yar Sally Hemings da [[Thomas Jefferson]].
* '''Harriet Jacobs''' (1813-1897), marubucin Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl .
* '''Harriet Powers''' (1837-1910), mai zane-zane na Amurka, kuma mai zane-zanen kaya.
* '''[[Harriet Tubman]]''' ({{Circa}} 1822-1913), wanda ake kira &quot;Moses&quot; saboda kokarin da ta yi na taimaka wa wasu bayi na Amurka su tsere ta hanyar Jirgin Kasa.
* '''Harry''', mai shigar da kara a cikin hukuncin ''Harry v. Decker &amp;amp;amp; Hopkins'' na 1818 na Kotun Koli ta Mississippi (na farko tsakanin jihohin kudancin Amurka) don 'yantar da mutum daga bautar kawai bisa ga zama a cikin yankin kyauta.
* '''Harry Washington''' (ya mutu 1800), wanda aka fi sani da '''Henry Washington''', [[George Washington]] ne ya bautar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlackLoyalist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black Loyalist. |url=http://www.blackloyalist.info/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524160143/http://www.blackloyalist.info/ |archive-date=May 24, 2010 |access-date=May 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kai shi a matsayin bawa zuwa Amurka, Washington ta sayi shi a cikin 1763 don yin aiki a kan wani aikin don zubar da Great Dismal Swamp . 
* '''[[Selim I]])&quot;&gt;Hafsa Sultan''' (ya mutu Maris 1534), matar Selim I kuma sultan na farko na Daular Ottoman a matsayin mahaifiyar [[Suleiman Mai Girma]]. An yi jayayya game da asalin ta amma wasu masana tarihi sun ce ta bawa ce.[5]
* '''Helen Gloag''' (1750-1790), na Muthill, Perthshire, [[Scotland]], ta zama Sarauniyar [[Moroko|Maroko]] a matsayin bawa na sultan na Maroko.
* '''Henry Bibb''' (1815-1854), marubucin Amurka kuma mai abolitionist wanda aka haife shi [[Bauta|bawa]]. Bayan ya tsere daga bautar zuwa Burtaniya Upper Canada, ya kafa jaridar abolitionist, The Voice of the Fugitive . Daga baya ya koma Amurka kuma ya ba da lacca game da bautar.
* '''[[Henry Highland Garnet]]''' (1815-1882), an haife shi bawa ne na Afirka a Maryland, ya tsere wa bautar a 1824, kuma ya zama mai abolitionist da kuma malami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Henry Highland Garnet |url=https://www.nyhistory.org/web/africanfreeschool/bios/henry-highland-garnet.html |access-date=June 10, 2022 |publisher=[[New-York Historical Society]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Hercules''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1755), shugaban mai dafa abinci wanda [[George Washington]] ya bautar da shi a gonar Washington, Dutsen Vernon . Ya tsere kuma ya sami 'yancinsa a shekara ta 1797, amma matarsa Alice da' ya'yansa uku sun kasance bayi.
* '''Hermas''', marubucin rubutun The Shepherd of Hermas kuma ɗan'uwan Paparoma Pius I.
* '''Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda''', wanda aka haifa a [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]], ya zama bautar yana da shekaru 13 lokacin da jirgin da ke dauke da shi zuwa Spain don ilimi ya nutse daga Florida. Wani shugaban Calusa ya bautar da shi kuma ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai fassara har sai an fanshe shi a shekara 30.&lt;ref&gt;Christina Snyder, ''Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America'', pp. 38–9, {{ISBN|978-0-674-04890-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Horace King (1807-1885), masanin gine-gine na Amurka, injiniya, kuma mai gina gada, an haife shi cikin bautar a wani shuka na [[South Carolina|Kudancin Carolina]].
* '''Hümaşah Sultan''' (fl. 1647-1672) ita ce matar [[Ibrahim na Daular Usmaniyya|Sultan Ibrahim]] na Daular Ottoman .
* '''Hurrem Sultan''' ({{Circa}} 1504-1558), wanda aka fi sani da Roxelana, yarinya ce ta [[Gabashin Turai]], 'yan kasuwa ne suka kama ta kuma suka sayar da ita ga Imperial Harem, ta zama babban matar aure da matar shari'a ta Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent.
* Halime Sultan ({{Circa}} 1570-bayan 1639) ya kasance Valide Sultan kuma mai mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]
* Handan Sultan ({{Circa}} 1568-1605) ya kasance Valide Sultan kuma mai mulki na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]

== Na ==
[[Fayil:Pargalı_İbrahim_Paşa.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Pasha]]
[[Fayil:Argunov-self.jpg|left|thumb|Ivan Argunov. Hoton kansa (ƙarshen 1750s).]]

* İb'''Ibrahim Pasha'''(c. {{Circa}} - 1536), Suleiman the Magnificent na farko da aka nada Grand Vizier. GirGirkanci hanyar haihuwa, yana da shekaru shida an sayar da shi a matsayin bawa ga fadar Ottoman don sarakuna na gaba inda ya yi abota da Suleiman, wanda yake daidai da shekaru.
* '''Icelus Marcianus''', bawa kuma daga baya ya 'yantar da sarki na Roma Galba a karni na 1 AZ. Ya kasance daya daga cikin mutane uku da aka ce sun mallaki sarki gaba ɗaya, wanda ya kara rashin jin daɗin Galba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, Book I, chapter 13 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=1:chapter=13&amp;highlight=icelus |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Ida B. Wells]]''' (1862-1931), fitacciyar 'yar gwagwarmayar Afirka-Amurka, an haife ta cikin bautar, wacce a rayuwarta ta baya ta yi yaƙi kuma ta yi nasarar kawar da kisan kai. A shekara ta 1909 ta kafa kungiyar National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP).
* '''Imma''', wani aristocrat na Northumbrian wanda aka buge shi ba tare da sanin komai ba a yaƙi kuma daga baya ya yi kamar shi manomi ne, don masu kama shi ba za su kashe shi ba. Halinsa da ɗabi'arsa ba da daɗewa ba suka ci amanarsa, kuma an sayar da shi cikin bautar.&lt;ref&gt;Chris Wickham, ''The Inheritance of Rome'', p. 195, {{ISBN|978-0-14-311742-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=The Tale Of The Miraculously Chain-Resistant Thane From The Kingdom Of Northumbria |url=https://thehistorianshut.com/2017/10/18/the-tale-of-the-miraculously-chain-resistant-thane-from-the-kingdom-of-northumbria/ |website=The Historian's Hut}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Isabel de Solís''' ( 1485), ƙwaraƙwarar Castilian ta Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan na Granada.&lt;ref&gt;Laurence Vidal, Los Amantes de Granada, Ed. EDHASA, 2006, 359 pages, ({{ISBN|978-8-43501742-8}})&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Isabella Gibbons''' (1826-1890), ta zama malamar makaranta a Virginia bayan da aka 'yantar da ita a 1865.
* '''Isfandíyár''', Bawan a gidan [[Bahá'u'lláh]] a [[Tehran]],  Isfandíayár ya mutu a Mazandaran 
* '''Isra'ila Jefferson''' ({{Circa}} 1800 bayan 1873), wanda aka fi sani da '''Isra'ila Gillette''' kafin 1844, an haife shi cikin bautar a Monticello, gidan [[Thomas Jefferson]], kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gida kusa da Jefferson na shekaru.
* '''Ivan Bolotnikov''' (1565-1608), ɗan gudun hijira ne (bautar da aka yi a Rasha) kuma shugaban Tawayen Bolotnikov a cikin 1606-1607.
* '''Ivan Argunov''' (1729-1802), mai zane-zane na Rasha, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar zane-zane ta Rasha.

[[Fayil:Jean_de_Valette_-Antoine_Favray_(cropped1).png|thumb|Jean Parisot na Valette]]
[[Fayil:Bakhita_Szent_Jozefina.jpeg|right|thumb|St. Josephine Margaret Bakhita, F.D.C.]]

* '''Jack Gladstone''', shugaban Tawayen Demerara na 1823.
* '''Jackey Wright''', wata bautar Amurka ce wacce ta kai karar kuma ta sami 'yancinta a cikin sanannen shari'ar Virginia ta 1806 na Hudgins v. Wright . Ra'ayin Kotun Koli ta Virginia ya dogara da Wright da ya bayyana fari da 'yan asalin Amurka, yayin da ƙananan kotun a ƙarƙashin George Wythe ta yi ƙoƙari ta kafa zaton' yanci ga dukan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba.
* Jacob Notaras (fl. 1453), mai daraja na Byzantine wanda Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror ya dauka a matsayin bawa a lokacin faduwar Constantinople . 
* '''[[Opobo]]&quot; id=&quot;mwBo8&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Jaja of Opobo&quot;&gt;Jaja na Opobo''' (1821-1891), an sayar da shi a kusan shekara 12 zuwa bautar a Masarautar Bonny a [[Najeriya]] ta yanzu. Da yake tabbatar da iyawarsa ga kasuwanci tun yana ƙarami, ba wai kawai ya sami hanyar fita daga bautar ba har ma ya zama yarima mai arziki da iko kuma wanda ya kafa birnin Opobo, aikinsa ya ƙare ta hanyar masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya waɗanda ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar su.
* '''James Armistead Lafayette''' (1760-1830), wani dan Afirka ne wanda ya yi aiki da Sojojin Continental a Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka a matsayin wakili biyu.
* '''James Baugh''', Bawa ne na Amurka wanda ya kai karar 'yancinsa bisa la'akari da cewa kakarsa ta kasance Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;Ariela J. Gross, ''What Blood Won't Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America'', pp. 24–5, {{ISBN|978-0-674-03130-2}}/&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''James Hemings''' (1765-1801), ɗan asalin Amurka wanda [[Thomas Jefferson]] ya bautar da shi kuma daga baya ya sake shi. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Sally Hemings kuma ɗan'uwan matar Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, ta wurin mahaifinsu John Wayles.
* '''James Leander Cathcart''' (1767-1843), jami'in diflomasiyya kuma masanin jirgin ruwa sananne ne saboda labarinsa na shekaru goma sha ɗaya na [[Cinikin bayi na Barbary|Bautar]] a [[Aljir|Algiers]] da kuma nasarorin diflomasiyyarsa yayin da yake bautar.
* '''James Poovey''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1769), ɗan Philadelphia wanda aka bautar da shi tun daga haihuwa kuma ya sami 'yanci ta hanyar rashin biyayya ba tare da tashin hankali ba.
* James M. Priest (1819-1883), Mataimakin Shugaban Laberiya na 6, an haife shi cikin bautar a [[Kentucky]]
* '''[./James_&amp;#x3C;b&amp;#x20;id= Somerset]'''&quot; id=&quot;mwBrg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;James Somersett&quot;&gt;James Somersett ko Somerset, wani mutum ne da ya yi bautar a mulkin mallaka na Amurka wanda tserewa yayin da yake Ingila a cikin 1771, wanda sanannun masu adawa da abolitionists na Burtaniya suka goyi bayan, ya haifar da babbar shari'ar ''Somerset da Stewart'', wanda ya kawo karshen bautar a Burtaniya, kodayake ba a cikin yankunanta ba.
* '''{{Circa}}''' (c. 1807-1870), marubucin Afirka-Amurka kuma mai abolitionist . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=James W. C. Pennington, 1807–1870, ''The Fugitive Blacksmith;'' &quot;Summary&quot; |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/penning49/summary.html |access-date=September 29, 2023 |website=Documenting the American South |publisher=[[University of North Carolina]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Jan Ernst Matzeliger''' (1852-1889), mai kirkiro na Surinamese-Amurka a masana'antar takalma.
* '''Jane Johnson''' (1814/1827-1872), ta sami 'yanci a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1855, tare da' ya'yanta maza biyu yayin da take Philadelphia tare da mai shi da iyalinsa. William Still da Passmore Williamson ne suka taimaka mata, masu adawa da abolitionists na Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society da Kwamitin Kula da ita.
* '''Jean Amilcar''' ({{Circa}} 1781-1793), ɗan Senegalese mai suna Marie Antoinette .
* '''[[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]''' (1758-1806), shugaban [[Haiti]]_Revolution&quot; id=&quot;mwBtg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Haitian Revolution&quot;&gt;Juyin Juya Halin Haiti kuma shugaban farko na Haiti mai zaman kanta.
* '''Jean Marteilhe''' (1684-1777), mai ba da labari na Baƙin Huguenot na Faransa, ya yi aiki a matsayin bawa na jirgin ruwa.
* '''Jean Saint Malo''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1784), shugaban bayi masu gudu (mallaka na Maroon) a cikin Mutanen Espanya Louisiana kuma mai suna Saint Malo, Louisiana.
* '''Jean Parisot na Valette''' (1495-1568), jarumi na Order of Saint John an kama shi kuma ya zama bawa a cikin 1541 ta hanyar Barbary masu fashin teku a karkashin umurnin Turgut Reis . An sake shi bayan kimanin shekara guda kuma daga baya ya zama Grandmaster of the Order .
* '''Jefferson F. Long''' (1836-1901), tsohon bawa na farko da ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka kuma Ba'amurke na farko da zai wakilci jihar [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] a Majalisa.
* '''Jeffrey Hudson''' (1619-{{Circa}} 1682), wani dan majalisa na Ingila wanda ya shafe shekaru 25 a matsayin bawa a [[Arewacin Afirka]].
* '''[[Jehan Alard]]''' (fl. 1580), ɗan Huguenot na Faransa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bawa a Italiya, wanda Inquisition ya hukunta.
* '''Jehu Grant''' ({{Circa}} 1752-1840), tsohon sojan juyin juya hali.
* Jeremiah Haralson (1846-Ba a sani ba), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya wakilci Gundumar majalisa ta farko ta Alabama a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a lokacin Majalisar Dattijai ta 44 ta Amurka.
* '''Jermain Wesley Loguen''' (1813-1872), wani Ba'amurke Ba'amurkiya ne wanda ya tsere wa bautar kuma ya zama abolitionist, bishop na Ikilisiyar Siyona ta Methodist Episcopal ta Afirka, kuma marubucin Labarin bawa.
* '''Jim Cuff''' ko '''Jim Crow''' wani dan Afirka ne mai nakasa a jiki, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya zauna a [[St. Louis]], Cincinnati, ko Pittsburgh,  wanda waƙarsa da rawa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙar baƙar fata da rawa &quot;Jump ''Jim Crow''&quot; ta fararen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Thomas D. Rice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=131–145}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban shahararren halittar Rice nan da nan ya haifar da Jim Crow ya zama sunan da ba shi da kyau ga baƙi, kuma daga baya ga sunan da ake amfani da shi ga Jim Crow Laws, ba'a ga sunan mai suna.
* '''Jim Henson''', wani dan Afirka wanda ya tsere wa bautar kuma ya buga tarihinsa, Broken Shackles, a [[Kanada]].
* '''Joana da Gama''' ({{Circa}} 1520-1586), yarinya ce ta Portugal kuma marubuciya.
* '''Joe''', mutumin da William B. Travis ya bautar da shi, ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojin Texian a Yaƙin Alamo . Bayan cin nasarar Texian, Janar na Mexico Santa Anna ya kare Joe, yana fatan shawo kan wasu bayi a Texas don tallafawa gwamnatin Mexico akan tawaye na Texian.&lt;ref&gt;Mary Deborah Petite, &quot;1836 Facts about the Alamo and the Texas War for Independence&quot;, {{ISBN|978-1-882810-35-2}}, Savas Publishing Company, Mason City, IA, 1999, p. 128&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, an tura Joe tare da wasu wadanda suka tsira zuwa Gonzales kuma an ƙarfafa su su ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a yakin, da kuma sanar da sauran sojojin Texian cewa sojojin Santa Anna ba za a iya cin nasara ba.
* '''John Axouch''' (1087-1150), wani Seljuk Turk wanda [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]] ta kama shi tun yana yaro, ya 'yantar da shi kuma ya girma a cikin gidan sarki a matsayin abokin sarki na gaba John II Komnenos, kuma a kan hauhawarsa ya ba da umurni ga sojojin daular kuma ya kasance babban aboki da amintaccen sarki.
* '''John Boston''' ({{Circa}} 1832-bayan 1880) tsohon bautar da ke wakiltar Darlington County a Majalisar Wakilai ta Kudu Carolina a Lokacin sake ginawa. Ya shiga cikin ayyukan al'umma kuma, a matsayin minista, ya kafa Ikilisiyar Lamar Colored Methodist a 1865. A shekara ta 1880, ya zama manomi.
* '''John &quot;Lit&quot; Fleming''', an haife shi a cikin bautar a Virginia amma daga baya ya koma Edmundson, Arkansas, tare da iyayensa da 'yan uwansa. Daga nan sai ya koma Memphis, Tennessee, kuma ya kasance mai mallakar jaridar Memphis Free Speech tare da mai fafutuka [[Ida B. Wells|Ida B. Wells-Barnett]] .
* '''John Munroe Brazealle''', tare da mahaifiyarsa, batutuwan ''Hinds v. Brazealle'' (1838), wata shari'a a [[Mississippi]]&quot; id=&quot;mwB0o&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Supreme Court of Mississippi&quot;&gt;Kotun Koli ta Mississippi wacce ta musanta halattacciyar haƙƙin gado a Mississippi na ayyukan da Elisha Brazealle ya aiwatar, mazaunin Mississippi, a Ohio don 'yantar da su biyu.
* '''John Brown''' ({{Circa}} 1810-1876), ya tsere kuma ya rubuta game da yanayin da ke cikin Kudancin Kudancin Amurka.
* '''John Casor''', na farko da aka bautar a sakamakon shari'ar farar hula a cikin Koloni goma sha uku (Virginia Colony, 1655).
* '''John Ezzidio''' ({{Circa}} 1810-1872), ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya zama ɗan siyasa da ɗan kasuwa na [[Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka da Kariya ta Saliyo|Sierra Leonese]] mai cin nasara.
* '''John Adams Hyman''' (1840-1891), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisa Dattijan Arewacin Carolina kuma wanda daga baya ya yi aiki ne a matsayin Ba'amurke na farko da ya wakilci jihar a Majalisa.
* '''John Jea''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1773), ɗan Afirka-Amurka ne wanda aka fi sani da tarihin kansa na 1811, The Life, History, and Unparallel Sufferings of John Jea, the African Preacher .
* '''John Joyce''' wanda aka haifa a cikin bautar a Maryland, ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, ya gudanar da ayyuka da yawa bayan haka, kuma ya kashe mai sayar da kaya, Sarah Cross; rayuwarsa da laifinsa sun ba da labarin a cikin wallafe-wallafen kisan kai na zamaninsa.&lt;ref&gt;Karen Halttunen, ''Murder Most Foul'', p. 44, {{ISBN|0-674-58855-X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''John R. Jewitt''' (1783-1821), wani makami na Ingila wanda ya shafe shekaru uku a matsayin fursuna na Maquinna na mutanen Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) a bakin tekun Pacific na abin da ke yanzu Kanada.
* '''John R. Lynch''' (1847-1939), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Mississippi ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya zama shugaban majalisar dokoki ta jihar. Daga baya ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka kuma ya rubuta The Facts of Reconstruction don magance zargi game da manufofin zamanin Reconstruction.
* '''John Punch''' (fl. 1630s, yana rayuwa 1640), wani dan Afirka ne da ya zama bawa a yankin Virginia a karni na 17.  &lt;ref name=&quot;John Donoghue 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Donoghue |year=2010 |title='Out of the Land of Bondage': The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition |url=http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/115/4/943.full |url-status=dead |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=115 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901101732/http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/115/4/943.full |archive-date=2016-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin shekara ta 1640, Majalisar Gwamnan Virginia ta yanke masa hukuncin yin aiki har tsawon rayuwarsa a matsayin horo don guduwa zuwa Maryland. Yawancin masana tarihi suna la'akari da Punch a matsayin &quot;bawa na farko na hukuma a cikin mulkin mallaka na Ingila, &quot;  kuma shari'arsa a matsayin &quot;tafiyar doka ta farko game da bautar rayuwa a cikin Chesapeake.  Masana tarihi suma suna la'awar wannan a matsayin daya daga cikin bambance-bambance na farko na doka tsakanin Turawa da 'yan Afirka da aka yi a cikin mulkin kama da kuma babban abin da ya faru a ci gaban kafa bautar a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Coates |first=Rodney D. |year=2003 |title=Law and the Cultural Production of Race and Racialized Systems of Oppression |url=http://web.pdx.edu/~ingham/syllabi/Perspectives/LawHistRacism.pdf |journal=[[American Behavioral Scientist]] |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=329–351 |doi=10.1177/0002764203256190 |s2cid=146357699 |access-date=2025-05-31 |archive-date=2024-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719095755/https://web.pdx.edu/~ingham/syllabi/Perspectives/LawHistRacism.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John Donoghue 2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tom Costa |year=2011 |title=Runaway Slaves and Servants in Colonial Virginia |url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Runaway_Slaves_and_Servants_in_Colonial_Virginia |website=[[Encyclopedia Virginia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''John S. Jacobs''' (1815-1873), wanda aka haifa a cikin bautar a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]], ya tsere, ya zama mai magana da abolitionist kuma marubucin tarihin bawa. Ɗan'uwan sanannen marubuci Harriet Jacobs.
* '''[[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]]&quot; id=&quot;mwB6U&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;John Smith of Jamestown&quot;&gt;John Smith''' (1580-1631), sojan Ingila, masanin jirgin ruwa, kuma marubucin da aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka wajen tsira da mulkin mallaka na Jamestown a Virginia. Tatars na Crimea sun kama Smith a cikin 1602 yayin da yake fada a [[Wallachia]] kuma Daular Ottoman ta bautar da shi, amma ya tsere ya koma Ingila a shekara ta 1604. Kamar yadda Smith ya bayyana shi: &quot;dukmu muna sayar da bayi, kamar dabbobi a kasuwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soldier of Furtune: John Smith before Jamestown |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2007-01/John_Smith.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117160614/http://www.neh.gov///news/humanities/2007-01/John_Smith.htm |archive-date=January 17, 2009 |access-date=February 4, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Jordan Anderson''' (1825-1907), wanda aka fi sani da wasika da aka aika wa tsohon mai zalunci / maigidansa don amsa buƙatar na ƙarshe cewa Jordan ya koma hidimarsa.
* Jordan Winston Early (1814-bayan 1894) ya kasance mai wa'azi na Methodist na Amurka wanda ya kasance batun littafi game da rayuwarsa a matsayin bawa.
* '''John White''', wani baƙar fata wanda Creeks ya kama a shekara ta 1797 kuma ya tsere ya koma New Orleans, inda jami'an Mutanen Espanya suka mayar da shi bautar.&lt;ref&gt;Christina Snyder, ''Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America'', p. 200, {{ISBN|978-0-674-04890-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''John Ystumllyn''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Jac Du''' ko '''Jack Black''', mai aikin lambu na Welsh na ƙarni na 18 kuma mutum na farko da aka rubuta da kyau na Arewacin Wales.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=YSTUMLLYN, JOHN ('Jack Black') (d. 1786), gardener and land steward {{!}} Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-YSTU-JOH-1786#?c=0&amp;m=0&amp;s=0&amp;cv=0&amp;manifest=https://damsssl.llgc.org.uk/iiif/2.0/4671090/manifest.json&amp;xywh=592,1116,1151,928 |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=biography.wales}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Jonathan Strong''', batun daya daga cikin shari'o'in shari'a na farko da suka shafi bautar a Burtaniya.
* '''José Antonio Aponte''' shugaban makircin Aponte.
* '''Yusufu''', muhimmin mutum a [[Tsohon Alkawari]] da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].
* '''Joseph Antonio Emidy''' (1775-1835), violinist kuma mawaƙi wanda aka haife shi a Afirka, ya mutu a Cornwall.
* Joseph Cinqué (1814-1879), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sengbe Pieh''', shugaban tawayen bayi a kan jirgin bawa La Amistad kuma wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar Kotun Koli ta gaba ''Amurka v. Amistad'' a 1839.
* '''Joseph Jackson Fuller''' (1825-1908), daya daga cikin bayi na farko da aka 'yantar a [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], da farko a karkashin 'yanci na [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar kawar da bautar 1833]].
* '''Joseph Knight''', ya sami nasarar neman 'yancinsa ta hanyar shari'a a [[Scotland]] a cikin 1777, shari'ar da ta tabbatar da cewa dokar Scots ba za ta goyi bayan kafa bautar ba.
* '''Josephine Bakhita''' ({{Circa}} 1869-1947), ɗan asalin Sudan ne Roman Katolika Canossian nun kuma saint.
* '''Joshua Glover''', mai tsere daga bautar da aka taimaka wa abolitionists a Racine, Wisconsin a 1854.
* '''Josiah T. Walls''' ({{Circa}} 1842-1905), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ɗakunan biyu na Majalisa Dokokin Jihar Florida kuma wanda ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya wakilci jihar a Majalisa</text>
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[[Fayil:Livorno_Quattro_mori_monument_07.JPG|thumb|375x375px|Ɗaya daga cikin siffofi huɗu na bayi da aka ɗaure a gindin tarihi na Moors huɗu a Livorno, Italiya, wanda ƙila samfurori sun kasance ainihin bayi]]
[[Bauta|Bautar]] tsarin zamantakewa ne na tattalin arziƙi wanda mutane ke bautar da su: an hana su 'yancin a matsayin su na muatne  kuma an tilasta su yin aiki ko ayyuka ba tare da diyya ba. Ana kiran waɗannan mutane bayi, ko kuma bayi.

Wadannan sune jerin sanannun mutanen tarihi waɗanda aka bautar da su na tsawon lokaci a rayuwarsu, a cikin haruffa ta hanyar suna na farko.
 

== A ==

* '''Ibrahim''', wani baƙar fata ne wanda ya ɗauki sakonni tsakanin iyaka da Charles Town a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe da Cherokee, wanda aka 'yantar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christina Snyder p 141&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books/about/Slavery_in_Indian_Country.html?id=cXhONCyfy2gC Christina Snyder, ''Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America''], p. 141, {{ISBN|978-0-674-04890-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2019 |title=Abraham the Unstoppable, Part 1 |url=https://www.ccpl.org/charleston-time-machine/abraham-unstoppable-part-1 |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Charleston County Public Library |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kenneth W. |first=Porter |author-link=Kenneth Porter (poet) |date=1946 |title=The Negro Abraham |url=https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol25/iss1/5/ |journal=Florida Historical Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori''' (1762-1829), yarima daga [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] kuma ya zama bautar Amurka na tsawon shekaru 40 har sai Shugaba [[John Quincy Adams]] ya 'yantar da shi.
* '''Abram Petrovich Gannibal''' (1696-1781), wanda sarkin Rasha Peter the Great, gwamnan [[Tallinn]] ([[Tallinn|Reval]]) (1742-1752), janar-a-shugaba (1759-1762) ya karɓa don gina sansanonin teku da canals a Rasha; kakan Alexander Pushkin. Dubi ''Bawa a cikin Fasahar Turai'' don hotuna.
* '''Absalom Jones''' (1746-1818), tsohon bautar da ta sayi 'yancinsa, abolitionist da kuma limami - firist na farko da aka naɗa na Ikilisiyar Episcopal.{{Spaced en dash}}
* '''Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 644), ɗan sana'a na Farisa kuma fursuna wanda ya kashe Khalifa na biyu na Islama [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar ibn al-Khattab]] (r. 634-644).
* '''Addas''' (karni na 7) wani ɗan [[Kirista]] ne wanda ya zauna a [[Ta'if|Taif]] a lokacin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], wanda ake zaton shi ne mutum na farko daga lardin yammacin Taif da ya tuba zuwa Islama.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the divine purpose for sending prophets? |url=http://islambyquestions.net/Prophets/DivinePurpose.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226045313/http://islambyquestions.net/Prophets/DivinePurpose.htm |archive-date=2012-02-26 |access-date=2009-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Adriaan na Bruin''' ({{Circa}} 1700-1766), wanda a baya ake kira '''Tabo Jansz''', bawa ne a Jamhuriyar Dutch wanda ya zama ɗan 'yanci a Hoorn, Arewacin Holland.&lt;ref name=&quot;bruin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bruin |first=Jan de |date=2013 |title=Twee West-Friese slaven |url=https://www.oudhoorn.nl/kwartaalblad/pdf/oud_hoorn_2013_2.pdf |journal=Oud Hoorn |language=nl |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=59–63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;haarnack&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haarnack |first=Carl |last2=Hondius |first2=Dienke |date=25 March 2012 |title=Swart in Nederland |url=http://bukubooks.wordpress.com/swart/ |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Buku – Bibliotheca Surinamica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nicolaas Verkolje ne ya nuna shi.
* '''Adam Brzeziński''' (1768 - ''bayan'' 1797), Bawan Poland da Royal Ballet Dancer, wanda aka ba da gudummawa ga Sarkin Poland ta hanyar nufin da wasiyya.
* '''Aesop''' ({{Circa}} 620-564 KZ), mawaki na Girka kuma marubuci ko mai fassara Labaran Aesop .
* '''Afanasy Grigoriev''' (1782-1868), bawan Rasha kuma masanin gine-gine na Neoclassical.
* '''Afrosinya''' (1699/1700-1748), bawa na Rasha, mai yiwuwa fursuna ne na Finnish, uwargidan Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich na Rasha.

[[Fayil:Cabeza_de_Vaca_Portrait.jpg|right|thumb|235x235px|Álvar Núñez Kan shanu]]

* '''Agathoclia''' (ya mutu {{Circa}} 230), shahidai ne kuma mai kula da garin Mequinenza a [[Ispaniya|Spain]].
* '''Alam al-Malika''' (ya mutu 1130), mawaƙi mai bautar da aka inganta ya zama Firayim Minista na zahiri, mai ba da shawara da kuma mai mulkin [[Zabid|Zubayd]], a cikin abin da ke yanzu [[Yemen]].
* '''Alexina Morrison''', mai tsere daga bautar a [[Louisiana]] wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa yarinya ce da aka sace kuma ya kai karar ubangijinta don 'yancinta a wannan ƙasa, yana haifar da irin wannan jin daɗi game da shi cewa taron jama'a sun yi barazanar kashe shi.
* '''Alfred &quot;Teen&quot; Blackburn''' (1842-1951), daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsira daga bautar a Amurka wadanda suka tuna da shi.
* '''Alfred Francis Russell''' (1817-1884), Shugaban Laberiya na 10.
* '''Alice Clifton''' ({{Circa}} 1772-ba a san ta ba), a matsayin matashiya mai bautar, ta kasance mai tuhuma a cikin shari'ar kisan jarirai a shekara ta 1787.
* Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca ({{Circa}} 1490-{{Circa}} 1558), mai binciken Mutanen Espanya wanda 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka bautar da shi a Tekun Gulf na abin da ke yanzu Amurka bayan ya tsira daga rushewar balaguron Narváez a cikin 1527. 
* '''Al-Khayzuran bint Atta''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 789), yarinya '[[Yemen|'Yan Yemen]] ce mai bautar da ta zama matar K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Al-Mahdi kuma mahaifiyar K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Al'Al-Hadi da Harun al-Rashid, mafi shahara daga cikin [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]].
* '''Alp-Tegin''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 963), memba ne na makiyaya Turks na tsaunuka na Asiya ta Tsakiya wanda aka kawo shi a matsayin bawa lokacin da yake yaro a kotun Samanid a babban birnin su Bukhara kuma wanda ya tashi ya zama kwamandan sojojin Samanid Empire a Khorasan. Daga baya ya zama gwamnan [[Ghazni|Ghazna]] wanda ya fada ƙarƙashin Daular Samanid . Daga baya surukinsa Sabuktigin zai sami Daular Ghaznavid .
* Amanda America Dickson (1849-1893), 'yar fararen manomi na Georgia David Dickson da Julia Frances Lewis, wanda mahaifiyar Dickson ta bautar da shi. Kodayake an bautar da ita bisa doka har zuwa lokacin da ta sami 'yanci bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka, an haifi Amanda Dickson a matsayin wanda mahaifinta ya fi so kuma ya gaji dukiyarsa ta $ 500,000 bayan mutuwarsa a 1885. 

[[Fayil:Aesop_pushkin01.jpg|left|thumb|264x264px|Aesop a cikin wani mutum-mutumi na Hellenistic da aka yi iƙirarin shi ne, Art Collection of Villa Albani, Roma]]

* '''[[Ammar ibn Yasir|Ammar bin Yasir]]''' (570-657), daya daga cikin shahararrun ''[[Sahabban Annabi|Sahaba]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i'' (abokan annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] S.A.W) wanda [[Abubakar|Abu Bakr]] ya 'yantar da shi.
* '''Amos Fortune''' (1710-1801), yarima ne na Afirka wanda ya kasance bawa a Amurka a mafi yawan rayuwarsa. Littafin yara game da shi, Amos Fortune, Free Man ya lashe lambar yabo ta Newbery a shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da daya 1951.
* '''Anarcha Westcott''' ({{Circa}} 1828-ba a sani ba), wata baƙar fata ce da aka bautar a Amurka wacce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata da yawa da aka yi wa J. Marion Sims gwaji.

[[Fayil:Voronikhin.jpg|right|thumb|297x297px|Hoton Andrey Voronikhin. Hoton da V. A. Bobrov ya yi daga farkon karni na 19th.]]

* '''Andrey Voronikhin''' (1759-1814), bawan Rasha, masanin gine-gine kuma mai zane.
* '''Andrea Aguyar''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1849), wani baƙar fata ne da aka 'yantar da shi daga [[Uruguay]] wanda ya shiga Giuseppe Garibaldi a lokacin juyin juya halin Italiya a Yaƙin basasar Uruguay na shekarun 1840 kuma an kashe shi yana yaƙi don kare Jamhuriyar Roma ta shekarar alif dari takwas da arbain da tara 1849.
* '''Andrew Jackson Beard''' (1849-1921), mai kirkiro, an 'yantar da shi yana da shekaru 15 ta hanyar Sanarwar Emancipation .
* '''Anna J. Cooper''' (1858-1964), marubuciya, malami, mai magana da kuma sanannen masanin Afirka-Amurka.
* '''[[Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley]]''' (1793-1870), mace mai bautar sannan kuma mai shuka da mai bautar kanta.
* '''Anna Williams''', wata mace mai bautar a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] wacce ta samu nasarar kai karar Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don DC Circuit don 'yancinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Case Overview: Ann Williams, Ann Maria Williams, Tobias Williams, &amp; John Williams v. George Miller &amp; George Miller Jr. |url=https://earlywashingtondc.org/cases/oscys.caseid.0105 |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=earlywashingtondc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Annice''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1828), an kashe shi saboda kisan yara biyar.
* '''Annika Svahn''' (fl. 1714), mace 'yar Finland da Rasha ta sace a lokacin Babban Yakin Arewa . Yarinyar wani vicar a Joutseno, ta zama watakila sanannen wanda aka azabtar da shi saboda cin zarafin da fararen hula suka sha a Finland a lokacin mamayar Rasha Greater Wrath .
* '''[[Antarah ibn Shaddad]]''' (525-608), Larabawa kafin Islama wanda aka haifa wa wata mace mai bautar, wanda mahaifinsa ya 'yantar da shi a ranar da za a yi yaƙi, shi ma mawaki ne.
* '''Anthony Burns''' (1834-1862), mai wa'azi na Baptist wanda ya tsere wa bautar zuwa [[Boston]] kawai don a sake kama shi saboda Dokar Fugitive Slave na 1850, sannan wadanda suka yi adawa da sake kama shi a Boston suka sayi 'yancinsa.
* '''Antonia Bonnelli''' (1786-1870), wanda kabilar Mikasuki ta kama shi kuma ta bautar da shi a Florida a cikin 1802.
* '''António Corea''', sunan Turai da aka ba Koriya. An kai shi Italiya, wanda ya sanya shi mai yiwuwa Koriya ta farko da ta kafa a Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jin-Yeong |date=30 January 2004 |title=The Secret of Korean Man Painted by Rubens |url=https://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20040130/233138/1 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Guanches|Guanche]]&quot; id=&quot;mwATU&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Antón Guanche&quot;&gt;Antón Guanche''' (karni na 15), Guanche daga Tenerife, ya kama shi, ya bautar, kuma ya koma tsibirin.
* '''Aqualtune Ezgondidu Mahamud da Silva Santos''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1677), gimbiya ta [[Masarautar Kongo|Kongo]], mahaifiyar Ganga Zumba kuma kakarta ta Zumbi dos Palmares . Ta jagoranci mutane 10,000 a lokacin [[Yaƙin Mbwila]] tsakanin [[Masarautar Kongo]] da Masarautar Portugal . Sojojin Portugal ne suka kama ta, suka kawo ta Brazil kuma suka sayar da ita a matsayin bawa. Ta kirkiro mazaunin bayi na Quilombo dos Palmares tare da ɗanta Ganga Zumba . &lt;ref&gt;Maria Aparecida Schumaher, Erico teixeira Vital Brazil, ''Dicionário Mulheres do Brasil: de 1500 até a atualidade'', {{ISBN|9788571105737}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Archer Alexander (1810-1879), samfurin bawa a cikin 1876 Emancipation Memorial sculpture.

[[Fayil:Петровское._Бюст_А.П._Ганнибала.jpg|right|thumb|263x263px|Abram Petrovich Gannibal, wanda aka yi masa rauni a Petrovskoe, [[Rasha]]]]

* '''Archibald Grimké''' (1849-1930), an haife shi a cikin bautar, ɗan fari, ya zama lauyan Amurka, mai ilimi, ɗan jarida, diflomasiyya da shugaban al'umma.
* '''Arthur Crumpler''' ({{Circa}} 1835-1910), ya tsere wa bautar a [[Virginia]], mijin na biyu na [[Rebecca Lee Crumpler|Dokta Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Kate |date=1 April 2016 |title=Escaped Slave Arthur Crumpler Took Pride in Learning |url=https://americacomesalive.com/escaped-slave-arthur-crumpler-took-pride-learning/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=America Comes Alive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title=The Crumplers |url=https://mathsciencehistory.com/2021/02/25/the-crumplers/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Math! Science! History! |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225071621/https://mathsciencehistory.com/2021/02/25/the-crumplers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Aster Ganno''' ({{Circa}} 1872-1964), wata matashiya 'yar Habasha ce da take hannun dakarun Sojojin Ruwa na kasar Italiya daga jirgin bawa da ke tsallaka zuwa Yemen. Ta ci gaba da fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa yaren Oromo. Har ila yau, ta shirya kayan karatu da rubutu kuma ta ci gaba da ciyar da sauran rayuwarta a matsayin malamar makaranta.
* '''Augustine Tolton''' (1854-1897), firist na farko a Amurka.
* '''Aurelia Philematium''', wata 'yar 'yanci wacce dutsen kabarinta ya ɗaukaka aurenta da ɗan'uwanta mai' yanci, Lucius Aurelius Hermia . 

[[Fayil:William_Hoare_of_Bath_-_Portrait_of_Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo,_(1701-1773).jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Ayuba Suleiman Diallo]] na William Hoare (1733) ]]

* '''[[Ayuba Suleiman Diallo]]''' shekara ta (1701-1773), wanda aka fi sani da Ayuba ben Solomon, Musulmi ne na jihar Bundu a Yammacin Afirka wanda aka bautar shekaru biyu a [[Maryland]], an 'yantar da shi a shekarar alif dari bakwai da talatin da hudu 1734, kuma daga baya ya rubuta bayanan da aka buga a matsayin daya daga cikin labaran farko na bawa.

[[Fayil:رسم_الظاهر_بيبرس.png|left|thumb|343x343px|Baibars]]

* '''Baibars''' shekarar (1223-1277), wanda aka fi sani da '''Abu al-Futuh''', Kipchak Turk wanda ya zama Mamluk sultan na Masar da [[Siriya]].
* '''Balthild''' ({{Circa}} 626-680), wata mace ta Anglo-Saxon da aka haifa ta musamman wacce aka sayar da ita cikin bautar tun tana yarinya kuma ta yi aiki a gidan Erchinoald, magajin garin fadar Neustria. Daga baya ta zama sarauniya ta hanyar auren Clovis II, sannan kuma mai mulki a lokacin 'yan tsiraru na ɗanta Clotaire. Ta soke aikin cinikin bayi na Kirista kuma ta nemi 'yancin yara da aka sayar zuwa bautar. Paparoma Nicholas I ne ya tsarkake ta kimanin shekaru 200 bayan ta mutu.
* '''Bass Reeves''' shekara ta (1838-1910), daya daga cikin mataimakin baki na farko na Amurka Marshals a yammacin [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]], an yaba da kama masu laifi sama da 3,000 tare da harbi da kashe 'yan fashi goma sha huɗu a kare kansu.
* '''Belinda Sutton''' (1713-179?), an haife ta a Ghana, ta nemi goyon baya daga dukiyar bawanta, an dauke ta da shari'ar biyan kuɗi ta farko kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga gwagwarmaya ta gaba.

[[Fayil:Belinda_AmericanMuseum1787.jpg|thumb|Roƙon Belinda Sutton, an sake buga shi]]

* '''Bell (Belinda) ''' ({{Circa}} 1750-{{Circa}} 1772), an haife ta a Bengal, an kawo ta Scotland a cikin sabis na kamfanin gabashin Indiya. An zarge ta da kisan jarirai, ta nemi a kore ta kuma an sanya ta a matsayin &quot;bawa na rayuwa&quot; kuma an kai ta Virginia a shekara ta 1772. Ita ce mutum na karshe da aka dauka a matsayin bawa a kotun Burtaniya.
* '''Benjamin S. Turner''' (1825-1894), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya wakilci Gundumar Majalisa ta farko ta Alabama a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya wakilci jihar a Majalisa.
* '''Benkos Biohó''', an haife shi a cikin dangin sarauta na Tsibirin Bissagos, wanda aka sace shi kuma ya bautar da shi. Bayan sufuri zuwa Mutanen Espanya New Granada a Kudancin Amurka ya sami nasarar tserewa, ya taimaka wa wasu bayi da yawa su tsere kuma ya kafa al'ummar maroon na San Basilio na Palenque. Gwamna Diego Pacheco Téllez-Girón Gómez de Sandoval na [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]] ya ci amanarsa kuma ya rataye shi a 1621, amma al'ummar da ya kafa ta tsira cikin 'yanci kuma ta wanzu har zuwa yanzu.
* '''Betty Hemings''' ({{Circa}} 1735-1807), wata bautar da aka haɗu da launin fata a mulkin mallaka na Virginia wanda a cikin 1761 ya zama bawan jima'i na maigidansa, mai shuka John Wayles, kuma yana da yara shida masu haɗu da kabilanci tare da shi a cikin shekaru 12, gami da Sally Hemings da James Hemings .
* Big Eyes (fl. 1540), mace ta Wichita da mutanen Tejas suka bautar kafin Juan de Zaldívar ya kama ta kuma bautar da ita.
* '''Bilichild''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 610), sarauniya ce ta Austrasia ta hanyar auren Theudebert II .
* '''[[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal ibn Ribah]]''' (580-640), an 'yantar da shi a karni na 6. Ya tuba zuwa addinin [[Musulunci]] kuma shi ne ''[[Ladani|muezzin]]'' na [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]].
* '''Bill Richmond''' (1763-1829), an haife shi a Amurka, an sake shi kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan dambe na Ingila.

[[Fayil:Saint_Non's_Chapel_-_Fenster_3_St.Bride.jpg|thumb|Saint Brigid na Kildare kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ɗakin sujada na Saint Non, St Davids, Wales]]

* '''Billy''' (an yafe shi a shekara ta 1754), mutumin da ya tsere daga gonar John Tayloe II kuma an tuhume shi da cin amana a kan Virginia a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka . An gafarta masa bayan ya yi jayayya cewa, a matsayin bawa, ba shi da ɗan ƙasa kuma saboda haka ba zai iya cin amanar gwamnati ba wanda bai yarda da ita ba.
* '''Bissula''' (fl. 368) ya bautar da mace ta Alemannic, kuma muse na mawaki na Roman Ausonius.
* '''Blanche Bruce''' (1841-1898) na farko kuma kawai tsohon bawa da ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka.
* '''Blandina''' ({{Circa}} 162-177), bawa ne kuma shahadar Kirista a Roman Gaul . 
* The Bodmin manumissions, wani rubutun hannu a yanzu a cikin British Library  yana adana sunaye da cikakkun bayanai game da bayi da aka 'yantar a Bodmin (babban garin Cornwall a lokacin) a cikin ƙarni na 9 ko 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;jones&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Heather Rose |date=2001 |title=Cornish (and Other) Personal Names from the 10th Century Bodmin Manumissions |url=http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/bodmin/ |access-date=18 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gospel-book with added Cornish records of manumissions ('The Bodmin Gospels' or 'St Petroc Gospels') |url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8620&amp;CollID=27&amp;NStart=9381 |access-date=18 May 2017 |publisher=The British Library |archive-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222165905/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8620&amp;CollID=27&amp;NStart=9381 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Booker T. Washington''' (1856-1915), wanda aka haifa a cikin bautar, ya zama malamin Amurka, marubuci kuma shugaban al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka bayan Yaƙin basasa.
* '''Saint Brigid na Kildare''', babban Saint na [[Ireland]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAiQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Ireland&quot;&gt;Irish. Bisa ga al'ada, an haifi Brigid a shekara ta 451 AD a Faughart,  kawai arewacin Dundalk   a County Louth, Ireland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Story of St. Brigid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Story of St. Brigid |url=http://www.stbrigid.ie/story-of-st-brigid.html |website=St. Brigid's GNS, Glasnevin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;irishcatholic.ie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2023 |title=Following Brigid's Way – The Irish Catholic |url=http://irishcatholic.ie/article/following-brigid%E2%80%99s-way |access-date=May 31, 2025 |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813054136/http://irishcatholic.ie/article/following-brigid%E2%80%99s-way |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta Brocca ce, bawa ne na Kirista Pict wanda Saint Patrick ya yi masa baftisma. Sun kira mahaifinta Dubhthach, wani shugaban Leinster.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bethu Brigte |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T201002/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matar Dubthach ta tilasta masa sayar da mahaifiyar Brigid ga wani druid lokacin da ta yi ciki. An haifi Brigid kanta a cikin bautar. An ce yaron Brigid ya yi mu'ujizai, gami da warkarwa da ciyar da matalauta.&lt;ref&gt;Wallace, Martin. ''A Little Book of Celtic Saints''. Belfast. Appletree Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-86281-456-1}}, p.13&lt;/ref&gt; A kusa da shekaru goma, an mayar da ita a matsayin baiwar gida ga mahaifinta, inda al'adar sadaka ta kai ta ga ba da kayanta ga duk wanda ya nemi. A cikin Lives guda biyu, Dubthach ya yi fushi da ita sosai har ya ɗauke ta cikin karusa zuwa Sarkin Leinster don sayar da ita. Yayinda Dubthach ke magana da sarki, Brigid ya ba da takobinsa mai daraja ga mai bara don musayar shi don abinci don ciyar da iyalinsa. Sarkin ya amince da tsarkakarta kuma ya shawo kan Dubthach ya ba 'yarsa' yancinta, bayan haka ta fara aikinta a matsayin sanannen nun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=St Brigit of Ireland – Monastic Matrix |url=http://monasticmatrix.osu.edu/commentaria/st-brigit-ireland#_ftn1 |access-date=2025-05-31 |archive-date=2021-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319005311/https://monasticmatrix.osu.edu/commentaria/st-brigit-ireland#_ftn1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Brigitta Scherzenfeldt''' (1698-1733), marubuciya ta Sweden kuma malamin saƙa wanda aka kama a lokacin Babban Yakin Arewa kuma ya rayu a matsayin bawa a masarautar Kalmyk a Asiya ta Tsakiya.
* '''Bussa''', an haife shi mutum ne mai 'yanci a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda mai yiwuwa ya [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] ne daga zuriyar Igbo kuma 'yan kasuwa na bayi na Afirka suka kama shi, suka sayar wa Birtaniya, kuma suka kai shi [[Barbados]] (inda Bautar ta kasance doka tun 1661) a ƙarshen karni na 18 a matsayin bawa.

[[Fayil:Aisse.jpg|left|thumb|Charlotte Aïssé]]
[[Fayil:Cezayirli_Gazi_Hasan_Paşa_büstü.JPG|right|thumb|359x359px|Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha bust a Gidan Tarihin Ruwa na Mersin]]

* '''Caenis''', tsohuwar mace mai bautar kuma sakatariyar Antonia Minor (mahaifiyar sarki Claudius) kuma uwargidan sarki na Roma Vespasian.
* '''Kaisar''' ({{Circa}} 1737-1852), bawa na ƙarshe da aka 'yantar da shi a New York. Mai tsufa, yana iya kasancewa mutum na farko da aka taɓa ɗauka yayin da yake da rai, a cikin 1851.
* '''Kaisar Nero Paul''' ({{Circa}} 1741-1823), ya zama bautar tun yana yaro a Afirka kuma ya kawo shi Exeter, New Hampshire, an sake shi kuma ya fara sanannen iyalin New England na abolitionists.
* '''Paparoma Callixtus I''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 223), tsohon bautar, Paparoma daga kimanin 218 zuwa kimanin 223, a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Romawa Heliogabalus da Alexander Severus . An yi masa shahadar saboda bangaskiyarsa ta Kirista kuma mai tsarki ne na [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]].
* '''Carlota''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1844), ya jagoranci tawaye na bayi a [[Cuba]] a cikin 1843-1844.
* Castus, wani bawa Gaul kuma daya daga cikin shugabannin tawaye na bayi mutane a lokacin Yaƙin Bawa na Uku
* '''Catalina na Motril''' (fl. 1501-1531), baiwar ɗakin kwana na Catherine na Aragon a lokacin auren Catherine da Henry na takwas a [[Ingila]]
* '''Cato''' (1786-1803), wani bawa ne a Charleston, New York, wanda ya kashe Mary Akins mai shekaru goma sha biyu bayan yunkurin fyade. An buga ikirarinsa a cikin wallafe-wallafen kisan kai na lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;Karen Halttunen, Murder Most Foul, p. 175, {{ISBN|0-674-58855-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Cato''', wani dan Afirka-Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan leƙen asirin Black Patriot na Amurka da mai aikawa da ke tattara bayanai tare da mai shi, Hercules Mulligan .
* '''Celia''' (ta mutu a shekara ta 1855), wata mace da aka yanke mata hukunci kuma aka kashe ta saboda kisan Robert Newsom, bawanta. A lokacin Shari'a, John Jameson ta yi jayayya cewa ta kashe shi don kare kansa don dakatar da Newsom daga yi mata fyade.
* '''Cesar Picton''' ({{Circa}} 1765-1831), bawa a [[Senegal]], ya yi aiki a matsayin bawa a Ingila, kuma daga baya ya zama attajiri mai sayar da kwal.
* '''Cevri Kalfa''', wata yarinya 'yar Georgia da ta yi bawa a gidan sarakuna a [[Istanbul]], wacce ta ceci rayuwar Mahmud II kuma an ba ta lada saboda jaruntakarta da amincinta ta hanyar nada ta ''haznedar Usta'', babban mai ba da kuɗi na [[Harem]]&quot; id=&quot;mwArY&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Harem&quot;&gt;harem na mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ceylan |first=Nurbike |date=27 October 2019 |title=Cevri Kalfa and Her School |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/841346 |journal=İnsan ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha''' (1713-1790), wani bawa na Georgia a [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] wanda ya zama babban vizier, Kapudan Pasha kuma kwamandan sojoji.
* Charity Folks (1757-1834), Baƙin Afirka na Amurka wanda aka haifa a Annapolis, Maryland, an sake shi daga bautar a shekara ta 1797 kuma daga baya ya zama mai mallakar dukiya.
* '''Charles Deslondes''', Mulatto na Haiti wanda aka ba shi aikin kula da wasu bayi a gonar André kuma shugaban 1811 German Coast Uprising a [[Louisiana]] ta yanzu. &quot;Militia&quot; ne suka kashe shi da mummunan rauni wanda ya kashe tawaye na bayi.
* '''Charlotte Aïssé''', ({{Circa}} 1694-1733), marubuciya ce ta Faransa, 'yar wani shugaban Circassian, wanda aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Ottoman Black Sea.
* '''Charlotte Dupuy''' ({{Circa}} 1787/1790-{{Circa}} 1866), wanda kuma ake kira '''Lottie''', ta shigar da karar 'yanci a 1829 a kan baiwarta, Henry Clay, a lokacin Sakataren Gwamnati, kuma ta ɓace.
* '''Chica da Silva''' ({{Circa}} 1732-1796), wanda aka fi sani da '''Xica da Silva''', yarinya ce ta Brazil wacce ta zama sananniya saboda zama mai arziki da iko duk da cewa an haife ta cikin bautar.
* '''Chloe Cooley''' (fl. 1793), bautar da aka yi a Kanada, ta hanyar tashin hankali da jigilar ta zuwa Amurka ta haifar da Dokar Upper Canada ta 1793 game da Bautar.
* '''Christopher Shields''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1774), [[George Washington]] ya bautar da shi kuma ya ci gaba da zama bautar a Dutsen Vernon . Ba a san inda ya mutu ba.
* '''Christophorus Plato Castanis''', (an haife shi a shekara ta 1814) wani bawa ne na Girka wanda ya tsere daga Chios. Ya zo Amurka tare da Samuel Gridley Howe da John Celivergos Zachos . Castanis marubuci ne kuma malami na Girkanci-Amurka.
* '''Çiçek Hatun''' (fl. 1453), yarinya Girka da aka kama a lokacin faduwar Constantinople kuma aka sanya ta a matsayin Ɗaya daga cikin ƙwaraƙwaran (bawan jima'i) a cikin gidan Ottoman na Sultan Mehmet II 
* '''Clara Brown''' ({{Circa}} 1800-1885), tsohuwar mace ta [[Virginia|Virginian]] wacce ta zama jagorar al'umma, mai ba da agaji kuma ta taimaka wa tsoffin bayi a lokacin [[Colorado]]'s Gold Rush .
* Claudia Acte (fl. ƙarni na 1), uwargidan sarki Nero na Roma.
* '''Paparoma Clement I''' (ya mutu 100), Paparoma na huɗu bisa ga al'adar Katolika. Wataƙila ya kasance ɗan 'yanci na Titus Flavius Clemens . 
* '''Cleon''' (ya mutu 132 BC) shugaban a cikin Yaƙin Bawa na Farko .
* Colonel Tye (1753-1780), wanda aka fi sani da '''Titus Cornelius''', wanda ya kasance bawa, ya zama sojan Black Loyalist kuma shugaban 'yan tawaye a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka.
* '''Crixus''', ɗan gwagwarmayar Gallic kuma shugaban soja a Yaƙin Bawa na Uku .
* '''[[Cudjoe Lewis]]''' ({{Circa}} 1840-1935), an haife shi '''Oluale Kossola''', wanda ya tsira na uku zuwa na ƙarshe a Amurka na cinikin bayi na Transatlantic. An kai shi a kan jirgin bawa na ''Clotilda''.
* Cuffy (ya mutu a shekara ta 1763), wani dan [[Mutanen Akan|Akan]] ne wanda aka kama shi a asalinsa na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], an dauke shi aiki a gonakin mulkin mallaka na Dutch na Barbice a [[Guyana]] na yanzu, kuma a shekara ta 1763, ya jagoranci tawaye na bayi sama da 2,500 a kan mulkin mallaka. A yau, shi jarumi ne na kasa a Guyana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=David Granger |year=1992 |title=Guyana coins |url=http://www.guyanaguide.com/guyanacoins.html |url-status=usurped |journal=El Dorado |issue=2 |pages=20–22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626103447/http://www.guyanaguide.com/guyanacoins.html |archive-date=June 26, 2008 |access-date=6 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fayil:Dred_Scott_photograph_(circa_1857).jpg|right|thumb|Dred Scott, wanda ya rasa karar shari'a don 'yancinsa a Kotun Koli ta Amurka a 1857]]

* '''Dabitum''', mace bawa a Tsohon Babila da aka sani da wasikar da ta yi game da zubar da ciki.
* '''Daniel Bell''' ({{Circa}} 1802-1877) wanda ya yi ƙoƙari na shekaru da yawa don samun 'yanci na dindindin ga kansa, matarsa, da' ya'yansa. Ya taimaka wajen shirya abin da ake kira &quot;mafi girman yunkurin tserewa da aka sani ta Amurkawa masu bautar&quot;, wanda ake kira Pearl incident a Washington, DC, a cikin 1848.
* '''Dada Masiti''' ({{Circa}} 1810s-15 Yuli 1919) mawaki, masanin asiri da masanin addinin Musulunci.
* '''Dave Drake''' ({{Circa}} 1801-1876), wanda aka fi sani da Dave the Potter .
* '''Deborah Squash''', tare da mijinta Harvey sun tsere daga Dutsen Vernon na [[George Washington]], sun shiga Birtaniya a New York a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, kuma an kwashe su a shekara ta 1783 a matsayin 'yanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyhs_slavery&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2005 – 26 March 2006 |title=Exhibit: Slavery in New York |url=http://www.slaveryinnewyork.org/ |access-date=2008-02-11 |publisher=New York Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Denmark Vesey''' ({{Circa}} 1767-1822), wani dan Afirka-Amurka ne kuma daga baya wani danci wanda ya shirya abin da zai kasance daya daga cikin manyan tawaye na bayi a Amurka ba a ɓoye labarin shirin ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;library.uncg.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digital Library on American Slavery |url=http://dlas.uncg.edu/ |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=dlas.uncg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Dido Elizabeth Belle''' (1761-1804), an haife ta cikin bautar a matsayin 'yar Maria Belle, wata mace ta Afirka a West Indies, da Sir John Lindsay, jami'in Royal Navy. Lindsay ta dauki Belle tare da shi lokacin da ya koma Ingila a shekara ta 1765, ya ba da gudummawa ga kawunsa William Murray, 1st Earl na Mansfield, da matarsa Elizabeth Murray, Countess na Mansfield. Murrays sun ilimantar da Belle, suna kawo ta a matsayin mace mai zaman kanta a gidan su na Kenwood, tare da 'yar uwarsu, Lady Elizabeth Murray . Belle ta zauna a can shekaru 30. A cikin wasiƙarsa ta shekara ta 1793, Lord Mansfield ya tabbatar da 'yancinta kuma ya ba ta kuɗi da kuɗi, yana mai da ita magaji.
* '''Diego''' ya kasance tsohon dan gudun hijira wanda ke da alaƙa da mai ba da hanya na Ingila Francis Drake. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1573, Drake ya kai hari [[Panama]]&quot; id=&quot;mwA4c&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Darién, Panama&quot;&gt;Darien (a Panama ta zamani), inda [[Maroons]] - 'yan Afirka da suka tsere daga masu mallakar bayi na [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]] suka taimaka masa sosai kuma suna farin cikin taimaka wa abokan gaba na Ingila. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne Diego, wanda ya tabbatar da ƙwararren mai gina jirgin ruwa kuma ya bi Drake zuwa Ingila. A shekara ta 1577, lokacin da [[Elizabeth I|Sarauniya Elizabeth]] ta aika Drake don fara balaguro a kan Mutanen Espanya a bakin tekun Pacific na Amurka - wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Drake yana kewaye da duniya - Diego ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin Drake; ƙwarewarsa a cikin Mutanen Espanya da Ingilishi zai sa ya zama mai fassara mai amfani lokacin da aka kama Mutanen Espanya ko Portuguese masu magana da Mutanen Espanya. An yi masa aiki a matsayin bawan Drake kuma an biya shi albashi, kamar sauran ma'aikatan. Diego ya mutu yayin da jirgin Drake ke tsallaka Pacific, daga raunukan da aka samu a baya a cikin tafiyar. Drake ya yi baƙin ciki da mutuwarsa, Diego ya zama aboki mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaufman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaufmann |first=Miranda |author-link=Miranda Kaufmann |date=August 31, 2018 |title=The Untold Story of How an Escaped Slave Helped Sir Francis Drake Circumnavigate the Globe |url=https://www.history.com/news/the-untold-story-of-how-an-escaped-slave-helped-sir-francis-drake-circumnavigate-the-globe |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=History}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Diogenes|Diogenes na Sinope]]''' ({{Circa}} 412-323 KZ), masanin falsafar Girka wanda 'yan fashi suka sace kuma suka sayar da shi a Koranti.
* '''Diocletian''' (244-312), [[Sarakunan Romawa|Sarkin sarakuna na Roma]], an haife shi ne a matsayin bawan Sanata Anullinus. Ta wasu tushe, mahaifin Diocletian ne (wanda ba a san sunansa ba) wanda ya kasance bawa, kuma an 'yantar da shi kafin haihuwar ɗansa, sarki na gaba.
* '''Dionysius I''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1492), Babban Ikklisiya na Constantinople, wanda Ottomans suka bautar da shi a baya bayan faduwar Constantinople a shekara ta 1453.
* '''Dolly Johnson''' (an haife ta a ƙarshen 1820s, ta mutu bayan 1887), mace 'yar Afirka ta Amirka daga Tennessee, wadda Shugaba [[Andrew Johnson]] ya bautar da ita, daga baya ta zama karamin mai mallakar kasuwanci.
* '''Dorota Sitańska''' (ya mutu ''bayan'' 1797), Bawan Poland da Royal Ballet Dancer, wanda aka ba da gudummawa ga Sarkin Poland ta hanyar nufin da wasiyya.
* '''Dred Scott''' ({{Circa}} 1799-1858), wani dan Afirka ne na Amurka a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] wanda ya kai karar 'yancinsa a cikin shari'ar da aka yada a kasa, Scott v. Sandford, wanda ya kai [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] a 1857.

[[Fayil:Baker,_Lady_Florence,_Maull_&amp;_Co.,_BNF_Gallica.jpg|left|thumb|Florence, Lady Baker c. 1875. Wani dan kasar Romania da aka bautar da shi a matsayin maraya, Samuel Baker ne ya sayi shi, wanda ya auri ta.]]

* '''Edward Mozingo Sr.''', ({{Circa}} 1649-1712), wanda aka sace daga Afirka lokacin da yake kimanin shekaru 10, an sayar da shi zuwa bautar a Jamestown, Virginia. Bayan mai shi ya mutu, sai ya kai karar 'yancinsa kuma ya ci nasara. Ya auri wata matalauciya farar fata, Margaret Pierce Bayley (1645-1711) kuma tare da su, a zahiri, sun kafa layin Mozingo a Arewacin Amurka.
* Elijah Abel (1808-1884), an haife shi a matsayin [[Bakar fata|baki]] a [[Maryland]] kuma ya yi imanin cewa ya tsere wa bautar a kan [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]] zuwa Kanada. Ya shiga Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe a farkon kwanakinsa, yana daga cikin baƙi na farko da suka karɓi firist dinsa kuma baƙar fata na farko da ya hau zuwa matsayi na dattijo da saba'in.
* '''[[Elizabeth Marsh]]''' (1735-1785), wata mace ta Ingila wacce 'yan fashi suka kama ta kuma suka tsare ta a matsayin bautar a Maroko.
* '''Edith Hern Fossett''', wata mace da Shugaba [[Thomas Jefferson]] ya bautar da ita, wani mai dafa abinci na Faransa ya koya mata dafa abinci kuma ya kirkiro abincin Faransa a [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Monticello.
* '''Elias Polk''' (1806-1886), mai fafutukar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na karni na 19.
* '''Eliezer na Dimashƙu''', bawan [[Ibrahim]] kuma amintaccen manajan gidan Uba a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci.
* '''Elieser''' mutum ne wanda iyalin Paulo de Pina, Yahudawa na Fotigal suka yi bautar da su waɗanda suka koma Netherlands a cikin 1610 don guje wa tsanantawa da tilasta juyawa a Portugal. Ya zauna tare da iyalin a Amsterdam har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1629 kuma an binne shi a makabartar Beth Haim, makabartar Yahudawa mafi tsufa a Netherlands. Ya bayyana cewa an sake shi, ko dai ''de jure'' ko a aikace, kuma ya kasance kusa da daidaito tare da dangin da suka mallake shi a Portugal - wanda aka nuna ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa ya halarci jana'izar matar maigidansa, Sara de Pina, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan lokacin shida, kuma an binne shi tare da (tsoffin) masu shi tare da Jacob Israel Belmonte, dan kasuwa mafi arziki a cikin al'umma. Dole ne Elieser ya tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci kuma an yarda da shi a matsayin Bayahude, in ba haka ba ba za a binne shi a cikin makabartar Yahudawa ba; ana iya ba shi sunan &quot;Elieser&quot; a lokacin da ya tuba, yana tunatar da Eliezer na Damascus. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mambobin al'ummar Surinam a cikin Netherlands sun ɗauki ƙwaƙwalwar Elieser, waɗanda suka gina wani mutum-mutumi na shi kuma suna gudanar da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara zuwa kabarinsa a kan abin da aka sani da ''Ranar Elieser''.
* '''[[Elisenda na Sant Climent]]''' (1220-1275), bautar da aka yi a lokacin wani hari na bawa a Mallorca kuma aka sanya shi a cikin matan sarkin a Tunis.
* '''Eliza Hopewell''', wata mace da ɗan leƙen asirin Confederate Isabella Maria Boyd (&quot;Belle Boyd&quot;) ya bautar da ita. A shekara ta 1862, ta taimaka wa ayyukan leken asiri na mai shi, tana ɗauke da sakonni ga Sojojin Tarayya a cikin wani lamari na tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Claire J. |title=Eliza Corsey Hopewell |url=https://www.clairejgriffin.com/eliza-corsey-hopewell/ |website=Claire J. Griffin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Eliza Moore''' (1843-1948), ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin bayi na Afirka da ke zaune a Amurka.
* '''Elizabeth Johnson Forby''', mace mai launin fata ta Amurka da Shugaba Andrew Johnson, 'yar Dolly Johnson ta bautar. &lt;ref name=&quot;andrew johnson white house&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fling |first=Sarah |date=2021 |title=The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-formerly-enslaved-households-of-president-andrew-johnson |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Elizabeth Key Grinstead''' (1630-bayan 1665), mace ta farko ta asalin Afirka a yankunan Arewacin Amurka don kai karar 'yancinta da cin nasara. Key da jaririnta, John Grinstead, an sake su a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1656, a cikin mulkin mallaka na [[Virginia]], bisa ga gaskiyar cewa mahaifinta ɗan Ingila ne kuma ita Kirista ce mai baftisma.
* '''Elizabeth Freeman''' ({{Circa}} 1742-1829), wanda aka fi sani da '''Bett''' kuma daga baya '''Mama Bett''', ta kasance daga cikin baƙi na farko a Massachusetts don gabatar da karar 'yanci kuma ya ci nasara a kotu a ƙarƙashin kundin Tsarin mulki na 1780, tare da hukuma cewa bautar ba bisa ka'ida ba ce.
* '''Elizabeth Hobbs Keckley''' (1818-1907), wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin mai kula da tufafi da kuma mai amincewa da Mary Todd Lincoln, Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka. Keckley ya rubuta kuma ya buga tarihin kansa, Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House (1868).
* Ellen Craft (1826-1891), matar William Craft mai launin fata, wacce ta tsere tare da shi daga Georgia zuwa Philadelphia, ta hanyar nuna kanta a matsayin farar mace da baiwarta, a cikin shari'ar da ta zama sananne.
* '''Ellen More''', wata baiwa da aka kawo fadar sarauta ta Scotland
* Emilia Soares de Patrocinio (1805-1886) bautar Brazil ce, mai bautar kuma 'yar kasuwa.
* '''Emiline''' (shekara 23); '''Nancy''' (20); '''Lewis''', ɗan'uwan Nancy (16); '''Edward''', ɗan'uwa na Emiline (13); '''Lewis''' da '''Edward''', 'ya'yan Nancy (7); '''Ann''', 'yar Nancy (5); da '''Amanda''', 'yar Emiline (2), an sake su a cikin shari'ar ''Lemmon v. New York'' ta 1852 bayan masu mallakar Virginia sun kawo su New York.
* '''Emily Edmonson''' (1835-1895), tare da 'yar'uwarta Mary, sun shiga yunkurin tserewa na 1848 wanda ba a yi nasara ba wanda aka sani da Abin da ya faru na Pearl, amma Henry Ward Beecher da cocinsa sun tara kudade don 'yantar da su.
* '''Enrique na Malacca''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Henry the Black''', bawa kuma mai fassara na [[Ferdinand Magellan]] kuma mai yiwuwa mutum na farko da ya kewaya duniya a cikin tafiyar Magellan ta 1519-1521.
* '''[[Epictetus]]''' (55-{{Circa}} 135), masanin falsafa Girka na dā.
* '''Estevanico''' (1500-1539), wanda aka fi sani da '''Esteban the Moor''' . A ka'ida ya kasance bawa na Portuguese don, daga baya, ya zama bawan Mutanen Espanya. Ya kasance daya daga cikin mutane hudu da suka tsira daga mummunar Tafiyar Narváez, daga baya ya zama jagora a neman biranen zinariya guda bakwai kuma mai yiwuwa mutum na farko na Afirka da ya isa abin da ke yanzu [[Arizona]] da [[New Mexico]].
* '''Eston Hemings''' (1808-1856), ɗan Sally Hemings da [[Thomas Jefferson]] .
* '''Eucharis''', wata 'yar asalin Girka da aka haifa daga Roman Licinia, an bayyana ta a cikin rubutun ta a ƙarni na 1 AD a matsayin goma sha huɗu lokacin da ta mutu, yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma ƙwararren mai rawa.&lt;ref&gt;Elaine Fantham, Helene Peet Foley, Natalie Boymel Kampen, Sarah B. Pomeroy, H. A. Shapiro, ''Women in the Classical World'' p. 270, {{ISBN|0-19-509862-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Eunus''' (ya mutu 132 BC), wani bautar Romawa daga Apamea a Siriya, shugaban tawayen bayi a Yaƙin Bawa na Farko a Lardin Roma na Sicily . Eunus ya zama sananne a cikin motsi ta hanyar sunansa a matsayin annabi da ma'aikaci mai ban mamaki. Ya yi iƙirarin karɓar wahayi da sadarwa daga allahiya Atargatis, wata shahararriyar allahiya a ƙasarsa; ya bayyana ta da Demeter na Sicilian. Wasu daga cikin annabce-annabce sun kasance cewa bayi masu tayar da kayar baya za su sami nasarar kama birnin Enna kuma zai zama sarki wata rana.
* '''Euphemia''' (ya mutu 520s), Sarauniyar Daular Byzantine ta hanyar aure ga Justin I, asalin bawa ne.
* '''Euphraios''', bawa da kuma banki na [[Athens|Atina]].  &lt;ref name=&quot;garlan70&quot;&gt;Yvon Garlan, ''Slavery in Ancient Greece'', p. 67, {{ISBN|0-8014-9504-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Exuperius da Zoe''' (ya mutu 127), Shahadar Kirista na ƙarni na 2. Su ma'aurata ne waɗanda arna suka bautar da su a Pamfiliya. An kashe su tare da 'ya'yansu maza, Cyriacus da Theodolus, saboda ƙin shiga cikin al'adun arna lokacin da aka haifi ɗansu.

[[Fayil:Frederick_Douglass_(circa_1879).jpg|right|thumb|Frederick Douglass, babban dan Afirka na Amurka na karni na 19]]
[[Fayil:Self-portrait_by_F.Slavyanskiy_(1850s,_Russian_museum).JPG|left|thumb|Hoton kansa na Fyodor Slavyansky (1850s, gidan kayan gargajiya na Rasha) ]]

* '''Fabia Arete''', Tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Roma kuma 'yar'uwarta wacce ake magana da ita a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ko ''archimima'' wacce ta sami nasara sosai kuma tana iya kasancewa cikin tsirarun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo mata don yin sassan magana. 
* '''Felicitas''' (ya mutu 203), shahidi Kirista kuma waliyyi. 
* '''Fezzeh Khanom''' ( {{Circa|1835}} – 1882), mace ‘yar Afurka wadda Bab ta bautar da [[Báb|ita]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Anthony A. |date=May 2012 |title=Enslaved African Women in Nineteenth-Century Iran: The Life of Fezzeh Khanom of Shiraz |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies/article/abs/enslaved-african-women-in-nineteenthcentury-iran-the-life-of-fezzeh-khanom-of-shiraz/F0FCAADB077369D61AD8E29BADB0298C |journal=Iranian Studies |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=417–437 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2011.637769 |issn=0021-0862 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Anthony A. |date=2015 |title=Half the Household Was African: Recovering the Histories of Two African Slaves in Iran |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0km6m833 |journal=UCLA Historical Journal |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Florence Baker''' (1841 – 1916), mai binciken Hungarian-British, wanda aka sayar da shi cikin [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|bauta a cikin Daular Usmaniyya]] kuma Samuel Baker ya cece ta wanda daga baya ta yi aure.
* '''Florence Johnson Smith''', 'yar Ba'amurke wacce Shugaba Andrew Johnson 'yar Dolly Johnson ta bauta. &lt;ref name=&quot;andrew johnson white house&quot;/&gt;
* '''Fountain Hughes''' (1848-1957), an yi hira da shi a watan Yuni shekar ta alif dari tara da arbain da tara 1949 game da rayuwarsa ta [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Marubuta na Tarayya .
* '''Francis Bok''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), Bawan Dinka daga [[Sudan ta Kudu]], yanzu ya zama mai kawar da kai kuma marubuci a Amurka.
* '''Francis Jackson''' (an haife shi 1815 zuwa 1820), an haife shi kyauta, an sace shi a 1850 kuma an sayar da shi cikin bauta kuma a ƙarshe an sake shi a 1855 tare da ƙudurin ''Francis Jackson v. John W. Deshazer'' .
* '''Francis James Grimké''' (1850-1937), minista.
* '''Francisco Menéndez''', wani mutum da aka yi bauta a [[South Carolina]] wanda ya tsere zuwa Sipaniya Florida, inda ya yi aiki a cikin mayakan Mutanen Espanya, yana jagorantar sansanin da aka kafa a 1738 a Fort Mose . Wannan rukunin yanar gizon shine farkon al'ummar baƙar fata masu 'yanci na doka a cikin abin da ke yanzu Amurka.
* '''François Mackandal''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1758), shugaban [[Maroons|Haitian Maroon]] .
* '''Frederick Douglass''' (1818-1895), an haife shi cikin bauta a [[Maryland]] kuma ya tsere zuwa Arewa maso Gabas a 1838, inda ya zama mashahurin marubuci, mai magana, da jami'in diflomasiyya.
* '''Fyodor Slavyansky''' (1817-1876), mai zane-zane na Rasha.

[[Fayil:Gordon,_scourged_back,_NPG,_1863.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton jarrabawar likita na Gordon yana nuna cewa an yi masa bulala, wanda masu adawa da abolitionists suka rarraba don fallasa zaluncin bautar]]
[[Fayil:Portrait_of_Rabia_Gülnuş.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton Gülnuş Sultan]]

* '''Gabriel Prosser''' (1776-1800), shugaban tawayen bayi na Virginia.
* '''Gaius Furius Chresimus''', Roman na dā. A matsayinsa na 'yanci, ya samar da irin wannan amfanin gona daga karamin gonarsa cewa an zarge shi da yin sihiri da amfanin gona na wasu mutane, amma lokacin da ya samar da kayan aikin gona a kotu, an wanke shi. Pliny the Elder ya ba da labarinsa a matsayin shaida cewa aiki tuƙuru shine abin da ke da mahimmanci a aikin gona.&lt;ref&gt;Daniel Odgen, ''Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts In The Greek and Roman Worlds'', p. 277, {{ISBN|978-0-19-538520-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Galatian de Sesse (karni na 16), jarumi Mai asibiti na Aragonese kuma Gwamna na Gozo wanda aka bautar da shi a lokacin harin Ottoman na 1551 a kan Gozo kuma ya shafe shekaru biyar a matsayin bawa na jirgin ruwa kafin a fanshe shi kuma a 'yantar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Curmi |first=Luca |date=2023 |title=The Attack on Gozo of 1551 and its Effects on the Gozo Population – Part I |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/117642/1/The%20attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population%20Part%201%202023.pdf |journal=The Gozo Observer |issue=47 |pages=16–23 |issn=1996-3114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112172542/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/117642/1/The%20attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population%20Part%201%202023.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Galeria Lysistrate (karni na biyu), uwargidan sarki na Roma Antoninus Pius .
* '''Ganga Zumba''' ko '''Ganazumba''' ({{Circa}} 1630-1678), zuriyar wani sarki da ba a san shi ba na [[Masarautar Kongo|Kongo]] wanda ya tsere wa bautar a mulkin mallaka na [[Brazil]] kuma ya zama shugaban farko na mazaunin bayi na Quilombo dos Palmares .
* '''Gannicus''', wani bawa Celt kuma daya daga cikin shugabannin bayi 'yan tawaye a lokacin Yaƙin Bawa na Uku
* '''Garafilia Mohalbi''' (1817-1830), wani bawa na Girka wanda wani dan kasuwa na Amurka ya cece shi kuma ya kawo shi Boston. Ta mutu da ƙuruciya kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga babban motsi na fasaha.
* '''[[Genghis Khan]]''' ({{Circa}} 1162-1227), wanda aka kama bayan wani hari kuma Taichiud ya bautar da shi.
* '''George Africanus''' (1763-1834), wani dan Afirka ne daga [[Saliyo]] wanda ya zama dan kasuwa mai nasara a [[Nottingham]].
* '''George Edward Doney''' (1758-1809), mutumin Gambiya wanda William Capell, 4th Earl na Essex ya bautar.
* '''George Colvocoresses''' (1816-1872), daga Chios, Girka, wanda ya zo Amurka kuma ya zama kyaftin a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, an bautar da shi a takaice tun yana yaro. An sanya masa suna Colvos Passage.
* '''George Freeman Bragg''' (1863-1940), an haife shi cikin bautar a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]] kuma daga baya ya zama babban firist na Episcopal kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa.
* '''George Lewis''' (1794-1811), wanda aka fi sani da Slave George, wani bawa ne da aka kashe a [[Kentucky]] a daren Disamba 15-16, 1811.
* '''George Moses Horton''' (1797-1884), marubucin Afirka na farko; littafi na farko na shayari da aka buga a Arewacin Carolina.
* '''George Washington Carver''' ({{Circa}} 1864-1943), masanin kimiyya na Afirka, masanin tsire-tsire, malami da mai kirkiro wanda aka sani da karfafa noman madadin amfanin gona ga [[auduga]] kamar [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] da peanuts a Kudu; an haife shi cikin bautar a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] kuma an 'yantar da shi tun yana ƙarami bayan yakin basasar Amurka.
* '''George Griffin''' (1849-1897), an haife shi cikin bautar a [[Maryland]] kuma daga baya aka 'yantar da shi; aminin Mark Twain
* '''George W. Hayes''' (1847-1933), mai gabatar da kara a kotu kuma ɗan siyasa a Ohio na al'adun Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka da aka bautar da su tun da wuri a rayuwarsa.
* '''Gerónimo na Aguilar''' (1489-1531), wani ɗan Franciscan, ya rushe jirgin ruwa a Yucatán Peninsula a cikin 1511 kuma Mayans suka kama shi kuma suka bautar da shi.
* '''Gosala''', malamin tsattsauran ra'ayi na ƙarni na shida KZ na tsohuwar Indiya - ɗan zamani (kuma abokin hamayya) na [[Gautama Buddha]] - an ce an haife shi cikin bautar, kuma ya zama mai tsattsa ra'ayi tsirara bayan ya gudu daga mai kama shi, wanda ya sami nasarar riƙe tufafin Gosala kuma ya cire shi yayin da ya gudu.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}
* '''Gonzalo Guerrero''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1536), masanin jirgin ruwa ne daga Palos, Spain, wanda ya rushe a yankin Yucatán a shekara ta1511 kuma Maya na yankin ya bautar da shi.
* '''Gordon''', wanda aka fi sani da Whipped Peter, wani dan Afirka ne wanda ya tsere zuwa sansanin Sojojin Tarayyar daga wani shuka kusa da Baton Rouge, Louisiana a 1863. Hotunan Gordon da aka karɓa a lokacin gwajin likita an buga su a cikin ''Harper's Weekly'' kuma sun ba da tabbacin gani na Arewacin Arewa game da zalunci na bautar. Sun yi wahayi zuwa ga baƙi masu yawa masu 'yanci don shiga cikin Sojojin Tarayyar.
* '''Gülnuş Sultan''' (1642-1715) shi ne Haseki Sultan na Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV da Valide sultan ga 'ya'yansu maza Mustafa II da Ahmed III .
* '''Guðríður Símonardóttir''' (1598-1682), mace 'yar Iceland da masu bautar [[Arewacin Afirka]] suka kama (Barbary Pirates).
* '''Gustav Badin''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1822), ma'aikaci a kotun sarauta ta Sweden, asalinsa bawa ne na Denmark.

[[Fayil:Titian - Portrait of a Woman (La Sultana Rossa).jpg|thumb|Hurrem Sultan, wata yarinya bawa ta Gabashin Turai da sultan Ottoman Süleyman the Magnificent ya saya, wanda ya auri ta. ]]

* '''Hababa''', ƙwaraƙwarar K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Yazid II.
* '''Hagar''', mutumin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, na Saratu.
* '''Hannah Bond''' (an haife ta a shekarun 1830), sunan alkalami Hannah Crafts,  ta rubuta The Bondwoman's Narrative bayan samun 'yancinta. Wataƙila littafi na farko da wata mace 'yar Afirka ta Amirka ta yi, ita ce kawai sanannen littafin da wata mace ta tsere daga bautar ta rubuta.
* '''Hark Olufs''' (1708-1754), ɗan jirgin ruwa na [[Denmark|Danish]], 'yan fashi na [[Aljeriya]] ne suka kama shi. An sayar da shi ga Bey na [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]], ya zama Babban Kwamandan sojan doki na Bey. An sake shi a shekara ta 1735.
* '''Harriet Balfour''' ({{Circa}} 1818-1858), mace mai bautar da aka haifa a Surinam wacce aka 'yantar da ita a 1841 kuma ta koma Scotland
* '''Harriet Evans Paine''', ({{Circa}} 1822-1917), mace mai bautar Texas kuma daga baya masanin tarihi da mai ba da labari.
* '''Harriet Hemings''' (1801-bayan 1822), 'yar Sally Hemings da [[Thomas Jefferson]].
* '''Harriet Jacobs''' (1813-1897), marubucin Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl .
* '''Harriet Powers''' (1837-1910), mai zane-zane na Amurka, kuma mai zane-zanen kaya.
* '''[[Harriet Tubman]]''' ({{Circa}} 1822-1913), wanda ake kira &quot;Moses&quot; saboda kokarin da ta yi na taimaka wa wasu bayi na Amurka su tsere ta hanyar Jirgin Kasa.
* '''Harry''', mai shigar da kara a cikin hukuncin ''Harry v. Decker &amp;amp;amp; Hopkins'' na 1818 na Kotun Koli ta Mississippi (na farko tsakanin jihohin kudancin Amurka) don 'yantar da mutum daga bautar kawai bisa ga zama a cikin yankin kyauta.
* '''Harry Washington''' (ya mutu 1800), wanda aka fi sani da '''Henry Washington''', [[George Washington]] ne ya bautar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlackLoyalist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black Loyalist. |url=http://www.blackloyalist.info/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524160143/http://www.blackloyalist.info/ |archive-date=May 24, 2010 |access-date=May 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kai shi a matsayin bawa zuwa Amurka, Washington ta sayi shi a cikin 1763 don yin aiki a kan wani aikin don zubar da Great Dismal Swamp . 
* '''[[Selim I]])&quot;&gt;Hafsa Sultan''' (ya mutu Maris 1534), matar Selim I kuma sultan na farko na Daular Ottoman a matsayin mahaifiyar [[Suleiman Mai Girma]]. An yi jayayya game da asalin ta amma wasu masana tarihi sun ce ta bawa ce.[5]
* '''Helen Gloag''' (1750-1790), na Muthill, Perthshire, [[Scotland]], ta zama Sarauniyar [[Moroko|Maroko]] a matsayin bawa na sultan na Maroko.
* '''Henry Bibb''' (1815-1854), marubucin Amurka kuma mai abolitionist wanda aka haife shi [[Bauta|bawa]]. Bayan ya tsere daga bautar zuwa Burtaniya Upper Canada, ya kafa jaridar abolitionist, The Voice of the Fugitive . Daga baya ya koma Amurka kuma ya ba da lacca game da bautar.
* '''[[Henry Highland Garnet]]''' (1815-1882), an haife shi bawa ne na Afirka a Maryland, ya tsere wa bautar a 1824, kuma ya zama mai abolitionist da kuma malami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Henry Highland Garnet |url=https://www.nyhistory.org/web/africanfreeschool/bios/henry-highland-garnet.html |access-date=June 10, 2022 |publisher=[[New-York Historical Society]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Hercules''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1755), shugaban mai dafa abinci wanda [[George Washington]] ya bautar da shi a gonar Washington, Dutsen Vernon . Ya tsere kuma ya sami 'yancinsa a shekara ta 1797, amma matarsa Alice da' ya'yansa uku sun kasance bayi.
* '''Hermas''', marubucin rubutun The Shepherd of Hermas kuma ɗan'uwan Paparoma Pius I.
* '''Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda''', wanda aka haifa a [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]], ya zama bautar yana da shekaru 13 lokacin da jirgin da ke dauke da shi zuwa Spain don ilimi ya nutse daga Florida. Wani shugaban Calusa ya bautar da shi kuma ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai fassara har sai an fanshe shi a shekara 30.&lt;ref&gt;Christina Snyder, ''Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America'', pp. 38–9, {{ISBN|978-0-674-04890-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Horace King (1807-1885), masanin gine-gine na Amurka, injiniya, kuma mai gina gada, an haife shi cikin bautar a wani shuka na [[South Carolina|Kudancin Carolina]].
* '''Hümaşah Sultan''' (fl. 1647-1672) ita ce matar [[Ibrahim na Daular Usmaniyya|Sultan Ibrahim]] na Daular Ottoman .
* '''Hurrem Sultan''' ({{Circa}} 1504-1558), wanda aka fi sani da Roxelana, yarinya ce ta [[Gabashin Turai]], 'yan kasuwa ne suka kama ta kuma suka sayar da ita ga Imperial Harem, ta zama babban matar aure da matar shari'a ta Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent.
* Halime Sultan ({{Circa}} 1570-bayan 1639) ya kasance Valide Sultan kuma mai mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]
* Handan Sultan ({{Circa}} 1568-1605) ya kasance Valide Sultan kuma mai mulki na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]

== Na ==
[[Fayil:Pargalı_İbrahim_Paşa.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Pasha]]
[[Fayil:Argunov-self.jpg|left|thumb|Ivan Argunov. Hoton kansa (ƙarshen 1750s).]]

* İb'''Ibrahim Pasha'''(c. {{Circa}} - 1536), Suleiman the Magnificent na farko da aka nada Grand Vizier. GirGirkanci hanyar haihuwa, yana da shekaru shida an sayar da shi a matsayin bawa ga fadar Ottoman don sarakuna na gaba inda ya yi abota da Suleiman, wanda yake daidai da shekaru.
* '''Icelus Marcianus''', bawa kuma daga baya ya 'yantar da sarki na Roma Galba a karni na 1 AZ. Ya kasance daya daga cikin mutane uku da aka ce sun mallaki sarki gaba ɗaya, wanda ya kara rashin jin daɗin Galba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, Book I, chapter 13 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=1:chapter=13&amp;highlight=icelus |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Ida B. Wells]]''' (1862-1931), fitacciyar 'yar gwagwarmayar Afirka-Amurka, an haife ta cikin bautar, wacce a rayuwarta ta baya ta yi yaƙi kuma ta yi nasarar kawar da kisan kai. A shekara ta 1909 ta kafa kungiyar National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP).
* '''Imma''', wani aristocrat na Northumbrian wanda aka buge shi ba tare da sanin komai ba a yaƙi kuma daga baya ya yi kamar shi manomi ne, don masu kama shi ba za su kashe shi ba. Halinsa da ɗabi'arsa ba da daɗewa ba suka ci amanarsa, kuma an sayar da shi cikin bautar.&lt;ref&gt;Chris Wickham, ''The Inheritance of Rome'', p. 195, {{ISBN|978-0-14-311742-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=The Tale Of The Miraculously Chain-Resistant Thane From The Kingdom Of Northumbria |url=https://thehistorianshut.com/2017/10/18/the-tale-of-the-miraculously-chain-resistant-thane-from-the-kingdom-of-northumbria/ |website=The Historian's Hut}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Isabel de Solís''' ( 1485), ƙwaraƙwarar Castilian ta Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan na Granada.&lt;ref&gt;Laurence Vidal, Los Amantes de Granada, Ed. EDHASA, 2006, 359 pages, ({{ISBN|978-8-43501742-8}})&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Isabella Gibbons''' (1826-1890), ta zama malamar makaranta a Virginia bayan da aka 'yantar da ita a 1865.
* '''Isfandíyár''', Bawan a gidan [[Bahá'u'lláh]] a [[Tehran]],  Isfandíayár ya mutu a Mazandaran 
* '''Isra'ila Jefferson''' ({{Circa}} 1800 bayan 1873), wanda aka fi sani da '''Isra'ila Gillette''' kafin 1844, an haife shi cikin bautar a Monticello, gidan [[Thomas Jefferson]], kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gida kusa da Jefferson na shekaru.
* '''Ivan Bolotnikov''' (1565-1608), ɗan gudun hijira ne (bautar da aka yi a Rasha) kuma shugaban Tawayen Bolotnikov a cikin 1606-1607.
* '''Ivan Argunov''' (1729-1802), mai zane-zane na Rasha, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar zane-zane ta Rasha.

[[Fayil:Jean_de_Valette_-Antoine_Favray_(cropped1).png|thumb|Jean Parisot na Valette]]
[[Fayil:Bakhita_Szent_Jozefina.jpeg|right|thumb|St. Josephine Margaret Bakhita, F.D.C.]]

* '''Jack Gladstone''', shugaban Tawayen Demerara na 1823.
* '''Jackey Wright''', wata bautar Amurka ce wacce ta kai karar kuma ta sami 'yancinta a cikin sanannen shari'ar Virginia ta 1806 na Hudgins v. Wright . Ra'ayin Kotun Koli ta Virginia ya dogara da Wright da ya bayyana fari da 'yan asalin Amurka, yayin da ƙananan kotun a ƙarƙashin George Wythe ta yi ƙoƙari ta kafa zaton' yanci ga dukan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba.
* Jacob Notaras (fl. 1453), mai daraja na Byzantine wanda Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror ya dauka a matsayin bawa a lokacin faduwar Constantinople . 
* '''[[Opobo]]&quot; id=&quot;mwBo8&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Jaja of Opobo&quot;&gt;Jaja na Opobo''' (1821-1891), an sayar da shi a kusan shekara 12 zuwa bautar a Masarautar Bonny a [[Najeriya]] ta yanzu. Da yake tabbatar da iyawarsa ga kasuwanci tun yana ƙarami, ba wai kawai ya sami hanyar fita daga bautar ba har ma ya zama yarima mai arziki da iko kuma wanda ya kafa birnin Opobo, aikinsa ya ƙare ta hanyar masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya waɗanda ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar su.
* '''James Armistead Lafayette''' (1760-1830), wani dan Afirka ne wanda ya yi aiki da Sojojin Continental a Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka a matsayin wakili biyu.
* '''James Baugh''', Bawa ne na Amurka wanda ya kai karar 'yancinsa bisa la'akari da cewa kakarsa ta kasance Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;Ariela J. Gross, ''What Blood Won't Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America'', pp. 24–5, {{ISBN|978-0-674-03130-2}}/&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''James Hemings''' (1765-1801), ɗan asalin Amurka wanda [[Thomas Jefferson]] ya bautar da shi kuma daga baya ya sake shi. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Sally Hemings kuma ɗan'uwan matar Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, ta wurin mahaifinsu John Wayles.
* '''James Leander Cathcart''' (1767-1843), jami'in diflomasiyya kuma masanin jirgin ruwa sananne ne saboda labarinsa na shekaru goma sha ɗaya na [[Cinikin bayi na Barbary|Bautar]] a [[Aljir|Algiers]] da kuma nasarorin diflomasiyyarsa yayin da yake bautar.
* '''James Poovey''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1769), ɗan Philadelphia wanda aka bautar da shi tun daga haihuwa kuma ya sami 'yanci ta hanyar rashin biyayya ba tare da tashin hankali ba.
* James M. Priest (1819-1883), Mataimakin Shugaban Laberiya na 6, an haife shi cikin bautar a [[Kentucky]]
* '''[./James_&amp;#x3C;b&amp;#x20;id= Somerset]'''&quot; id=&quot;mwBrg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;James Somersett&quot;&gt;James Somersett ko Somerset, wani mutum ne da ya yi bautar a mulkin mallaka na Amurka wanda tserewa yayin da yake Ingila a cikin 1771, wanda sanannun masu adawa da abolitionists na Burtaniya suka goyi bayan, ya haifar da babbar shari'ar ''Somerset da Stewart'', wanda ya kawo karshen bautar a Burtaniya, kodayake ba a cikin yankunanta ba.
* '''{{Circa}}''' (c. 1807-1870), marubucin Afirka-Amurka kuma mai abolitionist . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=James W. C. Pennington, 1807–1870, ''The Fugitive Blacksmith;'' &quot;Summary&quot; |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/penning49/summary.html |access-date=September 29, 2023 |website=Documenting the American South |publisher=[[University of North Carolina]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Jan Ernst Matzeliger''' (1852-1889), mai kirkiro na Surinamese-Amurka a masana'antar takalma.
* '''Jane Johnson''' (1814/1827-1872), ta sami 'yanci a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1855, tare da' ya'yanta maza biyu yayin da take Philadelphia tare da mai shi da iyalinsa. William Still da Passmore Williamson ne suka taimaka mata, masu adawa da abolitionists na Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society da Kwamitin Kula da ita.
* '''Jean Amilcar''' ({{Circa}} 1781-1793), ɗan Senegalese mai suna Marie Antoinette .
* '''[[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]''' (1758-1806), shugaban [[Haiti]]_Revolution&quot; id=&quot;mwBtg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Haitian Revolution&quot;&gt;Juyin Juya Halin Haiti kuma shugaban farko na Haiti mai zaman kanta.
* '''Jean Marteilhe''' (1684-1777), mai ba da labari na Baƙin Huguenot na Faransa, ya yi aiki a matsayin bawa na jirgin ruwa.
* '''Jean Saint Malo''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1784), shugaban bayi masu gudu (mallaka na Maroon) a cikin Mutanen Espanya Louisiana kuma mai suna Saint Malo, Louisiana.
* '''Jean Parisot na Valette''' (1495-1568), jarumi na Order of Saint John an kama shi kuma ya zama bawa a cikin 1541 ta hanyar Barbary masu fashin teku a karkashin umurnin Turgut Reis . An sake shi bayan kimanin shekara guda kuma daga baya ya zama Grandmaster of the Order .
* '''Jefferson F. Long''' (1836-1901), tsohon bawa na farko da ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka kuma Ba'amurke na farko da zai wakilci jihar [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] a Majalisa.
* '''Jeffrey Hudson''' (1619-{{Circa}} 1682), wani dan majalisa na Ingila wanda ya shafe shekaru 25 a matsayin bawa a [[Arewacin Afirka]].
* '''[[Jehan Alard]]''' (fl. 1580), ɗan Huguenot na Faransa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bawa a Italiya, wanda Inquisition ya hukunta.
* '''Jehu Grant''' ({{Circa}} 1752-1840), tsohon sojan juyin juya hali.
* Jeremiah Haralson (1846-Ba a sani ba), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya wakilci Gundumar majalisa ta farko ta Alabama a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a lokacin Majalisar Dattijai ta 44 ta Amurka.
* '''Jermain Wesley Loguen''' (1813-1872), wani Ba'amurke Ba'amurkiya ne wanda ya tsere wa bautar kuma ya zama abolitionist, bishop na Ikilisiyar Siyona ta Methodist Episcopal ta Afirka, kuma marubucin Labarin bawa.
* '''Jim Cuff''' ko '''Jim Crow''' wani dan Afirka ne mai nakasa a jiki, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya zauna a [[St. Louis]], Cincinnati, ko Pittsburgh,  wanda waƙarsa da rawa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙar baƙar fata da rawa &quot;Jump ''Jim Crow''&quot; ta fararen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Thomas D. Rice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=131–145}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban shahararren halittar Rice nan da nan ya haifar da Jim Crow ya zama sunan da ba shi da kyau ga baƙi, kuma daga baya ga sunan da ake amfani da shi ga Jim Crow Laws, ba'a ga sunan mai suna.
* '''Jim Henson''', wani dan Afirka wanda ya tsere wa bautar kuma ya buga tarihinsa, Broken Shackles, a [[Kanada]].
* '''Joana da Gama''' ({{Circa}} 1520-1586), yarinya ce ta Portugal kuma marubuciya.
* '''Joe''', mutumin da William B. Travis ya bautar da shi, ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojin Texian a Yaƙin Alamo . Bayan cin nasarar Texian, Janar na Mexico Santa Anna ya kare Joe, yana fatan shawo kan wasu bayi a Texas don tallafawa gwamnatin Mexico akan tawaye na Texian.&lt;ref&gt;Mary Deborah Petite, &quot;1836 Facts about the Alamo and the Texas War for Independence&quot;, {{ISBN|978-1-882810-35-2}}, Savas Publishing Company, Mason City, IA, 1999, p. 128&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, an tura Joe tare da wasu wadanda suka tsira zuwa Gonzales kuma an ƙarfafa su su ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a yakin, da kuma sanar da sauran sojojin Texian cewa sojojin Santa Anna ba za a iya cin nasara ba.
* '''John Axouch''' (1087-1150), wani Seljuk Turk wanda [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]] ta kama shi tun yana yaro, ya 'yantar da shi kuma ya girma a cikin gidan sarki a matsayin abokin sarki na gaba John II Komnenos, kuma a kan hauhawarsa ya ba da umurni ga sojojin daular kuma ya kasance babban aboki da amintaccen sarki.
* '''John Boston''' ({{Circa}} 1832-bayan 1880) tsohon bautar da ke wakiltar Darlington County a Majalisar Wakilai ta Kudu Carolina a Lokacin sake ginawa. Ya shiga cikin ayyukan al'umma kuma, a matsayin minista, ya kafa Ikilisiyar Lamar Colored Methodist a 1865. A shekara ta 1880, ya zama manomi.
* '''John &quot;Lit&quot; Fleming''', an haife shi a cikin bautar a Virginia amma daga baya ya koma Edmundson, Arkansas, tare da iyayensa da 'yan uwansa. Daga nan sai ya koma Memphis, Tennessee, kuma ya kasance mai mallakar jaridar Memphis Free Speech tare da mai fafutuka [[Ida B. Wells|Ida B. Wells-Barnett]] .
* '''John Munroe Brazealle''', tare da mahaifiyarsa, batutuwan ''Hinds v. Brazealle'' (1838), wata shari'a a [[Mississippi]]&quot; id=&quot;mwB0o&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Supreme Court of Mississippi&quot;&gt;Kotun Koli ta Mississippi wacce ta musanta halattacciyar haƙƙin gado a Mississippi na ayyukan da Elisha Brazealle ya aiwatar, mazaunin Mississippi, a Ohio don 'yantar da su biyu.
* '''John Brown''' ({{Circa}} 1810-1876), ya tsere kuma ya rubuta game da yanayin da ke cikin Kudancin Kudancin Amurka.
* '''John Casor''', na farko da aka bautar a sakamakon shari'ar farar hula a cikin Koloni goma sha uku (Virginia Colony, 1655).
* '''John Ezzidio''' ({{Circa}} 1810-1872), ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya zama ɗan siyasa da ɗan kasuwa na [[Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka da Kariya ta Saliyo|Sierra Leonese]] mai cin nasara.
* '''John Adams Hyman''' (1840-1891), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisa Dattijan Arewacin Carolina kuma wanda daga baya ya yi aiki ne a matsayin Ba'amurke na farko da ya wakilci jihar a Majalisa.
* '''John Jea''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1773), ɗan Afirka-Amurka ne wanda aka fi sani da tarihin kansa na 1811, The Life, History, and Unparallel Sufferings of John Jea, the African Preacher .
* '''John Joyce''' wanda aka haifa a cikin bautar a Maryland, ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, ya gudanar da ayyuka da yawa bayan haka, kuma ya kashe mai sayar da kaya, Sarah Cross; rayuwarsa da laifinsa sun ba da labarin a cikin wallafe-wallafen kisan kai na zamaninsa.&lt;ref&gt;Karen Halttunen, ''Murder Most Foul'', p. 44, {{ISBN|0-674-58855-X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''John R. Jewitt''' (1783-1821), wani makami na Ingila wanda ya shafe shekaru uku a matsayin fursuna na Maquinna na mutanen Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) a bakin tekun Pacific na abin da ke yanzu Kanada.
* '''John R. Lynch''' (1847-1939), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Mississippi ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya zama shugaban majalisar dokoki ta jihar. Daga baya ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka kuma ya rubuta The Facts of Reconstruction don magance zargi game da manufofin zamanin Reconstruction.
* '''John Punch''' (fl. 1630s, yana rayuwa 1640), wani dan Afirka ne da ya zama bawa a yankin Virginia a karni na 17.  &lt;ref name=&quot;John Donoghue 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Donoghue |year=2010 |title='Out of the Land of Bondage': The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition |url=http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/115/4/943.full |url-status=dead |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=115 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901101732/http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/115/4/943.full |archive-date=2016-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin shekara ta 1640, Majalisar Gwamnan Virginia ta yanke masa hukuncin yin aiki har tsawon rayuwarsa a matsayin horo don guduwa zuwa Maryland. Yawancin masana tarihi suna la'akari da Punch a matsayin &quot;bawa na farko na hukuma a cikin mulkin mallaka na Ingila, &quot;  kuma shari'arsa a matsayin &quot;tafiyar doka ta farko game da bautar rayuwa a cikin Chesapeake.  Masana tarihi suma suna la'awar wannan a matsayin daya daga cikin bambance-bambance na farko na doka tsakanin Turawa da 'yan Afirka da aka yi a cikin mulkin kama da kuma babban abin da ya faru a ci gaban kafa bautar a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Coates |first=Rodney D. |year=2003 |title=Law and the Cultural Production of Race and Racialized Systems of Oppression |url=http://web.pdx.edu/~ingham/syllabi/Perspectives/LawHistRacism.pdf |journal=[[American Behavioral Scientist]] |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=329–351 |doi=10.1177/0002764203256190 |s2cid=146357699 |access-date=2025-05-31 |archive-date=2024-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719095755/https://web.pdx.edu/~ingham/syllabi/Perspectives/LawHistRacism.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John Donoghue 2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tom Costa |year=2011 |title=Runaway Slaves and Servants in Colonial Virginia |url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Runaway_Slaves_and_Servants_in_Colonial_Virginia |website=[[Encyclopedia Virginia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''John S. Jacobs''' (1815-1873), wanda aka haifa a cikin bautar a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]], ya tsere, ya zama mai magana da abolitionist kuma marubucin tarihin bawa. Ɗan'uwan sanannen marubuci Harriet Jacobs.
* '''[[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]]&quot; id=&quot;mwB6U&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;John Smith of Jamestown&quot;&gt;John Smith''' (1580-1631), sojan Ingila, masanin jirgin ruwa, kuma marubucin da aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka wajen tsira da mulkin mallaka na Jamestown a Virginia. Tatars na Crimea sun kama Smith a cikin 1602 yayin da yake fada a [[Wallachia]] kuma Daular Ottoman ta bautar da shi, amma ya tsere ya koma Ingila a shekara ta 1604. Kamar yadda Smith ya bayyana shi: &quot;dukmu muna sayar da bayi, kamar dabbobi a kasuwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soldier of Furtune: John Smith before Jamestown |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2007-01/John_Smith.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117160614/http://www.neh.gov///news/humanities/2007-01/John_Smith.htm |archive-date=January 17, 2009 |access-date=February 4, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Jordan Anderson''' (1825-1907), wanda aka fi sani da wasika da aka aika wa tsohon mai zalunci / maigidansa don amsa buƙatar na ƙarshe cewa Jordan ya koma hidimarsa.
* Jordan Winston Early (1814-bayan 1894) ya kasance mai wa'azi na Methodist na Amurka wanda ya kasance batun littafi game da rayuwarsa a matsayin bawa.
* '''John White''', wani baƙar fata wanda Creeks ya kama a shekara ta 1797 kuma ya tsere ya koma New Orleans, inda jami'an Mutanen Espanya suka mayar da shi bautar.&lt;ref&gt;Christina Snyder, ''Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America'', p. 200, {{ISBN|978-0-674-04890-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''John Ystumllyn''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Jac Du''' ko '''Jack Black''', mai aikin lambu na Welsh na ƙarni na 18 kuma mutum na farko da aka rubuta da kyau na Arewacin Wales.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=YSTUMLLYN, JOHN ('Jack Black') (d. 1786), gardener and land steward {{!}} Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-YSTU-JOH-1786#?c=0&amp;m=0&amp;s=0&amp;cv=0&amp;manifest=https://damsssl.llgc.org.uk/iiif/2.0/4671090/manifest.json&amp;xywh=592,1116,1151,928 |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=biography.wales}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Jonathan Strong''', batun daya daga cikin shari'o'in shari'a na farko da suka shafi bautar a Burtaniya.
* '''José Antonio Aponte''' shugaban makircin Aponte.
* '''Yusufu''', muhimmin mutum a [[Tsohon Alkawari]] da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].
* '''Joseph Antonio Emidy''' (1775-1835), violinist kuma mawaƙi wanda aka haife shi a Afirka, ya mutu a Cornwall.
* Joseph Cinqué (1814-1879), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sengbe Pieh''', shugaban tawayen bayi a kan jirgin bawa La Amistad kuma wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar Kotun Koli ta gaba ''Amurka v. Amistad'' a 1839.
* '''Joseph Jackson Fuller''' (1825-1908), daya daga cikin bayi na farko da aka 'yantar a [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], da farko a karkashin 'yanci na [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar kawar da bautar 1833]].
* '''Joseph Knight''', ya sami nasarar neman 'yancinsa ta hanyar shari'a a [[Scotland]] a cikin 1777, shari'ar da ta tabbatar da cewa dokar Scots ba za ta goyi bayan kafa bautar ba.
* '''Josephine Bakhita''' ({{Circa}} 1869-1947), ɗan asalin Sudan ne Roman Katolika Canossian nun kuma saint.
* '''Joshua Glover''', mai tsere daga bautar da aka taimaka wa abolitionists a Racine, Wisconsin a 1854.
* '''Josiah T. Walls''' ({{Circa}} 1842-1905), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ɗakunan biyu na Majalisa Dokokin Jihar Florida kuma wanda ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya wakilci jihar a Majalisa</text>
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[[Fayil:Livorno_Quattro_mori_monument_07.JPG|thumb|375x375px|Ɗaya daga cikin siffofi huɗu na bayi da aka ɗaure a gindin tarihi na Moors huɗu a Livorno, Italiya, wanda ƙila samfurori sun kasance ainihin bayi]]
[[Bauta|Bautar]] tsarin zamantakewa ne na tattalin arziƙi wanda mutane ke bautar da su: an hana su 'yancin a matsayin su na muatne  kuma an tilasta su yin aiki ko ayyuka ba tare da diyya ba. Ana kiran waɗannan mutane bayi, ko kuma bayi.

Wadannan sune jerin sanannun mutanen tarihi waɗanda aka bautar da su na tsawon lokaci a rayuwarsu, a cikin haruffa ta hanyar suna na farko.
 

== A ==

* '''Ibrahim''', wani baƙar fata ne wanda ya ɗauki sakonni tsakanin iyaka da Charles Town a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe da Cherokee, wanda aka 'yantar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christina Snyder p 141&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books/about/Slavery_in_Indian_Country.html?id=cXhONCyfy2gC Christina Snyder, ''Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America''], p. 141, {{ISBN|978-0-674-04890-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2019 |title=Abraham the Unstoppable, Part 1 |url=https://www.ccpl.org/charleston-time-machine/abraham-unstoppable-part-1 |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Charleston County Public Library |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kenneth W. |first=Porter |author-link=Kenneth Porter (poet) |date=1946 |title=The Negro Abraham |url=https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol25/iss1/5/ |journal=Florida Historical Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori''' (1762-1829), yarima daga [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] kuma ya zama bautar Amurka na tsawon shekaru 40 har sai Shugaba [[John Quincy Adams]] ya 'yantar da shi.
* '''Abram Petrovich Gannibal''' (1696-1781), wanda sarkin Rasha Peter the Great, gwamnan [[Tallinn]] ([[Tallinn|Reval]]) (1742-1752), janar-a-shugaba (1759-1762) ya karɓa don gina sansanonin teku da canals a Rasha; kakan Alexander Pushkin. Dubi ''Bawa a cikin Fasahar Turai'' don hotuna.
* '''Absalom Jones''' (1746-1818), tsohon bautar da ta sayi 'yancinsa, abolitionist da kuma limami - firist na farko da aka naɗa na Ikilisiyar Episcopal.{{Spaced en dash}}
* '''Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 644), ɗan sana'a na Farisa kuma fursuna wanda ya kashe Khalifa na biyu na Islama [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar ibn al-Khattab]] (r. 634-644).
* '''Addas''' (karni na 7) wani ɗan [[Kirista]] ne wanda ya zauna a [[Ta'if|Taif]] a lokacin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], wanda ake zaton shi ne mutum na farko daga lardin yammacin Taif da ya tuba zuwa Islama.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the divine purpose for sending prophets? |url=http://islambyquestions.net/Prophets/DivinePurpose.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226045313/http://islambyquestions.net/Prophets/DivinePurpose.htm |archive-date=2012-02-26 |access-date=2009-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Adriaan na Bruin''' ({{Circa}} 1700-1766), wanda a baya ake kira '''Tabo Jansz''', bawa ne a Jamhuriyar Dutch wanda ya zama ɗan 'yanci a Hoorn, Arewacin Holland.&lt;ref name=&quot;bruin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bruin |first=Jan de |date=2013 |title=Twee West-Friese slaven |url=https://www.oudhoorn.nl/kwartaalblad/pdf/oud_hoorn_2013_2.pdf |journal=Oud Hoorn |language=nl |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=59–63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;haarnack&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haarnack |first=Carl |last2=Hondius |first2=Dienke |date=25 March 2012 |title=Swart in Nederland |url=http://bukubooks.wordpress.com/swart/ |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Buku – Bibliotheca Surinamica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nicolaas Verkolje ne ya nuna shi.
* '''Adam Brzeziński''' (1768 - ''bayan'' 1797), Bawan Poland da Royal Ballet Dancer, wanda aka ba da gudummawa ga Sarkin Poland ta hanyar nufin da wasiyya.
* '''Aesop''' ({{Circa}} 620-564 KZ), mawaƙi na Girka kuma marubuci ko mai fassara Labaran Aesop .
* '''Afanasy Grigoriev''' (1782-1868), bawan Rasha kuma masanin gine-gine na Neoclassical.
* '''Afrosinya''' (1699/1700-1748), bawa na Rasha, mai yiwuwa fursuna ne na Finnish, uwargidan Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich na Rasha.

[[Fayil:Cabeza_de_Vaca_Portrait.jpg|right|thumb|235x235px|Álvar Núñez Kan shanu]]

* '''Agathoclia''' (ya mutu {{Circa}} 230), shahidai ne kuma mai kula da garin Mequinenza a [[Ispaniya|Spain]].
* '''Alam al-Malika''' (ya mutu 1130), mawaƙi mai bautar da aka inganta ya zama Firayim Minista na zahiri, mai ba da shawara da kuma mai mulkin [[Zabid|Zubayd]], a cikin abin da ke yanzu [[Yemen]].
* '''Alexina Morrison''', mai tsere daga bautar a [[Louisiana]] wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa yarinya ce da aka sace kuma ya kai karar ubangijinta don 'yancinta a wannan ƙasa, yana haifar da irin wannan jin daɗi game da shi cewa taron jama'a sun yi barazanar kashe shi.
* '''Alfred &quot;Teen&quot; Blackburn''' (1842-1951), daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsira daga bautar a Amurka wadanda suka tuna da shi.
* '''Alfred Francis Russell''' (1817-1884), Shugaban Laberiya na 10.
* '''Alice Clifton''' ({{Circa}} 1772-ba a san ta ba), a matsayin matashiya mai bautar, ta kasance mai tuhuma a cikin shari'ar kisan jarirai a shekara ta 1787.
* Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca ({{Circa}} 1490-{{Circa}} 1558), mai binciken Mutanen Espanya wanda 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka bautar da shi a Tekun Gulf na abin da ke yanzu Amurka bayan ya tsira daga rushewar balaguron Narváez a cikin 1527. 
* '''Al-Khayzuran bint Atta''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 789), yarinya '[[Yemen|'Yan Yemen]] ce mai bautar da ta zama matar K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Al-Mahdi kuma mahaifiyar K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Al'Al-Hadi da Harun al-Rashid, mafi shahara daga cikin [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]].
* '''Alp-Tegin''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 963), memba ne na makiyaya Turks na tsaunuka na Asiya ta Tsakiya wanda aka kawo shi a matsayin bawa lokacin da yake yaro a kotun Samanid a babban birnin su Bukhara kuma wanda ya tashi ya zama kwamandan sojojin Samanid Empire a Khorasan. Daga baya ya zama gwamnan [[Ghazni|Ghazna]] wanda ya fada ƙarƙashin Daular Samanid . Daga baya surukinsa Sabuktigin zai sami Daular Ghaznavid .
* Amanda America Dickson (1849-1893), 'yar fararen manomi na Georgia David Dickson da Julia Frances Lewis, wanda mahaifiyar Dickson ta bautar da shi. Kodayake an bautar da ita bisa doka har zuwa lokacin da ta sami 'yanci bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka, an haifi Amanda Dickson a matsayin wanda mahaifinta ya fi so kuma ya gaji dukiyarsa ta $ 500,000 bayan mutuwarsa a 1885. 

[[Fayil:Aesop_pushkin01.jpg|left|thumb|264x264px|Aesop a cikin wani mutum-mutumi na Hellenistic da aka yi iƙirarin shi ne, Art Collection of Villa Albani, Roma]]

* '''[[Ammar ibn Yasir|Ammar bin Yasir]]''' (570-657), daya daga cikin shahararrun ''[[Sahabban Annabi|Sahaba]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i'' (abokan annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] S.A.W) wanda [[Abubakar|Abu Bakr]] ya 'yantar da shi.
* '''Amos Fortune''' (1710-1801), yarima ne na Afirka wanda ya kasance bawa a Amurka a mafi yawan rayuwarsa. Littafin yara game da shi, Amos Fortune, Free Man ya lashe lambar yabo ta Newbery a shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da daya 1951.
* '''Anarcha Westcott''' ({{Circa}} 1828-ba a sani ba), wata baƙar fata ce da aka bautar a Amurka wacce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata da yawa da aka yi wa J. Marion Sims gwaji.

[[Fayil:Voronikhin.jpg|right|thumb|297x297px|Hoton Andrey Voronikhin. Hoton da V. A. Bobrov ya yi daga farkon karni na 19th.]]

* '''Andrey Voronikhin''' (1759-1814), bawan Rasha, masanin gine-gine kuma mai zane.
* '''Andrea Aguyar''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1849), wani baƙar fata ne da aka 'yantar da shi daga [[Uruguay]] wanda ya shiga Giuseppe Garibaldi a lokacin juyin juya halin Italiya a Yaƙin basasar Uruguay na shekarun 1840 kuma an kashe shi yana yaƙi don kare Jamhuriyar Roma ta shekarar alif dari takwas da arbain da tara 1849.
* '''Andrew Jackson Beard''' (1849-1921), mai kirkiro, an 'yantar da shi yana da shekaru 15 ta hanyar Sanarwar Emancipation .
* '''Anna J. Cooper''' (1858-1964), marubuciya, malami, mai magana da kuma sanannen masanin Afirka-Amurka.
* '''[[Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley]]''' (1793-1870), mace mai bautar sannan kuma mai shuka da mai bautar kanta.
* '''Anna Williams''', wata mace mai bautar a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] wacce ta samu nasarar kai karar Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don DC Circuit don 'yancinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Case Overview: Ann Williams, Ann Maria Williams, Tobias Williams, &amp; John Williams v. George Miller &amp; George Miller Jr. |url=https://earlywashingtondc.org/cases/oscys.caseid.0105 |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=earlywashingtondc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Annice''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1828), an kashe shi saboda kisan yara biyar.
* '''Annika Svahn''' (fl. 1714), mace 'yar Finland da Rasha ta sace a lokacin Babban Yakin Arewa . Yarinyar wani vicar a Joutseno, ta zama watakila sanannen wanda aka azabtar da shi saboda cin zarafin da fararen hula suka sha a Finland a lokacin mamayar Rasha Greater Wrath .
* '''[[Antarah ibn Shaddad]]''' (525-608), Larabawa kafin Islama wanda aka haifa wa wata mace mai bautar, wanda mahaifinsa ya 'yantar da shi a ranar da za a yi yaƙi, shi ma mawaki ne.
* '''Anthony Burns''' (1834-1862), mai wa'azi na Baptist wanda ya tsere wa bautar zuwa [[Boston]] kawai don a sake kama shi saboda Dokar Fugitive Slave na 1850, sannan wadanda suka yi adawa da sake kama shi a Boston suka sayi 'yancinsa.
* '''Antonia Bonnelli''' (1786-1870), wanda kabilar Mikasuki ta kama shi kuma ta bautar da shi a Florida a cikin 1802.
* '''António Corea''', sunan Turai da aka ba Koriya. An kai shi Italiya, wanda ya sanya shi mai yiwuwa Koriya ta farko da ta kafa a Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jin-Yeong |date=30 January 2004 |title=The Secret of Korean Man Painted by Rubens |url=https://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20040130/233138/1 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Guanches|Guanche]]&quot; id=&quot;mwATU&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Antón Guanche&quot;&gt;Antón Guanche''' (karni na 15), Guanche daga Tenerife, ya kama shi, ya bautar, kuma ya koma tsibirin.
* '''Aqualtune Ezgondidu Mahamud da Silva Santos''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1677), gimbiya ta [[Masarautar Kongo|Kongo]], mahaifiyar Ganga Zumba kuma kakarta ta Zumbi dos Palmares . Ta jagoranci mutane 10,000 a lokacin [[Yaƙin Mbwila]] tsakanin [[Masarautar Kongo]] da Masarautar Portugal . Sojojin Portugal ne suka kama ta, suka kawo ta Brazil kuma suka sayar da ita a matsayin bawa. Ta kirkiro mazaunin bayi na Quilombo dos Palmares tare da ɗanta Ganga Zumba . &lt;ref&gt;Maria Aparecida Schumaher, Erico teixeira Vital Brazil, ''Dicionário Mulheres do Brasil: de 1500 até a atualidade'', {{ISBN|9788571105737}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Archer Alexander (1810-1879), samfurin bawa a cikin 1876 Emancipation Memorial sculpture.

[[Fayil:Петровское._Бюст_А.П._Ганнибала.jpg|right|thumb|263x263px|Abram Petrovich Gannibal, wanda aka yi masa rauni a Petrovskoe, [[Rasha]]]]

* '''Archibald Grimké''' (1849-1930), an haife shi a cikin bautar, ɗan fari, ya zama lauyan Amurka, mai ilimi, ɗan jarida, diflomasiyya da shugaban al'umma.
* '''Arthur Crumpler''' ({{Circa}} 1835-1910), ya tsere wa bautar a [[Virginia]], mijin na biyu na [[Rebecca Lee Crumpler|Dokta Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Kate |date=1 April 2016 |title=Escaped Slave Arthur Crumpler Took Pride in Learning |url=https://americacomesalive.com/escaped-slave-arthur-crumpler-took-pride-learning/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=America Comes Alive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title=The Crumplers |url=https://mathsciencehistory.com/2021/02/25/the-crumplers/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Math! Science! History! |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225071621/https://mathsciencehistory.com/2021/02/25/the-crumplers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Aster Ganno''' ({{Circa}} 1872-1964), wata matashiya 'yar Habasha ce da take hannun dakarun Sojojin Ruwa na kasar Italiya daga jirgin bawa da ke tsallaka zuwa Yemen. Ta ci gaba da fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa yaren Oromo. Har ila yau, ta shirya kayan karatu da rubutu kuma ta ci gaba da ciyar da sauran rayuwarta a matsayin malamar makaranta.
* '''Augustine Tolton''' (1854-1897), firist na farko a Amurka.
* '''Aurelia Philematium''', wata 'yar 'yanci wacce dutsen kabarinta ya ɗaukaka aurenta da ɗan'uwanta mai' yanci, Lucius Aurelius Hermia . 

[[Fayil:William_Hoare_of_Bath_-_Portrait_of_Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo,_(1701-1773).jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Ayuba Suleiman Diallo]] na William Hoare (1733) ]]

* '''[[Ayuba Suleiman Diallo]]''' shekara ta (1701-1773), wanda aka fi sani da Ayuba ben Solomon, Musulmi ne na jihar Bundu a Yammacin Afirka wanda aka bautar shekaru biyu a [[Maryland]], an 'yantar da shi a shekarar alif dari bakwai da talatin da hudu 1734, kuma daga baya ya rubuta bayanan da aka buga a matsayin daya daga cikin labaran farko na bawa.

[[Fayil:رسم_الظاهر_بيبرس.png|left|thumb|343x343px|Baibars]]

* '''Baibars''' shekarar (1223-1277), wanda aka fi sani da '''Abu al-Futuh''', Kipchak Turk wanda ya zama Mamluk sultan na Masar da [[Siriya]].
* '''Balthild''' ({{Circa}} 626-680), wata mace ta Anglo-Saxon da aka haifa ta musamman wacce aka sayar da ita cikin bautar tun tana yarinya kuma ta yi aiki a gidan Erchinoald, magajin garin fadar Neustria. Daga baya ta zama sarauniya ta hanyar auren Clovis II, sannan kuma mai mulki a lokacin 'yan tsiraru na ɗanta Clotaire. Ta soke aikin cinikin bayi na Kirista kuma ta nemi 'yancin yara da aka sayar zuwa bautar. Paparoma Nicholas I ne ya tsarkake ta kimanin shekaru 200 bayan ta mutu.
* '''Bass Reeves''' shekara ta (1838-1910), daya daga cikin mataimakin baki na farko na Amurka Marshals a yammacin [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]], an yaba da kama masu laifi sama da 3,000 tare da harbi da kashe 'yan fashi goma sha huɗu a kare kansu.
* '''Belinda Sutton''' (1713-179?), an haife ta a Ghana, ta nemi goyon baya daga dukiyar bawanta, an dauke ta da shari'ar biyan kuɗi ta farko kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga gwagwarmaya ta gaba.

[[Fayil:Belinda_AmericanMuseum1787.jpg|thumb|Roƙon Belinda Sutton, an sake buga shi]]

* '''Bell (Belinda) ''' ({{Circa}} 1750-{{Circa}} 1772), an haife ta a Bengal, an kawo ta Scotland a cikin sabis na kamfanin gabashin Indiya. An zarge ta da kisan jarirai, ta nemi a kore ta kuma an sanya ta a matsayin &quot;bawa na rayuwa&quot; kuma an kai ta Virginia a shekara ta 1772. Ita ce mutum na karshe da aka dauka a matsayin bawa a kotun Burtaniya.
* '''Benjamin S. Turner''' (1825-1894), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya wakilci Gundumar Majalisa ta farko ta Alabama a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya wakilci jihar a Majalisa.
* '''Benkos Biohó''', an haife shi a cikin dangin sarauta na Tsibirin Bissagos, wanda aka sace shi kuma ya bautar da shi. Bayan sufuri zuwa Mutanen Espanya New Granada a Kudancin Amurka ya sami nasarar tserewa, ya taimaka wa wasu bayi da yawa su tsere kuma ya kafa al'ummar maroon na San Basilio na Palenque. Gwamna Diego Pacheco Téllez-Girón Gómez de Sandoval na [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]] ya ci amanarsa kuma ya rataye shi a 1621, amma al'ummar da ya kafa ta tsira cikin 'yanci kuma ta wanzu har zuwa yanzu.
* '''Betty Hemings''' ({{Circa}} 1735-1807), wata bautar da aka haɗu da launin fata a mulkin mallaka na Virginia wanda a cikin 1761 ya zama bawan jima'i na maigidansa, mai shuka John Wayles, kuma yana da yara shida masu haɗu da kabilanci tare da shi a cikin shekaru 12, gami da Sally Hemings da James Hemings .
* Big Eyes (fl. 1540), mace ta Wichita da mutanen Tejas suka bautar kafin Juan de Zaldívar ya kama ta kuma bautar da ita.
* '''Bilichild''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 610), sarauniya ce ta Austrasia ta hanyar auren Theudebert II .
* '''[[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal ibn Ribah]]''' (580-640), an 'yantar da shi a karni na 6. Ya tuba zuwa addinin [[Musulunci]] kuma shi ne ''[[Ladani|muezzin]]'' na [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]].
* '''Bill Richmond''' (1763-1829), an haife shi a Amurka, an sake shi kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan dambe na Ingila.

[[Fayil:Saint_Non's_Chapel_-_Fenster_3_St.Bride.jpg|thumb|Saint Brigid na Kildare kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ɗakin sujada na Saint Non, St Davids, Wales]]

* '''Billy''' (an yafe shi a shekara ta 1754), mutumin da ya tsere daga gonar John Tayloe II kuma an tuhume shi da cin amana a kan Virginia a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka . An gafarta masa bayan ya yi jayayya cewa, a matsayin bawa, ba shi da ɗan ƙasa kuma saboda haka ba zai iya cin amanar gwamnati ba wanda bai yarda da ita ba.
* '''Bissula''' (fl. 368) ya bautar da mace ta Alemannic, kuma muse na mawaki na Roman Ausonius.
* '''Blanche Bruce''' (1841-1898) na farko kuma kawai tsohon bawa da ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka.
* '''Blandina''' ({{Circa}} 162-177), bawa ne kuma shahadar Kirista a Roman Gaul . 
* The Bodmin manumissions, wani rubutun hannu a yanzu a cikin British Library  yana adana sunaye da cikakkun bayanai game da bayi da aka 'yantar a Bodmin (babban garin Cornwall a lokacin) a cikin ƙarni na 9 ko 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;jones&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Heather Rose |date=2001 |title=Cornish (and Other) Personal Names from the 10th Century Bodmin Manumissions |url=http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/bodmin/ |access-date=18 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gospel-book with added Cornish records of manumissions ('The Bodmin Gospels' or 'St Petroc Gospels') |url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8620&amp;CollID=27&amp;NStart=9381 |access-date=18 May 2017 |publisher=The British Library |archive-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222165905/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8620&amp;CollID=27&amp;NStart=9381 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Booker T. Washington''' (1856-1915), wanda aka haifa a cikin bautar, ya zama malamin Amurka, marubuci kuma shugaban al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka bayan Yaƙin basasa.
* '''Saint Brigid na Kildare''', babban Saint na [[Ireland]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAiQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Ireland&quot;&gt;Irish. Bisa ga al'ada, an haifi Brigid a shekara ta 451 AD a Faughart,  kawai arewacin Dundalk   a County Louth, Ireland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Story of St. Brigid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Story of St. Brigid |url=http://www.stbrigid.ie/story-of-st-brigid.html |website=St. Brigid's GNS, Glasnevin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;irishcatholic.ie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2023 |title=Following Brigid's Way – The Irish Catholic |url=http://irishcatholic.ie/article/following-brigid%E2%80%99s-way |access-date=May 31, 2025 |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813054136/http://irishcatholic.ie/article/following-brigid%E2%80%99s-way |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta Brocca ce, bawa ne na Kirista Pict wanda Saint Patrick ya yi masa baftisma. Sun kira mahaifinta Dubhthach, wani shugaban Leinster.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bethu Brigte |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T201002/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matar Dubthach ta tilasta masa sayar da mahaifiyar Brigid ga wani druid lokacin da ta yi ciki. An haifi Brigid kanta a cikin bautar. An ce yaron Brigid ya yi mu'ujizai, gami da warkarwa da ciyar da matalauta.&lt;ref&gt;Wallace, Martin. ''A Little Book of Celtic Saints''. Belfast. Appletree Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-86281-456-1}}, p.13&lt;/ref&gt; A kusa da shekaru goma, an mayar da ita a matsayin baiwar gida ga mahaifinta, inda al'adar sadaka ta kai ta ga ba da kayanta ga duk wanda ya nemi. A cikin Lives guda biyu, Dubthach ya yi fushi da ita sosai har ya ɗauke ta cikin karusa zuwa Sarkin Leinster don sayar da ita. Yayinda Dubthach ke magana da sarki, Brigid ya ba da takobinsa mai daraja ga mai bara don musayar shi don abinci don ciyar da iyalinsa. Sarkin ya amince da tsarkakarta kuma ya shawo kan Dubthach ya ba 'yarsa' yancinta, bayan haka ta fara aikinta a matsayin sanannen nun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=St Brigit of Ireland – Monastic Matrix |url=http://monasticmatrix.osu.edu/commentaria/st-brigit-ireland#_ftn1 |access-date=2025-05-31 |archive-date=2021-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319005311/https://monasticmatrix.osu.edu/commentaria/st-brigit-ireland#_ftn1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Brigitta Scherzenfeldt''' (1698-1733), marubuciya ta Sweden kuma malamin saƙa wanda aka kama a lokacin Babban Yakin Arewa kuma ya rayu a matsayin bawa a masarautar Kalmyk a Asiya ta Tsakiya.
* '''Bussa''', an haife shi mutum ne mai 'yanci a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda mai yiwuwa ya [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] ne daga zuriyar Igbo kuma 'yan kasuwa na bayi na Afirka suka kama shi, suka sayar wa Birtaniya, kuma suka kai shi [[Barbados]] (inda Bautar ta kasance doka tun 1661) a ƙarshen karni na 18 a matsayin bawa.

[[Fayil:Aisse.jpg|left|thumb|Charlotte Aïssé]]
[[Fayil:Cezayirli_Gazi_Hasan_Paşa_büstü.JPG|right|thumb|359x359px|Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha bust a Gidan Tarihin Ruwa na Mersin]]

* '''Caenis''', tsohuwar mace mai bautar kuma sakatariyar Antonia Minor (mahaifiyar sarki Claudius) kuma uwargidan sarki na Roma Vespasian.
* '''Kaisar''' ({{Circa}} 1737-1852), bawa na ƙarshe da aka 'yantar da shi a New York. Mai tsufa, yana iya kasancewa mutum na farko da aka taɓa ɗauka yayin da yake da rai, a cikin 1851.
* '''Kaisar Nero Paul''' ({{Circa}} 1741-1823), ya zama bautar tun yana yaro a Afirka kuma ya kawo shi Exeter, New Hampshire, an sake shi kuma ya fara sanannen iyalin New England na abolitionists.
* '''Paparoma Callixtus I''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 223), tsohon bautar, Paparoma daga kimanin 218 zuwa kimanin 223, a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Romawa Heliogabalus da Alexander Severus . An yi masa shahadar saboda bangaskiyarsa ta Kirista kuma mai tsarki ne na [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]].
* '''Carlota''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1844), ya jagoranci tawaye na bayi a [[Cuba]] a cikin 1843-1844.
* Castus, wani bawa Gaul kuma daya daga cikin shugabannin tawaye na bayi mutane a lokacin Yaƙin Bawa na Uku
* '''Catalina na Motril''' (fl. 1501-1531), baiwar ɗakin kwana na Catherine na Aragon a lokacin auren Catherine da Henry na takwas a [[Ingila]]
* '''Cato''' (1786-1803), wani bawa ne a Charleston, New York, wanda ya kashe Mary Akins mai shekaru goma sha biyu bayan yunkurin fyade. An buga ikirarinsa a cikin wallafe-wallafen kisan kai na lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;Karen Halttunen, Murder Most Foul, p. 175, {{ISBN|0-674-58855-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Cato''', wani dan Afirka-Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan leƙen asirin Black Patriot na Amurka da mai aikawa da ke tattara bayanai tare da mai shi, Hercules Mulligan .
* '''Celia''' (ta mutu a shekara ta 1855), wata mace da aka yanke mata hukunci kuma aka kashe ta saboda kisan Robert Newsom, bawanta. A lokacin Shari'a, John Jameson ta yi jayayya cewa ta kashe shi don kare kansa don dakatar da Newsom daga yi mata fyade.
* '''Cesar Picton''' ({{Circa}} 1765-1831), bawa a [[Senegal]], ya yi aiki a matsayin bawa a Ingila, kuma daga baya ya zama attajiri mai sayar da kwal.
* '''Cevri Kalfa''', wata yarinya 'yar Georgia da ta yi bawa a gidan sarakuna a [[Istanbul]], wacce ta ceci rayuwar Mahmud II kuma an ba ta lada saboda jaruntakarta da amincinta ta hanyar nada ta ''haznedar Usta'', babban mai ba da kuɗi na [[Harem]]&quot; id=&quot;mwArY&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Harem&quot;&gt;harem na mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ceylan |first=Nurbike |date=27 October 2019 |title=Cevri Kalfa and Her School |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/841346 |journal=İnsan ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha''' (1713-1790), wani bawa na Georgia a [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] wanda ya zama babban vizier, Kapudan Pasha kuma kwamandan sojoji.
* Charity Folks (1757-1834), Baƙin Afirka na Amurka wanda aka haifa a Annapolis, Maryland, an sake shi daga bautar a shekara ta 1797 kuma daga baya ya zama mai mallakar dukiya.
* '''Charles Deslondes''', Mulatto na Haiti wanda aka ba shi aikin kula da wasu bayi a gonar André kuma shugaban 1811 German Coast Uprising a [[Louisiana]] ta yanzu. &quot;Militia&quot; ne suka kashe shi da mummunan rauni wanda ya kashe tawaye na bayi.
* '''Charlotte Aïssé''', ({{Circa}} 1694-1733), marubuciya ce ta Faransa, 'yar wani shugaban Circassian, wanda aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Ottoman Black Sea.
* '''Charlotte Dupuy''' ({{Circa}} 1787/1790-{{Circa}} 1866), wanda kuma ake kira '''Lottie''', ta shigar da karar 'yanci a 1829 a kan baiwarta, Henry Clay, a lokacin Sakataren Gwamnati, kuma ta ɓace.
* '''Chica da Silva''' ({{Circa}} 1732-1796), wanda aka fi sani da '''Xica da Silva''', yarinya ce ta Brazil wacce ta zama sananniya saboda zama mai arziki da iko duk da cewa an haife ta cikin bautar.
* '''Chloe Cooley''' (fl. 1793), bautar da aka yi a Kanada, ta hanyar tashin hankali da jigilar ta zuwa Amurka ta haifar da Dokar Upper Canada ta 1793 game da Bautar.
* '''Christopher Shields''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1774), [[George Washington]] ya bautar da shi kuma ya ci gaba da zama bautar a Dutsen Vernon . Ba a san inda ya mutu ba.
* '''Christophorus Plato Castanis''', (an haife shi a shekara ta 1814) wani bawa ne na Girka wanda ya tsere daga Chios. Ya zo Amurka tare da Samuel Gridley Howe da John Celivergos Zachos . Castanis marubuci ne kuma malami na Girkanci-Amurka.
* '''Çiçek Hatun''' (fl. 1453), yarinya Girka da aka kama a lokacin faduwar Constantinople kuma aka sanya ta a matsayin Ɗaya daga cikin ƙwaraƙwaran (bawan jima'i) a cikin gidan Ottoman na Sultan Mehmet II 
* '''Clara Brown''' ({{Circa}} 1800-1885), tsohuwar mace ta [[Virginia|Virginian]] wacce ta zama jagorar al'umma, mai ba da agaji kuma ta taimaka wa tsoffin bayi a lokacin [[Colorado]]'s Gold Rush .
* Claudia Acte (fl. ƙarni na 1), uwargidan sarki Nero na Roma.
* '''Paparoma Clement I''' (ya mutu 100), Paparoma na huɗu bisa ga al'adar Katolika. Wataƙila ya kasance ɗan 'yanci na Titus Flavius Clemens . 
* '''Cleon''' (ya mutu 132 BC) shugaban a cikin Yaƙin Bawa na Farko .
* Colonel Tye (1753-1780), wanda aka fi sani da '''Titus Cornelius''', wanda ya kasance bawa, ya zama sojan Black Loyalist kuma shugaban 'yan tawaye a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka.
* '''Crixus''', ɗan gwagwarmayar Gallic kuma shugaban soja a Yaƙin Bawa na Uku .
* '''[[Cudjoe Lewis]]''' ({{Circa}} 1840-1935), an haife shi '''Oluale Kossola''', wanda ya tsira na uku zuwa na ƙarshe a Amurka na cinikin bayi na Transatlantic. An kai shi a kan jirgin bawa na ''Clotilda''.
* Cuffy (ya mutu a shekara ta 1763), wani dan [[Mutanen Akan|Akan]] ne wanda aka kama shi a asalinsa na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], an dauke shi aiki a gonakin mulkin mallaka na Dutch na Barbice a [[Guyana]] na yanzu, kuma a shekara ta 1763, ya jagoranci tawaye na bayi sama da 2,500 a kan mulkin mallaka. A yau, shi jarumi ne na kasa a Guyana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=David Granger |year=1992 |title=Guyana coins |url=http://www.guyanaguide.com/guyanacoins.html |url-status=usurped |journal=El Dorado |issue=2 |pages=20–22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626103447/http://www.guyanaguide.com/guyanacoins.html |archive-date=June 26, 2008 |access-date=6 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fayil:Dred_Scott_photograph_(circa_1857).jpg|right|thumb|Dred Scott, wanda ya rasa karar shari'a don 'yancinsa a Kotun Koli ta Amurka a 1857]]

* '''Dabitum''', mace bawa a Tsohon Babila da aka sani da wasikar da ta yi game da zubar da ciki.
* '''Daniel Bell''' ({{Circa}} 1802-1877) wanda ya yi ƙoƙari na shekaru da yawa don samun 'yanci na dindindin ga kansa, matarsa, da' ya'yansa. Ya taimaka wajen shirya abin da ake kira &quot;mafi girman yunkurin tserewa da aka sani ta Amurkawa masu bautar&quot;, wanda ake kira Pearl incident a Washington, DC, a cikin 1848.
* '''Dada Masiti''' ({{Circa}} 1810s-15 Yuli 1919) mawaki, masanin asiri da masanin addinin Musulunci.
* '''Dave Drake''' ({{Circa}} 1801-1876), wanda aka fi sani da Dave the Potter .
* '''Deborah Squash''', tare da mijinta Harvey sun tsere daga Dutsen Vernon na [[George Washington]], sun shiga Birtaniya a New York a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, kuma an kwashe su a shekara ta 1783 a matsayin 'yanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyhs_slavery&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2005 – 26 March 2006 |title=Exhibit: Slavery in New York |url=http://www.slaveryinnewyork.org/ |access-date=2008-02-11 |publisher=New York Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Denmark Vesey''' ({{Circa}} 1767-1822), wani dan Afirka-Amurka ne kuma daga baya wani danci wanda ya shirya abin da zai kasance daya daga cikin manyan tawaye na bayi a Amurka ba a ɓoye labarin shirin ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;library.uncg.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digital Library on American Slavery |url=http://dlas.uncg.edu/ |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=dlas.uncg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Dido Elizabeth Belle''' (1761-1804), an haife ta cikin bautar a matsayin 'yar Maria Belle, wata mace ta Afirka a West Indies, da Sir John Lindsay, jami'in Royal Navy. Lindsay ta dauki Belle tare da shi lokacin da ya koma Ingila a shekara ta 1765, ya ba da gudummawa ga kawunsa William Murray, 1st Earl na Mansfield, da matarsa Elizabeth Murray, Countess na Mansfield. Murrays sun ilimantar da Belle, suna kawo ta a matsayin mace mai zaman kanta a gidan su na Kenwood, tare da 'yar uwarsu, Lady Elizabeth Murray . Belle ta zauna a can shekaru 30. A cikin wasiƙarsa ta shekara ta 1793, Lord Mansfield ya tabbatar da 'yancinta kuma ya ba ta kuɗi da kuɗi, yana mai da ita magaji.
* '''Diego''' ya kasance tsohon dan gudun hijira wanda ke da alaƙa da mai ba da hanya na Ingila Francis Drake. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1573, Drake ya kai hari [[Panama]]&quot; id=&quot;mwA4c&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Darién, Panama&quot;&gt;Darien (a Panama ta zamani), inda [[Maroons]] - 'yan Afirka da suka tsere daga masu mallakar bayi na [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]] suka taimaka masa sosai kuma suna farin cikin taimaka wa abokan gaba na Ingila. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne Diego, wanda ya tabbatar da ƙwararren mai gina jirgin ruwa kuma ya bi Drake zuwa Ingila. A shekara ta 1577, lokacin da [[Elizabeth I|Sarauniya Elizabeth]] ta aika Drake don fara balaguro a kan Mutanen Espanya a bakin tekun Pacific na Amurka - wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Drake yana kewaye da duniya - Diego ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin Drake; ƙwarewarsa a cikin Mutanen Espanya da Ingilishi zai sa ya zama mai fassara mai amfani lokacin da aka kama Mutanen Espanya ko Portuguese masu magana da Mutanen Espanya. An yi masa aiki a matsayin bawan Drake kuma an biya shi albashi, kamar sauran ma'aikatan. Diego ya mutu yayin da jirgin Drake ke tsallaka Pacific, daga raunukan da aka samu a baya a cikin tafiyar. Drake ya yi baƙin ciki da mutuwarsa, Diego ya zama aboki mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaufman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaufmann |first=Miranda |author-link=Miranda Kaufmann |date=August 31, 2018 |title=The Untold Story of How an Escaped Slave Helped Sir Francis Drake Circumnavigate the Globe |url=https://www.history.com/news/the-untold-story-of-how-an-escaped-slave-helped-sir-francis-drake-circumnavigate-the-globe |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=History}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Diogenes|Diogenes na Sinope]]''' ({{Circa}} 412-323 KZ), masanin falsafar Girka wanda 'yan fashi suka sace kuma suka sayar da shi a Koranti.
* '''Diocletian''' (244-312), [[Sarakunan Romawa|Sarkin sarakuna na Roma]], an haife shi ne a matsayin bawan Sanata Anullinus. Ta wasu tushe, mahaifin Diocletian ne (wanda ba a san sunansa ba) wanda ya kasance bawa, kuma an 'yantar da shi kafin haihuwar ɗansa, sarki na gaba.
* '''Dionysius I''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1492), Babban Ikklisiya na Constantinople, wanda Ottomans suka bautar da shi a baya bayan faduwar Constantinople a shekara ta 1453.
* '''Dolly Johnson''' (an haife ta a ƙarshen 1820s, ta mutu bayan 1887), mace 'yar Afirka ta Amirka daga Tennessee, wadda Shugaba [[Andrew Johnson]] ya bautar da ita, daga baya ta zama karamin mai mallakar kasuwanci.
* '''Dorota Sitańska''' (ya mutu ''bayan'' 1797), Bawan Poland da Royal Ballet Dancer, wanda aka ba da gudummawa ga Sarkin Poland ta hanyar nufin da wasiyya.
* '''Dred Scott''' ({{Circa}} 1799-1858), wani dan Afirka ne na Amurka a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] wanda ya kai karar 'yancinsa a cikin shari'ar da aka yada a kasa, Scott v. Sandford, wanda ya kai [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] a 1857.

[[Fayil:Baker,_Lady_Florence,_Maull_&amp;_Co.,_BNF_Gallica.jpg|left|thumb|Florence, Lady Baker c. 1875. Wani dan kasar Romania da aka bautar da shi a matsayin maraya, Samuel Baker ne ya sayi shi, wanda ya auri ta.]]

* '''Edward Mozingo Sr.''', ({{Circa}} 1649-1712), wanda aka sace daga Afirka lokacin da yake kimanin shekaru 10, an sayar da shi zuwa bautar a Jamestown, Virginia. Bayan mai shi ya mutu, sai ya kai karar 'yancinsa kuma ya ci nasara. Ya auri wata matalauciya farar fata, Margaret Pierce Bayley (1645-1711) kuma tare da su, a zahiri, sun kafa layin Mozingo a Arewacin Amurka.
* Elijah Abel (1808-1884), an haife shi a matsayin [[Bakar fata|baki]] a [[Maryland]] kuma ya yi imanin cewa ya tsere wa bautar a kan [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]] zuwa Kanada. Ya shiga Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe a farkon kwanakinsa, yana daga cikin baƙi na farko da suka karɓi firist dinsa kuma baƙar fata na farko da ya hau zuwa matsayi na dattijo da saba'in.
* '''[[Elizabeth Marsh]]''' (1735-1785), wata mace ta Ingila wacce 'yan fashi suka kama ta kuma suka tsare ta a matsayin bautar a Maroko.
* '''Edith Hern Fossett''', wata mace da Shugaba [[Thomas Jefferson]] ya bautar da ita, wani mai dafa abinci na Faransa ya koya mata dafa abinci kuma ya kirkiro abincin Faransa a [[White House|Fadar White House]] da Monticello.
* '''Elias Polk''' (1806-1886), mai fafutukar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na karni na 19.
* '''Eliezer na Dimashƙu''', bawan [[Ibrahim]] kuma amintaccen manajan gidan Uba a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci.
* '''Elieser''' mutum ne wanda iyalin Paulo de Pina, Yahudawa na Fotigal suka yi bautar da su waɗanda suka koma Netherlands a cikin 1610 don guje wa tsanantawa da tilasta juyawa a Portugal. Ya zauna tare da iyalin a Amsterdam har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1629 kuma an binne shi a makabartar Beth Haim, makabartar Yahudawa mafi tsufa a Netherlands. Ya bayyana cewa an sake shi, ko dai ''de jure'' ko a aikace, kuma ya kasance kusa da daidaito tare da dangin da suka mallake shi a Portugal - wanda aka nuna ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa ya halarci jana'izar matar maigidansa, Sara de Pina, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan lokacin shida, kuma an binne shi tare da (tsoffin) masu shi tare da Jacob Israel Belmonte, dan kasuwa mafi arziki a cikin al'umma. Dole ne Elieser ya tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci kuma an yarda da shi a matsayin Bayahude, in ba haka ba ba za a binne shi a cikin makabartar Yahudawa ba; ana iya ba shi sunan &quot;Elieser&quot; a lokacin da ya tuba, yana tunatar da Eliezer na Damascus. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mambobin al'ummar Surinam a cikin Netherlands sun ɗauki ƙwaƙwalwar Elieser, waɗanda suka gina wani mutum-mutumi na shi kuma suna gudanar da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara zuwa kabarinsa a kan abin da aka sani da ''Ranar Elieser''.
* '''[[Elisenda na Sant Climent]]''' (1220-1275), bautar da aka yi a lokacin wani hari na bawa a Mallorca kuma aka sanya shi a cikin matan sarkin a Tunis.
* '''Eliza Hopewell''', wata mace da ɗan leƙen asirin Confederate Isabella Maria Boyd (&quot;Belle Boyd&quot;) ya bautar da ita. A shekara ta 1862, ta taimaka wa ayyukan leken asiri na mai shi, tana ɗauke da sakonni ga Sojojin Tarayya a cikin wani lamari na tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Claire J. |title=Eliza Corsey Hopewell |url=https://www.clairejgriffin.com/eliza-corsey-hopewell/ |website=Claire J. Griffin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Eliza Moore''' (1843-1948), ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin bayi na Afirka da ke zaune a Amurka.
* '''Elizabeth Johnson Forby''', mace mai launin fata ta Amurka da Shugaba Andrew Johnson, 'yar Dolly Johnson ta bautar. &lt;ref name=&quot;andrew johnson white house&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fling |first=Sarah |date=2021 |title=The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-formerly-enslaved-households-of-president-andrew-johnson |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Elizabeth Key Grinstead''' (1630-bayan 1665), mace ta farko ta asalin Afirka a yankunan Arewacin Amurka don kai karar 'yancinta da cin nasara. Key da jaririnta, John Grinstead, an sake su a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1656, a cikin mulkin mallaka na [[Virginia]], bisa ga gaskiyar cewa mahaifinta ɗan Ingila ne kuma ita Kirista ce mai baftisma.
* '''Elizabeth Freeman''' ({{Circa}} 1742-1829), wanda aka fi sani da '''Bett''' kuma daga baya '''Mama Bett''', ta kasance daga cikin baƙi na farko a Massachusetts don gabatar da karar 'yanci kuma ya ci nasara a kotu a ƙarƙashin kundin Tsarin mulki na 1780, tare da hukuma cewa bautar ba bisa ka'ida ba ce.
* '''Elizabeth Hobbs Keckley''' (1818-1907), wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin mai kula da tufafi da kuma mai amincewa da Mary Todd Lincoln, Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka. Keckley ya rubuta kuma ya buga tarihin kansa, Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House (1868).
* Ellen Craft (1826-1891), matar William Craft mai launin fata, wacce ta tsere tare da shi daga Georgia zuwa Philadelphia, ta hanyar nuna kanta a matsayin farar mace da baiwarta, a cikin shari'ar da ta zama sananne.
* '''Ellen More''', wata baiwa da aka kawo fadar sarauta ta Scotland
* Emilia Soares de Patrocinio (1805-1886) bautar Brazil ce, mai bautar kuma 'yar kasuwa.
* '''Emiline''' (shekara 23); '''Nancy''' (20); '''Lewis''', ɗan'uwan Nancy (16); '''Edward''', ɗan'uwa na Emiline (13); '''Lewis''' da '''Edward''', 'ya'yan Nancy (7); '''Ann''', 'yar Nancy (5); da '''Amanda''', 'yar Emiline (2), an sake su a cikin shari'ar ''Lemmon v. New York'' ta 1852 bayan masu mallakar Virginia sun kawo su New York.
* '''Emily Edmonson''' (1835-1895), tare da 'yar'uwarta Mary, sun shiga yunkurin tserewa na 1848 wanda ba a yi nasara ba wanda aka sani da Abin da ya faru na Pearl, amma Henry Ward Beecher da cocinsa sun tara kudade don 'yantar da su.
* '''Enrique na Malacca''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Henry the Black''', bawa kuma mai fassara na [[Ferdinand Magellan]] kuma mai yiwuwa mutum na farko da ya kewaya duniya a cikin tafiyar Magellan ta 1519-1521.
* '''[[Epictetus]]''' (55-{{Circa}} 135), masanin falsafa Girka na dā.
* '''Estevanico''' (1500-1539), wanda aka fi sani da '''Esteban the Moor''' . A ka'ida ya kasance bawa na Portuguese don, daga baya, ya zama bawan Mutanen Espanya. Ya kasance daya daga cikin mutane hudu da suka tsira daga mummunar Tafiyar Narváez, daga baya ya zama jagora a neman biranen zinariya guda bakwai kuma mai yiwuwa mutum na farko na Afirka da ya isa abin da ke yanzu [[Arizona]] da [[New Mexico]].
* '''Eston Hemings''' (1808-1856), ɗan Sally Hemings da [[Thomas Jefferson]] .
* '''Eucharis''', wata 'yar asalin Girka da aka haifa daga Roman Licinia, an bayyana ta a cikin rubutun ta a ƙarni na 1 AD a matsayin goma sha huɗu lokacin da ta mutu, yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma ƙwararren mai rawa.&lt;ref&gt;Elaine Fantham, Helene Peet Foley, Natalie Boymel Kampen, Sarah B. Pomeroy, H. A. Shapiro, ''Women in the Classical World'' p. 270, {{ISBN|0-19-509862-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Eunus''' (ya mutu 132 BC), wani bautar Romawa daga Apamea a Siriya, shugaban tawayen bayi a Yaƙin Bawa na Farko a Lardin Roma na Sicily . Eunus ya zama sananne a cikin motsi ta hanyar sunansa a matsayin annabi da ma'aikaci mai ban mamaki. Ya yi iƙirarin karɓar wahayi da sadarwa daga allahiya Atargatis, wata shahararriyar allahiya a ƙasarsa; ya bayyana ta da Demeter na Sicilian. Wasu daga cikin annabce-annabce sun kasance cewa bayi masu tayar da kayar baya za su sami nasarar kama birnin Enna kuma zai zama sarki wata rana.
* '''Euphemia''' (ya mutu 520s), Sarauniyar Daular Byzantine ta hanyar aure ga Justin I, asalin bawa ne.
* '''Euphraios''', bawa da kuma banki na [[Athens|Atina]].  &lt;ref name=&quot;garlan70&quot;&gt;Yvon Garlan, ''Slavery in Ancient Greece'', p. 67, {{ISBN|0-8014-9504-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Exuperius da Zoe''' (ya mutu 127), Shahadar Kirista na ƙarni na 2. Su ma'aurata ne waɗanda arna suka bautar da su a Pamfiliya. An kashe su tare da 'ya'yansu maza, Cyriacus da Theodolus, saboda ƙin shiga cikin al'adun arna lokacin da aka haifi ɗansu.

[[Fayil:Frederick_Douglass_(circa_1879).jpg|right|thumb|Frederick Douglass, babban dan Afirka na Amurka na karni na 19]]
[[Fayil:Self-portrait_by_F.Slavyanskiy_(1850s,_Russian_museum).JPG|left|thumb|Hoton kansa na Fyodor Slavyansky (1850s, gidan kayan gargajiya na Rasha) ]]

* '''Fabia Arete''', Tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Roma kuma 'yar'uwarta wacce ake magana da ita a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ko ''archimima'' wacce ta sami nasara sosai kuma tana iya kasancewa cikin tsirarun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo mata don yin sassan magana. 
* '''Felicitas''' (ya mutu 203), shahidi Kirista kuma waliyyi. 
* '''Fezzeh Khanom''' ( {{Circa|1835}} – 1882), mace ‘yar Afurka wadda Bab ta bautar da [[Báb|ita]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Anthony A. |date=May 2012 |title=Enslaved African Women in Nineteenth-Century Iran: The Life of Fezzeh Khanom of Shiraz |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies/article/abs/enslaved-african-women-in-nineteenthcentury-iran-the-life-of-fezzeh-khanom-of-shiraz/F0FCAADB077369D61AD8E29BADB0298C |journal=Iranian Studies |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=417–437 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2011.637769 |issn=0021-0862 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Anthony A. |date=2015 |title=Half the Household Was African: Recovering the Histories of Two African Slaves in Iran |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0km6m833 |journal=UCLA Historical Journal |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Florence Baker''' (1841 – 1916), mai binciken Hungarian-British, wanda aka sayar da shi cikin [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|bauta a cikin Daular Usmaniyya]] kuma Samuel Baker ya cece ta wanda daga baya ta yi aure.
* '''Florence Johnson Smith''', 'yar Ba'amurke wacce Shugaba Andrew Johnson 'yar Dolly Johnson ta bauta. &lt;ref name=&quot;andrew johnson white house&quot;/&gt;
* '''Fountain Hughes''' (1848-1957), an yi hira da shi a watan Yuni shekar ta alif dari tara da arbain da tara 1949 game da rayuwarsa ta [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Marubuta na Tarayya .
* '''Francis Bok''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), Bawan Dinka daga [[Sudan ta Kudu]], yanzu ya zama mai kawar da kai kuma marubuci a Amurka.
* '''Francis Jackson''' (an haife shi 1815 zuwa 1820), an haife shi kyauta, an sace shi a 1850 kuma an sayar da shi cikin bauta kuma a ƙarshe an sake shi a 1855 tare da ƙudurin ''Francis Jackson v. John W. Deshazer'' .
* '''Francis James Grimké''' (1850-1937), minista.
* '''Francisco Menéndez''', wani mutum da aka yi bauta a [[South Carolina]] wanda ya tsere zuwa Sipaniya Florida, inda ya yi aiki a cikin mayakan Mutanen Espanya, yana jagorantar sansanin da aka kafa a 1738 a Fort Mose . Wannan rukunin yanar gizon shine farkon al'ummar baƙar fata masu 'yanci na doka a cikin abin da ke yanzu Amurka.
* '''François Mackandal''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1758), shugaban [[Maroons|Haitian Maroon]] .
* '''Frederick Douglass''' (1818-1895), an haife shi cikin bauta a [[Maryland]] kuma ya tsere zuwa Arewa maso Gabas a 1838, inda ya zama mashahurin marubuci, mai magana, da jami'in diflomasiyya.
* '''Fyodor Slavyansky''' (1817-1876), mai zane-zane na Rasha.

[[Fayil:Gordon,_scourged_back,_NPG,_1863.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton jarrabawar likita na Gordon yana nuna cewa an yi masa bulala, wanda masu adawa da abolitionists suka rarraba don fallasa zaluncin bautar]]
[[Fayil:Portrait_of_Rabia_Gülnuş.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton Gülnuş Sultan]]

* '''Gabriel Prosser''' (1776-1800), shugaban tawayen bayi na Virginia.
* '''Gaius Furius Chresimus''', Roman na dā. A matsayinsa na 'yanci, ya samar da irin wannan amfanin gona daga karamin gonarsa cewa an zarge shi da yin sihiri da amfanin gona na wasu mutane, amma lokacin da ya samar da kayan aikin gona a kotu, an wanke shi. Pliny the Elder ya ba da labarinsa a matsayin shaida cewa aiki tuƙuru shine abin da ke da mahimmanci a aikin gona.&lt;ref&gt;Daniel Odgen, ''Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts In The Greek and Roman Worlds'', p. 277, {{ISBN|978-0-19-538520-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Galatian de Sesse (karni na 16), jarumi Mai asibiti na Aragonese kuma Gwamna na Gozo wanda aka bautar da shi a lokacin harin Ottoman na 1551 a kan Gozo kuma ya shafe shekaru biyar a matsayin bawa na jirgin ruwa kafin a fanshe shi kuma a 'yantar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Curmi |first=Luca |date=2023 |title=The Attack on Gozo of 1551 and its Effects on the Gozo Population – Part I |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/117642/1/The%20attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population%20Part%201%202023.pdf |journal=The Gozo Observer |issue=47 |pages=16–23 |issn=1996-3114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112172542/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/117642/1/The%20attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population%20Part%201%202023.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Galeria Lysistrate (karni na biyu), uwargidan sarki na Roma Antoninus Pius .
* '''Ganga Zumba''' ko '''Ganazumba''' ({{Circa}} 1630-1678), zuriyar wani sarki da ba a san shi ba na [[Masarautar Kongo|Kongo]] wanda ya tsere wa bautar a mulkin mallaka na [[Brazil]] kuma ya zama shugaban farko na mazaunin bayi na Quilombo dos Palmares .
* '''Gannicus''', wani bawa Celt kuma daya daga cikin shugabannin bayi 'yan tawaye a lokacin Yaƙin Bawa na Uku
* '''Garafilia Mohalbi''' (1817-1830), wani bawa na Girka wanda wani dan kasuwa na Amurka ya cece shi kuma ya kawo shi Boston. Ta mutu da ƙuruciya kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga babban motsi na fasaha.
* '''[[Genghis Khan]]''' ({{Circa}} 1162-1227), wanda aka kama bayan wani hari kuma Taichiud ya bautar da shi.
* '''George Africanus''' (1763-1834), wani dan Afirka ne daga [[Saliyo]] wanda ya zama dan kasuwa mai nasara a [[Nottingham]].
* '''George Edward Doney''' (1758-1809), mutumin Gambiya wanda William Capell, 4th Earl na Essex ya bautar.
* '''George Colvocoresses''' (1816-1872), daga Chios, Girka, wanda ya zo Amurka kuma ya zama kyaftin a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, an bautar da shi a takaice tun yana yaro. An sanya masa suna Colvos Passage.
* '''George Freeman Bragg''' (1863-1940), an haife shi cikin bautar a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]] kuma daga baya ya zama babban firist na Episcopal kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa.
* '''George Lewis''' (1794-1811), wanda aka fi sani da Slave George, wani bawa ne da aka kashe a [[Kentucky]] a daren Disamba 15-16, 1811.
* '''George Moses Horton''' (1797-1884), marubucin Afirka na farko; littafi na farko na shayari da aka buga a Arewacin Carolina.
* '''George Washington Carver''' ({{Circa}} 1864-1943), masanin kimiyya na Afirka, masanin tsire-tsire, malami da mai kirkiro wanda aka sani da karfafa noman madadin amfanin gona ga [[auduga]] kamar [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] da peanuts a Kudu; an haife shi cikin bautar a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] kuma an 'yantar da shi tun yana ƙarami bayan yakin basasar Amurka.
* '''George Griffin''' (1849-1897), an haife shi cikin bautar a [[Maryland]] kuma daga baya aka 'yantar da shi; aminin Mark Twain
* '''George W. Hayes''' (1847-1933), mai gabatar da kara a kotu kuma ɗan siyasa a Ohio na al'adun Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka da aka bautar da su tun da wuri a rayuwarsa.
* '''Gerónimo na Aguilar''' (1489-1531), wani ɗan Franciscan, ya rushe jirgin ruwa a Yucatán Peninsula a cikin 1511 kuma Mayans suka kama shi kuma suka bautar da shi.
* '''Gosala''', malamin tsattsauran ra'ayi na ƙarni na shida KZ na tsohuwar Indiya - ɗan zamani (kuma abokin hamayya) na [[Gautama Buddha]] - an ce an haife shi cikin bautar, kuma ya zama mai tsattsa ra'ayi tsirara bayan ya gudu daga mai kama shi, wanda ya sami nasarar riƙe tufafin Gosala kuma ya cire shi yayin da ya gudu.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}
* '''Gonzalo Guerrero''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1536), masanin jirgin ruwa ne daga Palos, Spain, wanda ya rushe a yankin Yucatán a shekara ta1511 kuma Maya na yankin ya bautar da shi.
* '''Gordon''', wanda aka fi sani da Whipped Peter, wani dan Afirka ne wanda ya tsere zuwa sansanin Sojojin Tarayyar daga wani shuka kusa da Baton Rouge, Louisiana a 1863. Hotunan Gordon da aka karɓa a lokacin gwajin likita an buga su a cikin ''Harper's Weekly'' kuma sun ba da tabbacin gani na Arewacin Arewa game da zalunci na bautar. Sun yi wahayi zuwa ga baƙi masu yawa masu 'yanci don shiga cikin Sojojin Tarayyar.
* '''Gülnuş Sultan''' (1642-1715) shi ne Haseki Sultan na Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV da Valide sultan ga 'ya'yansu maza Mustafa II da Ahmed III .
* '''Guðríður Símonardóttir''' (1598-1682), mace 'yar Iceland da masu bautar [[Arewacin Afirka]] suka kama (Barbary Pirates).
* '''Gustav Badin''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1822), ma'aikaci a kotun sarauta ta Sweden, asalinsa bawa ne na Denmark.

[[Fayil:Titian - Portrait of a Woman (La Sultana Rossa).jpg|thumb|Hurrem Sultan, wata yarinya bawa ta Gabashin Turai da sultan Ottoman Süleyman the Magnificent ya saya, wanda ya auri ta. ]]

* '''Hababa''', ƙwaraƙwarar K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Yazid II.
* '''Hagar''', mutumin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, na Saratu.
* '''Hannah Bond''' (an haife ta a shekarun 1830), sunan alkalami Hannah Crafts,  ta rubuta The Bondwoman's Narrative bayan samun 'yancinta. Wataƙila littafi na farko da wata mace 'yar Afirka ta Amirka ta yi, ita ce kawai sanannen littafin da wata mace ta tsere daga bautar ta rubuta.
* '''Hark Olufs''' (1708-1754), ɗan jirgin ruwa na [[Denmark|Danish]], 'yan fashi na [[Aljeriya]] ne suka kama shi. An sayar da shi ga Bey na [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]], ya zama Babban Kwamandan sojan doki na Bey. An sake shi a shekara ta 1735.
* '''Harriet Balfour''' ({{Circa}} 1818-1858), mace mai bautar da aka haifa a Surinam wacce aka 'yantar da ita a 1841 kuma ta koma Scotland
* '''Harriet Evans Paine''', ({{Circa}} 1822-1917), mace mai bautar Texas kuma daga baya masanin tarihi da mai ba da labari.
* '''Harriet Hemings''' (1801-bayan 1822), 'yar Sally Hemings da [[Thomas Jefferson]].
* '''Harriet Jacobs''' (1813-1897), marubucin Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl .
* '''Harriet Powers''' (1837-1910), mai zane-zane na Amurka, kuma mai zane-zanen kaya.
* '''[[Harriet Tubman]]''' ({{Circa}} 1822-1913), wanda ake kira &quot;Moses&quot; saboda kokarin da ta yi na taimaka wa wasu bayi na Amurka su tsere ta hanyar Jirgin Kasa.
* '''Harry''', mai shigar da kara a cikin hukuncin ''Harry v. Decker &amp;amp;amp; Hopkins'' na 1818 na Kotun Koli ta Mississippi (na farko tsakanin jihohin kudancin Amurka) don 'yantar da mutum daga bautar kawai bisa ga zama a cikin yankin kyauta.
* '''Harry Washington''' (ya mutu 1800), wanda aka fi sani da '''Henry Washington''', [[George Washington]] ne ya bautar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlackLoyalist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black Loyalist. |url=http://www.blackloyalist.info/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524160143/http://www.blackloyalist.info/ |archive-date=May 24, 2010 |access-date=May 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kai shi a matsayin bawa zuwa Amurka, Washington ta sayi shi a cikin 1763 don yin aiki a kan wani aikin don zubar da Great Dismal Swamp . 
* '''[[Selim I]])&quot;&gt;Hafsa Sultan''' (ya mutu Maris 1534), matar Selim I kuma sultan na farko na Daular Ottoman a matsayin mahaifiyar [[Suleiman Mai Girma]]. An yi jayayya game da asalin ta amma wasu masana tarihi sun ce ta bawa ce.[5]
* '''Helen Gloag''' (1750-1790), na Muthill, Perthshire, [[Scotland]], ta zama Sarauniyar [[Moroko|Maroko]] a matsayin bawa na sultan na Maroko.
* '''Henry Bibb''' (1815-1854), marubucin Amurka kuma mai abolitionist wanda aka haife shi [[Bauta|bawa]]. Bayan ya tsere daga bautar zuwa Burtaniya Upper Canada, ya kafa jaridar abolitionist, The Voice of the Fugitive . Daga baya ya koma Amurka kuma ya ba da lacca game da bautar.
* '''[[Henry Highland Garnet]]''' (1815-1882), an haife shi bawa ne na Afirka a Maryland, ya tsere wa bautar a 1824, kuma ya zama mai abolitionist da kuma malami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Henry Highland Garnet |url=https://www.nyhistory.org/web/africanfreeschool/bios/henry-highland-garnet.html |access-date=June 10, 2022 |publisher=[[New-York Historical Society]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Hercules''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1755), shugaban mai dafa abinci wanda [[George Washington]] ya bautar da shi a gonar Washington, Dutsen Vernon . Ya tsere kuma ya sami 'yancinsa a shekara ta 1797, amma matarsa Alice da' ya'yansa uku sun kasance bayi.
* '''Hermas''', marubucin rubutun The Shepherd of Hermas kuma ɗan'uwan Paparoma Pius I.
* '''Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda''', wanda aka haifa a [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]], ya zama bautar yana da shekaru 13 lokacin da jirgin da ke dauke da shi zuwa Spain don ilimi ya nutse daga Florida. Wani shugaban Calusa ya bautar da shi kuma ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai fassara har sai an fanshe shi a shekara 30.&lt;ref&gt;Christina Snyder, ''Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America'', pp. 38–9, {{ISBN|978-0-674-04890-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Horace King (1807-1885), masanin gine-gine na Amurka, injiniya, kuma mai gina gada, an haife shi cikin bautar a wani shuka na [[South Carolina|Kudancin Carolina]].
* '''Hümaşah Sultan''' (fl. 1647-1672) ita ce matar [[Ibrahim na Daular Usmaniyya|Sultan Ibrahim]] na Daular Ottoman .
* '''Hurrem Sultan''' ({{Circa}} 1504-1558), wanda aka fi sani da Roxelana, yarinya ce ta [[Gabashin Turai]], 'yan kasuwa ne suka kama ta kuma suka sayar da ita ga Imperial Harem, ta zama babban matar aure da matar shari'a ta Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent.
* Halime Sultan ({{Circa}} 1570-bayan 1639) ya kasance Valide Sultan kuma mai mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]
* Handan Sultan ({{Circa}} 1568-1605) ya kasance Valide Sultan kuma mai mulki na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]

== Na ==
[[Fayil:Pargalı_İbrahim_Paşa.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Pasha]]
[[Fayil:Argunov-self.jpg|left|thumb|Ivan Argunov. Hoton kansa (ƙarshen 1750s).]]

* İb'''Ibrahim Pasha'''(c. {{Circa}} - 1536), Suleiman the Magnificent na farko da aka nada Grand Vizier. GirGirkanci hanyar haihuwa, yana da shekaru shida an sayar da shi a matsayin bawa ga fadar Ottoman don sarakuna na gaba inda ya yi abota da Suleiman, wanda yake daidai da shekaru.
* '''Icelus Marcianus''', bawa kuma daga baya ya 'yantar da sarki na Roma Galba a karni na 1 AZ. Ya kasance daya daga cikin mutane uku da aka ce sun mallaki sarki gaba ɗaya, wanda ya kara rashin jin daɗin Galba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, Book I, chapter 13 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=1:chapter=13&amp;highlight=icelus |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Ida B. Wells]]''' (1862-1931), fitacciyar 'yar gwagwarmayar Afirka-Amurka, an haife ta cikin bautar, wacce a rayuwarta ta baya ta yi yaƙi kuma ta yi nasarar kawar da kisan kai. A shekara ta 1909 ta kafa kungiyar National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP).
* '''Imma''', wani aristocrat na Northumbrian wanda aka buge shi ba tare da sanin komai ba a yaƙi kuma daga baya ya yi kamar shi manomi ne, don masu kama shi ba za su kashe shi ba. Halinsa da ɗabi'arsa ba da daɗewa ba suka ci amanarsa, kuma an sayar da shi cikin bautar.&lt;ref&gt;Chris Wickham, ''The Inheritance of Rome'', p. 195, {{ISBN|978-0-14-311742-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=The Tale Of The Miraculously Chain-Resistant Thane From The Kingdom Of Northumbria |url=https://thehistorianshut.com/2017/10/18/the-tale-of-the-miraculously-chain-resistant-thane-from-the-kingdom-of-northumbria/ |website=The Historian's Hut}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Isabel de Solís''' ( 1485), ƙwaraƙwarar Castilian ta Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan na Granada.&lt;ref&gt;Laurence Vidal, Los Amantes de Granada, Ed. EDHASA, 2006, 359 pages, ({{ISBN|978-8-43501742-8}})&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Isabella Gibbons''' (1826-1890), ta zama malamar makaranta a Virginia bayan da aka 'yantar da ita a 1865.
* '''Isfandíyár''', Bawan a gidan [[Bahá'u'lláh]] a [[Tehran]],  Isfandíayár ya mutu a Mazandaran 
* '''Isra'ila Jefferson''' ({{Circa}} 1800 bayan 1873), wanda aka fi sani da '''Isra'ila Gillette''' kafin 1844, an haife shi cikin bautar a Monticello, gidan [[Thomas Jefferson]], kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gida kusa da Jefferson na shekaru.
* '''Ivan Bolotnikov''' (1565-1608), ɗan gudun hijira ne (bautar da aka yi a Rasha) kuma shugaban Tawayen Bolotnikov a cikin 1606-1607.
* '''Ivan Argunov''' (1729-1802), mai zane-zane na Rasha, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar zane-zane ta Rasha.

[[Fayil:Jean_de_Valette_-Antoine_Favray_(cropped1).png|thumb|Jean Parisot na Valette]]
[[Fayil:Bakhita_Szent_Jozefina.jpeg|right|thumb|St. Josephine Margaret Bakhita, F.D.C.]]

* '''Jack Gladstone''', shugaban Tawayen Demerara na 1823.
* '''Jackey Wright''', wata bautar Amurka ce wacce ta kai karar kuma ta sami 'yancinta a cikin sanannen shari'ar Virginia ta 1806 na Hudgins v. Wright . Ra'ayin Kotun Koli ta Virginia ya dogara da Wright da ya bayyana fari da 'yan asalin Amurka, yayin da ƙananan kotun a ƙarƙashin George Wythe ta yi ƙoƙari ta kafa zaton' yanci ga dukan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba.
* Jacob Notaras (fl. 1453), mai daraja na Byzantine wanda Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror ya dauka a matsayin bawa a lokacin faduwar Constantinople . 
* '''[[Opobo]]&quot; id=&quot;mwBo8&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Jaja of Opobo&quot;&gt;Jaja na Opobo''' (1821-1891), an sayar da shi a kusan shekara 12 zuwa bautar a Masarautar Bonny a [[Najeriya]] ta yanzu. Da yake tabbatar da iyawarsa ga kasuwanci tun yana ƙarami, ba wai kawai ya sami hanyar fita daga bautar ba har ma ya zama yarima mai arziki da iko kuma wanda ya kafa birnin Opobo, aikinsa ya ƙare ta hanyar masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya waɗanda ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar su.
* '''James Armistead Lafayette''' (1760-1830), wani dan Afirka ne wanda ya yi aiki da Sojojin Continental a Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka a matsayin wakili biyu.
* '''James Baugh''', Bawa ne na Amurka wanda ya kai karar 'yancinsa bisa la'akari da cewa kakarsa ta kasance Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;Ariela J. Gross, ''What Blood Won't Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America'', pp. 24–5, {{ISBN|978-0-674-03130-2}}/&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''James Hemings''' (1765-1801), ɗan asalin Amurka wanda [[Thomas Jefferson]] ya bautar da shi kuma daga baya ya sake shi. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Sally Hemings kuma ɗan'uwan matar Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, ta wurin mahaifinsu John Wayles.
* '''James Leander Cathcart''' (1767-1843), jami'in diflomasiyya kuma masanin jirgin ruwa sananne ne saboda labarinsa na shekaru goma sha ɗaya na [[Cinikin bayi na Barbary|Bautar]] a [[Aljir|Algiers]] da kuma nasarorin diflomasiyyarsa yayin da yake bautar.
* '''James Poovey''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1769), ɗan Philadelphia wanda aka bautar da shi tun daga haihuwa kuma ya sami 'yanci ta hanyar rashin biyayya ba tare da tashin hankali ba.
* James M. Priest (1819-1883), Mataimakin Shugaban Laberiya na 6, an haife shi cikin bautar a [[Kentucky]]
* '''[./James_&amp;#x3C;b&amp;#x20;id= Somerset]'''&quot; id=&quot;mwBrg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;James Somersett&quot;&gt;James Somersett ko Somerset, wani mutum ne da ya yi bautar a mulkin mallaka na Amurka wanda tserewa yayin da yake Ingila a cikin 1771, wanda sanannun masu adawa da abolitionists na Burtaniya suka goyi bayan, ya haifar da babbar shari'ar ''Somerset da Stewart'', wanda ya kawo karshen bautar a Burtaniya, kodayake ba a cikin yankunanta ba.
* '''{{Circa}}''' (c. 1807-1870), marubucin Afirka-Amurka kuma mai abolitionist . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=James W. C. Pennington, 1807–1870, ''The Fugitive Blacksmith;'' &quot;Summary&quot; |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/penning49/summary.html |access-date=September 29, 2023 |website=Documenting the American South |publisher=[[University of North Carolina]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Jan Ernst Matzeliger''' (1852-1889), mai kirkiro na Surinamese-Amurka a masana'antar takalma.
* '''Jane Johnson''' (1814/1827-1872), ta sami 'yanci a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1855, tare da' ya'yanta maza biyu yayin da take Philadelphia tare da mai shi da iyalinsa. William Still da Passmore Williamson ne suka taimaka mata, masu adawa da abolitionists na Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society da Kwamitin Kula da ita.
* '''Jean Amilcar''' ({{Circa}} 1781-1793), ɗan Senegalese mai suna Marie Antoinette .
* '''[[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]''' (1758-1806), shugaban [[Haiti]]_Revolution&quot; id=&quot;mwBtg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Haitian Revolution&quot;&gt;Juyin Juya Halin Haiti kuma shugaban farko na Haiti mai zaman kanta.
* '''Jean Marteilhe''' (1684-1777), mai ba da labari na Baƙin Huguenot na Faransa, ya yi aiki a matsayin bawa na jirgin ruwa.
* '''Jean Saint Malo''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1784), shugaban bayi masu gudu (mallaka na Maroon) a cikin Mutanen Espanya Louisiana kuma mai suna Saint Malo, Louisiana.
* '''Jean Parisot na Valette''' (1495-1568), jarumi na Order of Saint John an kama shi kuma ya zama bawa a cikin 1541 ta hanyar Barbary masu fashin teku a karkashin umurnin Turgut Reis . An sake shi bayan kimanin shekara guda kuma daga baya ya zama Grandmaster of the Order .
* '''Jefferson F. Long''' (1836-1901), tsohon bawa na farko da ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka kuma Ba'amurke na farko da zai wakilci jihar [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] a Majalisa.
* '''Jeffrey Hudson''' (1619-{{Circa}} 1682), wani dan majalisa na Ingila wanda ya shafe shekaru 25 a matsayin bawa a [[Arewacin Afirka]].
* '''[[Jehan Alard]]''' (fl. 1580), ɗan Huguenot na Faransa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bawa a Italiya, wanda Inquisition ya hukunta.
* '''Jehu Grant''' ({{Circa}} 1752-1840), tsohon sojan juyin juya hali.
* Jeremiah Haralson (1846-Ba a sani ba), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya wakilci Gundumar majalisa ta farko ta Alabama a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a lokacin Majalisar Dattijai ta 44 ta Amurka.
* '''Jermain Wesley Loguen''' (1813-1872), wani Ba'amurke Ba'amurkiya ne wanda ya tsere wa bautar kuma ya zama abolitionist, bishop na Ikilisiyar Siyona ta Methodist Episcopal ta Afirka, kuma marubucin Labarin bawa.
* '''Jim Cuff''' ko '''Jim Crow''' wani dan Afirka ne mai nakasa a jiki, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya zauna a [[St. Louis]], Cincinnati, ko Pittsburgh,  wanda waƙarsa da rawa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙar baƙar fata da rawa &quot;Jump ''Jim Crow''&quot; ta fararen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Thomas D. Rice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=131–145}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban shahararren halittar Rice nan da nan ya haifar da Jim Crow ya zama sunan da ba shi da kyau ga baƙi, kuma daga baya ga sunan da ake amfani da shi ga Jim Crow Laws, ba'a ga sunan mai suna.
* '''Jim Henson''', wani dan Afirka wanda ya tsere wa bautar kuma ya buga tarihinsa, Broken Shackles, a [[Kanada]].
* '''Joana da Gama''' ({{Circa}} 1520-1586), yarinya ce ta Portugal kuma marubuciya.
* '''Joe''', mutumin da William B. Travis ya bautar da shi, ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojin Texian a Yaƙin Alamo . Bayan cin nasarar Texian, Janar na Mexico Santa Anna ya kare Joe, yana fatan shawo kan wasu bayi a Texas don tallafawa gwamnatin Mexico akan tawaye na Texian.&lt;ref&gt;Mary Deborah Petite, &quot;1836 Facts about the Alamo and the Texas War for Independence&quot;, {{ISBN|978-1-882810-35-2}}, Savas Publishing Company, Mason City, IA, 1999, p. 128&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, an tura Joe tare da wasu wadanda suka tsira zuwa Gonzales kuma an ƙarfafa su su ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a yakin, da kuma sanar da sauran sojojin Texian cewa sojojin Santa Anna ba za a iya cin nasara ba.
* '''John Axouch''' (1087-1150), wani Seljuk Turk wanda [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]] ta kama shi tun yana yaro, ya 'yantar da shi kuma ya girma a cikin gidan sarki a matsayin abokin sarki na gaba John II Komnenos, kuma a kan hauhawarsa ya ba da umurni ga sojojin daular kuma ya kasance babban aboki da amintaccen sarki.
* '''John Boston''' ({{Circa}} 1832-bayan 1880) tsohon bautar da ke wakiltar Darlington County a Majalisar Wakilai ta Kudu Carolina a Lokacin sake ginawa. Ya shiga cikin ayyukan al'umma kuma, a matsayin minista, ya kafa Ikilisiyar Lamar Colored Methodist a 1865. A shekara ta 1880, ya zama manomi.
* '''John &quot;Lit&quot; Fleming''', an haife shi a cikin bautar a Virginia amma daga baya ya koma Edmundson, Arkansas, tare da iyayensa da 'yan uwansa. Daga nan sai ya koma Memphis, Tennessee, kuma ya kasance mai mallakar jaridar Memphis Free Speech tare da mai fafutuka [[Ida B. Wells|Ida B. Wells-Barnett]] .
* '''John Munroe Brazealle''', tare da mahaifiyarsa, batutuwan ''Hinds v. Brazealle'' (1838), wata shari'a a [[Mississippi]]&quot; id=&quot;mwB0o&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Supreme Court of Mississippi&quot;&gt;Kotun Koli ta Mississippi wacce ta musanta halattacciyar haƙƙin gado a Mississippi na ayyukan da Elisha Brazealle ya aiwatar, mazaunin Mississippi, a Ohio don 'yantar da su biyu.
* '''John Brown''' ({{Circa}} 1810-1876), ya tsere kuma ya rubuta game da yanayin da ke cikin Kudancin Kudancin Amurka.
* '''John Casor''', na farko da aka bautar a sakamakon shari'ar farar hula a cikin Koloni goma sha uku (Virginia Colony, 1655).
* '''John Ezzidio''' ({{Circa}} 1810-1872), ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya zama ɗan siyasa da ɗan kasuwa na [[Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka da Kariya ta Saliyo|Sierra Leonese]] mai cin nasara.
* '''John Adams Hyman''' (1840-1891), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisa Dattijan Arewacin Carolina kuma wanda daga baya ya yi aiki ne a matsayin Ba'amurke na farko da ya wakilci jihar a Majalisa.
* '''John Jea''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1773), ɗan Afirka-Amurka ne wanda aka fi sani da tarihin kansa na 1811, The Life, History, and Unparallel Sufferings of John Jea, the African Preacher .
* '''John Joyce''' wanda aka haifa a cikin bautar a Maryland, ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, ya gudanar da ayyuka da yawa bayan haka, kuma ya kashe mai sayar da kaya, Sarah Cross; rayuwarsa da laifinsa sun ba da labarin a cikin wallafe-wallafen kisan kai na zamaninsa.&lt;ref&gt;Karen Halttunen, ''Murder Most Foul'', p. 44, {{ISBN|0-674-58855-X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''John R. Jewitt''' (1783-1821), wani makami na Ingila wanda ya shafe shekaru uku a matsayin fursuna na Maquinna na mutanen Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) a bakin tekun Pacific na abin da ke yanzu Kanada.
* '''John R. Lynch''' (1847-1939), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Mississippi ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya zama shugaban majalisar dokoki ta jihar. Daga baya ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka kuma ya rubuta The Facts of Reconstruction don magance zargi game da manufofin zamanin Reconstruction.
* '''John Punch''' (fl. 1630s, yana rayuwa 1640), wani dan Afirka ne da ya zama bawa a yankin Virginia a karni na 17.  &lt;ref name=&quot;John Donoghue 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Donoghue |year=2010 |title='Out of the Land of Bondage': The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition |url=http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/115/4/943.full |url-status=dead |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=115 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901101732/http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/115/4/943.full |archive-date=2016-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin shekara ta 1640, Majalisar Gwamnan Virginia ta yanke masa hukuncin yin aiki har tsawon rayuwarsa a matsayin horo don guduwa zuwa Maryland. Yawancin masana tarihi suna la'akari da Punch a matsayin &quot;bawa na farko na hukuma a cikin mulkin mallaka na Ingila, &quot;  kuma shari'arsa a matsayin &quot;tafiyar doka ta farko game da bautar rayuwa a cikin Chesapeake.  Masana tarihi suma suna la'awar wannan a matsayin daya daga cikin bambance-bambance na farko na doka tsakanin Turawa da 'yan Afirka da aka yi a cikin mulkin kama da kuma babban abin da ya faru a ci gaban kafa bautar a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Coates |first=Rodney D. |year=2003 |title=Law and the Cultural Production of Race and Racialized Systems of Oppression |url=http://web.pdx.edu/~ingham/syllabi/Perspectives/LawHistRacism.pdf |journal=[[American Behavioral Scientist]] |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=329–351 |doi=10.1177/0002764203256190 |s2cid=146357699 |access-date=2025-05-31 |archive-date=2024-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719095755/https://web.pdx.edu/~ingham/syllabi/Perspectives/LawHistRacism.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John Donoghue 2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tom Costa |year=2011 |title=Runaway Slaves and Servants in Colonial Virginia |url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Runaway_Slaves_and_Servants_in_Colonial_Virginia |website=[[Encyclopedia Virginia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''John S. Jacobs''' (1815-1873), wanda aka haifa a cikin bautar a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]], ya tsere, ya zama mai magana da abolitionist kuma marubucin tarihin bawa. Ɗan'uwan sanannen marubuci Harriet Jacobs.
* '''[[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]]&quot; id=&quot;mwB6U&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;John Smith of Jamestown&quot;&gt;John Smith''' (1580-1631), sojan Ingila, masanin jirgin ruwa, kuma marubucin da aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka wajen tsira da mulkin mallaka na Jamestown a Virginia. Tatars na Crimea sun kama Smith a cikin 1602 yayin da yake fada a [[Wallachia]] kuma Daular Ottoman ta bautar da shi, amma ya tsere ya koma Ingila a shekara ta 1604. Kamar yadda Smith ya bayyana shi: &quot;dukmu muna sayar da bayi, kamar dabbobi a kasuwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soldier of Furtune: John Smith before Jamestown |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2007-01/John_Smith.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117160614/http://www.neh.gov///news/humanities/2007-01/John_Smith.htm |archive-date=January 17, 2009 |access-date=February 4, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Jordan Anderson''' (1825-1907), wanda aka fi sani da wasika da aka aika wa tsohon mai zalunci / maigidansa don amsa buƙatar na ƙarshe cewa Jordan ya koma hidimarsa.
* Jordan Winston Early (1814-bayan 1894) ya kasance mai wa'azi na Methodist na Amurka wanda ya kasance batun littafi game da rayuwarsa a matsayin bawa.
* '''John White''', wani baƙar fata wanda Creeks ya kama a shekara ta 1797 kuma ya tsere ya koma New Orleans, inda jami'an Mutanen Espanya suka mayar da shi bautar.&lt;ref&gt;Christina Snyder, ''Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America'', p. 200, {{ISBN|978-0-674-04890-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''John Ystumllyn''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Jac Du''' ko '''Jack Black''', mai aikin lambu na Welsh na ƙarni na 18 kuma mutum na farko da aka rubuta da kyau na Arewacin Wales.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=YSTUMLLYN, JOHN ('Jack Black') (d. 1786), gardener and land steward {{!}} Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-YSTU-JOH-1786#?c=0&amp;m=0&amp;s=0&amp;cv=0&amp;manifest=https://damsssl.llgc.org.uk/iiif/2.0/4671090/manifest.json&amp;xywh=592,1116,1151,928 |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=biography.wales}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Jonathan Strong''', batun daya daga cikin shari'o'in shari'a na farko da suka shafi bautar a Burtaniya.
* '''José Antonio Aponte''' shugaban makircin Aponte.
* '''Yusufu''', muhimmin mutum a [[Tsohon Alkawari]] da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].
* '''Joseph Antonio Emidy''' (1775-1835), violinist kuma mawaƙi wanda aka haife shi a Afirka, ya mutu a Cornwall.
* Joseph Cinqué (1814-1879), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sengbe Pieh''', shugaban tawayen bayi a kan jirgin bawa La Amistad kuma wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar Kotun Koli ta gaba ''Amurka v. Amistad'' a 1839.
* '''Joseph Jackson Fuller''' (1825-1908), daya daga cikin bayi na farko da aka 'yantar a [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], da farko a karkashin 'yanci na [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar kawar da bautar 1833]].
* '''Joseph Knight''', ya sami nasarar neman 'yancinsa ta hanyar shari'a a [[Scotland]] a cikin 1777, shari'ar da ta tabbatar da cewa dokar Scots ba za ta goyi bayan kafa bautar ba.
* '''Josephine Bakhita''' ({{Circa}} 1869-1947), ɗan asalin Sudan ne Roman Katolika Canossian nun kuma saint.
* '''Joshua Glover''', mai tsere daga bautar da aka taimaka wa abolitionists a Racine, Wisconsin a 1854.
* '''Josiah T. Walls''' ({{Circa}} 1842-1905), tsohon bawa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ɗakunan biyu na Majalisa Dokokin Jihar Florida kuma wanda ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya wakilci jihar a Majalisa</text>
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The Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party (Portuguese  '''Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe - Partido Social Democrata''', abbr. '''MLSTP-PSD''' ) ɗaya ce daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun siyasa a [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|Sao Tomé da Principe]]. Jorge Bom Jesus shine shugaban jam'iyyar na yanzu.

== Tarihi ==

=== Shekarun farko ===
[[Fayil:Flag_of_MLSTP_(1972–1990).svg|left|thumb|220x220px| Tutar MLSTP (1972-1990)]]
[[Fayil:Flag_of_MLSTP_(variant).svg|left|thumb|220x220px| Madadin tuta na MLSTP (1972-1990)]]
An kafa jam'iyyar, a lokacin da ake kira Kwamitin 'Yancin São Tomé da Principe, a cikin shekarar 1960 a matsayin ƙungiya [[Kishin ƙasa|mai kishin ƙasa]]  mai adawa da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal. A cikin shekarar 1961 ta shiga CONCP tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin [[Kwaminisanci|gurguzu]] da gurguzu da ke yaƙi da [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal]] a Afirka. 'Yan gudun hijira ne suka kafa CLSTP wanda a ƙarshe suka kafa sansaninsu a [[Gabon]] kusa da nan. Manuel Pinto da Costa, wanda zai zama shugaban ƙasa na São Tomé and Principe mai zaman kansa, shine shugaban jam'iyyar. A cikin shekarar 1972, CLSTP ya zama MLSTP.

Bayan ''juyin juya halin Carnation'' na watan Afrilu 1974 a [[Portugal]], sabuwar gwamnati ta amince da miƙa mulki ga MLSTP. Daga baya waccan shekarar, an amince da MLSTP a matsayin halaltaccen wakilin mutanen Santomean.

=== 'Yanci da mulkin jam'iyya ɗaya ===
Bayan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci na gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya, an gudanar da zaɓe na majalisar wakilai kuma MLSTP ta lashe dukkan kujeru 16 na ta.

An sami 'yancin kai a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli 1975, tare da Manuel Pinto da Costa a matsayin shugaban ƙasa da Miguel Trovoada a matsayin Firayim Minista. Kundin tsarin mulkin da aka fitar a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba 1975, ya ba da cikakken iko ga shugaban ƙasa kuma MLSTP ta zama jam'iyyar siyasa ta ƙasa tilo ta doka.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, tsarin gurguzu na jam'iyyar da kuma tsarin al'ummar ƙasar ya kai ga kulla alaka mai karfi da [[Cuba]], Gabashin Jamus da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]].

=== Sauya mulkin demokraɗiyya ===
A ƙarshen shekarar 1989, wani ɓangare na jam'iyyar mai ci gaba a cikin jam'iyyar ya fara sauya sheka zuwa cikakken tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa, bayan wata muhawara a taron jam'iyyar na ƙasa.

An amince da kundin tsarin mulkin dimokraɗiyya wanda kwamitin tsakiya na MLSTP ya gabatar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama a watan Agusta 1990.

A taron Jam'iyyar MLSTP a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1990, an naɗa Carlos Graça a matsayin sabon Sakatare-Janar, a maye gurbin Manuel Pinto da Costa. Bugu da ƙari, an yi wa jam'iyyar kwaskwarima ga kungiyar Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe - Social Democratic Party (MLSTP–PSD).

A cikin wani babban taron jam'iyyar MLSTP-PSD da aka gudanar a watan Mayun 1998, an zaɓi Manuel Pinto da Costa a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar ba tare da hamayya ba, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa shekara ta 2005.

A babban taron jam'iyyar na huɗu, Guilherme Posser da Costa, tsohon firayim minista, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban MLSTP–PSD a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu 2005, ya gaji Pinto da Costa. Kuri'u 708 ne suka amince da Posser da Costa, wanda shi ne ɗan takara ɗaya tilo, yayin da kuri'u uku suka nuna adawa da shi. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060320010245/http://www.afriquecentrale.info/fr/news/news.asp?rubID=1&amp;srubID=10&amp;themeID=1&amp;newsID=1974 &quot;Election de maréchal pour Guilherme Posser da Costa&quot;], Afriquecentrale.info, 27 February 2005 {{In lang|fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga watan Yuni 2008, Shugaban MLSTP-PSD shine Joaquim Rafael Branco. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lider&quot;&gt;[http://www.panapress.com/freenewspor.asp?code=por014832&amp;dte=12/06/2008 &quot;Líder da oposição em São Tomé Príncipe designado primeiro-ministro&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224084552/http://www.panapress.com/freenewspor.asp?code=por014832&amp;dte=12%2F06%2F2008 |date=2009-12-24 }}, Panapress, 12 June 2008 {{In lang|pt}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2008, bayan da Firaiminista Patrice Trovoada na jam'iyyar Independent Democratic Action (ADI) ta sha kaye a kuri'ar rashin amincewa, shugaba Fradique de Menezes ya buƙaci MLSTP-PSD ta kafa gwamnati, kuma ta zaɓi Branco ya zama firayim minista na gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lider&quot;/&gt; ADI ta yi tir da naɗa Menezes na MLSTP-PSD don kafa gwamnati a matsayin wanda ya saɓawa kundin tsarin mulki, yana mai cewa ya makara a wa'adin majalisa don yin hakan, kuma ta kai batun zuwa Kotun Koli ta Shari'a. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.panapress.com/freenewspor.asp?code=por014944&amp;dte=16/06/2008 &quot;Partido de PM destituído contra nomeação de novo Governo são-tomense&quot;], Panapress, 16 June 2008 {{In lang|pt}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi shugaban MLSTP-PSD na yanzu, Aurelio Martins, a ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, 2011 a cikin V Ordinary Congress of the Party.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.panapress.com/freenewspor.asp?code=por014944&amp;dte=16/06/2008 &quot;Partido de PM destituído contra nomeação de novo Governo são-tomense&quot;], Panapress, 16 June 2008 {{in lang|pt}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau MLSTP-PSD na da dangantakar abokantaka da jam'iyyun siyasa a wasu katsashen Lusophone, ciki har da Socialist Party (PS) a [[Portugal]] da People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ).

== Ayyukan da aka yi a zaɓukan baya-bayan nan ==
A zaɓukan farko na Dimokuraɗiyya  da aka gudanar a ƙasar a watan Janairun 1991, jam'iyyar ta sha kashi a rumfunan zaɓe inda ta samu kashi 30.5% na kuri'u da kujeru 21 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar  mai wakilai 55.

A watan Disamba 1992 zaɓen cikin gida ya haifar da MLSTP–PSD ta sami iko da larduna biyar daga cikin bakwai na ƙasar.

A zaɓukan ‘yan majalisu na shekarar 1994, jam’iyyar ta samu kashi 37% na kuri’un da aka kaɗa, ta kuma dawo da ikon Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, inda ta samu kujeru 27 daga cikin kujeru 55, wanda bai samu cikakken rinjaye ba.

Zaɓen da aka yi a watan Maris na shekara ta 1995 ga sabuwar majalisar wakilai bakwai da aka kafa a ƙaramin tsibirin Principe ya haifar da wata nasara ga jam’iyyar.

Manuel Pinto da Costa ya yi takara a matsayin ɗan takarar MLSTP-PSD a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa  na shekarar 1996. A zagayen farko, ya zo na biyu bayan shugaban ƙasar mai ci Miguel Trovoada, inda ya samu kashi 39% na kuri'un da aka kaɗa, yayin da Trovoada ta samu kashi 41%. A zagaye na biyu ya sha kaye a hannun Trovoada wanda ya samu kashi 52.7% na kuri'un da aka kaɗa inda ya samu kashi 47.3%.

A cikin zaɓen majalisa na shekarar 1998, MLSTP-PSD ta sami kashi 50.6% na ƙuri'u kuma ta ƙara rinjaye a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga kujeru 27 zuwa 31.

A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa  na watan Yuli 2001, Manuel Pinto da Costa ya sake yin yunkurin sake samun shugabancin ƙasar, amma ɗan kasuwa Fradique de Menezes ya doke shi da kyau da kashi 55.2% zuwa kashi 40.0%.

Zaɓen majalisa na watan Maris 2002 ya kiyaye matsayin MLSTP–PSD a matsayin babbar jam'iyya a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, amma ta kujera ɗaya kawai. Jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 39.6% na kuri'un da aka kaɗa kuma ta samu kujeru 24 daga cikin kujeru 55.

A zaɓen majalisar dokoki na ranar 26 ga watan Maris 2006, jam'iyyar ta zo ta biyu a bayan jam'iyyar Force for Change Democratic Movement - Democratic Convergence Party (MDFM-PCD), inda ta lashe kujeru 20 cikin 55.

Jam'iyyar ba ta tsayar da ɗan takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa  na 30 ga watan Yuli 2006 ba, inda ta zaɓi shiga kawancen jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan Patrice Trovoada na jam'iyyar Independent Democratic Action (ADI). Ɗan takara Fradique de Menezes ne ya kayar da shi, inda ya samu kashi 38.82% na kuri'un da aka kaɗa inda de Menezes ya samu kashi 60.58.

A zaɓukan 'yan majalisa na baya-bayan nan da aka gudanar a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 2010, MLSTP–PSD ta zama jam'iyya mafi girma ta biyu (a bayan ADI), ta lashe kujeru 21. A shekarar 2011, a karshe Pinto da Costa ya yi nasarar sake samun shugabancin ƙasar, duk da cewa a hukumance ya tsaya takara a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&amp;Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C_4|title=Jorge Bom Jesus inaugurated as prime minister}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Evaristo Carvalho shi ne shugaban São Tomé and Principe, bayan ya kayar da Manuel Pinto da Costa mai ci a zaɓen shekarar 2016. Shugaba Carvalho kuma mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Independent Democratic Action (ADI). Patrice Emery Trovoada ya kasance Firayim Minista tun 2014 kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Independent Democratic Action (ADI). A cikin watan Disamba 2018, Jorge Bom Jesus, shugaban MLSTP-PSD, an rantsar da shi a matsayin sabon Firayim Minista. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jorge Bom Jesus inaugurated as prime minister |url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&amp;Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C_4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A zaɓen shekarar 2021 ɗan takarar Independent Democratic Action Carlos Vila Nova ya yi nasara a kan ɗan takarar MLSTP-PSD Guilherme Posser da Costa da kashi 58% na kuri'un.  An rantsar da Nova a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 September 2021 |title=São Tomé: Carlos Vila Nova vence presidenciais com 57,54% dos votos |work=Observador |url=https://observador.pt/2021/09/06/sao-tome-carlos-vila-nova-vence-presidenciais-com-5754-dos-votos/ |access-date=12 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin zaɓe ==

=== Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Zabe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Dan takarar jam'iyya
! Ƙuri'u
! %
! Ƙuri'u
! %
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sakamako
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zagayen farko
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zagaye na biyu
|-
! 1996
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Manuel Pinto da Costa
| 13,627
| 37.7%
| 17,820
| 47.3%
| '''Bace''' 
|-
! 2001
| 18,762
| 39.98%
| -
| -
| '''Bace''' 
|-
! 2006
| Goyan bayan Patrice Trovoada ( ADI )
| 22,339
| 38.8%
| -
| -
| '''Bace''' 
|-
! 2011
| Aurélio Martins
| 2,445
| 4.06%
| -
| -
| '''Bace''' 
|-
! 2016
| [[Maria das Neves|Maria da Neves]]
| 16,828
| 24.31%
| -
| -
| '''Bace''' 
|-
! 2021
| Guilherme Posser da Costa
| 16,829
| 20.75%
| 33,557
| 42.46%
| '''Bace''' 
|}

=== Zaɓen majalisar dokokin ƙasa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Election
!Party leader
!Votes
!%
!Seats
!+/–
!Position
|-
!1975
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Manuel Pinto da Costa
|
|
|{{Composition bar|16|16|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 16
|{{Increase}} 1st
|-
!1980
|
|
|{{Composition bar|40|40|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 24
|{{Steady}} 1st
|-
!1985
|
|
|{{Composition bar|51|51|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 11
|{{Steady}} 1st
|-
!1991
|12,090
|30.5%
|{{Composition bar|21|55|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 30
|{{Decrease}} 2nd
|-
!1994
|10,782
|42.53%
|{{Composition bar|27|55|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 6
|{{Increase}} 1st
|-
!1998
|14,785
|50.8%
|{{Composition bar|31|55|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 4
|{{Steady}} 1st
|-
!2002
|15,618
|39.56%
|{{Composition bar|24|55|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 7
|{{Steady}} 1st
|-
!2006
|Guilherme Posser da Costa
|15,733
|30.21%
|{{Composition bar|20|55|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 4
|{{Decrease}} 2nd
|-
!2010
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Joaquim Rafael Branco
|22,510
|32.09%
|{{Composition bar|21|55|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 1
|{{Steady}} 2nd
|-
!2014
|16,573
|24.71%
|{{Composition bar|16|55|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 5
|{{Steady}} 2nd
|-
!2018
|31,634
|40.32%
|{{Composition bar|23|55|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 7
|{{Steady}} 2nd
|-
!2022
|25,287
|32.73%
|{{Composition bar|18|55|{{party color|Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 5
|{{Steady}} 2nd
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mueda</title>
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'''Mueda''' {{IPA|pt|ˈmwɛða|}} shi ne birni mafi girma a yankin Makonde Plateau a arewa maso gabashin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. Shi ne babban birnin gundumar Mueda a lardin Cabo Delgado. Ita ce cibiyar al'adun Makondes, da kuma samar da sassaken ebony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fitzpatrick&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Mary|title=Mozambique|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVvRHCBtS9sC&amp;pg=PA162|year=2006|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-188-1|page=162}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Mueda yana kan tudun Mueda Plateau, wanda ke da yanayi mai zafi fiye da bakin teku, amma inda, saboda ƙasa mai yashi mai ratsawa, ruwa yana shiga zurfin zurfi, yana da wahala a samar da ruwan sha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=West |first=Harry |date=February 2001 |title=Sorcery of Construction and Socialist Modernization: Ways of Understanding Power in Postcolonial Mozambique |journal=[[American Ethnologist]] |volume=28 |issue=1 |page=123 |doi=10.1525/ae.2001.28.1.119 |jstor=3095118}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kusan shekarar 1970, [[Portugal]], mai mulkin Mozambique a lokacin, ta gina tsarin samar da ruwan sha, ƙarƙashin jagorancin injiniya Canhoto. A cikin shekarun 1980, bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Mozambique daga Portugal, gwamnatin Mozambique ta sake gina tsarin, tare da taimakon [[UNICEF]] da haɗin gwiwar [[Switzerland|Swiss]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cairncross |first=Sandy |last2=Cliff |first2=Julie |author-link2=Julie Cliff |date=1987 |title=Water use and health in Mueda, Mozambique |journal=[[Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]] |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=51–54 |doi=10.1016/0035-9203(87)90280-X |pmid=3445322}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
&lt;div style=&quot;width:75%&quot;&gt;{{Weather box}}&lt;/div&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Mueda a kusa da barikin sojojin 'yan mulkin mallaka [[Portugal|na Portugal]].&lt;ref name=Weatherbase&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=160276&amp;refer=wikipedia|title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Mueda, Mozambique|publisher=Weatherbase|year=2011|access-date=2025-06-17|archive-date=2024-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127163453/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=160276&amp;refer=wikipedia|url-status=dead}}Retrieved on November 24, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Kisan kiyashin Mu'ada ===
A ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 1960, 'yan kishin ƙasa na Makonde sun shirya zanga-zanga a gaban hedkwatar gundumar Mueda a dandalin garin Mueda domin neman 'yancin kai daga Portugal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Azevedo|first=Mario|chapter=Mueda|title=Historical Dictionary of Mozambique|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYYNAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA92|year=1991|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-2413-3|page=92|quote=This &quot;invitation&quot; was later disputed by the Portuguese authorities.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da alama shugaban gundumar ya gayyace su don gabatar da kokensu.&lt;ref name=&quot;TransparencyConspiracy-103&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=West|first=Harry G.|editor=Harry G. West, Todd Sanders|title=Transparency and Conspiracy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeMdeV_LvAMC&amp;pg=PA103|page=103|year=2003|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-3024-5|chapter='Who Rules Us Now?' Identity Tokens, Sorcery, and Other Metaphors in the 1994 Mozambican Elections}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Mai gudanarwa ya ba da umarnin kama shugabannin,&lt;ref name=&quot;Newitt-521&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Newitt|first=Malyn|title=A History of Mozambique|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34006-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi/page/521 521]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma taron ya yi zanga-zangar.  Ma'aikacin Portuguese ya umarci sojojin da ya tattara kafin su yi harbi a kan taron,  bayan haka an jefar da wasu da yawa zuwa ga mutuwa a cikin wani rafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=West|first=Harry G.|editor=Harry G. West, Todd Sanders|title=Transparency and Conspiracy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeMdeV_LvAMC&amp;pg=PA92|year=2003|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-3024-5|pages=120, note 31|chapter='Who Rules Us Now?' Identity Tokens, Sorcery, and Other Metaphors in the 1994 Mozambican Elections|quote=The number of casualties is disputed. Nationalists suggested that as many a six hundred were killed, while Portuguese accounts sometimes place the number of casualties in the single digits.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Adadin waɗanda suka mutu yana cikin takaddama.  Koyaya, bacin rai da waɗannan abubuwan suka haifar a ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu ta FRELIMO ta sami ci gaba da ake buƙata a farkon [[Yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique|Yaƙin neman 'Yancin Mozambique]] (1964-1975). &lt;ref name=&quot;TransparencyConspiracy-103&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Newitt-521&quot; /&gt; Wurin da aka yi kisan kiyashin na ɗauke da wani mutum-mutumi na tunawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fitzpatrick&quot; /&gt;

=== Yakin neman 'yancin kai ===
Makonde sun kasance masu goyon bayan FRELIMO. Hasali ma, Makonde African National Union (MANU - daga baya Mozambique African National Union) tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi uku da suka kafa FRELIMO.&lt;ref name=&quot;TransparencyConspiracy-103&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Azevedo|first=Mario|chapter=Frente de Libertação de Moçambique|title=Historical Dictionary of Mozambique|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYYNAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA65|year=1991|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-2413-3|page=65}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Mueda kuma shine wurin da ake gudanar da ayyukan Fotigal akan FRELIMO.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newitt-525&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Newitt|first=Malyn|title=A History of Mozambique|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34006-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi/page/525 525]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 1967, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan soja na farko, FRELIMO ta ƙaddamar da wani harin zubar da jini a kan tashar jirgin sama a can,  ko da yake ginin ya lalace sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mazrui|first1=Ali AlʼAmin|last2=Tidy|first2=Michael|title=Nationalism and New States in Africa: From about 1935 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0EFAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP1|year=1984|publisher=Heinemann|location=Nairobi|isbn=978-0-435-94145-1|page=141}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin watan Mayu 1970, Janar Arriaga ya fara [[Aikin Gordian Knot|Operation Gordian Knot]], hedkwatarsa daga Mueda. Ya zuwa ƙarshen aikin, ya yi ikirarin kawar da sansanonin FRELIMO sama da saba'in.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newitt-531&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Newitt|first=Malyn|title=A History of Mozambique|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34006-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi/page/531 531]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Koyaya, ban da asarar kayan aiki da kayayyaki, aikin bai shafi ikon FRELIMO na kutsawa cikin ƙarin makamai daga [[Tanzaniya]] ba, kuma bai yi tasiri sosai kan ikon yin yaƙi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Schneidman|first=Witney Wright|title=Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xkbzy0vSnDIC&amp;pg=PA126|year=2004|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-2812-9|page=126}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani hari na baya-bayan nan, a cikin shekarar 1972, a kan tashar jirgin saman Mueda, an lalata dukkan jiragen sama goma sha tara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mazrui|first1=Ali AlʼAmin|last2=Tidy|first2=Michael|title=Nationalism and New States in Africa: From about 1935 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0EFAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP1|year=1984|publisher=Heinemann|location=Nairobi|isbn=978-0-435-94145-1|page=143}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotuna daga Mueda ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Municipio_de_Mueda_(9806338906).jpg| Mueda Municipality Building
Fayil:MuedaAirport.JPG| Mueda Airport c. 1995
Fayil:MuedaGas_0126.jpg|alt=Refueling station in Mueda c. 1995| Tashar mai a Mueda c. 1995 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="14117" sha1="lvhe3mufuikcuovg70law114wpx2kmi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Max Lazerson|image=.פרופ' לזרסון-JNF044755.jpeg|alt=|caption=Professor Lazerson, April 1936|native_name=מתתיהו לזרסון|birth_name=Max Matatyahu Laserson|birth_date={{Birth date|1887|2|1}}|birth_place=[[Jelgava]], [[Russian Empire]] (present day [[Latvia]])|death_date={{Death date and age|1951|11|29|1887|2|1}}|death_place=[[New York City]], New York, USA|nationality=Latvian (until 1939)&lt;br&gt;[[Mandatory Palestine]] (from 1939)|native_name_lang=hebrew|other_names=Max Laserson, Max M. Laserson, Maksis Lazersons, Larsons, M. Ya. (pseudonym)|occupation=Politician, jurist, philosopher|years_active=1917-1940s|known_for=|notable_works=}}

'''Maksis &quot;Max&quot; Lazerson''' an haife shi a 1 Fabrairu 1887 a Jelgava, daular Rasha ( [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] a yau) &amp;#x2013; 29 Nuwamba 1951 a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], New York, Amurka) ɗan siyasan Latvia ne, masanin shari'a kuma masanin falsafa. Ya kasance memba na Saeima daga shekarar 1922 zuwa 1925 da kuma a 1928 zuwa 1931. Ya jagoranci jam'iyyar Ceire Cion a lokacin tsaka-tsakin lokaci a Latvia .

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Lazerson a Jelgava, [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] a yau a cikin dangin ɗan kasuwa Bayahude na Yakubu Zusman Lazerson. Lazerson yana da 'yan'uwa 7. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 May 1855 |title=Jacob Zusman Lazerson |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Jacob-Lazerson/6000000094262254847 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 1905 ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin gurguzu kuma ya gama Realschule na Jelgava. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨UNKNOWN⁩ {{!}} ⁨דבר⁩ {{!}} 22 מרץ 1934 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1934/03/22/01/article/27 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he |archive-date=2024-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227232351/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1934/03/22/01/article/27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maksis Lazersons paredzēja Latvijas okupāciju |url=https://www.la.lv/maksis-lazersons-paredzeja-latvijas-okupaciju/ |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=LA.LV |language=lv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga shekarar 1906 zuwa 1910, ya yi karatu a Faculty of Law a Jami'ar Saint Petersburg kuma ya kammala karatu da girmamawa. A shekarar 1916 aka naɗa shi malami a wannan jami'a. A cikin shekara ta 1917, bayan [[February Revolution|juyin juya halin Fabrairu]], ya shiga ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta [[Russian Provisional Government|gwamnatin wucin gadi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨? לבואו' של פרופ' לזרסון-ל_^ ן '.&quot;? ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דאר היום⁩ {{!}} 14 מרץ 1934 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1934/03/14/01/article/40 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823175057/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1934/03/14/01/article/40 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A 1920 ya bar Tarayyar Soviet ya koma Latvia, inda ya shiga cikin jam'iyyar [[Ceire Cion]] . Ya koyar a Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziki da Jami'ar Rasha da ke Riga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨? לבואו' של פרופ' לזרסון-ל_^ ן '.&quot;? ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דאר היום⁩ {{!}} 14 מרץ 1934 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1934/03/14/01/article/40 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823175057/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1934/03/14/01/article/40 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin shekara ta 1922 zuwa 1925 kuma daga 1928 zuwa 1931 ya kasance wakili a Saeima na [[Laitfiya|Jamhuriyar Latvia]] (Majalisar Latvia), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨טלגרמות מיוחדות ל&quot;דבר ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דבר⁩ {{!}} 9 אוקטובר 1928 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1928/10/09/01/article/6 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823174126/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1928/10/09/01/article/6 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya yi aiki tare da jam'iyyun hagu, da kuma kare hakkin tsiraru gabaɗaya da Yahudawa musamman. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨בתנועה ובמפלגה. ⁩ {{!}} ⁨הפועל הצעיר⁩ {{!}} 26 דצמבר 1924 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hhr/1924/12/26/01/article/27 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823172455/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hhr/1924/12/26/01/article/27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin abubuwan, ya yi gwagwarmaya, ba tare da nasara ba, don tilasta hutun dole a ranar Lahadi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨שי&quot;ד־יייבגרכ־-ג &amp;gt;* דזר_*דגומ 0 ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דאר היום⁩ {{!}} 7 פברואר 1926 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1926/02/07/01/article/15 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he |archive-date=2024-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228155638/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1926/02/07/01/article/15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi nasarar barin makarantun Yahudawa su koyar da [[Ibrananci|harshen Ibrananci]], sabanin matsayin Bund, wanda ya bukaci su koyar da Yadish kawai . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨UNKNOWN⁩ {{!}} ⁨דבר⁩ {{!}} 22 מרץ 1934 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1934/03/22/01/article/27 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he |archive-date=2024-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227232351/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1934/03/22/01/article/27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lazerson kuma ya kasance mai aiki a ƙungiyar Hapoel Hatzair da Tzeirei Sihiyona kuma ya kasance mataimakinta a Majalisar Sahayoniya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨52חברי.היעד.הפועל הציוני ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דבר⁩ {{!}} 23 ספטמבר 1927 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1927/09/23/01/article/14 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaben Nuwamba 1931, Larsson ya rasa ƴan ƙuri'u da za a sake zaɓe kuma ya fice. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨על עטים ומדינות ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דבר⁩ {{!}} 2 נובמבר 1931 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1931/11/02/01/article/19 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Maris na shekara ta 1934, Lazerson ya ziyarci Falasdinu na tilas don halartar taron Majalisar Sahayoniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨חיתן _,החקקר לגמור אן1 הםכםון בחורה? ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דבר⁩ {{!}} 11 מרץ 1934 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1934/03/11/01/article/6 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan juyin mulkin Latvia na Ulmanis a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1934, an dakatar da Lazerson a matsayin mai bin hagu, a daidai lokacin da aka soke cin gashin kan al'adu ga Yahudawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨הקץ לאנטוטמיה _בלאםביה ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דבר⁩ {{!}} 28 מאי 1934 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1934/05/28/01/article/16 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823171105/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1934/05/28/01/article/16 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Nuwamba 1934, an sake Larsson daga tsare, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨ל‭1* I דאר ־ה יום &quot; &quot; טלגרמות ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דאר היום⁩ {{!}} 4 נובמבר 1934 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1934/11/04/01/article/24 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he |archive-date=2024-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228062259/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1934/11/04/01/article/24 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan ya yarda ya bar Latvia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨ך ח 9 ר ז ר ח 4\ 1 5£ 1 _3_$_7 # /!2&amp;lt;3 ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דבר⁩ {{!}} 28 ספטמבר 1934 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1934/09/28/01/article/31 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan an sake shi ya yi hijira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨למגדלי דבורים ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דבר⁩ {{!}} 1 פברואר 1935 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1935/02/01/01/article/18 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa Falasdinu na wajibi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨נפתחה מועצת הברית בפולי! ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דבר⁩ {{!}} 10 דצמבר 1934 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1934/12/10/01/article/2 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya isa a cikin Janairu 1935. A cikin shekara ta 1935 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa babbar Makarantar Shari'a da Tattalin Arziki a Tel Aviv, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨תל־אביב ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דאר היום⁩ {{!}} 21 פברואר 1935 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1935/02/21/01/article/87 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823174222/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1935/02/21/01/article/87 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya ba da laccoci a cikin ilimin fikihu da tattalin arziki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨בבית הספר הגבוה למשפט ולכלכלה ⁩ {{!}} ⁨דאר היום⁩ {{!}} 28 אפריל 1935 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dhy/1935/04/28/01/article/24 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya, ya zauna a Amurka, ya yi aiki a Sashen Shari'a, sannan ya ci gaba da zama farfesa a fannin dokokin kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Columbia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=⁨Untitled⁩ {{!}} ⁨מעריב⁩ {{!}} 2 דצמבר 1951 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/mar/1951/12/02/01/article/17 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2, 1951 |title=⁨⁨דבר⁩⁩, 2 דצמבר 1951 |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1951/12/02/01/article/11/?e=-------he-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI--------------1 |access-date=June 25, 2025 |archive-date=August 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823172001/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1951/12/02/01/article/11/?e=-------he-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxTI--------------1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lazerson ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Nuwamban shekara ta 1951, yana da shekaru 64 a New York &lt;ref name=&quot;jta&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 1951 |title=Max Lazerson. Noted Labor Zionist, Educator, Dies at 64 |url=http://www.jta.org/1951/12/03/archive/max-lazerson-noted-labor-zionist-educator-dies-at-64 |access-date=18 February 2017 |publisher=JTA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littafi Mai Tsarki ==

* Laserson, Max M (1950). ''Tasirin Amurka akan Rasha: diflomasiyya da akida, 1784-1917'' . New York: Kamfanin Macmillan. Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na OCLC&amp;nbsp;35720365.
* Laserson, Max M (1945). ''Rasha da yammacin duniya; wurin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin comity na al'ummomi,'' . New York: Macmillan Co. OCLC&amp;nbsp;491858.
* Laserson, Max M (1943). ''Ci gaban manufofin harkokin waje na Soviet a Turai,'' . New York: Kyautar Carnegie don Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, Sashin Jima'i da Ilimi. Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na OCLC&amp;nbsp;1361944.
* Laserson, Max M (1937). ''Akan Wajabcin; takardu, bayanai, dokoki da hukunce-hukuncen da suka shafi da kuma tasowa daga wajabcin Falasdinu'' . Tel-Aviv: &quot;Igereth&quot;. Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na OCLC&amp;nbsp;933974.
* Laserson, Max M (1933). ''Die russische Rechtsphilosophie'' (a cikin Jamusanci). Berlin-Grunewald: W. Rothschild. Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na OCLC&amp;nbsp;16693454.
* Laserson, Max M (1927). ''Staat, Souveränität und Minorität'' (a cikin Jamusanci). Riga: B. Lamey. Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na OCLC&amp;nbsp;6653092.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Kara karantawa ==

* Критико-биографический словарь русских писателей и ученыh Shekara, 1889-1914.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{LibraryThing author|id=lasersonmaxm}}
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079008 Max M. Laserson Papers, 1900-1951 at] Columbia University Libraries</text>
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'''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977&lt;ref&gt;Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). &quot;Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin&quot;. cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret &quot;Margo&quot; (Nataie Mcardle),&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zachary Quinto Biography&quot;. TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; da Yusufu John &quot;, da Yusufu na John&quot; An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).&lt;ref&gt;Zachary Quinto&quot;. Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.&lt;ref&gt;Keck, William (August 24, 2007). &quot;Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier&quot;. USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.&lt;ref&gt;Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). &quot;Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather&quot;. Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022&lt;/ref&gt; Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.&lt;ref&gt;Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). &quot;Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'&quot;. The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya tashi Katolika.&lt;ref&gt;Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). &quot;Zachary Quinto – The Talks&quot;. The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.&lt;ref&gt;Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). &quot;The Insiders: 4/2/06&quot;. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). &quot;Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth&quot;. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022&lt;/ref&gt; Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;Margin Call&quot;. Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni&quot;. Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes&lt;ref&gt;Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube&lt;/ref&gt; ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.&lt;ref&gt;Life as absurdist comic ballet&quot;. Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.&lt;ref&gt;Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'&quot;. Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu.

Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.&lt;ref&gt;Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock&quot;. Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). &quot;Quinto as Spock deal almost done&quot;. TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. &quot;A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock&quot;. SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022&lt;/ref&gt; in ji Quinto. &quot;Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa.&quot;

A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: &quot;Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” &lt;ref&gt;J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe&quot;. SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi &quot;... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lovece, Frank. &quot;Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'&quot; Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Owen, Rob . &quot;A Stars Trek'&quot;, April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.&lt;ref&gt;Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street&quot;. Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa &quot;rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). &quot;Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine&quot;. HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,&lt;ref&gt;Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). &quot;Wed Alert&quot;. The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors&quot;. The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist&quot;. The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet w&lt;ref&gt;David, Mark (December 30, 2014). &quot;Zachary Quinto and Miles MacMillan Buy Loft in Downtown Manhattan&quot;. Variety. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;anda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+. A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.&lt;ref&gt;Alex Godfrey (October 26, 2012). &quot;Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story, Spock, and filthy slash fiction&quot;. The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.&lt;ref&gt;Chen, Joyce (December 20, 2016). &quot;Zachary Quinto, Jonathan Groff Break Up&quot;. ''Us Weekly''. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Groff Dishes On Dating Zachary Quinto And Being Gay In Hollywood: PHOTOS - Towleroad Gay News&quot;. July 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Sauvalle, Julien (July 19, 2013). &quot;Is Zach Quinto Dating Model Miles McMillan?&quot;. Out. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The interview: Zachary Quinto&quot;. Archived from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare. A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su &quot;ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Barasch, Emily (November 9, 2015). &quot;Zachary Quinto, Miles McMillan, Jessica Joffe, and Olympia Scarry Toast the Dia Art Foundation's Contribution&quot;. Vogue. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.&lt;ref&gt;Fernandez, Alexia (February 26, 2019). &quot;Zachary Quinto 'Amicably' Splits from Boyfriend Miles McMillan After Nearly 6 Years of Dating&quot;. People. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;Madani, Doha (October 31, 2017). &quot;Kevin Spacey's Emmy Honor Rescinded After Sexual Harassment Allegation&quot;. HuffPost. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2022&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi &quot;bakin ciki da damuwa,&quot; yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba &quot;a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya&quot;, amma a maimakon haka a matsayin &quot;maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;Sieczkowski, Cavan (October 31, 2017). &quot;Zachary Quinto Slams Kevin Spacey For Coming Out Amid Sexual Harassment Allegations&quot;. HuffPost. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun  1977]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi</title>
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Abu Ahmad Muhammad Abdullah Azami ko Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi (wanda kuma aka rubuta a matsayin Dhiya-ur-Rahman A'zamī; 1943 - 30 ga Yuli 2020) wani malamin addinin Musulunci ne dan asalin kasar Saudiyya dan asalin kasar Indiya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Hadisi a Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah. Ya shahara da hada hadisansa mai suna Al-Jaami’ul-Kamil fi al-Hadith al-Sahih al-Shamil wanda ya kunshi dukkan ingantattun ruwayoyin annabci (Hadisin Sahih) kamar yadda yake fada. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

== Tarihi ==
An haifi Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi Banke Laal a cikin dangin Hindu&lt;ref&gt;&quot;الأوقاف تنعى الشيخ المحدث محمد ضياء الأعظمي&quot;. alray.ps. الراي. Retrieved 30 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin 1943 a Azamgarh.&lt;ref&gt;Nadwi 2020&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1959, ya fara samun fassarar Alqur'ani a Sanskrit kuma ya sami sha'awar Musulunci ta hanyar karanta shi. Bayan ‘yan kwanaki sai aka ba shi kyautar wani littafi na Abul Ala Maududi mai suna “Satya Dharma” (addini na gaskiya) na Hakeem Muhammad Ayyub Nadwi wanda dan Jama’atu-e-Islami Hind ne, kuma da karatun littafin ya kara sha’awar Musulunci, ya kuma fara halartar taron karawa juna sani na Musulunci ta Jama’atu Hind&lt;ref&gt;&quot;ہندو مذہب چھوڑ کر ممتاز محدث بننے والے عالم دین ضیا الرحمان اعظمی انتقال کرگئے&quot; [Famous Islamic scholar Zia ur Rahman Azmi who left Hinduism and became exemplary hadith scholar passed away]. ''Express News'' (in Urdu). 31 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Perjalanan Mualaf India Hingga Menjadi Profesor Hadis di Madinah | Republika ID&quot;. republika.id. Republika.id. 16 April 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;. Yana da shekara 15, ya musulunta a shekara ta 1960.[3][7] Bayan ya musulunta, ya fuskanci adawa mai tsanani daga iyalansa da al'ummarsa[4]. Ya yi karatun firamare a wata makaranta sannan ya shiga makarantar Shibli National College da ke Azamgarh[8]. Ya fara karatun Dars-e-nizami na gargajiya a Jamia Darussalam da ke Oomerabad, kuma ya sami digiri na B.A. da kuma M.A  a fannin ilimin addinin musulunci daga jami'ar musulunci ta Madina da kuma jami'ar Umm al-Qura[2]. Ya rubuta karatun digirinsa a jami'ar Azhar[2][6].

An nada Azmi malami a jami&lt;ref&gt;Nadwi 2020&lt;/ref&gt; Musulunci ta Madina, daga baya kuma aka ba shi takardar zama dan kasar Saudiyya.[9] Ya rasu a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2020.[2]

== Litattafai ==
Azmi ya rubuta al-Jaami’ul-kamil fi al-hadith al-sahih al-shamil, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Jami ul Kamil, tarin duk ingantattun ruwayoyin hadisi kamar yadda yake da’awa[10][11]. A cewar malamin addinin musulunci Muhammad Ishaq Bhatti, “wannan wani aiki ne da babu wanda ya taba yin irinsa[12].

Azmi ya tattara kuma ya tattara duk hadisai da ake da su daga Abu Hurairah bayan wani mai musun hadisin Masar Muhammad Aburiyah ya rubuta Abu Hurayrah wa marwīyatih yana bin sawun Goldziher. Azmi ya sanyawa harafin da sunan Abu Huraira wa marwīyatih kuma ya rubuta bayanai dalla-dalla a cikinsa yana kare hadisin[13]. Ya samu damar samun litattafan rubuce-rubucen Aqdiyat Rasūl Allāh, aikin malamin Andalus na Malikiyya, Muḥammad ibn Faraj Ibn al-Tallā, wanda ya rayu tsakanin shekara ta 404 bayan hijira zuwa 497 bayan hijira&lt;ref&gt;Bhatti 2015, pp. 590–591&lt;/ref&gt;. Azmi ya yi nazarin wadannan rubuce-rubucen kuma ya ba wa manyan makarantun Islama damar shiga.[14] Ayyukansa sun haɗa da: &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Muḥammad Ḍiyāʼ al-Raḥmān Aʻẓamī&quot;. WorldCat. Retrieved 27 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

ArabicJami ul KamilAbū Hurayrah fī ɗawʼ marwīyatih: dirāsah muqāranah fī miʼat ḥadīth min marwīyātihDirāsāt fi al-jarḥ wa-al-taʻdīlal-Minnah al-kubrá: sharḥ-raghrān al-takhrān lil-Ḥāfiẓ al-ByhaqīMuʻjam muṣṭalaḥāt al-ḥadīth wa-laṭāʼif al-asānīdDirāsāt fī al-Yahūdīyah wa-al-Masīḥīyah wa-adyān al-Hindtudy, India and Judaism Religions) al-Yahūdīyah wa-al-Masīḥīyah Fuṣūl fī adyān al-Hind: al-Hindūsīyah wa-al-Būdhīyah wa-al-Jaynīyah wa-al-Sīkhīyah wa-ʻalāqat al-tashawwuf bi-hā, Hindu, Hindu da alakar Sufanci da su) Tahiyyat al-Masjid[16]Hindikuran की शिताल चाया (Cool shade of Quran)

== Manazarta ==
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[[Category:Mutuwan  2020]]</text>
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    <title>Zaphaniah Jisalo</title>
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'''Zaphaniah Bitrus Jisalo''' ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne. A halin yanzu shi ne Ministan ayyuka na musamman da harkokin gwamnatocin tarayya. Ya kasance memba na wa'adi biyu mai wakiltar mazaɓar [[Abuja]] Municipal/Bwari a majalisar wakilai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Minister – FEDERAL MINISTRY OF SPECIAL DUTIES AND INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS&quot;. Retrieved 2024-12-17&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Citizen Science Nigeria&quot;. citizensciencenigeria.org. Retrieved 2024-12-17&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Zaphaniah Bitrus Jisalo a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1970 a garin [[Abuja]]. Ya fito daga kauyen Garki da ke ƙaramar hukumar Suleja/Abuja.&lt;ref&gt;Admin (2017-03-10). &quot;JISALO, Hon. (Dr.) Zaphaniah Bitrus&quot;. Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation. Retrieved 2024-12-17&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Garki da ke [[Abuja]] a shekarar 1982 kafin ya samu shaidar kammala sakandare ta Afirka ta Yamma (WASC) a Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati ta Karu a shekarar 1988. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Ilimi, Diploma a Criminal Justice and Administration, da Difloma mai zurfi a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam, duk a Jami’ar Jos, Jihar Filato. Ya kammala karatun difloma a fannin hulda da jama'a daga Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Jama'a da Fasaha a 1992. Ya ci gaba da karatun Manufofin Gwamnati, Tsare-tsare da Aiwatarwa a Jami'ar Thames Valley da ke Landan, United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;Amedu, James Ewaoche (2023-08-02). &quot;Tinubu's ministerial nominiee: Profile of Zaphaniah Bitrus&quot;. Idoma Voice Newspaper. Retrieved 2024-12-17&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'ar siyasa ==
Zaman Jisalo a matsayin Jami’in Hulɗa da Jama’a a Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ya kai 1990 – 2002, tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu (12). Ya rike mukamin Shugaban Hukumar Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC) daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2010. A shekarar 2011, ya gaji Austen Peters-Pam Amanda ya zama dan majalisar wakilai na farko a matsayin dan majalisar tarayya mai wakiltar mazaɓar Abuja Municipal/Bwari, kuma an sake zabe a 2015 a karo na biyu. A matsayinsa na dan majalisa, ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban na Majalisar, ciki har da Tsaro, NDDC, Wasanni, Kuɗi, Kwastam &amp; Excise, Tsaro na Kasa, da Majalisun Tarayya na FCT, yana jagorantar ayyukan majalisa. A shekarar 2023, an naɗa shi ministan ayyuka na musamman da harkokin gwamnati a karkashin gwamnatin shugaba [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]].&lt;ref&gt;Wada, Musa (2023-11-19). &quot;100 Days in Office: Hon Zaphaniah Bitrus Jisalo as Nigeria's Minister of Special Duties and Inter-Governmental Affairs&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2024-12-17.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==
•Memba na odar Tarayyar Tarayya (MFR)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

•Mafi kyawun Shugaban Karamar Hukumar FCT, 2006

•Gabaɗaya Mafi kyawun Shugaban Najeriya, 2006

•Dr. Kwame Nkrumah Africa Leadership Award

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
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    <title>Shari'ar canjin yanayi da Dokar Ingancin Muhalli ta California</title>
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      <text bytes="29947" sha1="nr97kz1pfaektjtxjmc66k7ewthy3gu" xml:space="preserve">'''Shari'ar canjin yanayi da Dokar Inganta muhalli ta California''' shari'a ce  da ta shafi Canjin yanayi da hayaki na gas (GHG) da ya zama ruwan dare a kotunan tarayya da na jihohi. Bayan amincewa da Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta 2006 (AB 32) da kuma buga rahoton Bincike na Hudu na Hudu (IPCC) An sanya ƙarin matsin lamba a kan hukumomin jama'a na California don kimanta yiwuwar tasirin tasirin canjin yanayi na duniya wanda GHG ya haifar. Musamman, an shigar da karar da yawa a kan hukumomi saboda gazawar nazarin hayaki na GHG wanda ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin Dokar Ingancin Muhalli ta California (CEQA) suka samar. Hukuncin kotu kafin sake dubawa na 2010 ga jagororin CEQA sun ba da haske na farko game da yadda za a yi amfani da CEQA a matsayin abin hawa don ganowa da rage fitar da GHG a cikin jihar. Ana amfani da yanke shawara da aka bayar bayan amincewa da jagororin da aka sake sabuntawa don fassara sabon abin da CEQA ke buƙata don kimanta hayaki na GHG da canjin yanayi.

== Tarihi a kan tsarin kotun California ==
Tsarin kotun California ya ƙunshi Kotuna masu girma guda 58, Kotuna daukaka kara guda shida, da Kotun Koli guda ɗaya. Kotun Koli na California suna cikin kowane gundumar kuma suna jagorantar shari'o'i a cikin ikonsu. Kotun daukaka kara ta California tana sauraron hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli kan roko. Kotun da ta fi girma a jihar, Kotun Koli ta California, tana da ikon sake duba yanke shawara da ƙananan kotuna suka yi. Shari'o'in da aka kawo a gaban Kotun Koli galibi ana nufin su warware &quot;manyan tambayoyi&quot; da suka shafi dokar jihar.

Tsarin kotun yana da matsayi inda hukunce-hukuncen da kotuna masu girma suka ba da fifiko ga ƙananan kotuna. Misali, hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli ta California suna da ɗaure a kan dukkan Kotunan daukaka kara da Kotun daukaka kara kuma hukunce-hinku na Kotun dawakai suna da ɗauke a kan Kotun da Kasa a cikin wannan gundumar. Kotuna masu girma sun saurari mafi yawan shari'o'in canjin yanayi; Kotun daukaka kara da Kotun Koli ta California sun sake duba ƙananan shari'oʼin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Climate Change Litigation in the U.S. |url=http://www.climatecasechart.com/ |access-date=2012-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== CEQA da canjin yanayi - bayanan doka ==
Babban manufar CEQA ita ce bayyana yiwuwar tasirin muhalli na ayyukan da hukumomin jihohi da na gida suka gabatar. Ba kamar takwaransa na tarayya ba, Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Kasa, CEQA tana buƙatar hukumomin jagora don rage tasirin da za a iya samu ta hanyar karɓar duk wani ragewa. Har zuwa kwanan nan, CEQA ta yi shiru game da batun canjin yanayi da fitar da GHG. Koyaya, an sake fasalin jagororin CEQA a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2009, wanda ke buƙatar ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin CEQA la'akari da tasirin muhalli wanda GHG ya haifar. [Lokaci 1] &lt;ref name=&quot;guideline&quot;/&gt;Sashe na 15064.4 yana ba da jagora don ƙayyade muhimmancin hayaki na GHG, amma bai kafa ƙofofi na bayyane ba. Sashe na 15126.4 (c) ya ba da shawarar nau'ikan gabaɗaya na ragewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CEQA Guidelines California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Statutes and Guidelines |url=http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/docs/CEQA_Handbook_2012_wo_covers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111100742/http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/docs/CEQA_Handbook_2012_wo_covers.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-11 |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da sake dubawa na jagororin CEQA, gundumomin iska da hukumomin jihohi sun buga takardun jagora don taimakawa hukumomin gwamnati wajen magance tasirin canjin yanayi. Har zuwa yau, Gundumar Gudanar da Ingancin Jirgin Sama ta Bay Area (BAAQMD) da Gundumar Kula da Gidauniyar Jirgin Sama (SJVAPCD) sun karɓi ƙofofin hukuma na muhimmancin; Gundumar Gidauniyoyin Kula da Ingancin Ruwa ta Kudu (SCAQMD) ta karɓi ƙa'idodin wucin gadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=California Environmental Quality Act: Air Quality Guidelines |url=http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/Files/Planning%20and%20Research/CEQA/BAAQMD%20CEQA%20Guidelines%20May%202011.ashx?la=en |access-date=2012-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Final Staff Report: Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts under the California Environmental Quality Act |url=http://www.valleyair.org/programs/CCAP/12-17-09/1%20CCAP%20-%20FINAL%20CEQA%20GHG%20Staff%20Report%20-%20Dec%2017%202009.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gas CEQA Significance Thresholds |url=http://www.aqmd.gov/ceqa/handbook/GHG/GHG.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505192624/http://aqmd.gov/ceqa/handbook/GHG/GHG.html |archive-date=2012-05-05 |access-date=2012-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Gwamna da Bincike (OPR) ya fitar da shawarwarin fasaha mai taken CEQA da Canjin Yanayi: Addressing Climate Change ta hanyar CEQA, wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin bincike na matakai uku don fitar da GHG.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=CEQA and Climate Change: Addressing Climate Change through CEQA |url=http://opr.ca.gov/docs/june08-ceqa.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Kula da Cututtukan Jirgin Sama ta California (CAPCOA) ta kuma fitar da takardar ba da shawara da ake kira ''CEQA da Canjin Yanayi'', wanda ke tattauna ƙofofin da suka dace da hanyoyin kimantawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=CEQA and Climate Change |url=http://www.capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2010/05/CAPCOA-White-Paper.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban Lauyan ya fitar da jerin matakan ragewa waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da su don rage hayakin GHG, kuma CAPCOA ta haɓaka takardar jagora da ke kwatanta hanyoyin da za a iya ƙididdige raguwar hayakin GG da aka samu ta hanyar matakan ragewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Addressing Climate Change at the Project Level |url=http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/GW_mitigation_measures.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619021144/http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/GW_mitigation_measures.pdf |archive-date=2012-06-19 |access-date=2012-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures |url=http://www.capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CAPCOA-Quantification-Report-9-14-Final.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13 |archive-date=2012-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311054446/http://www.capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CAPCOA-Quantification-Report-9-14-Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalubale ga takardun CEQA ==

=== Shari'a ta farko kafin jagororin iskar gas ta CEQA ta 2010 (2006-2009) ===
Shari'ar da ta shafi canjin yanayi da CEQA sun fara tashi bayan amincewar jihar ta AB 32 a shekara ta 2006. Yawancin shari'o'i na farko sun yi jayayya cewa yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da barazanar dumama duniya da karɓar AB 32 da ake buƙata takardun muhalli yanzu suna kimanta hayakin GHG. Kotuna masu girma yawanci suna tabbatar da ingancin binciken CEQA na yanzu, suna kammala cewa ba sashi na AB 32 ko kuma manufar canjin yanayi ba ta zama &quot;sabon bayani&quot; wanda zai buƙaci sake dubawa na muhalli - duba ''American Canyon Community United for Responsible Growth et al. v. City of American Canyon et al.'' (Mayu 2007)  da kuma Natural Resources Council et al. [Lokaci 1] 

Hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli na farko sun kuma ga muhawara game da yanayin hasashe na canjin yanayi da rashin jagora. Masu shigar da kara a cikin Santa Clarita Oak Conservatory v. City of Santa Clarita (Agusta 2007) sun yi zargin cewa Rahoton Tasirin Muhalli na Birnin (EIR) ya gaza saboda ya kasa la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi akan samar da ruwa. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta [[Los Angeles]] County ta kammala cewa &quot;Tasirin canjin yanayi na samar da ruwa ya yi hasashe sosai don gudanar da bita mai yawa. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Climate Change and the California Environmental Quality Act |url=http://www.ab32ig.com/documents/CEQAandclimatechangeWhitePaper.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714105946/http://www.ab32ig.com/documents/CEQAandclimatechangeWhitePaper.PDF |archive-date=2010-07-14 |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da irin wannan shawarar a Cibiyar Nazarin Biological Diversity v. Birnin Perris (Agusta 2007). A cikin Highland Springs v. City of Banning (Janairu 2008), Kotun Koli ta Riverside County ta yanke hukuncin cewa &quot;babu wata doka da ta buƙaci Majalisar Birnin Banning ta yi la'akari da dumamar duniya a lokacin da ta amince da aikin&quot;.[the]&lt;ref name=&quot;review&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Review of Climate Change Decisions in California Trial Courts |url=http://www.martindale.com/environmental-law/article_Holland-Knight-LLP_596878.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041520/http://www.martindale.com/environmental-law/article_Holland-Knight-LLP_596878.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun ta kammala cewa saboda haka ba a buƙatar kimantawa na hayaki na GHG a cikin takardar CEQA ba. 

Bukatar nazarin canjin yanayi a lokacin bita na CEQA ya fara canji zuwa tabbaci lokacin da Kotuna masu yawa suka fara kin amincewa da kariya bisa ga rashin isasshen jagora ko hasashe. A cikin Cibiyar Biological Diversity (CBD) v. City of Desert Hot Springs (Agusta 2008), Kotun Koli ta Riverside County ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne City ta yi &quot;ƙoƙarin ma'ana&quot; don nazarin hayakin GHG kafin ta kammala cewa irin wannan bincike zai zama hasashe. Kotun Koli ta Sacramento County ta kai irin wannan kammalawa a ''Majalisar Muhalli ta Sacramento v. Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta California'' (Yuli 2008), wanda ya gudanar da cewa rashin ƙofar muhimmancin da aka buga bai isa ya bar ƙididdigar GHG ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;review&quot;/&gt;

Duk da yake waɗannan yanke shawara ba saitawa ba ne, suna da mahimmanci saboda suna nuna canji a cikin ra'ayoyin kotun shari'a da suka shafi CEQA da canjin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current Status of Climate Change Analysis Under CEQA |url=http://www.eli.org/pdf/alerts/Holland_Knight_04-16-08A.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127022807/http://www.eli.org/pdf/alerts/Holland_Knight_04-16-08A.pdf |archive-date=2008-11-27 |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shawarwarin sun kafa mataki don sake dubawa ga jagororin CEQA, wanda ya sa watsi da canjin yanayi a lokacin sake dubawa na CEQA ba zai yiwu ba.

=== Shari'a ta baya-bayan nan bayan amincewa da jagororin iskar gas ta CEQA (2010 zuwa yanzu) ===
An sake fasalin jagororin CEQA a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2009 don buƙatar hukumomin jagora ganowa da kimanta hayaki na GHG.&lt;ref name=&quot;guideline&quot;/&gt; Tun lokacin da aka buga jagororin da aka sake sabuntawa, an kawo wasu shari'o'i a gaban Kotun daukaka kara game da isasshen sake dubawa na muhalli, gami da ragewa da ƙofofi. 

Babban yanke shawara na farko da aka buga game da rage GHG shine ''Al'ummomi don Muhalli Mafi Kyau (CBE) v. Birnin Richmond'' (Afrilu 2010, 184 Cal.App.4th 70). CBE ta kai karar City kan EIR din su saboda sauye-sauyen aiki da aka gabatar ga mai mai mai da ke akwai. Shirin EIR ya kammala cewa hayakin GHG zai zama ƙasa da mahimmanci tare da aiwatar da shirin ragewa. CBE ta kalubalanci EIR a kan dalilan cewa binciken GHG ba shi da tushe kuma an jinkirta ragewa ba daidai ba. [Lokaci 1]Kotun ta amince, tana mai bayyana cewa EIR ta kasa bayyana tushen lissafin GHG kuma cewa shirin ragewa bai ba da tabbacin cewa za a cimma matsaya ba. Hukuncin kotun ya tabbatar da cewa dole ne a gano raguwar GHG kuma a bayyana shi sosai kafin amincewar aikin.

An sake tayar da batun ragewa a cikin Santa Clarita Organization for Planning the Environment (SCOPE) v. City of Santa Clarita (Yuli 2011, 197 Cal.App.4th 1042). Birnin ya kimanta hayakin GHG da ke da alaƙa da fadada Asibitin Tunawa ta amfani da jagorancin canjin yanayi na OPR (duba tattaunawa a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Statue, a sama). SCOPE ta kai karar, tana jayayya cewa City ta kasa karɓar duk wani ragewa da aka tsara a cikin jagorancin OPR kuma cewa mahimmancin ƙarshen ba shi da tushe. Kotun ta ci gaba da goyon bayan City, ta bayyana cewa bincikensu game da hayakin GHG ya isa kuma cewa hada dukkan matakan OPR 50 ba zai dace ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;ceqa update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2012 |title=2011 CEQA Annual Update |url=http://blog.aklandlaw.com/2012/01/articles/ceqa/2011-ceqa-annual-update/ |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gabatar da shari'a game da ƙofofin da suka dace don kimanta muhimmancin hayakin GHG a gaban Kotun daukaka kara a cikin ''Citizens for Responsible Environmental Development (CREED) v. City of Chula Vista'' (Yuli 2011, 197 Cal.App.4th 327). CREED ta kalubalanci ƙaddamarwar Birnin cewa aikin zai sami tasiri mara kyau akan canjin yanayi. CREED ta kuma yi zargin cewa amfani da AB 32 a matsayin ma'auni mai mahimmanci bai dace ba. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa nazarin canjin yanayi ya isa kuma bisa ga Jagororin CEQA Sashe na 15064.4, hukumomin jagora suna da hankali don zaɓar ƙofar muhimmancin su.&lt;ref name=&quot;ceqa update&quot;/&gt;

Tambayar ko CEQA tana buƙatar hukumomin jagora don kimanta tasirin canjin yanayi a kan ayyukan an magance su kwanan nan a cikin Ballona Wetlands Land Trust (Ballona) v. City of Los Angeles (Disamba 2011, 201 Cal.App.4th 455). Ballona ta yi zargin cewa City ta kasa magance tasirin hauhawar matakin teku a kan aikin da aka tsara. Kotun ta amince da EIR na Birnin, tana mai bayyana cewa yayin da EIR dole ne ya bincika tasirin muhalli wanda zai iya haifar da aikin, ba a buƙatar bincika tasirin mujallar a kan aikin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=2nd Appellate District Again Holds That For The Purposes Of CEQA, It Is The Impact Of The Project On The Environment, Not The Other Way Around |url=http://blog.aklandlaw.com/2011/12/articles/ceqa/2nd-appellate-district-again-holds-that-for-the-purposes-of-ceqa-it-is-the-impact-of-the-project-on-the-environment-not-the-other-way-around/ |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ra'ayinta, Kotun ta soki Jagororin CEQA waɗanda ke ba da shawarar cewa hukumomin jagora ya kamata suyi la'akari da tasirin muhalli a kan aikin, kamar Sashe na 15065 (a) (4), wanda ke buƙatar hukumomin jagorantar su sami muhimmancin ayyukan da ke haifar da &quot;babban sakamako ga mutane, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;guideline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CEQA Guidelines |url=http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/guidelines/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401150116/http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/guidelines/ |archive-date=2012-04-01 |access-date=2012-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalubale ga doka ==
Kodayake da alama ba daidai ba ne, an shigar da karar a kan Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California (CARB) game da aiwatar da shirin da aka gabatar a karkashin AB 32. A cikin Association of Irritated Residents (AIR) v CARB, AIR ta yi zargin cewa CARB ta kasa samar da bincike kan madadin don cap-and-trade a cikin &quot;takardar aiki daidai&quot; don Shirin Scoping na AB 32. AIR ta kuma yi jayayya cewa shirin cap-and-trade, kamar yadda aka tsara, zai yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummomin da ke da karancin kudin shiga. Babban abin da AIR ta yi shi ne cewa tushen da ke tsaye a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi na iya ƙara hayaki ta hanyar sayen hayaki. Ta hanyar shigar da kara a kan CARB, AIR ta nemi umarni game da shirin cap-and-trade.&lt;ref name=&quot;lawsuit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lawsuit Jeopardizes California's 2012 Cap-and-Trade Start Date |url=http://www.velaw.com/resources/LawsuitJeopardizesCalifornias2012CapandTradeStartDate.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004133323/http://www.velaw.com/resources/LawsuitJeopardizesCalifornias2012CapandTradeStartDate.aspx |archive-date=2011-10-04 |access-date=2012-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan bita, Kotun Koli ta San Francisco ta ba da hukunci don dakatar da aiwatar da shirin cap-and-trade. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa CARB ta kasa yin la'akari da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don yin amfani da su kuma cewa binciken muhalli ba shi da tushe. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2011, Alkalin Kotun Koli na California Ernest Goldsmith ya ba da umarni na musamman wanda ya umarci CARB daga aiwatar da shirin cap-and-trade har sai ya kammala isasshen nazarin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;lawsuit&quot;/&gt; Babban Lauyan California ya yi kira ga umarnin Alkalin Goldsmith, kuma a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2011, Kotun daukaka kara ta ba da takardar neman izinin CARB don &quot;rubuce-rubuce. &quot; Wannan yanke shawara ta sauya umarnin Kotun Koli, ta ba CARB damar ci gaba da yin mulki. Masu ba da shawara game da shari'ar muhalli sun roki Kotun Koli ta California da ta sauya &quot;rubuce-rubucen manyan mutane&quot;, amma an ki amincewa da karar a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;cap-and-trade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2011 |title=Cap and Trade Regulations Approved and Transmitted; Preliminary List of Covered Entities Now Available |url=http://blog.aklandlaw.com/2011/12/articles/climate-change/cap-and-trade-regulations-approved-and-transmitted-preliminary-list-of-covered-entities-now-available/ |access-date=2012-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mayar da martani ga karar, CARB ta shirya wani ƙarin takardar CEQA daidai da shirin AB 32 Scoping wanda ke kimanta madadin don yin amfani da kai da kasuwanci. Kotun Koli ta San Francisco ta amince da takardar a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2011. Dokokin cap-and-trade sun fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;cap-and-trade&quot;/&gt;

== Babban Lauyan Yanar Gizo ==
Babban Lauyan California ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin [[Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi|Shari'ar canjin yanayi]] ta baya-bayan nan. Ta hanyar amfani da sulhu da sauran yarjejeniyoyi, Babban Lauyan ya warware rikice-rikice da yawa da suka shafi nazarin canjin yanayi a cikin takardun CEQA. A shekara ta 2007, Babban Lauyan ya shiga cikin sasantawa na farko na canjin yanayi tare da San Bernardino County. Jihar California ta kai karar County, tana zargin cewa Babban Shirin su na baya-bayan nan ya kasa la'akari (a tsakanin sauran abubuwa) da ya dace da rage GHG. Yarjejeniyar Babban Lauyan ta haifar da shigar da rage GHG a cikin Babban Shirin Gundumar.

An kuma cimma matsaya tare da ConocoPhillips a cikin 2007. A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2007, Babban Lauyan ya shigar da roko tare da Kwamitin Masu Kula da Contra Costa yana mai cewa EIR na ConocoPhillips don Shirin fadada Man Fetur mai tsabta bai magance iskar GHG yadda ya kamata ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Settlement Agreement |url=http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/ConocoPhillips_Agreement.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812160611/http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/ConocoPhillips_Agreement.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don warware wannan takaddama da kuma ba da damar aikin ya ci gaba, bangarorin sun shiga yarjejeniya tare da Babban Lauyan da ke buƙatar ConocoPhillips sayen carbon.

A shekara ta 2008, Birnin Stockton ya shiga cikin yarjejeniyar fahimta (MOU) tare da Babban Lauyan da Sierra Club don warware haɗin kai a kan Babban Shirinsa na 2035. Kungiyar Sierra Club da farko ta shigar da takarda don rubuce-rubuce, tana zargin cewa EIR na Birnin don Babban Shirin bai dace da karuwar hayaki na GHG ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Memorandum of Agreement |url=http://ag.ca.gov/cms_attachments/press/pdfs/n1608_stockton_agreement.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812160613/http://ag.ca.gov/cms_attachments/press/pdfs/n1608_stockton_agreement.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; An buƙaci [[Jerin shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi|Shirin Ayyukan Yanayi]] (CAP) (a tsakanin sauran abubuwa) a matsayin wani ɓangare na MOU.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stockton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Draft City of Stockton Climate Action Plan |url=http://www.stocktongov.com/files/ClimateActionPlanDraftFeb2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329083146/http://stocktongov.com/files/ClimateActionPlanDraftFeb2012.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2013 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi wasu yarjejeniyoyi tare da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Los Angeles (2007) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=Brown Announces Greenhouse Gas Agreement With Los Angeles Port |url=http://oag.ca.gov/news/press_release?id=1503 |access-date=5 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Filin jirgin saman San Diego (2008). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 May 2008 |title=Brown Announces San Diego Airport Emissions Agreement |url=http://oag.ca.gov/news/press_release?id=1556&amp;c=4 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da taƙaitaccen manyan ƙauyuka da aka kai har zuwa yau, gami da manyan ayyuka da matsayinsu na yanzu, a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shari'a
!Ayyuka Masu Muhimmanci
!Matsayi
|-
|San Bernardino County, 2007
|Sabunta Babban Shirin don haɗawa da GHG inventory da rage shirin
|An kammala shi (2007) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=County of San Bernardino 2007 General Plan |url=http://www.hvccsite.org/FINALGeneralPlanText3-1-07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505171620/http://www.hvccsite.org/FINALGeneralPlanText3-1-07.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Kafa manufofi na rage hayaki na GHG
|Shirin Rage GHG da aka kammala &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=County of San Bernardino General Plan Amendment and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Draft Supplemental Programme EIR |url=http://www.sbcounty.gov/Uploads/lus/Countywide/GreenhouseGasII/draftSEIR_GHG_emmission_reduction_plan.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|ConcoPhillips, 2007
|Bayar da izinin aiki ga Santa Maria Refinery
|An rufe shuka a cikin 2007 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ConocoPhillips Santa Maria Refinery Throughput Increase DEIR |url=http://www.slocleanair.org/pdf/2011/COP/2_0_Project%20Description.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Gundumar Gudanar da Ingancin Jirgin Sama ta Bay Bay dala miliyan 7 a cikin carbon offsets
|An biya BAAQMD (2009) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BAAQMD Notice of Intent to Issue RFP |url=http://www.ci.hercules.ca.us/documents/Agendas/Council/2009/09-08-09/Item |access-date=4 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Audubon Society $ 200,000 a cikin carbon offsets
|N/A
|-
|
|Bi California Wildfire ReLeaf dala miliyan 2.8 a cikin carbon offsets
|N/A
|-
|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Los Angeles, 2007
|Gudanar da lissafin shekara-shekara na hayaki na GHG
|Ana gudanar da kokarin yin lissafi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Port of Los Angeles Receives Inaugural Climate Leadership Award from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. |url=http://www.portoflosangeles.org/newsroom/2012_releases/news_022912_climate.asp |access-date=7 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Gina tsarin hasken rana na 10 megawatt
|Ana ci gaba da aikin, ana sa ran kammala shi a cikin 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Port of Los Angeles Sustainability Report 2011 |url=http://www.portoflosangeles.org/DOC/REPORT_Port_Sustainability_Report_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504230012/http://portoflosangeles.org/DOC/REPORT_Port_Sustainability_Report_2011.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Filin jirgin saman San Diego, 2008
|Ci gaba da shirin rage hayaki na GHG
|An haɓaka rahoton kayan GHG a cikin 2008 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=San Diego Country Greenhouse Gas Inventory |url=http://catcher.sandiego.edu/items/epic/ESPReport1.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Birnin Stockton, 2008
|Shirya CAP
|An kammala rubutun CAP (2012) &lt;ref name=&quot;Stockton&quot;/&gt;
|-
|
|Kafa manufofi na rage GHG da VMT
|An haɗa shi a cikin Draft CAP
|-
|
|Ci gaba da tsarin gine-gine da shirin
|Green Building Ordinance da Green-Up Stockton kammala (2011/2012) 
|-
|
|Cikakken karatun sufuri da shirin
|An kammala shi kuma an haɗa shi a cikin Draft CAP  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=San Joaquin Regional Transit District (RTD) Comprehensive Operational Analysis And Gap Study |url=http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransPresentation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428204042/http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransPresentation.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transit Gap Study |url=http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransitGapStudy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428204402/http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransitGapStudy.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
|Kafa buƙatun cikawa / cikin gari
|A cikin ci gaba
|}

== Tattaunawa ==
Masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa shari'ar canjin yanayi a karkashin CEQA ta kasance mai cin lokaci kuma mai tsada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Change &amp; the Courts: How Lawyers &amp; Litigation Have Led (&amp; Sometimes Frustrated) the Fight to Stop Global Warming |url=http://uccs.ucdavis.edu/assets/event-assets/event-presentations/rick-frank-presentation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214211239/http://uccs.ucdavis.edu/assets/event-assets/event-presentations/rick-frank-presentation |archive-date=14 December 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Costs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions under CEQA - Costs and Opportunities |url=http://elq.typepad.com/currents/pdf/currents35-06-allen-2008-0411.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dauke shi daya daga cikin karar da wasu masu sukar suka fi rikitarwa, San Bernardino County v State of California sun yi adawa da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] da masana'antu da yawa saboda wadannan dalilai. Misali, sanatocin Jamhuriyar Republican da yawa sun ji tsoron cewa karar za ta kafa misali ga sabon binciken GHG wanda zai iyakance ci gaba a nan gaba. A sakamakon haka, wasu [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|sanatoci]] sun nemi samun &quot;hana kan shari'ar yanayi ta CEQA&quot; ta hanyar jinkirta wucewar kasafin kudin jihar. [Lokaci 1]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NEPA AND CEQA: Effective Legal Frameworks For Compelling Consideration Of Adaptation To Climate Change |url=http://mylaw2.law.usc.edu/why/students/orgs/lawreview/documents/BaldwinforWebsite.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;Jami'an San Bernardino County sun kuma yi jayayya cewa shari'ar ba ta da mahimmanci kuma cewa buƙatar County ta aiwatar da matakan ragewa kafin aiwatar da AB 32 ba daidai ba ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costs&quot; /&gt;

Har ila yau, an yi zargi da Babban Lauyan da ke da alaƙa da CEQA da canjin yanayi. Musamman, abubuwan da ake buƙata a matsayin wani ɓangare na shari'ar San Bernardino da ConocoPhillips sun ba da kunya ga wasu masu aikin shari'a. Kowane mutum ya yi jayayya cewa Babban Lauyan da sauran jam'iyyun da ke karar ba su dauki tsari mai kyau wajen magance dumamar duniya ta hanyar amfani da yarjejeniyar sasantawa ba. Misali, wasu sun yi zargin cewa ƙauyen San Bernardino ya kasance da farko tsari, yana buƙatar kayan GHG da ragewa, yayin da ƙauyen ConocoPhillips ya dogara sosai ga ƙarancin carbon, sabanin ragewa a wurin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costs&quot;/&gt;

== Tasiri ga aikin CEQA ==
Hukuncin kotu da aka tattauna a cikin wannan labarin suna ba da jagora ga masu aiki da ke gudanar da nazarin canjin yanayi don ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin CEQA. Kotunan daukaka kara sun tabbatar da cewa tasirin GHG ba su da yawa don ƙididdigewa da kimantawa (duba CBE v. City of Richmond). Duk da yake jagororin CEQA ba su ƙayyade takamaiman ƙofar lambobi don muhimmancin ba, suna ba da hukumomin jagora damar zaɓar ƙofar kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;guideline&quot;/&gt;

Jagororin CEQA sun gano nau'ikan rage fitar da GHG. Shawarwarin da Kotun daukaka kara ta yi sun bayyana mutum-mutumi tare da binciken da ya biyo baya.

* Ragewa dole ne ya zama takamaiman kuma ba za a iya jinkirta shi ba (duba CBE v. City of Richmond).
* Hukumomin jagora ba sa buƙatar magance duk wani ragewa na gaba ɗaya da hukumomin jihohi da na gida suka ba da shawarar (duba SCOPE v. City of Santa Clarita).

Babban Lauyan ya nuna shirye-shiryen Jiha don tabbatar da hukumomin jagora da kyau suna la'akari da rage hayaki na GHG da tasirin canjin yanayi. Ƙaddamarwa har zuwa yau sau da yawa suna buƙatar ƙarin ragewa, bincike, da / ko shirya CAP (duba &quot;Attorney General Settlements&quot; a sama). 

Hukuncin Kotun daukaka kara a cikin Ballona v. City of Los Angeles na iya kawar da buƙatar hukumomin jagora a gundumar ta biyu don la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi a kan ayyukan da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Court Holds That CEQA Does Not Require Analysis Of The Environment's Impacts On A Proposed Project |url=http://www.publiclawnews.com/public-blawg/2011/12/court-holds-ceqa-does-not-require-analysis-environments-impacts-proposed-projec |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222224353/http://www.publiclawnews.com/public-blawg/2011/12/court-holds-ceqa-does-not-require-analysis-environments-impacts-proposed-projec |archive-date=2015-02-22 |access-date=2012-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Maris, 2012, Kotun Koli ta musanta sake dubawa da buƙatun da kungiyoyin kare muhalli da yawa suka gabatar (National Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club, Center for Biological Diversity, da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Muhalli). Sai dai idan an karɓi dokar da ta soke shawarar Ballona, za a gabatar da kotuna a duk faɗin Jiha tare da shari'ar a matsayin misali. Duk da haka, kotuna a waje da gundumar ta huɗu za su sami damar bambanta a cikin fassarar su na Jagororin CEQA kuma suna iya samun cewa ana buƙatar nazarin tasirin canjin yanayi akan ayyukan da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2012 |title=California Supreme Court Denies Review of Case Holding that CEQA Does Not Require Analysis of Effects on a Project Caused by the Environment |url=http://www.realestatelanduseandenvironmentallaw.com/california-environmental-quality-act-ceqa-california-supreme-court-denies-review-of-case-holding-that-ceqa-does-not-require-analysis-of-effects-on-a-project-caused-by-the-environment.html |access-date=2012-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bayani ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Canjin yanayi]]
[[Rukuni:Yancin Dan Adam]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>nr97kz1pfaektjtxjmc66k7ewthy3gu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shekarar yarda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>106705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816666</id>
      <parentid>671882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T09:40:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abbawada002</username>
        <id>43583</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */</comment>
      <origin>816666</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="55620" sha1="6rphhtvobez1yqppbla36w33mvgiyqe" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Age_of_consent_-_Global.svg|alt=Map of the world's countries, with countries colored by age of consent|thumb|400x400px|Shekarar yarda don jima'i na jima'i a waje da aure ta ƙasa ko yanki. Shekaru sun bambanta da jihohi a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. A kasar Sin, [[Hong Kong]] ba ta da kyau, inda shekarun yarda [[Sin|China]] &quot; class=&quot;legend nowrap&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwHw&quot;&gt;  16&lt;span class=&quot;legend-color mw-no-invert&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#0000CD; color:white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;, ba  ba (ba daidai ba ne a taswirar). 

14  16 17  21 (kawai Bahrain) &lt;br /&gt; {{Legend inline|#FEF592|12}}{{Legend inline|#7FFFD4|13}}{{Legend inline|#00CED1|14}}{{Legend inline|#1E90FF|15}}{{Legend inline|#0000CD|16}}{{Legend inline|#808000|17}}{{Legend inline|#32CD32|18}}{{Legend inline|#9400D3|21 (only [[Bahrain]])}}{{Legend inline|#FF1493|must be married}}]]
 
{| class=&quot;sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks&quot;
! class=&quot;sidebar-title&quot; |[[:en:Youth_rights|Youth rights]]
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)&quot;&gt;Activities&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
* ''[[:en:Bailey_v._Drexel_Furniture_Co.|Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.]]''
* [[:en:Child_Labor_Deterrence_Act|Child Labor Deterrence Act]]
* [[:en:Children's_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act|Children's Online Privacy Protection Act]]
* [[:en:Kids_Online_Safety_Act|Kids Online Safety Act]]
* [[:en:Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child|Convention on the Rights of the Child]]
* [[:en:Fair_Labor_Standards_Act|Fair Labor Standards Act]]
* ''[[:en:Hammer_v._Dagenhart|Hammer v. Dagenhart]]''
* [[:en:History_of_youth_rights_in_the_United_States|History of youth rights in the United States]]
* ''[[:en:Morse_v._Frederick|Morse v. Frederick]]''
* [[:en:Newsboys'_strike_of_1899|Newsboys' strike of 1899]]
* ''[[:en:Prez_(comics)|Prez]]''
* [[:en:Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms|Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms]]
* ''[[:en:Wild_in_the_Streets|Wild in the Streets]]''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)&quot;&gt;Theory / concepts&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:Adultcentrism|Adultcentrism]]
* [[:en:Adultism|Adultism]]
* [[:en:Ageism|Ageism]]
* [[:en:Criminalization|Criminalization]]
* [[:en:Democracy|Democracy]]
* [[:en:Ephebiphobia|Ephebiphobia]]
* [[:en:Fear_of_children|Fear of children]]
* [[:en:Free-range_parenting|Free-range parenting]]
* [[:en:Intergenerational_equity|Intergenerational equity]]
** [[:en:Future_generations|Future generations]]
* [[:en:Paternalism|Paternalism]]
* [[:en:Social_class|Social class]]
* [[:en:Suffrage|Suffrage]]
* [[:en:Taking_Children_Seriously|Taking Children Seriously]]
* [[:en:Universal_suffrage|Universal suffrage]]
* [[:en:Unschooling|Unschooling]]
* [[:en:Youth_activism|Youth activism]]
* [[:en:Youth_detention_center|Youth detention center]]
* [[:en:Youth_empowerment|Youth empowerment]]
* [[:en:Youth_exclusion|Youth exclusion]]
* [[:en:Youth_suffrage|Youth suffrage]]
* [[:en:Youth_voice|Youth voice]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)&quot;&gt;Issues&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:Adolescent_sexuality|Adolescent sexuality]]
* [[:en:Age_of_candidacy|Age of candidacy]]
* [[:en:Age_of_consent|Age of consent]]
* [[:en:Age-of-consent_reform|Age-of-consent reform]]
* [[:en:Age_of_majority|Age of majority]]
* [[:en:Age_of_marriage|Age of marriage]]
* [[:en:Behavior_modification_facility|Behavior modification facility]]
* [[:en:Child_labour|Child labour]]
* [[:en:Children_in_the_military|Children in the military]]
* [[:en:Child_marriage|Child marriage]]
* [[:en:Compulsory_education|Compulsory education]]
* [[:en:Conscription|Conscription]]
* [[:en:Corporal_punishment|Corporal punishment]]
** [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_the_home|at home]]
** [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|at school]]
** [[:en:Child_corporal_punishment_laws|in law]]
* [[:en:Curfew|Curfew]]
* [[:en:Child_abuse|Child abuse]]
* [[:en:Emancipation_of_minors|Emancipation of minors]]
* [[:en:Gambling_age|Gambling age]]
* [[:en:Human_rights_and_youth_sport|Human rights and youth sport]]
* [[:en:In_loco_parentis|In loco parentis]]
* [[:en:Juvenile_delinquency|Juvenile delinquency]]
* [[:en:Juvenile_court|Juvenile court]]
* [[:en:Juvenile_law|Juvenile law]]
* [[:en:Legal_drinking_age|Legal drinking age]] ([[:en:U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state|U.S. history]])
* [[:en:Legal_working_age|Legal working age]]
* [[:en:List_of_minimum_driving_ages|Minimum driving age]]
* [[:en:Marriageable_age|Marriageable age]]
* [[:en:Minor_(law)|Minor (law)]]
* [[:en:Minors_and_abortion|Minors and abortion]]
* [[:en:Restavec|Restavec]]
* [[:en:School_leaving_age|School leaving age]]
* [[:en:Smoking_age|Smoking age]] ([[:en:U.S._history_of_tobacco_minimum_purchase_age_by_state|U.S. history]])
* [[:en:Status_offense|Status offense]]
* [[:en:Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States|Underage drinking in the US]]
* [[:en:Voting_age|Voting age]]
* [[:en:Youth-adult_partnership|Youth-adult partnership]]
* [[:en:Youth_participation|Youth participation]]
* [[:en:Youth_politics|Youth politics]]
* [[:en:Youth_unemployment|Youth unemployment]]
* [[:en:Youth_vote_in_the_United_States|Youth voting]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)&quot;&gt;Organizations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child|United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child]]
* [[:en:Akt_(charity)|Akt]]
* Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions
* [[:en:Canadian_Youth_for_Choice|Canadian Youth for Choice]]
* [[:en:Commission_des_droits_de_la_personne_et_des_droits_de_la_jeunesse|Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission]]
* [[:en:Common_Cents|Common Cents]]
* [[:en:Community_Alliance_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Youth|Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth]]
* [[:en:DoSomething|DoSomething]]
* [[:en:Future_Coalition|Future Coalition]]
* [[:en:Global_Youth_Action_Network|Global Youth Action Network]]
* [[:en:High_School_Democrats_of_America|High School Democrats of America]]
* [[:en:Indian_Youth_Climate_Network|Indian Youth Climate Network]]
* [[:en:International_Falcon_Movement_–_Socialist_Educational_International|International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International]]
* [[:en:Mermaids_(charity)|Mermaids]]
* [[:en:National_Union_of_Students_LGBT+_Campaign|National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign]]
* [[:en:National_Youth_Rights_Association|National Youth Rights Association]]
* [[:en:One_World_Youth_Project|One World Youth Project]]
* [[:en:Queer_Youth_Network|Queer Youth Network]]
* [[:en:Students_for_a_Democratic_Society|Students for a Democratic Society]]
* [[:en:Freechild_Project|Freechild Project]]
* [[:en:Three_O'Clock_Lobby|Three O'Clock Lobby]]
* [[:en:UK_Youth_Parliament|UK Youth Parliament]]
* [[:en:Youth_International_Party|Youth International Party]]
* [[:en:Youth_Liberation_of_Ann_Arbor|Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor]]
* [[:en:The_Youth_Cafe|The Youth Cafe]]
* [[:en:Young_Communist_League_of_Canada|Young Communist League of Canada]]
* [[:en:Young_Democrats_of_America|Young Democrats of America]]
* [[:en:World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth|World Federation of Democratic Youth]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)&quot;&gt;People&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:Adam_Fletcher_(activist)|Fletcher]]
* [[:en:David_J._Hanson|Hanson]]
* [[:en:David_Joseph_Henry|Henry]]
* [[:en:John_Holt_(educator)|Holt]]
* [[:en:Alex_Koroknay-Palicz|Koroknay-Palicz]]
* [[:en:Lyn_Duff|Duff]]
* [[:en:Mike_A._Males|Males]]
* [[:en:Neil_Postman|Postman]]
* [[:en:Sonia_Yaco|Yaco]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)&quot;&gt;Related&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:Ages_of_consent_in_Asia|Ages of consent in Asia]]
* [[:en:Ages_of_consent_in_Europe|Ages of consent in Europe]]
* [[:en:Ages_of_consent_in_North_America|Ages of consent in North America]]
* [[:en:Ages_of_consent_in_Oceania|Ages of consent in Oceania]]
* [[:en:Ages_of_consent_in_South_America|Ages of consent in South America]]
* [[:en:Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States|Ages of consent in the United States]]
* [[:en:Animal_rights|Animal rights]]
* [[:en:Anti-racism|Anti-racism]]
* [[:en:Direct_democracy|Direct democracy]]
* [[:en:Egalitarianism|Egalitarianism]]
* [[:en:Feminism|Feminism]]
* [[:en:French_petitions_against_age-of-consent_laws|French petitions against age-of-consent laws]]
* [[:en:Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries|Legal status of tattooing in European countries]]
* [[:en:Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States|Legal status of tattooing in the United States]]
* [[:en:Libertarianism|Libertarianism]]
* [[:en:Student_rights|Students' rights]]
* [[:en:Youth_Olympic_Games|Youth Olympic Games]]
* [[:en:Youth_sports|Youth sports]]
* [[:en:Youth_wing|Youth wing]]
* [[:en:Liberation_theology|Liberation theology]]
* [[:en:Communism|Communism]]
* [[:en:Socialism|Socialism]]
* [[:en:Marxism|Marxism]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-below plainlist&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot;&gt;
* [[File:HumanRightsLogo.svg|link=|alt=|27x27px]] [[:en:Category:Youth_rights|Youth rights]]
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[File:Social_sciences.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg|alt=icon|class=skin-invert-image noviewer|32x32px]] &lt;/span&gt;[[:en:Portal:Society|Society&amp;#x20;portal]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
Shekarar yarda ita ce shekarun da ake ɗaukan mutum a matsayin wanda ya cancanci a shari'a don yarda da ayyukan jima'i. Don haka, baligi da ya yi jima'i da wanda bai kai shekarun yarda ba ba zai iya yin iƙirarin bisa doka ba cewa yin jima'i na yarda ne, kuma ana iya ɗaukar irin wannan jima'i cin zarafin yara ko fyade bisa doka.Mutumin da ke ƙasa da ƙaramin shekaru ana ɗauka a matsayin wanda aka azabtar, kuma abokin aurensu a matsayin mai laifi, kodayake wasu hukunce-hukuncen suna ba da keɓancewa ta hanyar &quot;Dokokin Romeo da Juliet&quot; idan ɗaya ko duka mahalarta ba su da shekaru kuma suna kusa da shekaru.

Kalmar ''shekarun yarda'' yawanci ba ta bayyana a cikin ka'idojin doka. :Gabaɗaya, doka za ta kafa shekarun da ke ƙasa da ba bisa ka'ida ba don yin jima'i da mutumin. An yi amfani da shi a wasu lokuta tare da wasu ma'anoni, kamar shekarun da mutum ya zama cancantar yarda da aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State-by-State Marriage &quot;Age of Consent&quot; Laws |url=https://www.findlaw.com/family/marriage/state-by-state-marriage-age-of-consent-laws.html |website=FindLaw}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bai kamata a rikita shi da wasu [[Dokar|dokoki]] game da mafi ƙarancin shekaru ba ciki har da, amma ba a iyakance shi ba, shekarun mafi girma, shekarun aikata laifuka, shekarun jefa kuri'a, Shekarar shan giya, da Shekarar tuki.

Dokokin shekarun yarda sun bambanta sosai daga iko zuwa iko,  ko da yake mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen sun sanya shekarun amincewa tsakanin 14 zuwa 18 (ban da Nijar da Yammacin Sahara da suka sanya shekarun amincewa a 13, Mexico wadda ta sanya shekarun amincewa tsakanin 12 zuwa 18, da kuma 14 jihohin musulmi da kuma birnin Vatican wanda ya ba da izinin aure kawai). Dokokin kuma na iya bambanta da nau'in jima'i, jinsin mahalarta ko wasu la'akari, kamar haɗar matsayi na amana; wasu hukunce-hukuncen kuma na iya ba da izini ga yara ƙanana da ke yin jima'i da juna, maimakon shekaru ɗaya. Zarge-zarge da hukunce-hukunce sakamakon karya wadannan dokoki na iya kasancewa daga aikata laifi, kamar 'lalata da kananan yara', zuwa abin da aka fi sani da fyade na doka.

Akwai “bangaren launin toka” da yawa a cikin wannan fannin na doka, wasu game da dokokin da ba su takamaimai ba kuma ba a gwada su ba, wasu kuma ta haifar da muhawara game da sauya halayen al’umma, wasu kuma saboda sabani tsakanin dokokin tarayya da na jihohi. Wadannan abubuwan duk sun sa shekarun yarda su zama batun rikice-rikice da kuma batun muhawara mai tsanani.

== Ta nahiyar ==

=== Afirka ===

* Shekarar yarda a Afirka

=== Amurka ===

* Shekarar yarda a Arewacin Amurka
** Shekarar yarda a Amurka
* Shekarar yarda a Kudancin Amurka

* Shekarar yarda a Asiya

=== Turai ===

* Shekarar yarda a Turai

=== Oceania ===

* Shekarar yarda a Oceania

== Tarihi da halayen zamantakewa ==

=== Halin gargajiya ===
A cikin al'ummomin gargajiya, shekarun yarda don yin jima'i lamari ne na iyali su yanke shawara, ko kuma al'adar kabilanci. A mafi yawan lokuta wannan ya zo daidai da alamomin balaga, da jinin haila ga mace, da kuma gashi ga namiji. 

BaAmintattun bayanai na shekaru a aure ba su da yawa. A Ingila, alal misali, kawai ingantaccen bayanai a farkon zamani ya fito ne daga bayanan kadarorin da aka yi bayan mutuwa. Ba wai kawai bayanan ba su da yawa, amma ba duka sun damu ba don yin rikodin shekarun mahalarta ba, kuma da alama yawancin bayanan sun kasance, za su iya bayyana ƙananan aure. Masana tarihi na zamani a wasu lokuta sun nuna rashin son yarda da shaidar shekarun aure, suna watsi da shi a matsayin 'rashin karantawa' daga baya mai kwafin bayanan.

A cikin karni na 12, Gratian, wanda ya yi tasiri a cikin kundin dokokin canon a Turai ta tsakiyar Turai, ya yarda da shekarun balaga don aure ya kasance kusan goma sha biyu ga 'yan mata da kuma kusan goma sha hudu ga maza amma ya yarda da yarda da ma'ana idan yaran biyu sun girmi shekaru bakwai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Noonan |first=John |date=1967 |title=Marriage Canons from the Decretum of Gratian and the Decretals, Sext, Clementines and Extravagantes |url=http://faculty.cua.edu/Pennington/Canon%20Law/marriagelaw.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117042750/http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Canon%20Law/marriagelaw.htm |archive-date=17 January 2016 |website=[[Catholic University of America]] |quote=If one over the age of seven takes a prepubescent wife of less than seven and transfers her to his house, such a contract gives rise to the impediment of public propriety.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai hukumomi da suka ce irin wannan izinin shiga aure na iya faruwa tun da wuri. Sa'an nan kuma aure zai kasance mai girma idan dai babu ɗayan bangarorin biyu da ya warware yarjejeniyar aure kafin su balaga, ko kuma idan sun riga sun daura aure. Alƙalai a wasu lokuta suna girmama aure bisa amincewar juna a shekaru ƙasa da bakwai: sabanin kafuwar littafin, akwai rikodi na auren 'yan shekara biyu da uku.

A kasar Sin, Kundin Doka na Qingyuan [ja; ku; zh] Reign (慶元條法事類), wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1202 wanda ya kididdige dokokin da suka fara aiki daga shekara ta 1127 zuwa 1195, sun gabatar da fyade bisa doka a cikin wannan doka: 'An yi nasarar saduwa da 'yan matan da ba su wuce 10 ba a cikin kowane yanayi, wanda za a hukunta shi zuwa gudun hijira. idan fyaden bai yi nasara ba, a yi gudun hijira da lita 500; Idan rauni ya faru a cikin tsari, mutuwa ta hanyar rataya'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=庆元条法事类二十五 第52页 (图书馆) – 中国哲学书电子化计划 |url=https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&amp;res=2592&amp;remap=gb |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=ctext.org |language=zh-CN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Doka ta farko da aka yi rikodin shekarun yarda a Turai ta kasance daga 1275 a Ingila; a matsayin wani ɓangare na tanade-tanade game da fyade, Dokar Westminster 1275 ta sanya ta zama laifi don &quot;lalata&quot; yarinya a cikin shekaru,&quot; ko tare da ko ba tare da izininta ba. Daga baya masanin shari’a Sir Edward Coke (Ingila, karni na 17) ya fassara kalmar “cikin shekaru” da ma’anar shekarun aure, wanda a lokacin yana da shekara goma sha biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;chnm.gmu.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Stephen |title=Age of Consent Laws (Teaching Module) |url=https://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/teaching-modules/230.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715110242/https://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/items/show/230 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Children &amp; Youth in History |publisher=[[Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Great Ming Code, sashe na 25, Criminal Code on Fyade ya fara aiki ne daga shekara ta 1373, ya kai shekaru 12 da haihuwa inda ya bayyana cewa ‘yan mata ‘yan kasa da shekaru 12 ba su da sha’awar jima’i, don haka duk wata saduwa da su ana daukarsu daidai da fyade don haka hukuncin kisa ta hanyar rataya ne'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=大明律/25 – 维基文库，自由的图书馆 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E5%BE%8B/25 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=zh.wikisource.org |language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Turawan mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun bi al'adar Ingilishi, kuma doka ta fi jagora. Misali, Mary Hathaway (Virginia, 1689) ta kasance tara kacal lokacin da ta yi aure da William Williams.. Sir Edward Coke &quot;ya bayyana a fili cewa auren 'yan mata 'yan kasa da shekara 12 ya kasance na al'ada, kuma shekarun da yarinyar da ta kasance matar ta cancanci samun kyauta daga dukiyar mijinta ya kasance 9 duk da cewa mijinta yana da shekaru hudu kawai. &quot;

A cikin karni na 16, ƙananan adadin jihohin Italiya da Jamus sun tsara mafi ƙarancin shekarun jima'i ga 'yan mata, wanda ya sanya shi shekaru goma sha biyu. A karshen karni na 18, wasu kasashen Turai ma sun fara kafa irin wadannan dokoki. Tsarin Mulkin Faransa na farko na 1791 ya kafa mafi ƙarancin shekaru a shekaru goma sha ɗaya. Portugal, Spain, Denmark da Cantons na Swiss sun fara saita mafi ƙarancin shekarun shekaru goma zuwa goma sha biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;chnm.gmu.edu&quot;/&gt;

Shekarun dokokin yarda sun kasance masu wahala a tarihi da wahala a bi da aiwatarwa. Ka'idoji na shari'a dangane da shekaru ba su kasance, gaba ɗaya, na gama gari ba har zuwa ƙarni na 19, saboda ba a samun tabbatacciyar hujja ta ainihin shekaru da takamaiman ranar haihuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;chnm.gmu.edu&quot;/&gt;

A Ostiraliya na ƙarni na 18 an yi tunanin cewa yara suna da zunubi a zahiri kuma suna fuskantar jarabar jima'i. Hukuncin “bau da kai” ga waɗannan fitintinu gabaɗaya an bar su ga iyaye kuma ba a ganin su a matsayin al’amarin gwamnati, sai dai abin da ya shafi fyade.&lt;ref name=&quot;aic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boxall |first=Hayley |last2=Tomison |first2=Adam M. |last3=Hulme |first3=Shann |date=2014 |title=Historical review of sexual offence and child sexual abuse legislation in Australia: 1788–2013 |url=http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/special/007/Historical-review-sexual-offence-child-sexual-abuse.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412095850/http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/special/007/Historical-review-sexual-offence-child-sexual-abuse.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=Australian Institute of Criminology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaran Australiya suna da 'yanci kaɗan kuma an dauke su a matsayin dukiyar iyayensu.&lt;ref name=&quot;aic&quot; /&gt; Daga ƙarshen karni na 18, kuma musamman a karni na 19, halayen sun fara canzawa. A tsakiyar karni na 19 an kara damuwa game da cin zarafin yara.&lt;ref name=&quot;aic&quot; /&gt;

=== Gyara a cikin karni na 19 da 20 ===
wani sauyi gaba ɗaya a cikin halayen zamantakewa da na shari'a game da batutuwan jima'i ya faru a zamanin yau. Halayen da suka dace na shekarun da suka dace na izini ga mata don yin jima'i sun karkata zuwa girma. Yayin da ake ɗaukar shekaru daga shekaru goma zuwa goma sha uku a matsayin shekarun da aka amince da su don izinin jima'i a cikin ƙasashen Yamma a tsakiyar karni na 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;chnm.gmu.edu&quot;/&gt;
[[Fayil:William_Thomas_Stead.jpg|thumb|299x299px|Labarai da yawa da ɗan jaridar bincike na Burtaniya William Thomas Stead ya rubuta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 game da batun karuwancin yara a Landan ya haifar da fushin jama'a kuma a ƙarshe ya ɗaga shekarun yarda zuwa 16.]]
Dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi ta al'ada ta saita shekarun yarda tsakanin shekaru goma zuwa goma sha biyu, amma Laifukan da suka shafi Dokar Mutum 1875 ya ɗaga wannan zuwa goma sha uku a Burtaniya da Ireland. Masoyan mata na farko na ƙungiyar Tsabtace Zamantakewa, irin su Josephine Butler da sauran su, waɗanda suka taimaka wajen tabbatar da soke Ayyukan Cututtuka masu Yaduwa, sun fara juyawa zuwa matsalar karuwanci na yara a ƙarshen 1870s. Bayanan da kafofin watsa labarai na jin dadi suka yi game da bala'in karuwanci na yara a London a cikin 1880s sannan ya haifar da fushi a tsakanin masu daraja na tsakiya, wanda ya haifar da matsin lamba don shekarun yarda da sake tasowa.

Dan jarida mai binciken William Thomas Stead na Pall Mall Gazette ya kasance mai taka rawa wajen fallasa matsalar karuwancin yara a cikin duniya ta [[Landan]] ta hanyar talla. A cikin 1885 ya &quot;sayi&quot; daya wanda aka azabtar, Eliza Armstrong, 'yar shekaru goma sha uku na bututun hayaki, fam biyar kuma ya kai ta gidan karuwai inda aka yi mata muggan kwayoyi. Daga nan ya wallafa jerin bayyani guda huɗu mai suna The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon, wanda ya gigita masu karatunta da tatsuniyoyi na karuwanci da sace, saye, da kuma sayar da budurwai na Turanci zuwa ga “gidajen jin daɗi” na Nahiyar. &quot;Maiden Tribute&quot; ya kasance abin jin daɗi tare da karatun jama'a, kuma an jefa al'ummar Victoria cikin tashin hankali game da karuwanci. Saboda tsoron tarzoma a matakin kasa, Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida, Sir William Harcourt, ya roki a banza da Stead da ta daina buga labaran. Kungiyoyin kawo sauyi iri-iri sun gudanar da tarurrukan zanga-zanga tare da yin tattaki tare zuwa Hyde Park suna neman a kara shekarun amincewa. An tilasta wa gwamnati ta gabatar da Dokar Gyara Dokar Laifuka ta 1885, wadda ta ɗaga shekarun yarda daga sha uku zuwa sha shida kuma ta yi watsi da karuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hogenbloom |first=Melissa |date=1 November 2012 |title=Child prostitutes: How the age of consent was raised to 16 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/20097046 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727184445/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/20097046 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=BBC History}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Amurka, a ƙarshen shekarun 1880 yawancin jihohi sun sanya mafi ƙarancin shekaru a goma zuwa goma sha biyu (a Delaware, ya kasance bakwai a cikin 1895).  An yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar labaran &quot;Maiden Tribute&quot;, mata masu gyarawa a Amurka sun fara kamfen ɗin kansu,  wanda ya roki 'yan majalisa da su ɗaga mafi ƙarancin shekaru zuwa akalla goma sha shida, tare da babban burin ɗaga shekaru zuwa goma sha takwas.&lt;ref&gt;''Delinquent Daughters: Policing and Protecting Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885–1920.'' by Mary Odem. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. {{ISBN|978-0807863671}}.&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya roki ‘yan majalisar da su daga mafi karancin shekarun shari’a zuwa akalla goma sha shida, tare da cimma matsayar daukaka shekarun zuwa goma sha takwas. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara, inda kusan dukkan jihohin suka ɗaga mafi ƙarancin shekaru tsakanin shekaru sha shida zuwa sha takwas nan da 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;chnm.gmu.edu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Campaign to Raise the Legal Age of Consent, 1885–1914, Lesson Plan |url=http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/teacher/aoc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617063339/http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/teacher/aoc.htm |archive-date=17 June 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 |publisher=Womhist.alexanderstreet.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A [[Faransa]], Portugal, Denmark, cantons na Switzerland da sauran ƙasashe, an ɗaga mafi ƙarancin shekaru zuwa tsakanin shekaru goma sha uku zuwa goma sha shida a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;chnm.gmu.edu&quot;/&gt; Kodayake hujjoji na asali na haɓaka shekarun yarda sun dogara ne akan ɗabi'a, tun lokacin raison d'être na dokokin ya canza zuwa jin daɗin yara da abin da ake kira haƙƙin ƙuruciya ko rashin laifi.&lt;ref&gt;''The Emergence of a New Taboo: The Desexualization of Youth in Western Societies Since 1800.'' by Martin Killias. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research Vol.8 (2000). {{ISSN|0928-1371}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

A Faransa, a karkashin Dokar Napoleon, an kafa shekarun yarda a 1832 a goma sha ɗaya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Loi du 28 avril 1832 CONTENANT DES MODIFICATIONS AU CODE PENAL ET AU CODE D'INSTRUCTION CRIMINELLE—Legifrance |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000515393 |access-date=29 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an ɗaga shi zuwa goma sha uku a 1863. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Loi du 13 mai 1863 PORTANT MODIFICATION DE PLUSIEURS ARTICLES DU CODE PENAL—Legifrance |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000882642 |access-date=29 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kara shi zuwa goma sha biyar a shekara ta 1945.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ordonnance n°45-1456 du 2 juillet 1945 ABROGE ET REMPLACE L'ART. 331 (AL. 1 ET 2) DU CODE PENAL, MODIFIE PAR LA LOI DU 13-05-1863 (ATTENTAT A LA PUDEUR CONTRE UN ENFANT DE MOINS DE 15 ANS OU NON EMANCIPE PAR LE MARIAGE POUR LES PLUS DE 15 ANS, PUNI DE RECLUSION)—Legifrance |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000516232 |access-date=29 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1970s, gungun fitattun ’yan boko na Faransa sun ba da shawarar soke shekarun amincewa da dokokin, amma ba su yi nasara ba.

A [[Ispaniya|Spain]], an saita shi a cikin 1822 a &quot;shekarun balaga&quot;, kuma ya canza zuwa goma sha biyu a 1870. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 1870 |title=Código penal reformado |url=http://sirio.ua.es/libros/BDerecho/codigo_penal/ima0119.htm |access-date=29 June 2015 |website=sirio.ua.es}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka kiyaye har zuwa 1999, lokacin da ya zama 13; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BOE.es—Documento BOE-A-1973-1715 |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1973-1715 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=boe.es}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ley Orgánica 11/1999, de 30 de abril, de modificación del Título VIII del Libro II del Código Penal, aprobado por Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre. |url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Penal/lo11-1999.html#a2 |access-date=29 June 2015 |website=Noticias Jurídicas}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a cikin 2015 an ɗaga shi zuwa 16. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title=Disposición 3439 del BOE núm |url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/03/31/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-3439.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/03/31/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-3439.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=25 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Las 20 claves del nuevo Código Penal |url=http://www.radiointereconomia.com/2015/07/01/las-20-claves-del-nuevo-codigo-penal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084242/http://www.radiointereconomia.com/2015/07/01/las-20-claves-del-nuevo-codigo-penal/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=radiointereconomia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2015 |title=Entra en vigor la llamada ley mordaza |url=http://www.abc.es/videos-espana/20150630/entra-vigor-llamada-mordaza-4330498762001.html |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=ABC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karni na 21 ===
A cikin karni na 21, damuwa game da yawon shakatawa na jima'i na yara da cin zarafin yara na kasuwanci sun sami shahara, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauye na majalisa a yankuna da yawa, da kuma amincewa da dokokin kasa da kasa.

Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Kare Yara Daga Cin Hanci da Cin Hanci da Rashawa (Lanzarote, 25 Oktoba 2007), da Dokar Tarayyar Turai 2011/92/EU na Majalisar Turai da na Majalisar 13 Disamba 2011 kan yakar cin zarafi da cin zarafin yara da lalata da yara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=DIRECTIVE 2011/92/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:335:0001:0014:EN:PDF |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=Official Journal of the European Union}}&lt;/ref&gt; an karɓa.

Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Siyar da Yara, Karuwanci da Batsa na Yara ta fara aiki a cikin 2002.

Yarjejeniyar Hana, dannewa da ladabtar da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara, wanda ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2003, ya haramta cin zarafin yara ta hanyar kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2000 |title=Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ProtocolTraffickingInPersons.aspx |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=[[OHCHR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai game da matakin yaƙi da fataucin bil adama (wanda ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2008) ya kuma shafi cin zarafin yara ta hanyar kasuwanci.

Yawancin ƙasashen yammacin duniya sun ɗaga shekarun yarda a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Kanada (a cikin 2008—daga 14 zuwa 16); kuma a Turai, Iceland (a cikin 2007 - daga 14 zuwa 15), Lithuania (a cikin 2010 - daga 14 zuwa 16), Croatia (a cikin 2013 - daga 14 zuwa 15), Spain (a cikin 2015 - daga 13 zuwa 16), Romania (a cikin 2sto20 daga 15 zuwa 20) 14 zuwa 16).

Dokar Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya ba ta ba da takamaiman shekarun yarda ba a cikin ka'idojinta na fyade ko cin zarafin jima'i, amma ta yi nuni ga ayyukan jima'i da aka yi wa mutanen da ba za su iya ba da izini na gaske ba; da bayanin bayanin ƙasa mai ma'ana ya ce, &quot;An fahimci cewa mutum na iya zama ba zai iya ba da izini na gaske ba idan rashin iyawar halitta, jawo ko kuma ta shafi shekaru.&quot; (duba bayanin kula na 51) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Elements of Crimes |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/336923D8-A6AD-40EC-AD7B-45BF9DE73D56/0/ElementsOfCrimesEng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923132736/http://www.icc-cpi.int/nr/rdonlyres/336923d8-a6ad-40ec-ad7b-45bf9de73d56/0/elementsofcrimeseng.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2014 |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=[[International Criminal Court]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dokar ===
Jima'i da wanda bai kai shekarun yarda ba laifi ne a yawancin ƙasashe; Hukunce-hukuncen shari'a suna amfani da kalmomi iri-iri don laifin, ciki har da lalata da yara, fyade na shari'a, ilimin jiki da ba bisa ka'ida ba, cin hanci da rashawa na ƙarami,  ban da wasu.

Ayyukan tilastawa na shekarun yarda dokokin sun bambanta dangane da yanayin zamantakewa na musamman al'ada (duba sama). Sau da yawa, ba a aiwatar da aiwatar da doka ba, tare da ɗaukar matakin shari'a kawai lokacin da isasshiyar tazarar shekaru da ba za a yarda da ita ba ta wanzu tsakanin mutane biyu, ko kuma idan mai laifin yana cikin matsayi a kan ƙaramin (misali malami, minista, ko likita). Jima'i na kowane ɗan takara kuma na iya yin tasiri ga fahimtar laifin mutum don haka tilastawa.

=== Shekaru ===
Shekarar ƙofar yin jima'i ta bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukunce. Yawancin hukunce-hukunce sun kafa ƙayyadadden shekarun yarda.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOA2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sexual Offences Act 2003 (See Sections 9 to 12) |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/pdf/ukpga_20030042_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726161022/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/pdf/ukpga_20030042_en.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2008 |publisher=Published by the Government of the United Kingdom, (Office of Public Sector Information)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, wasu hukunce-hukuncen suna ba da izinin yin jima'i da mutum bayan fara balaga, kamar Yemen, amma kawai a cikin aure. Shekaru kuma na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in kalanda da aka yi amfani da su, kamar kalandar wata &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mousavi |first=Shohreh |last2=Shapiee |first2=Rohimi |last3=Nordin |first3=Rohaida |date=30 June 2012 |title=Child offenders in Iran: Legal Analysis on the Age of Criminal Responsibility |url=http://www.ukm.my/ijwas/images/koleksi_jurnal_pdf/vol4_n1_2012a/3_Pesalah_KanakKanak_Article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193702/http://www.ukm.my/ijwas/images/koleksi_jurnal_pdf/vol4_n1_2012a/3_Pesalah_KanakKanak_Article.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia}}&lt;/ref&gt; yadda ake sarrafa kwanakin haihuwa a cikin shekarun tsalle, ko ma hanyar da ake lissafin ranar haihuwa.

=== Tsaro da stammani ===
Shekarar yarda ita ce shingen doka ga ikon ƙarami na yarda sabili da haka samun izini gabaɗaya ba kariya ce ga yin jima'i da mutum a ƙarƙashin shekarun da aka tsara ba, misali:

==== Gaskiya mai ma'ana cewa wanda aka azabtar ya wuce shekarun yarda ====
A wasu hukunce-hukuncen tsaro ne idan wanda ake tuhuma zai iya nuna imaninsu cewa wanda aka azabtar ya wuce shekarun yarda. Duk da haka, idan aka ba da irin wannan kariya, yawanci yana aiki ne kawai lokacin da wanda aka azabtar ya kusa da shekarun izini ko kuma wanda ake tuhuma zai iya nuna himma wajen tantance shekarun wanda aka azabtar (misali wanda ba shi da shekaru wanda ya yi amfani da takaddun shaida na bogi yana da'awar cewa shekarunsa ne na doka). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larry W. Myers |year=1965 |title=Reasonable Mistake of Age: A Needed Defense to Statutory Rape |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol64/iss1/6 |journal=Michigan Law Review |publisher=The Michigan Law Review Association |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=105–136 |doi=10.2307/1287118 |jstor=1287118}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Aure ====
A cikin hukunce-hukunce daban-daban, shekarun dokokin yarda ba sa aiki idan bangarorin sun yi auren bisa doka. Ruhollah Khomeini, Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci na farko na [[Iran]], ya rubuta a cikin littafin Tahrir al-Wasilah cewa shiga cikin jima'i yana bukatar yarinyar ta kasance akalla shekaru 9, amma sauran ayyukan jima'i ba za a iya watsi da su ba tare da la'akari da shekarun su ba, ko da kuwa &quot;jarirai ne masu shayarwa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2019 |title=قوانین جمهوری اسلامی کودک‌همسری را تشویق‌ می‌کند |trans-title=The laws of the Islamic Republic exhortation child marriage |url=https://www.independentpersian.com/node/18486 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013073745/https://www.independentpersian.com/node/18486 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=[[The Independent]] to Persian |quote=آیت‌الله خمینی در کتاب تحریر الوسیله می‌نویسد که «نزدیکی با زوجه قبل از تمام شدن نُه سال جایز نیست ـ نکاحش دائمی باشد یا منقطع ـ و اما سایر لذت‌ها مانند لمس نمودن با شهوت و بغل گرفتن و تفخیذ او (مالیدن آلت تناسلی به ران) حتی در شیرخوار مجاز است».}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Ruhollah Khomeini}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Irin wannan shekarun =====
Wasu hukunce-hukuncen suna da dokoki da ke ba da izinin yin jima'i da ƙanana a ƙarƙashin shekarun izini idan abokin tarayya ya kusa tsufa. A Kanada, shekarun yarda shine 16, amma akwai keɓance-ƙusa guda uku: jima'i tare da yara masu shekaru 14-15 an halatta idan abokin tarayya bai wuce shekaru biyar ba, an yarda da jima'i tare da yara masu shekaru 12-13 idan abokin tarayya bai wuce shekaru biyu ba, kuma jima'i tare da yara masu shekaru 0-11 an halatta idan abokin tarayya yana da shekaru 12. amana akan sauran kananan yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RSC 1985, c C-46 {{!}} Criminal Code {{!}} CanLII |url=https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-c-46/latest/rsc-1985-c-c-46.html#sec150.1 |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=CanLII}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Shekaru a ƙarƙashin ƙofar =====
Wata hanyar kuma tana ɗaukar nau'i na sharadi cewa yin jima'i tsakanin ƙaramin yaro da babban abokin tarayya ya halatta a ƙarƙashin sharaɗin cewa ƙarshen ba zai wuce ƙayyadaddun shekaru ba. Misali, shekarun yarda a jihar Delaware ta Amurka shekaru 18 ne, amma an ba wa matasa masu shekaru 16 da 17 damar yin jima'i muddin babban abokin tarayya ya gaza 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TITLE 11, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, Delaware Criminal Code, CHAPTER 5. SPECIFIC OFFENSES, Subchapter II. Offenses Against the Person, Subpart A. Assaults and Related Offenses (see § 768 and § 770) |url=https://delcode.delaware.gov/title11/c005/sc02/index.html |website=Delaware Code}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar a Kanada don jima'i tsakanin kananan yara masu shekaru 0-11 tare da abokin tarayya mai shekaru 14 kuma yana ɗaukar wannan nau'in.

===== Irin wannan balaga =====
Wasu ƙasashe sun bayyana cewa ba za a azabtar da jima'i da ƙananan yara ba idan abokan tarayya suna da shekaru iri ɗaya da ci gaba: alal misali, shekarun yarda a Finland 16 ne, amma doka ta ce ba za a hukunta wannan ba idan &quot;babu wani babban bambanci a cikin shekaru ko girma na tunani da jiki na mutanen da ke da hannu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=FINLEX ®—Translations of Finnish acts and decrees: 39/1889 English |url=http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050225222432/http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039 |archive-date=25 February 2005 |access-date=14 January 2013 |publisher=Finlex.fi}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], shekarun yarda shine 15, amma aikin ana ɗaukarsa laifi ne kawai idan akwai &quot;rashin daidaituwa tsakanin balaga na mai aikata laifin da na wanda aka azabtar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Republic of Slovenia—Legislation against child sex tourism |url=http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/slovenia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043215/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/slovenia.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=[[WTO]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Bambancin shekarun ɗan luwaɗi da na ɗan luwaɗi ====
Wasu hukunce-hukuncen, kamar su Bahamas, Burtaniya na ketare na Tsibirin Cayman, da Paraguay suna da mafi girman shekarun izinin yin jima'i. Koyaya, ana ƙara ƙalubalantar irin waɗannan bambance-bambance. A cikin Bermuda misali (tun 1 Nuwamba 2019 a karkashin sashe na 177 na Criminal Code Act 1907) shekarun izinin jima'i na farji da na baka shine 16, amma ga jima'i na dubura 18. A Kanada, United Kingdom da Western Australia, alal misali, shekarun yarda sun kasance 21 a baya game da ayyukan jima'i tsakanin maza da mata (ba tare da jima'i ba). 16 don ayyukan jima'i na maza; wannan ba haka lamarin yake ba kuma shekarun yarda ga duk ayyukan jima'i shine 16. A watan Yunin 2019, gwamnatin Kanada ta soke sashin dokar aikata laifuka wanda ya sanya shekaru mafi girma na yarda don jima'i na baya.

==== Bambancin jinsi da shekaru ====
A wasu hukunce-hukuncen (irin su [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Indonesia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sexual Offences Laws – Indonesia |url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaIndonesia.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151529/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaIndonesia.asp |archive-date=29 February 2008 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Interpol}}&lt;/ref&gt;), Indonesiya[1]), akwai shekaru daban-daban na yarda don yin jima'i da madigo waɗanda suka dogara da jinsin kowane mutum. A cikin ƙasashen da akwai bambance-bambancen shekarun jinsi, shekarun yarda na iya zama mafi girma ga 'yan mata-misali a Papua New Guinea, inda shekarun izinin jima'i na jinsi ya kasance 16 ga 'yan mata da 14 ga maza, [2] ko kuma suna iya zama mafi girma ga maza, kamar a Indonesia, inda maza dole ne su kasance 19 shekaru kuma mata dole ne su kasance 16 shekaru. &lt;ref name=&quot;Indonesia&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Law, Ethics and HIV/AIDS: Existing Law of Papua New Guinea |url=http://www.paclii.org/pg/LRC/WP_1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419132305/http://www.paclii.org/pg/LRC/WP_1.htm |archive-date=19 April 2012 |access-date=14 January 2013 |publisher=Paclii.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, akwai yankuna da yawa - kamar Kuwait  da Yankin Palasdinawa  - inda dokokin aure ke sarrafa bambancin jinsi-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuwait&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Summary record of the 488th meeting : Kuwait |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/2f5665ae20b956cb8025675a0033cafb?Opendocument |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Committee on the Rights of the Child}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Islamic Family Law: Palestine / Palestinian Territories of West Bank and Gaza Strip |url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/islamic-family-law/home/research/legal-profiles/palestinepalestinian-territories-of-west-bank-and-gaza-strip/ |access-date=5 December 2022 |publisher=Emory University School of Law |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205092641/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/islamic-family-law/home/research/legal-profiles/palestinepalestinian-territories-of-west-bank-and-gaza-strip/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi jima'i a waje da aure, don haka shekarun yarda na zahiri shine shekarun aure. A Kuwait, wannan yana nufin cewa yara maza dole ne su kasance aƙalla 17 kuma 'yan mata aƙalla 15 shekaru.

==== Matsayi na iko / amincewa ====
A mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen inda shekarun yarda ya kasance ƙasa da 18 (kamar Ingila da Wales), &lt;ref name=&quot;SOA2003_a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sexual Offences Act 2003 (See Sections 16 to&amp;nbsp;24) |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/pdf/ukpga_20030042_en.pdf |publisher=Published by the Government of the United Kingdom, (Office of Public Sector Information)}}&lt;/ref&gt; a lokuta da mutum mai shekaru 18 ko sama da haka yana cikin matsayi na amana akan mutumin da ke ƙasa da 18, shekarun yarda yawanci yakan kai 18 ko sama. Misalan irin wannan matsayi na amana sun haɗa da dangantaka tsakanin malamai da ɗalibai. Misali, a Ingila da Wales shekarun yarda shine 16, amma idan mutumin dalibin babban mutum ne zai zama 18.

==== Yanayin dangantakar ====
A wasu hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, haramun ne a yi jima'i da mutum a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi a wasu yanayi dangane da dangantakar da ake magana a kai, kamar idan ta shafi cin gajiyar ko lalata ɗabi'ar matashin. Alal misali, yayin da shekarun yarda ya kai 14 a Jamus da 16 a Kanada, haramun ne a cikin ƙasashen biyu don yin jima'i tare da mutumin da bai kai 18 ba idan aikin ya yi amfani da ƙaramin yaro. Wani misali kuma shi ne a Mexico, inda akwai wani laifi da ake kira &quot;estupro&quot; da aka ayyana a matsayin jima'i tare da mutum fiye da shekarun yarda amma a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun shekarun (gaba ɗaya 18) wanda aka samu izinin ƙarami ta hanyar lalata da/ko yaudara. A Pennsylvania, shekarun yarda a hukumance 16 ne, amma idan babban abokin tarayya yana da shekaru 18 ko sama da haka, ana iya tuhume su da laifin cin hanci da rashawa na ƙananan yara saboda cin hanci da rashawa ko ƙoƙarin lalata ɗabi'a na ƙaramin saurayi.

=== Kasuwanci ===
Yawancin ƙasashe suna da takamaiman dokar ƙasa da ta tuhumi ƴan ƙasarsu a ƙasarsu idan sun yi lalata da yara a wata ƙasa da ke da yara. A cikin 2008, ECPAT ta ba da rahoton cewa ƙasashe 44 suna da dokar yin lalata da yara daga yanki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Child Sex Tourism? – ECPAT International |url=http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/cst_faq_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113120720/http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/cst_faq_eng.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2017 |access-date=12 January 2017 |publisher=[[ECPAT]] |page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, Dokar KARE ta 2003, dokar Amurka ta tarayya ta haramta yin jima'i da 'yan kasarta tare da baƙi ko tare da 'yan ƙasar Amurka daga wata jiha, idan abokin tarayya yana ƙasa da 18 kuma aikin ya sabawa doka a ƙarƙashin tarayya, jiha, ko dokar gida. Wannan ya shafi al'amuran da kowane ɗayan abokan hulɗa ya shiga ko fita Amurka, ko daga wata jiha zuwa wata, don manufar saduwa ta haramtacciyar hanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=18 U.S. Code § 2423—Transportation of minors |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2423 |access-date=29 June 2015 |publisher=Legal Information Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SOLR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Research on sex offender laws and their effects on people and society |url=http://www.solresearch.org/~SOLR/rprt/USnatlAoC.asp |access-date=23 October 2011 |publisher=SOL Research.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran batutuwa ==

=== Jima'i na mahalarta ===
Akwai muhawara kan ko jinsi na wadanda abin ya shafa ya kamata ya haifar da mu'amala daban-daban game da saduwar jima'i, a doka ko a aikace. A al'adance, dokokin shekarun yarda game da jima'i na farji galibi ana nufin su kare mutuncin 'yan matan da ba su yi aure ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;chnm.gmu.edu&quot;/&gt; yawan mata da masu fafutuka na canje-canje a cikin 1970s sun nuna rashin lafiyar da rashin lafiyar budurci, kuma sun yi kokarin su canza ra'ayoyin mata da cin zarafi na maza; suna neman doka ta kare yara daga cin zarafi ba tare da la'akari da jinsinsu ba, maimakon matsalar tsafta. Wannan yakamata da dokokin nuna tsaka-tsakin jinsi a taron da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;chnm.gmu.edu&quot; /&gt; A gefe guda, akwai ra'ayi mai adawa wanda ke jayayya cewa aikin jima'i na al'aura &quot;aiki ne mara daidaito&quot; ga maza da mata, saboda batutuwan kamar ciki, karuwar haɗarin STDs, da haɗarin raunin jiki idan yarinyar ta yi ƙuruciya kuma ba ta shirya a jiki. A cikin Amurka, a cikin ''Michael M. v. Superior Ct.450 U.S. 464 (1981) '' an yanke hukuncin cewa ma'auni biyu na bayar da ƙarin kariya ta doka ga 'yan mata yana da inganci saboda &quot;Ma'anar Kariya ta Daidaitawa ba ta nufin cewa dole ne a yi watsi da bambancin ilimin jiki tsakanin maza da mata&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michael M. v. Superior Ct. :: 450 U.S. 464 (1981) :: Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/450/464/case.html |access-date=29 June 2015 |website=Justia Law}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A al'adance, yawancin shekarun dokokin yarda sun shafi mazajen da ke yin jima'i tare da 'yan mata da yara maza (ayyukan na ƙarshe suna faɗuwa ƙarƙashin dokokin luwaɗi da lalata). Wannan yana nufin cewa a wasu tsarin shari'a, ba a cika yarda da lamuran mata suna yin jima'i da abokan zamansu ba. Misali, har zuwa 2000, a cikin Burtaniya, kafin Dokar Laifukan Jima'i (gyara) ta 2000, babu shekarun izinin jima'i na madigo. A [[New Zealand]], kafin shekara ta 2005, babu dokokin yarda da shekarun da suka shafi mata da ke yin jima'i da yara maza.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In respect of sexual conduct with a young person aged under 16, the bill [Crimes Amendment Bill (No 2) which became law in 2005  significantly toughens the law. The loophole protecting women against being charged with sexual offending against children is removed&quot;.{{Cite web |date=12 April 2005 |title=Crimes Amendment Bill (No 2) – Second Reading, Instruction to Committee, In Committee |url=http://www.parliament.nz/en-nz/pb/debates/debates/47HansD_20050414_00000206/crimes-amendment-bill-no-2-%E2%80%94-second-reading-instruction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609123151/https://www.parliament.nz/en-nz/pb/debates/debates/47HansD_20050414_00000206/crimes-amendment-bill-no-2-%E2%80%94-second-reading-instruction |archive-date=9 June 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |website=parliament.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, a Fiji, maza masu laifin cin zarafin yara na iya karɓar ɗaurin rai da rai, yayin da mata masu laifin za su karɓi har zuwa shekaru bakwai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitehead |first=John |last2=Roffee |first2=James |title=Child Sexual Abuse in Fiji: Authority, Risk Factors and Responses |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304495447}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayi kamar waɗannan an danganta su da ra'ayoyin al'umma game da Matsayin jinsi na gargajiya, da kuma tsarin Jima'i na maza da jima'i ta mata; a cewar E Martellozzo, &quot;duba mata a matsayin masu aikata cin zarafin jima'i ya saɓa da kowane nau'i da al'umma ke da shi game da mata: mata a matsayin uwaye da masu kulawa kuma ba a matsayin mutanen da ke cin zarafi da cutarwa ba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martellozzo |first=Elena |last2=Nehring |first2=Daniel |last3=Taylor |first3=Helen |date=2010 |title=Online child sexual abuse by female offenders: An Exploratory study |url=http://www.cybercrimejournal.com/elenaetal2010ijcc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cybercrimejournal.com/elenaetal2010ijcc.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=International Journal of Cyber Criminology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alissa Nutting ta yi jayayya cewa ba a yarda da mata a matsayin masu aikata laifukan jima'i ba saboda al'umma ba ta yarda da cewa mata suna da jima'i mai cin gashin kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CULT Magazine FESTIVAL OF DANGEROUS IDEAS TOP 10 |url=http://cultmagazine.com.au/2014/08/festival-dangerous-ideas-top-10/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609123104/http://cultmagazine.com.au/2014/08/festival-dangerous-ideas-top-10/ |archive-date=9 June 2015 |access-date=29 June 2015 |website=CULT Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aure da shekarun yarda ===
Shekarun da mutum zai iya yin aure bisa doka zai iya bambanta da shekarun yarda. A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da shekarun aure suka yi ƙasa da shekarun yarda, waɗannan dokokin yawanci suna yin watsi da shekarun dokokin yarda a cikin yanayin ma'auratan inda ɗaya ko duka abokan zamansu ba su kai shekarun yarda ba. Wasu hukunce-hukuncen sun haramta duk wani jima'i a wajen aure ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ba, kamar yadda yake a cikin lamarin [[Yemen]].

=== Karuwanci ===
In many countries, there are specific laws dealing with child prostitution.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2015}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Hotunan batsa da &quot;jailbait&quot; ===
A wasu ƙasashe, jihohi, ko wasu hukunce-hukuncen, shekarun yarda na iya zama ƙasa da shekarun da mutum zai iya fitowa a cikin hotuna da fina-finai na batsa. A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, mafi ƙarancin shekarun shiga har ma da kallon irin waɗannan abubuwan shine 18. Don haka, a cikin wasu hukunce-hukuncen, fina-finai da hotuna da ke nuna mutane ƙasa da shekaru 18, amma sama da shekarun yarda, waɗanda suka dace da ma'anar batsa na yara an haramta su duk da cewa ayyukan jima'i da aka nuna suna da doka don shiga in ba haka ba a ƙarƙashin dokokin shekarun da suka dace. A irin waɗannan lokuta, yin fim ɗin aikin jima'i ne kawai laifi ne saboda ba za a ɗauki aikin da kansa a matsayin laifin jima'i ba. Misali, a Amurka a karkashin dokar tarayya laifi ne a yi fim ga yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 18 a cikin ayyukan jima’i, har ma a jihohin da shekarun da ba su kai 18 ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOLR&quot;/&gt; A cikin waɗannan jihohin, ana iya amfani da tuhume-tuhume irin su hotunan batsa na yara don gurfanar da wani da ke yin jima'i da ƙarami, wanda ba za a iya gurfanar dashi ba saboda fyade na doka, idan sun yi fim ko daukar hoto.

Ana iya rarrabe hotunan Jailbait daga hotunan batsa na yara, saboda ba su nuna kananan yara kafin farawar balaga, kuma ba su dauke da tsirara ba. Hotunan, duk da haka, yawanci suna nuna jima'i, &lt;ref name=&quot;boost&quot; /&gt; sau da yawa suna nuna tween ko matasa matasa a cikin bikinis, skirts,  tufafi ko lingerie.&lt;ref name=&quot;pcmag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hachman |first=Mark |date=10 August 2011 |title=Reddit Closes 'Jailbait' Pic Site, Allows Others to Remain |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2391317,00.asp |access-date=12 June 2014 |website=[[PC Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana muhawara ko waɗannan hotuna na doka ne ko a'a. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da halalcin su Jeffrey Toobin manazarcin shari'a Jeffrey Toobin ya ce ya yi tunanin hakan ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kodayake kwararre kan harkokin shari'a Sunny Hostin ya fi nuna shakku, yana mai bayyana hotunan gidan yari a matsayin &quot;batsa&quot; na yara wanda zai iya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;mediaite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crugnale |first=James |date=30 September 2011 |title=Anderson Cooper Excoriates Reddit For 'Creepy' Jailbait Section |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/anderson-cooper-excoriates-reddit-for-creepy-jailbait-section/ |access-date=12 June 2014 |website=[[Mediaite]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=David |last2=Griffin |first2=Drew |date=19 October 2012 |title=Man behind 'Jailbait' posts exposed, loses job |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/18/us/internet-troll-apology/ |access-date=12 June 2014 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiya ===
Tsarin rigakafi ɗan adam yana ci gaba da bunkasa bayan balaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medscape: Medscape Access |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/524225_4 |access-date=29 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarun bayyanarwa yana da tasiri akan idan tsarin rigakafi zai iya kawar da cututtuka gaba ɗaya, kuma wannan ma gaskiya ne a yanayin wasu cututtuka da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i. Misali, wani abu mai haɗari ga nau'in HPV da ke haifar da warts na al'aura shine farkon jima'i tun yana ƙarami; idan wannan ya ƙara zuwa ciwon daji yana haifar da damuwa, to farawar jima'i a lokacin ƙuruciya zai iya ƙara haɗarin dagewar cututtukan HPV wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na HPV wanda ake ganowa a cikin adadi mai yawa na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brewer |first=N. T. |last2=Ng |first2=T. W. |last3=McRee |first3=A. L. |last4=Reiter |first4=P. L. |year=2010 |title=Men's beliefs about HPV-related disease |journal=Journal of Behavioral Medicine |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=274–281 |doi=10.1007/s10865-010-9251-2 |pmc=4018629 |pmid=20162346}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot; /&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen canza shekarun yarda ==
Gyaran shekarun yarda yana nufin ƙoƙarin wasu mutane ko ƙungiyoyi, saboda dalilai daban-daban, don canza ko soke dokokin shekarun yarda. Waɗannan ƙoƙarin suna ba da shawarar matsayi kamar:

* Gabatarwa game da bambance-bambance na kusa.
* Rage shekarun yarda don aikin ɗan luwaɗi don ya dace da aikin ɗan luwaɗano.
* Canji a hanyar da ake nazarin dokokin shekarun yarda a kotu.
* Ko dai karuwa a cikin shekarun yarda ko hukunci mai tsanani ko duka biyun.
* Ko dai yana raguwa a cikin shekarun yarda ko ƙananan hukunci ko duka biyun.
* Cire dokokin shekarun yarda ko dai na dindindin ko kuma na wucin gadi, mai amfani.

== Dubi kuma ==
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    <title>Matsayi na asali</title>
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[[Fayil:Desembocadura_del_Ebro.jpg|thumb|Hoton sama na kogin Ebro yayin da ya kai [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] ta hanyar Ebro Delta]]{{Databox}}
A cikin [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]] da [[Ilimin Kimiyyar Juyin Sifar Kasa (Geomorphology)|ilimin ƙasa]] '''matakin tushe''' shine ƙananan iyaka don Matsayi na tsaye na [[Zaizayar Kasa|Tsarin rushewa]]. John Wesley Powell ne ya gabatar da kalmar zamani a cikin shekara ta 1875. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goudie2004&quot; /&gt; William Morris Davis ne ya karɓi kalmar daga baya wanda ya yi amfani da ita a cikin sake zagayowar ka'idar lalacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goudie2004&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orme2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Orme |first=Anthony R. |date=2007 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Davisian Cycle of Erosion: Prelude, Fugue, Coda, and Sequel |journal=Physical Geography |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=474–506 |bibcode=2007PhGeo..28..474O |doi=10.2747/0272-3646.28.6.474 |s2cid=128907423}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Mataki na ƙarshe&quot; shine farfajiyar da ke haifar da tsinkaye na [[Sea level|matakin teku]] a ƙarƙashin ƙasa (geoid). &lt;ref name=&quot;Goudie2004&quot; /&gt; A wannan matakin tushe ne Yanayin ƙasa ke kusanci saboda rushewa, a ƙarshe yana samar da fili kusa da ƙarshen sake zagayowar rushewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenetal2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Paul F. |last2=Lidmar-Bergström |first2=Karna |author-link2=Karna Lidmar-Bergström |last3=Japsen |first3=Peter |last4=Bonow |first4=Johan M. |last5=Chalmers |first5=James A. |date=2013 |title=Stratigraphic landscape analysis, thermochronology and the episodic development of elevated, passive continental margins |journal=[[Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland|Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin]] |volume=30 |pages=18 |doi=10.34194/geusb.v30.4673 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karnaetal2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lidmar-Bergström |first=Karna |author-link=Karna Lidmar-Bergström |last2=Bonow |first2=Johan M. |last3=Japsen |first3=Peter |date=2013 |title=Stratigraphic Landscape Analysis and geomorphological paradigms: Scandinavia as an example of Phanerozoic uplift and subsidence |journal=[[Global and Planetary Change]] |volume=100 |pages=153–171 |bibcode=2013GPC...100..153L |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan matakan tushe na tsarin inda duwatsu masu tsayayya ke jinkirta rushewa. wannan sun haɗa da yankunan karst da ke ƙarƙashin dutse marar narkewa. Matakan tushe na iya zama na gida lokacin da manyan wuraren ƙasa ke nesa da teku ko kuma an cire su daga ciki, kamar yadda yake ga wuraren endorheic. Misali na wannan shine rikicin salinity na Messinian, wanda Tekun Bahar Rum ya bushe yana sa matakin tushe ya faɗi fiye da 1000 m a ƙasa da matakin teku..&lt;ref name=&quot;Goudie2004&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fairbridge |first=Rhodes W. |author-link=Rhodes Fairbridge |last2=Finkl Jr. |first2=Charles W. |date=1980 |title=Cratonic erosion unconformities and peneplains |journal=[[The Journal of Geology]] |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=69–86 |bibcode=1980JG.....88...69F |doi=10.1086/628474 |s2cid=129231129}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goudie2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=A.S. |author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |date=2005 |title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=67 |issue=3–4 |pages=437–456 |bibcode=2005Geomo..67..437G |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsawon matakin tushe kuma yana tasiri ga matsayin [[Delta|Deltas]] da kogin kogin. Tare da zubar da kogi da yaduwar laka matsayi na matakin tushe yana tasiri ga gradient, faɗin da yanayin gado a cikin koguna. Raguwar dangi a matakin tushe na iya haifar da sake daidaitawa a cikin [[Korama|Bayanan kogin]] ciki har da ƙaurawar knickpoint da watsar da terraces da ke barin su &quot;hanging&quot;. An kuma san faɗuwar matakin tushe don haifar da ci gaba da deltas da kuma kogi a tabkuna ko teku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kossetal1994&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Koss |first=John E. |last2=Ethridge |first2=Frank G. |last3=Schumm |first3=S.A. |date=1994 |title=An Experimental Study of the Effects of Base-Level Change on Fluvial, Coastal Plain and Shelf Systems |journal=Journal of Sedimentary Research |volume=64B |issue=2 |pages=90–98 |doi=10.1306/D4267F64-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan matakin tushe ya faɗi ƙasa da shelf na nahiyar, koguna na iya samar da fili na koguna masu laushi har sai rushewar kai ta shiga cikin ƙasa daga shelfbreak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kossetal1994&quot; /&gt;

Lokacin da matakan tushe suka kasance masu ɗorewa ko koguna masu tasowa na iya kara muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kossetal1994&quot;/&gt; Matsayi masu tasowa na iya nutsar da ƙananan koguna da ke haifar da Marias. Wannan ya faru a cikin Nilu a lokacin ambaliyar Zanclean lokacin da ƙananan hanyarsa ta zama, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, babban bakin teku wanda ya kai har zuwa kilomita 900 daga cikin ƙasa daga gabar Bahar Rum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goudie2005&quot;/&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Canjin matakin tushe na iya danganta da dalilai masu zuwa:

# [[Tashin matakin teku|Canjin matakin teku]]
# Motsi na tectonic&lt;ref name=&quot;Goudie2004&quot; /&gt;
# Kama kogin&lt;ref name=&quot;Goudie2004&quot; /&gt;
# Yaduwar yaduwar ruwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Babault |first=Julien |last2=Van Den Driessche |first2=Jean |last3=Bonnet |first3=Stephanie |last4=Castelltort |first4=Sébastien |last5=Crave |first5=Alain |date=2005 |title=Origin of the highly elevated Pyrenean peneplain |url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:20401/ATTACHMENT01 |journal=Tectonics |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=n/a |bibcode=2005Tecto..24.2010B |doi=10.1029/2004TC001697 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2024-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106143018/https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:20401/ATTACHMENT01 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}</text>
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    <title>Mata a Albania</title>
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An kafa kungiyar mata ta farko a Albania a shekara ta 1909. Mata 'yan Albania daga yankin arewacin Gheg sun zauna a cikin al'umma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya  da kuma shugabanci. A cikin irin wannan al'umma ta gargajiya, mata suna da matsayi na ƙasa a cikin al'ummomin Gheg waɗanda suka yi imani da &quot;mazaunin maza&quot;. Wannan ya faru ne duk da isowar [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] da karɓar tattalin arzikin kasuwa kyauta a Albania, bayan lokacin da ke ƙarƙashin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Labour.&lt;ref name=&quot;Albania&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elsie |first=Robert |title=Albania |url=http://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Albania.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020071456/http://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Albania.html |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |publisher=Advameg, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al'adun gargajiya na Gheg na Albania ya dogara ne akan Kanun mai shekaru 500 na Lekë Dukagjini, tsarin halayyar Gheg na gargajiya, inda babban rawar mata ita ce kula da yara da kula da gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Hakkin ɗaukar makamai ===
A cewar wani shafi a cikin The Literary World a 1878, an ba wa matan Albania damar ɗaukar makamai.

=== Matsayi na gargajiya na Gheg ===
Edith Durham ta lura a cikin 1928 cewa matan ƙauyen Albania sun fi ra'ayin mazan jiya wajen kiyaye al'adu, kamar kiran fansa, kama da mata a tsohuwar Girka.
[[Fayil:Elderly_Woman_in_Traditional_Dress_-_Outside_Shkodra_-_Albania_-_01_(41904358384).jpg|left|thumb|Tsofaffiyar mace a cikin tufafin gargajiya daga Arewacin Albania]]
Kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], ya zama ruwan dare ga wasu matan Gheg Albanian su zama &quot;masu ƙwaraƙwalwa masu rai&quot; na maza da ke zaune a yankunan tsaunuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Albania&quot;/&gt;

=== Gheg ya rantse budurwa ===
[[Fayil:Durham_2532.jpg|thumb|277x277px|Budurwa da aka rantse a Rapsha, Hoti, Ottoman Albania a farkon karni na 20]]
A baya, a cikin iyalan da ba su da ubanni, matan Albania marasa aure za su iya ɗaukar matsayin shugaban iyali na namiji ta hanyar &quot;yi rantsuwa da budurwa&quot;, rawar da za ta haɗa da haƙƙin rayuwa kamar namiji, ɗaukar makamai, mallakar dukiya, iya motsawa kyauta, yin ado kamar maza, samun sunayen maza idan suna so su yi haka, tabbatar da ikon cin gashin kansu, guje wa auren da aka shirya, kuma kasancewa tare da maza yayin da ake bi da su kamar namiji.

=== Shirye-shiryen abinci ===
Mata a tsakiyar Albania, musamman mata a [[Elbasan]] da yankunan da ke kusa, an san su da dafa ''ballakume'' mai ɗanɗano a lokacin Dita da Verës, bikin bazara na shekara-shekara da ake yi a ranar 14 ga Maris. A gefe guda, matan Musulmai na Albania, musamman mata daga ƙungiyar Bektashi ta Musulunci suna dafa pudding da aka sani da ''ashura'' daga sinadaran kamar alkama, sukari, busassun 'ya'yan itace, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, da cinnamon, bayan rana ta 10 ta matem, lokacin azumi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Albania&quot;/&gt;

== Hakkin mata a siyasar Albania ==
[[Fayil:UraniRumbo.jpg|thumb|213x213px|[[Urani Rumbo]] (1895-1936) ƴar Albania ce, malama, kuma marubuciya, wacce ta inganta ilimin mata]]
A cikin karni na 19, Sami Frashëri ya fara bayyana ra'ayin ilimi ga mata tare da gardamar cewa idan zai ƙarfafa al'umma ta hanyar ilimantar da mata don koyar da yaransu. A ƙarshen karni na 19, wasu mata masu daraja a birane waɗanda suka sami ilimi a Yammacin Turai sun ga buƙatar ƙarin ilimi ga mata a Albania. A shekara ta 1891, Sevasti Qiriazi da [[Parashqevi Qiriazi]] ne suka kafa makarantar sakandare ta farko a [[Korçë]] kuma a shekara ta 1909 sun kafa kungiyar mata ta farko a Albania, Morning Star (Yll'i Mëngesit) tare da manufar haɓaka haƙƙin mata ta hanyar haɓaka matakin iliminsu.

== Aure, haihuwa, da rayuwar iyali ==
 
Adadin haihuwa shine yara 1.5 da aka haifa a kowace mace (2015 est.), &lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/albania/ |access-date=17 June 2016 |website=cia.gov |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217104041/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/albania/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke ƙasa da sauyawar sauyawa na 2.1. Yawan maganin hana daukar ciki yana da yawa: 69.3% (2008/09). &lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot; /&gt; Yawancin matan Albania sun fara iyalansu a farkon da tsakiyar shekaru ashirin: tun daga shekara ta 2011, matsakaicin shekarun auren farko ya kasance 23.6 ga mata da 29.3 ga maza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-09 |title=Select variable and values - UNECE Statistical Database |url=http://w3.unece.org/PXWeb2015/pxweb/en/STAT/STAT__30-GE__02-Families_households/052_en_GEFHAge1stMarige_r.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=b266afce-e804-4e86-b910-84290f0a6804 |access-date=2016-06-17 |website=W3.unece.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasu yankunan karkara na Albania, har yanzu ana shirya aure, kuma al'umma tana da karfi da al'ada, wanda ya rinjayi tsarin dabi'un gargajiya na kanun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.philhist.uni-augsburg.de/lehrstuehle/volkskunde/lehre_verkn__pfung_mit_digicampus/ss07/Religion_als_Bestandteil_von_Ethnizit__tskonstruktionen/Downloads/Women_Patriarchy_Albania.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118114649/http://www.philhist.uni-augsburg.de/lehrstuehle/volkskunde/lehre_verkn__pfung_mit_digicampus/ss07/Religion_als_Bestandteil_von_Ethnizit__tskonstruktionen/Downloads/Women_Patriarchy_Albania.pdf |archive-date=November 18, 2015 |access-date=November 17, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; birni na Albania ba shi da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen Turai: 57.4% na yawan jama'a (2015). &lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;/&gt; Kodayake [[Auren dole|auren tilasta]] gabaɗaya al'umma ba ta yarda da shi ba, &quot;sanannen abu ne a cikin ƙasar, musamman a yankunan karkara da yankuna masu nisa,&quot; kuma 'yan mata da mata a waɗannan yankuna &quot;swi da yawa ana tilasta su cikin aure saboda tunanin ubanni da talauci&quot;.[a]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IRB: Albania: Forced marriages of women, including those who are already married; state protection and resources provided to women who try to avoid a marriage imposed on them (2010-June 2015) [ALB105216.E&amp;#93; &amp;#124; ecoi.net - European Country of Origin Information Network |url=https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/311896/436061_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052025/http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/311896/436061_en.html |archive-date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-06-17 |website=ecoi.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
A lokacin kwaminisanci mata sun shiga aikin biyan kuɗi da yawa. Lokacin sauyawa a Albania an nuna shi da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Kasuwar ma'aikata tana fuskantar yawancin matsalolin da suka zama ruwan dare ga yawancin tattalin arzikin canji, kamar asarar ayyuka a bangarori da yawa, waɗanda ba a biya su da isasshen biyan kuɗi ta hanyar sabbin bangarori masu tasowa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, yawan aiki ya kai 51.8% ga mata matasa, idan aka kwatanta da 65.6% ga samari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Youth Employment and Migration : Country Brief : Albania |url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---ed_emp_msu/documents/publication/wcms_219634.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072228/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---ed_emp_msu/documents/publication/wcms_219634.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2016-06-17 |website=Ilo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Women_University_Students_outside_National_Historical_Museum_-_Tirana_-_Albania_(42797770431).jpg|thumb|Matasan daliban mata na Albania a Tirana, Albania]]
A ƙarshen shekara ta 1946, kusan kashi 85% na mutane ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba, musamman saboda makarantun da ke amfani da [[Albanian language|Harshen Albanian]] kusan ba su wanzu a kasar kafin ta zama mai zaman kanta a shekara ta 1912. Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha tara, sarakunan [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] sun haramta amfani da harshen Albanian a makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Albanian &quot;Letërsia e gjuhës së ndaluar&quot; |trans-title=The Literature of the Prohibited Language |url=http://xoomer.virgilio.it/libreriavirtuale/Kadare.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605164931/http://xoomer.virgilio.it/libreriavirtuale/Kadare.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-05 |access-date=2010-01-06 |language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta ba da fifiko ga ilimi, wanda ya haɗa da rarraba haruffa na yawan jama'a, amma kuma inganta akidar gurguzu a makarantu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, yawan karatun mata ya kasance dan kadan a kasa da na maza: mata 96.9% idan aka kwatanta da maza 98.4%&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;/&gt;

== Cin zarafin mata ==
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Albania ta dauki matakai don magance batun tashin hankali ga mata. Wannan ya haɗa da aiwatar da Dokar No. 9669/2006 (Dokar kan Matakan da ke kan Rikicin a Dangantakar Iyali) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAW No. 9669 of 18.12.2006 : &quot;ON MEASURES AGAINST VIOLENCE IN FAMILY RELATIONS&quot; |url=http://www.osce.org/albania/30436?download=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526153241/http://www.osce.org/albania/30436?download=true |archive-date=2017-05-26 |access-date=2016-06-17 |website=[[Osce.org]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau des Traités |title=Liste complète |url=http://www.coe.int/ro/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/210/signatures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203203226/http://www.coe.int/ro/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/210/signatures |archive-date=2016-02-03 |access-date=2016-06-17 |website=Coe.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kungiyar Mata ta Albania
* Matsayin jinsi a cikin bayan kwaminisanci na Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muhalli na Tonga</title>
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[[Fayil:LocationTonga.png|thumb|Wurin da [[Tonga]] ke ciki]]
[[Fayil:Tonga.jpg|thumb|Taswirar da za a iya faɗaɗa na [[Tonga|Masarautar Tonga]]]]
An ba da Bayani da ke biyowa a matsayin bayyani da jagora na yau da kullun ga [[Tongayi Chirisa|Tonga]]:

'''[[Tonga]]''' ƙasa ce mai mallakar tsibirin da ke cikin [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Kudancin Pacific]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA_World_Factbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2009 |title=Tonga |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tonga/ |access-date=July 23, 2009 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109192022/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tonga |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tonga ta ƙunshi [[Tonga|Tsibirin Tonga]] na tsibirai 169, 36 daga cikinsu suna zaune, suna da nisan kusan kilomita 800 (500  a cikin layin arewa maso kudu. Tsibirin suna kudu da [[Samoa]] kuma suna da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na hanyar daga [[New Zealand]] zuwa [[Hawaii]].

Tonga ita ce kadai masarauta da ta tsira a cikin tsibirin tsibirin Tekun Pacific, tare da kasancewa tsibirin tsibiri da ba a taɓa [[Sarauta|mulkin mallaka]] ba.

Ana kuma san tsibirin  Friendly saboda liyafar abokantaka da aka yi wa Kyaftin Cook a ziyararsa ta farko a shekara ta 1773&lt;ref&gt;https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-42817634.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp;amp_js_v=a9&amp;usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&amp;aoh=17534428228688&amp;referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Flabarai-42817634&lt;/ref&gt;. Ya zo ne a lokacin bikin 'inasi, bayar da 'ya'yan itacen farko na shekara-shekara ga Tu'i Tonga, babban shugaban tsibirin, kuma an gayyace shi zuwa bikin.  A cewar marubuci William Mariner, a gaskiya sarakunan sun so kashe Cook a yayin taron, amma sun kasa cimma matsaya kan wani shiri.
 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
[[Fayil:Tonga-CIA_WFB_Map.png|thumb|Taswirar asali mai girma na [[Tonga]]]]

* Yadda ake furta shi:
* Sunan ƙasar Ingilishi na yau da kullun: [[Tonga]]
* Sunan ƙasar Ingilishi na hukuma: [[Tonga|Masarautar Tonga]]
* Sunayen da aka saba amfani da su: Tonga 
* Sunan hukuma (s): Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga 
* Adjectival (s): Tongan
* Sunan aljanu: Tongan
* Etimology: Sunan Tonga
* Lambobin ƙasashen ISO: TO, TON, 776
* Lambobin yankin ISO: Duba ISO 3166-2:TO
* Yanayin yanar gizo na ƙasa na sama: .to

== Yanayin ƙasar Tonga ==

* Tonga ita ce: tsibirin tsibirin tsibirai 169, 36 daga cikinsu ana zaune
* Wurin: Kudancin Hemisphere da Yammacin Hemispherhele Pacific Ocean Kudancin Pacific Ocean Oceania Yankin lokaci: UTC+13 Matsayi na Tonga High: wuri mara suna a tsibirin Kao 1,033 m (3,389 ft) Low: Kudanfin Pacific Ocean 0 m Land boundaries: babu Coastline: Kudancen Pacific Ocean 419 km
** Kudancin Kudancin da Yammacin KudanciYammacin Yamma
** [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]]
*** [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Kudancin Pacific]]
**** [[Osheniya|Oceania]]
***** Polynesia
** Yankin lokaci: UTC+13
** Matsayi mai zurfi na Tonga High: wurin da ba a san shi ba a tsibirin Kao 1,033 m (3,389 ft) Low: Kudancin Tekun Pacific 0 m
*** High: wurin da ba a san shi ba a Tsibirin Kao {{Convert|1033|m|ft|0}}   
*** Low: Kudancin Tekun Pacific 0 m
** Yankin ƙasa: ''babu''
** Yankin bakin teku: Kudancin Tekun Pacific 419 km&amp;nbsp;
* Yawan jama'a na Tonga: 100,000 - 187th mafi yawan jama'aKasar 187 mafi yawan jama'a
*
* [[Area of Tonga|Yankin Tonga]]: 748 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* [[commons:Atlas of Tonga|Atlas na Tonga]]

[[Fayil:Niuafoʻou.jpg|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam mai girma na tsibirin caldera na Niuafo'ou a [[Tonga]]]]

* Yanayin yanayi na Tonga
* [[Tonga|Makamashi mai sabuntawa a Tonga]]
* Geology na Tonga
* [[Protected areas of Tonga|Yankunan da aka kare a Tonga]]
** [[List of biosphere reserves in Tonga|Ma'aikatar ajiyar halittu a Tonga]]
** Gidan shakatawa na kasa na Tonga
* [[Wildlife of Tonga|Dabbobin daji na Tonga]]
** [[Fauna of Tonga|Dabbobi na Tonga]]
*** Tsuntsaye na Tonga
*** Dabbobi masu shayarwa na Tonga

==== Yanayin ƙasa na Tonga ====

* Tsibirin Tonga
* Tafkunan Tonga
* [[List of mountains of Tonga|Duwatsun Tonga]]
** Dutsen wuta a Tonga
* Koguna na Tonga
** [[List of waterfalls of Tonga|Ruwan ruwa na Tonga]]
* [[List of valleys of Tonga|Kwarin Tonga]]
* Wuraren Tarihin Duniya a Tonga: Babu

=== Yankunan Tonga ===
[[Regions of Tonga|Yankunan Tonga]]

==== Yankunan halittu na Tonga ====

* dazuzzuka masu zafi na Tongan

==== Rarrabawar gudanarwa na Tonga ====
Rarrabawar gudanarwa na Tonga

* Ha'apai
* Tongatapu
* Vava'u
* Babban Birni Tonga: Nuku'alofa
* Birane na Tonga

== Gwamnati da siyasa na Tonga ==
Siyasa ta Tonga

* [[Gwamnati|Hanyar gwamnati]]: mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulkimulkin mallaka na kundin tsarin mulki
* Babban Birni Tonga: Nuku'alofa
* Zaben a Tonga
* Jam'iyyun siyasa a Tonga

=== Ofisoshin gwamnatin Tonga ===
Gwamnatin Tonga

==== Ofishin zartarwa na gwamnatin Tonga ====

* [[Shugaban kasa]]: Sarkin Tonga, Tupou VITupou na shida
* [[Shugaban Gwamnati|Shugaban gwamnati]]: Firayim Minista na Tonga, Lord Tu'ivakanoUbangiji Tu'ivakano
* Ma'aikatar Tonga

==== Ofishin majalisa na gwamnatin Tonga ====

* Majalisar Dokoki ta Tonga (daya daga gida) 

==== Ofishin shari'a na gwamnatin Tonga ====
[[Court system of Tonga|Tsarin kotun Tonga]]

* Majalisar Privy ta Tonga
* Kotun daukaka kara ta Tonga (babban kotun) 

=== Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Tonga ===
Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Tonga

* Ayyukan diflomasiyya a Tonga
* Ayyukan diflomasiyya na Tonga

==== Kasancewar membobin kungiyar kasa da kasa ====
Masarautar Tonga memba ce ta: &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA_World_Factbook&quot;/&gt;
 

=== Shari'a da tsari a Tonga ===
[[Law of Tonga|Dokar Tonga]]

* Hukuncin kisa a Tonga
* Tsarin Mulki na Tonga
* Laifi a Tonga
* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Tonga
** Hakkin LGBT a Tonga
** 'Yanci na addini a Tonga
* [[Law enforcement in Tonga|Ofishin 'yan sanda na Royal Tonga]]

=== Sojojin Tonga ===
Sojojin Tonga

* Sojojin Mai Girma
** Babban kwamandan: Tupou VI Ministan HMAF: Siaosi Sovaleni Shugaban Ma'aikatan Tsaro: Lord Fielakepa
*** Babban kwamandan: Tupou VITupou na shida
*** Ministan HMAF: Siaosi Sovaleni
*** Shugaban Ma'aikatan Tsaro: Ubangiji Fielakepa
** Sojojin Tongan Land Force Tongan Royal Guards Royal Tongan Marines Haɗin kai da Tallafin Fasaha Tongan Maritime Force Air Wing of Tonga Sojojin musamman na Tonga
*** Sojojin Kasa na Tongan
**** Masu tsaron sarauta na Tongan
**** Sojojin Ruwa na Tongan
**** Haɗin Hadin Gida da Taimako na Fasaha
*** Sojojin Ruwa na Tongan
*** Air Wing na Tonga
*** [[Special forces of Tonga|Sojoji na musamman na Tonga]]
* Tarihin Soja na Tonga
* Matsayin soja na Tonga

=== Karamar hukuma a Tonga ===
[[Local government in Tonga|Karamar hukuma a Tonga]]

== Tarihin Tonga ==
Tarihin Tonga

* Jerin lokaci na tarihin Tonga
* [[Portal:Current events/Tonga|Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu a Tonga]]
* Tarihin Soja na Tonga

== Al'adun Tonga ==
Al'adun Tonga

* [[Architecture of Tonga|Gine-gine na Tonga]]
* Abincin Tonga
* [[Festivals in Tonga|Bukukuwan a Tonga]]
* [[Tonga|Harsunan Tonga]]
* [[Media in Tonga|Kafofin watsa labarai a Tonga]]
* [[National symbols of Tonga|Alamomin ƙasa na Tonga]]
** Alamar makamai ta Tonga
** Fadar Tonga
** Waƙar yabo ta ƙasar Tonga
* Mutanen Tonga
* Hutun jama'a a Tonga
* [[List of records of Tonga|Rubuce-rubucen Tonga]]
* Addini a Tonga
** Kiristanci a Tonga
** Addinin Hindu a Tonga
** Musulunci a Tonga
** [[Judaism in Tonga|Addinin Yahudanci a Tonga]]
** [[Sikhism in Tonga|Addinin Sikh a Tonga]]
* Wuraren Tarihin Duniya a Tonga: Babu

=== Fasaha a Tonga ===

* [[Art in Tonga|Fasaha a Tonga]]
* [[Cinema of Tonga|Fim na Tonga]]
* Littattafan Tonga
* Waƙoƙin Tonga
* [[Television in Tonga|Talabijin a Tonga]]
* [[Theatre in Tonga|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Tonga]]

=== Wasanni a Tonga ===
Wasanni a Tonga

* Kwallon ƙafa a Tonga
* Tonga a wasannin Olympics

== Tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa na Tonga ==

* Matsayi na tattalin arziki, ta hanyar GDP (2007) : 185th (ɗari da tamanin da biyar) 
* Aikin noma a Tonga
* [[Banking in Tonga|Bankin a Tonga]]
** [[National Bank of Tonga|Bankin Kasa na Tonga]]
* Sadarwa a Tonga
** Intanet a Tonga
* [[List of companies of Tonga|Kamfanoni na Tonga]]
* Kudin Tonga: Pa'anga 
** ISO 4217: TOP
* Makamashi a Tonga
** [[Energy policy of Tonga|Manufofin makamashi na Tonga]]
** [[Oil industry in Tonga|Masana'antar mai a Tonga]]
* [[Mining in Tonga|Ma'adinai a Tonga]]
* [[Tonga|Yawon shakatawa a Tonga]]
* Sufuri a Tonga

== Ilimi a Tonga ==
Ilimi a Tonga

== Lafiya a Tonga ==
Nuku'alofa da Neiafu suna da asibitoci da ke da ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin gaggawa da na marasa lafiya.  A wani wuri, wuraren kiwon lafiya da magunguna suna da iyaka.  Mutanen da ke da mummunan yanayin kiwon lafiya yawanci ana kiransu [[New Zealand]] don magani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tonga |url=https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/destinations/pacific/tonga |access-date=14 December 2022 |publisher=Smarttraveller}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infrastructure na Tonga ==

* [[Health care in Tonga|Kula da lafiya a Tonga]]
* Sufuri a Tonga
** Filin jirgin sama a Tonga
** Jirgin ƙasa a Tonga
** [[Roads in Tonga|Hanyoyi a Tonga]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Tonga|Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Tonga]]

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* [[Index of Tonga-related articles|Lissafin labaran da suka shafi Tonga]]
* Jerin matsayi na kasa da kasa
* Jerin batutuwa masu alaƙa da Tonga
* Kasar memba na Commonwealth of Nations
* Kasar memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Yanayin ƙasa
* Bayani na Oceania</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin lalacewa</title>
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      <text bytes="5468" sha1="ei1e11hqgu6yek1r6kham8a7fgz8wd0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
A cikin [[Doka ta gama gari|Tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun]], kalmar fasaha 'rashin lalacewa' lakabi ne na haraji don bayyana wani nau'in lalacewar da kotuna suka bayar ga mutanen da suka sha wahala a shari'a.

Lalacewar lalacewa ta bambanta da sauran nau'ikan lalacewar, kamar yadda ake ba da su don ainihin manufar ganewa da tabbatar da darajar haƙƙin doka da ke hannun mai fama da shi. Ana iya bambanta wannan da wasu nau'ikan lalacewa, kamar lalacewar biyan kuɗi, ko lalacewar azabtarwa, waɗanda aka ba su don wani dalili daban.

Ma'anar 'rashin lalacewa' an bayyana ta hanyar masana shari'a da masu aiki a matsayin bayani, ko hujja, don kyaututtuka na lalacewa a cikin shari'o'in da suka shafi kyautar lalacewa wanda ba za'a  iya sauƙaƙe shi ba ta hanyar ambaton ka'idoji kamar diyya ko hanawa. [Lokaci 1] &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Okpaluba |first=Chuks |date=2012 |title=Vindicatory approach to the award of constitutional and public law damages: contemporary Commonwealth developments |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027090 |journal=The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=127–157 |issn=0010-4051 |jstor=24027090}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin hukuma ==
Ga wasu hukunce-hukunce, 'hanyar karewa' ta ba da ladabi game da lalacewa don mayar da martani ga keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki. Wannan ya kasance shari'ar Kotun Koli ta Kanada dangane da Yarjejeniyar Kanada, da kuma Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu dangane da [[Babi na Biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu|Dokar 'Yancin Afirka ta Kudu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Okpaluba |first=Chuks |date=2012 |title=Vindicatory approach to the award of constitutional and public law damages: contemporary Commonwealth developments |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027090 |journal=The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=127–157 |issn=0010-4051 |jstor=24027090}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasu hukunce-hukunce, kamar Australia da United Kingdom; kotuna masu girma sun musanta amfani da ka'idojin tabbatarwa a cikin bayar da lalacewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Okpaluba |first=Chuks |date=2012 |title=Vindicatory approach to the award of constitutional and public law damages: contemporary Commonwealth developments |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027090 |journal=The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=127–157 |issn=0010-4051 |jstor=24027090}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOkpaluba2012&quot;&gt;Okpaluba, Chuks (2012). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027090 &quot;Vindicatory approach to the award of constitutional and public law damages: contemporary Commonwealth developments&quot;]. ''The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa''. '''45''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;127–&lt;/span&gt;157. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4051 0010-4051]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027090 24027090].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=dls |date=2022-07-11 |title=Lumba (WL) v Secretary of State for The Home Department: SC 23 Mar 2011 |url=https://swarb.co.uk/lumba-wl-v-secretary-of-state-for-the-home-department-sc-23-mar-2011/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=swarb.co.uk |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattaunawar ilimi ==
Jason Varuhas, masanin shari'a na yau da kullun ya yi jayayya cewa lalacewar cin zarafi wani bangare ne na al'ada mai tsawo a cikin tsarin shari'a ta yau da kullun; kuma ya soki yanke shawara na baya-bayan nan da kotuna suka karyata lambobin lalacewar a wasu mahallin a matsayin 'karkatarwa daga orthodoxy'. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Varuhas, Jason NE --- &quot;Lewis v Australian Capital Territory: Valuing Freedom&quot; [2020] SydLawRw 6; (2020) 42(1) Sydney Law Review 123 |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/SydLawRw/2020/6.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=classic.austlii.edu.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin littafinsa Damages and Human Rights, ya nuna gwagwarmayar da tsarin kotuna ke fuskanta yayin ƙoƙarin daidaita lalacewar da aka bayar don keta dokokin haƙƙoƙi, kuma yana jayayya ga kotuna su ɗauki hanyar ramawa da aka tsara akan ka'idoji da ka'idojin da aka yi amfani da su a lokuta masu laifi inda aka keta haƙƙoƙin asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Unknown |date=2018-01-16 |title=Damages and Human Rights |url=https://law.unimelb.edu.au/news/archive/damages-and-human-rights |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Melbourne Law School |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
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== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masanin ilimin muhalli</title>
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      <text bytes="7880" sha1="aw7ridmqjzalxf9f5d0nddikybwd87i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Ilimin muhalli na asibiti''' shine sunan da masu goyon baya suka bayar a cikin shekarun 1960s ga da'awar cewa fallasawa ga ƙananan matakan wasu sinadarai yana cutar da mutane masu saukin kamuwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin sinadarai da sauran cututtuka. '''Masana ilimin muhalli na asibiti''' mutane ne da ke tallafawa da inganta wannan reshe na maganin gargajiya. Sau da yawa suna da asali a fagen [[Allergy|rashin lafiyan]] ko otorhinolaryngology, kuma tsarin ka'idoji ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin gargajiya na amsawar rashin lafiyan, wanda Theron Randolph ya fara bayyanawa kuma Richard Mackarness ya haɓaka.

Masana ilimin muhalli na asibiti suna tallafawa alaƙar da ke haifar da sakamako ga alamun da ba takamaiman ba da wasu mutane suka ruwaito bayan ƙananan haɗuwa da sinadarai, kwayoyin halitta, ko masu jiki. Wannan tsari na karamin maganin ba a yarda da shi ba ta hanyar masu ilimin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Kodayake wasu daga cikin manyan likitoci na ci gaba da ƙin waɗannan da'awar, manufar tana samun karbuwa a ƙarƙashin tsarin zamani da ya fi bayyanawa a fili na maganin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murphy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murphy M |year=2000 |title=The 'elsewhere within here' and environmental illness; or, how to build yourself a body in a safe space |journal=Configurations |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=87–120 |doi=10.1353/con.2000.0006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Horarwa da cancanta ==
&quot;Clinical Ecologist&quot; wata hanyar muhalli ce wacce ta dace da aikin magani cikakke. Masu aiki tare da wannan daidaitawa ba sa amfani da kalmar &quot;Clinical Ecologist,&quot; kodayake waɗanda ke adawa da wannan hanyar magani ta ƙarshe ga rashin lafiya sau da yawa har yanzu suna yin hakan. Ba kamar kalmomin kamar ''likita'' ko ''ma'aikacin jinya'' ba, kalmar ''masanin ilimin muhalli na asibiti'' ba a tsara ta doka a kowane iko ba, wanda ke nufin cewa kowane mutum na iya da'awar zama masanin ilimin halittu na asibiti. Idan ana so, za su iya samun takardar shaidar [[wiktionary:extralegal|Ba bisa ka'ida ba]] ko zama memba daga ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu ta American Academy of Environmental Medicine bayan biyan kuɗi.

Many clinical ecologists are traditionally licensed healthcare professionals who hold advanced traditional medical certifications. Others may have a more alternative training. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2015}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Randolph ya wallafa littattafai da yawa don inganta ilimin muhalli da maganin muhalli, gami da:

*  
*  
*  

A cikin shekarun 1980s wasu kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da alƙalai sun ki amincewa da motsi,  kuma kamfanonin inshorar kiwon lafiya galibi sun ki biyan bashin su. An canza sunan al'umma daga Society for Clinical Ecology, a cewar abokan adawarsa, don tserewa daga mummunar suna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murphy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murphy M |year=2000 |title=The 'elsewhere within here' and environmental illness; or, how to build yourself a body in a safe space |journal=Configurations |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=87–120 |doi=10.1353/con.2000.0006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMurphy_M2000&quot;&gt;Murphy M (2000). &quot;The 'elsewhere within here' and environmental illness; or, how to build yourself a body in a safe space&quot;. ''Configurations''. '''8''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;87–&lt;/span&gt;120. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/con.2000.0006|10.1353/con.2000.0006]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da rikice-rikice a cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta gargajiya game da rarrabuwa da magani na MCS, MCS ta sami amincewa a cikin ikirarin biyan diyya na ma'aikata, alhakin laifi, da ayyukan tsarawa. Ƙaddamar da MCS ya haɗa da abubuwa huɗu: (1) ana samun cutar ne bayan bayyanar muhalli wanda zai iya haifar da hujja mai ma'ana na tasirin kiwon lafiya; (2) alamun suna nufin tsarin gabobin jiki da yawa kuma suna bambanta da bambance-bambance dangane da matakan da za'a iya auna su na sunadarai, amma matakan suna ƙasa da waɗanda aka sani da cutarwa; kuma (4) ba za a iya samun shaidar lalacewar gabobin jiki ba.

== Rikici ==
Ka'idodin Randolph game da tasirin sinadarai sun sha suka daga masu guba.  Fassararsa mafi fa'ida na &quot;allergies&quot; fiye da na IgE antibodies a cikin ainihin alerji ya ci karo da al'adun gargajiya na zamaninsa.  Tabbas, Randolph bai yi iƙirarin cewa tunanin muhalli shine &quot;allergen na gaskiya&quot; wanda IgE ya shiga tsakani ba, yana mai da'awar wannan kyakkyawan batu ba shi da mahimmanci ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiyan halayen.  Yaƙin turf da masana masu ba da lafiya da shedu ƙwararrun tsaro suka yi a waɗannan shekarun shima bai da mahimmanci a yau fiye da yadda yake yi a da.  Da yawa Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa da Majalisar Bincike a cikin Ciwon Yaƙin Gulf sun tabbatar da tasirin ƙarancin bayyanar sinadarai a kan mutane masu hankali.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ilimin muhalli na asibiti ba sanannen ƙwarewar likita ba ne. An soki likitoci saboda yaudarar marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya masu saurin tunani suyi tunanin cewa suna da ƙwarewar sinadarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murphy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murphy M |year=2000 |title=The 'elsewhere within here' and environmental illness; or, how to build yourself a body in a safe space |journal=Configurations |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=87–120 |doi=10.1353/con.2000.0006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMurphy_M2000&quot;&gt;Murphy M (2000). &quot;The 'elsewhere within here' and environmental illness; or, how to build yourself a body in a safe space&quot;. ''Configurations''. '''8''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;87–&lt;/span&gt;120. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/con.2000.0006|10.1353/con.2000.0006]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Masu sukar karni na ashirin na ilimin muhalli na asibiti sun caje cewa ba a taɓa bayyana ƙwarewar sinadarai da yawa (MCS) a sarari ba, ba a ba da wata hanyar da ta dace da kimiyya ba, ba tare da tabbatar da gwajin bincike ba, kuma ba a tabbatar da wata shari'a ta kimiyya ba. Nazarin da aka gudanar da kyau wanda ya kafa ka'idoji da ayyukan ilimin muhalli na asibiti ba a samo su ba a cikin sake dubawa na shaidar da ke tallafawa ayyukanta ta American Medical Association a cikin 1992,  Kwalejin Likitoci ta Amurka a cikin 1989,  Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kanada, Ƙungiyar Kulawa ta Duniya da Magunguna a cikin 1993,  Kwalejin Kula da Lafiyar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka, Asthma da Immunology,  kuma kwanan nan ta Kwalejin Aiki ta Amurka a 1999 .

Ci gaban abinci na GMO da karuwar amfani da maganin ciyawa akan amfanin gona ya haifar da karuwar sha'awa a fannin kula da muhalli.  Muhawarar da ba ta da tushe ta karu tsakanin masu goyon bayan sabuwar fasahar noma da ke bayyana kansu a matsayin masana kimiyya masu hankali da kuma abokan adawa a matsayin jahilai masu faɗakarwa.  A gefe guda, masu adawa suna kwatanta magoya bayan a matsayin shills masana'antu na akida kuma su kansu a matsayin masu tunani masu mahimmanci da muhalli.  Duka ƙungiyoyin biyu suna da'awar su ne mafi rinjayen ra'ayi, kodayake yarjejeniya guda ɗaya da ke da nauyi ita ce cikin ƙungiyoyin gwamnati waɗanda ke yanke hukunci kan aminci.  Maganar ita ce kimiyyar da ba ta masana'antu ba wacce ke siffata maganin ciyawa da magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta na amfanin gona na GMO a matsayin masu rushewar endocrine.  Wannan rushewar kuma yana haifar da martanin tsarin garkuwar jiki daidai da waɗanda aka lura da yanayin muhalli{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}}

==Manazarta== 
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'''Tyre Extinguishers''' kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ke aiki kai tsaye wanda ke kashe tayoyin a kan Motocin motsa jiki (SUVs). Kungiyar ta bayyana tuki na SUV a matsayin &quot;daga cikin mafi munin ayyukan da mutum zai iya ɗauka dangane da tasirin yanayi da mummunan tasirinsa akan lafiyar jama'a&quot;,  tare da SUVs da ke da tasiri mai yawa a kan rikicin yanayi dangane da wasu motoci, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cozzi |first=Laura |last2=Petropoulos |first2=Apostolos |date=15 January 2021 |title=Carbon emissions fell across all sectors in 2020 except for one – SUVs |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/carbon-emissions-fell-across-all-sectors-in-2020-except-for-one-suvs |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=IEA}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke kara gurɓata iska kuma yana iya kashe masu tafiya fiye da ƙananan Motocin sedan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why Are You Doing This? |url=https://tyreextinguishers.com/why-are-you-doing-this |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta yi kira ga haramta SUVs a cikin birane, kuma ta ce &quot;suna sa ba zai yiwu a mallaki babbar gurbataccen 4x4 a cikin biranen duniya ba&quot;.

Kungiyar ta ba da shawarar saka wani yanki na dutse, lentil ko wani karamin abu don rage pin a kan bawul na taya ta SUV, don taya ta ragu a hankali a tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How To Deflate An SUV Tyre |url=https://tyreextinguishers.com/how-to-deflate-an-suv-tyre |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Tyre Extinguishers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu fafutuka suna barin takardu a ƙarƙashin masu goge gilashin iska na motocin &quot;don mai shi ya san cewa motar ba za a iya amfani da ita ba kuma ya sami bayani game da dalilin da ya sa aka yi wannan. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=2022-05-22 |title=Who Are the Tyre Extinguishers? The Climate Activists Sabotaging SUVs |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/who-are-the-tyre-extinguishers/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How To Deflate An SUV Tyre |url=https://tyreextinguishers.com/how-to-deflate-an-suv-tyre |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Tsakanin 7 Maris 2022 da Yuli 2022, kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kashe fiye da tayoyin SUV 5000 a duk duniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Meet the climate activists deflating tyres to stop SUV ownership |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/meet-the-climate-activists-deflating-tyres-to-stop-suv-ownership |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Channel 4 News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; gami da yankunan London, Cambridge, Brighton da Hove, Bristol, Edinburgh, Liverpool da Sheffield, birnin Zurich na Switzerland, biranen Jamus na Essen da Dortmund, birnin Gothenburg, a cikin biranen New Zealand na Auckland, Christchurch da Wellington, da kuma Los Angeles. {{Refn|{{efn|{{cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=Climate activists deflate SUV tyres in wealthy London neighbourhoods |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/mar/04/climate-activists-deflate-suv-tyres-in-wealthy-london-neighbourhoods |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Guardian}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Barney |date=8 March 2022 |title=Eco-warriors deflate SUV tyres in Chelsea, Primrose Hill and Dulwich |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/the-tyre-extinguishers-suv-chelsea-primrose-hill-kensington-climate-protestors-b986677.html |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.standard.co.uk}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Climate activists have deflated hundreds of SUV tyres in affluent areas across the UK |url=https://www.bigissue.com/news/environment/climate-activists-have-deflated-hundreds-of-suv-tyres-in-affluent-areas-across-the-uk/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Big Issue}}}}{{efn|{{cite news |date=8 March 2022 |title=Tyre Extinguishers: Scores of SUVs have tyres deflated by activists |newspaper=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-60660711 |access-date=2022-03-18}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |title=Climate activists deflating car tyres in carbon emissions protest |url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/19977286.climate-activists-deflate-tyres-brighton-cars-protest/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Argus}}}}{{efn|{{Cite news |title=Climate activists let down SUV tyres across Britain in 'gas guzzler' protest |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/transport/article/climate-protesters-let-down-suv-tyres-across-britain-0x736tt0t}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Streeting |first1=Louisa |date=8 March 2022 |title=Climate activists deflate hundreds of SUV tyres in the night |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/tyre-extinguishers-target-bristol-suvs-6769297 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Bristol Post}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Shepherd |first1=Jordan |date=10 March 2022 |title=Tyre-deflating eco-warriors say driving a gas-guzzling SUV is 'racist' |url=https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/news/uk-news/tyre-deflating-eco-warriors-edinburgh-26429680 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=scottishdailyexpress}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |title=New group of activists are targeting 'well to-do' areas of Yorkshire - by letting down tyres |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/people/new-group-of-activists-are-targeting-well-to-do-areas-of-yorkshire-3603000 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.yorkshirepost.co.uk}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Flood |first1=Rebecca |date=9 March 2022 |title=Eco-warriors targeting SUVs by deflating tires claim to have struck in L.A. |url=https://www.newsweek.com/deflate-tire-suv-car-eco-warrior-target-l-viral-1686405 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Newsweek}}}}{{efn|name=:1|{{cite web |title=Identity appeal after car tyres deflated in Brighton and Hove |url=https://www.sussex.police.uk/news/sussex/news/witness-appeals/identity-appeal-after-car-tyres-deflated-in-brighton-and-hove/ |publisher=Sussex Police |access-date=15 April 2022}}}}{{efn|{{cite web|access-date=2022-04-12|title=Tyre Extinguishers go global as activists vow to make owning SUVs 'impossible'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/tyre-extinguishers-suv-global-b2043124.html|date=24 March 2022|website=The Independent}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Zurich - Climate activists deflate SUV tires - 20 minutes - 247newsbulletin |url=https://247newsbulletin.news/politics/269344.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=247newsbulletin.news |archive-date=2022-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412181024/https://247newsbulletin.news/politics/269344.html |url-status=dead }}}}{{efn|name=&quot;bbc-april&quot;|{{cite news|access-date=2022-04-12|title=Activists deflate tyres on SUVs in Edinburgh|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-61067183|newspaper=BBC News|date=11 April 2022}}}}{{efn|{{cite web|access-date=2022-04-12|title='Tyre Extinguishers' climate activists deflate the tyres of SUVs in Edinburgh|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/tyre-extinguishers-climate-activists-deflate-the-tyres-of-su-vs-in-edinburgh-163256151.html|website=uk.news.yahoo.com}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |last=Keane |first=Daniel |date=2022-04-22 |title=London climate activists deflate tyres on 120 SUVs |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/tyre-extinguishers-deflate-suvs-london-kensington-paddington-hampstead-primrose-hill-b995835.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Evening Standard}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |last=Sigodo |first=Melissa |date=2022-04-22 |title=Climate activists boast their 'biggest night' as they deflate tyres on 120 cars |url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/uk-world-news/climate-activists-boast-biggest-night-23759154 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=MyLondon}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Tyre Extinguishers in New Zealand spread as Christchurch SUVs hit |url=http://www.voxy.co.nz/national/5/402344 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.voxy.co.nz |language=en}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |last=Strang |first=Ben |date=2022-06-02 |title=Police tracking climate activists after tampering with car, causing near miss |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/wellington/128838319/police-tracking-climate-activists-after-tampering-with-car-causing-near-miss |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Stuff |language=en}}}}{{efn|{{cite web|access-date=2022-05-09 |title=Climate action group claims responsibility for deflated Auckland tyres |website=[[1News]] |date=2022-05-06 |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/05/06/climate-action-group-claims-responsibility-for-deflated-auckland-tyres/ }}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Klimataktivister i stort däcksabotage i Göteborg |url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/klimat/klimataktivister-i-stort-dacksabotage-i-goteborg/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.expressen.se |language=sv}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Tyre Extinguishers' actions 'amount to harassment' says councillor as same vehicles targeted again |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/crime/edinburgh-tyre-extinguishers-deflate-tyres-of-20-vehicles-in-bruntsfield-in-latest-spree-3713237 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com |language=en}}}}}}

An kafa kungiyoyi masu yawa na Tyre Extinguishers a cikin biranen Scotland ciki har da Dundee (The Dundeeflators) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keith |first=Jake |title=Eco vandals strike again in Dundee as tyres on 20 cars deflated overnight |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/3339369/tyre-extinguishers-dundee-suvs-craigiebank/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=The Courier |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Glasgow (The Deflationists), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Craig |date=2022-06-01 |title=Glasgow wealthy areas targeted as climate activists let down 70 SUV tyres |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-wealthy-areas-targeted-climate-24118328 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=GlasgowLive |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=Rival climate groups deflate SUV tyres in Glasgow and Edinburgh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/01/deflationists-tyre-extinguishers-climate-groups-deflate-suv-tyres-glasgow-edinburgh |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title='Reckless' eco vandals deflate car tyres in crusade against SUVs |url=https://news.stv.tv/north/eco-vandals-tyre-extinguishers-claim-responsibility-for-deflation-of-suv-tyres-in-dundee |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=STV News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2022, ayyukan kungiyar a Amurka sun faru ne a Birnin New York, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-01 |title=Climate activists deflate tires on 40 SUVs in NYC, cops seeking suspects |url=https://nypost.com/2022/07/01/climate-activists-deflate-tires-on-40-suvs-in-nyc/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=New York Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chicago, Scranton, Pennsylvania &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=20-suvs-deflated-in-chicago-in-first-american-midwest-action |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da San Francisco Bay Area. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cano |first=Ricardo |date=2022-07-07 |title='Your gas guzzler kills': Bay Area drivers' SUV tires deflated by apparent climate activists |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Your-gas-guzzler-kills-Bay-Area-woman-s-17291033.php |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin ayyukanta na farko a Kanada (Waterloo, Ontario) da Faransa (Paris) a wannan watan.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Your gas guzzler kills': Environmental group says it deflated tires on Kitchener SUVs {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8997655/environmental-group-deflates-tires-suvs-kitchener/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=first-action-in-france-and-more-action-in-wellington-new-zealand-and-gothenburg-sweden |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wata dare a watan Satumbar 2022, kungiyar ta kashe tayoyi a kan SUV sama da 600 a Burtaniya, Faransa, Jamus, Switzerland, Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Jamhuriyar Czech da Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Tyre Extinguishers claim more than 600 SUVs 'disarmed' in one night |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/07/tyre-extinguishers-claim-more-than-600-suvs-disarmed-in-one-night |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan su ne ayyukanta na farko a Denmark, Norway da Jamhuriyar Czech.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=600-suvs-deflated-in-nine-countries-in-worldwide-night-of-action-against-climate-wrecking-vehicles |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kai ga burinta na farko na SUV 10,000 da aka kashe tun watan Maris na shekara ta 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=tyre-extinguishers-hit-target-of-10000-suvs-disarmed-worldwide |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NacióSantCugat |title=Els ecologistes &quot;Tyre Extinguishers&quot; reivindiquen haver actuat a Sant Cugat |url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/santcugat/noticia/8717/ecologistes-tyre-extinguishers-sant-cugat |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.naciodigital.cat |language=ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta bayyana Ostiraliya a matsayin &quot;babban burinta na gaba&quot; a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023.

A watan Agustan 2023 Tyre Extinguishers sun yi ikirarin alhakin &quot;kwayar halitta mai zaman kanta&quot; na ƙungiyarsu wacce ta yi amfani da motsa jiki na wutar lantarki don fashe taya na fiye da 60 SUVs a wani dillalin mota a Exeter, Ingila. Kungiyar ta bayyana aikin a matsayin &quot;ƙaruwar da ake bukata&quot;, da kuma ramuwar gayya ga wani abin da ya faru a watan da ya gabata inda Land Rover ya karya shinge kuma ya kashe yara biyu.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, kungiyar ta sanar da aikinta na farko a [[Riga]], Latvia, tana mai da'awar cewa wannan ita ce kasa ta 20 tare da kungiyoyin Tyre Extinguisher masu aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Environment activists' deflate car tires in Rīga |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/crime/19.10.2023-environment-activists-deflate-car-tires-in-riga.a528356/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=eng.lsm.lv |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=200-suvs-deflated-in-four-countries-as-suvs-halt-emissions-decline |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen ==
Sunan &quot;Tyre Extinguishers&quot; ya fara bayyana a cikin 2021, amma ayyukan kungiyar ba su fara ba har zuwa Maris 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=2022-05-22 |title=Who Are the Tyre Extinguishers? The Climate Activists Sabotaging SUVs |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/who-are-the-tyre-extinguishers/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2007, wata kungiya ta Sweden da ake kira &quot;The Indians of the Asphalt Jungle&quot; ta rungumi wannan dabarar, ta kashe SUV sama da 1,500 (bisa ga lambobinta) kuma, kamar yadda Mataimakin ya ruwaito, &quot;taimaka don aika da ci gaban yawanci na tallace-tallace na SUV na cikin gida zuwa wani abu mai ban mamaki&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Masana kimiyya na Jami'ar Aston Oscar Berglund da Graeme Hayes sun bayyana kungiyar a matsayin &quot;motsi na yanayi,&quot; saboda girmamawar kungiyar kan mutane ko kananan kungiyoyi da ke daukar mataki a duk inda suke amfani da kayan a shafin yanar gizon Tyre Extinguishers, maimakon tsarin da ya fi dacewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Graeme |last2=Berglund |first2=Oscar |title=Tyre Extinguishers: activists are deflating SUV tyres in the latest pop-up climate movement |url=http://theconversation.com/tyre-extinguishers-activists-are-deflating-suv-tyres-in-the-latest-pop-up-climate-movement-178911 |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farfesa na Jami'ar Lund Andreas Malm (wanda littafinsa How to Blow Up a Pipeline ya yi jayayya da goyon bayan sabotage na kayan aikin man fetur na burbushin halittu a matsayin wani nau'i na gwagwarmayar muhalli, kuma wanda Tyre Extinguishers suka ambata a matsayin wahayi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Childs |first=Simon |last2=selimbulut |date=2022-08-11 |title=Tyre Extinguishers: direct action group deflating climate change |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/politics/features/tyre-extinguishers-suv-4x4-climate-action-campaign-21323/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ya kira ayyukan kungiyar wani nau'in &quot;mai zaman lafiya da tawali'u sabotage ba zai iya lalata SUV ba: kusan tsarin yara ba, babu kudade, babu kayan aiki mai sauƙi ba tare da ake amfani da ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Andreas Malm introduces Verso's new free ebook, Property Will Cost Us the Earth |url=https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/5322-andreas-malm-introduces-verso-s-new-free-ebook-property-will-cost-us-the-earth |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Versobooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun fara amfani da irin wannan dabarun, kamar ƙungiyar da ake kira Reclaim Our Communities a [[Bristol]], Burtaniya, wanda ya kashe tayoyi a kan fiye da 100 SUVs da 4x4s a cikin birni a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cork |first=Tristan |date=2023-10-20 |title=Tyres deflated on more than 100 SUVs and 4x4s in Bristol overnight |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/tyres-deflated-more-100-suvs-8845965 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Bristol Live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
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    <title>Barbar cinikin bayi</title>
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      <text bytes="33559" sha1="evwmy6hekpntqnolhvla4per3xmcc5o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Kasuwar bayi na Algiers a farkon karni na 17.
Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya haɗa da kamawa da sayar da bayi na Turai a kasuwannin bayi a cikin jihohin Barbary na Ottoman (Arewacin Afirka). 'Yan fashin Barbary sun kama bayin Turawa a hare-haren bayi a kan jiragen ruwa na Barbary corsairs da kuma hare-hare a garuruwan bakin teku daga Italiya zuwa Ireland, gaɓar tekun Spain da Portugal, har zuwa arewacin Iceland da Gabashin Bahar Rum.

Gabashin Ottoman na Bahar Rum ya kasance wurin da ake fama da matsanancin fashin teku.&lt;ref&gt; Sultan's Admiral. the Life of Barbarossa&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa karni na 18, fashin teku ya ci gaba da zama &quot;barazana mai dorewa ga zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa a cikin Aegean&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Piracy and Redemption in the Aegean Sea during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya zo ƙarshe a farkon shekarun karni na 19, bayan da Amurka da ƙawayen Turai na Yammacin Turai suka ci nasara a yakin Barbary na farko da na biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku kuma Faransa ta mamaye yankin, wanda ya kawo karshen kasuwancin a shekarun 1830.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Research Guides: Battle Studies, Country Studies, &amp; Staff Rides: Barbary Wars &amp; the Battle of Tripoli&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Second Barbary War: The Algerine War&quot;. UM Clements Library. Retrieved 2025-,&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria&lt;/ref&gt;

Galibin mutanen da aka kama ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma’aikatan jirgin da aka tafi da su da jiragen ruwansu, amma akwai masunta da kuma mazauna bakin teku da yawa da aka kama. Yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Bahar Rum, musamman daga Italiya&lt;ref&gt; The Sultan's Renegades: Christian-European Converts to Islam and the Making of the Ottoman Elite, 1575–1610&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;


==Yawan==

Turkawa da limami tare da bayi Kirista. Janairu, 1684.&lt;ref&gt;Diego de Haedo, Topografía e historia general de Argel, 3 vols., Madrid, 1927–29.&lt;/ref&gt;
Hukumomin Ottoman da na zamanin Ottoman ba su kiyaye bayanan hukuma da suka dace ba, amma masu lura da al'amura sun kiyasta cewa kusan bayi 35,000 na Turai ana gudanar da su a cikin karni na 17 a gabar tekun Barbary, a fadin Tripoli da Tunis, amma galibi a Algiers.&lt;ref&gt; Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-century Mediterranean World&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500–1650&lt;/ref&gt; yawancin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne (musamman waɗanda suke Ingilishi), waɗanda aka ɗauke su da jiragen ruwansu, amma wasu masunta ne da ƙauyen bakin teku. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Arewacin Afirka, musamman Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Eisenberg, &quot;¿Por qué volvió Cervantes de Argel?&quot;, in Ingeniosa invención: Essays on Golden Age Spanish Literature for Geoffrey L. Stagg in Honor of his Eighty-Fifth Birthday, Newark, Delaware, Juan de la Cuesta, 1999, ISBN 978-0936388830, pp. &lt;/Ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Robert Davis, marubucin Bawan Kirista, Malaman Musulunci, ya yi kiyasin cewa masu sayar da bayi daga Tunis, Algiers, da Tripoli sun kai Turawa bayi miliyan 1 zuwa miliyan 1.25 zuwa Arewacin Afirka, tun daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18.&lt;ref&gt; Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; &quot;When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Don fitar da lambobinsa, Davis ya ɗauka cewa adadin bayin Turawa da ƴan fashin teku Barbary suka kama ya kasance a kai a kai na tsawon shekaru 250.[&lt;ref&gt;&quot;New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804&lt;/ref&gt;
Wasu masana tarihi sun kalubalanci lambobin Davis.[&lt;ref&gt;&quot;New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;


Ana sayar da fursunonin Kirista a matsayin bayi a wani fili a Algiers. Janairu, 1684.
John Wright ya yi gargaɗin cewa ƙididdiga na zamani sun dogara ne akan ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan daga kallon ɗan adam.[&lt;ref&gt; ISBN&lt;/ref&gt; littafi na biyu na Davis, Holy War and Human Bondage: Tales of Christian-Muslim Slavery in the Farko-Modern Mediterranean, ya fadada hankalinsa ga bautar da ke da alaƙa.,&lt;ref&gt;Holy War and Human Bondage: Tales of Christian-Muslim Slavery in the Early-Modern Mediterranean&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga sansanonin da ke gabar tekun Barbary da ke arewacin Afirka, 'yan fashin tekun Barbary sun kai farmaki kan jiragen ruwa da ke bi ta tekun Mediterrenean da kuma yankunan arewaci da yammacin Afirka, inda suke kwashe kayansu tare da bautar da mutanen da suka kama. Daga akalla 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki a garuruwan da ke bakin teku da kauyukan Italiya, Spain, Girka, Ireland, da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara. A cikin 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kame tsibirin Ischia, yana ɗaukar fursunoni 4,000, kuma ya bautar da wasu 2,000-7,000 mazauna Lipari.,&lt;ref&gt;ISBN&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Majesty's Commission, State Papers (1849). King Henry the Eighth Volume 10 Part V Foreign Correspondence 1544–45. London: H.M&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1551, Ottoman corsair Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Maltese na Gozo, tsakanin 5,000 zuwa 6,000, ya aika da su zuwa Tripolitania Ottoman. A cikin 1554 ma'aikatan jirgin karkashin Dragut sun kori Vieste, suka fille kawunan 5,000 na mazaunanta, kuma suka sace wasu 6,000.&lt;ref&gt;Mercati, Angelo (1982). Saggi di storia e letteratura, vol. II. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e letteratura&lt;/ref&gt; An mamaye tsibirin Balearic a shekara ta 1558, kuma an kai mutane 4,000 bauta.,,&lt;ref&gt;Blood and Faith: the Purging of Muslim Spain&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1618 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya sun kai hari a tsibirin Canary inda suka kama mutane 1,000 don sayar da su a matsayin bayi.&lt;ref&gt;1980), The Canary Islanders : their prehistory, conquest, and survival, p. 236, Collings&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokatai, an yi watsi da ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore a Ireland bayan wani hari, amma an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci 466 ga 'yan fashin Barbary.[,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Asali==
Ƙarin bayani: Barbary corsairs
Satar fasaha na Arewacin Afirka ya samo asali ne sosai. Ya sami mahimmancin siyasa a cikin karni na 16, musamman ta hanyar Hayreddin Barbarossa, wanda ya hada Aljeriya da Tunisia a matsayin jihohin soja a karkashin daular Usmaniyya kuma ya ci gaba da samun kudaden shiga ta hanyar fashi. Tare da zuwan ƙungiyoyin Moorish masu ƙarfi a Rabat da Tétouan (1609), Maroko ta zama sabuwar cibiyar 'yan fashin teku da kuma ga sarakunan 'Alawī, waɗanda cikin sauri suka sami iko da jamhuriyar biyu kuma suka ƙarfafa satar fasaha a matsayin tushen kuɗi mai mahimmanci. A cikin karni na 17, 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya da Tunusiya sun hada karfi da karfe, kuma a shekara ta 1650 sama da 30,000 na wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su an daure su a Algiers kadai.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Barbary pirate | Definition, Dates, Significance, &amp; Wars | Britannica&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;North African Piracy on the Coasts of Spain in the Seventeenth Century: A New Perspective on the Expulsion of the Moriscos&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

An rubuta garuruwan da ke bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka a zamanin Romawa don kasuwannin bayi, kuma wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa zamanin da. Yankin Barbary ya karu da tasiri a karni na 15, lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta karbi ragamar mulkin yankin. Haɗe da wannan shi ne kwararowar Yahudawa Sephardi&lt;ref&gt; Gerber, Jane (1992). The Jews of Spain. US: The Free Press&lt;/ref&gt; da 'yan gudun hijirar Moorish, waɗanda aka kora daga Spain bayan Reconquista.

Tare da kariyar Ottoman da ɗimbin baƙi marasa galihu, ba da daɗewa ba bakin teku ya zama sananne ga fashin teku. Ma’aikatan jirgin da aka kama ko dai sun kasance bayi ne ko kuma an yi musu fansa. Tsakanin 1580 zuwa 1680, akwai a Barbary kusan 15,000 masu kishin addini, Kiristoci na Turai waɗanda suka musulunta. Rabin kyaftin din corsair sun kasance ’yan tawaye. Wasu daga cikinsu bayi ne da suka musulunta, amma yawancinsu ba su taba zama bayi ba kuma sun zo arewacin Afirka suna neman dama.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;BBC – History – British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tasowarsu==

Hare-haren da 'yan fashin teku suka kai domin sayen bayi ya faru a garuruwa da kauyukan da ke gabar tekun Atlantika na Afirka, da kuma a Turai. Daga kimanin shekara 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwan da ke bakin teku da kauyukan Italiya, Spain, Girka, Ireland, da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara, kuma wadannan hare-haren sun kai a karshen karni na 19. Robert Davis ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 1 zuwa miliyan 1.25 na Turai 'yan fashi sun kama kuma sun sayar da su a matsayin bayi a Tunis, Algiers da Tripoli a cikin wannan lokacin. Ba a haɗa cinikin bayi a Turai a wasu sassan Tekun Bahar Rum a cikin wannan kiyasin. Duk da haka, wasu masana tarihi irin su David Earle sun yi tambaya game da kiyasin Robert Davis cewa: &quot;Alkalumansa sun yi kadan kuma ina tsammanin yana iya yin karin gishiri.&quot;[&lt;ref&gt;&quot;When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Accetturo, Antonio; Cascarano, Michele; de Blasio, Guido (2024). &quot;Pirate attacks and the shape of the Italian urban system&quot;. Regional Science and Urban Economics. 108 (104035). Bibcode:2024RSUE..108j4035A.&lt;/ref&gt;
Shahararrun bayanan hare-haren bayi na Barbary sun hada da ambato a cikin littafin diary na Samuel Pepys da wani hari da aka kai a kauyen Baltimore da ke gabar teku a Ireland, inda 'yan fashin suka bar tare da daukacin mazauna wurin. Wani kaftin dan kasar Holland Jan Janszoon van Haarlem wanda aka fi sani da Murad Reis the Younger ne ya jagoranci harin. Janszoon kuma ya jagoranci harin 1627 akan Iceland. Kimanin mutane 50 aka kashe kuma an kama kusan 400 aka sayar da su cikin bayi&lt;ref&gt;  &quot;Hvaða heimildir eru til um Tyrkjaránið?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; irin wadannan hare-hare a tekun Bahar Rum sun kasance akai-akai kuma suna da barna sosai har bakin tekun tsakanin Venice da Malaga&lt;ref&gt; &quot;BBC – History – British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ya sha fama da raguwar yawan jama'a, kuma an yanke kauna a wurin. Hasali ma an ce: “Ba wanda ya rage ya kama”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;BBC – History – British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Long-run consequences of the pirate attacks on the coasts of Italy&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;White, Joshua M. (2017). Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9781503603929.&lt;/ref&gt;
A shekara ta 1627, ƙungiyar da aka fi sani da Salé Rovers, daga Jamhuriyar Salé (yanzu Salé a Maroko) ta mamaye Lundy na tsawon shekaru biyar. Wadannan ’yan fashin Barbary, karkashin jagorancin Janszoon, sun tashi da tutar Ottoman a kan tsibirin. Barbary Pirates ne suka kai hare-hare daga Lundy, kuma an kama Turawan da aka kama a Lundy kafin a tura su Algiers don sayar da su a matsayin bayi.&lt;ref&gt;  Milton (2005). White Gold: The Forgotten Story of North Africa's One Million European Slaves. Hodder &amp; Stoughton. ISBN 978-0340895092&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pirates who got away with it&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Piracy: the complete history&lt;/ref&gt; ,&lt;ref&gt;
Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 561. ISBN 978-0198201717.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;About this Collection – Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606–1827&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Milton 2005, p. 267&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bauta kafofin ta al'umma==
Tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa farkon karni na 19, cinikin bayi na Barbary a kudu da yammacin Turai na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin bayi na Turawa zuwa Daular Usmaniyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, dayan kuma shine cinikin bayi na Crimea na zamani a Gabashin Turai.

Sojojin Barbary sun kai hari a kasashe daban-daban a Kudancin da Yammacin Turai, da kuma Amurka. Wasu daga cikin al'ummomin dai an kai musu hari ne ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma aka kai hare-haren bayi a kasa. Kowace al'umma na da manufofinta don magance wannan batu, kuma gwamnatoci daban-daban na Turai sun ci gaba da tattaunawa da jihohin Barbary don biyan kudin fansa ga fursunonin da aka kama, da hana kai hari kan jiragen ruwa ko kai farmaki a kan iyakokinsu.&lt;ref&gt; Jeremy Black: A Brief History of Slavery: A New Global History&lt;/ref&gt; fara kai hare-hare da makami ne a karni na sha shida, lokacin da kasashen Ottoman da suke a yau, Aljeriya, Tunisia da Libya suka zama jahohin 'yan damfara masu zaman kansu wadanda suka rayu a bara, kuma sun ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na sha tara, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya ta zamani,,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pirate attacks and the shape of the Italian urban system&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; . Tun daga karni na 16 zuwa karshen karni na 18, 'yan fashin tekun da suka kaddamar da hare-hare daga gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka sun kai farmaki kan yankunan gabar tekun Italiya (musamman a kudu maso yamma). Don kare kansu, mutanen da ke yankunan bakin teku sun ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa zuwa wurare masu tsaunuka da tuddai. Tasirin dogon lokaci na waɗannan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku ya ci gaba har tsawon ƙarni zuwa 20th.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Long-run consequences of the pirate attacks on the coasts of Italy&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Biritaniya da Ireland==
'Yan fashin Barbary Corsairs ne suka kai wa Biritaniya da Ireland hari a cikin teku amma kuma ta hanyar kai hare-hare a kan kasa. Tekun Irish ya yi kaurin suna saboda 'yan fashin Barbary suna yawan zuwa, duk da cewa mafi yawan wadanda aka kama daga tsibirin Biritaniya ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa a kusa da Bahar Rum.

A cikin 1620-1621, gwamnatin James VI da ni mun yi doguwar tattaunawa don hana kai hare-hare, amma ba mu yi nasara ba.,&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Black: A Brief History of Slavery: A New Global History&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarun 1620 da 1640, yankunan Cornwall da Devon a Ingila, da kuma Kudancin Ireland, sun fuskanci hare-hare daga Barbary corsairs, wadanda suka kai farmaki a bakin tekun bayan sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa a wajen gabar tekun.

Wataƙila mafi shaharar tarihi na hare-haren bayi na Burtaniya da Irish shine buhun Baltimore da corsairs daga Algiers suka yi a kan ƙauyen Baltimore na gabar teku a Yammacin Cork a Ireland a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1631, wanda shine hari mafi girma na bayi da 'yan kasuwar Barbary suka yi a Ireland&lt;ref&gt;Fadó Fadó: More Tales of Lesser-Known Irish History&lt;/ref&gt; ],&lt;ref&gt; Capp, B. (2022). British Slaves and Barbary Corsairs, 1580–1750. Storbritannien: OUP Oxford. p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; biyu bayan buhun Baltimore na 1631, wani hari da bayi ya kai wa kauyen Dungarvan na Irish wanda ya yi sanadin kama mutane kusan hamsin.&lt;ref&gt;Pirate Utopias: Moorish Corsairs &amp; European Renegadoes&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingila ta ba da wakilai zuwa Arewacin Afirka don sayen 'yan Ingila, wadanda ake tsare da su a matsayin bayi. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 1640, lamarin ya yi tsanani har aka kafa kwamitin gwamnati, kwamitin Algiers, don dawo da bayin Ingila daga Aljeriya.&lt;ref&gt;Barbary Pirates and English Slaves&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1643, an kai matuƙan jirgin ruwa da yawa daga Biritaniya a matsayin bayi zuwa Aljeriya har gwamnatin Ingila ta yi kira da a tattara kuɗin fansa na ƙasa daga dukan majami'un da ke masarautar don a sami damar siyan su kyauta.&lt;ref&gt;Milton, G. (2012). White Gold. Storbritannien: John Murray&lt;/ref&gt; Sayen bayi mata ya fi tsada fiye da mayar da bayi.&lt;ref&gt;
Milton, G. (2012). White Gold. Storbritannien: John Murray&lt;/ref&gt;
Daga cikin mutanen Burtaniya da aka kashe a cinikin bayi na Barbary akwai Helen Gloag, Lalla Balqis, Elizabeth Marsh da Thomas Pellow, wadanda aka kama su daga jiragen ruwa[&lt;ref&gt;Barbary Captives: An Anthology of Early Modern Slave Memoirs by Europeans in North Africa. (2022). US: Columbia University Press. [ISBN missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Liisberg, H. C. B. (2020). Danmarks søfart og søhandel. Bind 1. Danmark: SAGA &lt;/ref&gt;

==Denmark - Norway==
Danmark – Barbary corsairs sun kai wa Norway hari a kan teku da kuma hare-haren bayi.

Tsibirin Faroe, wanda na Denmark ne, an fuskanci hare-haren bayi daga Barbary corsairs a ƙarni na 16 da 18. A shekara ta 1607, 'yan Barbary sun kai farmaki a tsibirin Faroe inda suka yi garkuwa da mutane da yawa don bauta.&lt;ref&gt;Liisberg, H. C. B. (2020). Danmarks søfart og søhandel. Bind 1. Danmark: SAGA &lt;/ref&gt;

Shahararriyar hare-haren bayi da aka kai a tsibirin Faroe shi ne farmakin da bayi suka kai a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1629, inda aka yi garkuwa da mutane talatin zuwa bauta, inda ba su dawo ba&lt;ref&gt;.Andreas Christian Andersen (1895). Faerøerne, 1600–1709 (in Danish). New York Public Library. G. E. C. Gad. &lt;/Ref&gt;

Yaƙin Danish-Algerian daga 1769 zuwa 1772 tsakanin Denmark-Norway da Deylik na Algiers ya faru a wani bangare saboda fashin teku na Barbary akan jiragen ruwan Danish-Norwegian, waɗanda aka siyar da ma'aikatansu zuwa bauta.

Daga cikin mutanen Danish da aka kashe a cinikin bayi na Barbary har da Hark Olufs.&lt;ref&gt;Slave Memoirs by Europeans in North Africa. (2022). US: Columbia University Press. [ISBN missing]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Iceland==
Iceland ya yi wa Iceland ta hare hare-hare da kuma Corsade. A cikin 1607, Iceland ya kawo karshen Iceland ta da coseland wanda ya sace mutane da yawa zuwa bayi. &lt;Ref&gt;Weiss, G. (2011). Captives and Corsairs: France and Slavery in the Early Modern Mediterranean. US: Stanford University&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahararrun shahararrun bararrun kance a kan Iceland shine smatsawatun Turkiyya da ta faru a lokacin rani na 1627. &lt;Ref&gt; Þorsteinn Helgason. &quot;Hvaða heimildir eru til um Tyrkjaránið?&quot;. Vísindavefurinn (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2020-12-06.&lt;/ref&gt; kimanin mutane 400 aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi, &lt;ref&gt;Þorsteinn Helgason. &quot;Hvaða heimildir eru til um Tyrkjaránið?&quot;. Vísindavefurinn (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2020-12-06.&lt;/ref&gt;Wadanda mutane 50 kawai suka dawo daga baqin fansa, 9 zuwa &lt;ref&gt; &quot;Hvað gerðist í Tyrkjaráninu?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
&quot;Hvaða heimildir eru til um Tyrkjaránið?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Daga cikin cutar Icelandic wanda ke fama da kasuwancin bayi ya kasance 'ólafur Egilsson. &lt;Ref&gt;
Barbary Captives: An Anthology of Early Modern Slave Memoirs by Europeans in North Africa. (2022). US: Columbia University Press. [ISBN missing]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Italiya==
Italiya ta kasance, tare da Spain, daya daga cikin kasashen da ya fi shafa da ya fi shafa a cikin mahallin Barrary Clos Charsha Harajada. Baya daga cikin hare-hare a kan jiragen ruwa na Italiya, an yi hare-hare da yawa a bakin kasar Italiyawa da coars a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17.
,&lt;Ref&gt;Peyronel Rambaldi, S. (2021). Giulia Gonzaga: A Gentlewoman in the Italian&lt;/ref&gt;
Italiya, wanda bayan 1550s ya mamaye 1550s wanda kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ottoman ta mamaye harin bayi, saboda yawan bashin da aka yi rauni, kuma da sojojinta suka yi rauni, kuma da sojojinta suka yi rauni a bakin tekun Italiya. &lt;Ref&gt;Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. (2003). Storbritannien: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 455&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda ke Spain, hare-hare na bayi sun haifar da watsi da bakin tekun da tsibiran da suka watsar, da masunta a cikin jirgin, kuma &lt;ref&gt;Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. (2003). Storbritannien: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 455&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Peyronel Rambaldi, S. (2021). Giulia Gonzaga: A Gentlewoman in the Italian Reformation. Italien: Viella Libreria Editrice. p. &lt;/Ref&gt;
,&lt;Ref&gt;Peyronel Rambaldi, S. (2021). Giulia Gonzaga: A Gentlewoman in the Italian Reformation. Italien: Viella Libreria Editrice. p. 73&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;&quot;The mysteries and majesties of the Aeolian Islands&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Malta==
Malta ta hare Matar hare-hare ta murjushi. A cikin 1551, Turgut Reis da Sinan Pasha ya sace tsibiran Malta da Gozo, &lt;ref&gt;Konstam, A. (2016). The Barbary Pirates 15th–17th Centuries. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 18&lt;/ref&gt; Da yawan 'yan Gozo ne, an sayar da su a Libya. &lt;Ref&gt;Lando, S. (2010). Europas tungomål I/II. Sverig&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Davis, Robert, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500&lt;/ref&gt;
,&lt;Ref&gt;Black, J. (2011). A Brief History of Slavery. Storbritannien: Little, Brown Book&lt;/ref&gt; ,&lt;ref&gt;Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. (2003). Storbritannien: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Black, J. (2011). A Brief History of Slavery. Storbritannien: Little, Brown Book &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
Slave Memoirs by Europeans in North Africa. (2022). US&lt;/ref&gt;

==Netherlands==
Hare harin bawa da aka yi a bakin iyakar Netherlands. Jirgin ruwan Dutch sun kasance duk da haka akai akai-akai manufa ga cosair pirates. Gwamnatin Dutch ta ba da damar siyan 'yan kasa da Dutch za ta sayi' yan ƙasa na Dutch da kuma ya wa'azin a Arewacin Afirka. A gwargwadon rahoto na Dutch a gwargwadon iko a tsakanin mafi girman farashi, kuma murjushi sun bukaci farashin daga gare su fiye da sauran Turawa da yawa. &lt;Ref&gt;Auchterlonie, P. (2012). Encountering Islam: Joseph Pitts: An English Slave in 17th-century Algiers and Mecca. Storbritannien: Arabian &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804&lt;/ref&gt;

==Portugal==
An kuma sanya yankuna na Fortugal sun kasance suna kan hare-haren bakin teku da bargary pires.

A cikin 1617, muryar da aka gudanar daga Algeria ta gudanar da buhu na Madeira, a lokacin da suka jefa tsibirin Portuguese sannan suka sace wa mazaunanta. &lt;Ref&gt;White Women Captives in North Africa: Narratives of Enslavement, 1735-1830&lt;/ref&gt; Harin ya faru ne a lokacin tsayin bautar a kan Barkary Coast. Madeira ya kasance a wannan lokacin wani bangare ne na kungiyar Iberian ta jagorance ta da laifin Spain.
&lt;Ref&gt;The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II: Volume II&lt;/ref&gt;

==Spaniya==
Kasar Spain dai na daya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi fama da matsalar hare-haren 'yan ta'adda a duk nahiyar Turai. Dukansu jiragen ruwa na Sipaniya da kuma bakin teku sun fuskanci hare-hare daga ma'aikatan jirgin daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa gaba.

Dakarun kasar Tunis sun fi kai farmaki kan teku da gabar tekun Italiya da Girka, yayin da Corsair na Algiers da Maroko ke yawan zuwa ruwa da gabar tekun Spain da yammacin Turai.&lt;ref&gt;
Tinniswood, A. (2011). Pirates Of Barbary: Corsairs, Conquests and Captivity in the 17th-Century Mediterranean. Storbritannien: Random House. p. &lt;/Ref&gt;
An fara kai farmakin bayi a Spain a farkon ƙarni na 16. Buhun Cullera a Spain a kan Tekun Bahar Rum, ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1550, lokacin da babban hafsan Ottoman Dragut ya sauka a Cullera, Valencia kuma ya kori birnin yana kwashe mazauna da yawa cikin bauta. Dragut ya kai wa Cullera hari da dare tare da mutane 300.&lt;ref&gt; Guerras de mar del emperador Carlos V&lt;/ref&gt; ya kori birnin, ya kwace kayayyaki daga hannun mutane kuma ya kwashe kusan dukkan mazauna birnin a matsayin bayi.&lt;ref&gt; Iniciación a la historia de Oliva&lt;/ref&gt; ya ajiye mutanen da aka kama a cikin kogo kafin ya kai su kasuwar bayi a Algiers&lt;ref&gt;A Gross of Pirates: From Alfhild the Shield Maiden to Afweyne the Big Mouth&lt;/ref&gt;

Hare-haren bayi ya yi tsanani musamman a karni na 17, lokacin da barayin suka yi awon gaba da al'ummar kauyukan da ke gabar tekun Bahar Rum na Spain, inda suka bar manyan yankunan bakin teku suka zama marasa yawan jama'a.,&lt;ref&gt; Giles Milton: White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin 1637 misali, an kama mata da yara 315 daga garin Calpe&lt;ref&gt; Giles Milton: White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One&lt;/ref&gt; lokacin da ƙauyukan da ke bakin teku suka ƙazantar da jama'a, an tilasta wa kambin Mutanen Espanya haɓaka harajin kifi, nama, shanu da siliki don ba da kuɗin gina garu don kare gabar teku da hana mutane barin yankunan don samun mafaka a cikin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;Giles Milton: White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One&lt;/ref&gt;

Jirgin ruwan Spain ma abin ya shafa. A shekara ta 1667, an sace ma’aikatan ruwa da yawa daga lardunan Basque ta yadda waɗannan lardunan ba za su iya cika adadin ma’aikatan ruwa na tekun Spain ba.&lt;ref&gt;
Giles Milton: White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One&lt;/ref&gt;
Hare-haren bayi a Spain da Italiya sun lalata jama'a kuma sakamakon haka tattalin arzikin da ke cikin tekun Mediterrenean gabaɗaya.,&lt;ref&gt;Black, J. (2011). A Brief History of Slavery. Storbritannien: Little, Brown Book&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sweden da Finland==
Babu wani harin bayi da corsairs suka taɓa kai wa gaɓar tekun Sweden da Finland (wanda wani yanki ne na Sweden). Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa na Sweden da na Finlan sun kai hari da jiragen ruwa a tekun da ke wajen yammacin Turai da kuma cikin Bahar Rum.

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1662, babban ma'aji na kasar Sweden, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie ya sami wasikar daukaka kara daga wasu ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa takwas na kasar Sweden wadanda 'yan sanda suka yi garkuwa da su a teku kuma suna bautar da su a Algiers.&lt;ref&gt;Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650–1770. Sverige: Nordic Academic Press. p&lt;/ref&gt;

Dan Sweden Johan Gabriel Sparfwenfeldt, wanda ya ziyarci Algiers da Tunis a 1691, ya bayyana cikin tausayawa yadda ya sadu da magana da bayin Sweden da yawa waɗanda suka nemi taimakonsa don a sayo su kyauta su koma “gidajensu, zuwa ga ’ya’yansu, iyayensu da ƙasar gidansu” &lt;ref&gt; Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650–&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya lissafa sunayen 23 na Swedes sannan aka riƙe su a matsayin bayi &lt;ref&gt;.Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650–1770. Sverige: Nordic Academic Press. pp. 50&lt;/ref&gt;

Sweden ta yi ƙoƙarin kare jiragen ruwansu ta hanyar yin amfani da inshorar yaƙi da bautar, jerin gwano, yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, da kuma ci gaba da hulɗar abokantaka da ma'aikatan jirgin. ‘Yan uwansu kuma sun saye wadanda aka kama kyauta. Wannan ba kawai ya shafi bayi daga iyalai masu arziki ba: yawancin mata matalauta an san sun karbi kuɗi don siyan mazansu da 'ya'yansu kyauta. Lokacin da matashin jirgin ruwa Erik Persson Ångerman ya kasance bawa a Algiers bayan an kama shi daga jirgin Wibus daga Stockholm a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1725, ya aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga matarsa Maria Olssdotter ta hanyar abokin aikinsa Petter Wallberg (wanda aka saya kyauta kuma yana komawa Sweden) kuma ya gaya mata cewa ya &quot;zauna cikin bautar wahala&quot; a cikin Algi. Maria Olssdotter ba ta da kuɗi don siyan ’yancinsa, amma ta roƙi sarki ta hanyar gwamnan Gävle don neman kuɗi a tara a coci-coci don siyan mijinta bawa, kuma an amince da aikace-aikacenta; wannan ba wani sabon abu ba ne, domin an san yawancin mata matalauta sun yi haka&lt;ref&gt;Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650–&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650–1770. Sverige: Nordic Academic Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
Kusan duk 'yan Sweden da Finn da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suka kama a teku ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ne. Tsakanin kimanin 'yan kasar Sweden 500 zuwa 1000 'yan bautar sun kasance bayi a tsakanin 1650 da 1763&lt;ref&gt;Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650&lt;/ref&gt;

Daya daga cikin mutanen Sweden wadanda cinikin bayi na Barbary ya shafa shine Marcus Berg (1714-1761).,&lt;ref&gt;Berg, Marcus, Svensk slav i Marocko: en bearbetning av Beskrifning öfwer barbariska slafweriet uti kejsardömet Fez och Marocco i korthet författad af Marcus Berg, som tillika med många andra christna det samma utstådt tvenne år och siu dagar, och derifrån blifwit utlöst tillika med åtta stycken andra swenska den 30 augusti 1756, Textab, Arboga, 1993&lt;/ref&gt;

==Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka da Amurka==
Duba kuma: Barbary Wars
Babu wani hari na Barbary a Arewacin Amurka da Amurka daga baya. Sai dai 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka, sun kama Amurkawa da suka yi garkuwa da su tare da sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Tuni a cikin 1661, wani mawallafin tarihin ya rubuta &quot;na dogon lokaci a baya kasuwancin Massachusetts ya fusata da Barbary corsairs kuma da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suna cikin bauta.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Claudio 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Amurka, 'yan fashin teku sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1777, Sarkin Maroko Mohammed III ya bayyana cewa jiragen ruwa na sabuwar al'ummar Amurka za su kasance a karkashin kariya daga sultanate kuma ta haka za su iya jin dadin shiga cikin tekun Bahar Rum da bakin teku. Yarjejeniyar abokantaka ta Moroccan-Amurka ta tsaya a matsayin yarjejeniya ta abokantaka mafi tsufa da ba a karye a Amurka tare da wata ikon kasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt; Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts, Thomas Barclay 1728–1793: Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary, Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1787, Maroko ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka amince da ƙasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cohen Renews U.S.-Morocco Ties&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarun 1780, sanin cewa jiragen ruwan Amurka ba su da kariya daga sojojin ruwan Burtaniya, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun fara kame jiragen Amurka a tekun Bahar Rum. Da yake Amurka ta wargaza sojojin ruwanta na Nahiyar, kuma ba ta da karfin soji, gwamnatinta ta amince a shekara ta 1786 ta ba da yabo don dakatar da hare-haren.&lt;ref&gt; Fremont-Barnes 2006,&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 1794, bisa bukatar Shugaba George Washington, Majalisa ta kada kuri'ar ba da izinin gina manyan jiragen ruwa guda shida tare da kafa rundunar sojan ruwan Amurka, domin dakile wadannan hare-hare da neman karin kudi.&lt;ref&gt; Fremont-Barnes 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

{Asar Amirka ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi da dukkan jihohin Barbary, bayan da aka amince da samun 'yancin kai tsakanin shekarun 1786 zuwa 1794, don bayar da kyauta ta musanya ta barin 'yan kasuwan Amirka, kuma a shekara ta 1797, {asar Amirka ta biya dala miliyan 1.25 ko kashi biyar na kasafin shekara na gwamnati, sannan ta biya haraji.&lt;ref&gt;Fremont-Barnes 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Hare-haren Barbary a kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka ya kasance dalilin da ya sa Amurkawa suka shiga yakin Barbary.

==Rashin jituwa==

Wani balaguron sojan ruwa na Amurka karkashin Commodore Edward Preble yana shiga cikin jiragen ruwa da kagara a Tripoli, 1804
A cikin shekarun farko na karni na 19, Amurka, da ke kawance da kasashen Turai, sun yi yaki kuma suka yi nasara a yakin Barbary na daya da na biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku. Yakin sun kasance martani ne kai tsaye na kasashen Amurka da Birtaniya da Faransa da kuma Holand game da hare-hare da cinikin bayi da ‘yan fashin Barbary suka yi musu, wanda ya kare a shekarun 1830, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye yankin. Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary da kasuwannin bayi a tekun Bahar Rum ya ragu kuma daga ƙarshe ya ɓace bayan mamaya na Turai&lt;ref&gt;., David; Bradley, Keith; Engerman, Stanley L.; Cartledge, Paul (2011). The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521840682&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Papadopoulou, Nikoletta (2017). &quot;The narrative's 'general truth': Authenticity and the mediation of violence in Barbary captivity narratives&quot;. European Journal of American Culture. 36 (3): 209–223. doi:10.1386/ejac.36.3.209_1&lt;/ref&gt;
Bayan wani harin bam na Anglo-Dutch a 1816 na Algiers a ranar 27 ga Agusta, wanda Admiral Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth ya jagoranta, ya naƙasa yawancin jiragen ruwa na 'yan fashin teku, Dey na Algiers ya tilasta amincewa da sharuɗɗan da suka haɗa da sakin bayi 1,200 da suka tsira (mafi yawa daga Sardinia) da kuma bautar da su na Turai. Bayan da aka ci galaba a kansu a wannan lokacin da ake gwabza yaki tsakanin kasashen Turai da Amurka, jihohin Barbary sun koma koma baya,&lt;ref&gt;, David; Bradley, Keith; Engerman, Stanley L.; Cartledge, Paul (2011). The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521840682&lt;/ref&gt;

'Yan fashin Barbary sun ki daina ayyukan bautar da suke yi, wanda hakan ya haifar da wani harin bam da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy suka kai wa Algiers a shekara ta 1824. Faransa ta mamaye Algiers a shekara ta 1830, inda ta mayar da ita karkashin mulkin mallaka. Hakazalika kasar Faransa ta mamaye kasar Tunisiya a shekarar 1881. Tripoli ta koma karkashin ikon Ottoman a shekara ta 1835, kafin ta fada hannun Italiya a yakin Italiya da Turkiyya a 1911. Don haka, ’yan kasuwar bayi sun gano cewa dole ne su yi aiki daidai da dokokin gwamnonin su, kuma ba za su iya yin la’akari da yadda ake sarrafa kansu ba. An daina cinikin bayi a gabar tekun Barbary a ƙarni na 19 da na 20 ko kuma lokacin da gwamnatocin Turai suka zartar da dokokin da ke ba da 'yantar da bayi&lt;ref&gt;, David; Bradley, Keith; Engerman, Stanley L.; Cartledge, Paul (2011). The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521840682&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Horrors of slavery: or, The American tars in Tripoli. Containing an account of the loss and capture of the United States frigate Philadelphia; treatment and sufferings of the prisoners&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

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Kasuwar bayi na Algiers a farkon karni na 17.
Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya haɗa da kamawa da sayar da bayi na Turai a kasuwannin bayi a cikin jihohin Barbary na Ottoman (Arewacin Afirka). 'Yan fashin Barbary sun kama bayin Turawa a hare-haren bayi a kan jiragen ruwa na Barbary corsairs da kuma hare-hare a garuruwan bakin teku daga Italiya zuwa Ireland, gaɓar tekun Spain da Portugal, har zuwa arewacin Iceland da Gabashin Bahar Rum.

Gabashin Ottoman na Bahar Rum ya kasance wurin da ake fama da matsanancin fashin teku.&lt;ref&gt; Sultan's Admiral. the Life of Barbarossa&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa karni na 18, fashin teku ya ci gaba da zama &quot;barazana mai dorewa ga zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa a cikin Aegean&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Piracy and Redemption in the Aegean Sea during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya zo ƙarshe a farkon shekarun ƙarni na 19, bayan da Amurka da ƙawayen Turai na Yammacin Turai suka ci nasara a yakin Barbary na farko da na biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku kuma Faransa ta mamaye yankin, wanda ya kawo karshen kasuwancin a shekarun 1830.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Research Guides: Battle Studies, Country Studies, &amp; Staff Rides: Barbary Wars &amp; the Battle of Tripoli&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Second Barbary War: The Algerine War&quot;. UM Clements Library. Retrieved 2025-,&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria&lt;/ref&gt;

Galibin mutanen da aka kama ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma’aikatan jirgin da aka tafi da su da jiragen ruwansu, amma akwai masunta da kuma mazauna bakin teku da yawa da aka kama. Yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Bahar Rum, musamman daga Italiya&lt;ref&gt; The Sultan's Renegades: Christian-European Converts to Islam and the Making of the Ottoman Elite, 1575–1610&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;


==Yawan==

Turkawa da limami tare da bayi Kirista. Janairu, 1684.&lt;ref&gt;Diego de Haedo, Topografía e historia general de Argel, 3 vols., Madrid, 1927–29.&lt;/ref&gt;
Hukumomin Ottoman da na zamanin Ottoman ba su kiyaye bayanan hukuma da suka dace ba, amma masu lura da al'amura sun kiyasta cewa kusan bayi 35,000 na Turai ana gudanar da su a cikin karni na 17 a gabar tekun Barbary, a fadin Tripoli da Tunis, amma galibi a Algiers.&lt;ref&gt; Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-century Mediterranean World&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500–1650&lt;/ref&gt; yawancin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne (musamman waɗanda suke Ingilishi), waɗanda aka ɗauke su da jiragen ruwansu, amma wasu masunta ne da ƙauyen bakin teku. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Arewacin Afirka, musamman Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Eisenberg, &quot;¿Por qué volvió Cervantes de Argel?&quot;, in Ingeniosa invención: Essays on Golden Age Spanish Literature for Geoffrey L. Stagg in Honor of his Eighty-Fifth Birthday, Newark, Delaware, Juan de la Cuesta, 1999, ISBN 978-0936388830, pp. &lt;/Ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Robert Davis, marubucin Bawan Kirista, Malaman Musulunci, ya yi kiyasin cewa masu sayar da bayi daga Tunis, Algiers, da Tripoli sun kai Turawa bayi miliyan 1 zuwa miliyan 1.25 zuwa Arewacin Afirka, tun daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18.&lt;ref&gt; Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; &quot;When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Don fitar da lambobinsa, Davis ya ɗauka cewa adadin bayin Turawa da ƴan fashin teku Barbary suka kama ya kasance a kai a kai na tsawon shekaru 250.[&lt;ref&gt;&quot;New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804&lt;/ref&gt;
Wasu masana tarihi sun kalubalanci lambobin Davis.[&lt;ref&gt;&quot;New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;


Ana sayar da fursunonin Kirista a matsayin bayi a wani fili a Algiers. Janairu, 1684.
John Wright ya yi gargaɗin cewa ƙididdiga na zamani sun dogara ne akan ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan daga kallon ɗan adam.[&lt;ref&gt; ISBN&lt;/ref&gt; littafi na biyu na Davis, Holy War and Human Bondage: Tales of Christian-Muslim Slavery in the Farko-Modern Mediterranean, ya fadada hankalinsa ga bautar da ke da alaƙa.,&lt;ref&gt;Holy War and Human Bondage: Tales of Christian-Muslim Slavery in the Early-Modern Mediterranean&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga sansanonin da ke gabar tekun Barbary da ke arewacin Afirka, 'yan fashin tekun Barbary sun kai farmaki kan jiragen ruwa da ke bi ta tekun Mediterrenean da kuma yankunan arewaci da yammacin Afirka, inda suke kwashe kayansu tare da bautar da mutanen da suka kama. Daga akalla 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki a garuruwan da ke bakin teku da kauyukan Italiya, Spain, Girka, Ireland, da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara. A cikin 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kame tsibirin Ischia, yana ɗaukar fursunoni 4,000, kuma ya bautar da wasu 2,000-7,000 mazauna Lipari.,&lt;ref&gt;ISBN&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Majesty's Commission, State Papers (1849). King Henry the Eighth Volume 10 Part V Foreign Correspondence 1544–45. London: H.M&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1551, Ottoman corsair Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Maltese na Gozo, tsakanin 5,000 zuwa 6,000, ya aika da su zuwa Tripolitania Ottoman. A cikin 1554 ma'aikatan jirgin karkashin Dragut sun kori Vieste, suka fille kawunan 5,000 na mazaunanta, kuma suka sace wasu 6,000.&lt;ref&gt;Mercati, Angelo (1982). Saggi di storia e letteratura, vol. II. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e letteratura&lt;/ref&gt; An mamaye tsibirin Balearic a shekara ta 1558, kuma an kai mutane 4,000 bauta.,,&lt;ref&gt;Blood and Faith: the Purging of Muslim Spain&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1618 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya sun kai hari a tsibirin Canary inda suka kama mutane 1,000 don sayar da su a matsayin bayi.&lt;ref&gt;1980), The Canary Islanders : their prehistory, conquest, and survival, p. 236, Collings&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokatai, an yi watsi da ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore a Ireland bayan wani hari, amma an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci 466 ga 'yan fashin Barbary.[,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Asali==
Ƙarin bayani: Barbary corsairs
Satar fasaha na Arewacin Afirka ya samo asali ne sosai. Ya sami mahimmancin siyasa a cikin karni na 16, musamman ta hanyar Hayreddin Barbarossa, wanda ya hada Aljeriya da Tunisia a matsayin jihohin soja a karkashin daular Usmaniyya kuma ya ci gaba da samun kudaden shiga ta hanyar fashi. Tare da zuwan ƙungiyoyin Moorish masu ƙarfi a Rabat da Tétouan (1609), Maroko ta zama sabuwar cibiyar 'yan fashin teku da kuma ga sarakunan 'Alawī, waɗanda cikin sauri suka sami iko da jamhuriyar biyu kuma suka ƙarfafa satar fasaha a matsayin tushen kuɗi mai mahimmanci. A cikin karni na 17, 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya da Tunusiya sun hada karfi da karfe, kuma a shekara ta 1650 sama da 30,000 na wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su an daure su a Algiers kadai.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Barbary pirate | Definition, Dates, Significance, &amp; Wars | Britannica&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;North African Piracy on the Coasts of Spain in the Seventeenth Century: A New Perspective on the Expulsion of the Moriscos&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

An rubuta garuruwan da ke bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka a zamanin Romawa don kasuwannin bayi, kuma wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa zamanin da. Yankin Barbary ya karu da tasiri a karni na 15, lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta karbi ragamar mulkin yankin. Haɗe da wannan shi ne kwararowar Yahudawa Sephardi&lt;ref&gt; Gerber, Jane (1992). The Jews of Spain. US: The Free Press&lt;/ref&gt; da 'yan gudun hijirar Moorish, waɗanda aka kora daga Spain bayan Reconquista.

Tare da kariyar Ottoman da ɗimbin baƙi marasa galihu, ba da daɗewa ba bakin teku ya zama sananne ga fashin teku. Ma’aikatan jirgin da aka kama ko dai sun kasance bayi ne ko kuma an yi musu fansa. Tsakanin 1580 zuwa 1680, akwai a Barbary kusan 15,000 masu kishin addini, Kiristoci na Turai waɗanda suka musulunta. Rabin kyaftin din corsair sun kasance ’yan tawaye. Wasu daga cikinsu bayi ne da suka musulunta, amma yawancinsu ba su taba zama bayi ba kuma sun zo arewacin Afirka suna neman dama.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;BBC – History – British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tasowarsu==

Hare-haren da 'yan fashin teku suka kai domin sayen bayi ya faru a garuruwa da kauyukan da ke gabar tekun Atlantika na Afirka, da kuma a Turai. Daga kimanin shekara 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwan da ke bakin teku da kauyukan Italiya, Spain, Girka, Ireland, da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara, kuma wadannan hare-haren sun kai a karshen karni na 19. Robert Davis ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 1 zuwa miliyan 1.25 na Turai 'yan fashi sun kama kuma sun sayar da su a matsayin bayi a Tunis, Algiers da Tripoli a cikin wannan lokacin. Ba a haɗa cinikin bayi a Turai a wasu sassan Tekun Bahar Rum a cikin wannan kiyasin. Duk da haka, wasu masana tarihi irin su David Earle sun yi tambaya game da kiyasin Robert Davis cewa: &quot;Alkalumansa sun yi kadan kuma ina tsammanin yana iya yin karin gishiri.&quot;[&lt;ref&gt;&quot;When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Accetturo, Antonio; Cascarano, Michele; de Blasio, Guido (2024). &quot;Pirate attacks and the shape of the Italian urban system&quot;. Regional Science and Urban Economics. 108 (104035). Bibcode:2024RSUE..108j4035A.&lt;/ref&gt;
Shahararrun bayanan hare-haren bayi na Barbary sun hada da ambato a cikin littafin diary na Samuel Pepys da wani hari da aka kai a kauyen Baltimore da ke gabar teku a Ireland, inda 'yan fashin suka bar tare da daukacin mazauna wurin. Wani kaftin dan kasar Holland Jan Janszoon van Haarlem wanda aka fi sani da Murad Reis the Younger ne ya jagoranci harin. Janszoon kuma ya jagoranci harin 1627 akan Iceland. Kimanin mutane 50 aka kashe kuma an kama kusan 400 aka sayar da su cikin bayi&lt;ref&gt;  &quot;Hvaða heimildir eru til um Tyrkjaránið?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; irin wadannan hare-hare a tekun Bahar Rum sun kasance akai-akai kuma suna da barna sosai har bakin tekun tsakanin Venice da Malaga&lt;ref&gt; &quot;BBC – History – British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ya sha fama da raguwar yawan jama'a, kuma an yanke kauna a wurin. Hasali ma an ce: “Ba wanda ya rage ya kama”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;BBC – History – British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Long-run consequences of the pirate attacks on the coasts of Italy&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;White, Joshua M. (2017). Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9781503603929.&lt;/ref&gt;
A shekara ta 1627, ƙungiyar da aka fi sani da Salé Rovers, daga Jamhuriyar Salé (yanzu Salé a Maroko) ta mamaye Lundy na tsawon shekaru biyar. Wadannan ’yan fashin Barbary, karkashin jagorancin Janszoon, sun tashi da tutar Ottoman a kan tsibirin. Barbary Pirates ne suka kai hare-hare daga Lundy, kuma an kama Turawan da aka kama a Lundy kafin a tura su Algiers don sayar da su a matsayin bayi.&lt;ref&gt;  Milton (2005). White Gold: The Forgotten Story of North Africa's One Million European Slaves. Hodder &amp; Stoughton. ISBN 978-0340895092&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pirates who got away with it&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Piracy: the complete history&lt;/ref&gt; ,&lt;ref&gt;
Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 561. ISBN 978-0198201717.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;About this Collection – Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606–1827&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Milton 2005, p. 267&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bauta kafofin ta al'umma==
Tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa farkon karni na 19, cinikin bayi na Barbary a kudu da yammacin Turai na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin bayi na Turawa zuwa Daular Usmaniyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, dayan kuma shine cinikin bayi na Crimea na zamani a Gabashin Turai.

Sojojin Barbary sun kai hari a kasashe daban-daban a Kudancin da Yammacin Turai, da kuma Amurka. Wasu daga cikin al'ummomin dai an kai musu hari ne ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma aka kai hare-haren bayi a kasa. Kowace al'umma na da manufofinta don magance wannan batu, kuma gwamnatoci daban-daban na Turai sun ci gaba da tattaunawa da jihohin Barbary don biyan kudin fansa ga fursunonin da aka kama, da hana kai hari kan jiragen ruwa ko kai farmaki a kan iyakokinsu.&lt;ref&gt; Jeremy Black: A Brief History of Slavery: A New Global History&lt;/ref&gt; fara kai hare-hare da makami ne a karni na sha shida, lokacin da kasashen Ottoman da suke a yau, Aljeriya, Tunisia da Libya suka zama jahohin 'yan damfara masu zaman kansu wadanda suka rayu a bara, kuma sun ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na sha tara, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya ta zamani,,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pirate attacks and the shape of the Italian urban system&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; . Tun daga karni na 16 zuwa karshen karni na 18, 'yan fashin tekun da suka kaddamar da hare-hare daga gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka sun kai farmaki kan yankunan gabar tekun Italiya (musamman a kudu maso yamma). Don kare kansu, mutanen da ke yankunan bakin teku sun ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa zuwa wurare masu tsaunuka da tuddai. Tasirin dogon lokaci na waɗannan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku ya ci gaba har tsawon ƙarni zuwa 20th.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Long-run consequences of the pirate attacks on the coasts of Italy&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Biritaniya da Ireland==
'Yan fashin Barbary Corsairs ne suka kai wa Biritaniya da Ireland hari a cikin teku amma kuma ta hanyar kai hare-hare a kan kasa. Tekun Irish ya yi kaurin suna saboda 'yan fashin Barbary suna yawan zuwa, duk da cewa mafi yawan wadanda aka kama daga tsibirin Biritaniya ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa a kusa da Bahar Rum.

A cikin 1620-1621, gwamnatin James VI da ni mun yi doguwar tattaunawa don hana kai hare-hare, amma ba mu yi nasara ba.,&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Black: A Brief History of Slavery: A New Global History&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarun 1620 da 1640, yankunan Cornwall da Devon a Ingila, da kuma Kudancin Ireland, sun fuskanci hare-hare daga Barbary corsairs, wadanda suka kai farmaki a bakin tekun bayan sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa a wajen gabar tekun.

Wataƙila mafi shaharar tarihi na hare-haren bayi na Burtaniya da Irish shine buhun Baltimore da corsairs daga Algiers suka yi a kan ƙauyen Baltimore na gabar teku a Yammacin Cork a Ireland a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1631, wanda shine hari mafi girma na bayi da 'yan kasuwar Barbary suka yi a Ireland&lt;ref&gt;Fadó Fadó: More Tales of Lesser-Known Irish History&lt;/ref&gt; ],&lt;ref&gt; Capp, B. (2022). British Slaves and Barbary Corsairs, 1580–1750. Storbritannien: OUP Oxford. p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; biyu bayan buhun Baltimore na 1631, wani hari da bayi ya kai wa kauyen Dungarvan na Irish wanda ya yi sanadin kama mutane kusan hamsin.&lt;ref&gt;Pirate Utopias: Moorish Corsairs &amp; European Renegadoes&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingila ta ba da wakilai zuwa Arewacin Afirka don sayen 'yan Ingila, wadanda ake tsare da su a matsayin bayi. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 1640, lamarin ya yi tsanani har aka kafa kwamitin gwamnati, kwamitin Algiers, don dawo da bayin Ingila daga Aljeriya.&lt;ref&gt;Barbary Pirates and English Slaves&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1643, an kai matuƙan jirgin ruwa da yawa daga Biritaniya a matsayin bayi zuwa Aljeriya har gwamnatin Ingila ta yi kira da a tattara kuɗin fansa na ƙasa daga dukan majami'un da ke masarautar don a sami damar siyan su kyauta.&lt;ref&gt;Milton, G. (2012). White Gold. Storbritannien: John Murray&lt;/ref&gt; Sayen bayi mata ya fi tsada fiye da mayar da bayi.&lt;ref&gt;
Milton, G. (2012). White Gold. Storbritannien: John Murray&lt;/ref&gt;
Daga cikin mutanen Burtaniya da aka kashe a cinikin bayi na Barbary akwai Helen Gloag, Lalla Balqis, Elizabeth Marsh da Thomas Pellow, wadanda aka kama su daga jiragen ruwa[&lt;ref&gt;Barbary Captives: An Anthology of Early Modern Slave Memoirs by Europeans in North Africa. (2022). US: Columbia University Press. [ISBN missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Liisberg, H. C. B. (2020). Danmarks søfart og søhandel. Bind 1. Danmark: SAGA &lt;/ref&gt;

==Denmark - Norway==
Danmark – Barbary corsairs sun kai wa Norway hari a kan teku da kuma hare-haren bayi.

Tsibirin Faroe, wanda na Denmark ne, an fuskanci hare-haren bayi daga Barbary corsairs a ƙarni na 16 da 18. A shekara ta 1607, 'yan Barbary sun kai farmaki a tsibirin Faroe inda suka yi garkuwa da mutane da yawa don bauta.&lt;ref&gt;Liisberg, H. C. B. (2020). Danmarks søfart og søhandel. Bind 1. Danmark: SAGA &lt;/ref&gt;

Shahararriyar hare-haren bayi da aka kai a tsibirin Faroe shi ne farmakin da bayi suka kai a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1629, inda aka yi garkuwa da mutane talatin zuwa bauta, inda ba su dawo ba&lt;ref&gt;.Andreas Christian Andersen (1895). Faerøerne, 1600–1709 (in Danish). New York Public Library. G. E. C. Gad. &lt;/Ref&gt;

Yaƙin Danish-Algerian daga 1769 zuwa 1772 tsakanin Denmark-Norway da Deylik na Algiers ya faru a wani bangare saboda fashin teku na Barbary akan jiragen ruwan Danish-Norwegian, waɗanda aka siyar da ma'aikatansu zuwa bauta.

Daga cikin mutanen Danish da aka kashe a cinikin bayi na Barbary har da Hark Olufs.&lt;ref&gt;Slave Memoirs by Europeans in North Africa. (2022). US: Columbia University Press. [ISBN missing]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Iceland==
Iceland ya yi wa Iceland ta hare hare-hare da kuma Corsade. A cikin 1607, Iceland ya kawo karshen Iceland ta da coseland wanda ya sace mutane da yawa zuwa bayi. &lt;Ref&gt;Weiss, G. (2011). Captives and Corsairs: France and Slavery in the Early Modern Mediterranean. US: Stanford University&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahararrun shahararrun bararrun kance a kan Iceland shine smatsawatun Turkiyya da ta faru a lokacin rani na 1627. &lt;Ref&gt; Þorsteinn Helgason. &quot;Hvaða heimildir eru til um Tyrkjaránið?&quot;. Vísindavefurinn (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2020-12-06.&lt;/ref&gt; kimanin mutane 400 aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi, &lt;ref&gt;Þorsteinn Helgason. &quot;Hvaða heimildir eru til um Tyrkjaránið?&quot;. Vísindavefurinn (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2020-12-06.&lt;/ref&gt;Wadanda mutane 50 kawai suka dawo daga baqin fansa, 9 zuwa &lt;ref&gt; &quot;Hvað gerðist í Tyrkjaráninu?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
&quot;Hvaða heimildir eru til um Tyrkjaránið?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Daga cikin cutar Icelandic wanda ke fama da kasuwancin bayi ya kasance 'ólafur Egilsson. &lt;Ref&gt;
Barbary Captives: An Anthology of Early Modern Slave Memoirs by Europeans in North Africa. (2022). US: Columbia University Press. [ISBN missing]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Italiya==
Italiya ta kasance, tare da Spain, daya daga cikin kasashen da ya fi shafa da ya fi shafa a cikin mahallin Barrary Clos Charsha Harajada. Baya daga cikin hare-hare a kan jiragen ruwa na Italiya, an yi hare-hare da yawa a bakin kasar Italiyawa da coars a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17.
,&lt;Ref&gt;Peyronel Rambaldi, S. (2021). Giulia Gonzaga: A Gentlewoman in the Italian&lt;/ref&gt;
Italiya, wanda bayan 1550s ya mamaye 1550s wanda kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ottoman ta mamaye harin bayi, saboda yawan bashin da aka yi rauni, kuma da sojojinta suka yi rauni, kuma da sojojinta suka yi rauni a bakin tekun Italiya. &lt;Ref&gt;Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. (2003). Storbritannien: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 455&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda ke Spain, hare-hare na bayi sun haifar da watsi da bakin tekun da tsibiran da suka watsar, da masunta a cikin jirgin, kuma &lt;ref&gt;Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. (2003). Storbritannien: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 455&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Peyronel Rambaldi, S. (2021). Giulia Gonzaga: A Gentlewoman in the Italian Reformation. Italien: Viella Libreria Editrice. p. &lt;/Ref&gt;
,&lt;Ref&gt;Peyronel Rambaldi, S. (2021). Giulia Gonzaga: A Gentlewoman in the Italian Reformation. Italien: Viella Libreria Editrice. p. 73&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;&quot;The mysteries and majesties of the Aeolian Islands&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Malta==
Malta ta hare Matar hare-hare ta murjushi. A cikin 1551, Turgut Reis da Sinan Pasha ya sace tsibiran Malta da Gozo, &lt;ref&gt;Konstam, A. (2016). The Barbary Pirates 15th–17th Centuries. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 18&lt;/ref&gt; Da yawan 'yan Gozo ne, an sayar da su a Libya. &lt;Ref&gt;Lando, S. (2010). Europas tungomål I/II. Sverig&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Davis, Robert, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500&lt;/ref&gt;
,&lt;Ref&gt;Black, J. (2011). A Brief History of Slavery. Storbritannien: Little, Brown Book&lt;/ref&gt; ,&lt;ref&gt;Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. (2003). Storbritannien: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Black, J. (2011). A Brief History of Slavery. Storbritannien: Little, Brown Book &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
Slave Memoirs by Europeans in North Africa. (2022). US&lt;/ref&gt;

==Netherlands==
Hare harin bawa da aka yi a bakin iyakar Netherlands. Jirgin ruwan Dutch sun kasance duk da haka akai akai-akai manufa ga cosair pirates. Gwamnatin Dutch ta ba da damar siyan 'yan kasa da Dutch za ta sayi' yan ƙasa na Dutch da kuma ya wa'azin a Arewacin Afirka. A gwargwadon rahoto na Dutch a gwargwadon iko a tsakanin mafi girman farashi, kuma murjushi sun bukaci farashin daga gare su fiye da sauran Turawa da yawa. &lt;Ref&gt;Auchterlonie, P. (2012). Encountering Islam: Joseph Pitts: An English Slave in 17th-century Algiers and Mecca. Storbritannien: Arabian &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804&lt;/ref&gt;

==Portugal==
An kuma sanya yankuna na Fortugal sun kasance suna kan hare-haren bakin teku da bargary pires.

A cikin 1617, muryar da aka gudanar daga Algeria ta gudanar da buhu na Madeira, a lokacin da suka jefa tsibirin Portuguese sannan suka sace wa mazaunanta. &lt;Ref&gt;White Women Captives in North Africa: Narratives of Enslavement, 1735-1830&lt;/ref&gt; Harin ya faru ne a lokacin tsayin bautar a kan Barkary Coast. Madeira ya kasance a wannan lokacin wani bangare ne na kungiyar Iberian ta jagorance ta da laifin Spain.
&lt;Ref&gt;The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II: Volume II&lt;/ref&gt;

==Spaniya==
Kasar Spain dai na daya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi fama da matsalar hare-haren 'yan ta'adda a duk nahiyar Turai. Dukansu jiragen ruwa na Sipaniya da kuma bakin teku sun fuskanci hare-hare daga ma'aikatan jirgin daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa gaba.

Dakarun kasar Tunis sun fi kai farmaki kan teku da gabar tekun Italiya da Girka, yayin da Corsair na Algiers da Maroko ke yawan zuwa ruwa da gabar tekun Spain da yammacin Turai.&lt;ref&gt;
Tinniswood, A. (2011). Pirates Of Barbary: Corsairs, Conquests and Captivity in the 17th-Century Mediterranean. Storbritannien: Random House. p. &lt;/Ref&gt;
An fara kai farmakin bayi a Spain a farkon ƙarni na 16. Buhun Cullera a Spain a kan Tekun Bahar Rum, ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1550, lokacin da babban hafsan Ottoman Dragut ya sauka a Cullera, Valencia kuma ya kori birnin yana kwashe mazauna da yawa cikin bauta. Dragut ya kai wa Cullera hari da dare tare da mutane 300.&lt;ref&gt; Guerras de mar del emperador Carlos V&lt;/ref&gt; ya kori birnin, ya kwace kayayyaki daga hannun mutane kuma ya kwashe kusan dukkan mazauna birnin a matsayin bayi.&lt;ref&gt; Iniciación a la historia de Oliva&lt;/ref&gt; ya ajiye mutanen da aka kama a cikin kogo kafin ya kai su kasuwar bayi a Algiers&lt;ref&gt;A Gross of Pirates: From Alfhild the Shield Maiden to Afweyne the Big Mouth&lt;/ref&gt;

Hare-haren bayi ya yi tsanani musamman a karni na 17, lokacin da barayin suka yi awon gaba da al'ummar kauyukan da ke gabar tekun Bahar Rum na Spain, inda suka bar manyan yankunan bakin teku suka zama marasa yawan jama'a.,&lt;ref&gt; Giles Milton: White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin 1637 misali, an kama mata da yara 315 daga garin Calpe&lt;ref&gt; Giles Milton: White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One&lt;/ref&gt; lokacin da ƙauyukan da ke bakin teku suka ƙazantar da jama'a, an tilasta wa kambin Mutanen Espanya haɓaka harajin kifi, nama, shanu da siliki don ba da kuɗin gina garu don kare gabar teku da hana mutane barin yankunan don samun mafaka a cikin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;Giles Milton: White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One&lt;/ref&gt;

Jirgin ruwan Spain ma abin ya shafa. A shekara ta 1667, an sace ma’aikatan ruwa da yawa daga lardunan Basque ta yadda waɗannan lardunan ba za su iya cika adadin ma’aikatan ruwa na tekun Spain ba.&lt;ref&gt;
Giles Milton: White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One&lt;/ref&gt;
Hare-haren bayi a Spain da Italiya sun lalata jama'a kuma sakamakon haka tattalin arzikin da ke cikin tekun Mediterrenean gabaɗaya.,&lt;ref&gt;Black, J. (2011). A Brief History of Slavery. Storbritannien: Little, Brown Book&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sweden da Finland==
Babu wani harin bayi da corsairs suka taɓa kai wa gaɓar tekun Sweden da Finland (wanda wani yanki ne na Sweden). Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa na Sweden da na Finlan sun kai hari da jiragen ruwa a tekun da ke wajen yammacin Turai da kuma cikin Bahar Rum.

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1662, babban ma'aji na kasar Sweden, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie ya sami wasikar daukaka kara daga wasu ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa takwas na kasar Sweden wadanda 'yan sanda suka yi garkuwa da su a teku kuma suna bautar da su a Algiers.&lt;ref&gt;Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650–1770. Sverige: Nordic Academic Press. p&lt;/ref&gt;

Dan Sweden Johan Gabriel Sparfwenfeldt, wanda ya ziyarci Algiers da Tunis a 1691, ya bayyana cikin tausayawa yadda ya sadu da magana da bayin Sweden da yawa waɗanda suka nemi taimakonsa don a sayo su kyauta su koma “gidajensu, zuwa ga ’ya’yansu, iyayensu da ƙasar gidansu” &lt;ref&gt; Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650–&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya lissafa sunayen 23 na Swedes sannan aka riƙe su a matsayin bayi &lt;ref&gt;.Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650–1770. Sverige: Nordic Academic Press. pp. 50&lt;/ref&gt;

Sweden ta yi ƙoƙarin kare jiragen ruwansu ta hanyar yin amfani da inshorar yaƙi da bautar, jerin gwano, yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, da kuma ci gaba da hulɗar abokantaka da ma'aikatan jirgin. ‘Yan uwansu kuma sun saye wadanda aka kama kyauta. Wannan ba kawai ya shafi bayi daga iyalai masu arziki ba: yawancin mata matalauta an san sun karbi kuɗi don siyan mazansu da 'ya'yansu kyauta. Lokacin da matashin jirgin ruwa Erik Persson Ångerman ya kasance bawa a Algiers bayan an kama shi daga jirgin Wibus daga Stockholm a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1725, ya aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga matarsa Maria Olssdotter ta hanyar abokin aikinsa Petter Wallberg (wanda aka saya kyauta kuma yana komawa Sweden) kuma ya gaya mata cewa ya &quot;zauna cikin bautar wahala&quot; a cikin Algi. Maria Olssdotter ba ta da kuɗi don siyan ’yancinsa, amma ta roƙi sarki ta hanyar gwamnan Gävle don neman kuɗi a tara a coci-coci don siyan mijinta bawa, kuma an amince da aikace-aikacenta; wannan ba wani sabon abu ba ne, domin an san yawancin mata matalauta sun yi haka&lt;ref&gt;Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650–&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650–1770. Sverige: Nordic Academic Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
Kusan duk 'yan Sweden da Finn da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suka kama a teku ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ne. Tsakanin kimanin 'yan kasar Sweden 500 zuwa 1000 'yan bautar sun kasance bayi a tsakanin 1650 da 1763&lt;ref&gt;Östlund, J. (2014). Saltets pris: svenska slavar i Nordafrika och handeln i Medelhavet 1650&lt;/ref&gt;

Daya daga cikin mutanen Sweden wadanda cinikin bayi na Barbary ya shafa shine Marcus Berg (1714-1761).,&lt;ref&gt;Berg, Marcus, Svensk slav i Marocko: en bearbetning av Beskrifning öfwer barbariska slafweriet uti kejsardömet Fez och Marocco i korthet författad af Marcus Berg, som tillika med många andra christna det samma utstådt tvenne år och siu dagar, och derifrån blifwit utlöst tillika med åtta stycken andra swenska den 30 augusti 1756, Textab, Arboga, 1993&lt;/ref&gt;

==Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka da Amurka==
Duba kuma: Barbary Wars
Babu wani hari na Barbary a Arewacin Amurka da Amurka daga baya. Sai dai 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka, sun kama Amurkawa da suka yi garkuwa da su tare da sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Tuni a cikin 1661, wani mawallafin tarihin ya rubuta &quot;na dogon lokaci a baya kasuwancin Massachusetts ya fusata da Barbary corsairs kuma da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suna cikin bauta.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Claudio 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Amurka, 'yan fashin teku sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1777, Sarkin Maroko Mohammed III ya bayyana cewa jiragen ruwa na sabuwar al'ummar Amurka za su kasance a karkashin kariya daga sultanate kuma ta haka za su iya jin dadin shiga cikin tekun Bahar Rum da bakin teku. Yarjejeniyar abokantaka ta Moroccan-Amurka ta tsaya a matsayin yarjejeniya ta abokantaka mafi tsufa da ba a karye a Amurka tare da wata ikon kasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt; Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts, Thomas Barclay 1728–1793: Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary, Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1787, Maroko ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka amince da ƙasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cohen Renews U.S.-Morocco Ties&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarun 1780, sanin cewa jiragen ruwan Amurka ba su da kariya daga sojojin ruwan Burtaniya, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun fara kame jiragen Amurka a tekun Bahar Rum. Da yake Amurka ta wargaza sojojin ruwanta na Nahiyar, kuma ba ta da karfin soji, gwamnatinta ta amince a shekara ta 1786 ta ba da yabo don dakatar da hare-haren.&lt;ref&gt; Fremont-Barnes 2006,&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 1794, bisa bukatar Shugaba George Washington, Majalisa ta kada kuri'ar ba da izinin gina manyan jiragen ruwa guda shida tare da kafa rundunar sojan ruwan Amurka, domin dakile wadannan hare-hare da neman karin kudi.&lt;ref&gt; Fremont-Barnes 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

{Asar Amirka ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi da dukkan jihohin Barbary, bayan da aka amince da samun 'yancin kai tsakanin shekarun 1786 zuwa 1794, don bayar da kyauta ta musanya ta barin 'yan kasuwan Amirka, kuma a shekara ta 1797, {asar Amirka ta biya dala miliyan 1.25 ko kashi biyar na kasafin shekara na gwamnati, sannan ta biya haraji.&lt;ref&gt;Fremont-Barnes 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Hare-haren Barbary a kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka ya kasance dalilin da ya sa Amurkawa suka shiga yakin Barbary.

==Rashin jituwa==

Wani balaguron sojan ruwa na Amurka karkashin Commodore Edward Preble yana shiga cikin jiragen ruwa da kagara a Tripoli, 1804
A cikin shekarun farko na karni na 19, Amurka, da ke kawance da kasashen Turai, sun yi yaki kuma suka yi nasara a yakin Barbary na daya da na biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku. Yakin sun kasance martani ne kai tsaye na kasashen Amurka da Birtaniya da Faransa da kuma Holand game da hare-hare da cinikin bayi da ‘yan fashin Barbary suka yi musu, wanda ya kare a shekarun 1830, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye yankin. Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary da kasuwannin bayi a tekun Bahar Rum ya ragu kuma daga ƙarshe ya ɓace bayan mamaya na Turai&lt;ref&gt;., David; Bradley, Keith; Engerman, Stanley L.; Cartledge, Paul (2011). The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521840682&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Papadopoulou, Nikoletta (2017). &quot;The narrative's 'general truth': Authenticity and the mediation of violence in Barbary captivity narratives&quot;. European Journal of American Culture. 36 (3): 209–223. doi:10.1386/ejac.36.3.209_1&lt;/ref&gt;
Bayan wani harin bam na Anglo-Dutch a 1816 na Algiers a ranar 27 ga Agusta, wanda Admiral Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth ya jagoranta, ya naƙasa yawancin jiragen ruwa na 'yan fashin teku, Dey na Algiers ya tilasta amincewa da sharuɗɗan da suka haɗa da sakin bayi 1,200 da suka tsira (mafi yawa daga Sardinia) da kuma bautar da su na Turai. Bayan da aka ci galaba a kansu a wannan lokacin da ake gwabza yaki tsakanin kasashen Turai da Amurka, jihohin Barbary sun koma koma baya,&lt;ref&gt;, David; Bradley, Keith; Engerman, Stanley L.; Cartledge, Paul (2011). The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521840682&lt;/ref&gt;

'Yan fashin Barbary sun ki daina ayyukan bautar da suke yi, wanda hakan ya haifar da wani harin bam da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy suka kai wa Algiers a shekara ta 1824. Faransa ta mamaye Algiers a shekara ta 1830, inda ta mayar da ita karkashin mulkin mallaka. Hakazalika kasar Faransa ta mamaye kasar Tunisiya a shekarar 1881. Tripoli ta koma karkashin ikon Ottoman a shekara ta 1835, kafin ta fada hannun Italiya a yakin Italiya da Turkiyya a 1911. Don haka, ’yan kasuwar bayi sun gano cewa dole ne su yi aiki daidai da dokokin gwamnonin su, kuma ba za su iya yin la’akari da yadda ake sarrafa kansu ba. An daina cinikin bayi a gabar tekun Barbary a ƙarni na 19 da na 20 ko kuma lokacin da gwamnatocin Turai suka zartar da dokokin da ke ba da 'yantar da bayi&lt;ref&gt;, David; Bradley, Keith; Engerman, Stanley L.; Cartledge, Paul (2011). The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521840682&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Horrors of slavery: or, The American tars in Tripoli. Containing an account of the loss and capture of the United States frigate Philadelphia; treatment and sufferings of the prisoners&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

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[[Siyasa na canjin yanayi|Manufofin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] suna da manyan tasiri ga canjin yanayi a duniya da [[Rage canjin yanayi]] ta duniya. Wannan shi ne saboda Amurka ita ce ta biyu mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya bayan China, kuma tana daga cikin ƙasashe masu yawan iskar gas ga kowane mutum a duniya. Gabaɗaya, Amurka ta fitar da fiye da tan tiriliyan na iskar gas, fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Fig. 4 {{!}} Scientific Data |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02041-1/figures/4 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana haɓaka manufofin canjin yanayi a matakin gwamnati na jihohi da na tarayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-21 |title=Federal Action on Climate |url=https://www.c2es.org/content/federal-action-on-climate/ |access-date=2020-02-26 |website=Center for Climate and Energy Solutions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta bayyana canjin yanayi a matsayin &quot;duk wani canji mai mahimmanci a cikin matakan yanayi na tsawon lokaci. &quot; Ainihin, canjin yanayi ya haɗa da manyan canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki, hazo, ko tsarin iska, da sauran tasirin, waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin shekaru da yawa ko fiye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-01-17 |title=Climate Change: Basic Information |url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climatechange/climate-change-basic-information_.html |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar da ke da mafi girman saka hannun jari na Amurka a rage sauyin yanayi ita ce Dokar Rage hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ta 2022.

[[Siyasa na canjin yanayi]] ta raba wasu jam'iyyun siyasa da sauran kungiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-04 |title=The Politics of Climate |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=Pew Research Center Science &amp; Society |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jam'iyyar Democrat tana ba da shawara don fadada manufofin rage sauyin yanayi yayin da [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] ke ba da shawara ga sauyin canji, rashin aiki, ko juyawa ga manufofin rage canjin yanayi na yanzu. A cikin 2025, gwamnatin Trump ta biyu ta ba da shawarar soke Dokar iskar gas a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa. Yawancin lobbying kan manufofin yanayi a Amurka ana yin su ne ta kamfanonin da ke adawa da rage hayakin carbon a fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cory |first=Jared |last2=Lerner |first2=Michael |last3=Osgood |first3=Iain |date=2020 |title=Supply Chain Linkages and the Extended Carbon Coalition |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/122459/1/Supply_Chain_Linkages_and_the_Extended_Carbon_Coalition.pdf |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=65 |pages=69–87 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12525 |issn=1540-5907 |s2cid=219437282 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

 
== Manufofin Tarayya ==
 

=== Dokar kasa da kasa ===
Amurka, kodayake mai sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, ba ta tabbatar da ita ba ko kuma ta janye daga yarjejeniyar. A shekara ta 1997, Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta kada kuri'a tare a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Byrd-Hagel cewa ba ma'anar Majalisar Dattijan ba ce ya kamata Amurka ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kyoto. A shekara ta 2001, tsohon mai ba da shawara kan tsaro na kasa Condoleezza Rice, ya bayyana cewa Yarjejeniyar &quot;ba ta dace da Gudanarwa ko Majalisa ba&quot;.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-a&amp;chapter=27&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2020-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003, [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] ta wallafa wani rahoto mai taken An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario da Tasirinta ga Tsaron Kasa na Amurka ta [[Peter Schwartz (futurist)|Peter Schwartz]] da Doug Randall. Marubutan sun kammala ta hanyar bayyana cewa, &quot;wannan rahoto ya nuna cewa, saboda yiwuwar mummunar sakamako, haɗarin canjin yanayi na kwatsam, kodayake ba shi da tabbas kuma mai yiwuwa karami, ya kamata a ɗaukaka shi fiye da muhawara ta kimiyya zuwa damuwa game da [[National security|Tsaro na kasa]] na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Peter |last2=Randall |first2=Doug |date=October 2003 |title=An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security |url=http://www.environmentaldefense.org/documents/3566_AbruptClimateChange.pdf |access-date=2007-09-08 |publisher=Environmental Defense |archive-date=2009-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114165815/http://www.environmentaldefense.org/documents/3566_AbruptClimateChange.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Majalisa ===
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003 kuma a watan Yunin shekara ta 2005, Dokar Kula da Yanayi ta McCain-Lieberman ta kasa jefa kuri'a a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=McCain-Lieberman Greenhouse Gas Legislation to Reduce Global Warming |url=http://www.nwf.org/globalwarming/senatevoteJune05.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028124251/http://www.nwf.org/globalwarming/senatevoteJune05.cfm |archive-date=2005-10-28 |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=[[National Wildlife Federation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kuri'un 2005, 'yan Republican sun yi adawa da Bill 49-6, yayin da' yan Democrat suka goyi bayan shi 37-10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Summary of The Lieberman-McCain Climate Stewardship Act of 2003 |url=http://www.c2es.org/policy_center/analyses/s_139_summary.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205131932/http://www.c2es.org/policy_center/analyses/s_139_summary.cfm |archive-date=February 5, 2012 |access-date=November 11, 2016 |publisher=Center for Climate and Energy Solutions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun shekara ta &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Kakakin Majalisar Democrat [[Nancy polosi|Nancy Pelosi]] ya sanar da cewa za ta kafa kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka don bincika dumamar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-01-18 |title=Pelosi Turns Up Heat On Global Warming |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pelosi-turns-up-heat-on-global-warming/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=[[Associated Press]], via [[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanata Joe Lieberman ya ce, &quot;Ina da zafi don yin wani abu. Yana da wahala kada a kammala cewa siyasar dumamar yanayi ta duniya ta canza kuma sabon yarjejeniya don aiki yana fitowa kuma yarjejeniya ce ta jam'iyya biyu. &quot;  Sanatoci Bernie Sanders (I-VT) da Barbara Boxer (D-CA) sun gabatar da Dokar Rage Magunguna ta Duniya a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2007. Matakin zai samar da kudade don R&amp;D a kan geologic sequestration na carbon dioxide (CO2), ya saita ka'idojin hayaki don sabbin motoci da kuma sabunta man fetur da ake buƙata don man fetur tun daga farko a cikin 2016, ya kafa ingancin makamashi da ka'idoji masu sabuntawa tun daga cikin 2008 da ka'idodin samar da wutar lantarki tun daga cikin 2016 don amfani da wutar lantarki, kuma buƙatar kimantawa na lokaci-lokaci ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa don tantance ko burin hayaki sun isa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2007 |title=Climate Change Bills of the 110th Congress |url=http://www.environmentaldefense.org/page.cfm?tagID=1075 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212000544/http://www.environmentaldefense.org/page.cfm?tagID=1075 |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |access-date=August 30, 2011 |publisher=Environmental Defense}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, lissafin ya mutu a cikin kwamitin. Wasu takardun kudi guda biyu, Dokar Kare Yanayi da Dokar Makamashi mai dorewa, waɗanda aka gabatar a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2013, suma sun kasa wucewa kwamitin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sanders, Boxer Propose Climate Change Bills |url=http://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-boxer-propose-climate-change-bills |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118051226/https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-boxer-propose-climate-change-bills |archive-date=January 18, 2020 |access-date=2015-10-10 |website=Sen. Bernie Sanders}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar Wakilai ta amince da Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro ta Amurka (ACES) a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2009, ta hanyar kuri'un 219-212, amma lissafin ya kasa wucewa a Majalisar Dattijai.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|'Yan Jamhuriyar Republican]] sun gabatar da lissafi ga Majalisa ta Amurka wanda zai hana Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) daga tsara iskar gas a matsayin gurbatawa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, EPA har yanzu tana kula da ka'idoji a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Regulation of Greenhouse Gases under the Clean Air Act |url=https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/sequence-events-leading-regulation-greenhouse-gases-through-epa.pdf |website=Center for Climate and Energy Solutions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, akwai 'yan majalisa 130 da aka zaba wadanda suka nuna shakku game da kimiyyar canjin yanayi.

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A matsayin jihar da ta fi yawan jama'a a Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=US States – Ranked by Population 2023 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/states |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; manufofin yanayi na California suna tasiri ga sauyin yanayi na duniya da [[Manufofin canjin yanayi na Amurka|Manufofin yanayi na tarayya]]. Dangane da ra'ayoyin masana kimiyya na yanayi, jihar California ta ci gaba da wuce dokar rage fitarwa.

[[California]] ta dauki matakai na doka da fatan rage haɗarin yiwuwar tasirin [[Canjin yanayi a California]] ta hanyar karfafawa da tsare-tsare don motoci masu tsabta, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da [[Gurbatar yanayi|Kula da gurɓataccen yanayi]] a masana'antu. A California, an haɓaka manufofin canjin yanayi ta bangarorin zartarwa da majalisa na gwamnatin jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bang |first=Guri |last2=Victor |first2=David G. |last3=Andresen |first3=Steinar |date=August 2017 |title=California's Cap-and-Trade System: Diffusion and Lessons |url=https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00413 |journal=Global Environmental Politics |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=12–30 |doi=10.1162/glep_a_00413 |issn=1526-3800 |s2cid=57559557 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin manufofi sun yi niyya musamman ga hayakin gas mai guba, wanda aka nuna don haɓaka yanayin zafi na duniya da karkatar da yanayin halitta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=ORD |date=2017-11-02 |title=Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/greenhouse-gases |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun dokokin yanayi a California shine Dokar Majalisar 32. Wannan muhimmin doka ya buƙaci 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a cikin tattalin arzikin California don rage hayakin gas zuwa matakan 1990 ta hanyar 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mastrandrea |first=Michael D. |last2=Inman |first2=Mason |last3=Cullenward |first3=Danny |date=2020-03-01 |title=Assessing California's progress toward its 2020 greenhouse gas emissions limit |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421519308018 |journal=Energy Policy |language=en |volume=138 |pages=111219 |bibcode=2020EnPol.13811219M |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111219 |issn=0301-4215 |s2cid=214213743 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudin ya kuma nada Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California (CARB) don tsara manufofi da hanyoyin don cimma burin.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt; CARB daga ƙarshe ta aiwatar da shirin ƙwanƙwasawa da kasuwanci na jihar, wani nau'in cinikin hayaki, irin wannan shirin na farko a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California Cap and Trade |url=https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Center for Climate and Energy Solutions}}&lt;/ref&gt; California ta sami damar kaiwa ga ƙaddamar da hayaki shekaru huɗu kafin jadawalin, a cikin 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cap-and-Trade Program {{!}} California Air Resources Board |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/cap-and-trade-program/about |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=ww2.arb.ca.gov |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315190441/https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/cap-and-trade-program/about |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:2022_Wind_and_solar_energy_generation_leaders_among_U.S._states_-_variable_width_bar_chart_-_IEA_data.svg|thumb|Kodayake Texas da California suna samar da mafi yawan iska + hasken rana na dukkan jihohi, wasu jihohi daban-daban suna samar da karin iska + haskakawar rana ''ga kowane mutum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;InsideClimateNews_20230309&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gearino |first=Dan |date=9 March 2023 |title=One State Generates Much, Much More Renewable Energy Than Any Other, and It's Not California / Here's a state-by-state tally of the leaders and laggards for wind, solar and other renewable energy in 2022. |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/09032023/inside-clean-energy-texas-renewables/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309165347/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/09032023/inside-clean-energy-texas-renewables/ |archive-date=9 March 2023 |publisher=Inside Climate News}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230309165418im_/https://insideclimatenews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/U.S.RenewablesChartICE01-700px.png archive of chart]) Gearino cites IEA as data source, crediting Paul Horn for a related bar chart. ● Population data from {{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Table 2: Resident Population for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306152218/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2023 |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
California (kasa ta biyar mafi girma a tattalin arziki a duniya) an dade ana ganin ta a matsayin majagaba na matakin jiha a al'amuran muhalli da suka shafi dumamar yanayi kuma ta nuna wasu jagoranci a cikin shekaru hudu da suka gabata [yaushe?]. A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002, Gwamna Gray Davis ya amince da AB 1493, lissafin da ke jagorantar Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Jiragen Sama ta California don haɓaka ƙa'idodi don cimma matsakaicin yuwuwar rage yuwuwar rage yawan iskar gas daga motoci. Yanzu dokar dumamar yanayi ta California, ta bukaci masu kera motoci su rage fitar da hayaki da kashi 30 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2016. Duk da cewa masu kera motoci sun kalubalanci ta a kotuna, goyon bayan dokar na karuwa yayin da wasu jihohi suka amince da irin wannan doka. A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2002, Gwamna Davis ya amince da wata doka da ke buƙatar Rijistar Ayyukan Yanayi ta California don ɗaukar matakai da ƙa'idodi don ba da rahoton ayyuka da kuma rarraba carbon a cikin gandun daji. (SB 812. Gwamna Davis ya amince da shi a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2002) California ta kira ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta haɗin gwiwa, wanda aka kafa a Hukumar Makamashi ta California, don haɓaka waɗannan hanyoyin da ka'idoji. A halin yanzu ma'aikata suna neman shigarwa akan tarin tambayoyin fasaha.

A watan Yunin shekara ta 2005, Gwamna [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] ya sanya hannu kan umarnin zartarwa yana kira ga raguwa a cikin hayakin gas na jihar: don rage hayakin GHG zuwa matakan 2000 nan da shekara ta 2010, don rage hayaki na GHG har zuwa matakan 1990 nan da shekara, don rage hayar GHG til kashi 80 cikin dari a ƙasa da matakan 1990 nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;S-3-05&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schwarzenegger, Arnold |author-link=Arnold Schwarzenegger |date=June 1, 2005 |title=Executive Order S-3-05 |url=http://static1.squarespace.com/static/549885d4e4b0ba0bff5dc695/t/54d7f1e0e4b0f0798cee3010/1423438304744/California+Executive+Order+S-3-05+(June+2005).pdf |access-date=6 December 2018 |publisher=Governor of California}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan da za su cimma wadannan manufofi sun hada da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na mota, da kuma bukatun makamashi mai sabuntawa a matsayin rabo na samar da wutar lantarki. Kungiyar Masana Kimiyya da ke Damuwa ta lissafa cewa nan da shekarar 2020, direbobi za su adana dala biliyan 26 a kowace shekara idan aka aiwatar da ka'idodin motoci na California a cikin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Climate Policy in the States: California |url=http://www.climatechoices.org/CA_Policies_Fact_Sheet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218033501/http://www.climatechoices.org/CA_Policies_Fact_Sheet.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-18 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta 200&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, Schwarzenegger da Majalisar Dokokin California sun cimma yarjejeniya kan AB32, [[Dokar Magance Dumamar Duniya ta 2006|Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya]]. Ya sanya hannu kan lissafin a cikin doka a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2006, yana cewa, &quot;Dole ne kawai mu yi duk abin da za mu iya don rage yawan dumamar duniya kafin ya makara... Kimiyya ta bayyana. Tattaunawar dumamar duniya ta ƙare. &quot; Dokar ta rufe fitar da iskar gas a California a matakan 1990 zuwa 2020, kuma ta kafa tsarin bayar da rahoto na tilas don saka idanu kan bin doka, wakiltar shirin farko da za a iya aiwatar da shi a duk fadin Amurka don rufe duk fitar da GHG daga manyan masana'antu wanda ya haɗa da azabtarwa don rashin bin doka. Ya buƙaci Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta Jiha ta kafa shirin don bayar da rahoto game da fitar da iskar gas a duk fadin jihar da kuma saka idanu da aiwatar da bin wannan shirin, ya ba da izini ga hukumar jihar don karɓar hanyoyin bin kasuwa  ciki har da kai-da-kasuwanci, kuma ya ba da damar tsawaita shekara guda na manufofi a ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman.  Ya zuwa yanzu, an ba da shawarar hanyoyin sassauƙa a cikin nau'ikan aikin da aka tsara don manyan nau'ikan ayyukan guda biyar. aikin carbon zai haifar da canji ta hanyar nuna cewa ya rage carbon dioxide da iskar gas. Nau'ikan aikin sun haɗa da: sarrafa turare, gandun daji, makamashi na gini, SF6, da kuma kama iskar gas.

Bugu da ƙari, a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba Gwamna Schwarzenegger ya sanya hannu kan SB 107, wanda ke buƙatar manyan kamfanoni uku na California - Pacific Gas &amp; Electric, Southern California Edison, da San Diego Gas &amp;amp;amp; Electric - don samar da akalla 20% na wutar lantarki ta amfani da hanyoyin sabuntawa ta 2010. Wannan ya rage lokacin da Gwamna Davis ya kafa a watan Satumbar 2002 don kara yawan tallace-tallace na makamashi mai sabuntawa 1% a kowace shekara zuwa 20% ta Shekarar  2017.

Gwamna Schwarzenegger ya kuma sanar da cewa zai nemi yin aiki tare da Firayim Minista [[Tony Blair]] na Burtaniya, da sauran kokarin kasa da kasa don magance dumamar duniya, ba tare da gwamnatin tarayya ba.

== Bayani game da doka ==
''Dubi Dokokin Zartarwa na Yanayi na California don cikakken bayani game da umarnin zartarwa da gwamnonin California suka sanya hannu wanda ke mai da hankali kan canjin yanayi.''

'Yan majalisa na California suna daga cikin shugabannin Amurka wajen aiwatar da manufofin canjin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-28 |title=California's Continuing Climate Leadership |url=https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2020/09/28/californias-continuing-climate-leadership/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=State of the Planet |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farawa a farkon 2000s, gwamnonin California sun sanya hannu kan umarni da yawa na zartarwa da suka mayar da hankali kan canjin yanayi. Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ta zartar da takardun kudi da yawa don aiwatar da canje-canje da ka'idojin da suka zama dole don cimma burin da aka tsara a cikin waɗannan umarnin zartarwa. Wadannan manufofi suna magance batutuwan a cikin ma'aunin hayaki, sufuri, sharar gida, da makamashi a California.

Wadannan sune jerin sanannun dokokin canjin yanayi a cikin tsari na lokaci:

* SB 1771 (2000) 
* SB 527 (2001) 
* SB 812 (2002) 
* AB 1493 (2002) 
* AB 1007 (2005) 
* AB 32 (2006) 
* SB 375 (2008) 
* SB 535 (2012) 
* SB 1204 (2014) 
* SB 1275 (2014) 
* SB 1383 (2016) 

== Ma'aunin fitarwa ==
Canjin yanayi yana m&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; ne ta hanyar hanzarta yawan hayakin gas da ake sanyawa cikin yanayi ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate change widespread, rapid, and intensifying – IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr/ |access-date=2022-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don yaki da canjin yanayi, gwamnatocin ƙasa da jihohi a duniya suna gwagwarmaya don sarrafa matakan fitar da su. Kafa burin rage fitar da hayaki da kuma amfani da ingantaccen fasahar ma'auni na hayaki ya zama dole don rage hayaki da kiyaye bin diddigin ci gaba a duk lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2015-12-09 |title=Managing Air Quality – Emissions Measurement |url=https://www.epa.gov/air-quality-management-process/managing-air-quality-emissions-measurement |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da rahoton IPCC na Shekarar  2022, duniya tana buƙatar rage hayakin ta a rabi nan da shekara ta 2030 don iyakance dumama zuwa 1.5o Celsius.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The evidence is clear: the time for action is now. We can halve emissions by 2030. – IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/2022/04/04/ipcc-ar6-wgiii-pressrelease/ |access-date=2022-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar dokoki ta California tana mai da hankali ga muhimmancin rage hayaki tun daga shekarun 2000.

=== SB 1771 (a shekarar 2000) ===
Wannan lissafin ya kirkiro California Climate Action Registry, duk da haka wannan kungiyar ta rufe a hukumance a watan Disamba na 2010 kuma tana ƙarfafa membobinta su ba da rahoton fitar da su ga Climate Registry a maimakon haka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project Name |url=http://www.caclimateregistry.org/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.caclimateregistry.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SB 527 (A shekarar 2001) ===
An amince da SB 527 a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001, yana ba da izini ga Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California don sanya hukuncin gudanarwa maimakon hukuncin farar hula don keta ka'idojin [[Matsayin fitar da gurbatacciyar iska|Kula da gurɓataccen iska]], tare da iyaka na 10,000 a kowace rana da jimlar 100,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bill Text – SB-527 Air pollution. |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=200120020SB527 |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin a kafa wannan lissafin, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California dole ne ta dogara da aiwatar da hukuncin da suka yi na keta ka'idojin gurɓata iska ta hanyar matakin da Babban Lauyan ya dauka, yanzu za su sami ikon tantancewa da aiwatar da hukunci na gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bill Analysis |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana buƙatar Registry na Ayyukan Yanayi na California don yin rikodin raguwar fitar da iskar gas da hukumomin California suka yi bayan 1990, amma yawancin ayyukanta sun canza tare da wucewar SB 527 ciki har da; tabbatar da jama'a za su iya yin sharhi a kan tarurrukan jirgi, suna buƙatar ladabi don saka idanu da bayar da rahoton fitarwa don daidaitawa da ladabi na Hukumar Makamashi ta California, da kuma cire abin da ake buƙata don bayar da rahoton hayaki a duk ƙasar don mayar da hankali kan hayaki a cikin jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== AB 32 (A shekarata 2006) ===
A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2006, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ta zartar da AB 32, '''[[Dokar Magance Dumamar Duniya ta 2006|Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta 2006]]''' tare da burin rage hayakin gas na California (1.4% na hayakin duniya a shekara ta 2004) zuwa matakan hayakin 1990 ta hanyar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AB 32 Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 {{!}} California Air Resources Board |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/ab-32-global-warming-solutions-act-2006 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=ww2.arb.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakki na aiwatarwa, tilasta, da saka idanu kan ci gaba don cimma burin fitarwa an sanya shi a kan Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama ta California (CARB). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bill Analysis |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda sa hannun kungiyoyin shari'ar muhalli, ba a ba da umarni da tsarin fitar da kaya da kasuwanci ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sze |first=Julie |last2=Gambirazzio |first2=Gerardo |last3=Karner |first3=Alex |last4=Rowan |first4=Dana |last5=London |first5=Jonathan |last6=Niemeier |first6=Deb |date=2009 |title=Best in Show? Climate and Environmental Justice Policy in California |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/env.2009.0028 |journal=Environmental Justice |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=179–184 |doi=10.1089/env.2009.0028 |issn=1939-4071 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu goyon bayan adalci na muhalli suna ba da shawara don sauya yanayin tarihi na gurɓataccen zubar a kan BIPOC, ƙananan al'ummomin Hispanic da Latino.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Nathanael |date=2020-10-19 |title=The biggest fight over cap and trade isn't about what you think it is |url=https://grist.org/climate/the-biggest-fight-over-cap-and-trade-isnt-about-what-you-think-it-is/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Grist |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al'ummomin launi sun fi dacewa da rayuwa kusa da manyan masu gurɓata, waɗanda ke fitar da GHGs da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin iska da ke kewaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tessum |first=Christopher W. |last2=Apte |first2=Joshua S. |last3=Goodkind |first3=Andrew L. |last4=Muller |first4=Nicholas Z. |last5=Mullins |first5=Kimberley A. |last6=Paolella |first6=David A. |last7=Polasky |first7=Stephen |last8=Springer |first8=Nathaniel P. |last9=Thakrar |first9=Sumil K. |last10=Marshall |first10=Julian D. |last11=Hill |first11=Jason D. |date=2019-03-26 |title=Inequity in consumption of goods and services adds to racial–ethnic disparities in air pollution exposure |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=6001–6006 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.6001T |doi=10.1073/pnas.1818859116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6442600 |pmid=30858319 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu ba da shawara game da adalci na muhalli suna tabbatar da cewa shirin cap-and-trade ba ya buƙatar isasshen kariya ga al'ummomin da aka ware a tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=Is California's cap-and-trade program hurting the environment more than helping it? |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-03-22/what-has-california-cap-and-trade-accomplished |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, yana bawa shugabannin damar sassauci don yin aiki a kan batun duniya na canjin yanayi ba tare da magance batun yankin na gurɓata iska ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com&quot; /&gt;  

Saboda wadannan damuwa, yanke shawara game da wane tsarin zai fi tasiri an bar shi ga CARB, tare da bita da bita a kowace shekara biyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moghavem |first=Nuriel |date=2018-02-21 |title=The California Cap-and-Trade Program: A Model Policy for Promoting Environmental Justice Using Accountability for Reasonableness |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2017.1418935 |journal=The American Journal of Bioethics |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=57–59 |doi=10.1080/15265161.2017.1418935 |issn=1526-5161 |pmid=29466130 |s2cid=3488855 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya ba CARB isasshen sassauci na shirye-shirye don samun nasarar cika umarnin rage fitarwa. An cimma burin fitar da hayaki a cikin 2016, shekaru hudu kafin lokacin da aka ƙayyade na 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2019 California Green Innovation Index {{!}} Next 10 |url=https://www.next10.org/publications/2019-gii |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=www.next10.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don cimma burin rage fitarwa, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California ta karɓi dokoki iri-iri ciki har da tsare-tsaren sufuri mai kyau, rage sharar gida, shirin cap-and-trade, amfani da sabuwar fasahar inganta makamashi da fadada albarkatun makamashi mai sabuntawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

Gas din da AB 32 ke niyya sun hada da:

* [[Carbon dioxide]]
* [[Methane]]
* Nitrous oxide
* Hydrofluorocarbons
* Perfluorocarbons
* Sulfur hexafluoride
* Nitrogen trifluoride (ba a haɗa shi a cikin shirin binciken AB na asali ba amma daga baya aka jera shi a matsayin iskar gas ta hanyar doka) &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

An sabunta burin fitar da hayaki na AB 32 zuwa manufa mai tsauri bayan Dokar Zartarwa B-16-12 da B-30-15. Sabili da haka, sabuntawa na Shirin Scoping na AB 32 suna ci gaba da gabatar da sabbin matakai don rage hayakin gas har ma da ƙari.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[California Air Resources Board]] |date= |title=Assembly Bill 32 – California Global Warming Solutions Act |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |access-date=2018-11-18 |website=www.arb.ca.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana tattara kudade don aiwatar da AB 32 daga masu fitar da iskar gas. Wannan ya haɗa da kusan masu biyan kuɗi 250 daga masu gurɓata kamar su tashoshin wutar lantarki, masu tsabtace mai, shuke-shuke na siminti, da sauran manyan masana'antu. Bugu da kari, kudaden shiga da aka tattara daga izinin siyarwa ga masu fitar da iskar gas ta hanyar tsarin cap-and-trade ana amfani da su don tallafawa shirye-shirye a karkashin AB 32.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

==== Shirin Bincike ====
Ci gaban shirin kewayawa shine babban abin da ake buƙata na [[Dokar Magance Dumamar Duniya ta 2006|AB 32]], wanda shine lissafin da ke kira ga California don rage hayakin gas zuwa matakan 1990 nan da shekarar 2020. Shirin da ake buƙata an yi niyya ne don tsara hanyar da California za ta ɗauka don rage hayakin gas. Cikakken tsarin ya haɗa da sabbin matakan da ke akwai a kusan kowane bangare na tattalin arzikin California.

Shirin farko na AB 32 ya haɗa da jerin shawarwari waɗanda za su zama doka a cikin 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Board |first=California Air Resources |title=Timeline {{!}} AB 32 Scoping Plan Activities |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/timeline.htm |access-date=2018-11-18 |website=www.arb.ca.gov |language=en |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118122737/https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/timeline.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da aiwatar da shirin kai-da-kasuwanci kan hayakin carbon dioxide (wanda za a haɓaka tare da Yammacin Yanayi, don ƙirƙirar kasuwar carbon ta yanki) wanda zai buƙaci gine-gine da kayan aiki don amfani da karancin makamashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=2016 Building Energy Efficiency Standards Approved Computer Compliance Programs |url=https://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2016standards/2016_computer_prog_list.html |access-date=2018-11-18 |website=California Energy Commission |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yana buƙatar kamfanonin mai don yin man fetur mai tsabta, da kayan aiki don samar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na makamashi daga hanyoyin sabuntawa kamar iska, hasken rana da wutar lantarki kuma yana ba da shawarar fadadawa da ƙarfafa shirye-shiryen ingantaccen makamashi na yanzu. California's Renewable Portfolio Standard da aka kirkira a 2002 ta hanyar SB 1078, yana buƙatar masu samar da wutar lantarki su yi amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa don wani ɓangare na wutar lantarki, wanda a ƙarƙashin SB 100 ya karu zuwa 44% zuwa 2024, 52% zuwa 2027 da 60% zuwa 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2019 |title=California Climate Policy Fact Sheet: Renewables Portfolio Standard |url=https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Fact-Sheet-RPS.pdf |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Berkeley Law, University of California. Center for Law, Energy &amp; the Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin zai kuma karfafa ci gaban biranen da za a iya tafiya tare da gajeren tafiye-tafiye, jirgin ƙasa mai sauri a matsayin madadin tafiye-tarayyar iska, kuma zai buƙaci ƙarin motocin matasan don motsa kaya da mutane, biyo bayan aiwatar da dokar California Clean Car (ka'idodin Pavley). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=California's Greenhouse Gas Vehicle Emission Standards under Assembly Bill 1493 of 2002 (Pavley) |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccms/ccms.htm |access-date=2018-11-20 |website=California Air Resources Board |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

California ta kuma aiwatar da shirye-shiryen noma masu basira na yanayi ciki har da Shirin Kasa mai Lafiya, Shirin Gudanar da Manure, Shirin Kula da Yankin Aikin Gona mai dorewa, da Shirin Ingantaccen Ruwa da Ingantawa na Jiha, wanda duk suna da niyyar rage fitar da iskar gas mai ɗumi da aka samar daga aikin gona, wanda ya haɗa da kashi 8% na jimlar iskar gas da ke cikin jihohi da mafi yawan iskar nitrous oxide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Climate Smart Agriculture |url=https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Fact-Sheet-Climate-Smart-Ag.pdf |access-date= |website=www.law.berkeley.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, an aiwatar da Dokar Ka'idojin Gine-gine ta California a cikin 2009 da nufin rage kusan kashi 25% na hayakin gas na jihohi daga gine-ginen kasuwanci da na zama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CALGreen |url=https://www.dgs.ca.gov/BSC/Resources/Page-Content/Building-Standards-Commission-Resources-List-Folder/CALGreen |access-date=2020-08-25 |website=www.dgs.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, waɗannan ƙa'idodin inganci suna amfani ne kawai ga sababbin gine-gine ko gyare-gyare, suna barin gine-ginen da ke akwai su kasa cimma burin rage fitarwa na AB 32.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Building Energy Efficiency |url=https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Fact-Sheet-Building-Energy-Efficiency.pdf |access-date= |website=www.law.berkeley.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙarin matakai da yawa sun haɗa da cimma raguwar da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin AB 32. Wadannan sun hada da:

* Cikakken turawar shirin Million Solar Roofs.
* shirin taya mai inganci wanda ke saita ka'idoji don matsin taya da sayen maye gurbin taya
* Matakan ingancin makamashi da suka shafi ruwa; da
* ka'idoji da yawa don rage hayaki daga manyan motoci da jiragen ruwa da aka ajiye a tashar jiragen ruwa ta California.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Board |first=California Air Resources |title=Scoping Plan {{!}} California Air Resources Board |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scopingplan.htm |access-date=2018-11-17 |website=www.arb.ca.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani muhimmin fasalin shirin binciken shi ne cewa dole ne Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California ta sabunta shi kowane shekaru biyar. Wannan shi ne don haka California na iya ci gaba da rage hayakin gas yayin da gwamnati ta kafa ƙa'idodi masu tsauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan (kamar yadda aka gani ta Dokar Zartarwa B-16-12 wacce aka bayar a cikin 2012 kuma tana da niyyar rage hayakin 80% a ƙasa da matakan 1990 ta hanyar 2050). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=California |first=State of |title=Executive order B-16-2012 – Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. |url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/2012/03/23/news17472/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223140857/https://www.gov.ca.gov/2012/03/23/news17472/ |archive-date=December 23, 2018 |access-date=2018-11-17 |website=www.gov.ca.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana gudanar da bita na jama'a da yawa a duk lokacin da aka gabatar da sabon shirin, don hukumar ta sami ra'ayoyi daga jama'a kafin ta amince da shirin sabuntawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Board |first=California Air Resources |title=Scoping Plan {{!}} California Air Resources Board |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scopingplan.htm |access-date=2018-11-20 |website=www.arb.ca.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin ya amince da sabuntawa na farko ga shirin a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2014, kuma yana gina kan shirin binciken asali ta hanyar tsara sabbin shirye-shirye da shawarwari.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt; Sabuntawar ta gano yiwuwar saka hannun jari na sabbin kudade da ke akwai a cikin fasahar carbon mai ƙarancin carbon da sauran damar ci gaba da rage fitar da iskar gas a ƙasa da matakan 1990 a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa. Wadannan matakan da aka gabatar suna mai da hankali kan manyan bangarori tara ciki har da sufuri, ruwa, makamashi, kula da sharar gida, shirin cap-and-trade, ingancin makamashi na gine-gine masu zama da wadanda ba na zama ba, da kuma filayen halitta da na noma.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Sufuri ==
A cewar EPA, sufuri shine bangaren da ke da gudummawa mafi girma ga hayakin gas na Amurka, yana fitar da kashi 27% na jimlar ƙasar. Motoci suna gudana a kan burbushin man fetur da ke ƙone injunan konewa na ciki, don haka dokokin California suna fara ƙarfafa masu amfani su saka hannun jari a cikin sufuri mai tsabta wanda ke amfani da sabuntawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2015-12-29 |title=Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== AB 1493 (2002) ===
Shi ne lissafin magaji ga AB 1058, wanda [[Gwamna]] Gray Davis ya kafa a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002, kuma ya ba da umarnin cewa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin [[Kasuwancin carbon da ƙididdiga|sauka]] ta California (CARB) ta haɓaka da aiwatar da iyakokin iskar gas don motocin da suka fara a cikin shekara ta 2009. Daga baya, kamar yadda AB 1493 ya ba da umarni, CARB a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2004, ta amince da [[Tsarin mulki|ka'idoji]] da ke iyakance adadin iskar gas wanda za'a iya saki daga sabbin motocin fasinjoji, SUVs da manyan motoci da aka sayar a California a cikin shekara ta 2009. Masana'antar kera motoci ta kai karar, tana mai cewa wannan hanya ce kawai ta sanya ka'idojin iskar gas a kan motoci - filin da ka'idoji na tarayya suka riga sun hana. Binciken ma'aikatan CARB ya kammala cewa sabbin dokoki za su haifar da tanadi ga masu sayen motoci ta hanyar rage farashin man fetur wanda zai fi rage farashin farko na sabbin motoci. Masu sukar suna da'awar cewa waɗannan za su yi aiki ne kawai idan aka yi raguwa mai tsanani a cikin mota da girman motoci.

Ma'auni na California yana amfani da [[Matsakaicin dumamar yanayi|grams a kowace mil matsakaicin darajar CO]], wanda ke nufin cewa ana auna hayaki na iskar gas daban-daban don la'akari da tasirin su daban-daban akan canjin yanayi (watau matsakaicin 323 g / mi (200 g / km) a cikin 2009 da 205 g / mi (127 g / km), &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Kotun gundumar tarayya ta yanke hukunci a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2007, cewa dokokin jihohi da na tarayya na iya kasancewa tare, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA – CENTRAL VALLEY CHRYSLER-JEEP, INC. et al., Plaintiffs, v. James GOLDSTONE, in his official capacity as Executive Officer of the California Air Resources Board, Defendant, THE ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS, Plaintiff-Intervenor, SIERRA CLUB, NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL, ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE, BLUE WATER NETWORK, GLOBAL EXCHANGE, AND RAINFOREST ACTION NETWORK, Defendant-Intervenors. |url=http://www.foe.org/pavley/12.12.07_Pavley_Ruling.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529090755/http://www.foe.org/pavley/12.12.07_Pavley_Ruling.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-29 |access-date= |website=[[Friends of the Earth]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a ranar 19 ga Disamba، EPA ta musanta bukatar California don yin watsi da dokar ta, tana mai cewa hayaki na cikin gida ba shi da tasiri sosai ga dumamar duniya, kuma yanayin da ke cikin California ba su da &quot;mai tilastawa kuma na musamman&quot; kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EPA Rejects California's Greenhouse Gas Tailpipe Law |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2007/2007-12-19-04.asp |website=www.ens-newswire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; California ta yi niyyar kai karar EPA don tilasta sake dubawa, saboda abin da ya faru na ''Massachusetts v. EPA'', wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa carbon dioxide mai gurɓata iska ne wanda EPA ke da ikon tsarawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egelko |first=Bob |date=April 3, 2007 |title=Ruling helps California battle global warming / Supreme Court affirms that states can limit greenhouse gases, attorney general says |url=https://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Ruling-helps-California-battle-global-warming-2567153.php |website=SFGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, da Washington suma suna da sha'awar karɓar ƙa'idodin fitar da motoci na California.

=== SB 375 (2008) ===
Dokar Al'ummomi masu dorewa da Dokar Kare Yanayi ta 2008, wanda aka fi sani da SB 375, wanda ke buƙatar masu tsara birane su iyakance Yaduwar birane

=== SB 1204 (2014) ===
Wannan lissafin ya kirkiro shirin California Clean Truck, Bus and Off-Road Vehicle and Equipment Technology don tallafawa fasahar fitar da iska ta amfani da wasu daga cikin Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bill Analysis |url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1204 |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SB 1275 (2014) ===
Wannan lissafin ya kirkiro shirin Charge Ahead California Initiative tare da burin; sanya akalla motoci miliyan 1 masu fitar da iska da kusan fitar da iska a cikin sabis a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2023, musamman a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi don tabbatar da cewa waɗannan motocin &quot;zaɓin al'ada ne mai amfani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bill Analysis |url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1275 |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Shirin Karfafa Motar Man Fetur ====
Shirin Karfafa Motar Fuel na Sauran &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alternative Fuels Data Center: Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Parking Incentive Programs |url=https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/10393/ |website=afdc.energy.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; (wanda aka taƙaita a matsayin AFVIP, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alternative Fuel Incentive Program |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/altfuels/incentives/afip/afip.htm |access-date=September 3, 2010 |publisher=ARB.ca.gov }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka fi sani da Fueling Alternatives) Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California (CARB) ce ke tallafawa, wanda aka bayar a ko'ina cikin jihar California kuma Cibiyar California ta Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi mai dorewa (CCSE), wacce aka kafa tare da AB 118. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Center For Sustainability Energy |url=http://energycenter.org |access-date=September 3, 2010 |publisher=CCSE}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da jimlar dala miliyan 25  don inganta amfani da samar da motocin da za su iya gudana a kan madadin man fetur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ARB Public Meeting For Allocation of $25 Million |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/board/ma/2007/ma052407.htm |access-date=September 3, 2010 |publisher=ARB.ca.gov |archive-date=August 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817042819/http://www.arb.ca.gov/board/ma/2007/ma052407.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin waɗannan hanyoyin samar da makamashi sun haɗa da iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta hanyar motocin lantarki duk motocin lantarki na Plug-in (PHEV).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California Center for Sustainable Energy : Fueling Alternatives Rebate Countdown&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://www.energycenter.org/ContentPage.asp?ContentID=499&amp;SectionID=530&amp;SectionTarget=473 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531070350/http://www.energycenter.org/ContentPage.asp?ContentID=499&amp;SectionID=530&amp;SectionTarget=473 |archive-date=May 31, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California Center for Sustainable Energy : Fueling Alternatives&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://www.energycenter.org/ContentPage.asp?ContentID=473&amp;SectionID=508 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703123857/http://www.energycenter.org/ContentPage.asp?ContentID=473&amp;SectionID=508 |archive-date=July 3, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Cibiyar Bincike ta PHEV ====
An ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Bincike ta PHEV tare da kudade daga Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California. Fueling Alternatives sun hada da, a tsakanin wasu, Motocin Wutar Lantarki na Duniya, Vectrix da motocin ZAP. An kara motar lantarki ta Tesla Roadster ta 2008 da ZENN ta 2008 a cikin jerin motocin da suka cancanci sakewa a karkashin Fueling Alternatives  .[13]

==== Alamar sabbin motoci don sayarwa ====
Tun daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, duk sabbin motocin da aka siyar a California an buƙaci a lakafta su tare da takardar taga ta California Air Resources Board wanda ke nuna duka Smog Score da Global Warming Score. Sakamakon yana kan sikelin 1-10, tare da 5 kasancewa matsakaici kuma tare da 10 kasancewa mafi kyau (watau, fitar da mafi ƙarancin carbon dioxide). Bayanai sun fito ne daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka.

== Rashin da aka yi ==

=== SB 812 (2002) ===
An zartar da SB 812 a cikin Shekara ta  2014 yana buƙatar canje-canje ga [[California Department of Toxic Substances Control|Ma'aikatar Kula da Magunguna]] masu guba ta ba da izinin izini don wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari ciki har da; yana buƙatar masu mallakar kayan aiki masu haɗari su gabatar da aikace-aikacen Sashe na A da Sashe na B don sabunta izini aƙalla shekaru 2 kafin ranar ƙarewa na yanzu maimakon watanni 6 kawai, kuma yana buƙatar mai mallakar kayan aikin sharar gida mai haɗari ya gabatar da ƙididdigar ƙididdigatattun farashi da ke da ke da alaƙa da aikin gyara don sharar gida a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bill Analysis |url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB812 |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SB 1383 (A shekarata 2016) ===
SB 1383, wanda a hukumance ake kira California's Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Law, Gwamna Brown ya zartar da shi a cikin Shekara ta 2016 a matsayin ƙoƙari na rage hayakin methane da aka saki daga lalata sharar gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=California's Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Strategy |url=https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=CalRecycle Home Page |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Methane yana daya daga cikin sanannun gurɓataccen yanayi guda huɗu. Wadannan iskar gas ne wanda ke da ɗan gajeren rayuwa fiye da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi, amma suna da damar dumama duniya fiye da carbon dioxy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs) |url=https://www.ccacoalition.org/en/content/short-lived-climate-pollutants-slcps |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Climate &amp; Clean Air Coalition |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, methane yana da ƙarfi sau 28-34 fiye da carbon dioxide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Challenge {{!}} UNECE |url=https://unece.org/challenge#:~:text=Methane%20is%20a%20powerful%20greenhouses,are%20due%20to%20human%20activities. |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=unece.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabuwar dokar ta tsara yawan zubar da sharar gida da ceton abinci.

* Idan aka kwatanta da matakan a shekarar 2014, dokar ta ba da umarnin cewa dole ne a yanke zubar da sharar gida a cikin wuraren zubar da shara a rabi nan da 2020, da kuma 75% nan da 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SB 1383 Implementation |url=https://www.calcities.org/advocacy/policy-areas-and-committees/environmental-quality/sb-1383-implementation |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Default |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon ƙare a wurin zubar da shara, za a karkatar da sharar gida zuwa kayan kasuwanci ko wuraren narkewar anaerobic waɗanda za su kama methane da aka saki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;
* Don yaki da yawan abincin da ake ci wanda aka lalata a shagunan kayan masarufi da wuraren sabis na abinci, sabuwar dokar tana ba da umarnin cewa aƙalla kashi 20% na abincin da ake cinyewa za a ceto kuma a sake rarraba shi nan da shekara ta 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  
* Farawa a cikin 2022, ana sa ran duk yankuna za su samar da sabis na tattara sharar gida ga gidaje da kasuwanni da kuma jigilar sharar da aka tattara zuwa wuraren sharar gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== Makamashi mai sabuntawa ==

=== AB 1007 (A shekarar 2005) ===
Dokar Majalisar (AB) 1007, (Pavley, Babi na 371, Dokokin 2005) yana buƙatar Hukumar Makamashi ta California ta shirya shirin jihar don kara amfani da madadin man fetur a California (Shirin Man fetur).

An wuce SB 535 a cikin 2012. Kudin ya buƙaci cewa kashi 25% na kudaden da aka samo daga GGRF za a ware su ga GHG rage saka hannun jari wanda ya amfana da al'ummomin da ba su da wadata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Truong |first=Vien |date=2012 |title=California to direct clean energy funds to low-income communities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41806659 |journal=Race Poverty &amp; the Environment |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=29–30 |jstor=41806659}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani muhimmin sharadi shi ne cewa aƙalla kashi goma cikin dari na kudaden dole ne a saka hannun jari kai tsaye a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da wadata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; An sanya alhakin ganowa da gano al'ummomin da ba su da wadata a kan CalEPA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Truong |first=Vien |date=2014 |title=Addressing Poverty and Pollution: California's SB 535 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/hcrcl49&amp;i=525 |journal=Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=493–530 |via=HeinOnline}}&lt;/ref&gt; CalEPA ta kirkiro kayan aiki da ake kira [https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen CalEnviroScreen] don tsara waɗannan al'ummomin da kuma tantance wanda ya fi fama da talauci da kuma inda ya kamata a ba da gudummawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A cikin 2016 an wuce AB 1550 don fadada kan SB 535 da haɓaka buƙatun saka hannun jari na farko na 25% zuwa kashi 35.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tu |first=Chelsea |last2=Marcantonio |first2=Richard |date=2016 |title=A framework for equitable investment: lessons from the effort to ensure climate investments meet the needs of underserved and overburdened communities |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=eih&amp;AN=125216480&amp;site=ehost-live |journal=Berkeley Planning Journal |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=100–117 |via=EBSCOhost}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SB 100 (2018) ===
SB 100, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar 100 Percent Clean Energy Act of 2018, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=California's 100 Percent Clean Energy Act, Part 2 |url=https://www.nwcouncil.org/news/california-s-100-percent-clean-energy-act-part-2/#:~:text=Earlier%20this%20year,%20California%20passed,carbon%20energy%20supply%20by%202045. |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=www.nwcouncil.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; alama ce ta jajircewar California don bunkasa kayan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa don maye gurbin makamashi na burbushin. Babban burinta guda biyu sune:

* nan da shekara ta 2030, kashi 60% na duk makamashi da aka samar daga zai fito ne daga hanyoyin sabuntawa
* ta hanyar 2045,100% makamashi mai sabuntawa ga dukan jihar &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Ƙarin farashin iska da fasahar hasken rana ya sa waɗannan tushe biyu su zama babban abin da ake mayar da hankali ga kayan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa a duk faɗin California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Renewables' power ahead to become the world's cheapest source of energy in 2020 |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/renewables-cheapest-energy-source/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cap da kasuwanci ==
A cikin 2018, California ta kashe dala biliyan 1.4 da aka tara daga shirin ta na cap da kasuwanci don rage hayakin gas, daga dala biliyan 3.4 da aka kashe tun daga 2012; sanannun ayyukan sun haɗa da California High-Speed Rail da Clean Vehicle Rebate don motocin low-emission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Report: Cap-and-trade spending doubles to $1.4 billion in 2018 {{!}} California Air Resources Board |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/report-cap-and-trade-spending-doubles-14-billion-2018 |access-date=2019-10-14 |website=ww2.arb.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har zuwa 2021, ya kamata a yi amfani da kudaden don rage hayaki; duk da haka, a cikin wani ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi na 2019-2020, 'yan majalisa sun amince da shirin yin amfani da ƙwanƙwasawa da shirye-shiryen kasuwanci don ingancin ruwa, wanda ya haifar da tambayoyi game da haɗin da dumamar duniya.

=== Kasuwancin yanayi na California ===
Kasuwancin yanayi na California yana sanya albarkatun cap da cinikayya don aiki don rage hayakin gas, ƙarfafa tattalin arziki, inganta lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, da samar da fa'idodi masu ma'ana ga al'ummomin da suka fi talauci, al'ummomi masu ƙarancin kuɗi, da gidaje masu ƙaranci.

== Resilience da daidaitawa ==
A cikin 2020, Majalisar Kare Tekun ta fitar da Shirin Dabarun don Kare Tekun California. Wannan yarjejeniyar ta kafa shirin aiki na shekaru biyar tare da manyan manufofi huɗu kuma tare da ƙananan manufofi da yawa: ƙarfin canjin yanayi, samun dama ga teku da daidaito, bambancin halittu, da tattalin arzikin shuɗi. Manufofin sun haɗa da daidaitawa don tallafawa 3.5 feet na hauhawar matakin teku a shekara ta 2050, maido da kadada 10,000 na filayen ruwa a shekara ta 2025, da kuma [[Gudanar da ja da baya|Gudanar da koma baya]] ga gine-ginen jama'a da ababen more rayuwa. Shirin ya dogara ne akan hanyoyin samar da kudade na yanzu na shekaru biyu na farko, da kuma yiwuwar rabin biliyan daga cikin dala biliyan 4.75 da Gwamna [[Gavin Newsom]] ya jagoranta ga sauran.

Ko da yake California tana aiwatar da manufofi masu yawa na ragewa don rage fitar da iskar gas, tasirin da ya riga ya kasance na canjin yanayi yana ci gaba da tasiri a yankin. Ana iya ganin wannan daga gobarar daji, fari da ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mann |first=Michael E. |last2=Gleick |first2=Peter H. |date=2015-03-31 |title=Climate change and California drought in the 21st century |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=112 |issue=13 |pages=3858–3859 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503667112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4386383 |pmid=25829537 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabili da haka, jihar ta ba da sabuntawa na 2018 na Shirin Tsaro na California wanda ya tsara ayyukan da hukumomin jihar ke ci gaba da su sama da 300 don rage tasirin canjin yanayi akan ababen more rayuwa, lafiyar jama'a da tattalin arziki.

Wasu misalai na daruruwan ayyukan [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] da jihar ta kafa sun hada da:

* ingantaccen makamashi na gundumomin makarantun jama'a
* maye gurbin rufin don hana lalacewar da gobarar daji ta haifar
* saka hannun jari a cikin bincike kan tsarin tasirin canjin yanayi
* rage raunin wutar lantarki na birane zuwa raƙuman zafi
* Shirye-shiryen sake gina gandun daji
* sake daidaita manyan hanyoyi waɗanda mummunar lalacewar bakin teku ta shafa; da
* sabunta tsarin ban ruwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=California |first=State of |title=Safeguarding California {{!}} California Natural Resources Agency |url=http://resources.ca.gov/climate/safeguarding/#safeguard |access-date=2018-11-18 |website=resources.ca.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jerin lokaci ===
Wannan jerin lokuta ne wanda ya kunshi takardun rage fitar da iskar gas a halin yanzu a cikin doka a California: &lt;ref name=&quot;SB 32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SB-32 California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006: emissions limit |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=Bill Text – SB-32}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AB 197&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=AB-197 State Air Resources Board: greenhouse gases: regulations |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB197 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=Bill Text – AB-197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AB 32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assembly Bill 32 Overview |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |access-date=3 December 2016 |website=Assembly Bill 32 – California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Lokaci na ƙarshe
!Abin da ya kamata ya faru
!Bill
|-
|Yuni 2005
|Dokar Zartarwa ta California S-3-05 da Gwamna Arnold Schwarzenegger ya sanya hannu wanda ya kafa cikakken shirin rage iskar gas
|S-3-05
|-
|Satumba 2006
|AB-32 (Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta 2006) wanda Gwamna Arnold Schwarzenegger ya sanya hannu a cikin doka wanda ya kafa burin rage GHG na 2020.
|AB-32
|-
|Janairu 2008
|CARB ta karɓi Dokar Rahoton Dokar GHGs
|AB-32
|-
|Janairu 2009
|CARB ta amince da Shirin Gudanarwa
|AB-32
|-
|Janairu 2010
|Matakan mataki na farko sun fara aiki
|AB-32
|-
|A cikin shekara ta 2010
|CARB ta rubuta dokoki don karɓar ƙa'idodin GHG
|AB-32
|-
|Disamba 2010
|Lokaci na ƙarshe don rage hayaki na GHG zuwa matakan 2000
|S-3-05
|-
|Janairu 2011
|CARB ta kammala tsarin mulki don rage GHG
|AB-32
|-
|Janairu 2012
|Dokokin GHG da aka karɓa kuma aka aiwatar
|AB-32
|-
|Nuwamba 2012
|Farashin farko na kwata-kwata na hayaki na GHG a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Cap da Trade ya faru
|AB-32
|-
|Janairu 2013
|Shirin Cap da Kasuwanci ya fara
|AB-32
|-
|Satumba 2013
|CARB ta fitar da kudaden farko na carbon
|AB-32
|-
|Mayu 2014
|CARB ta amince da sabuntawa ta farko ga Shirin Scoping
|AB-32
|-
|Afrilu 2015
|Gwamna Jerry Brown ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Zartarwa ta California B-30-15 a cikin doka
|B-30-15
|-
|Satumba 2016
|Dokar Majalisar Dattijai ta 32 da Dokar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 197 an sanya hannu a cikin doka ta Gwamna Jerry Brown
|SB-32, AB-197
|-
|Janairu 2017
|SB-32 da AB-197 sun fara aiki
|SB-32, AB-197
|-
|Janairu 2018
|CARB ya kara da kayan gurɓataccen iska mai guba[[Kididdigar masu fitar da hayaki|Abubuwan fitarwa]]
|AB-197
|-
|Disamba 2020
|Lokaci na ƙarshe don rage matakan GHG zuwa matakan 1990
|AB-32, S-3-05
|-
|Disamba 2030
|Lokaci na ƙarshe don rage hayaki na GHG zuwa 40% ƙasa da matakan 1990
|SB-32, B-30-15
|-
|Disamba 2050
|Lokaci na ƙarshe don rage hayaki na GHG zuwa 80% ƙasa da matakan 1990
|S-3-05
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Manufofin canjin yanayi na Amurka]]
* Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta California
* CoolCalifornia.org
* Rashin gurɓata a California
* [[Tasirin canjin yanayi|Tasirin dumamar yanayi]]
* Motocin lantarki a California

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zazzabin Pontiac</title>
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'''Zazzaɓin Pontiac''' cuta ce mai saurin gaske, cuta mai saurin kisa ta hanyar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na Gram-korau a cikin jinsin .Legionella. Yana haifar da ƙwayar cuta mai laushi ta sama mai kama da mura. Zazzaɓin Pontiac yana [[warware]] ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba a gano shi ba. Dukansu zazzaɓin Pontiac da cutar Legionnaire mai tsanani na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya, amma zazzabin Pontiac baya haɗa da ciwon huhu.&lt;ref&gt;Fields, Barry S.; Haupt, Thomas; Davis, Jeffrey P.; Arduino, Matthew J.; Miller, Phyllis H.; Butler, Jay C. (15 November 2001). &quot;Pontiac Fever Due to Legionella micdadei from a Whirlpool Spa: Possible Role of Bacterial Endotoxin&quot;. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 184 (10): 1289–1292. doi:10.1086/324211. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 11679917&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Castor, Mei Lin; Wagstrom, Elizabeth A.; Danila, Richard N.; Smith, Kirk E.; Naimi, Timothy S.; Besser, John M.; Peacock, Keith A.; Juni, Billie A.; Hunt, John M.; Bartkus, Joanne M.; Kirkhorn, Steven R.; Lynfield, Ruth (May 2005). &quot;An Outbreak of Pontiac Fever with Respiratory Distress among Workers Performing High-Pressure Cleaning at a Sugar-Beet Processing Plant&quot;. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 191 (9): 1530–1537. doi:10.1086/428776. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 15809913&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fields, Barry S.; Haupt, Thomas; Davis, Jeffrey P.; Arduino, Matthew J.; Miller, Phyllis H.; Butler, Jay C. (15 November 2001). &quot;Pontiac Fever Due to Legionella micdadei from a Whirlpool Spa: Possible Role of Bacterial Endotoxin&quot;. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 184 (10): 1289–1292. doi:10.1086/324211. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 11679917&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;General Information- Pontiac Fever &amp; Legionnaires' Disease&quot;. Legionellacontrol. Retrieved 2011-09-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Wannan sashe fanko ne. Kuna iya taimakawa ta ƙara zuwa gare shi. ([[Maris]] 2024)

== Dalili ==
Nau'in Legionella da aka sani suna haifar da zazzabin Pontiac sun haɗa da Legionella pneumophila, Legionella longbeachae, Legionella [[feeleii]], Legionella micdadei, da Legionella anisa.&lt;ref&gt;Phin, Nick; Parry-Ford, Frances; Harrison, Timothy; Stagg, Helen R; Zhang, Natalie; Kumar, Kartik; Lortholary, Olivier; Zumla, Alimuddin; Abubakar, Ibrahim (October 2014). &quot;Epidemiology and clinical management of Legionnaires' disease&quot; (PDF). The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 14 (10): 1011–1021. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70713-3. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 24970283&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da su sune tsarin ruwa da ƙasan tukwane. An gano bullar cutar ta farko da ta haifar da shakar ƙasar tukwane mai iska a New Zealand a watan Janairun 2007. Jimillar ma'aikata 10 a gidan gandun daji sun kamu da zazzabin Pontiac. Shi ne farkon gano L. longbeachae.&lt;ref&gt;CRAMP, G. J.; HARTE, D.; DOUGLAS, N. M.; GRAHAM, F.; SCHOUSBOE, M.; SYKES, K. (28 September 2009). &quot;An outbreak of Pontiac fever due to Legionella longbeachae serogroup 2 found in potting mix in a horticultural nursery in New Zealand&quot;. Epidemiology and Infection. 138 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1017/S0950268809990835. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 19781115&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Zazzabin Pontiac baya yaɗuwa daga mutum zuwa mutum. Ana samun ta ta hanyar iska da ɗigon ruwa da/ko ƙasar tukwane mai ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na Legionella.&lt;ref&gt;Lauri A. Hicks; Laurel E. Garrison (2011-07-01). &quot;Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease &amp; Pontiac Fever) - Chapter 3 - 2012 Yellow Book - Travelers' Health - CDC&quot;. C.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2013-04-08&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Wannan sashe fanko ne. Kuna iya taimakawa ta ƙara zuwa gare shi. (Satumba 2022)

== Epidemiology ==
An san zazzabin Pontiac yana da ɗan gajeren lokacin shiryawa na kwanaki 1 zuwa 3. Ba a bayar da rahoton mace-macen da aka yi ba kuma an warware matsalolin ba tare da jinya ba. Sau da yawa ba a ruwaito shi ba. Shekaru, jinsi, da shan taba ba ze zama abubuwan haɗari ba. Zazzaɓin Pontiac yana da alama yana shafar matasa a tsakanin shekarun 29 zuwa 32. Ba a san cutar da cutar ta Pontiac ba.&lt;ref&gt;Friedman, S; Spitalny, K; Barbaree, J; Faur, Y; McKinney, R (May 1987). &quot;Pontiac fever outbreak associated with a cooling tower&quot;. American Journal of Public Health. 77 (5): 568–572. doi:10.2105/ajph.77.5.568. PMC 1647035. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 3565648&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An ba da sunan zazzabin Pontiac bayan birnin Pontiac, Michigan, inda aka gane cutar ta farko. A cikin 1968, ma'aikata da yawa a ma'aikatar lafiya ta gundumar sun sauko da zazzabi da alamun mura, amma ba ciwon huhu ba. Bayan fashewar 1976 Legionnaires a Philadelphia, sashen kiwon lafiya na Michigan ya sake nazarin samfuran jini kuma ya gano ma'aikatan sun kamu da sabuwar cutar ta Legionella pneumophila. Barkewar da Legionella micdadei ta haifar a farkon 1988 a Burtaniya ta zama sanannun zazzabin Lochgoilhead. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gano wasu nau'in Legionella da ke haifar da zazzabin Pontiac, musamman a New Zealand, a cikin 2007 inda aka gano Legionella longbeachae. Barkewar kasar New Zealand kuma ita ce karo na farko da aka gano zazzabin Pontiac zuwa kasar gona.&lt;ref&gt;Castor, Mei Lin; Wagstrom, Elizabeth A.; Danila, Richard N.; Smith, Kirk E.; Naimi, Timothy S.; Besser, John M.; Peacock, Keith A.; Juni, Billie A.; Hunt, John M.; Bartkus, Joanne M.; Kirkhorn, Steven R.; Lynfield, Ruth (May 2005). &quot;An Outbreak of Pontiac Fever with Respiratory Distress among Workers Performing High-Pressure Cleaning at a Sugar-Beet Processing Plant&quot;. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 191 (9): 1530–1537. doi:10.1086/428776. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 15809913&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Fields, Barry S.; Haupt, Thomas; Davis, Jeffrey P.; Arduino, Matthew J.; Miller, Phyllis H.; Butler, Jay C. (15 November 2001). &quot;Pontiac Fever Due to Legionella micdadei from a Whirlpool Spa: Possible Role of Bacterial Endotoxin&quot;. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 184 (10): 1289–1292. doi:10.1086/324211. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 11679917&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

&quot;General Information- Pontiac Fever &amp; Legionnaires' Disease&quot;. Legionellacontrol. Retrieved 2011-09-02.

&quot;Legionella (Legionnaires' Disease and Pontiac Fever)&quot;. CDC. CDC. Retrieved 4 July 2025.

Phin, Nick; Parry-Ford, Frances; Harrison, Timothy; Stagg, Helen R; Zhang, Natalie; Kumar, Kartik; Lortholary, Olivier; Zumla, Alimuddin; Abubakar, Ibrahim (October 2014). &quot;Epidemiology and clinical management of Legionnaires' disease&quot; (PDF). The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 14 (10): 1011–1021. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70713-3. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 24970283&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

CRAMP, G. J.; HARTE, D.; DOUGLAS, N. M.; GRAHAM, F.; SCHOUSBOE, M.; SYKES, K. (28 September 2009). &quot;An outbreak of Pontiac fever due to Legionella longbeachae serogroup 2 found in potting mix in a horticultural nursery in New Zealand&quot;. Epidemiology and Infection. 138 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1017/S0950268809990835. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 19781115&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category: Cutuka]]
[[Category: Kiwon Lafiya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rafin Denmark</title>
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[[Fayil:Skjern_Å_from_Lønborg_Kirke.jpg|thumb|Skjern Å, kogin da ya fi girma a Denmark ta hanyar ruwa]]
[[Denmark]] tana da kusan rafi 900 tare da fitowa zuwa teku. Kusan rabin suna ƙasa da kilomita 5 (3.1  tsawo. 52 daga cikinsu sun fi kilomita 25 (16  tsawo kuma 17 sun fi kilomita 50 (31  tsawon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hvor lang&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Søren |date=19 April 2021 |title=Hvor lang er min å? |url=https://www.fiskepleje.dk/nyheder/2021/04/hvor-lang-er-den?id=30ae091f-568d-445a-84ec-5436770797f3 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=fiskepleje.dk |publisher=[[DTU Aqua]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rafin mafi tsayi shine Gudenå mai nisan kilomita 156.3 (97.1 mi) yayin da Skjern Å ke da mafi girma a bakin da ke da matsakaita cubic mita 30 a sakan daya (1,100 cu ft/s).). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hasholt |first=Bent |last2=Serritslev |first2=Lars |title=Skjern Å |url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Skjern_%C3%85 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[Den Store Danske Encyklopædi|Den Store Danske]] at lex.dk |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koguna da suka fi kilomita 50 (31  sune:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Rafi mafi tsawo a Denmark an auna su daga tushe zuwa mafita a cikin teku. ya ratsa ta cikin tabkuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hvor lang&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Søren |date=19 April 2021 |title=Hvor lang er min å? |url=https://www.fiskepleje.dk/nyheder/2021/04/hvor-lang-er-den?id=30ae091f-568d-445a-84ec-5436770797f3 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=fiskepleje.dk |publisher=[[DTU Aqua]] |language=da}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBerg2021&quot;&gt;Berg, Søren (19 April 2021). [https://www.fiskepleje.dk/nyheder/2021/04/hvor-lang-er-den?id=30ae091f-568d-445a-84ec-5436770797f3 &quot;Hvor lang er min å?&quot;]. ''fiskepleje.dk'' (in Danish). [[DTU Aqua?action=edit&amp;redlink=1|DTU Aqua]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Adadin
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Gudun ruwa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tsawon
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tafkunan da aka haɗa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |An auna ta hanyar masu ba da gudummawa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |An samo shi a kan
|-
!km
!Ni
|-
|1
|Gudenå|| {{Convert|156.3|km|mi}} 
|Bred Søvad, Mossø, Gudensø, Ry Mølle Sø, Lillesø, Birksø, Julsø, Borre Sø, Brassø, Langsø, Sminge Sø, Tange Sø
|
|Jutland
|-
|2
|Skjern Å|| {{Convert|104.1|km|mi}} 
|Rørbæk Sø, Nedersø, Kulsø, Hastrup Sø, MES
|
|Jutland
|-
|3
|Storå|| {{Convert|101.7|km|mi}} 
|Holstebro Vandkraftsø
|
|Jutland
|-
|4
|Karup Å|| {{Convert|92.8|km|mi}} 
|
|Skygge Å/Elbæk
|Jutland
|-
|5
|Varde Å|| {{Convert|90.5|km|mi}} 
|
|Grindsted Å/Vandel Bæk
|Jutland
|-
|6
|Suså|| {{Convert|86.5|km|mi}} 
|Tystrup / Bavelse Sø
|
|Zealand
|-
|7
|Odense Å|| {{Convert|81.8|km|mi}} 
|
|Hågerup Å ({{Convert|29.7|km}}  ) 
|Funen
|-
|8
|Vidå|| {{Convert|80.2|km|mi}} 
|
|Sønderå / Bjerndrup Mølleå
|Jutland
|-
|9
|[[Ribe Å|Kogin Å]]|| {{Convert|76.5|km|mi}} 
|
|Gram Å/Nørreå/Fovs Å
|Jutland
|-
|10
|[[Halleby Å]]|| {{Convert|65.5|km|mi}} 
|Tissø
|Tysinge Å
|Zealand
|-
|11
|[[Rye Å]]|| {{Convert|64.2|km|mi}} 
|
|Hellum Bæk
|Jutland
|-
|12
|Kongeå|| {{Convert|63.6|km|mi}} 
|
| ({{Convert|72.3|km}}   idan aka auna ta hanyar Gesten Å) 
|Jutland
|-
|13
|Uggerby Å|| {{Convert|60.6|km|mi}} 
|
|Møllebæk
|Jutland
|-
|14
|[[Brede Å]]|| {{Convert|54.4|km|mi}} 
|
|Fiskbæk
|Jutland
|-
|15
|[[Skals Å]]|| {{Convert|54.1|km|mi}} 
|
|Kousted Å
|Jutland
|-
|16
|[[Simested Å]]|| {{Convert|51.4|km|mi}} 
|
|
|Jutland
|-
|17
|[[Lindenborg Å]]|| {{Convert|50.2|km|mi}} 
|
|
|Jutland
|}

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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[[Fayil:Skjern_Å_from_Lønborg_Kirke.jpg|thumb|Skjern Å, kogin da ya fi girma a Denmark ta hanyar ruwa]]
[[Denmark]] tana da kusan rafi 900 tare da fitowa zuwa teku. Kusan rabin suna ƙasa da kilomita 5 (3.1  tsawo. 52 daga cikinsu sun fi kilomita 25 (16  tsawo kuma 17 sun fi kilomita 50 (31  tsawon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hvor lang&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Søren |date=19 April 2021 |title=Hvor lang er min å? |url=https://www.fiskepleje.dk/nyheder/2021/04/hvor-lang-er-den?id=30ae091f-568d-445a-84ec-5436770797f3 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=fiskepleje.dk |publisher=[[DTU Aqua]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rafin mafi tsayi shine Gudenå mai nisan kilomita 156.3 (97.1 mi) yayin da Skjern Å ke da mafi girma a bakin da ke da matsakaita cubic mita 30 a sakan daya (1,100 cu ft/s).). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hasholt |first=Bent |last2=Serritslev |first2=Lars |title=Skjern Å |url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Skjern_%C3%85 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[Den Store Danske Encyklopædi|Den Store Danske]] at lex.dk |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koguna da suka fi kilomita 50 (31  sune:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Rafi mafi tsawo a Denmark an auna su daga tushe zuwa mafita a cikin teku. ya ratsa ta cikin tabkuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hvor lang&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Søren |date=19 April 2021 |title=Hvor lang er min å? |url=https://www.fiskepleje.dk/nyheder/2021/04/hvor-lang-er-den?id=30ae091f-568d-445a-84ec-5436770797f3 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=fiskepleje.dk |publisher=[[DTU Aqua]] |language=da}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBerg2021&quot;&gt;Berg, Søren (19 April 2021). [https://www.fiskepleje.dk/nyheder/2021/04/hvor-lang-er-den?id=30ae091f-568d-445a-84ec-5436770797f3 &quot;Hvor lang er min å?&quot;]. ''fiskepleje.dk'' (in Danish). [[DTU Aqua?action=edit&amp;redlink=1|DTU Aqua]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Adadin
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Gudun ruwa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tsawon
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tafkunan da aka haɗa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |An auna ta hanyar masu ba da gudummawa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |An samo shi a kan
|-
!km
!Ni
|-
|1
|Gudenå|| {{Convert|156.3|km|mi}} 
|Bred Søvad, Mossø, Gudensø, Ry Mølle Sø, Lillesø, Birksø, Julsø, Borre Sø, Brassø, Langsø, Sminge Sø, Tange Sø
|
|Jutland
|-
|2
|Skjern Å|| {{Convert|104.1|km|mi}} 
|Rørbæk Sø, Nedersø, Kulsø, Hastrup Sø, MES
|
|Jutland
|-
|3
|Storå|| {{Convert|101.7|km|mi}} 
|Holstebro Vandkraftsø
|
|Jutland
|-
|4
|Karup Å|| {{Convert|92.8|km|mi}} 
|
|Skygge Å/Elbæk
|Jutland
|-
|5
|Varde Å|| {{Convert|90.5|km|mi}} 
|
|Grindsted Å/Vandel Bæk
|Jutland
|-
|6
|Suså|| {{Convert|86.5|km|mi}} 
|Tystrup / Bavelse Sø
|
|Zealand
|-
|7
|Odense Å|| {{Convert|81.8|km|mi}} 
|
|Hågerup Å ({{Convert|29.7|km}}  ) 
|Funen
|-
|8
|Vidå|| {{Convert|80.2|km|mi}} 
|
|Sønderå / Bjerndrup Mølleå
|Jutland
|-
|9
|[[Ribe Å|Kogin Å]]|| {{Convert|76.5|km|mi}} 
|
|Gram Å/Nørreå/Fovs Å
|Jutland
|-
|10
|[[Halleby Å]]|| {{Convert|65.5|km|mi}} 
|Tissø
|Tysinge Å
|Zealand
|-
|11
|[[Rye Å]]|| {{Convert|64.2|km|mi}} 
|
|Hellum Bæk
|Jutland
|-
|12
|Kongeå|| {{Convert|63.6|km|mi}} 
|
| ({{Convert|72.3|km}}   idan aka auna ta hanyar Gesten Å) 
|Jutland
|-
|13
|Uggerby Å|| {{Convert|60.6|km|mi}} 
|
|Møllebæk
|Jutland
|-
|14
|[[Brede Å]]|| {{Convert|54.4|km|mi}} 
|
|Fiskbæk
|Jutland
|-
|15
|[[Skals Å]]|| {{Convert|54.1|km|mi}} 
|
|Kousted Å
|Jutland
|-
|16
|[[Simested Å]]|| {{Convert|51.4|km|mi}} 
|
|
|Jutland
|-
|17
|[[Lindenborg Å]]|| {{Convert|50.2|km|mi}} 
|
|
|Jutland
|}

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muhalli na Aljeriya</title>
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[[Fayil:LocationAlgeria.svg|thumb|Wurin [[Aljeriya]]]]
[[Fayil:Algeria_Map.jpg|thumb|Taswirar taimako mai girma na [[Aljeriya]]]]
An ba da Bayani da ke gaba a matsayin bayyani da jagora na Aljeriya:
 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
[[Fayil:Algeria_CIA_map.png|thumb|Taswirar [[Aljeriya]] mai girma]]

* Pronunciation:/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ⓘ ko /ɔːl-/ Sunan ƙasar Ingilishi gama gari: Algeria  Sunan ƙasar Ingilishi na hukuma: Jamhuriyar [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] ta Aljeriya  Alamar gama gari(s): Dzayer, Al-Jazā'ir, الجزائر  Ƙarshen (s): Tagduda Tadzayrit Tugduyant Tagherfant, الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية  Alamomi: Aljeriya  Aljani(s):  Etymology: Sunan Algeria  Matsayin duniya na Algeria  Lambobin ƙasar ISO: DZ, DZA, 012  Lambobin yanki na ISO: Duba ISO 3166-2: DZ
* Lambobin yankin ISO: Duba ISO 3166-2:DZ
* Yanayin yanar gizo na ƙasa na sama: .dz

== Yanayin Aljeriya ==
[[Fayil:Algeria_Topography.png|thumb|Taswirar taswirar [[Aljeriya]] mai girma]]
Yanayin Aljeriya

* Aljeriya ita ce: [[Ƙasa, yanki|ƙasar]]
* Yawan jama'a na Aljeriya: mutane 45,400,000 &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA_World_Factbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2009 |title=Algeria |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ |access-date=July 23, 2009 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184359/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (kimanin 2022) - ƙasa ta 33 mafi yawan jama'aKasar 33 mafi yawan jama'a
* Yankin Aljeriya: &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,381,741 km2 (919,595 sq mi) - ƙasa ta 10 mafi girma 
** Jerin lardunan Aljeriya ta yanki 
* [[commons:Atlas of Algeria|Atlas na Aljeriya]]

* Aljeriya tana cikin yankuna masu zuwa:  Arewacin Hemisphere kuma ya ta'allaka ne akan Prime Meridian   Afirka   Hamadar Sahara  Arewacin Afirka   Magrib  Afirka ta Yamma  Yankin lokaci: Lokacin Yammacin Afirka (UTC+01)  Matsakaicin wuraren Aljeriya   Babban: Dutsen Tahat 3,003 m (9,852 ft)  Ƙananan: Chott Melrhir -40 m (-131 ft)  Iyakokin ƙasa: 6,343 km
*

:: kilomita 982{{Flag|Libya}}
:: 965 km{{Flag|Tunisia}}
:: 1,608 km{{Flag|Morocco}}
:: 41 km{{Flag|Western Sahara}}
:: kilomita 463{{Flag|Mauritania}}
:: kilomita 1,376{{Flag|Mali}}
:: kilomita 956{{Flag|Niger}}
:* Yankin bakin teku: kilomita 998

=== Muhalli na Aljeriya ===
[[Fayil:Algeria_Blue_Marble.png|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam mai girma na [[Aljeriya]]]]
Yanayin Aljeriya

Ecoregions a Aljeriya

Girgizar kasa a Aljeriya

Geology na Aljeriya

Yankunan kariya na Aljeriya 

Biosphere reserves a Aljeriya

National Parks na Aljeriya

Dabbobin Aljeriya 

Fauna of Algeria 

Tsuntsaye na Aljeriya

Kwarin Aljeriya 

Butterflies na Aljeriya

Mamman Alg

*** e na Aljeriya
*** Insects na Algeria 
**** Butterflies na Aljeriya
*** Dabbobi masu shayarwa na Aljeriya

==== Yanayin ƙasa na Aljeriya ====

* Gilashi a Aljeriya: babu 
* Koguna na Aljeriya
* Wuraren Tarihin Duniya a Aljeriya

=== Yankunan Aljeriya ===

==== Yankunan Aljeriya ====
Jerin yankuna a Aljeriya

==== Rarrabawar gudanarwa na Aljeriya ====
 

* Gundumomi na Aljeriya
** Gundumomi na Aljeriya
*** Manyan birane na Aljeriya (baladiyahs) 

===== Gundumomi na Aljeriya =====
Gundumomi na Aljeriya
[[Fayil:Algeria,_administrative_divisions_(+northern)_-_Nmbrs_(geosort)_-_monochrome.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar Aljeriya tare da iyakokin lardin.]]

* Jerin lardunan Aljeriya ta yanki
* Jerin lardunan Aljeriya ta yawan jama'a
* Jerin haruffa na larduna Adrar Aïn Defla Aïn Témouchent Algiers Annaba Batna Béchar Béjaïa Biskra Blida Bordj Bou Arréridj Bouira Boumerdès Chlef Constantine Djelfa El Bayadh El Oued El Tarf Ghardaïa Guelma Illizi Jijel Khenchela Laghouat M'Sila Mascara Médéa Mila Mostaganem Naiss Ouargla Oum el-Bouaghi Relizane Saida Tirt Tush
** Adrar
** Aïn Defla
** Aïn Témouchent
** Algiers
** [[Lardin Annaba|Annaba]]
** Batna
** Ku yi kuka
** Bejaia
** Biskra
** Blida
** Bordj Bou Arréridj
** Bouira
** Boumerdès
** Chlef
** Constantine
** Djelfa
** El Bayadh
** El Oued
** El Tarf
** Ghardaia
** Guelma
** Illizi
** Jijel
** Khenchela
** Laghouat
** M'Sila
** Mascara
** Medea
** Mila
** Mostaganem
** Naama
** Oran
** Ouargla
** Oum el-Bouaghi
** Relizane
** Saida
** Setif
** Sidi Bel Abbes
** Skikda
** Souk Ahras
** Tamanghasset
** Tébessa
** Gidan sarauta
** Tindouf
** Tipasa
** Tissemsilt
** Tizi Ouzou
** Tlemcen

[[Fayil:Djemila18.jpg|thumb|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Djemila Roman]]
gundumomi na Aljeriya An raba larduna Aljeriya zuwa gundumomi 553 (''Daïras'').

gundumomi Aljeriya Gundumomin aljeriya sun kasu kashi 1,541.

* Biranen Aljeriya
** Babban Birni Aljeriya: [[Aljir|Algiers]]

=== Yawan jama'a na Aljeriya ===

* Jerin lardunan Aljeriya ta yawan jama'a

== Gwamnati da siyasa na Aljeriya ==
Siyasa ta Aljeriya

* [[Gwamnati|Hanyar gwamnati]]: jamhuriya ta shugaban kasa
* Babban Birni Aljeriya: [[Aljir|Algiers]]
* Zaben Aljeriya
* Jam'iyyun siyasa a Aljeriya
* Haraji a Aljeriya

=== Ofisoshin gwamnatin Aljeriya ===
Gwamnatin Aljeriya

==== Ofishin zartarwa na gwamnatin Aljeriya ====

* [[Shugaban kasa]]: Shugaban Aljeriya
* [[Shugaban Gwamnati|Shugaban gwamnati]]: Firayim Minista na Aljeriya
* Majalisar Ministocin Aljeriya

==== Ofishin majalisa na gwamnatin Aljeriya ====

* Majalisar Aljeriya (bicameral) Gidan sama: Majalisar Kasa Gidan ƙasa Gidan ƙasa: Majalisar Jama'a ta Kasa
** Gidan sama: Majalisar KasarMajalisar Al'umma
** Ƙananan gida: Majalisar Jama'a ta Kasa

==== Ofishin shari'a na gwamnatin Aljeriya ====
Tsarin kotun Aljeriya

Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Aljeriya

* Ayyukan diflomasiyya a Aljeriya
* Ayyukan diflomasiyya na Aljeriya
* Dangantakar Aljeriya da Japan
* Dangantakar Aljeriya da Libya
* Ofishin Jakadancin Aljeriya a Washington, DC
* Ofishin Jakadancin Aljeriya, Kyiv
* Ofishin Jakadancin Aljeriya, London
* Ofishin Jakadancin Aljeriya, Ottawa
* Manufofin Visa na Aljeriya

==== Kasancewar membobin kungiyar kasa da kasa ====
Kasancewar membobin kungiyar kasa da kasa ta Aljeriya Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Aljeriya memba ce ta: &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA_World_Factbook&quot;/&gt;
 

=== Shari'a da tsari a Aljeriya ===

* Tsarin Mulki na Aljeriya
* Laifi a Aljeriya fataucin mutane a Aljariya
** [[Fataucin mutane a Aljeriya|Cinikin mutane a Aljeriya]]
* [[Hakkin dan Adam a Aljeriya|'Yancin Dan Adam a Aljeriya]]
** 'Yanci na magana a Aljeriya Censorship a Aljariya Dokar cin zarafi a Aljiniya
*** [[Tantancewa a Aljeriya|Censorship a Aljeriya]]
**** Dokar bautar gumaka a Aljeriya
** [[Ƴancin LGBTQ a Aljeriya|Hakkin LGBT a Aljeriya]]
** [['Yancin Addini a Aljeriya|'Yanci na addini a Aljeriya]]
** Yin auren mata da yawa a Aljeriya
* Dokar tilasta aiki a Aljeriya
** Jerin kurkuku na Aljeriya
* Manufofin Visa na Aljeriya
[[Rukuni:Aljeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yanayin ƙasar Lesotho</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''[[Lesotho]]''' Ƙasa ce mai tsaunuka, ƙasa marar iyaka da ke [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Yana da wani yanki, kewaye da [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Jimlar tsawon iyakokin ƙasar shine kilomita 909 (565 . Lesotho ta rufe yanki na kusan  kilomita 30,355 (11,720 sq , wanda aka rufe kashi mai yawa da ruwa.

Lesotho ita ce kadai jiha mai zaman kanta a duniya wacce ke kwance gaba ɗaya sama da mita 1,000 (3,281  a tsawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CIA |title=CIA - The World Factbook - Lesotho |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702003726/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |archive-date=2021-07-02 |access-date=2008-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayinta mafi ƙasƙanci yana da mita 1,400 (4,593 , mafi ƙasƙantattun matsayi na kowace ƙasa. Saboda tsawo, yanayin ƙasar ya fi sanyi fiye da sauran yankuna a wannan latitude. Za'a iya rarraba [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Yankin yanayi]] a matsayin nahiyar.

== Wurin da yake ==
Lesotho ƙasa ce a Kudancin Afirka, tana a kusa da 29°30' latitude kudu da 28°30' gabas longitude.  Ita ce kasa ta 141 mafi girma a duniya, tare da jimillar fili mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 30,355 (11,720 sq mi), wanda kashi maras muhimmanci ya cika da ruwa.[1]  Lesotho gaba daya tana da kewaye da Afirka ta Kudu, wanda hakan ya sa ta kasance daya daga cikin kasashe uku a duniya da ke karkashin wata kasa;  Sauran biyun kuma San Marino ne da birnin Vatican, dukansu suna cikin Italiya.] Jimlar iyakar Afirka ta Kudu kilomita 909 (565 mi).[1]  Matsayin Lesotho a matsayin yanki kuma yana nufin cewa ba ta da ƙasa kuma ta dogara da Afirka ta Kudu.  Babban tashar jigilar kaya mafi kusa shine Durban

== Yanayin jiki ==
{{Clear}}
[[Fayil:Lesotho_Malealea.jpg|left|thumb|Ƙauyen Malealea a cikin tsaunuka na Lesotho]]
Lesotho za a iya raba kusan zuwa yankuna uku: tudu, da ke bin gabar kudancin kogin Caledon, da kuma cikin kwarin kogin Senqu;  tsaunukan da tsaunin Drakensberg da Maloti suka yi a gabashi da tsakiyar kasar;  da tsaunukan da ke da rarrabuwa tsakanin tsaunuka da tsaunuka[1].  Mafi ƙasƙanci mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin ƙasar yana a mahadar kogin Makhaleng da Orange (Senqu) (a kan iyakar Afirka ta Kudu), wanda a tsayin mita 1,400 (4,593 ft) shine mafi ƙanƙanta wurin kowace ƙasa.  Lesotho ita ce kasa daya tilo mai cin gashin kanta a duniya wacce ke saman tsayin mita 1,000 (3,281 ft). . &lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot; /&gt;

Kodayake ƙananan Lesotho sun rufe da ruwa, kogunan da ke gudana a fadin kasar suna da muhimmiyar bangare na tattalin arzikin Lesotho. Yawancin kudaden fitar da kayayyaki na kasar sun fito ne daga ruwa, kuma yawancin ƙarfinsa ya fito ne daga wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;lhwp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project Overview |url=http://www.lhwp.org.ls/overview/default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511013231/http://www.lhwp.org.ls/overview/Default.htm |archive-date=2008-05-11 |access-date=2008-04-19 |website=Lesotho Highlands Water Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Orange ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg a arewa maso gabashin Lesotho kuma yana gudana a duk tsawon ƙasar kafin ya fita zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a Gundumar Mohale's Hoek a kudu maso yamma. Kogin Caledon yana nuna yankin arewa maso yammacin iyakar da Afirka ta Kudu. Sauran koguna sun hada da Malibamatso, [[Matsoku River|Matsoku]] da Senqunyane .

Dutsen Lesotho na Karoo Supergroup ne, wanda ya kunshi mafi yawa daga shale da sandstone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last2=Andrew Goudie (geographer)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya samun filayen dutse a cikin tsaunuka na Lesotho, mafi yawa a cikin tsaunin dutse kusa da iyakar gabashin ƙasar. Taron koli na Thabana Ntlenyana an kewaye shi da wani bangare na bogs.

Ana iya samun ajiyar Solifluction, blockfields, blockstreams da Garlands na dutse a fadin sassan da suka fi girma na Lesotho Highlands. Wadannan fasalulluka an kafa su ne dangane da yanayin periglacial wanda ya kasance a lokacin glacial na ƙarshe a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sumner2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2004 |title=Geomorphic and climatic implications of relict openwork block accumulations near Thabana-Ntlenyana, Lesotho |journal=[[Geografiska Annaler|Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography]] |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=289–302 |doi=10.1111/j.0435-3676.2004.00232.x |s2cid=128774864}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Millsetal2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=The cold climate geomorphology of the Eastern Cape Drakensberg: A reevaluation of past climatic conditions during the last glacial cycle in Southern Africa |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=278 |pages=184–194 |bibcode=2017Geomo.278..184M |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin siyasa ==
[[Fayil:Map_of_lesotho.png|thumb|Gundumomi da biranen Lesotho]]
An raba [[Lesotho]] zuwa gundumomi 10 na gudanarwa, kowannensu yana da babban birninta, wanda ake kira sansanin. An sake raba gundumomin zuwa mazabu 80, wanda ya kunshi majalisun al'umma 129.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lesotho Councils |url=http://www.statoids.com/yls.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130418/http://www.statoids.com/yls.html |archive-date=2018-09-26 |access-date=2008-04-15 |website=Statoids}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rarraba yawan jama'a a Lesotho ya haɗu da yanayin muhalli daban-daban na ƙasar; talauci ma yana da alaƙa da yanayin mujallar.

* Berea
* Butha-Buthe
* Leribe
* Mafeteng
* Maseru
* Ƙafar Mohale
* Mokhotlong
* Nek na Qacha
* Quthing
* Thaba-Tseka

== Yanayi ==
[[Fayil:Snowfall_Lesotho_2.jpg|right|thumb|Snow a kan hanyar Lesotho MotengMoteng wucewa]]
Saboda tsawo, kasar ta kasance mai sanyi a duk shekara fiye da sauran yankuna a wannan latitude. Lesotho tana da yanayi mai sanyi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702003726/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |archive-date=2021-07-02 |access-date=2021-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da lokacin zafi da hunturu mai sanyi. [[Maseru]] da ƙasashen da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa suna kaiwa {{Convert|30|C|F}} ° C (86 ° F) a lokacin rani. Lokacin hunturu na iya zama sanyi tare da ƙasƙanci suna sauka zuwa -7 ° C (19.4 ° F) da tsaunuka zuwa -20 ° C (−4.0 ° F) a wasu lokuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot; /&gt;

Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga kusan millimeters 600 (23.6 in)  kwarin ƙasa zuwa kusan millimetres 1,200 (47.2 in) a yankunan arewa da gabashin da ke kan iyakar Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;lhwp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project Overview |url=http://www.lhwp.org.ls/overview/default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511013231/http://www.lhwp.org.ls/overview/Default.htm |archive-date=2008-05-11 |access-date=2008-04-19 |website=Lesotho Highlands Water Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lesmet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Lesotho |url=http://www.lesmet.org.ls/climate_of_lesotho.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224101153/http://www.lesmet.org.ls/climate_of_lesotho.htm |archive-date=2007-12-24 |access-date=2008-04-19 |website=Lesotho Meteorological Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin ruwan sama yana faɗuwa a matsayin tsawa na rani: kashi 85% na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana faɗawa tsakanin watanni na Oktoba da Afrilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;lesmet&quot; /&gt; Lokacin hunturu - tsakanin Mayu da Satumba yawanci bushewa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;lesmet&quot; /&gt; Snow ya zama ruwan dare  hamada da ƙananan kwari tsakanin Mayu da Satumba; tsaunuka mafi girma na iya fuskantar dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa a duk shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;esa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=European Space Agency |title=Earth from Space: Winter in southern Africa |url=http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMYMSWUP4F_index_0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020001113/http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMYMSWUP4F_index_0.html |archive-date=2012-10-20 |access-date=2008-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambancin shekara-shekara a cikin ruwan sama yana da matukar damuwa, wanda ke haifar da fari na lokaci-lokaci a lokacin fari (Mayu zuwa Satumba) da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], wanda zai iya zama mai tsanani a lokacin ruwan sama (Oktoba-Afrilu).
[[Fayil:Soil_Erosion_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb]]

== Albarkatun halitta ==
[[Fayil:Lesotho2025OSM.png|thumb|Cikakken taswirar Lesotho]]
Lesotho matalauta ce a cikin albarkatun kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Country Information: Lesotho (page 3) |url=http://www.worldinformation.com/worldroot/start.asp?content=world&amp;continent=Africa&amp;country=266&amp;bodytext=profile&amp;p=3 |access-date=2008-04-19 |website=worldinformation.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A fannin tattalin arziki, mafi mahimmancin hanya shine ruwa. Shirin Ruwa na Lesotho Highlands yana ba da damar fitar da ruwa daga kogin Malibamatso, [[Matsoku River|Matsoku]], Senqu da Senqunyane zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, yayin da yake samar da wutar lantarki don bukatun Lesotho. Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, an kammala matakin farko na aikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;lhwp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project Overview |url=http://www.lhwp.org.ls/overview/default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511013231/http://www.lhwp.org.ls/overview/Default.htm |archive-date=2008-05-11 |access-date=2008-04-19 |website=Lesotho Highlands Water Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin ya riga ya kai kimanin kashi biyar cikin dari na GDP na Lesotho, kuma idan aka kammala shi, zai iya kaiwa kashi 20 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Report Limited |title=White gold powers economic cooperation |url=http://www.worldreport-ind.com/lesotho/natural.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107025538/http://www.worldreport-ind.com/lesotho/natural.htm |archive-date=2009-01-07 |access-date=2008-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban ma'adinin ma'adinai shine lu'u-lu'u daga ma'adinan lu'u'u-ulu'u na Letseng a cikin tsaunukan Maluti. Mine ɗin yana samar da duwatsu kaɗan, amma yana da mafi girman rabo na dala a kowace carat na kowane ma'adinin lu'u-lu'u a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South African Diamond Mines |url=http://www.khulsey.com/jewelry/kh_jewelry_diamond_mines_pg2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413055442/http://www.khulsey.com/jewelry/kh_jewelry_diamond_mines_pg2.html |archive-date=2008-04-13 |access-date=2008-04-19 |website=khulsey.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran albarkatun ma'adinai sun haɗa da kwal, galena, Quartz, Agate da ajiyar uranium, amma ba a la'akari da amfani da su a kasuwanci ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;minerals&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=The Economist Intelligence Unit |date=2004-02-20 |title=Lesotho: Mining}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya samun ajiyar yumɓu a cikin ƙasar, kuma ana amfani da su don samar da tiles, tubali da sauran Yumbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;minerals&quot; /&gt;

Yawancin jama'a suna yin noma, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lesotho Economy |url=http://www.lesotho.gov.ls/about/economy.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419010254/http://www.lesotho.gov.ls/about/economy.php |archive-date=2008-04-19 |access-date=2008-04-19 |website=Lesotho Ministry of Communications, Science and Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da cewa kashi 10.71% ne kawai na ƙasar an rarraba su a matsayin ƙasar noma kuma 0.13% suna da amfanin gona na dindindin. &lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CIA |title=CIA - The World Factbook - Lesotho |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702003726/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |archive-date=2021-07-02 |access-date=2008-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin ƙasar sun lalace ta hanyar Rushewar ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LESOTHO: &quot;The land is blowing away&quot; |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=48540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807223511/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=48540 |archive-date=2011-08-07 |access-date=2008-04-21 |website=IRIN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankunan noma mafi kyau suna cikin yankunan arewa da tsakiya na tsakiya, kuma a cikin tuddai tsakanin yankunan da duwatsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;lesmet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Lesotho |url=http://www.lesmet.org.ls/climate_of_lesotho.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224101153/http://www.lesmet.org.ls/climate_of_lesotho.htm |archive-date=2007-12-24 |access-date=2008-04-19 |website=Lesotho Meteorological Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan yankuna masu kyau na gonar da ke arewacin kasar - a yankin Free State na Afirka ta Kudu - sun ɓace ga masu mulkin mallaka na Turai a yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin karni na 19.

== Abubuwa masu tsanani ==
Wannan jerin manyan wurare ne na [[Lesotho]], wuraren da ke arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri.

* Yankin arewacin - wurin da ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da Golden Gate National Park a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] nan da nan arewa maso yammacin ƙauyen [[Monontsa]], A Gundumar Butha-Buthe
* Gabashin Gabas - wurin da ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] nan da nan yammacin dutsen Afirka ta Kudu Giant's Castle, Gundumar Mokhotlong
* Yankin kudu - Dutsen [[Gairntoul]], Gundumar Quthing
* Yammacin Yamma - wurin da ba a san shi ba a cikin Kogin Caledon a kan iyaka da [[Afirka ta Kudu]], Gundumar Mafeteng

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
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    <title>Midge Costanza</title>
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'''Margaret''' &quot; '''Midge''' &quot; '''Costanza''' (Nuwamba 28, 1932 - Maris 23, 2010) mashawarcin shugaban [[Amurkawa|Amurka]] ce kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa da siyasa . Mace mai kare hakkin ' yan luwadi da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|mata]] na tsawon rayuwarta, an san ta da hazaka, furuci da jajircewa wajen tabbatar da hukuncinta. 

== Rayuwar farko da iyali ==
Costanza an haife shi ga Philip Costanza da Concetta Granata Costanza a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1932, a [[Le Roy (village), New York|LeRoy, New York]], kuma an girma a [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] . Iyayenta sun kasance [[Sisiliya|Sicilian]] baƙi [[Sausage|tsiran alade]] -makers. Bayan ayyuka daban-daban na malamai da ta ɗauka bayan [[High school|kammala karatun sakandare]], Costanza ta zama mataimakiyar gudanarwa ga [[Real estate developer|mai haɓaka gidaje]] a Rochester, ta yin amfani da wannan aikin don zama mai aiki a ƙungiyoyin al'umma da yawa. 

== Sana'ar siyasa ==

=== Mai fafutuka, yar majalisa, kuma mataimakiyar magajin garin Rochester ===
Da yake sha'awar siyasa, Costanza ya ba da kansa kan yakin neman zaben [[W. Averell Harriman]] na gwamna a 1954 kuma nan da nan ya zama [[Monroe County, New York|gundumar Monroe, New York]], babban darektan yakin neman zaben [[Robert F. Kennedy]] na [[United States Senate|Majalisar Dattawa]] a 1964. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na [[Democratic National Committee|Kwamitin Kasa na Democratic]] daga 1972 har zuwa 1977.

A cikin 1973 ta yi takarar neman babban kujera a majalisar birnin Rochester, ta zama mace ta farko ta Rochester a zabtarewar kasa . Wanda ya samu kuri'u mafi girma a al'adance shi ne magajin gari, amma majalisar ta zabi wani mutum a kan mukamin, mai suna Costanza mataimakin magajin gari, wani matsayi na biki da karancin iko. 

=== Burin majalisa ===
Costanza ya sha kaye a takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a shekarar 1974 a hannun fitaccen dan jam'iyyar Republican. A cikin 1976 lokacin da Gwamnan Jojiya [[Jimmy Carter]] ya tsaya takarar Shugaban Amurka, Costanza ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban yakin neman zabensa na New York kuma ya ba shi jawabi na biyu a taron kasa na Democratic (Carter ya kasance mai sa kai a yakin neman zaben Costanza shekaru biyu kafin). 

=== Mace a Fadar White House ===
Bayan zaben Carter Costanza an nada shi [[White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs|mataimakin shugaban kasa kan hulda da jama'a]], ya koma ofishin da ke kusa da [[Oval Office|Ofishin Oval]] . Ana yiwa Costanza lakabi da &quot;tagan shugaban kasa ga al'umma&quot;, yana tuntubar kungiyoyi da dama. Duk da yake a cikin Fadar White House ta kasance mai goyon bayan [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Kwaskwarima Daidaita Hakkokin]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=100,000 Join March for Extension of Deadline for Rights Amendment |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1978/07/10/issue.html |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=timesmachine.nytimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Costanza ta haifar da cece-kuce lokacin da ta gayyaci shugabannin [[National Gay and Lesbian Task Force|Task Force Force Force Force guda]] goma sha hudu da masu fafutukar [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|kare hakkin 'yan luwadi]] zuwa fadar [[White House]] a daidai lokacin yakin neman zaben &quot;Ajiye Yaran mu&quot; na [[Anita Bryant]] [[Homophobia|na nuna kyama]] .   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mattingly |first=Doreen and Ashley Boyd |date=2013 |title=Bringing gay and lesbian activism to the White House: Midge Costanza and the National Gay Task Force Meeting |journal=Journal of Lesbian Studies |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=365–379 |doi=10.1080/10894160.2013.767738 |pmid=23855947 |s2cid=2018246}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=The secret lesbian couple behind a historic meeting at the White House |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2019/10/secret-lesbian-couple-behind-historic-meeting-white-house/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Constanza ba ta bayyana wa wasu mutane cewa ita 'yar madigo ba ce kuma ba ta son [[Jean O'Leary]] a lokacin. Masu fafutuka guda biyu sun shirya wannan taro na masu fafutuka a fadar White House a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1977. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Carter's queer legacy remembered as he turns 100 |url=https://www.advocate.com/news/jimmy-carter-gay-activists-100}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Costanza ya ci gaba da shirya tattaunawa tsakanin shugabannin NGTF da manyan jami'an gwamnati. Rashin jituwa tsakanin jama'a da wasu manufofin shugaban ya haifar da cece-kuce tare da ganin rawar da Costanza ke takawa a fadar White House ta ragu. Kamar yadda magajiyar ta [[Anne Wexler]] ta bayyana shi: &quot;OPL karkashin Costanza ya yi aiki a matsayin ofishin da ke ba da amsa ga ƙungiyoyi masu sha'awa, wani nau'i na aikin shari'ar Fadar White House, amma ba ta dauki isasshen shiri don neman goyon bayan kungiya ta hanyar gina haɗin gwiwar da zai motsa shirin shugaban kasa a Capitol Hill.&quot;  Tana tabbatar da goyon bayanta ga Carter, ta yi murabus daga gwamnatinsa tun daga Satumba 1, 1978.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=The secret lesbian couple behind a historic meeting at the White House |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2019/10/secret-lesbian-couple-behind-historic-meeting-white-house/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Costanza ta shahara da kungiyoyin mata, kuma ta samu kanta a murfin ''Newsweek'' mai taken &quot;Mace a Fadar White House&quot;.  Bayan murabus din ta da yawa mata sun fusata da Carter, suna jin cewa ya &quot;kore&quot; Costanza, wanda aka matsa masa lamba don ya daina. 

== Sana'a da gwagwarmaya bayan Fadar White House ==
Costanza ta zama babban darektan taron karawa juna sani na kawarta Shirley MacLaine na &quot;Higher Self&quot; bayan ta koma [[Los Angeles]] daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban kasa a Alan Landsburg Productions, inda ta yi fina-finan kasuwanci da tallace-tallace. Ta yi aiki a kan kwamitin gudanarwa da yawa na sabis, gami da ƙungiyar bincike kan [[Kanjamau|AIDS]] Search Alliance da National Gay Rights Advocates. 

Komawa zuwa [[San Diego County, California]], a cikin 1990, Costanza ya horar da 'yan takara na ofis a cikin jawabin jama'a, yana aiki a matsayin mai gudanarwa na [[Barbara Boxer]] ta lashe [[United States Senate|Majalisar Dattijan Amurka]] a cikin [[Year of the Woman|Shekarar Matar]], 1992, kuma a matsayin manajan [[Kathleen Brown]] 's ya kasa takarar gwamna a 1994. [[gwamnan jihar Kaliforniya|Gwamnan California]] [[Gray Davis]] ya nada mata al'amurran da suka shafi Costanza. Costanza ya rasa wannan aikin lokacin da Gray Davis ya rasa [[Reelection|sake zaɓen]] [[Recall election|tunawa]] a watan Nuwamba 2003. 

Costanza ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar San Diego a 2004 kuma yana aiki tare da Sashen [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Kimiyyar Siyasa]] da Nazarin Mata na Jihar San Diego da Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa na Jami'ar California, San Diego don haɓaka Cibiyar Midge Costanza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Midge Costanza Institute |url=http://www.midgecostanza.com/index.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726104914/http://www.midgecostanza.com/index.asp |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2008-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar tana da nufin ingiza matasa su zama masu fafutuka a harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa. 

== Girmamawa ==
An zabi Midge Costanza kuma an shigar da shi a cikin Cibiyar Mata ta San Diego County a cikin 2011 ta Gidan Gidan Mata na California, Hukumar kan Matsayin Mata, Jami'ar California, Cibiyar Mata ta San Diego, da Nazarin Mata na Jami'ar Jihar San Diego .

== Mutuwa ==
Costanza ta mutu sakamakon [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] a asibitin Scripps Mercy da ke [[San Diego|San Diego, California]], a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2010, tana da shekara 77. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=San Diego Gay and Lesbian News |url=http://sdgln.com/news/2010/03/23/midge-constanza-who-had-president-carters-ear-dies-san-diego}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rasu ta hannun yayanta Anthony. 

An zabi Midge Costanza kuma an shigar da shi cikin zauren Mata na San Diego County a cikin 2011 don taken Trailblazer, ma'ana, matan da suka share hanya ga wasu mata, ko kuma su ne na farko a fagensu. An gabatar da gabatarwar Hall of Fame na mata na shekara-shekara ta Gidan Tarihi na Mata na California (wanda ke cikin San Diego), Hukumar kan Matsayin Mata, Cibiyar Mata ta UC San Diego, da Nazarin Mata na Jihar San Diego. &lt;ref name=&quot;Women's Museum of California&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=San Diego County Women's Hall of Fame |url=http://womensmuseumca.org/ |access-date=2012-04-27 |publisher=Ashley Gardner |archive-date=2012-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304235521/http://womensmuseumca.org/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]]
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  <page>
    <title>Marco Nanini</title>
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'''Marco Antônio Barroso Nanini''' (An haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu shekarar ta 1948) ɗan [[Barkwanci|wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na ƙasar Brazil .  Yawancin ayyukansa sun kasance a cikin wasan kwaikwayo.

Nanini ya sami sha'awar ƙasa ta hanyar shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo &quot;O Mistério de Irma Vap&quot;, tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da aboki Ney Latorraca . Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin ofishin jakadancin a ƙasar Brazil, ya zauna na shekaru 11 a jere tare da wannan simintin (Guinness World Record). An kuma yi fim din ne a karkashin jagorancin Carla Camurati, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2006.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A shekara ta 2011, Nanini ya yi magana a karo na farko game da jima'i ga  mujallar [[Brazil|ƙasar Brazil]], yana amsa tambayoyi game da batun: &quot;Oh, yana tafiya da kyau, wani lokacin yana Ɗan saurayi ya bayyana, wani lokacin ba, amma ina lafiya&quot;. in ji ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ke zaune tare da furodusa, Fernando Libonati a birnin [[Rio de Janeiro]], ta kasar Brazil.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Fim din ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|1973
|''A matsayin 'yan mata Daquela Hora''
|Luizinho
|
|-
|1975
|''Rashin Rashin Ruwa''
|Alfredo
|
|-
|1978
|''A cikin dare na biyu''
|Bartolomeu &quot;Bartô&quot;
|
|-
|1980
|''Kai naka''
|Mutumin
|Sashe: &quot;Mutumin da ke ƙarƙashin gadon gado&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1987
|''Mala'iku na dare''
|Guto
|
|-
|''Farin Ciki Tsohon Shekara''
|Beto
|
|-
|1995
|''Carlota Joaquina, Gimbiya ta Brazil''
|D. João na shida
|
|-
|1998
|''Ƙauna da Co''
|Alves
|
|-
|2000
|''Shawarwarin Karnuka''
|Severino na Aracaju &quot;Capitão&quot;
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2001
|''Caramuru - Ƙirƙirar Brazil''
|Mai ba da labari
|
|-
|''Copacabana''
|Alberto
|
|-
|''Samba ga Sherlock''
|Gishiri Pimenta
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2003
|''Lisbela da Fursunoni''
|Frederico Evandro
|
|-
|''Ɗan'uwa Bear''
|Tucke (murya) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2004-01-13 |title=Marco Nanini curte desenhos da Disney - Perfil News |url=https://www.perfilnews.com.br/2004/01/13/marco-nanini-curte-desenhos-da-disney/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Dubbing na Brazil
|-
|2004
|''Apolônio Brazil, Gwarzon Farin Ciki''
|Apolônio Brazil
|
|-
|2006
|''Irma Vap - Ya Koma''
|Tony Albuquerque / Cleide Albuquerques
|
|-
|2007
|''Babban Iyali - Fim ɗin''
|Lineu Silva
|
|-
|2008
|''Soyayya''
|Rodolfo
|
|-
|2009
|''Farin Ciki Mai Girma''
|Kakan Noel
|
|-
|2010
|''Ƙaunar da aka ƙaunace shi''
|Odorico Paraguaçu
|
|-
|2019
|''Greta''
|Pedro &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Annyston |first=Endrigo |date=2018-12-21 |title=Com Marco Nanini, Greta é selecionado para mostra Panorama do Festival de Berlim |url=https://observatoriog.com.br/noticias/com-marco-nanini-greta-e-selecionado-para-mostra-panorama-do-festival-de-berlim/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Observatório G |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|2021
|''An gabatar da shi: a Artesania do Artista''
|Shi da kansa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Doc brasileiro que concorre no Festival Independente de Cinema de Toronto estreia com exclusividade no Globoplay |url=https://imprensa.globo.com/publicacoes/doc-brasileiro-que-concorre-no-festival-independente-de-cinema-de-toronto-estreia-com-exclusividade-no-globoplay/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227030954/https://imprensa.globo.com/publicacoes/doc-brasileiro-que-concorre-no-festival-independente-de-cinema-de-toronto-estreia-com-exclusividade-no-globoplay/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Hotuna
|}
'''Talabijin'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|1969
|''A Ponte dos Suspiros''
|Soja &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roda Viva Retrô - Roda Viva Retrô |url=https://tvcultura.com.br/playlists/37_roda-viva-retro-roda-viva-retro_kYB90fueJFw.html |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2024-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726200550/https://tvcultura.com.br/playlists/37_roda-viva-retro-roda-viva-retro_kYB90fueJFw.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;Cameo&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|1971
|''Kafona''
|Júlio Cezar &quot;Julinho&quot;''&quot;''
|
|-
|1972–79
|''Matsalar Musamman''
|Haruffa daban-daban
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1972
|''Patota''
|Malamin Adolfo Simões &quot;Simões&quot;
|
|-
|''Ƙaunar Farko''
|Rui Lima
|
|-
|1973
|''Mai ƙauna''
|Faísca
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1975
|''Zunubi Babban Birni''
|Vinícius Lisbon
|
|-
|''Moreninha''
|Felipe
|
|-
|''Gabriela''
|Malamin Josué Xavier
|
|-
|1976–82
|''Duniyar Mutum''
|Haruffa daban-daban
|
|-
|1976
|''Farin ciki da Mafarki''
|Jami'in Marcondes
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1977
|''Wurin da ake kira Picapau Amarelo''
|Mai tsaron Anselmo
|Fim: &quot;O Picapau Amarelo&quot;
|-
|''Wata Rana Mai Girma''
|Lauro
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1979
|''Feijão Maravilha''
|Jorge Afonso &quot;Jorginho&quot;
|
|-
|''Ko Mai Iko Dukka''
|Caio
|
|-
|''Telecurso 2o Grau''
|Haruffa daban-daban
|
|-
|1980
|''Maryamu Uku''
|Aluísio
|
|-
|1982
|''Su da Su''
|Dokta Décio Carvalho
|
|-
|1984
|''Plunct, Plact, Zuuum... 2''
|Mahaifin Fabiano
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1985
|''Joana''
|Cláudio Gonzaga &quot;Cacau&quot;
|
|-
|''Sonho yana da Amma''
|Jurandir de Souza &quot;Mosca&quot; / Florisbela Freire
|
|-
|1986
|''Magana ta Tele''
| -
|Fim: &quot;A Magic Luneta&quot;
|-
|1987
|''Brega &amp;amp;amp; Chique''
|Alberico Montenegro &quot;Montenegro&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Purepeople |title=Marília Pêra na novela 'Brega e Chique' ao lado de Marco Nanini - Foto |url=https://www.purepeople.com.br/midia/d_m1187950 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.purepeople.com.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|1988–90
|''Farin Cutar Talabijin''
|Haruffa daban-daban
|
|-
|1991
|''Makarantar Farfesa Raimundo: Shekaru 25 na Trapalhões''
|Rolando Lero
|Fim: &quot;Yuli 27th&quot;
|-
|1992
|''Dutse a kan Dutse''
|Ivonaldo Pontes
|
|-
|1993
|''Taswirar Mina''
|Dokta Mauro
|Bayyanawa ta Musamman
|-
|1993
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Matsalar Musamman''
|Malami
|Fim: &quot;Besouro da Rosa&quot;
|-
|1994
|Frederico Evandro
|Fim: &quot;Lisbela da Fursunoni&quot;
|-
|1993–94
|''Terça Nobre''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Haruffa daban-daban
|
|-
|1994
|''Brazil ta Musamman''
|
|-
|1995
|''Terça Nobre''
|Kanal Ponciano de Azevedo
|Fim: &quot;Kolonel da Lobisomem&quot;
|-
|1995–97
|''Comedy na Rayuwa ta Tsare''
|Haruffa daban-daban
|
|-
|1998
|''Dona Flor da Mazajenmu Biyu''
|Dokta Teodoro Madureira
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999
|''O Auto da Comradecida''
|Severino na Aracaju &quot;Capitão&quot;
|
|-
|''Tafiya a cikin Clouds''
|Otávio Montana
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2000
|''Abubuwan da aka ƙirƙira a Brazil''
|Mai ba da labari
|
|-
|''Mutane masu ƙarfin zuciya''
|Euricão &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-31 |title=Brava Gente: O Santo e a Porca |url=https://memoriaglobo.globo.com/entretenimento/auditorio-e-variedades/brava-gente/noticia/brava-gente-o-santo-e-a-porca.ghtml |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=memoriaglobo |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Fim: &quot;Mai Tsarki da Alade&quot;
|-
|2001–14
|''Babban Iyali''
|Lineu Silva  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EGO |first=Léo Martinez Do |last2=Rio |first2=no |title=Marco Nanini fala sobre o fim do personagem Lineu: 'Um companheiro' |url=http://ego.globo.com/famosos/noticia/2012/06/marco-nanini-fala-sobre-o-fim-do-personagem-lineu-um-companheiro.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Ego |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|2004
|''Sitcom.br''
|Luis Fernando Veríssimo
|Fim: &quot;Versões&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ya kasance Duniya Mai Kyau!''
|Malamin Pancrácio Martinho
|
|-
|Dokta Pandolfo Martinho
|
|-
|2017–19
|''Album na Babban Iyali''
|Mai ba da labari &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EGO |first=Ana Carolina Porto Do |last2=Rio |first2=no |title='Álbum da Grande Família' vai voltar à TV em formato de especial |url=http://ego.globo.com/televisao/noticia/2017/03/album-da-grande-familia-vai-relembrar-personagens-da-serie.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Ego |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|2018
|''Allah ya ceci Sarki''
|Augusto na Lurton, Sarkin Artena
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Mahaifiyar Ma'aikaci''
|Eusébio Macondo
|
|-
|Eustáquio Macondo Júnior &quot;Junior&quot;
|Abubuwan da suka faru: &quot;Yuni 21-Agusta 7&quot;
|-
|2022
|''A karkashin Matsi''
|Heleno Domingos Moreira  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=estadaoconteudo |title=Marco Nanini vive homem com Alzheimer na série 'Sob Pressão' |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/marco-nanini-vive-homem-com-alzheimer-na-serie-sob-pressao,8a18f6b507fe3f89c54b74f0a853c90e3wsro3ad.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Terra |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marco Nanini diz que 'Sob Pressão' foi seu primeiro trabalho após pandemia |url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2022/06/02/marco-nanini-diz-que-sob-pressao-foi-seu-primeiro-trabalho-apos-pandemia.htm |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Lokacin 5
|-
|2023
|''João ba tare da Allah ba - Rashin Abadiânia''
|João de Deus&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Flávio |date=2022-11-10 |title=Marco Nanini surge como João de Deus em minissérie do Canal Brasil |url=https://www.omelete.com.br/series-tv/marco-nanini-joao-de-deus-minisserie |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Omelete |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marco Nanini sobre interpretar João de Deus em série: &quot;Desafio&quot; |url=https://natelinha.uol.com.br/series/2022/11/10/marco-nanini-sobre-interpretar-joao-de-deus-em-serie-desafio-189811.php |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=NaTelinha |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|}

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1965
|''Dajin da aka Yi da Kyau''
|
|-
|''Mai sihiri da Sarauniya''
|
|-
|1966–68
|''Makarantar Wasanni''
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1968
|''Ralé''
|
|-
|''Salome''
|
|-
|''Stanislaw Ponte Preta da Jima'i Zangado''
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1969
|''Gatatarada''
|
|-
|''Nunin Crioulo Doido''
|
|-
|1970
|''Wannan Banheiro Yana da Ƙananan Abin da Ga Mu Biyu''
|
|-
|1970–71
|''Rayuwar Joana Martini da Baby Stompanato''
|Ɗan yaro
|-
|1971
|''Ƙananan Abin da ya fi sani''
|
|-
|1972
|''Cordon Umbilical''
|
|-
|1973
|''Ya Gamu da Bar''
|
|-
|1973–75
|''Rashin jin daɗi na yaro''
|Pacific
|-
|1974
|''Pippin''
|Pippin
|-
|1975
|''Pano na Boca''
|Albarka
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1976–77
|''Allah Ya Bi Ya Gishaye''
|Kwango
|-
|''Wani Uba zuwa Italiana''
|Gino
|-
|1977
|''Yaran Kennedy''
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1978
|''Gidajen Gidajen, Gidajen Quadrado''
|
|-
|''Labarin Zoo''
|
|-
|1979
|''Harbi da Alfo''
|
|-
|1980–81
|''Brazil: Censura a Aberta''
|
|-
|1980–84
|''Ya Kashe Goma Biyu''
|
|-
|1984
|''Mão a cikin Luva''
|Shi ne
|-
|1985–86
|''Mai ba da izini na Sarki''
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1986
|''Fadar Dubu Biyar''
|
|-
|''Asirin Irma Vep''
|
|-
|1995
|''Kean''
|Edmund Kean
|-
|1996–98
|''Mutumin da ya fi so''
|Mista Jourdain
|-
|1998–00
|''Wata Dare a cikin wata''
|Mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|2001
|''Wanene Tsoron Virginia Woolf?''
|George
|-
|2002
|''Solitarians''
|Todd, Arthur, Bishop da Emma
|-
|2003
|''Mutuwar Mai Sayarwa''
|Willy Loman
|-
|2005
|''Circus na Rins da Fígados''
|
|-
|2007–08
|''Ka'ida Mai Kyau''
|Odorico Paraguaçu
|-
|2010–11
|''Pterodatilos''
|Arthur
|-
|2012–13
|''Fasahar da Hanyar Kasancewa da shugabansu don neman karuwa''
|Mai magana da yawun
|-
|2014–15
|''Beije Minha Lápide''
|Bala
|-
|2017
|''Ubu Rei''
|Uba Ubu
|}

== Sashe na fasaha ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Ayyuka
|-
|1965
|''Dajin da aka Yi da Kyau''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mawallafin
|-
|1973
|''Fitar da Abcaxi Kafin Sobremesa''
|-
|1979
|''Harbi da Alfo''
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Mai gabatarwa
|-
|1980–84
|''Ya Kashe Goma Biyu''
|-
|1984
|''Mão a cikin Luva''
|-
|1986
|''Fadar Dubu Biyar''
|-
|1986–95
|''Asirin Irma Vep''
|-
|1990–92
|''Fulaninha da Dona Coisa''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Daraktan
|-
|1991
|''Gaisuwa da Gershwin''
|-
|1991–93
|''Fulaninha da Dona Coisa''
|Mai gabatarwa
|-
|1992
|''Daga Rosto Colado''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Daraktan
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1994
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Labari mai ban mamaki na Dokta Jekyll da Mista Hyde''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mai gabatarwa
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1995
|''Kean''
|-
|''Dokokin Wasan''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Daraktan
|-
|1996
|''Kuma Ya ci gaba da Kyau''
|-
|1996–98
|''Mutumin da ya fi so''
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |Mai gabatarwa
|-
|1998–00
|''Wata Dare a cikin wata''
|-
|2000–01
|''Wanene Tsoron Virginia Woolf?''
|-
|2002
|''Solitarians''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2003
|''Mutuwar Mai Sayarwa''
|-
|''Babu Abin takaici''
|-
|2005
|''Circus na Rins da Fígados''
|-
|2006
|''Irma Vap - Ya Koma''
|-
|2007
|''Ka'ida Mai Kyau''
|-
|2008
|''Cinema gidan wasan kwaikwayo na iyaka''
|-
|2009
|''Daga Farko zuwa Ƙarshe''
|-
|2010–11
|''Pterodáctilos''
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==

* Indication for best actor to the Grande Prêmio Cinema Brasil, for his acting in ''Amor &amp; Cia.''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* Best Actor Award at the Festival de Cinema Brasileiro de Miami.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]</text>
      <sha1>k0r6b4c18h3jil97spgxfs1j0en2ke7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mari Malek</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>112985</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816005</id>
      <parentid>721115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T13:50:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="5313" sha1="bypouu3i1sd7zm2vg3f254n5sn8xx0y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Mari Malek''', wanda aka fi sani da suna '''DJ Stiletto,''' tauraruwar Sudan ta Kudu, DJ, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma yar gwagwarmaya. 

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Iyalain Malek sun fito ne daga Mutanen Dinka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malek |first=Mari |date=2019-03-14 |title=This South Sudanese Model’s Journey From a Burning House to Activism Will Break Your Heart |url=https://en.vogue.me/fashion/south-sudanese-refugee-mari-malek/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Vogue Arabia |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haife ta ne a Wau, a farkon Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, mahaifiyarta, ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma mahaifinta ɗan siyasa ne. Tana da 'yan'uwa maza da mata huɗu amma iyalain ta suna da girma, tunda mahaifinta yana da mata huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sokol |first=Zach |date=2014-05-12 |title=Meet Mari Malek, Refugee Turned Supermodel |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/their-side-of-the-south-sudan-story-mari-malek-refugee-turned-supermodel/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Vice |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda yawan rikici, mahaifiyarta ta dauki Malek da 'yan'uwan ta zuwa Masar inda suka sami matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Sun tafi Amurka a shekarar 1997, da farko zuwa Newark a New Jersey, sannan zuwa San Diego a California.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Yayinda take matashiya, an hango Malek a kan titi, kuma an nemi ta koma Paris ko New York don fara ''gudanar da sana,arta.'' Daga nan aka kira ta don shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayon America's Next Top Model amma Bata samu halarta ba saboda yanayin bizar ta. Daga nan sai ta yanke shawarar kaddamar da aikinta a cikin samfurin kuma ta koma New York a shekara ta 2006. Ta ɗauki tsawon shekaru biyar don sauka da kamfen ɗin tallar ta na farko: tare da Lanvin, Steven Meisel ne ya ɗauki hotonta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-25 |title=Model And Activist Mari Malek On Beauty And Fighting For Justice |url=https://intothegloss.com/2019/02/mari-malek-model-activist-beauty-interview/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Into The Gloss}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, ta fuskanci wariyar launin fata a masana'antar da take aiki kuma ana kin daukanta yayin da hukumomi za su bayyana cewa &quot;sun riga sun sami yarinya baƙar fata&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-08-23 |title=South Sudan’s Female Literacy Rate Is Just 16%. This Refugee-Turned-Model Is Fighting to Change That. |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/a22657994/south-sudans-female-literacy-rate-is-just-16-this-refugee-turned-model-is-fighting-to-change-that/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Harper's BAZAAR |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malek daga baya ta tsaya don kamfen din Vogue, Rolls-Royce kuma ta bayyana a cikin bidiyon [[Kanye West]]'s Power da [[Lady Gaga]]'s Born This Way . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=L'Etage |date=2013-01-19 |title=Bio Mix'd : Mari Malek, Model Citizen |url=https://letagemagazine.com/bio-mixd-mari-malek-model-citizen/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=L'Etage Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari, a ƙarƙashin sunan ''DJ Stiletto . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;''

A a shekara ta 2014, Malek ta kirkiro Stand for Education, kungiyace da ke da niyyar ci gaban ilimi a Sudan ta Kudu, musamman ta hanyar tallafawa makarantu da rage cikas ga ilimin 'yan mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-06-21 |title=L'incroyable destin de Mari Malek |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/40360150 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=BBC News Afrique |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-04-21 |title=Supermodel from South Sudan tells story of displaced {{!}} {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/audio/2016/04/611622 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=news.un.org |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218175357/https://news.un.org/en/audio/2016/04/611622 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Obama ta amince da aikinta na jin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ita ce kuma ta kafa Runways to Freedom, kungiyar da ke tallafawa taurari 'yan gudun hijira yayin da suke fara ayyukansu a masana'antar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Modeling Agency Called Out For Exploiting Refugee Models |url=https://madamenoire.com/1354589/modeling-agency-expoilting-refugee-models/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=MadameNoire |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2017, an lissafa Malek a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mata 100 na OkayAfrica. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarar 2017, ta fito a fim din The Nile Hilton Incident, inda ta taka rawar baiwa wacce ta ga kisan kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-27 |title=The Nile Hilton Incident |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/nile-hilton-incident-review/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Empire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ta ==

* Mata 100 na OkayAfrica - 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MARI MALEK - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/mari-malek/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan ta ==

=== Hotunan fina-finai ===

* 2017: Abin da ya faru na Nilu Hilton ta Tarik Saleh: Salwa, baiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

=== Littattafan ta ===

* Malek, M. (2019), &quot;The Rock in the Stream&quot;, Conflict and Forced Migration (Studies in Symbolic Interaction, Vol. 51), Emerald Publishing Limited, shafi na 91-128 

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
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  <page>
    <title>Mohamed Adam Moalim</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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{{Infobox person
| name                = Mohamed Adam Moalim Ali
| office              = Ministan Sadarwa da Fasaha (Somalia)
| order               = 
| native_name         = محمد آدم معلم علي
| native_name_lang    = ar
| appointer           = Hamza Abdi Barre
| parliament          = Federal Parliament of Somalia
| country             = Somalia
| minister            = Communications and Technology
| minister_from       = 
| term_start          = April 17, 2024
| primeminister       = Hamza Abdi Barre
| citizenship         = [[Somalia]]
| education           = [[Digiri na biyu]]
}}
'''Mohamed Adam Moalim Ali''' ɗan Somaliya ne, memba ne na Majalisar Tarayya ta Somalia kuma ministan Sadarwa da Fasaha na kasar Somaliya a yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Mohamed Adam Mo'alim Ali (Soomaali) |url=https://parliament.gov.so/team/hon-mohamed-adam-moalim-ali-soomaali/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaliya {{!}} Golaha Shacabka BJFS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bahrain News Agency |url=https://www.bna.bh/en/index.aspx |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.bna.bh |archive-date=2018-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913095414/https://www.bna.bh/en/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.E. MOHAMED ADAM MOALIM ALI OPENS THE IMPLEMENTATION MISSION FOR THE EA-RDIP PROJECT IN SOMALIA. – MOCT |url=https://moct.gov.so/en/h-e-mohamed-adam-moalim-ali-opens-the-implementation-mission-for-the-ea-rdip-project-in-somalia/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Mohamed Adam Moalim Ali ya anshi digiri na biyu na Jami'ar MAHSA a Gudanar da Kasuwanci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ministry – MOCT |url=https://moct.gov.so/en/the-ministry/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin Minista ==
Mohamed Adam Moalim Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin ministoci a wasu ma'aikatu kamar Ministan Dabbobi, gandun daji da iyaka da Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a, sake gine-ginan da gidaje. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2024, an nada shi a matsayin Ministan Sadarwa da Fasaha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.E. Mr. Mohamed Adam Moalim |url=https://aiforgood.itu.int/speaker/h-e-mr-mohamed-adam-moalim/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=AI for Good |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Kabari na Dutsen</title>
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      <text bytes="2256" sha1="4ctyxuphtk3llndlysij3dgw59vf446" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
[[Fayil:Chapel_Mount_Cemetery_2015.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Cocin a Kabari na Dutsen]]
'''Kabari na Dutsen''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Kabari na Guildford''', wani kabari ne a Guildford , Surrey, [[Ingila]] . Wannan shi ne wurin Hasumiyar Booker.

Makabartar Guildford tana kewaye da ƙananan gidaje masu yawa tare da lambuna da tafki da aka rufe sama da kusurwar gabas, kai tsaye kudu da titin mazaunin Guildford Park da Farnham Road a yammacin Guildford, akan sashin 'Guildown' ko 'Dutsen' na yammacin Arewa Downs anan yana samar da mafi girman sashin baya na Hog.

Guildford Cemetery yana da wani ɓangare na ra'ayoyi da ke kallon tsakiyar gari.  An tsara makircin zuwa matsakaicin lamba mai ikon mallakar ikonta a ƙarƙashin dokokin da aka tsara a cikin 2000s.  Ana ba da izinin binnewa a cikin wuraren da aka tanada ko a cikin kabari na iyali ga mamacin wanda ya shafi iyakar jana'izar guda hudu a kowace fili..

Kabarin ya ƙunshi kaburbura na yaƙi na ma'aikatan sabis na Commonwealth 33, 14 daga [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] da 19 daga [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. 

== Shahararren binnewa ==
[[Fayil:Lewis_Carroll_Grave_2015.jpg|right|thumb|Kabarin Lewis Carroll a Kabari na Dutsen]]

* Edward Carpenter, mawaki mai zaman kansa kuma mai fafutuka, kuma abokin tarayya na George Merrill.
* Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (&quot;Lewis Carroll&quot;), marubucin Alice's Adventures in Wonderland .
* Edwin Heron Dodgson, ƙaramin ɗan'uwan C. L. Dodgson ne, mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje
* Biyar daga cikin 'yan'uwa mata bakwai na Charles da Edwin Dodgson an binne su a nan
* Sir Alfred Gaselee, janar na sojoji
* Sir John Rose, Baronet na farko, Ministan Kudi na Kanada

== Littattafai ==
A shekara ta 2005 Gidan Tarihi na Guildford ya buga ''... '' da Ubangiji Taketh Away, jagora mai zane zuwa makabarta.&lt;ref&gt;''... and the Lord Taketh Away'', by Roger Nicholas. {{ISBN|0-9543753-2-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Edwin_Dodgson_Grave.2015.jpg|The grave of Edwin Dodgson
Fayil:Edward_Carpenter_Grave_2015.jpg|The Grave of Edward Carpenter and George Merrill
Fayil:Dodgson_Family_Graves_2015.jpg|The Dodgson Family Graves
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mokowa Blay Adu-Gyamfi</title>
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      <text bytes="5729" sha1="o0aachzsqhgyawf6uozs2gbg56o9dly" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Mokowa Blay Adu-Gyamfi''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Mokowa Blay Adu-Gyamfi |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Dr-Mokowa-Blay-Adu-Gyamfi.jpg |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsohon jami'in diflomasiyyar [[Ghana]] ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambassador Adu-Gyamfi appointed Ghana AIDS Commission Boss |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ambassador-Adu-Gyamfi-appointed-Ghana-AIDS-Commission-Boss-552507?gallery=1 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 1960, ta kasance daga cikin rukunin likitoci na farko da za a horar da su a Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=African Women in Leadership: How to Balance Family and Career |url=https://www.songhaiadvisory.com/blog/2023/2/14/in-conversation-with-he-ambassador-dr-mokowa-blay-adu-gyamfi |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Songhai Advisory |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa 2022, ita ce Mai ba da shawara ga shugaban kasa kan cutar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] a Ofishin Shugaban Ghana .   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=We will soon have an HIV/AIDs epidemic – Dr. Adu-Gyamfi |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-will-soon-have-an-HIV-AIDs-epidemic-Dr-Adu-Gyamfi-1523078?gallery=1 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208230308/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-will-soon-have-an-HIV-AIDs-epidemic-Dr-Adu-Gyamfi-1523078?gallery=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Azongo |first=Albert |date=2022-04-25 |title=Ghanaians should be grateful for the 'heaven' we have as a country – Presidential Advisor » DreamzFMOnline |url=https://www.dreamzfmonline.com/news/ghanaians-should-be-grateful-for-the-heaven-we-have-as-a-country-presidential-advisor/index.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=DreamzFMOnline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okertchiri |first=Jamila Akweley |last2=Adeyemi |first2=Abigail |date=November 1, 2021 |title=HIV Fund In The Offing |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/hiv-fund-in-the-offing/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=Daily Guide Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Adu-Gyamfi ya fito ne daga Sekondi a Yammacin Ghana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Azongo |first=Albert |date=2022-04-25 |title=I never tasted poverty growing up – Presidential Advisor says » DreamzFMOnline |url=https://www.dreamzfmonline.com/news/i-never-tasted-poverty-growing-up-presidential-advisor-says/index.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=DreamzFMOnline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci Wesley Girls' inda ta kammala matakan 'O' a 1959 kuma ta ci gaba da samun matakin 'A'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ta kasance tsohuwar [[Jami'ar Ghana]] .  A shekara ta 1969, ta sami digiri na farko na likita da kuma digiri na biyu na tiyata daga Jami'ar Ghana Medical School . Har ila yau, tana da takardar shaidar a cikin Shirye-shiryen Iyali daga Kungiyar Shirye-sauyen Iyali ta Burtaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2017 |title=Aids Commission Gets New Boss |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/784992/aids-commission-gets-new-boss.html |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=Modern Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, tana da digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiya na iyali da na al'umma, cututtukan venereal da shirin iyali daga Jami'ar Glasgow a Ingila.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mokowa Blay Adu-Gyamfi |url=https://cleancooking.org/speaker/dr-mokowa-blay-adu-gyamfi/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Clean Cooking Alliance |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Adu-Gyamfi likita ce ta sana'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 2002, ta kasance mai tsarawa na kasa kan shirin cutar kanjamau a Asibitin Koyarwa na Korle-Bu a [[Accra]] .  Har ila yau, ita ce abokiyar kafa Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci ta Ghana kuma abokiyar Kwalejin likitocin Afirka ta Yamma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

A cikin 2017, [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] ta nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar a [[Hukumar Kula da Cutar Kanjamau, Ghana|Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan AIDS ta Ghana]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quist |first=Ebenezer Agbey |date=2021-12-09 |title=Meet Ghanaian professor &amp; wife who celebrated their 52nd wedding anniversary |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/199163-meet-ghanaian-professor-wife-celebrated-52nd-wedding-anniversary/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Yen.com.gh – Ghana news. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Appiah-Dolphyne |first=Joseph |date=2022-04-25 |title=Former Aids Commission boss: There could soon be an epidemic of HIV/Aids |url=https://www.asaaseradio.com/former-aids-commission-boss-there-could-be-epidemic-on-hiv-aids-soon/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Asaase Radio |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Har ila yau, memba ce ta kwamitin Gidauniyar Joberg, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Joberg Ghana Limited, kamfanin gini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hawkson |first=Emmanuel Ebo |date=31 March 2023 |title=Widow wins house from Joberg Foundation |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/widow-wins-house-from-joberg-foundation.html |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=Graphic Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa ===

* ''Shirye-shiryen Iyali a matsayin Hanyar Inganta Lafiya''

== Matsayin jakadanci ==
Adu-Gyamfi ya kasance Babban Kwamishinan Ghana a [[Saliyo]] daga 2005 zuwa 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ta maye gurbin Kabral Blay-Amihere a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Ghana a Saliyo . 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Adu-Gyamfi ta auri Yaw Adu-Gyamafi, farfesa a Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Ita ce zuriyar R. S. Blay . 

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Miska, Tulkarm</title>
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'''Miska''' ƙauyen [[Falasdinawa|Falasɗinawa]] ne, mai nisan kilomita goma sha biyar kudu maso yamma da Tulkarm, wanda aka lalatar da shi a cikin shekarar 1948.

== Tarihi ==
Zuriyar Ƙabilar Miskain Larabawa ne sun kafa Miska a lokacin da Musulunci ya mamaye Falasdinu a ƙarni na 7 . &lt;ref name=&quot;PR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Miska |url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Tulkarm/Miska/ |access-date=2007-12-09 |publisher=Palestine Remembered}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Balarabe masanin ƙasa Yaqut, a rubuce a cikin shekarar 1220s, Miska an san shi da 'ya'yan itace, musamman nau'in ''misk'' (miski) apple iri-iri wanda aka ce [[Halifancin Fatimid|Fatimid]] vizier Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri, wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1058.

== Zamanin Ottoman ==
Kwamandan Faransa Jean Baptiste Kléber tare da dakarunsa sun wuce ƙauyen akan hanyarsu ta zuwa yankin Acre na [[Napoleon]] a shekara ta 1799 .  Pierre Jacotin ya sanya wa ƙauyen suna ''Meski'' akan taswirar sa daga wannan kamfen ɗin. 

A cikin shekarun 1860, hukumomin Ottoman sun ba wa kauyen wani fili na noma mai suna Ghabat Miska a cikin tsohon dajin Arsur (Ar. Al-Ghaba) a gabar gabar teku, yammacin ƙauyen.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marom |first=Roy |year=2022 |title=The Oak Forest of the Sharon (al-Ghaba) in the Ottoman Period: New Insights from Historical- Geographical Studies, Muse 5 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pc5867s |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=escholarship.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 1870, Victor Guérin ya ziyarci kuma ya kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen Miskeh ya kai 300. Ya ƙara da cewa &quot;A cikin kotun ''medhafeh'' (gidan baƙo) na ga ginshiƙi da babi na marmara, a fili na aikin Byzantine. Zagaye gidajen lambuna ne, da aka dasa musamman tare da itatuwan ɓaure, daga cikinsu akwai itatuwan dabino. &quot; 

A shekara ta 1870 da 1871 ( 1288H ), wani ƙidayar Ottoman ta jera ƙauyen da ke cikin ''nahiya'' (ƙarshen gundumar) ta Bani Sa'b. 

A cikin shekarar 1882, Binciken PEF ''na Yammacin Falasdinu'' (SWP) ya kwatanta Miska ƙauyen adobe mai ƙananan girma, tare da zaitun zuwa arewa da kudu, da [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyar]] kudu. 

== Zamanin Biritaniya ==
A cikin ƙidayar jama'a a ta shekarar 1922 na Falasdinu da hukumomin [[Burtaniya]] suka gudanar, ''Meskeh'' yana da yawan jama'a 443; dukkan [[musulmi]],  sun karu a ƙidayar shekarar 1931 zuwa 635, har yanzu dukkansu musulmi ne, a cikin gidaje 123. 

A cikin ƙididdigar shekara ta 1945 yawan mutanen ''Miska'' da Sde Warburg Larabawa 880 ne da Yahudawa 180,  yayin da jimillar yankin ya kasance dunams 8,076, bisa ga wani binciken filaye da yawan jama'a.  Daga cikin wannan, Larabawa sun yi amfani da dunams 1,115 don citrus da [[ayaba]], dunams 304 don gonaki da filayen ban ruwa, 3,245 don hatsi,  yayin da dunams 88 aka rarraba a matsayin wuraren da aka gina. 
[[Fayil:Et_Tire_1942.jpg|thumb|Miska (Miske) 1942 1:20,000]]
[[Fayil:Qalqilya_1945.jpg|thumb|Miska 1945 1:250,000]]

== A shekara ta 1948 da kuma bayan ==
A ranar 15 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1948, an kori mazaunan [[Larabawa]] na Miska bisa ga umarnin Haganah, rundunar [[Yahudawa]] ta farko kafin ɓarkewar [[Yaƙin Larabawa-Isra'ila 1948|yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na shekarar 1948]] .  An lalata ƙauyen, in ban da makarantar firamare na yaro da kuma wani masallaci, bisa umarnin Yosef Weitz, wani jami'in [[Yahudawa|Asusun Ƙasa na Yahudawa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;PR&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 16 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1948, David Ben-Gurion, kusan tabbas bisa ga rahoton ci gaba daga Yosef Weitz, ya lura Miska a matsayin daya daga cikin ƙauyukan Falasdinawa da suka lalata. 

An kafa Sde Warburg a cikin shekarar 1938 akan ƙasar da ta kasance mallakar ƙauyen. An kafa Mishmeret a cikin shekarar 1946, zuwa arewa maso yamma na wurin ƙauyen, akan ƙasar ƙauyen. Ramat HaKovesh, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1932, kusan 1 ne&amp;nbsp;km saboda yammacin ƙauyen, ko da yake ba a ƙasar ƙauyen ba. 

Masanin tarihin Falasdinawa Walid Khalidi ya bayyana ƙauyen a shekarar 1992 cewa: &quot;Wannan wurin yana cike da itatuwan citrus; cactuss suna girma tare da kewayen wadannan tsaunuka. Makaranta mai daki biyu har yanzu tana tsaye kuma ana amfani da ita a matsayin matsuguni ga masu gadi da ke gadin gonakin noma. Masallacin yana zama wurin ajiyar bales na ciyawa da kayan aikin gona da aka gina. Mafi yawan siminti da aka gina a kusa da ƙauye. Isra'ilawa ne suka dasa ƙasar da ke kewaye da bishiyar citrus.&quot;

An lalata gine-ginen makarantar bisa umarnin Hukumar Kula da Filayen [[Isra'ila]] a cikin shekara ta 2006 bayan ayyukan tunawa a wurin da Falasdinawa Jama'ar Isra'ila da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Isra'ila Zochrot suka shirya.

== Duba kuma ==

* Rushewar wuraren Falasɗinawa a Isra'ila

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

== Littafi Mai Tsarki ==
 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.palestineremembered.com/Tulkarm/Miska/ Barka da zuwa Miska]
* [http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49248 Miska], Zochrot
* Binciken Falasdinawa ta Yamma, Taswira 10: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&amp;type_id=6&amp;id=8372 IAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927011454/http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&amp;type_id=6&amp;id=8372 |date=2024-09-27 }}, [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.10.jpg Wikimedia Commons]
* [http://www.alnakba.org/villages/tulkarm/miska.htm Miska] daga Cibiyar Al'adu ta Khalil Sakakini
* [http://alcor.concordia.ca/~pal/History/Villages/mis@vil.html Miska] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040719185936/http://alcor.concordia.ca/~pal/History/Villages/mis@vil.html |date=2004-07-19 }} ta Rami Nashashibi (1996), Cibiyar Bincike da Rubuce-rubucen Al'ummar Falasdinu.
* Remembering Miske on Land Day, 2002 , na Eitan Reich da Adi Kemmelgren
* Nakba Day in Miske, 2002
* Nakba Day in Miske , 2003, na Ido Tzvieli
* Commemorating Nakba Day , 2005 a Miske
* Evening with Sami Michael in Miske , Yuli 20, 2005.
* Living signs in the destroyed village of Miske  Mekaitun,
* De-Fencing Miske 
* Reply from the ILA , 2006
* Destruction of the Miske village schoolhouse  lalata a watan Yuli 2006
* Miske Schoolhouse Commemoration, 2006
* Nakba Day in Miske, Afrilu 24, 2007
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zagon Kasa (littafi)</title>
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'''Zagon Kasa''' littafi ne da marubucin Hausa '''[[Nazir Adam Salihi|Nazir Adam Salih]]''' ya rubuta, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2018. Littafin yana daga cikin fitattun littattafan soyayya na [[Hausa]] da suka shahara a [[Arewacin Najeriya]], musamman tsakanin matasa.&lt;ref&gt;Nazir Adam Salih. &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Zagon Kasa&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Kano: Gidan Littattafan Soyayya, 2018.  &lt;/ref&gt;

== Taƙaitaccen Labari ==  
Littafin ya kunshi labarin soyayya da rudani, inda jaruman ke fuskantar kalubale na yaudarar abokan arziki da rashin amana. Taken Zagon Kasa na nuni da irin makircin da wasu ke yi cikin sirri don cutar da wanda suka fi kusa da shi. Labarin ya tabo batutuwan da suka shafi amana, kishi, da sakamakon cin amanar da ke faruwa a cikin al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;Yusuf M. Adamu (2019). &quot;Adabin Hausa a Yau.&quot; Mujallar Adabin Arewacin Najeriya, Juzu’i na 5.  &lt;/ref&gt;

== Marubuci ==  
'''[[Nazir Adam Salihi|Nazir Adam Salih]]''' ɗaya ne daga cikin shahararrun marubuta a fagen adabin Hausa. Ya wallafa dama-dama daga cikin sanannun littattafan soyayya da ake karantawa sosai a Arewacin Najeriya, kuma yana daga cikin marubutan da suka kafa tubalin wannan nau’in adabi.&lt;ref&gt;Aminiya. “Tasirin Littattafan Soyayya ga Rayuwar Matasa.” Daily Trust, 2021.  &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC Hausa. “Marubutan Hausa da Gudunmuwarsu a Al’umma.” An duba 31 ga Agusta, 2025.  &lt;/ref&gt;

== Karɓuwa ==
Zagon Kasa ya samu karɓuwa sosai tsakanin masu karatun Hausa, musamman matasa da masu sha’awar littattafan soyayya. Littafin ya bazu cikin sauki ta kafafen masu sayar da littattafai da kuma cikin kungiyoyin karatu na cikin gari.&lt;ref&gt;Abubakar, Maryam. &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Adabin Soyayya a Najeriya&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Kaduna: ABU Press, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==  
* [[Adabin Hausa]]
* [[Littattafan Hausa|Jerin littattafan Hausa]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category: Litattafai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nasir Isa Kwarra</title>
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'''Nasir Isa Kwarra''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1959) shi ne mai gudanarwa a Najeriya kuma tsohon ma'aikacin banki wanda ke aiki a matsayin Shugaban, Hukumar Jama'a ta Kasa, Najeriya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Samson Atekojo |date=2020-10-15 |title=Senate confirms Nasir Isa Kwarra as NPC Chairman |url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/10/15/senate-confirms-nasir-isa-kwarra-npc-chairman/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ne ya nada shi Shugaban kasa kuma Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salau |first=Abdullateef |date=2020-10-16 |title=Senate confirms Kwarra as NPC chair, 11 others as commissioners |url=https://dailytrust.com/senate-confirms-kwarra-as-npc-chair-11-others-as-commissioners/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin jami'in banki a shekarar 1986 kuma ya zama mataimakin manajan tsakanin 1989-1996. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Asusun Daidaita Man Fetur tsakanin 1996-2006 kuma ya kasance Manajan Zonal na Ayyuka. Ya kasance Kwamishinan Kudi da Shirye-shiryen Farko, [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]] daga 1997-1998. Tsakanin 2007-2010 ya yi aiki a matsayin memba, [[Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta Tarayya|Hukumar Kula da Shari'a]] ta [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nasarawa State Judicial Service Commission {{!}} Past &amp; Present |url=https://www.nsjsc.org.ng/about-us/index-7.php |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.nsjsc.org.ng }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nasir Isa Kwarra an nada ta memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya Owo, [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] 2013 - 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Hon. Nasir Isa Kwarra: A digital and Transformative Chairman @63 |url=https://erevisionmediatv.com/hon-nasir-isa-kwarra-a-digital-and-transformative-chairman-63/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Erevision MediaTV - News, Documentaries, Live Coverages |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Nasir Isa Kwarra ya fito ne daga karamar hukumar Wamba ta [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]] . Ya fara karatunsa tun yana ƙarami. Ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] [[Najeriya]] a shekarar 1978. Ya kuma kasance tsohon [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya sami BSc a fannin tattalin arziki a 1983 da MSc a fannonin tattalin arziki a 1985.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan jama'a ===
Nasir Isa Kwarra ya rike mukamai daban-daban a cikin aikinsa na Ayyukan Jama'a wanda ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin. Ya kasance Kwamishinan Kudi da Shirye-shiryen Farko, [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]] daga 1997 - 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Lokacin da ya yi a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya a Hukumar Jama'a ta Kasa tsakanin 2018 - Oktoba 2020 da kuma asalinsa a Shirye-shiryen da Gudanarwa ya ƙare a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Jama'ar Kasa (NPC) [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baiyewu |first=Leke |date=2018-10-11 |title=Senate confirms 22 NPC commissioner-nominees, drops one |url=https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-22-npc-commissioner-nominees-drops-one/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adeniyi |first=Enioluwa |date=2020-10-15 |title=Senate Confirms Isa Kwarra As NPC Chairman |url=https://www.naijanews.com/2020/10/15/senate-confirms-isa-kwarra-as-npc-chairman/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Naija News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma wakilci Najeriya a dandalin tattaunawa da yawa a ciki da waje da kasar.

=== Hukumar Jama'a ta Kasa ===
An nada Nasir Isa Kwarra a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Jama'a ta Kasa a shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Bayan nadinsa ya fara sauye-sauye da yawa da nufin sake sanya Hukumar bisa ga umarnin kundin tsarin mulki na samar da bayanan jama'a don tsara ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=19 October 1989 |title=National Population Commission Decree 1989 (No. 23 of 1989), 19 October 1989 |journal=Annual Review of Population Law |language=English |location=Nigeria |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=3–5 |issn=0364-3417 |pmid=12344406}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya ba da shawarar kuma ya aiwatar da shirin farko na dijital da Green Census a Najeriya wanda ya fara da tsarin tattara bayanai na lantarki da aka haɓaka a cikin Hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shuaibu |first=Faruk |date=2022-05-17 |title=NPC seeks legislation for digital census |url=https://dailytrust.com/npc-seeks-legislation-for-digital-census/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alabi |first=Quadri |date=25 April 2023 |title=2023 census npc ready to deliver first digital population census |url=https://pannigeriannews.com/2023-census-npc-ready-to-deliver-first-digital-population-census/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Vanguard Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-06-19 |title=NPC Acquires Personal Digital Assistant for Census - Trending News |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2023/06/npc-acquires-personal-digital-assistant-for-census/,%20https://www.tvcnews.tv/2023/06/npc-acquires-personal-digital-assistant-for-census/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=TVC News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin Ƙididdigar Green shine sadaukarwar Kwarra don yin Ƙididdigari mai ɗorewa da kuma muhalli. Shirin zai yi amfani da fasahar dijital don rage amfani da takarda da sauran albarkatu, kuma zai inganta amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi a lokacin ƙidayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Chiamaka |date=2023-03-07 |title=17 years after, Nigeria set to hold green national census |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/586651-17-years-after-nigeria-set-to-hold-green-national-census.html |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi imanin cewa tare da sauye-sauyen da ya yi, ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a [[Najeriya]] za ta samar da bayanai masu inganci, abin dogaro, masu tabbatarwa da karɓa a [[Najeriya]] kuma za su kasance masu tsada da inganci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AbdulRahman |first=Alabidun Shuaib |date=2023-06-14 |title=2023 Census Will Make Future Exercise Less Expensive – NPC |url=https://incnews247.com/2023-census-will-make-future-exercise-less-expensive-npc/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=IntercontinentalNews247 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya shirya bita da yawa don haɓaka ƙwarewar fasaha da ƙwarewar ma'aikata a shirye-shiryen ƙididdiga da sauran binciken a matakai daban-daban. Ya yi imanin cewa bita muhimman dandamali ne na samun ilimi na ƙarshe don fahimtar ayyukan, matakai da alhakin ma'aikata da kuma haɓaka ingantaccen haɗin kai na ayyukan tsakanin sassan Hukumar.

A lokacin da aka kaddamar da Manufofin Kasa na Kasa kan Jama'a don Ci gaba mai dorewa, Nasir Isa Kwarra, ya lura cewa takardar za ta taimaka wajen gudanar da ingantaccen yawan jama'a, yana jaddada bukatar matakan gaggawa don magance yawan haihuwa na Najeriya, ta hanyar fadada damar yin amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki na zamani a duk faɗin ƙasar. Manufar tana da niyyar sarrafa ci gaban jama'a da haihuwa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tunji |first=Sami |date=2022-12-01 |title=NPC begins campaign to curb population explosion |url=https://punchng.com/npc-begins-campaign-to-curb-population-explosion/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya kaddamar da hangen nesa na [[Civil registration|Rijistar Jama'a]]'a ta lantarki da tsarin kididdiga mai mahimmanci (eCRVS) da kuma Geo-spatial Data Repository a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2023. Dandalin dijital yana da niyyar rufe duk rajistar jama'a ciki har da haihuwa, haihuwa, da rajistar mutuwa, takardar shaidar haihuwa, tallafi, sanarwar aure, sanarwar saki, ƙaura. An tsara tsarin ne don samar da cikakkun bayanai na yawan jama'a don yin manufofi, tsarawa, saka idanu da kimanta shirye-shiryen ci gaba da ayyukan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ocheni |first=Deborah |last2=Telegraph |first2=New |date=2023-11-08 |title=Tinubu Launches Digital System For Birth, Death Registration |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/tinubu-launches-digital-system-for-birth-death-registration/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=New Telegraph |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tunji |first=Sami |date=2022-08-10 |title=NPC develops birth, death registration app |url=https://punchng.com/npc-develops-birth-death-registration-app/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matsalar mai gida</title>
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'''Matsalar [[Maigida|mai gida]]''' ita ce halittar da yardar rai, ta mai gida ko wakilan su, na yanayin da ba su da kyau ga ɗaya ko fiye da masu haya don haifar da watsi da kwangilar haya. Wannan ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yankuna da yawa, ko dai a karkashin dokokin cin zarafi ko takamaiman kariya, da kuma a karkashin sharuddan kwangilar haya ko Yarjejeniyar haya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Landlord Harassment |url=https://www.tobenerlaw.com/landlord-harassment/ |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=Tobener Ravenscroft LLP |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Private renting for tenants: evictions |url=https://www.gov.uk/private-renting-evictions/harassment-and-illegal-evictions |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=wp-user-blog |title=Tenant rights in France |url=https://www.city-junction.com/faq-items/tenant-rights-in-france/ |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=VIRTUAL CAMPUS |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105222813/https://www.city-junction.com/faq-items/tenant-rights-in-france/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Irin wannan aikin na iya zama ruwan dare a yankuna inda dokokin Kula da haya suka shafi hayar, tare da farashin da ake sarrafawa ba ya kaiwa ga hayar da ta biyo baya, don haka yana bawa masu gida damar saita farashi mafi girma lokacin da mai haya na yanzu ya bar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Matsi ga masu haya na iya haɗawa da ayyuka kamar hana kulawa, hari, cin zarafin baki, ko cin zarafin rubuce-rubuce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-28 |title=10 Examples of Landlord Harassment &amp; 10 Examples of Tenant Harassment |url=https://rentprep.com/property-management/landlords-guide-avoid-harassment/ |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=RentPrep |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine [[Sexual harassment|cin zarafin jima'i]], wanda aka fi sani da &quot;jima'i don haya&quot;. Wannan aikin ya haɗa da masu mallakar gidaje suna barin dukiya, ɗakuna, ko wasu masauki ga mutane don dawo da ni'imar jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-02 |title=Sex for rent … the rogue landlords who offer a 'free' room in return for 'favours' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/money/2018/apr/02/sex-for-rent-accommodation-rogue-landlords-campaign |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan batun ya fito ne daga kafofin watsa labarai da [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|'Yan majalisa]] na Burtaniya, tare da Sakataren Harkokin Shari'a na lokacin, [[David Lidington]], yana ba da shawarar cewa irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun saba wa [[Sexual Offences Act 2003|Dokar Laifukan Jima'i ta 2003]], yana mai cewa &quot;... ana aikata laifi lokacin da mutum ya ba da masauki yayin da suke motsawa / sa wani ya yi jima'i da su don dawo da 'bi' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Offence of Sex for Rent - Wednesday 28 November 2018 - Hansard - UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2018-11-28/debates/18112839000001/OffenceOfSexForRent |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=hansard.parliament.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'in ==
Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a lokuta na cin zarafin mai gida sun haɗa da amma ba a iyakance su ga masu zuwa ba: &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

* Rage kulawa a kan dukiya, kamar [[Tara shara|Tattara shara]], shimfidar wuri, ko gyaran kayan da suka lalace
* Magana da rubuce-rubuce korafe-korafe da aka yi tunanin ko kuma ya wuce gona da iri, game da halin da ba daidai ba ne na mai haya (duba fitarwa) 
* Da gangan lalata wuraren haya ko dukiyar mai haya
* Samar da matsala ga mai haya (alal misali, ta hanyar samar da hayaniya mai ƙarfi) 
* Tsoro da barazanar rauni na jiki ko na kudi da aka yi wa mai haya
* Harin jiki ko wasu [[Laifi|Ayyukan aikata laifuka]] kai tsaye da aka yi wa mai haya
* Gwada shiga gida ko gidaje ba tare da dalili ba, ko kuma ba tare da buƙatar gaggawa don bincika gidaje ko ayyukan mai haya ba
* Da'awar gaggawa lokacin da babu gaggawa don shiga cikin ɗakin, gidaje, gidaje da sauransu, ba tare da sanarwa mai kyau ba.
* Ba za a bari masu haya su sami zaman lafiya a kan dukiya ta hanyar yunkurin shiga gidaje ba.
* Matsi game da haya da ba a biya ba, ko kuma ba a biya shi ba.
* Rage ruwa ko wutar lantarki, ba tare da sanarwa mai kyau ba &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Cin zarafin jima'i ciki har da &quot;jima'i don haya&quot; 
* Tsanani tare da niyyar korar mai haya: &quot;Kiran fansa&quot; 
* Rage ruwa ko wutar lantarki, ba tare da sanarwa mai kyau ba 
* Rage layin waya &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Amfani da gine-gine don tayar da masu haya   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A New York City official launches an investigation into the Kushner Cos.’ filing of false documents |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/politics-nation/2018/03/19/New-York-City-official-city-council-investigation-Jared-Kushner-Cos-filing-of-false-documents-dob-rent-ritchie-torres-bronx/stories/201803190162 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Jack |date=2021-09-30 |title=San Francisco-Based Veritas Investments Accused of Harassing Renters |url=https://capitalandmain.com/san-francisco-based-veritas-investments-accused-of-harassing-renters |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=capitalandmain.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar kasuwanci ta New York ta 2016 ta hana mai gida daga daukar matakai wanda zai sa mai haya na kasuwanci ya bar dukiyarsa ko ya mika duk wani haƙƙin.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpost.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Commercial Tenant Harassment in New York City--Questionable Medicine |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/commercial-tenant-harassm_b_12624936}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin yanke shawara na karar, Babban Lauyan New York ya ambaci ayyukan da suka dace waɗanda &quot;suna tsoma baki ko damuwa da ta'aziyya, hutawa, zaman lafiya ko shiru na kowane mai haya ko mazaunin gidan ko kuma an tsara shi don samun mai haya ko zama ya bar gidan. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pauker |first=Madeleine |date=2019-11-13 |title=Corporate landlord cited for tenant harassment in New York may be using the same tactics in Santa Monica, renters say |url=https://smdp.com/business/corporate-landlord-cited-for-tenant-harassment-in-new-york-may-be-using-the-same-tactics-in-santa-monica-renters-say/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=[[Santa Monica Daily Press]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani lamari, wani shahararren mai gida na Birnin New York, wanda aka lissafa shi a cikin mafi munin birni don tayar da masu haya, an tuhume shi da laifi a cikin 2016 tare da zamba, babban sata, da keta haraji don tilasta wa masu haya ba bisa ka'ida ba don tara haya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lobbia |first=J. A. |date=2000-05-09 |title=There Goes the Neighborhood |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/there-goes-the-neighborhood-2/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Village Voice |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2017, mai gidan ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka kuma ya amince da sasantawa na dala miliyan 8, ciki har da dala miliyan 3 a cikin maido da masu haya, barin gudanar da gine-gine 140, da biyan hukunci ga masu gabatar da kara.

== Tsaro ==
{{Reflist}}
A [[Doka ta gama gari|doka ta yau da kullun]] masu haya suna da damar &quot;murna mai natsuwa&quot; na wuraren haya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kroll, David G. |year=1992 |title=The Landlord/Tenant Warranty of Habitability and the Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment |journal=Colorado Lawyer |volume=21 |issue=June |page=1159}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, dokar Amurka ta karɓi &quot;warranty of habitability&quot; wanda ke tabbatar da cewa wuraren zama sun kasance a cikin gyara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kroll&quot; /&gt;

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila da [[Right|dama]]-linkid=&quot;55&quot; href=&quot;./Commonwealth_of_Nations&quot; id=&quot;mwmg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Commonwealth of Nations&quot;&gt;Commonwealth, [[Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998|Dokar ']][[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] na iya samar da tushe don kafa abin da ke da adalci da ma'ana tsakanin mai haya da mai gida. Hakkin rayuwa ta [[Ƴancin sirri|sirri]] da ta iyali, da kuma haƙƙin jin daɗin dukiyar mutum, an tsara su a cikin wannan doka. Hakkin yin amfani da magani mai inganci da kuma haƙƙin bayyana kansa kyauta ya kamata ya ba mai haya amincewa don neman mafita a kan lokaci da kuma ma'ana idan sun sha wahala ko a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Kodayake dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam gabaɗaya ana iya aiwatar da su ne kawai a kan hukumomin jama'a, suna ba da tsarin tunani.

Dangane da takamaiman yanayi, dokokin Burtaniya kamar Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a ta 1986 da Dokar Cin Hanci ta 2006 na iya samar da takamaitan magunguna. Dukkanin doka ta yau da kullun da dokokin zaman lafiya na jama'a sun sa ya zama laifi ga mutane suyi hali ba daidai ba a cikin gida misali keta zaman lafiya. Dokar zamba ta sa ya zama laifi ga mutum ya yi kuskure ko tilasta riba (kudi ko wani) da kansa ko ga jikin da suke wakilta.

Yawancin yankuna na gida suna da takamaiman dokokin mai haya wanda ke tsara ayyukan mai gida, wanda za'a iya la'akari da karya shi a matsayin &quot;matsi&quot;. Misali, a [[California]], Sashe na Dokar Jama'a na 1954, yana iyakance haƙƙin mai gida na shiga, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Landlord and Tenant |url=http://www.dre.ca.gov/files/pdf/refbook/ref09.pdf |publisher=California Department of Real Estate}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[New Mexico]], akwai &quot;Dokar Dangantaka ta Mai-Maza&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obligations of Landlords and Tenants for Safety, Maintenance and Repairs |url=http://www.lawhelpnewmexico.org/?q=content/obligations-landlords-and-tenants-safety-maintenance-and-repairs |publisher=Law Help New Mexico, New Mexico Legal Aid}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], ana buƙatar Takaddun shaida na Babu Harassment (COHN) don yin duk wani canjin zama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Understanding Single-Room Occupancy Laws {{!}} Real Estate Weekly |url=https://rew-online.com/2016/02/understanding-single-room-occupancy-laws/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619154744/https://rew-online.com/2016/02/understanding-single-room-occupancy-laws/ |archive-date=2019-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Certification of No Harassment (CONH) - HPD |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/hpd/owners/certification-of-no-harassment.page}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shigar da mai gida ya yi daidai ==
A kowane hali, manufar binciken dole ne ta kasance a bayyane, kuma dole ne a tsara gudanar da binciken yadda ya kamata. Manufar kowane dubawa shine don tabbatar da amincin da kiyaye dukiyar, da kuma bin yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin mai gida da mai haya. Shigar da gida ba ya ba mai gidan damar tattara bayanai, ko bincika, ko tsoma baki, sirrin mai haya. Duk wani shigarwa na kayan sa ido, kamar kyamarorin bidiyo, dole ne a bayar da rahoton ga mazauna da / ko masu gidaje; wannan sa ido an ba da izini ne kawai a yankuna na yau da kullun, ma'ana ba a ba da izinin kyamarorin bidiyon a cikin ɗakuna tare da ƙarin tsammanin sirri kamar ɗakunan kwana da ɗakunan wanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Office of the Privacy Commissioner of |date=2016-09-12 |title=Privacy in the landlord and tenant relationship |url=https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/privacy-topics/landlords-and-tenants/privacy-in-the-landlord-and-tenant-relationship/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=www.priv.gc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-22 |title=When it comes to surveillance cameras, what rights do tenants have? |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/11/22/when-it-comes-to-surveillance-cameras-what-rights-do-tenants-have.html |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=thestar.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasancewa na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar zama a cikin Airbnb, ana kuma kare shi daga voyeurism / sa ido a ƙarƙashin wannan tsammanin: masu masauki / masu gida dole ne su gargadi baƙi / masu haya na kyamarorin bidiyo kuma waɗannan na'urorin suna iyakance ga yankuna na yau da kullun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What are Airbnb's rules about security cameras and other recording devices in listings? - Airbnb Help Centre |url=https://www.airbnb.ca/help/article/887/what-are-airbnbs-rules-about-security-cameras-and-other-recording-devices-in-listings |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=Airbnb |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu mallakar kasuwanci ba za su iya tayar da mai haya ba ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da ƙofar ginin kasuwanci ta kowace hanya ciki har da ƙirƙirar ainihin ko shingen kwatanci. Misali na ainihin shingen zai kasance yana shiga cikin shagon yayin da misali na shingen kwatanci zai kasa cire dusar ƙanƙara daga tituna.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpost.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commercial Tenant - Harassment By Landlord {{!}} NYC Bar |url=https://www.nycbar.org/get-legal-help/article/landlord-tenant/commercial-tenant-harassment-lawyer/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yawan ziyarar mai gida ==
Sai dai idan ya gudanar da gyare-gyare, maye gurbin da sauran ayyuka, mai gidan zai iyakance lokacin da kuma mitar shigarwa zuwa mafi ƙarancin yiwuwar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Landlord and Tenant Board - SJTO |url=http://www.ltb.gov.on.ca/en/Law/STDPROD_078964.html |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Landlord.com Government Housing |url=http://www.landlord.com/landlord_right_of_entry_by_state.htm#ARIZONA:_ |website=www.landlord.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai gidan yana shiga cikin rukunin ==
Da zarar mutum ya yi hayar ɗaki, suna da mallakar doka a cikin lokacin da suke hayar.

Da farko, a cikin al'ummar noma, doka ta sa ran mai gidan ya hayar dukiyar ga mai haya sannan ya bar mai haya shi kaɗai. Ya ba mai gidan damar shiga ba, amma kuma babu alhakin gyarawa. gini [[Yankin birni|birane]] na zamani, musamman a cikin gine-gine masu yawa tare da tsarin gine-gine da yawa, ya tilasta wannan doka ta canza. Mai gidan yanzu yana da wajibai yin gyare-gyare kuma yana samun damar shiga don wannan dalili. Amma wannan ba ya maye gurbin Hakkin mai haya ga sirri da kuma &quot;murna da hankali&quot; na wurin.

Ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikicen mai gida da mai haya ya haɗa da samun dama don yin gyare-gyare. Kasashe daban-daban suna da ka'idojin da ke ambaton lambobin ko haɗari. Wadannan lambobin da haɗari sun bambanta dangane da ikon jihar ko ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Attwater |first=Marc |date=18 March 2021 |title=Landlord Electrical Safety inspection report (EICR) 2021 Guide |url=https://thebla.co.uk/landlord-electrical-safety-inspection-report-eicr/?swcfpc=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Taker |first=Care |date=19 May 2020 |title=Implied Warranty of Habitability in California |url=https://caretaker.com/learn/habitability/habitability-in-california |access-date=3 September 2025 |archive-date=1 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501231544/https://caretaker.com/learn/habitability/habitability-in-california |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wani lamari da aka rubuta, wani mai haya ya dawo daga hutu kuma ya sami wani da ke zaune a cikin gidansa, tare da kayan aikinsa da aka adana a cikin ɗaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Sasha |date=4 September 2017 |title=Defence to Damages for Unlawful Eviction |url=https://landlordadvice.co.uk/defence-to-damages-for-unlawful-eviction/ }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ramuwar gayya ==
Ramuwar gayya matsala ce kuma wasu gwamnatoci sun gabatar da takamaiman dokoki don magance wannan. A Ingila da Wales an gabatar da dokar fitar da ramuwar gayya a karkashin Dokar Deregulation 2015 a karkashin sashi na 33. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UK |first=Government |date=22 May 2021 |title=Deregulation Act 2015 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/20/section/33/enacted}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The BLA Retaliatory Evictions {{!}} New Section 21 Notice |url=https://thebla.co.uk/retaliatory-evictions-new-section-21-notice/ |access-date=2021-05-22 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mai haya ba zai iya ƙoƙarin korar mai haya ba, ƙara kuɗin haya, ko canza sharuɗɗan haya saboda mai haya ya koka a rubuce ga mai haya, ko ga kowane hukumar gwamnati, game da yanayin. Mai gidan kuma ba zai iya ramawa ta wannan hanyar ba saboda mai haya ya shirya ko ya shiga ƙungiyar masu haya, ko kuma ya shiga wasu ayyukan da aka kare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esquivel |first=Paloma |date=2024-08-19 |title=In L.A., 13,000 complaints of tenant harassment led to four fines. Advocates call for stronger laws |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-08-19/anti-harassment-ordinance |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watanni shida bayan mai haya ya shiga cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan ayyukan da aka kiyaye, duk wani aikin da mai gidan ya yi na haɓaka haya, ƙoƙarin korar (sai dai don rashin biyan kuɗi), ko yin kowane canji a cikin kowane sharuddan haya ana ɗaukarsa ramuwar gayya ce. Wannan yana nufin cewa a kowane shari'ar kotu, nauyin zai kasance a kan mai gidan don tabbatar da cewa ba ya ramawa ga mai haya. Don kayar da da'awar ramuwar gayya, mai gidan dole ne ya shawo kan kotun cewa ya dauki mataki ne saboda dalilai masu zaman kansu daga aikin karewa na mai haya kuma cewa zai yi abu ɗaya a lokaci guda koda kuwa mai haya bai shiga cikin aikin karewa ba. Idan mai gidan ya jira har zuwa watanni shida bayan ayyukan kariya, har yanzu ana iya samun ramuwar gayya, amma nauyin tabbatarwa yana kan mai haya.

Idan an layi mai gidan yana ramawa, ba zai iya korar mai haya ba, wanda kuma za a iya ba shi lalacewa mai gidan na wata daya zuwa uku na haya tare da kudaden [[lauya]]. Mai gidan kuma ba zai iya hana mai haya zafi ba, [[ruwa]] mai zafi, iskar gas, wutar lantarki, fitilu, ruwa, ko sabis na firiji. Har ila yau, mai gidan ba zai iya kulle mai haya ba ko cire shi daga gidansu ba tare da ya shiga cikin hanyar kotu ba. Mai haya na iya neman kotun ta ba da umarni mai hanawa, ta shigar da korafin aikata laifuka a kan mai gidan, ko kuma ta gurfanar da shi don lalacewar kudi da kudaden lauya. Saboda wadannan zaɓuɓɓuka don mafita, yana iya zama ga mai haya don yin korafi game da keta ka'idoji a rubuce kafin mai gidan ya ba da sanarwa na fitarwa ko karuwar haya. Idan mai haya a Ingila da Wales ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ikirarin ramuwar gayya amma bai yi korafi game da keta doka ba har sai bayan ya sami sanarwa daga mai gidan, za a sami mai haya ba shi da wata da'awar da ta dace a ƙarƙashin dokar fitar da ramuwar rayarwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Sasha |date=15 July 2020 |title=Retaliatory Eviction |url=https://landlordadvice.co.uk/helpful-information/retaliatory-eviction/#:~:text=The%20Legislation%20of%20retaliatory%20eviction,or%20complain%20about%20poor%20conditions.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dokar kariya ta masu amfani ==
[[Kariyar mabuƙaci|Dokokin kariya ga masu amfani]] suna ba da kariya daga cin zarafin masu gida a wasu jihohi. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan doka shine Babi na 93A na Dokokin Massachusetts, wanda ake kira &quot;Dokar Kare Abokan Ciniki&quot;. Kamar Dokar Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya wacce ta dogara da ita, da kuma irin waɗannan dokokin &quot;baby FTC&quot; a wasu jihohi, ta haramta amfani da duk wani ayyukan da yaudara da yaudara a cikin gudanar da kowane kasuwanci ko kasuwanci. Ana ɗaukar haya na gidaje a matsayin kasuwanci ko kasuwanci, kuma Babban Lauyan Massachusetts ya ba da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke bayyana ayyukan rashin adalci da yaudara ko ayyuka a fagen haya. Ayyukan da aka bayyana a matsayin rashin adalci sun haɗa da gazawar mai gidan ya bayyana, ga mai haya ko mai ba da haya, duk wani gaskiyar bayyanar wanda zai iya rinjayar ƙarshen don kada ya shiga cikin ma'amala. Har ila yau, an bayyana shi azaman aikin rashin adalci shine duk wani keta doka da ake nufi don kare masu amfani da duk wani aiki wanda ke da zalunci ko in ba haka ba ba ba ne a kowane bangare. Duk da yake Dokar Kare Abokin Ciniki tana ba da wasu kariya ga masu haya, idan mai gida shine mai mallakar iyali biyu ko iyali uku kuma ba shi da wani dukiyar haya, ba a dauke shi da hannu a kasuwanci ko kasuwanci, kuma ba ya ƙarƙashin wannan doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 93A |url=http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXV/Chapter93a |website=www.malegislature.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da s.186, sashi na 15B na Dokokin Janar na Massahusetts za a ajiye ajiyar tsaro a cikin asusun ajiya kuma za a sanar da kowane mai haya adadin asusun ajiyar, inda aka ajiye shi da kuma yawan sha'awa da ya samu sau ɗaya a shekara a ranar tunawa da ranar da aka sanya ajiyar tsaro. Mai gidan yana da alhakin lalacewa idan ya kasa dawo da ajiyar tsaro tare da riba a kashi biyar cikin dari.

=== Santa Monica ===
A cikin shekara ta 2015, Birnin Santa Monica ya kafa Dokar Harin Ma'aikata, wanda ke bayyana harin Ma'aikaci a ko'ina don haɗawa da ayyuka kamar rufe kayan aiki, rashin yin gyare-gyare, bayar da sanarwa ta ƙarya, da yin barazanar tsoratar da masu haya su bar gidajensu. Santa Monica ta daɗe tana sananne ne saboda kariya ga masu haya, gami da dokoki masu tsauri na kula da haya da kuma umarni da aka yi niyyar hana fitarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Abigail |date=1997-11-13 |title=Tenants Claim Landlord Made Death Threats |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-13-me-53342-story.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da karuwar rahotanni game da cin zarafin masu gida - musamman ma masu karamin karfi da masu kula da haya - Birnin ya kafa matakan da suka fi karfi kuma ya fara jerin karar da za su ci gaba da masu mallakar dukiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leffler |first=Thomas |date=2024-06-28 |title=$76 ceiling imposed in annual rent general adjustment |url=https://smdp.com/news/dollar76-ceiling-imposed-in-annual-rent-general-adjustment/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Santa Monica Daily Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Julio |date=1990-10-25 |title=LOCAL ELECTIONS: RENT CONTROL BOARD : Tenants' Slate Holds Upper Hand : Santa Monica: The fate of two competing rent control propositions, however, is still unclear. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-10-25-we-4430-story.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Santa Monica anti-harassment ya bukaci masu gida su biya kuɗin lauya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-21 |title=LA tried to stop landlords from harassing tenants. Now it's planning to ramp up enforcement |url=https://laist.com/news/housing-homelessness/los-angeles-city-tenant-anti-harassment-ordinance-funding-enforcement-ula-housing-landlord |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=LAist |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani lamari, alƙali na Kotun Koli ta California ya sanya wadanda ake tuhuma a cikin shirin karkatarwa na watanni 12. A wani lamari, Birnin Santa Monica ya kai karar mai gidan don &quot;yana nuna bambanci da gangan ga mai haya bisa ga nakasa&quot;.

=== Birnin New York ===
Dokar kasuwanci ta New York ta 2016 ta hana mai gida yin ayyukan da za su sa mai haya ya bar dukiyarsu ko kuma ya ba da kowane hakki. &lt;ref name=&quot;huffpost.com&quot;/&gt; A cikin yanke shawara na ƙarar, Babban Mai Shari'a na New York ya ambaci ayyuka masu mahimmanci waɗanda &quot;tsangwama tare da ko dagula jin dadi, hutawa, zaman lafiya ko shiru na kowane mai haya ko mazaunin gidan ko an tsara shi don samun mai haya ko mazaunin don barin gidan&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; A cikin wani yanayi, wani fitaccen mai gida na New York City, wanda aka jera akai-akai a cikin mafi munin birni don tursasa masu haya a haya, an tuhume shi da laifi a cikin 2016 da zamba, babban zamba, da keta haraji don tilasta wa masu haya haya ba bisa ka'ida ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lobbia |first=J. A. |date=2000-05-09 |title=There Goes the Neighborhood |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/there-goes-the-neighborhood-2/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Village Voice |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2017, maigidan ya amsa laifin zamba kuma ya amince da yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 8, ciki har da dala miliyan 3 a matsayin mai ba da haya, ya bar kula da gine-gine 140, da kuma biyan hukunci ga masu gabatar da kara. 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Masu haya na Arizona Lauyoyi
* Dokar mai haya
* Tsarin haya
* [['Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje|Hakkin zama]]
* Mai Girma

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2000/01/HousingAnti-Social/Q/pno/1 Gidaje da Halayen Haɓaka Zamantakewa: Hanyar da ke Gaban] taƙaitaccen tsare-tsaren bincike da matakan shari'a game da matsalolin gidaje (Birtaniya)
* [http://www.salford.gov.uk/housing-harassment Shin mai gidan naku yana tursasa ku?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605173646/http://www.salford.gov.uk/housing-harassment |date=2007-06-05 }} a gidan yanar gizon Majalisar City na Salford (United Kingdom)
* [https://thebla.co.uk/how-to-deal-with-landlord-tenant-harassment-guide/ Yadda ake magance cin zarafin mai haya] | Jagorar 2021 daga Ƙungiyar Masu Gidajen Biritaniya
{{abuse}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6872" sha1="t75jt5587ontopjfswdnjzezx9wyy1r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Mmantsae Diale
| birth_place = Pretoria, South Africa
| occupation = Professor
| awards = National Science and Technology Forum (NSTF) prize in 2018
| education = PhD degree ,the University of Pretoria
 MSc in Physics from the Medical University of Southern Africa (SMU)
| alma_mater = [[University of Pretoria]]
| discipline = Scientists(Physics)
}}
'''Mmantsae Diale''' Farfesa ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu a fannin ilmin lissafi (Physics) a Jami’ar Pretoria, mai bincike, kuma mai riƙe da kujerar bincike ta Afirka ta Kudu (SARCHI) a fannin tsabtace makamashi da makamashi mai dorewa (clean and green energy).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mmantsae Diale {{!}} The AAS |url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=aasciences.africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} Pan-African Scientific Research Council |url=https://pasrc.princeton.edu/members/individuals/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=pasrc.princeton.edu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professor Mmantsae Moche Diale: “In big conferences, there are very few black women.” |url=https://www.scienceinpublic.com.au/exclude-from-home-page/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale-in-big-conferences-there-are-very-few-black-women |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=www.scienceinpublic.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} University of Pretoria {{!}} |url=https://www.newswise.com/users/expert/Mmantsae-Diale-10067875 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=www.newswise.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Binciken da ta yi ya mayar da hankali ne akan hanyoyin jiki da sunadarai don sarrafa kayan lantarki da na gani na kayan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} University of Pretoria |url=https://www.up.ac.za/physics/article/2086799/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=www.up.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Mmantsae Diale ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Mata a Physics a Afirka ta Kudu (WiPiSA). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Mmantsae Diale ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya a fannin Ilimi (Fisika da Lissafi) daga [[Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma]] (Mafikeng), Jagoran Kimiyya a Kimiyya daga Jami'an Kiwon Lafiya na Kudancin Afirka (SMU) da BSc Honours a fannin Fisika a [[Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Sefako Makgatho|Jami'ar Sefako Makgatho]] da ke [[Pretoria]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof Mmantsae Moche Diale – NSTF |url=https://nstf.org.za/2018/11/08/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi karatu don digiri na PhD a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mmantsae Moche Diale {{!}} UR ACE-ESD |url=https://aceesd.ur.ac.rw/node/3558 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=aceesd.ur.ac.rw}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
A cikin 2018, an ba Diale lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa (NSTF) don Ci gaban Ikon Binciken Injiniya saboda tasirin da ta yi a kan gina ƙarfin STEM a Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 2023, an zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka, ta amince da gudummawar da ta bayar ga binciken kimiyya da ci gaba a nahiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mmantsae Diale {{!}} The AAS |url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=aasciences.africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa == 
|last2=Meyer |first2=W.E. |last3=Auret |first3=F.D. |last4=Paradzah |first4=A.T. |last5=Diale |first5=M. |last6=Coelho |first6=S.M.M. |last7=Janse van Rensburg |first7=P.J. |date=2015 |title=The influence of high energy electron irradiation on the Schottky barrier height and the Richardson constant of Ni/4H-SiC Schottky diodes |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50010/1/Omotoso_Influence_2015.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=39 |pages=112–118 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2015.04.031 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=John W. |last2=Legodi |first2=Matshisa J. |last3=Rakita |first3=Yevgeny |last4=Cahen |first4=David |last5=Diale |first5=Mmantsae |date=2017-10-14 |title=Laplace current deep level transient spectroscopy measurements of defect states in methylammonium lead bromide single crystals |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/63099/3/Rosenberg_Laplace_2017.pdf |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=122 |issue=14 |doi=10.1063/1.4995970 |issn=0021-8979 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mayimele |first1=M A |last2=van Rensburg |first2=J P. Janse |last3=Auret |first3=F D |last4=Diale |first4=M |date=2016 |title=Analysis of temperature-dependant current–voltage characteristics and extraction of series resistance in Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/52231/1/Mayimele_Analysis_2016.pdf |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=480 |pages=58–62 |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2015.07.034 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mayimele |first1=Meehleketo A. |last2=Diale |first2=Mmantsae |last3=Mtangi |first3=Wilbert |last4=Auret |first4=Francois D. |date=2015 |title=Temperature-dependent current–voltage characteristics of Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes and the determination of the Richardson constant |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50425/1/Mayimele_Temperature_2015.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=34 |pages=359–364 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2015.02.018 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mtangi |first1=W. |last2=Auret |first2=F.D. |last3=Nyamhere |first3=C. |last4=Janse van Rensburg |first4=P.J. |last5=Chawanda |first5=A. |last6=Diale |first6=M. |last7=Nel |first7=J.M. |last8=Meyer |first8=W.E. |date=2009 |title=The dependence of barrier height on temperature for Pd Schottky contacts on ZnO |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/11788/1/Mtangi_Dependence%282009%29.pdf |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=404 |issue=22 |pages=4402–4405 |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2009.09.022 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mwankemwa |first1=Benard S. |last2=Nambala |first2=Fred J. |last3=Kyeyune |first3=Farooq |last4=Hlatshwayo |first4=Thulani T. |last5=Nel |first5=Jackie M. |last6=Diale |first6=Mmantsae |date=2017 |title=Influence of ammonia concentration on the microstructure, electrical and raman properties of low temperature chemical bath deposited ZnO nanorods |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/62183/1/Mwankemwa_Influence_2017.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=71 |pages=209–216 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2017.08.005 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}}
==Magana==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Zara Yaqob''' (26 ga Agusta, 1468) ya kasance Sarkin Habasha, kuma memba ne na daular Solomonic wanda ya yi mulki a ƙarƙashin sunan sarauta Constantine I. An san shi saboda wallafe-wallafe na Ge'ez waɗanda suka bunƙasa a lokacin mulkinsa, yadda ya magance al'amuran Kiristoci na cikin gida da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na waje da Musulmai, da kuma kafa Debre Birhan a matsayin babban birninsa. Ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 34 da watanni 2 (r. 1434-1468).

Masanin tarihi ɗan Biritaniya, Edward Ullendorff, ya bayyana cewa Zara Yaqob &quot;ba tare da shakka ba shine babban mai mulkin da Habasha ta taɓa gani tun bayan Ezana, a lokacin daular Aksumite, kuma babu wani magajinsa a kan kursiyin—sai dai sarakuna Menelik II da Haile Selassie—da za a iya kwatanta shi da shi.&quot;

==Asali==
An haifi Zara Yaqob a Telq a lardin Fatagar. Ya fito daga mutanen Amhara. Shi ne ɗan autan Sarki Dawit I daga matarsa, Igzi Kebra. Mahaifiyarsa Igzi ta rasa ɗanta na farko, kuma saboda tana fama da rashin lafiya a lokacin cikin ta na biyu, ta yi addu'a sosai ga Budurwa Maryamu don Allah ya kiyaye sabon ɗan da za ta haifa. Daga baya ta haifi Zara Yaqob, wanda daga baya ya rubuta wannan a matsayin mu'ujiza a cikin Ta'ammara Maryam, ɗaya daga cikin tarihin Zara Yaqob da aka rubuta a harshen Amharic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Uhlig |editor-first1=Siegbert |editor-last2=Bausi |editor-first2=Alessandro |editor-last3=Yimam |editor-first3=Baye |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |page=247 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFhyAAAAMAAJ |access-date= |isbn=9783447052382 |issn= |oclc= |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308201741/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFhyAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Paul B. Henze ya maimaita al'adar cewa kishin babban ɗan'uwansa, Sarki Tewodros I, ya tilasta wa masu riƙe da muƙaman sarauta su ɗauki Zara Yaqob zuwa Tigray inda aka tashe shi a ɓoye, kuma aka ba shi ilimi a Axum da kuma a gidan sufi na Debre Abbay. Duk da cewa ya yarda cewa wannan al'adar &quot;yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen samar da tushen addini ga rayuwar Zara Yaqob&quot;, Taddesse Tamrat ya watsar da wannan labarin a matsayin &quot;mai wuyar yarda a cikakkun bayanansa&quot;. Farfesan ya lura cewa Zara Yaqob ya rubuta a cikin Mashafa Berhan cewa &quot;an sauko da shi daga gidan yarin sarauta na Dutsen Gishan ne kawai a daidai lokacin da zai hau kursiyin mulki. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Danver |first=Steven L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA16 |title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317464006 |location= |page=15-16 |author-link= |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308201738/https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bayan rasuwar Sarki Dawit, babban ɗan'uwansa Tewodros ya ba da umarnin a kulle Zara Yaqob a Amba Geshen (a wajajen 1414). Duk da haka, magoya bayan Zara Yaqob sun ci gaba da sanya shi a matsayin ɗan takara na dindindin don zama Sarki, wanda hakan ya taimaka saboda saurin maye gurbin 'yan'uwansa a kan mulki cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, wanda hakan ya bar shi a matsayin tsohon ɗan takara mai cancanta. David Buxton ya bayyana tasirin da keɓewar da aka tilasta masa ta yi a kan halayensa, &quot;an hana shi duk wata hulɗa da talakawa ko rayuwa ta yau da kullun.&quot; Da aka jefa shi cikin matsayin jagoranci &quot;ba tare da wani ƙwarewa a cikin al'amuran jaha ba, [Zara Yaqob] ya fuskanci mulki wanda ke cike da makirce-makirce da tawaye, coci wanda aka raba da rarrabuwar kawunan addini, da kuma abokan gaba na waje waɗanda ke ci gaba da barazanar mamayewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=A. Wallace Budge |first=E. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499166/page/n392/mode/1up |title=History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia |publisher=Methuen &amp; co. |year=1828 |volume=1 |pages=300}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Mutanen Habasha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zeenat Aman</title>
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Zeenat Aman Khan (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba 1951), wacce aka fi sani da Zeenat Aman, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma samfurin Indiya wacce galibi ke aiki a fina-finai na Hindi. Daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai na Hindi, &lt;ref&gt;https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/8&lt;/ref&gt; ta kafa kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin' yan wasan kwaikwayo mafi girma na lokacinta kuma an ambaci ta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin Alamar jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mai karɓar Kyautar Filmfare daga gabatarwa uku.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1951]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Zak Calisto</title>
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Zak Calisto Attajirin dan kasuwa na Afirka ta Kudu Zak Calisto (an haife shi a shekara ta 1966 ko 1967) hamshakin attajirin nan ne na Afirka ta Kudu. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Cartrack da Karoooooo.[1] Gaskiya mai sauri Haihuwa, Ƙasar ... An haifi Calisto a Portugal, kuma ya girma a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Mozambique, inda mahaifinsa jami'in gwamnati ne.[2] A cikin 2001, Calisto ya kafa Cartrack, software azaman sabis (SaaS) dandamalin bin diddigin abin hawa.[3] A cikin 2014, an jera Cartrack akan JSE, kuma a cikin 2021 an sake sabunta kamfanin riƙon kuma aka dogara da JSE azaman Karooooo.[1]

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Makera(waƙar)</title>
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      <text bytes="5271" sha1="e72p4pcsg98by1dmjgve3z0urgwpvwy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
&quot;Blacksmith&quot;, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;A Blacksmith Courted Me&quot;, waƙar gargajiya ce ta [[Turanci]] da aka jera a matsayin lamba 816 a cikin Roud Folk Song Index .

== Fassarar gargajiya ==
An rubuta wannan waƙar a ƙasa daga wata mata mai suna Mrs. Ellen Powell daga Westhope, kusa da Weobley a Herefordshire, a shekarar 1909, daga Ralph Vaughan Williams. Ana iya samun rubutaccen nau'in waƙar a yanar gizo daga '''Vaughan Williams Memorial Library'''. A lokacin da aka rubuta ta, an rera waƙar da amsa da wakar ''&quot;Monk's Gate&quot;'', wadda aka fi sani da wakar ''&quot;To be a pilgrim&quot;'', waƙar addini da '''John Bunyan''' ya rubuta. Ana amfani da wannan irin amsa (tune) a wasu lokuta wajen rera waƙar ''&quot;Our Captain Cried&quot;'', wadda ake iya ɗaukarta a matsayin wani nau'in irin wannan waƙar.

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;George

Yawancin mawaƙa na gargajiya daga [[kudancin Ingila]] sun rubuta waƙoƙin, kamar matafiya Phoebe Smith (1969) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blacksmith Courted Me, A (VWML Song Index SN29770) |url=https://www.vwml.org/record/VWMLSongIndex/SN29770 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Caroline Hughes (1963/66), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Blacksmith Courted Me (Roud Folksong Index S370278) |url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S370278 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harry Brazil na Gloucestershire, George &quot;Pop&quot; Maynard na Sussex (1962), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blacksmith Courted Me, The (VWML Song Index SN29453) |url=https://www.vwml.org/record/VWMLSongIndex/SN29453 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tom Willett na Surrey (1960), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blacksmith Courted Me, The (VWML Song Index SN29467) |url=https://www.vwml.org/record/VWMLSongIndex/SN29467 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Charlie Scamp na Kent (1954).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Blacksmith Courted Me (Roud Folksong Index S339126) |url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S339126 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya jin rikodin Tom Willet, Phoebe Smith, Caroline Hughes da George &quot;Pop&quot; Maynard ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon Vaughan Williams Memorial Library.

== Shahararrun rikodin ==
An rubuta waƙar sau da yawa. Steeleye Span ya jagoranci kundi biyu na ''Harka! '' na studio Hark! The Village Wait (1970) da Please to See the King (1971) tare da nau'o'i daban-daban na waƙar; ana iya jin sa a kan wasu kundin su na rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;zierke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Blacksmith Courted Me / The Blacksmith |url=http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/songs/theblacksmith.html |access-date=16 Oct 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andy Irvine ya raira shi a kan kundi na farko na Planxty Planxty (1973), Loreena McKennitt a kan Elemental (1985), Pentangle a kan kundin So Early in the Spring (1989), &lt;ref name=&quot;zierke&quot; /&gt; da Eddi Reader a kan ''Mirmama'' (1992). Maddy Prior (na Steeleye Span) kuma tana raira waƙar a cappella a kan kundin solo dinta Ballads and Candles (2000).

Saboda waƙar tana da cikakken tarihi kuma an yayata ta ta hanyar '''English Folk Dance and Song Society''', '''The Broadside Ballads Project''', da kuma '''Mainly Norfolk''', an ɗauki waƙar a cikin waƙofin da '''Jon Boden''' da '''Oli Steadman''' suka rera domin saka su a cikin jerin waƙofin gargajiya na kowace rana da suka kira ''&quot;A Folk Song A Day&quot;'' da kuma ''&quot;365 Days Of Folk&quot;''.

Har ila yau, akwai nau'ikan Martin Simpson da Kathy &amp; Carol, The Critics Group, Shirley Collins, &lt;ref name=&quot;zierke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Blacksmith Courted Me / The Blacksmith |url=http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/songs/theblacksmith.html |access-date=16 Oct 2012}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/songs/theblacksmith.html &quot;A Blacksmith Courted Me / The Blacksmith&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 Oct&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Barbara Dickson a kan kundin Do Right Woman, Phil Cooper a kan kundin Pretty Susan, Scatter the Mud a kan kundin In the Mood . Linda Ronstadt ta ba da fassarar a cappella a kan kundin tarihin 1990 ''Rubáiyát'' . Barry Dransfield ya rubuta wani nau'i mai ban mamaki na sauti. Jah Wobble ya rubuta wani nau'in waƙar a cikin kundin sa na 1996 English Roots Music . Ruwa ta rubuta wani ''Kishi'' a cikin kundi na farko na Jealousy .

Don rubutun ra'ayi tare da sassan waƙa, duba shafin yanar gizon Reinhard Zierke.&lt;ref name=&quot;zierke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Blacksmith Courted Me / The Blacksmith |url=http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/songs/theblacksmith.html |access-date=16 Oct 2012}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/songs/theblacksmith.html &quot;A Blacksmith Courted Me / The Blacksmith&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 Oct&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalmomin ==
(wanda Ralph Vaughan Williams ya tattara daga Ellen Powell, 1909) 
 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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&quot;Blacksmith&quot;, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;A Blacksmith Courted Me&quot;, waƙar gargajiya ce ta [[Turanci]] da aka jera a matsayin lamba 816 a cikin Roud Folk Song Index .

== Fassarar gargajiya ==
An rubuta wannan waƙar a ƙasa daga wata mata mai suna Mrs. Ellen Powell daga Westhope, kusa da Weobley a Herefordshire, a shekarar 1909, daga Ralph Vaughan Williams. Ana iya samun rubutaccen nau'in waƙar a yanar gizo daga '''Vaughan Williams Memorial Library'''. A lokacin da aka rubuta ta, an rera waƙar da amsa da wakar ''&quot;Monk's Gate&quot;'', wadda aka fi sani da wakar ''&quot;To be a pilgrim&quot;'', waƙar addini da '''John Bunyan''' ya rubuta. Ana amfani da wannan irin amsa (tune) a wasu lokuta wajen rera waƙar ''&quot;Our Captain Cried&quot;'', wadda ake iya ɗaukarta a matsayin wani nau'in irin wannan waƙar.

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;George

Yawancin mawaƙa na gargajiya daga [[kudancin Ingila]] sun rubuta waƙoƙin, kamar matafiya Phoebe Smith (1969) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blacksmith Courted Me, A (VWML Song Index SN29770) |url=https://www.vwml.org/record/VWMLSongIndex/SN29770 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Caroline Hughes (1963/66), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Blacksmith Courted Me (Roud Folksong Index S370278) |url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S370278 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harry Brazil na Gloucestershire, George &quot;Pop&quot; Maynard na Sussex (1962), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blacksmith Courted Me, The (VWML Song Index SN29453) |url=https://www.vwml.org/record/VWMLSongIndex/SN29453 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tom Willett na Surrey (1960), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blacksmith Courted Me, The (VWML Song Index SN29467) |url=https://www.vwml.org/record/VWMLSongIndex/SN29467 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Charlie Scamp na Kent (1954).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Blacksmith Courted Me (Roud Folksong Index S339126) |url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S339126 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya jin rikodin Tom Willet, Phoebe Smith, Caroline Hughes da George &quot;Pop&quot; Maynard ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon Vaughan Williams Memorial Library.

== Shahararrun rikodin ==
An rubuta waƙar sau da yawa. Steeleye Span ya kuma jagoranci kundi biyu na ''Harka! '' na studio Hark! The Village Wait (1970) da Please to See the King (1971) tare da nau'o'i daban-daban na waƙar; ana iya jin sa a kan wasu kundin su na rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;zierke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Blacksmith Courted Me / The Blacksmith |url=http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/songs/theblacksmith.html |access-date=16 Oct 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andy Irvine ya raira shi a kan kundi na farko na Planxty Planxty (1973), Loreena McKennitt a kan Elemental (1985), Pentangle a kan kundin So Early in the Spring (1989), &lt;ref name=&quot;zierke&quot; /&gt; da Eddi Reader a kan ''Mirmama'' (1992). Maddy Prior (na Steeleye Span) kuma tana raira waƙar a cappella a kan kundin solo dinta Ballads and Candles (2000).

Saboda waƙar tana da cikakken tarihi kuma an yayata ta ta hanyar '''English Folk Dance and Song Society''', '''The Broadside Ballads Project''', da kuma '''Mainly Norfolk''', an ɗauki waƙar a cikin waƙofin da '''Jon Boden''' da '''Oli Steadman''' suka rera domin saka su a cikin jerin waƙofin gargajiya na kowace rana da suka kira ''&quot;A Folk Song A Day&quot;'' da kuma ''&quot;365 Days Of Folk&quot;''.

Har ila yau, akwai nau'ikan Martin Simpson da Kathy &amp; Carol, The Critics Group, Shirley Collins, &lt;ref name=&quot;zierke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Blacksmith Courted Me / The Blacksmith |url=http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/songs/theblacksmith.html |access-date=16 Oct 2012}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/songs/theblacksmith.html &quot;A Blacksmith Courted Me / The Blacksmith&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 Oct&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Barbara Dickson a kan kundin Do Right Woman, Phil Cooper a kan kundin Pretty Susan, Scatter the Mud a kan kundin In the Mood . Linda Ronstadt ta ba da fassarar a cappella a kan kundin tarihin 1990 ''Rubáiyát'' . Barry Dransfield ya rubuta wani nau'i mai ban mamaki na sauti. Jah Wobble ya rubuta wani nau'in waƙar a cikin kundin sa na 1996 English Roots Music . Ruwa ta rubuta wani ''Kishi'' a cikin kundi na farko na Jealousy .

Don rubutun ra'ayi tare da sassan waƙa, duba shafin yanar gizon Reinhard Zierke.&lt;ref name=&quot;zierke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Blacksmith Courted Me / The Blacksmith |url=http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/songs/theblacksmith.html |access-date=16 Oct 2012}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/songs/theblacksmith.html &quot;A Blacksmith Courted Me / The Blacksmith&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 Oct&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalmomin ==
(wanda Ralph Vaughan Williams ya tattara daga Ellen Powell, 1909) 
 

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Muhammad Banaru Abubakar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fayil:Muhammad_Banaru_A_bubakar.jpeg|thumb]]
'''Muhammad Banaru Abubakar''' (Barayan [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] ) (Oktoba, 1939 zuwa Nuwamba, 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Leadership News Paper |url=http://leadership.ng/news/476876/alhaji-muhammad-banaru-barayan-gombe-is-dead |access-date= |website= |publisher= |archive-date=2017-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226184231/http://www.leadership.ng/news/476876/alhaji-muhammad-banaru-barayan-gombe-is-dead |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma ma'aikacin Najeriya.

Ya rasu a yammacin ranar Asabar, 21 ga Nuwamba, 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Pulse Nigeria PhotoNews |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=muhammad+banaru+abubakar&amp;tbm=isch#imgrc=31sfbYDwoBrh3M%3A&amp;usg=__u2jkPeLeIYFKLsy4cvD5qFDSJZs%3D |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kasance dan karamar hukumar [[Akko na (Nijeriya)|Akko]] da ke jihar [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]], ya zagaya dukkan bangarori na ma’aikatan gwamnati ya yi ritaya a matsayin babban sakatare a tsohuwar gwamnatin jihar [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] .

An haife shi a shekarar 1939 a Kumo a karamar hukumar Akko a yanzu, Abubakar ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Kumo da manyan makarantun firamare [[Gombe (jiha)|na Gombe]] tsakanin shekarar 1948 zuwa shekarar 1955, sannan ya wuce makarantar lardin [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatun sakandare a shekara ta 1960.

Neman karin iliminsa ya kai shi Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke [[Ifẹ|Ile Ife]], Jihar Osun inda ya samu takardar shedar karatu a fannin Hulda da Jama’a a shekarar 1977. Tun a shekarar 1961 zuwa 1962 ya yi makarantar Larabci, yanzu Abdullahi Bayero College for Arabic Studies, Kano.

Ya halarci kwasa-kwasan da dama da suka hada da, Certificate in Modern Management a Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, (1977), Certificate of Service; Reportorial Corps, Federated Press, Kano (1964), Citizenship and Leadership certificate, Makarantar harkokin ruwa taLagos, (1979), aiwatar da 1988 gyare-gyaren ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauransu.

Ya fara aiki a matsayin dan jarida mai yawo [[Kano (birni)|a Kano]] a shekarar 1964 yana tattara labarai a kananan kotuna.

A shekarar 1964 ya shiga rusasshiyar gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya a matsayin jami'in zartarwa, ya yi aiki a ma'aikatu daban-daban. Daga baya a shekarar 1968, an tura shi zuwa gwamnatin jihar Arewa maso Gabas yana aiki da ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da ofishin gwamnan soja na ma’aikata.

An nada Abubakar Sole Administrator Ningi LGA daga baya Katagum tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1986. Ya kai matsayin babban sakatare a 1988 a tsohuwar jihar Bauchi. Abubakar ya rike wasu mukamai na siyasa a matakin jiha da tarayya da suka hada da kwamishinan tarayya, hukumar da'a ta tarayya.

Muhammad Banaru ya rasu a yammacin ranar Asabar 21 ga watan Nuwamba yana da shekaru 76 a duniya.

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Nijeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mir Aamir Ali Khan Magsi</title>
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'''Mir Aamir Ali Khan Magsi''' ( Urdu   ; an haife shi 27 Disamban shekarar 1960) &lt;ref name=&quot;pildat/dob&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 April 2014 |title=Detail Information |url=http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=206 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419134726/http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=206 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=11 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne kuma memba na wa'adi uku na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan (Agusta 2018 har zuwa Agustan shekarar 2023, 2008 zuwa Mayu 2018 kuma tun Fabrairun shekarar 2024).

== Sana'ar siyasa ==
An zaɓe shi ɗan majalisar dokokin Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) daga mazabar NA-206 (Kamber Shahdadkot) a babban zaɓen Pakistan na 2008 .  Ya samu ƙuri'u 49,524 sannan ya doke Nawabzada Sardar Khan Chandio, dan takarar jam'iyyar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sake zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a matsayin dan takarar PPP daga Mazabar NA-206 (Kamber Shahdadkot) a babban zaɓen Pakistan na 2013 .    Ya samu kuri'u 87,789 sannan ya doke Asgher Shah Rashdi, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Sindh United Party . A wannan zaɓen, ya tsaya takarar kujerar majalisar dokokin lardin Sindh a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa daga mazaɓar PS-40 (Larkana-VI) amma bai yi nasara ba. Ya samu ƙuri'u 132 sannan ya sha kaye a hannun Mir Nadir Ali Khan Magsi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |publisher=ECP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sake zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a matsayin dan takarar PPP daga NA-203 (Qambar Shahdadkot-II) a babban zaɓen Pakistan na 2018 . 

An sake zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a matsayin ɗan takarar PPP daga [[NA-197 Qambar Shahdadkot-II]] a [[2024 Pakistani general election|babban zaɓen Pakistan na 2024]] . Ya samu kuri'u 88,130 sannan ya doke Muhammad Uzair Jagirani ɗan takarar [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)|jam'iyyar Jami'atu Ulema-e-Islam]] (JUI(F)) .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of Pakistan |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/general-elections-2024 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=ecp.gov.pk |archive-date=2024-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106074323/https://ecp.gov.pk/general-elections-2024 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
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'''Martin Anthony Chukwumbudike Aghaji''', [[Farfesa|farfesa ne]] na ƙwararren ɗan Najeriya kuma [[likitan fiɗa|likitan]] [[Cardiac surgery|fiɗa]] na Faculty of Medicine, [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigerian Universities Commission |date=2021 |title=Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System 2021 |url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |website=NUC}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2016-09-01 |title=AGHAJI, Prof. Martin Anthony Chukwubuike |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/aghaji-prof-martin-anthony-chukwubuike/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Toni |date=2022-10-19 |title=20 Anambra Persons Worthy of National Recognition |url=https://anambrapeople.com.ng/2022/10/19/20-anambra-persons-worthy-of-national-recognition/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Anambra people magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga aikin tiyata na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a [[University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Najeriya]] (UNTH). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunia |first=Godwin |date=2017-12-19 |title=Medical doctor acquitted from graft charges |url=https://guardian.ng/features/law/medical-doctor-acquitted-from-graft-charges/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da rahoton cewa Aghaji shine likita na farko da ya yi nasarar maye gurbin Mitral Valve tare da Mechanical Heart Valve a Najeriya a cikin 1986 (majinyacin ya rayu shekaru ashirin da bakwai bayan).; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=eribake |first=akintayo |date=2010-04-09 |title=Why Yarâ€™Aduaâ€™s recovery is slow |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/04/why-yar%E2%80%99adua%E2%80%99s-recovery-is-slow/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma an bayar da rahoton cewa shi ne likita na farko da ya yi nasarar maye gurbin Aortic Valve tare da Mechanical Heart Valve a Najeriya a cikin 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Aghaji a [[Nnewi]] a [[Nnewi ta Arewa|karamar hukumar Nnewi ta Arewa]], jihar Anambra. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PROF AGHAJI'S BRIEF CITATION 24 TO PROF ONYEDUM NOV 24 (2).pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UcPfJH7Y65xu5HfMJjHQICse61jDbSwa/view?usp=sharing |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Nigerian Universities Commission CVs of Professors}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Aghaji babban malami ne / mai &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2016-09-01 |title=AGHAJI, Prof. Martin Anthony Chukwubuike |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/aghaji-prof-martin-anthony-chukwubuike/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; shawara, Likitan Cardiothoracic Surgeon, Jami'ar Najeriya daga &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2022-02-10 |title=Alleged Graft: Court Discharges, Acquits Prof. Aghaji Of UNTH Enugu |url=https://www.thedreamdaily.com/alleged-graft-court-discharges-acquits-prof-aghaji-of-unth-enugu/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Dream Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oshi |first=Timothy |title=ICPC arraigns Professor of medicine for allegedly demanding bribe before surgery |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/207936-icpc-arraigns-professor-medicine-allegedly-demanding-bribe-surgery.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; shekaru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Outstanding Breakthrough in Open Heart Surgery |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/07/05/outstanding-breakthrough-in-open-heart-surgery/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aghaji ya kware a aikin tiyatar zuciya na manya da yara, tiyatar thoracic, tiyatar hanta, dashen koda da kuma magungunan nukiliya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=eribake |first=akintayo |date=2010-04-09 |title=Why Yarâ€™Aduaâ€™s recovery is slow |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/04/why-yar%E2%80%99adua%E2%80%99s-recovery-is-slow/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A fannin tiyatar bugun zuciya, Aghaji ya yi nazari kan hadaddun hanyoyin, ya kuma yi aiki wajen sauwake su, ta yadda za a iya daidaita su a kasa kamar Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=vanguard |date=2011-04-08 |title=Why there is an epidemic of Kidney diseases - Expert |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/04/why-there-is-an-epidemic-of-kidney-diseases-expert/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da rahoton cewa, Aghaji shi ne likitan fiɗa na farko a Najeriya da ya yi nasarar maye gurbin mitral valve da na'urar bugun zuciya (December 17, 1986), &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Toni |date=2022-10-19 |title=20 Anambra Persons Worthy of National Recognition |url=https://anambrapeople.com.ng/2022/10/19/20-anambra-persons-worthy-of-national-recognition/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Anambra people magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na farko da ya maye gurbin bawul ɗin aortic valve da na'urar bugun zuciya (Maris 1987), ya sabunta fasahar dashen hanji don maye gurbin osophageal, da aiwatar da na'urar maye gurbin ta farko a Najeriya, tetralog valve na farko a Najeriya. fallot (Blue Baby Syndrome) a Najeriya (1992), na farko maye gurbin bawul ɗin zuciya biyu a Najeriya, da sauran abubuwan tiyata da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigerian Academy of Science |date=2020 |title=Martin A. Aghaji FAS Distinguished Professor of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery |url=https://nas.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Why-I-Became-a-Scientist-FINAL-ggggg.pdf |journal=Why I Became a Scientist |volume=1 |pages=24 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Edwin |first=Frank |last2=Tettey |first2=Mark |last3=Aniteye |first3=Ernest |last4=Sereboe |first4=Lawrence |last5=Tamatey |first5=Martin |last6=Entsua-Mensah |first6=Kow |last7=Kotei |first7=David |last8=Baffoe-Gyan |first8=Kofi |date=2011-06-06 |title=The development of cardiac surgery in West Africa - the case of Ghana |url=https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/9/15/full/ |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |language=English |volume=9 |issue=15 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2011.9.15.848 |issn=1937-8688}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne Dean, Faculty of Medical Sciences &amp; Dentistry (UNN) daga 1998 zuwa 2000; da Provost, College of Medicine daga 2000 zuwa 2004, suna hidima biyu.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nation |first=The |date=2015-06-11 |title=UNTH honours VC |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/unth-honours-vc/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aghaji ya yi aiki a matsayin majagaba mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyyar Lafiya, Otukpo a 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=vanguard |date=2015-05-27 |title=Jonathan appoints vice-chancellors for 5 new universities |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/jonathan-appoints-vice-chancellors-for-5-new-universities/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama Farfesa na Surgery (Cardiothoracic and Vascular) a 1992. An karrama shi a matsayin Hukumar Jami'ar Najeriya (NUC) Fitaccen Farfesa na Farfasa Ciwon zuciya a 2013 da Emeritusho. Aikin UNN a cikin 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

== Zumunci ==
Aghaji ɗan'uwa ne na Royal College of Surgeons na Glasgow UK (1981); Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons na Edinburgh UK (1981); Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons of England UK (1981); FWACS (Fellow of West African College of Surgeons ) (1988); Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (FISCTS) (1989); Abokin aikin tiyatar zuciya a Amurka (1984); FICS Fellow of International College of Surgeons (1987); Fellow of International Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons (FISCTS) (1989); Fellow of American College of Cardiology (FACC) (2006). &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''''Ƙofar''''' wani kwasfan fayiloli ne da shirin rediyo wanda ke magance labarin muhalli guda ɗaya a kowane kakar. Podcast ɗin yana bincika haɗuwa da muhalli, tarihi, al'adu, kimiyya, siyasa da adalci na zamantakewa, yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar ɗan adam da duniyar halitta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Threshold |url=https://www.npr.org/podcasts/512986859/threshold |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, Threshold ya fitar da cikakkun yanayi huɗu, da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen kwasfan fayiloli da ake kira Threshold Conversations . An fitar da kakar wasa ta biyar a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2024. Babban furodusa kuma mai karɓar bakuncin Threshold, Amy Martin, tana da Scripps Fellowship na 2016 a Jaridar Muhalli a Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2016 |title=Five journalists selected for 2016–17 Ted Scripps Fellowship |url=https://www.colorado.edu/cmci/2016/08/02/five-journalists-selected-2016-17-ted-scripps-fellowship |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=University of Colorado Boulder}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ==
Ƙofar jerin ne, wasan kwaikwayo na kakar wasa. Kowace kakar, Ƙofar tana magance batun muhalli guda ɗaya, tana bincika shi daga kusurwoyi da ra'ayoyi da yawa.

Threshold Seasons daya biyu da uku tare da abubuwan da aka saki a halin yanzu na tattaunawar Threshold suna nuna kiɗa na asali wanda Travis Yost ya kirkira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soundtracks for Podcasts: Behind the Score with Threshold |url=https://bozemanmagazine.com/events/2020/11/19/88100-soundtracks-for-podcasts-behind-the-score-with |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Bozeman Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Todd Sickafoose ne ya kirkiro kiɗa don kakar wasa ta huɗu da ta biyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Threshold poscast twitter post |url=https://twitter.com/ThrshldPodcast/status/1487523943074308099 |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=Threshold podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan da suka faru sun bambanta da tsawon daga minti 30 zuwa 60. Ana samun sassan abubuwan da aka tsara zuwa lokacin rediyo na jama'a don lasisi ta tashoshin rediyo a kan musayar rediyo na Jama'a, PRX . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PRX |url=https://www.prx.org/ |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=PRX}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lokaci ==

=== Lokacin 1 ===
Lokaci na farko &quot;Oh, Give Me a Home&quot; yana bincika tarihin bison na Amurka, dabba mai shayarwa ta Amurka. Daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata, fiye da bison miliyan 50 sun yi yawo a ƙasashen Amurka kyauta. A shekara ta 1901, kawai bison daji 23 ne suka rage a cikin Yellowstone National Park. Rahotanni daga ko'ina cikin Montana da kuma yin hira da ranchers, 'yan kabilar, masana kimiyya, da sauransu da yawa, lokacin ya tambaya: Shin za mu iya rayuwa tare da bison daji, mai yawo kyauta kuma?&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SEASON ONE: OH, GIVE ME A HOME |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/season01 |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Threshold Podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Jodi |date=24 December 2018 |title=Podcasts that fill the gap |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/50.22/media-podcasts-that-fill-the-gap |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=High Country News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lokaci na 2 ===
Lokaci na biyu &quot;Cold Comfort&quot; yana mai da hankali kan yadda Arctic ke canzawa saboda canjin yanayi, da kuma dalilin da ya sa hakan ke da mahimmanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Season Two: Cold Comfort |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/season02 |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Threshold Podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The Bello Collective Editorial Team |date=7 December 2018 |title=100 Outstanding Podcasts of 2018 |url=https://bellocollective.com/100-best-podcasts-2018-3984b5e9e3a9 |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=The Bello Collective}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mayar da hankali kan mutane miliyan huɗu da ke zaune a cikin Arctic, kuma suna fama da tasirin canjin yanayi na shekaru da yawa.

=== Lokaci na 3 ===
Lokaci na uku &quot;Mafarin Gudun Hijira&quot; ya mayar da hankali kan hako mai a cikin Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . A cikin 2017, Majalisa ta buɗe wani ɓangare na mafaka don haɓaka mai da iskar gas. Amma al'ummomi da dama, ciki har da al'ummomin 'yan asalin, irin su Iñupiat da Gwich'in, a yankin, suna adawa da hakar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Season Three: The Refuge |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/the-refuge |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Threshold Podcast |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525154212/https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/the-refuge |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lokaci na 4 ===
Lokaci na huɗu &quot;Lokaci zuwa 1.5&quot; yana mai da hankali kan burin yanayi na 1.5 ° C akan matakan masana'antu. Shin za mu iya hana dumama fiye da 1.5 °C shine tambaya. .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Season Four: Time to 1.5 |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/season04 |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=Threshold Podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

'''&lt;big&gt;Lokacin 5&lt;/big&gt;'''

Lokaci na biyar &quot;Hark&quot; yana mai da hankali kan sautunan duniyar halitta. Lokacin zai dauki masu sauraro daga tabkuna a arewacin Sweden zuwa reefs a Ostiraliya. Lokacin yana ƙarfafa masu sauraro su mai da hankali ga sautunan da ba na ɗan adam ba da kuma sadarwa da ke faruwa a kusa da mu. An saki fitowar farko ta kakar a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Threshold Season 5: Hark |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/season05 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Threshold |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tattaunawar Ƙofar ===
Tattaunawar Ƙofar wani wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ke nuna tambayoyi tare da shugabannin tunanin muhalli kan muhimman batutuwa da ke tasiri ga al'adu, al'ummomi, da yanayin halittu a Amurka da bayan haka. Wannan jerin suna da niyyar ƙirƙirar sarari don tunani, tattaunawar farar hula game da batutuwan muhalli na gaggawa da muke rayuwa da su a yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Threshold Conversations |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/threshold-conversations |access-date=28 May 2021 |publisher=Threshold Podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karɓar ==
Threshold ya sami kyaututtuka masu daraja da yawa, gami da Kyautar Peabody &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Last Year's Winners |url=https://peabodyawards.com/awards/winners/ |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=Peabody |publisher=University of Georgia: Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kyautar Edward R. Murrow ta ƙasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Threshold' Podcast Wins National Murrow Award |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/threshold-podcast-wins-national-murrow-award |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Pulitzer Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kyaututtaka daga Society of Professional Journalists, Montana Broadcasters Association, ambaton daga Ƙungiyar Manema Labarai ta Ƙasashen Waje, da sauransu. Har ila yau, an haɗa ƙofar a cikin jerin sunayen da suka fi dacewa ta Outside Online,  High Country News,  Bello Collective, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wise |first=Abigail |date=21 December 2017 |title=The Best New Podcasts of 2017 |url=https://www.outsideonline.com/2269726/best-podcasts-2017 |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=Outside Online |publisher=Outside Integrated Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; da The Philadelphia Inquirer.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Jodi |date=24 December 2018 |title=Podcasts that fill the gap |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/50.22/media-podcasts-that-fill-the-gap |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=High Country News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moffitt |first=Kelly |date=7 December 2018 |title=100 Outstanding Podcasts of 2018 |url=https://bellocollective.com/100-best-podcasts-2018-3984b5e9e3a9 |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=Bello Collective}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeLuca |first=Dan |date=15 March 2018 |title=Podcast to listen to now: J.J. Redick, Joe Frank and Memory Palace |url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/entertainment/music/best-podcasts-jj-reddick-memory-place-in-our-time-20180315.html |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Peabody Jurors sun rubuta game da Threshold Season 3: &quot;The Refuge wani misali ne na aikin jarida na muhalli. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THRESHOLD: THE REFUGE |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/the-refuge/ |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=Peabody |publisher=University of Georgia: Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Holly Kirkpatrick na Rise Collaborative ya rubuta cewa Threshold Season 2 yana taimaka wa masu sauraro su sami zurfin fahimta game da Arctic. &quot;A mafi yawan labarai da rahotanni na minti 1-4 da rediyo game da Arctic ko canjin yanayi, ba koyaushe muna jin isasshen daga mutane miliyan huɗu da ke zaune a can ba. Ƙofar tana nufin canza wannan ta hanyar bincika rikitarwa na Arctic ta hanyar labarun mazaunanta, &quot; Kirkpatrick ya rubuta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kirkpatrick |first=Holly |date=18 January 2019 |title=Listen Up: Threshold Podcast Review |url=https://risecollaborative.com/rise/listen-up |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=Rise Collaborative |publisher=RISE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dan DeLuca na The Philly Inquirer ya rubuta cewa Threshold Season 1: &quot;bincike mai zurfi game da tarihin kasar tare da [bison]...Yana zurfafa cikin batutuwa game da kiyayewa da siyasa da kuma dangantakar gwamnatin Amurka da 'yan asalin dabbobi da mutane, yayin da ba su taɓa rasa mamaki game da manyan dabbobi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeLuca |first=Dan |date=15 March 2018 |title=Podcast to listen to now: J.J. Redick, Joe Frank and Memory Palace |url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/entertainment/music/best-podcasts-jj-reddick-memory-place-in-our-time-20180315.html |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kungiyar kwadago ==
An watsa ƙofa a tashoshin rediyo na jama'a a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da WHYY Philadelphia, KUT Austin, KJZZ Phoenix, da ƙari. 

== Kudi ==
Auricle Productions ne ya samar da ƙofar, ƙungiyar jarida mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta. Cibiyar Pulitzer, Howard G. Buffett Fund na Gidauniyar Watsa Labarai ta Duniya don Mata, Rediyon Jama'a na Montana, Gidauniya ta Park, Gidaunin High Stakes, da masu sauraron Gidauniyoyin Threshold suna tallafawa aikin Threshold.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Funding |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/funding |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Threshold Podcast |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525153624/https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/funding |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''''Ƙofar''''' wani kwasfan fayiloli ne da shirin rediyo wanda ke magance labarin muhalli guda ɗaya a kowane kakar. Podcast ɗin yana bincika haɗuwa da muhalli, tarihi, al'adu, kimiyya, siyasa da adalci na zamantakewa, yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar ɗan adam da duniyar halitta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Threshold |url=https://www.npr.org/podcasts/512986859/threshold |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, Threshold ya fitar da cikakkun yanayi huɗu, da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen kwasfan fayiloli da ake kira Threshold Conversations . An fitar da kakar wasa ta biyar a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2024. Babban furodusa kuma mai karɓar bakuncin Threshold, Amy Martin, tana da Scripps Fellowship na 2016 a Jaridar Muhalli a Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2016 |title=Five journalists selected for 2016–17 Ted Scripps Fellowship |url=https://www.colorado.edu/cmci/2016/08/02/five-journalists-selected-2016-17-ted-scripps-fellowship |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=University of Colorado Boulder}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ==
Ƙofar jerin ne, wasan kwaikwayo na kakar wasa. Kowace kakar, Ƙofar tana magance batun muhalli guda ɗaya, tana bincika shi daga kusurwoyi da ra'ayoyi da yawa.

Threshold Seasons ɗaya biyu da uku tare da abubuwan da aka saki a halin yanzu na tattaunawar Threshold suna nuna kiɗa na asali wanda Travis Yost ya kirkira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soundtracks for Podcasts: Behind the Score with Threshold |url=https://bozemanmagazine.com/events/2020/11/19/88100-soundtracks-for-podcasts-behind-the-score-with |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Bozeman Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Todd Sickafoose ne ya kirkiro kiɗa don kakar wasa ta huɗu da ta biyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Threshold poscast twitter post |url=https://twitter.com/ThrshldPodcast/status/1487523943074308099 |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=Threshold podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan da suka faru sun bambanta da tsawon daga minti 30 zuwa 60. Ana samun sassan abubuwan da aka tsara zuwa lokacin rediyo na jama'a don lasisi ta tashoshin rediyo a kan musayar rediyo na Jama'a, PRX . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PRX |url=https://www.prx.org/ |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=PRX}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lokaci ==

=== Lokacin 1 ===
Lokaci na farko &quot;Oh, Give Me a Home&quot; yana bincika tarihin bison na Amurka, dabba mai shayarwa ta Amurka. Daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata, fiye da bison miliyan 50 sun yi yawo a ƙasashen Amurka kyauta. A shekara ta 1901, kawai bison daji 23 ne suka rage a cikin Yellowstone National Park. Rahotanni daga ko'ina cikin Montana da kuma yin hira da ranchers, 'yan kabilar, masana kimiyya, da sauransu da yawa, lokacin ya tambaya: Shin za mu iya rayuwa tare da bison daji, mai yawo kyauta kuma?&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SEASON ONE: OH, GIVE ME A HOME |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/season01 |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Threshold Podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Jodi |date=24 December 2018 |title=Podcasts that fill the gap |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/50.22/media-podcasts-that-fill-the-gap |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=High Country News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lokaci na 2 ===
Lokaci na biyu &quot;Cold Comfort&quot; yana mai da hankali kan yadda Arctic ke canzawa saboda canjin yanayi, da kuma dalilin da ya sa hakan ke da mahimmanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Season Two: Cold Comfort |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/season02 |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Threshold Podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The Bello Collective Editorial Team |date=7 December 2018 |title=100 Outstanding Podcasts of 2018 |url=https://bellocollective.com/100-best-podcasts-2018-3984b5e9e3a9 |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=The Bello Collective}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mayar da hankali kan mutane miliyan huɗu da ke zaune a cikin Arctic, kuma suna fama da tasirin canjin yanayi na shekaru da yawa.

=== Lokaci na 3 ===
Lokaci na uku &quot;Mafarin Gudun Hijira&quot; ya mayar da hankali kan hako mai a cikin Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . A cikin 2017, Majalisa ta buɗe wani ɓangare na mafaka don haɓaka mai da iskar gas. Amma al'ummomi da dama, ciki har da al'ummomin 'yan asalin, irin su Iñupiat da Gwich'in, a yankin, suna adawa da hakar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Season Three: The Refuge |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/the-refuge |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Threshold Podcast |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525154212/https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/the-refuge |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lokaci na 4 ===
Lokaci na huɗu &quot;Lokaci zuwa 1.5&quot; yana mai da hankali kan burin yanayi na 1.5 ° C akan matakan masana'antu. Shin za mu iya hana dumama fiye da 1.5 °C shine tambaya. .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Season Four: Time to 1.5 |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/season04 |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=Threshold Podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

'''&lt;big&gt;Lokacin 5&lt;/big&gt;'''

Lokaci na biyar &quot;Hark&quot; yana mai da hankali kan sautunan duniyar halitta. Lokacin zai dauki masu sauraro daga tabkuna a arewacin Sweden zuwa reefs a Ostiraliya. Lokacin yana ƙarfafa masu sauraro su mai da hankali ga sautunan da ba na ɗan adam ba da kuma sadarwa da ke faruwa a kusa da mu. An saki fitowar farko ta kakar a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Threshold Season 5: Hark |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/season05 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Threshold |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tattaunawar Ƙofar ===
Tattaunawar Ƙofar wani wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ke nuna tambayoyi tare da shugabannin tunanin muhalli kan muhimman batutuwa da ke tasiri ga al'adu, al'ummomi, da yanayin halittu a Amurka da bayan haka. Wannan jerin suna da niyyar ƙirƙirar sarari don tunani, tattaunawar farar hula game da batutuwan muhalli na gaggawa da muke rayuwa da su a yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Threshold Conversations |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/threshold-conversations |access-date=28 May 2021 |publisher=Threshold Podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karɓar ==
Threshold ya sami kyaututtuka masu daraja da yawa, gami da Kyautar Peabody &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Last Year's Winners |url=https://peabodyawards.com/awards/winners/ |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=Peabody |publisher=University of Georgia: Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kyautar Edward R. Murrow ta ƙasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Threshold' Podcast Wins National Murrow Award |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/threshold-podcast-wins-national-murrow-award |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Pulitzer Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kyaututtaka daga Society of Professional Journalists, Montana Broadcasters Association, ambaton daga Ƙungiyar Manema Labarai ta Ƙasashen Waje, da sauransu. Har ila yau, an haɗa ƙofar a cikin jerin sunayen da suka fi dacewa ta Outside Online,  High Country News,  Bello Collective, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wise |first=Abigail |date=21 December 2017 |title=The Best New Podcasts of 2017 |url=https://www.outsideonline.com/2269726/best-podcasts-2017 |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=Outside Online |publisher=Outside Integrated Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; da The Philadelphia Inquirer.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Jodi |date=24 December 2018 |title=Podcasts that fill the gap |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/50.22/media-podcasts-that-fill-the-gap |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=High Country News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moffitt |first=Kelly |date=7 December 2018 |title=100 Outstanding Podcasts of 2018 |url=https://bellocollective.com/100-best-podcasts-2018-3984b5e9e3a9 |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=Bello Collective}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeLuca |first=Dan |date=15 March 2018 |title=Podcast to listen to now: J.J. Redick, Joe Frank and Memory Palace |url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/entertainment/music/best-podcasts-jj-reddick-memory-place-in-our-time-20180315.html |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Peabody Jurors sun rubuta game da Threshold Season 3: &quot;The Refuge wani misali ne na aikin jarida na muhalli. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THRESHOLD: THE REFUGE |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/the-refuge/ |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=Peabody |publisher=University of Georgia: Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Holly Kirkpatrick na Rise Collaborative ya rubuta cewa Threshold Season 2 yana taimaka wa masu sauraro su sami zurfin fahimta game da Arctic. &quot;A mafi yawan labarai da rahotanni na minti 1-4 da rediyo game da Arctic ko canjin yanayi, ba koyaushe muna jin isasshen daga mutane miliyan huɗu da ke zaune a can ba. Ƙofar tana nufin canza wannan ta hanyar bincika rikitarwa na Arctic ta hanyar labarun mazaunanta, &quot; Kirkpatrick ya rubuta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kirkpatrick |first=Holly |date=18 January 2019 |title=Listen Up: Threshold Podcast Review |url=https://risecollaborative.com/rise/listen-up |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=Rise Collaborative |publisher=RISE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dan DeLuca na The Philly Inquirer ya rubuta cewa Threshold Season 1: &quot;bincike mai zurfi game da tarihin kasar tare da [bison]...Yana zurfafa cikin batutuwa game da kiyayewa da siyasa da kuma dangantakar gwamnatin Amurka da 'yan asalin dabbobi da mutane, yayin da ba su taɓa rasa mamaki game da manyan dabbobi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeLuca |first=Dan |date=15 March 2018 |title=Podcast to listen to now: J.J. Redick, Joe Frank and Memory Palace |url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/entertainment/music/best-podcasts-jj-reddick-memory-place-in-our-time-20180315.html |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kungiyar kwadago ==
An watsa ƙofa a tashoshin rediyo na jama'a a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da WHYY Philadelphia, KUT Austin, KJZZ Phoenix, da ƙari. 

== Kudi ==
Auricle Productions ne ya samar da ƙofar, ƙungiyar jarida mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta. Cibiyar Pulitzer, Howard G. Buffett Fund na Gidauniyar Watsa Labarai ta Duniya don Mata, Rediyon Jama'a na Montana, Gidauniya ta Park, Gidaunin High Stakes, da masu sauraron Gidauniyoyin Threshold suna tallafawa aikin Threshold.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Funding |url=https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/funding |access-date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Threshold Podcast |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525153624/https://www.thresholdpodcast.org/funding |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Na'urar Tantance katin INEC</title>
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[[Fayil:INEC_card_reader.jpg|right|thumb|Mai karanta katin INEC, na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita don [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|Babban zaben Najeriya, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 28 ga Maris, 2015]]]]
'''Na'urar Tantance Katin INEC''' na'urar tabbatar da zabe ce ta lantarki wacce aka tsara don karanta kawai Katunan Zabe na Dindindin (PVCs) da [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta]] (INEC) ta bayar a [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Card Reader Controversy, Articles - THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/the-card-reader-controversy/204238/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329094736/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/the-card-reader-controversy/204238/ |archive-date=2015-03-29 |access-date=2015-03-28 |website=thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara mai karanta katin don tsarin takardar shaidar (bayyana masu jefa kuri'a kafin jefa kuri'u). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INEC Mock poll exposes Card Readers' flaws - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/03/mock-poll-exposes-card-readers-flaws/ |website=Vanguard News}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara na'urar don karanta PVCs kawai na wani rukunin zabe kuma zai iya aiki ne kawai a [[Zabe a Najeriya|Ranar zabe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mixed Results Trail INEC's Mock Trial of Card Readers, Articles - THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/mixed-results-trail-inec-s-mock-trial-of-card-readers/203569/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163636/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/mixed-results-trail-inec-s-mock-trial-of-card-readers/203569/ |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-03-28 |website=thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Na'urar tana amfani da fasahar cryptographic tare da amfani da wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da sarrafa mitar 1.2 GHz kuma tana amfani da Android 4.0.0 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leadership Newspaper |date=21 March 2015 |title=Card Reader Is Configured To Work Only On Election Days – Paschal |url=http://leadership.ng/news/419134/card-reader-is-configured-to-work-only-on-election-days-Paschal |website=Nigerian News from Leadership News }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div&gt;Masu aiki ne suka sanya shi (yawanci jami'an INEC masu horar da su) don karanta guntu da aka saka a kan Katin Mai Zabe na Mutum (PVC). [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] An sanya wannan katin a cikin na'urar, wanda ke nuna cikakkun bayanai na mai jefa kuri'a. Mai jefa kuri'a ya sanya yatsan hannu a kan na'urar, kuma an tabbatar da asalin su ta hanyar tabbatar da Fingerprint.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smart Card Reader Configured To Work At Particular Polling Unit - INEC - Channels Television |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2015/01/30/smart-card-reader-configured-work-particular-polling-unit-inec/ |website=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin lokaci yana ɗaukar kusan sakan 10 zuwa 20 don tabbatar da mai jefa kuri'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Our Correspondent |title=New Telegraph – The constitutionality or otherwise of using electronic card reader in the 2015 general elections (2) |url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/the-constitutionality-or-otherwise-of-using-electronic-card-reader-in-the-2015-general-elections-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402205118/http://newtelegraphonline.com/the-constitutionality-or-otherwise-of-using-electronic-card-reader-in-the-2015-general-elections-2/ |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-03-28 |website=newtelegraphonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A ƙarshen tsarin ƙididdiga, ana amfani da maɓallin &quot;Close V&quot; don kammala tsarin ƙididdigar kuma ana iya ganin jimlar adadin masu jefa kuri'a da aka amince da su ta amfani da ma'anar &quot;Query&quot;. Bayan haka, ana iya tura sakamakon zuwa INEC ta amfani da maɓallin &quot;Sadarwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gbade Ogunwale, Assistant Editor, Abuja; Jide Orintunsin Minna; Ogochukwu Anioke, Abakaliki; Kolade Adeyemi, Kano; Austine Tsenzughul, Bauchi; Vincent Ikuomola, Abuja; Nwanosike Onu, Awka; Shola O’Neil and Okungbowa Aiwerie, Asaba; Precious Dikewoha and Rosemary Nwisi, Port Harcourt; Odunayo Ogunmola, Ado-Ekiti; Fanen Ihyongo, Jalingo |title=INEC's card readers test-run largely successful nationwide |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/inecs-card-readers-test-run-largely-successful-nationwide/ |website=The Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara amfani da mai karanta katin ne don zaben shugaban Najeriya da aka gudanar a ranar 28 ga Maris, 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Card Readers: How Abuja court aborted last minute move to stop election |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/03/card-readers-how-abuja-court-aborted-last-minute-move-to-stop-%E2%80%8Eelection/ |website=Vanguard News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=We support Inec to use card reader |url=http://www.punchng.com/news/we-support-inec-to-use-card-reader-us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112330/http://www.punchng.com/news/we-support-inec-to-use-card-reader-us/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=29 March 2015 |website=The Punch News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Nigerian Export-Import Bank</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345621189|Nigerian Export-Import Bank]]&quot;</comment>
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Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na [[Najeriya]] (NEXIM) hukuma ce ta bashi a Najeriya, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1991. A cikin aikinta, NEXIM tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba da fadada bangarorin da ba na mai ba na tattalin arzikin Najeriya, tare da la'akari da rage dogaro da kasar kan fitar da mai.

== Aikin ==
Manufar NEXIM ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙananan, matsakaita, da manyan kamfanoni a dukkan fannoni na tattalin arziki, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma ayyukan bayar da shawarwari da suka yi daidai da manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Hedikwatar Nexim tana cikin NEXIM House, Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya, [[Abuja]]&quot; id=&quot;mwHA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Garki, Abuja&quot;&gt;Garki, Abuja, Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: Contact Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/contact-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Nexim yana da iyaka da Kur Mohammed Avenue zuwa arewa, Ahmadu Bello Way zuwa gabas da Constitution Avenue zuwa kudu. Yanayinta na ƙasa sune: 09°03'44.0&quot;N, 07°29'37.0&quot;E (Latitude: 09.062222; Longitude:07.493611). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
An kafa NEXIM a cikin 1991 a matsayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) da [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya]] (MOFI), tare da babban birnin NGN: 50,000,000,000 (kimanin dala miliyan 132 a cikin kudi na 2021). &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

1. &quot;Samun tabbacin bashi na fitarwa da inshorar bashi na fitar da kayayyaki ga abokan ciniki masu cancanta&quot;.

2. &quot;Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa&quot;.

3. &quot;Tsarin asusun musayar kasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa&quot;.

4. &quot;Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Cibiyar hada-hadar kudi mallakar CBN da MOFI ne, a kan tushen 50/50. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin kudi ==
Ya zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2015, jimlar kadarorin bankin an kimanta su a NGN:64,731,403,000 (kimanin US $ 170,562,000 a cikin kuɗin 2021), tare da babban birnin masu hannun jari na NGN:41,150,885,000 (US $ 108,429,000). &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=April 2019 |title=Audited Financial Statement As of 31 December 2015 |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NEXIM-AFS-2015-FINAL.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]]
* [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]]
* [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.wand.com/CORE/CompanyProfile.aspx?mfgcode=50650411&amp;RGID=GLOBAL Bayanan Kamfanin A Wand.com] An adana shi   Ya zuwa Afrilu 2015.
* [https://leadership.ng/nexim-bank-positioning-the-economy-for-post-crisis-performance/ Bankin NEXIM: Matsayi Tattalin Arziki Don Ayyukan Bayan Rikicin] Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2020.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <id>816682</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:21:47Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
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Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na [[Najeriya]] (NEXIM) hukuma ce ta bashi a Najeriya, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1991. A cikin aikinta, NEXIM tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba da fadada bangarorin da ba na mai ba na tattalin arzikin Najeriya, tare da la'akari da rage dogaro da kasar kan fitar da mai.

== Aikin ==
Manufar NEXIM ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙananan, matsakaita, da manyan kamfanoni a dukkan fannoni na tattalin arziki, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma ayyukan bayar da shawarwari da suka yi daidai da manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Hedikwatar Nexim tana cikin NEXIM House, Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya, [[Abuja]]&quot; id=&quot;mwHA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Garki, Abuja&quot;&gt;Garki, Abuja, Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: Contact Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/contact-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Nexim yana da iyaka da Kur Mohammed Avenue zuwa arewa, Ahmadu Bello Way zuwa gabas da Constitution Avenue zuwa kudu. Yanayinta na ƙasa sune: 09°03'44.0&quot;N, 07°29'37.0&quot;E (Latitude: 09.062222; Longitude:07.493611). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
An kafa NEXIM a cikin 1991 a matsayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) da [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya]] (MOFI), tare da babban birnin NGN: 50,000,000,000 (kimanin dala miliyan 132 a cikin kudi na 2021). &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

1. &quot;Samun tabbacin bashi na fitarwa da inshorar bashi na fitar da kayayyaki ga abokan ciniki masu cancanta&quot;.

2. &quot;Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa&quot;.

3. &quot;Tsarin asusun musayar kasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa&quot;.

4. &quot;Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Cibiyar hada-hadar kudi mallakar CBN da MOFI ne, a kan tushen 50/50. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin kudi ==
Ya zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2015, jimlar kadarorin bankin an kimanta su a NGN:64,731,403,000 (kimanin US $ 170,562,000 a cikin kuɗin 2021), tare da babban birnin masu hannun jari na NGN:41,150,885,000 (US $ 108,429,000). &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=April 2019 |title=Audited Financial Statement As of 31 December 2015 |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NEXIM-AFS-2015-FINAL.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]]
* [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]]
* [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.wand.com/CORE/CompanyProfile.aspx?mfgcode=50650411&amp;RGID=GLOBAL Bayanan Kamfanin A Wand.com] An adana shi   Ya zuwa Afrilu 2015.
* [https://leadership.ng/nexim-bank-positioning-the-economy-for-post-crisis-performance/ Bankin NEXIM: Matsayi Tattalin Arziki Don Ayyukan Bayan Rikicin] Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2020.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <id>816683</id>
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        <id>23935</id>
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      <text bytes="5332" sha1="t59eyqti1qmswhvwow0rtetzoyba9r2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na [[Najeriya]] (NEXIM) hukuma ce ta bashi a Najeriya, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1991. A cikin aikinta, NEXIM tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba da faɗaɗa ɓangarorin da ba na mai ba na tattalin arziƙin Najeriya, tare da la'akari da rage dogaro da ƙasar kan fitar da mai.

== Aikin ==
Manufar NEXIM ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙananan, matsakaita, da manyan kamfanoni a dukkan fannoni na tattalin arziki, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma ayyukan bayar da shawarwari da suka yi daidai da manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Hedikwatar Nexim tana cikin NEXIM House, Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya, [[Abuja]]&quot; id=&quot;mwHA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Garki, Abuja&quot;&gt;Garki, Abuja, Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: Contact Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/contact-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Nexim yana da iyaka da Kur Mohammed Avenue zuwa arewa, Ahmadu Bello Way zuwa gabas da Constitution Avenue zuwa kudu. Yanayinta na ƙasa sune: 09°03'44.0&quot;N, 07°29'37.0&quot;E (Latitude: 09.062222; Longitude:07.493611). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
An kafa NEXIM a cikin 1991 a matsayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) da [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya]] (MOFI), tare da babban birnin NGN: 50,000,000,000 (kimanin dala miliyan 132 a cikin kudi na 2021). &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

1. &quot;Samun tabbacin bashi na fitarwa da inshorar bashi na fitar da kayayyaki ga abokan ciniki masu cancanta&quot;.

2. &quot;Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa&quot;.

3. &quot;Tsarin asusun musayar kasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa&quot;.

4. &quot;Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Cibiyar hada-hadar kudi mallakar CBN da MOFI ne, a kan tushen 50/50. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin kudi ==
Ya zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2015, jimlar kadarorin bankin an kimanta su a NGN:64,731,403,000 (kimanin US $ 170,562,000 a cikin kuɗin 2021), tare da babban birnin masu hannun jari na NGN:41,150,885,000 (US $ 108,429,000). &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=April 2019 |title=Audited Financial Statement As of 31 December 2015 |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NEXIM-AFS-2015-FINAL.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]]
* [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]]
* [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.wand.com/CORE/CompanyProfile.aspx?mfgcode=50650411&amp;RGID=GLOBAL Bayanan Kamfanin A Wand.com] An adana shi   Ya zuwa Afrilu 2015.
* [https://leadership.ng/nexim-bank-positioning-the-economy-for-post-crisis-performance/ Bankin NEXIM: Matsayi Tattalin Arziki Don Ayyukan Bayan Rikicin] Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2020.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>t59eyqti1qmswhvwow0rtetzoyba9r2</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>816684</id>
      <parentid>816683</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:22:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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      <text bytes="5334" sha1="7rtod52xb836b5v14za3jvczh1xnq9q" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na [[Najeriya]] (NEXIM) hukuma ce ta bashi a Najeriya, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1991. A cikin aikinta, NEXIM tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba da faɗaɗa ɓangarorin da ba na mai ba na tattalin arziƙin Najeriya, tare da la'akari da rage dogaro da ƙasar kan fitar da mai.

== Aikin ==
Manufar NEXIM ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙananan, matsakaita, da manyan kamfanoni a dukkan fannoni na tattalin arziƙi, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma ayyukan bayar da shawarwari da suka yi dai-dai da manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Hedikwatar Nexim tana cikin NEXIM House, Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya, [[Abuja]]&quot; id=&quot;mwHA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Garki, Abuja&quot;&gt;Garki, Abuja, Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: Contact Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/contact-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Nexim yana da iyaka da Kur Mohammed Avenue zuwa arewa, Ahmadu Bello Way zuwa gabas da Constitution Avenue zuwa kudu. Yanayinta na ƙasa sune: 09°03'44.0&quot;N, 07°29'37.0&quot;E (Latitude: 09.062222; Longitude:07.493611). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
An kafa NEXIM a cikin 1991 a matsayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) da [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya]] (MOFI), tare da babban birnin NGN: 50,000,000,000 (kimanin dala miliyan 132 a cikin kudi na 2021). &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

1. &quot;Samun tabbacin bashi na fitarwa da inshorar bashi na fitar da kayayyaki ga abokan ciniki masu cancanta&quot;.

2. &quot;Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa&quot;.

3. &quot;Tsarin asusun musayar kasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa&quot;.

4. &quot;Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Cibiyar hada-hadar kudi mallakar CBN da MOFI ne, a kan tushen 50/50. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin kudi ==
Ya zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2015, jimlar kadarorin bankin an kimanta su a NGN:64,731,403,000 (kimanin US $ 170,562,000 a cikin kuɗin 2021), tare da babban birnin masu hannun jari na NGN:41,150,885,000 (US $ 108,429,000). &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=April 2019 |title=Audited Financial Statement As of 31 December 2015 |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NEXIM-AFS-2015-FINAL.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]]
* [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]]
* [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.wand.com/CORE/CompanyProfile.aspx?mfgcode=50650411&amp;RGID=GLOBAL Bayanan Kamfanin A Wand.com] An adana shi   Ya zuwa Afrilu 2015.
* [https://leadership.ng/nexim-bank-positioning-the-economy-for-post-crisis-performance/ Bankin NEXIM: Matsayi Tattalin Arziki Don Ayyukan Bayan Rikicin] Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2020.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816685</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:22:43Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
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Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na [[Najeriya]] (NEXIM) hukuma ce ta bashi a Najeriya, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1991. A cikin aikinta, NEXIM tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba da faɗaɗa ɓangarorin da ba na mai ba na tattalin arziƙin Najeriya, tare da la'akari da rage dogaro da ƙasar kan fitar da mai.

== Aikin ==
Manufar NEXIM ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙananan, matsakaita, da manyan kamfanoni a dukkan fannoni na tattalin arziƙi, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma ayyukan bayar da shawarwari da suka yi dai-dai da manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Hedikwatar Nexim tana cikin NEXIM House, Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya, [[Abuja]]&quot; id=&quot;mwHA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Garki, Abuja&quot;&gt;Garki, Abuja, Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: Contact Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/contact-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Nexim yana da iyaka da Kur Mohammed Avenue zuwa arewa, Ahmadu Bello Way zuwa gabas da Constitution Avenue zuwa kudu. Yanayinta na ƙasa sune: 09°03'44.0&quot;N, 07°29'37.0&quot;E (Latitude: 09.062222; Longitude:07.493611). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
An kafa NEXIM a cikin shekarar 1991 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) da [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya]] (MOFI), tare da babban birnin NGN: 50,000,000,000 (kimanin dala miliyan 132 a cikin kudi na 2021). &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

1. &quot;Samun tabbacin bashi na fitarwa da inshorar bashi na fitar da kayayyaki ga abokan ciniki masu cancanta&quot;.

2. &quot;Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa&quot;.

3. &quot;Tsarin asusun musayar kasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa&quot;.

4. &quot;Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Cibiyar hada-hadar kudi mallakar CBN da MOFI ne, a kan tushen 50/50. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin kudi ==
Ya zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2015, jimlar kadarorin bankin an kimanta su a NGN:64,731,403,000 (kimanin US $ 170,562,000 a cikin kuɗin 2021), tare da babban birnin masu hannun jari na NGN:41,150,885,000 (US $ 108,429,000). &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=April 2019 |title=Audited Financial Statement As of 31 December 2015 |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NEXIM-AFS-2015-FINAL.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]]
* [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]]
* [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.wand.com/CORE/CompanyProfile.aspx?mfgcode=50650411&amp;RGID=GLOBAL Bayanan Kamfanin A Wand.com] An adana shi   Ya zuwa Afrilu 2015.
* [https://leadership.ng/nexim-bank-positioning-the-economy-for-post-crisis-performance/ Bankin NEXIM: Matsayi Tattalin Arziki Don Ayyukan Bayan Rikicin] Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2020.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816686</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:23:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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      <text bytes="5346" sha1="62e5zmqh650qmne0zvsn6oghxtqf66l" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na [[Najeriya]] (NEXIM) hukuma ce ta bashi a Najeriya, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1991. A cikin aikinta, NEXIM tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba da faɗaɗa ɓangarorin da ba na mai ba na tattalin arziƙin Najeriya, tare da la'akari da rage dogaro da ƙasar kan fitar da mai.

== Aikin ==
Manufar NEXIM ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙananan, matsakaita, da manyan kamfanoni a dukkan fannoni na tattalin arziƙi, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma ayyukan bayar da shawarwari da suka yi dai-dai da manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Hedikwatar Nexim tana cikin NEXIM House, Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya, [[Abuja]]&quot; id=&quot;mwHA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Garki, Abuja&quot;&gt;Garki, Abuja, Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: Contact Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/contact-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Nexim yana da iyaka da Kur Mohammed Avenue zuwa arewa, Ahmadu Bello Way zuwa gabas da Constitution Avenue zuwa kudu. Yanayinta na ƙasa sune: 09°03'44.0&quot;N, 07°29'37.0&quot;E (Latitude: 09.062222; Longitude:07.493611). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
An kafa NEXIM a cikin shekarar 1991 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) da [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya]] (MOFI), tare da babban birnin NGN: 50,000,000,000 (kimanin dala miliyan 132 a cikin kudi na 2021). &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun haɗa da: &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

1. &quot;Samun tabbacin bashi na fitarwa da inshorar bashi na fitar da kayayyaki ga abokan ciniki masu cancanta&quot;.

2. &quot;Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa&quot;.

3. &quot;Tsarin asusun musayar ƙasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa&quot;.

4. &quot;Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Cibiyar hada-hadar kudi mallakar CBN da MOFI ne, a kan tushen 50/50. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin kudi ==
Ya zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2015, jimlar kadarorin bankin an kimanta su a NGN:64,731,403,000 (kimanin US $ 170,562,000 a cikin kuɗin 2021), tare da babban birnin masu hannun jari na NGN:41,150,885,000 (US $ 108,429,000). &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=April 2019 |title=Audited Financial Statement As of 31 December 2015 |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NEXIM-AFS-2015-FINAL.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]]
* [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]]
* [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.wand.com/CORE/CompanyProfile.aspx?mfgcode=50650411&amp;RGID=GLOBAL Bayanan Kamfanin A Wand.com] An adana shi   Ya zuwa Afrilu 2015.
* [https://leadership.ng/nexim-bank-positioning-the-economy-for-post-crisis-performance/ Bankin NEXIM: Matsayi Tattalin Arziki Don Ayyukan Bayan Rikicin] Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2020.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>62e5zmqh650qmne0zvsn6oghxtqf66l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816687</id>
      <parentid>816686</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:23:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816687</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5347" sha1="5vxnlwwmvbqqv710cbc4s8xcbw8juht" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na [[Najeriya]] (NEXIM) hukuma ce ta bashi a Najeriya, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1991. A cikin aikinta, NEXIM tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba da faɗaɗa ɓangarorin da ba na mai ba na tattalin arziƙin Najeriya, tare da la'akari da rage dogaro da ƙasar kan fitar da mai.

== Aikin ==
Manufar NEXIM ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙananan, matsakaita, da manyan kamfanoni a dukkan fannoni na tattalin arziƙi, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma ayyukan bayar da shawarwari da suka yi dai-dai da manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Hedikwatar Nexim tana cikin NEXIM House, Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya, [[Abuja]]&quot; id=&quot;mwHA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Garki, Abuja&quot;&gt;Garki, Abuja, Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: Contact Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/contact-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Nexim yana da iyaka da Kur Mohammed Avenue zuwa arewa, Ahmadu Bello Way zuwa gabas da Constitution Avenue zuwa kudu. Yanayinta na ƙasa sune: 09°03'44.0&quot;N, 07°29'37.0&quot;E (Latitude: 09.062222; Longitude:07.493611). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
An kafa NEXIM a cikin shekarar 1991 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) da [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya]] (MOFI), tare da babban birnin NGN: 50,000,000,000 (kimanin dala miliyan 132 a cikin kudi na 2021). &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun haɗa da: &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

1. &quot;Samun tabbacin bashi na fitarwa da inshorar bashi na fitar da kayayyaki ga abokan ciniki masu cancanta&quot;.

2. &quot;Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa&quot;.

3. &quot;Tsarin asusun musayar ƙasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa&quot;.

4. &quot;Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Cibiyar hada-hadar kuɗi mallakar CBN da MOFI ne, a kan tushen 50/50. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin kudi ==
Ya zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2015, jimlar kadarorin bankin an kimanta su a NGN:64,731,403,000 (kimanin US $ 170,562,000 a cikin kuɗin 2021), tare da babban birnin masu hannun jari na NGN:41,150,885,000 (US $ 108,429,000). &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=April 2019 |title=Audited Financial Statement As of 31 December 2015 |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NEXIM-AFS-2015-FINAL.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]]
* [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]]
* [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.wand.com/CORE/CompanyProfile.aspx?mfgcode=50650411&amp;RGID=GLOBAL Bayanan Kamfanin A Wand.com] An adana shi   Ya zuwa Afrilu 2015.
* [https://leadership.ng/nexim-bank-positioning-the-economy-for-post-crisis-performance/ Bankin NEXIM: Matsayi Tattalin Arziki Don Ayyukan Bayan Rikicin] Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2020.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na [[Najeriya]] (NEXIM) hukuma ce ta bashi a Najeriya, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1991. A cikin aikinta, NEXIM tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba da faɗaɗa ɓangarorin da ba na mai ba na tattalin arziƙin Najeriya, tare da la'akari da rage dogaro da ƙasar kan fitar da mai.

== Aikin ==
Manufar NEXIM ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙananan, matsakaita, da manyan kamfanoni a dukkan fannoni na tattalin arziƙi, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma ayyukan bayar da shawarwari da suka yi dai-dai da manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Hedikwatar Nexim tana cikin NEXIM House, Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya, [[Abuja]]&quot; id=&quot;mwHA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Garki, Abuja&quot;&gt;Garki, Abuja, Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: Contact Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/contact-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Nexim yana da iyaka da Kur Mohammed Avenue zuwa arewa, Ahmadu Bello Way zuwa gabas da Constitution Avenue zuwa kudu. Yanayinta na ƙasa sune: 09°03'44.0&quot;N, 07°29'37.0&quot;E (Latitude: 09.062222; Longitude:07.493611). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
An kafa NEXIM a cikin shekarar 1991 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) da [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya]] (MOFI), tare da babban birnin NGN: 50,000,000,000 (kimanin dala miliyan 132 a cikin kudi na 2021). &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun haɗa da: &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

1. &quot;Samun tabbacin bashi na fitarwa da inshorar bashi na fitar da kayayyaki ga abokan ciniki masu cancanta&quot;.

2. &quot;Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa&quot;.

3. &quot;Tsarin asusun musayar ƙasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa&quot;.

4. &quot;Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Cibiyar hada-hadar kuɗi mallakar CBN da MOFI ne, a kan tushen 50/50. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNEXIM2021&quot;&gt;NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ &quot;NEXIM Bank: About Us&quot;]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin kuɗi ==
Ya zuwa 31 ga Disamban shekarar 2015, jimlar kadarorin bankin an kimanta su a NGN:64,731,403,000 (kimanin US $ 170,562,000 a cikin kuɗin 2021), tare da babban birnin masu hannun jari na NGN:41,150,885,000 (US $ 108,429,000). &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=April 2019 |title=Audited Financial Statement As of 31 December 2015 |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NEXIM-AFS-2015-FINAL.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; *&lt;small&gt;Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.&lt;/small&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]]
* [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]]
* [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.wand.com/CORE/CompanyProfile.aspx?mfgcode=50650411&amp;RGID=GLOBAL Bayanan Kamfanin A Wand.com] An adana shi   Ya zuwa Afrilu 2015.
* [https://leadership.ng/nexim-bank-positioning-the-economy-for-post-crisis-performance/ Bankin NEXIM: Matsayi Tattalin Arziki Don Ayyukan Bayan Rikicin] Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2020.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Miss Universo Argentina 2016</title>
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Miss Universe [[Argentina]] 2016 ita ce gasar Miss Universe [[Argentina]], wanda aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2016.

Claudia Barrionuevo ta lashe Estefanía Bernal a karshen taron. Bernal ya wakilci [[Argentina]] a gasar Miss Universe 2016 .

== Sakamako ==

=== Wuraren Wuta ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;
!Wuri
! Mai gasa
|-
| Miss Universe Argentina 2016
|
* Buenos Aires – Estefania Bernal &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2016 |title=Estefanía Bernal es la nueva Miss Universo Argentina &amp;#124; Rouge |url=http://rouge.perfil.com/2016-11-07-94135-argentina-ya-tiene-representante-para-miss-universo/ |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Rouge.perfil.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Mai Gudu Na Farko
|
* Tucumán - Priscila Carello
|-
| Mai Gudu Na Biyu
|
* Salta - Celeste Abigail Jorge
|-
| Babban 6
|
* Chaco - Felicitas Castro Lopez
* Cordoba - Pamela Roberts
* Santa Fe - Tatiana Moreno
|}

== Masu gasa ==
'Yan takara goma sha shida ne suka fafata a gasar.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;
!Mai gasa
! Shekaru
! Lardi
! Garin mahaifa
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Ana Paula Almada &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/702-Ana%20Paula%20Almada |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121233300/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/702-Ana%20Paula%20Almada |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 19
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Santa Fe
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Maimaitawa
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Anabella Longarini &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/66-Anabella%20Longarini |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121233021/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/66-Anabella%20Longarini |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 21
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Buenos Aires
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Veinticinco de Mayo
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Celina Bessone &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/99-Celina%20Bessone |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121233604/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/99-Celina%20Bessone |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 22
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Cordoba
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Corral de Bustos
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Celeste Abigail Jorge &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/98-Celeste%20Abigail%20Jorge |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121234205/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/98-Celeste%20Abigail%20Jorge |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 19
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Salta
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Salta]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Estefanía Bernal &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/101-Estefania%20Bernal |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121235016/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/101-Estefania%20Bernal |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 20
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Buenos Aires
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Buenos Aires]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Felicitas Castro Lopez &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/684-Felicitas%20Castro%20Lopez |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121235117/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/684-Felicitas%20Castro%20Lopez |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 20
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Chaco
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Charata
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Florencia Melanie De Palo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/103-Florencia%20Melanie%20De%20Palo |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121235318/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/103-Florencia%20Melanie%20De%20Palo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 19
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Buenos Aires
| align=&quot;center&quot; | San Antonio de Padua
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Floriana Hoffmann &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/572-Floriana%20Hoffmann |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121232129/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/572-Floriana%20Hoffmann |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 20
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Santa Cruz
| align=&quot;center&quot; | El Calafate
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Judith Irusta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/388-Judith%20irusta |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121235040/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/388-Judith%20irusta |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 24
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Buenos Aires
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Buenos Aires]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Lucia Lujan Barreto &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/78-Lucia%20Lujan%20Barreto |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121235247/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/78-Lucia%20Lujan%20Barreto |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 22
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Chaco
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Juriya
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Luisina Aldana Pillet &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/351-LUISINA%20ALDANA%20PILLET |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121233258/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/351-LUISINA%20ALDANA%20PILLET |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 19
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Cordoba
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Cruz Alta
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Mariana Jesica Varela &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/178-mariana%20jesica%20varela |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121232908/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/178-mariana%20jesica%20varela |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 20
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Buenos Aires
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Burzaco
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Natalia Marianela Chamorro &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/609-Natalia%20Marianela%20Chamorro |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121235342/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/609-Natalia%20Marianela%20Chamorro |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 26
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Buenos Aires
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Buenos Aires]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pamela Roberts &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/139-Pamela%20Roberts |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122071139/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/139-Pamela%20Roberts |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 20
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Cordoba
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Cordoba
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Priscila Carello &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/481-Priscila%20Carello |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121232745/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/481-Priscila%20Carello |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 25
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Tucuman
| align=&quot;center&quot; | San Miguel de Tucumán
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Tatiana María Moreno]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-08-19 |title=Temporada de premios &amp;#124; TNT América Latina &amp;#124; Miss Universo |url=http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/460-Tatiana%20Maria%20Moreno |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Missuniversoargentina.tntla.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121234936/http://www.missuniversoargentina.tntla.com/460-Tatiana%20Maria%20Moreno |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 21
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Santa Fe
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Funes
|}

== Alƙalai ==

* Manajan Mujallar Caras, Liliana Castaño.
* Blogger, Constanza Crotto.
* Blogger, Mariana Gándara.
* Mai zanen Argentine, Benito Fernández.
* Tsohon dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, tsohon abin ƙira kuma ɗan wasan gidan talabijin na [[Argentina|Argentine]] na yanzu kuma madugu, Sergio Goycochea.
* Model [[Argentina]], Luli Fernández.

== Miss Universo Uruguay 2016 ==
Saboda Endemol Argentina da TNT Latinoamerica sun sami lambar yabo ta Miss Universe don [[Uruguay]] da [[Argentina]], sun yanke shawarar gudanar da zaben wakilin [[Uruguay|Uruguayan]] Miss Universe a lokacin wani yanki na musamman na Miss Universo [[Argentina]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-07 |title=Una artiguense es Miss Universo Uruguay - Diario La República |url=http://www.republica.com.uy/un-riverense-es-miss-universo-uruguay/587269/ |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Republica.com.uy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sakamako na ƙarshe ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Sakamako na ƙarshe
! Mai gasa
|-
| Miss Universo Uruguay 2016
|
* Magdalena Cohendet &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Magdalena Cohendet es coronada Miss Uruguay 2016 |url=http://asbel245.blogspot.com/2016/11/magdalena-cohendet-es-coronada-miss.html |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Asbel245.blogspot.com |archive-date=2016-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121235157/http://asbel245.blogspot.com/2016/11/magdalena-cohendet-es-coronada-miss.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Wanda ya zo na daya
|
* Romina Col
|-
| 2nd Gudu
|
* Ariana Silva
|-
| Babban 6
|
* Anyi Casanova
* Sabrina Langoni
* Serrana Soler
|}

=== Wakilai ===
An zaɓi wakilai 6 na hukuma akan ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa.
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;
!Suna
! Shekaru
! Garin mahaifa
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Romina Col
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 20
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Canelones
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Serrana Soler
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 24
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Montevideo]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Sabrina Langoni
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 26
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Montevideo]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Magdalena Cohendet
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 19
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Artigas
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Ariana Silva
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 19
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Montevideo]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Anyi Casanova
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 21
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Lavalleja
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hotunan Hemisphere</title>
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[[Fayil:Hemiphoto_monarch_habitat1.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Hoton Hemispherical da aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin microclimate na mazaunin hunturu a Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Mexico.]]
Hemispherical daukar hoto, wanda aka fi sani da canopy daukar hoto, wata dabara ce don kimanta Hasken rana da kuma nuna yanayin shuke-shuke ta amfani da hotunan da aka dauka suna kallon sama ta hanyar ruwan tabarau mai zurfi ko ruwan tabarau (Rich 1990). Yawanci, kusurwar kallo tana kusanci ko daidai da digiri 180, don haka duk hanyoyin sararin samaniya suna bayyane a lokaci guda. Hotunan da suka samo asali suna yin rikodin lissafin sararin samaniya, ko kuma akasin haka lissafin sarari ta hanyar shuke-shuke ko wasu siffofin kusa da ƙasa. Ana iya auna wannan lissafin daidai kuma ana amfani dashi don lissafin radiation na hasken rana da aka watsa ta hanyar (ko kuma ta tsayar da) shuke-shuke, da kuma kimanta fannoni na tsarin shuke-fuki kamar alamar yankin ganye. Paul Rich (1989, 1990) da Robert Pearcy (1989) sun ba da cikakkun magunguna na filin da kuma hanyoyin nazari.

== Tarihi ==
Gilashin hemispherical (wanda aka fi sani da fisheye ko ruwan tabarau na sararin [[noma]]) Robin Hill ne ya tsara shi (1924) don duba sararin samaniya don nazarin yanayin yanayi na samar da girgije. Masu kula da [[Forestry|gandun daji]] da masu [[Ecology|ilimin muhalli]] sun yi amfani da dabarun daukar hoto don nazarin yanayin haske a cikin gandun daji ta hanyar bincika yanayin shimfidar shimfidar. Musamman, Evans da Coombe (1959) sun kiyasta hasken rana ta hanyar budewar gandun daji ta hanyar shimfida zane-zane na hanyar rana a kan hotuna na hemispherical. Daga baya, Margaret Anderson (1964, 1971) ta ba da cikakkiyar magani don lissafin watsawa kai tsaye da rarraba abubuwan da ke cikin hasken rana ta hanyar buɗewa ta amfani da hotuna na hemispherical. A wannan lokacin nazarin hotunan hemispherical ya buƙaci ƙididdigar jagora mai banƙyama na overlays na sararin samaniya da kuma hanyar rana. Tare da zuwan kwamfutocin mutum, masu bincike sun haɓaka dabarun dijital don nazarin saurin hotunan hemispherical (Chazdon da Field 1987, Rich 1988, 1989, 1990, Becker et al. 1989). A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masu bincike sun fara amfani da kyamarori na dijital don tallafawa kyamarori masu fim, kuma ana haɓaka algorithms don rarraba hoto ta atomatik da bincike. Shirye-shiryen software na kasuwanci daban-daban sun zama samuwa don nazarin hotunan hemispherical, kuma an yi amfani da dabarar don amfani daban-daban a cikin ilimin muhalli, yanayin yanayi, gandun daji, da aikin gona.

== Aikace-aikacen ==
An yi amfani da hotunan Hemispherical cikin nasara a cikin aikace-aikace masu yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da halayyar microsite da kimantawar hasken rana kusa da ƙasa da ƙarƙashin rufin shuke-shuke. Misali, an yi amfani da hotunan hemispherical don nuna wuraren zama na hunturu don malamin sarki (Weiss et al. 1991), tasirin gefen gandun daji (Galo et al. 1991), tasirin rassan bishiyoyin gandun daji akan sake farfado da bishiyoyi (Rich et al. 1993), bambancin sararin samaniya da na lokaci na haske a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi (Clark et al. 1996), tasirin guguwa a kan yanayin gandun daji da ke cikin al. 1997), don ingantaccen yankin yankin da kuma kula da ruwan inabi na al.
[[Fayil:Hemiphoto_stream1.jpg|left|thumb|254x254px|Hoton Hemispherical tare da hasken rana daga rufe rufin rufin San Francisquito Creek, San Francisco Peninsula, California, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin mazaunin trout.]]
[[Fayil:Hemiphoto_stream2.jpg|none|thumb|254x254px|Hoton Hemispherical daga bude canopy isa San Francisquito Creek. Rufewar hanyar rana tana ba da damar lissafin hasken rana yayin da yake tasiri ga zafin ruwa.]]
 

== Ka'idar ==

=== Ƙididdigar Hasken rana ===
Ana lissafin abubuwan kai tsaye da rarraba na hasken rana daban (duba [[Kasafin kudin makamashi na duniya|Ma'aunin radiation na duniya]]). Ana lissafin radiation kai tsaye a matsayin jimlar duk radiation kai kai tsaye (hasken rana) wanda ya samo asali ne daga hanyoyin sararin samaniya (marasa duhu) tare da hanyar rana. Hakazalika, ana lissafin hasken rana a matsayin jimlar duk hasken rana (wanda aka warwatsa daga yanayi) wanda ya samo asali ne daga kowane hanyar sararin samaniya mai ganuwa (ba a rufe shi ba) (duba hasken sararin samaniya). Adadin abubuwan da ke kai tsaye da rarraba suna ba da radiation na duniya.

Wadannan lissafi suna buƙatar rarrabawar ka'idoji ko ƙwarewa na radiation kai tsaye da rarraba a buɗe, ba tare da canopy ko wasu shingen sama ba. Yawancin lokaci ana yin lissafi don ko dai radiation mai aiki na photosynthetic (400-700 nanometers) ko [[Rana mai zafi|insolation]] da aka haɗa a kan dukkan wavelengths, auna a cikin kilowatt-hours a kowace murabba'in mita (kW h / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;).

Babban zaton shi ne cewa mafi yawan hasken rana ya samo asali ne daga hanyoyin sararin samaniya masu ganuwa (maras duhu), tasirin tsari na farko mai ƙarfi, kuma cewa hasken da aka nuna daga rufin ko wasu siffofin kusa da ƙasa (maras ganuwa ko hanyoyin sararin sama masu duhu) ba shi da mahimmanci, ƙaramin sakamako na biyu. Wani zato shine cewa lissafin sararin samaniya (maras duhu) ba ya canzawa a lokacin da ake yin lissafi.

=== Ƙididdigar Canopy ===
Alamun canopy, irin su alamar yankin ganye (LAI), sun dogara ne akan lissafin ɓangaren rata, rabo na sararin samaniya mai ganuwa (marasa duhu) a matsayin aikin shugabanci na sama. Ana lissafin yankin ganye yawanci a matsayin yankin ganye a kowane yanki na ƙasa wanda zai samar da rarrabawar raguwa da aka lura, idan aka ba da zaton rarraba kusurwar ganye, ko kuma sanannen rarraba kusurwa da kuma matakin tarawa. Lissafin LAI ta amfani da wannan hanyar kai tsaye na iya zama ba daidai ba. Don ƙarin bayani duba yankin yankin ganye.

== Alamomi ==
[[Fayil:Hemispherical_photo1.jpg|right|thumb|350x350px|Hoton Hemispherical da aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin LAI, rufe canopy, ko wasu alamun canopy.]]
Direct Site Factor (DSF) shine rabo na radiation na hasken rana kai tsaye a wani wuri da aka ba da dangi ga wanda a buɗe, ko dai an haɗa shi a tsawon lokaci ko an warware shi bisa ga lokutan rana da / ko kakar.

Indirect Site Factor (ISF) shine rabo na hasken rana a wani wuri da aka ba shi dangane da wannan a bude, ko dai an haɗa shi a tsawon lokaci don duk hanyoyin sama ko kuma an warware shi ta hanyar jagorancin sararin sama.

Global Site Factor (GSF) shine rabo na hasken rana na duniya a wani wuri da aka ba da dangi dangane da wannan a buɗe, wanda aka lissafa a matsayin jimlar DSF da ISF da aka auna ta hanyar gudummawar dangi na abubuwan da ke cikin kai tsaye da rarraba. Wani lokaci ana kiran wannan alamar '''Total Side Factor (TSF).'''

Ana iya '''gyara''' alamomi ba tare da gyara su ba ko kuma gyara su don kusurwar abin da ya faru dangane da shimfidar wuri. Ƙididdigar da ba a gyara ba tana da nauyin hasken rana wanda ya samo asali daga dukkan bangarori daidai. Daidaita dabi'u suna da nauyin hasken rana ta hanyar cosine na kusurwar abin da ya faru, lissafin ainihin tsayarwa daga hanyoyin da suka dace zuwa saman tsayarwa.

Leaf Area Index shine jimlar yankin ganye a kowane yanki na ƙasa.

Gap Fraction (GapF) shine adadin a cikin kashi na canopy dangane da duk yankin auna.

== Hanyar da ake amfani da ita ==
Hemispherical daukar hoto ya ƙunshi matakai biyar: samun hoto, digitization, rajista, rarrabawa, da lissafi. Ana yin rajista, rarrabuwa, da lissafi ta amfani da software na nazarin daukar hoto na hemispherical.

=== Samun hoto ===
Ana samun hotunan da ke kallon sama a ƙarƙashin hasken sararin samaniya, da wuri ko marigayi a rana ko a ƙarƙashin yanayin duhu. Sanannen daidaitawa (zenith da azimuth) yana da mahimmanci don rajista mai kyau tare da tsarin daidaitawa na hemispherical. Ko da hasken wuta yana da mahimmanci don daidaitaccen rarraba hoto. Hawan kai tsaye (gimbals) na iya sauƙaƙa saye ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa kyamarar ta daidaita don nuna kai tsaye zuwa zenith. Kamara yawanci ana daidaita ta yadda arewa (cikakke ko magnetic) ke daidaitawa zuwa saman hoton.

Gilashin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin daukar hoto na hemispherical gabaɗaya fisheye ne mai zagaye, kamar ruwan tabarau na Nikkor 8mm fisheye. Cikakken fisheye ba su dace da daukar hoto na hemispherical ba, saboda kawai suna kama cikakken 180 ° a fadin diagonal, kuma ba sa samar da cikakken ra'ayi na hemisphere.

A farkon shekarun dabara, an samo mafi yawan hotunan hemispherical tare da kyamarori 35 mm (misali, Nikon FM2 tare da ruwan tabarau na Nikkor 8mm fisheye) ta amfani da babban bambanci, fim din ASA mai baƙar fata da fari. Daga baya, amfani da fim mai launi ko zane-zane ya zama ruwan dare. Kwanan nan ana samun yawancin hotuna ta amfani da kyamarori na dijital (misali, Kodak DCS Pro 14nx tare da ruwan tabarau na Nikkor 8mm fisheye).&amp;nbsp;

Lokacin da aka samo hotuna daga wurare tare da manyan bambance-bambance a buɗewa (alal misali, wuraren rufewa da gibin canopy) yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa bayyanar kyamara. Idan an ba da izinin kyamarar ta daidaita bayyanar ta atomatik (wanda ke sarrafawa ta hanyar buɗewa da saurin rufewa), sakamakon shi ne cewa ƙananan buɗewa a cikin yanayin rufewa za su kasance masu haske, yayin da buɗewa iri ɗaya a cikin yanayin buɗewa za su zama duhu (alal misali, wuraren canopy a kusa da rata). Wannan yana nufin cewa a lokacin nazarin hoton za a fassara ramuka masu girman iri ɗaya a matsayin &quot;sama&quot; a cikin hoton rufe-canopy da &quot;canopy&quot; a cikin hoto mai buɗewa. Ba tare da sarrafa fallasawa ba, ainihin bambance-bambance tsakanin yanayin rufe- da bude-canopy za a rage su.

=== Digitization ===
Ana sarrafa hotuna kuma ana adana su a cikin daidaitattun tsarin hoto. Ga kyamarorin fim wannan mataki yana buƙatar na'urar daukar hoto mara kyau ko slide ko mai sarrafa bidiyo. Ga kyamarori na dijital wannan mataki yana faruwa yayin da ake samun hotuna.

=== Rijistar ===
Rijistar daukar hoto ta haɗa da daidaita hotunan tare da tsarin daidaitawa na hemispherical da aka yi amfani da shi don bincike, dangane da fassarar (tsakiya), girman (haɗuwa da gefen hoto da sararin samaniya a cikin tsarin daidaitawa), da juyawa (haɗakarwa ta azimuthal dangane da hanyoyin compass).

=== Rarraba ===
Rarrabawar hoto ya haɗa da ƙayyade wane pixels na hoto ke wakiltar bayyane (ba a rufe shi ba) da ba a gani ba (ba a gani ba) hanyoyin sararin samaniya. Yawanci an kammala wannan ta amfani da ƙofar hulɗa, inda aka zaɓi ƙofar da ta dace don dacewa da rarrabawar binary tare da lura da hangen nesa na sama, tare da ƙimar ƙarfin pixel sama da ƙofar da aka rarraba a matsayin bayyane da ƙimar ƙarfi na pixel a ƙasa da ƙofar an rarraba shi a matsayin wanda ba a gani ba. Kwanan nan an sami ci gaba a cikin haɓaka ƙofar ƙofar atomatik, duk da haka ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki kafin waɗannan su zama cikakke abin dogaro

=== Ƙididdiga ===
Lissafin hoto na Hemispherical yana amfani da algorithms waɗanda ke lissafin raguwar rata a matsayin aikin shugabancin sama, da lissafin lissafin lissafi da ake so da / ko alamun hasken rana. Don hasken rana, ana yin lissafi mai sauri sau da yawa ta amfani da teburin binciken da aka riga aka lissafa na ƙididdigar ƙididdigarsa ta hasken rana ko ƙididdiga wanda ɓangaren sama ko matsayi a cikin hanyar rana ya warware.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Leaf area index
* Panoramic photography
* View factor
* Whole sky camera

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}} 
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  <page>
    <title>Mona Martínez</title>
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'''Mónica Martínez''' (an Haife ta ne 16 Afrilu 1968), wacce aka fi sani da '''Mona Martínez''', fim ɗin Sipaniya ne kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta [[Andalusia]] .

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
martinez tafara aikintane a wani gidan rawa maisuna ballet lokacin tana shekara goma

A cikin 2002, ta fara wasan kwaikwayo na farko tare da jerin shirye-shiryen ''[[Padre coraje (miniseries)|Padre coraje]]'', wanda [[Benito Zambrano]] ya jagoranta. Babu waiwayen baya tun lokacin. Ta yi tauraro a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar ''[[South from Granada (film)|Kudu daga Granada]]'', ''[[Ana by Day]]'', ''[[The Realm (film)|The Realm]]'', ''[[Taxi to Gibraltar|Taxi zuwa Gibraltar]]'', da kuma ''[[Bye (film)|Bye]]'', wanda aka zabe ta don [[Goya Award for Best Supporting Actress|kyautar Goya Award for Best Support Actress]] . Jerin talabijin ɗinta ya haɗa da ''[[Locked Up (TV series)|Kulle Up]]'', ''[[Anclados]]'', ''[[Vota Juan]]'' da ''[[Paquita Salas]] .'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mona Martínez |url=https://www.sensacine.com.mx/actores/actor-780189/biografia/ |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=SensaCine.com.mx}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mona Martínez: &quot;Yo las pruebas siempre las hago en andaluz, con mi acento&quot; |url=http://filmand.es/mona-martinez-yo-las-pruebas-siempre-las-hago-en-andaluz-con-mi-acento/ |access-date=22 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mona Martínez films |url=http://mesalafilms.com/actrices/mona-martinez/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |archive-date=2025-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107004305/https://mesalafilms.com/actrices/mona-martinez/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmography ==

=== Fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Take
! Matsayi
! Bayanan kula
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2003
| ''Al sur de Granada''
| Madre niño dormido
|-
| 2005
| ''Camarón'' ( ''Camarón: Lokacin da Flamenco ya zama Almara'' )
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018
| ''Ana de dîa'' ( ''Ana by Day'' )
| Tafin kafa
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Festival International de Cine de Gijón/Xixón. 16 a 24 de noviembre 2018. Catálogo |url=https://drupal.gijon.es/sites/default/files/2019-04/2018_catalogo_56ed.pdf |access-date=23 April 2023 |page=84}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''El reino'' ( ''Daular'' )
| Jueza Costa
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2019
| ''Adiós'' ( ''Bye'' )
| María
|-
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwbA&quot;&gt;Mai aiki: Destino Oscuro&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| Vendedora Calle
|-
| ''Intemperie'' ( ''Fita a cikin Buɗe'' )
| Mujer Entrada Cueva
|-
| ''Taxi da Gibraltar'' ( ''Taxi zuwa Gibraltar'' )
| Justine Faithfull
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 2022
| ''La maniobra de la tortuga'' ( ''Ba a gama ba'' )
| Morgado
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valdivia |first=Pablo A. |date=24 March 2022 |title='La maniobra de la tortuga', las espirales de la violencia |url=https://www.malagahoy.es/festival-cine-malaga/critica-maniobra-tortuga-seccion-oficial_0_1668135474.html |website=Málaga Hoy |publisher=[[Grupo Joly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Las niñas de cristal'' ( ''Rawa akan Gilashi'' )
| Norma
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valdivia |first=Pablo A. |date=25 March 2022 |title='Las niñas de cristal', baila como quieras bailar |url=https://www.malagahoy.es/festival-cine-malaga/critica-ninas-cristal-Seccion-Oficial_0_1668435169.html |website=Málaga Hoy |publisher=[[Grupo Joly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Jaula'' ( ''Layin Chalk'' )
| Arana
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ocaña |first=Carla |date=25 October 2022 |title=Quién es quién en “Jaula”, la nueva película de terror de Netflix |url=https://mag.elcomercio.pe/fama/jaula-actores-y-personajes-quien-es-quien-en-la-pelicula-de-terror-de-netflix-espana-nnda-nnlt-noticia/ |website=mag |via=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
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[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]
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      <sha1>qby2nsr2w2fp7eh7dk3paassstfowik</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Koryn Hawthorne</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:32:01Z</timestamp>
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        <username>BnHamid</username>
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      <text bytes="17238" sha1="7uhfrwf9dgi29us3fn6k9h4s0d9m49i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Koryn Mattanah Hawthorne''' (an Haife shi Disamba 26, 1997) &lt;ref name=&quot;AMG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koryn Hawthorne Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio &amp; ... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/koryn-hawthorne-mn0003388914 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; mawakin Kirista ne na zamani da mawaƙin bishara . Hawthorne ya kasance dan wasan karshe a kakar 8 na gasar rera waka ta [[NBC]] ''The Voice'', yana da shekaru 17, a matsayin memba a kungiyar Pharrell Williams . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koryn Hawthorne on The Voice |url=http://www.nbc.com/the-voice/artists/season-8/koryn-hawthorne |website=NBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan sanya na hudu a kan wasan kwaikwayon, Hawthorne ya sanya hannu zuwa RCA Inspiration, wani ɓangare na Sony Music da aka sadaukar don rikodin kiɗa na bishara .  Kundin nata na farko na studio, ''Unstoppable'', an sake shi a watan Yuli 13, 2018, kuma ta sami nadin nadin nata da yawa, gami da nadin [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Grammy]] guda biyu.

== Ayyuka ==

=== ''Muryar'' (2015) ===
Koryn Hawthorne ya yi sauraro don kakar Gwada ta 8 na ''Muryar'' yana raira waƙar Emeli Sandé ta &quot;My Kind of Love&quot;. Dukansu Christina Aguilera da Pharrell Williams sun juya baya. Hawthorne ta zabi Aguilera a matsayin mai horar da ita. A cikin zagaye na Yakin, Hawthorne ya fuskanci Vance Smith, inda suka raira &quot;Love Me Harder&quot;, duet na Ariana Grande da The Weeknd. Aguilera ta dauki Hawthorne a matsayin mai nasara kuma ta ci gaba zuwa zagaye na Knockout. A lokacin Knockouts, Hawthorne ta rufe &quot;Gwaji&quot; amma ta rasa abokin hamayyarta Kimberly Nichole. Williams ya sace ta, kuma ya ci gaba da gasar a kan tawagarsa.

A lokacin Playoffs ta raira How Great Thou Art &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koryn Hawthorne on The Voice |url=http://www.nbc.com/the-voice/artists/season-8/koryn-hawthorne |website=NBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma jama'a ba su zaba ba, waɗanda kawai zasu iya ceton masu fasaha biyu daga ƙungiyar Williams. Williams, wanda zai iya ceton daya daga cikin sauran masu zane-zane guda uku, ya zaɓe ta. A mako mai zuwa, ta raira waƙar Kelly Clarkson ta &quot;Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You) &quot; kuma an cece ta ta hanyar jefa kuri'a. A cikin Top 10 ta yi &quot;Make It Rain&quot; ta Foy Vance, ta kai matsayi na uku a kan iTunes kuma ta fara a matsayi na 84 a kan Hot 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mako mai zuwa, ta rufe &quot;Girl on Fire&quot; ta Alicia Keys kuma jama'a sun cece ta.

A cikin '''Top 6''', Hawthorne ta nuna bangaren wasan rock nata ta hanyar rera waƙoƙin '''R.E.M''' ''“Everybody Hurts”'' da '''Aerosmith''' ''“Dream On”''. A cikin '''Top 5''', bayan rera waƙar '''U2''' ''“One”'' da waƙar gargajiya ''“Oh Mary Don't You Weep”'', ta kasance tare da India Carney a matsayin masu ficewa biyu na ƙasa (bottom two). Ta rera waƙar '''Beyoncé''' ''“If I Were a Boy”'' a matsayin waƙarta ta ƙarshe domin samun ceto, inda aka cece ta nan take a kan Carney.

A babbar wasan ƙarshe (finale), Hawthorne ta rera ''“It’s a Man’s Man’s Man’s World”'' ta '''James Brown''', sannan ta yi waƙar '''The Beatles''' ''“We Can Work It Out”'' tare da kocinta Williams. Ta kuma rera waƙarta ta asali ''“Bright Fire”'', wadda Williams ya rubuta. Ta kammala gasar a matsayi na '''huɗu.'''

==== Ayyukan ''Muryar'' ====

: - Fassarar wasan kwaikwayon ta kai saman 10 a kan [[iTunes]]{{Color box|gold}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:16px;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Mataki
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Waƙar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Mai zane na asali
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ranar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Umurni
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sakamakon
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Binciken Makafi
|&quot;Yadda nake soyayya&quot;
|Emeli Sandé
|Maris 3, 2015
|4.2
|Christina da Pharrell sun juya zuwa Team Christina&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Wasanni na Yaƙi (Top 48) 
|&quot;Ƙaunar Ni Mai Girma&quot; &lt;small&gt; (vs. Vance Smith) &lt;/small&gt; 
|Ariana Mai Girma
|Maris 17, 2015
|9.3
|Kocin ya cece shi
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Wasanni na Kullewa (Top 32) 
|&quot; Gwada&quot; &lt;small&gt; (vs. Kimberly Nichole) &lt;/small&gt; 
|Pink
|Maris 23, 2015
|10.6
|An ci nasara da Pharrell Williams ya sace&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Wasanni na Rayuwa (Top 20) 
|&quot;Yaya Mai Girma Kai&quot;
|waƙar yabo ta Kirista
|Afrilu 6, 2015
|14.6
|Kocin ya cece shi
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Rayuwa Top 12
|&quot;Mai ƙarfi (Mene da Ba Ya Kashe Ka) &quot;
|Kelly Clarkson
|Afrilu 13, 2015
|17.9
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |An ceto ta hanyar jefa kuri'a
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Rayuwa Top 10
| style=&quot;background:gold;&quot; |&quot;Ka Yi Ruwan Sama&quot;
|Foy Vance
|Afrilu 20, 2015
|19.5
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Rayuwa Top 8
|&quot;Yarinya a Wutar&quot;
|Alicia Keys
|Afrilu 27, 2015
|21.8
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Rayuwa Top 6
|&quot;Kowane Mutum Yana Jin Jin Jin Jinƙai&quot;
|R.E.M.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mayu 4, 2015
|23.3
|-
|&quot;Ka yi mafarki&quot;
|Mai amfani da jirgin sama
|23.9
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Live Semi-Final (Top 5) 
|&quot;Ɗaya&quot;
|U2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mayu 11, 2015
|25.2
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙasa 2 An Ceto ta hanyar Saukewa nan take&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|&quot;Oh Maryamu Ba Ka Kuka&quot;
|Al'ada
|25.7
|-
|&quot;Idan Na kasance yaro&quot;
|[[Beyoncé|Beyonce]]
|Mayu 12, 2015
|26.2
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Live Final (Final 4) 
|&quot;Duniya ce ta Mutum&quot;
|[[James Brown]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mayu 18, 2015
|27.1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |'''Matsayi na 4'''
|-
|&quot;Za Mu Iya Yi Aiki&quot; &lt;small&gt; (tare da Pharrell Williams) &lt;/small&gt; 
|[[The Beatles|Beatles]]
|27.6
|-
|&quot;Bright Fire&quot; &lt;small&gt; (waƙar asali) &lt;/small&gt; 
|Hawthorne
|27.10
|}

=== 2016-2017: Yarjejeniyar rikodin da fitar da EP ===
Bayan ta kammala gasar ''The Voice'' a matsayi na huɗu, Hawthorne ta samu kwangila da '''RCA Inspiration''', wani ɓangare na Sony Music da ke mayar da hankali kan rakodin waƙoƙin gospal, sannan ta fara aiki kan kundin waƙoƙinta na farko. A watan Fabrairu 2016, ta sanar ta Twitter cewa za ta fito a matsayin baƙuwar jaruma a kakar biyar ta ''Mary Mary'', wadda aka fara nunawa a 3 ga Maris. A cikin wannan shirin gaskiya (reality show), Hawthorne ta sadu da mai shirya waƙoƙi '''Warryn Campbell''', wanda daga baya ya taimaka wajen samar da waƙoƙinta na asali.

A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2016, an fara nuna shirin talabijin ''Saints &amp; Sinners'', inda Hawthorne ta rera waƙar ''Saints &amp; Sinners'' domin kundin sautin asali, a gidan talabijin '''Bounce TV'''. A shekarar 2017, Hawthorne ta yi haɗin gwiwa da mawaƙin Kirista '''Branan Murphy''' a cikin waƙar &quot;

''Koryn Hawthorne - EP'', EP mai waƙoƙi huɗu, an sake shi a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 2017. Muryar Hawthorne da isar da ita sun ja hankalin masu samar da kyautar [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Grammy]] da marubuta Warryn Campbell, Makeba Riddick, [[Bernie Herms]] da Joaquin &quot;The Bear&quot; Bynum, wadanda suka samar da kuma rubuta kayan aikinta na farko. EP ta sami Hawthorne biyu Stellar Gospel Music Awards ga sabon Artist na Shekara da kuma Mata na zamani na Shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koryn Hawthorne on The Voice |url=http://www.nbc.com/the-voice/artists/season-8/koryn-hawthorne |website=NBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2018-2019: Fitar da kundi na farko da kuma Grammy Awards nomination ===
An saki Koryn na farko, Unstoppable, a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2018, kuma ya kai lamba 1 a kan Top Gospel Albums, yayin da kundin ya jagoranci, &quot;Ba zai Yi Shi ba&quot;, ya kai lamba 2 a kan manyan labaran bishara guda uku na Billboard. Hawthorne ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara saman labaran bishara guda huɗu a lokaci guda a cikin shekaru biyar da kuma mafi tsawo mai riƙe da lambar 1 a kan Billboard's Hot Gospel Songs Chart.

Tare da Jeremy Camp, Matthew West da Rend Collective, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan jan hankali na bikin kide-kide na kide-kiɗa na Kirista na bazara Summer Lights Tour, wanda ya fara a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2018, a Detroit kuma ya ƙare a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2018 a Corbin.

A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2018, an saki sabon wakar Aaron Cole, &quot;Down Like That&quot;, wanda aka nuna Koryn.

Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an zabi Hawthorne don lambar yabo ta GMA Dove ta shekara-shekara ta 49 a cikin nau'o'i biyu: Sabon Artist of the Year da Contemporary Gospel / Urban Recorded Song of the Year don ta farko &quot;Ba zai Yi ba&quot;, kuma ya lashe na ƙarshe.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Hawthorne ta hau mataki a kan Soul Train Awards, inda ta yi waƙar da ta yi &quot;Ba zai yi ba&quot;.

A watan Fabrairun 2019, an saki bidiyon kiɗa na &quot;Unstoppable&quot;, tare da Lecrae.

Koryn Hawthorne ya sami gabatarwa don Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Bishara / Waƙar (&quot;Ba Zai Yi Shi ba&quot;) a kan lambar yabo ta Grammy ta 61. Ta kuma sami gabatarwa bakwai na Stellar Awards da kuma gabatarwa biyu na NAACP Image Awards, bayan ta lashe daya daga kowane kyautar. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an zabi ta don Billboard Music Awards 2019, a cikin rukuni uku.

A watan Agustan 2019, Koryn ya ba da gudummawa ga sauti na Overcomer tare da guda &quot;Enough&quot;.

An zabi Hawthorne don Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Bishara / Waƙar (&quot;Ka yi Magana da Sunan&quot;) a kan 62nd Grammy Awards, yana mai da shi na biyu Grammy nomination.

A cikin Disamba 2019, Koryn na halarta na farko &quot;Ba Zai Yi ba&quot; an ba da izinin Zinare bisa hukuma.

=== 2020-yanzu: '&quot;I AM&quot;&quot; ===
A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2020, Koryn ta fito da &quot;Addu'a&quot;, jagorar guda ɗaya daga albam ɗinta na biyu, wanda ya kai lamba 1 akan taswirar Tallace-tallacen Waƙoƙin Waƙoƙi na Billboard . A ranar 7 ga Agusta, an fitar da waƙar waƙar ta biyu mai suna &quot;Yi Magana da Ni&quot;. Kundin Hawthorne, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;I AM&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, an fito dashi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020.

A shekara ta biyu a jere, an zabi Koryn Hawthorne don rukunin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAUo&quot;&gt;Billboard&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Top Gospel Artist tare da Kirk Franklin, Tasha Cobbs Leonard, Sunday Service Choir da [[Kanye West]].

An zabi Koryn don Kyautar Bishara / Ruhaniya mafi kyau a kan BET's shekara-shekara Soul Train Awards 2020, tana gasa da masu zane-zane na dogon lokaci Bebe Winans, Kirk Franklin, Marvin Sapp, PJ Morton da The Clark Sisters .

A watan Fabrairun 2021, an zabi Hawthorne don Kyautar Bishara / Kirista mafi kyau a kan NAACP Image Award . An kuma zabi Koryn a shekara ta uku a jere don Billboard Music Awards 2021, a cikin rukuni uku. An zabi waƙarta &quot;Speak to Me&quot; don rukuni biyu a GMA Dove Awards na 52: Song of the Year da Contemporary Gospel Recorded Song of the year .

== Tasiri ==
Hawthorne ya ambaci masu fasaha iri-iri a matsayin manyan tasirin da wahayi, gami da Etta James, Mary J. Blige, [[Tina Turner]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Lauryn Hill]], Fred Hammond, Mary Mary, Kirk Franklin, da sauransu.

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

=== Kundin studio ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Jerin kundin studio tare da zaɓaɓɓun matsayi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:10em;&quot; |Taken
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; |Bayanan kundin
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Hotuna masu tsawo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; |Sayarwa
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |Mafi Girma Albums na Bishara
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Ba za a iya dakatar da shi ba''
|
* An saki shi: 13 ga Yuli, 2018
* Alamar: RCA Inspiration
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo
|1
|
* Amurka: 100,000
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Ina da''
|
* An saki: Satumba 18, 2020
* Alamar: RCA Inspiration
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo
|2
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''A kan Allah...''
|
* An saki shi: 9 ga Fabrairu, 2024
* Alamar: Ƙungiyar Alamar BayaniKungiyar Bayyanawa
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo
|6
|
|}

=== EPs ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Jerin EPs tare da zaɓaɓɓun matsayi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:10em;&quot; |Taken
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; |Bayanan kundin
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Hotuna masu tsawo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |Mafi Girma Albums na Bishara
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Koryn Hawthorne - EP''
|
* An saki shi: Agusta 11, 2017
* Alamar: RCA Inspiration
* Tsarin: sauke dijital, yawo
|19
|}

=== Ma'aurata ===

==== A matsayin jagora mai zane ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Jerin mutane a matsayin jagora mai zane tare da zaɓaɓɓun matsayi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; |Taken
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Takaddun shaida
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Album
|- style=&quot;font-size:smaller;&quot;
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Bisharar Amurka
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Linjila ta dijital
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Wasanni na Bishara
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Ba zai Yi ba&quot;
|1
|1
|1
|
* RIAA: Platinum  
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Ba za a iya dakatar da shi ba''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Ka yi Magana da Sunan&quot; &lt;small&gt; (tare da Natalie Grant) &lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|14
|3
| -
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Ba za a iya dakatar da shi ba&quot;
|3
|5
|5
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Kusan&quot;
|23
|11
| -
|
|''Mai cin nasara (Waƙoƙi daga da kuma Hoton Motion na asali) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2020
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Addu'a&quot;
|12
|1
| -
|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ina da''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Ka yi mini magana&quot;
|1
|1
|1
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2” &quot; |2023
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Kira&quot;
|12
|8
| -
|
| rowspan=&quot;2” &quot; |''A kan Allah''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Dubi Allah&quot;
|3
|3
|1
|-
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:8pt&quot; |&quot; - &quot; yana nuna sakin da ba a tsara ba ko kuma ba a saki su a wannan yankin ba.
|}

==== Sauran waƙoƙin da aka tsara ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Jerin mutane a matsayin jagora mai zane tare da zaɓaɓɓun matsayi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; |Taken
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Album
|- style=&quot;font-size:smaller;&quot;
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Waƙoƙin Kirista masu zafi
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Linjila ta dijital
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2020
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Yaya Mai Girma&quot;
|41
| -
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ina da''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Ka san kai&quot; &lt;small&gt; (tare da Steffany Gretzinger) &lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
| -
|10
|}

==== 'Yan wasa na talla ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; |Taken sarauta
!Album
|-
|2018
|&quot;Rawan Roma ya tafi&quot;
|''Ba za a iya dakatar da shi ba''
|-
|2023
|&quot;Ka yanke su&quot;
|''A kan Allah''
|}

==== A matsayin mai zane-zane ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Jerin mutane a matsayin mai zane-zane tare da matsayi na ginshiƙi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; |Taken
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Album
|- style=&quot;font-size:smaller;&quot;
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Waƙoƙin Kirista masu zafi
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Waƙoƙin Airplay na Kirista
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Linjila ta dijital
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2017
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Duk Abubuwan da ba su dace ba&quot; &lt;small&gt; (Branan Murphy tare da Koryn Hawthorne) &lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|46
|32
| -
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Wanene Ni?''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2018
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Down Like That&quot; &lt;small&gt; (Aaron Cole tare da Koryn Hawthorne) &lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
| -
| -
| -
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Cole Season (Playlist) ''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2021
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Dukanmu muna Bukatar Yesu&quot; &lt;small&gt; (Danny Gokey tare da Koryn Hawthorne) &lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|35
|25
|3
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Mutanen Yesu''
|-
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:8pt&quot; |&quot; - &quot; yana nuna sakin da ba a tsara ba ko kuma ba a saki su a wannan yankin ba.
|}

=== Fitarwa daga ''Muryar'' ===

; Albums

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; |Taken
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:18em;&quot; |Bayani
!Matsayi mafi girma&lt;br /&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:smaller;&quot;
!US&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Muryar: Cikakken Season 8 Collection&lt;br /&gt;''
|
* An saki shi: Mayu 19, 2015
* Alamar: Tarihin Jamhuriyar
* Tsarin: sauke dijital
|85
|-
|}

; Gasar da aka yi

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; |Taken
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Album
|- style=&quot;font-size:smaller;&quot;
! width=&quot;45&quot; |US
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Hot R&amp;amp;amp;B Songs
! width=&quot;45&quot; |R&amp;B Digital Songs
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Waƙoƙin Bishara masu zafi
! width=&quot;45&quot; |[[Tarayyar Amurka|Waƙoƙin Kirista na dijital]]
! width=&quot;45&quot; |[[Tarayyar Amurka|Waƙoƙin Kirista masu zafi]]
! width=&quot;45&quot; |[[Tarayyar Amurka|iTunes]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |2015
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Yadda nake soyayya&quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |''Muryar: Cikakken Season 8 Collection&lt;br /&gt;''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Ka Gwada&quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Yaya Mai Girma Kai&quot;
| -
| -
| -
|'''1'''
| -
| -
|77
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Mai ƙarfi (Mene da Ba Ya Kashe Ka) &quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|34
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Ka Yi Ruwan Sama&quot;
|84&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koryn Hawthorne on The Voice |url=http://www.nbc.com/the-voice/artists/season-8/koryn-hawthorne |website=NBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|22
| -
| -
| -
| -
|3
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Yarinya a Wutar&quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|37
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Kowane Mutum Yana Jin Jin Jin Jinƙai&quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|36
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Ka yi mafarki&quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|52
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Ɗaya&quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|60
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Oh Maryamu Ba Ka Kuka&quot;
| -
| -
| -
| -
|'''1'''
|8
|28
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Duniya ce ta Mutum&quot;
| -
|15
| -
| -
| -
| -
|34
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Bright Fire (Waƙar asali) &quot;
| -
| -
|12
| -
| -
| -
|18
|-
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;font-size:8pt&quot; |&quot; - &quot; yana nufin saki wanda bai tsara ba
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>7uhfrwf9dgi29us3fn6k9h4s0d9m49i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mumtaz Begum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123247</id>
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      <id>816579</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:16:39Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="4640" sha1="8yihz78ov4imttjrdw8q3ca3n0pu8f1" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Mumtaz Begum''' (7 ga Afrilu 1923 - 9 ga Maris 2002) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce ta fito a fina-finai na [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] da Punjabi . &lt;ref name=&quot;Cinemaazi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mumtaz Begum profile and filmography |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/mumtaz-begum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028105602/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/mumtaz-begum |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemazzi.com) website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Begum a Bombay, Shugabancin Bombay, Indiya ta Burtaniya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1923. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da ke taka rawar uwaye da kakanninmu a fina-finai kamar Barsaat Ki Raat (1960), Chaudhvin Ka Chand (1960) da Mere Mehboob (1963).

== Rayuwa da mutuwarsa ==
Begum ita ce kawun 'yar wasan Bollywood Nazneen .  Ta mutu a Mumbai a ranar 9 ga Maris 2002, tana da shekaru 78.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mumtaz Begum |url=https://www.forevermissed.com/mumtaz-begum/about |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Forever Missed }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fina-finai ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Dahej (film)|Dahej]]'' (1950)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dahej/cast/|title=Dahej (1950) movie - cast and crew|website=Bollywood Hungama website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221210232/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dahej/cast/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2025|access-date=21 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Deewana (1952 film)|Deewana]]'' (1952)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Jagriti]]'' (1954)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Yasmin (1955 film)|Yasmin]]'' (1955)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje]]'' (1955)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[New Delhi (1956 film)|New Delhi]]'' (1956)
*''[[Lajwanti]]'' (1958)
*''[[Kala Pani (1958 film)|Kala Pani]]'' (1958)
*''[[Chirag Kahan Roshni Kahan]]'' (1959)
*''Chambe Di Kali'' (1960) Punjabi film
*''[[Kala Bazar]]'' (1960)&lt;ref name=Upperstall&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/mumtaz-begum        |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423224446/http://www.upperstall.com/people/mumtaz-begum|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2011|access-date=19 February 2025|title=Mumtaz Begum filmography|website=Upperstall.com website}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Ek Phool Char Kaante]]'' (1960)&lt;ref name=Upperstall/&gt;
*''[[Barsaat Ki Raat|Barsat Ki Rat]]'' (1960)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Parakh (1960 film)|Parakh]]'' (1960)
*''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'' (1960)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;&lt;ref name=Upperstall/&gt;
*''[[Opera House (1961 film)|Opera House]]'' (1961)
*''[[Aas Ka Panchhi]]'' (1961)
*''[[Dr. Vidya]]'' (1962)&lt;ref name=Upperstall/&gt;
*''[[Dil Tera Diwana (1962 film)|Dil Tera Deewana]]'' (1962)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Anpadh]]'' (1962)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Mere Mehboob]]'' (1963)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Dil Hi To Hai (1963 film)|Dil Hi To Hai]]'' (1963)
*''[[Ayee Milan Ki Bela]]'' (1964)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Aap Ki Parchhaiyan]]'' (1964)
*''[[Sunghursh]]'' (1968)
*''[[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|Neel Kamal]]'' (1968)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Nanak Dukhiya Sub Sansar]]'' (1970) Punjabi film 
*''[[Mehboob Ki Mehndi]]'' (1971)
*''[[Gambler (film)|Gambler]]'' (1971)
*''[[Aap Aye Bahaar Ayee]]'' (1971)
*''[[Kankan De Ohle]]'' (1971)&lt;ref name=Upperstall/&gt;
*  [[Tere Mere Sapne (1971 film)| Tere Mere Sapne]] (1971)
*''[[Apna Desh]]'' (1972)
*''[[Dil Diwana]]'' (1974)
*''[[Apradhi (1974 film)|Apradhi]]'' (1974)
*''[[Rafoo Chakkar]]'' (1975)
*''Yamla Jatt'' (1976) Punjabi movie&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt; 
*''[[Laila Majnu (1976 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' (1976)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Laila Majnu (1976 film) - Cast and Crew|website=Bollywood Hungama website|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/laila-majnu-2/cast/|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113222335/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/laila-majnu-2/cast/|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=21 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Taakra'' (1976) Punjabi film&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Santo Banto]]'' (1976) Punjabi film 
*''[[Aadmi Sadak Ka]]'' (1977)
*''[[Bhola Bhala]]'' (1978)
*''[[Aakhri Kasam]]'' (1979)
*''[[Aatish (film)|Aatish]]'' (1979)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Jwalamukhi (1980 film)|Jwalamukhi]]'' (1980)&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;
*''[[Amrit (1986 film)|Amrit]]'' (1986)
{{div col end}}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|0612616|Mumtaz Begum}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2002]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zelnik</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123462</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816520</id>
      <parentid>749509</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <text bytes="2269" sha1="g0wfl46yxz9f33rxlffdaqlc986njpc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
[[Fayil:Зелник праз.jpg|thumb|Zelnik]]
'''Zelnik''' wani irin biredi ne na gargajiya da ake ci a ƙasashen Bulgaria&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|title=Feta, chard and spinach filo pie (zelnik)|url=https://www.deliciousmagazine.co.uk/recipes/feta-chard-and-spinach-filo-pie-zelnik-pie/|magazine=Delicious Magazine|access-date=8 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Arewacin Macedonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Zelnik Recipe- an Irreplaceable Part of Macedonian Cuisine|url=https://thefoodhog.com/zelnik-recipe/|website=The Food Hog|date=7 July 2020 |access-date=8 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ana yin sa ne da nade-naden fulawa da aka yi da alkama mai yisti, ko kuma da irin waken biredi mai suna [[w:phyllo|phyllo pastry]]. Ana cika Zelnik da abubuwa daban-daban kamar cukwui fari (sirene ko feta), ƙwai, ganyen sorrel, nama da aka soya, albasa mai ƙamshi, albasa koren fari, da/ko shinkafa.
A lokacin sanyi, ana yawan amfani da kabeji da aka soya ko aka jika cikin tsami a matsayin abin cikashi. Wannan ne ma ya sa aka sa masa suna &quot;Zelnik&quot;, wanda ya samo asali daga kalmar &quot;kabeji&quot; a Bulgarian (зелe ko зелка) da kuma Macedonian (зелка). Ana iya amfani da sauran ganye irin su ganyen kabewa, letas, orache, rumex, [[w:|Chenopodium album]], minti da sauransu wajen yin Zelnik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Diversity of Ruderal Spring Plants Traditionally Consumed in Bulgaria|journal=Diversity |date=March 2023 |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=435 |doi=10.3390/d15030435 |doi-access=free |last1=Ivanova |first1=Teodora |last2=Marchev |first2=Andrey |last3=Chervenkov |first3=Mihail |last4=Bosseva |first4=Yulia |last5=Georgiev |first5=Milen |last6=Kozuharova |first6=Ekaterina |last7=Dimitrova |first7=Dessislava }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ana yawan cin sa da yogurt kuma an fi son cin sa yana ɗumi.
Zelnik yana kama da &quot;burek&quot;, wani abinci da ake ci a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turai ta Gabas da kuma Asiya ta Tsakiya. Wasu lokuta ana rikita Zelnik da &quot;börek&quot;, amma akwai bambanci. &quot;Börek&quot; na kabeji ana yinsa ne don bukukuwa, kuma ana cin sa da [[w:kefir|kefir]]. Furen sa da nade-naden sa sukan fi kauri, kuma ana amfani da wasu kayan ƙamshi dabam. Zelnik na da siraran ɗauruka, kuma yafi zama tare da leek da sirene. Ana yawan nadaɗa Zelnik kamar zobe (spiral).

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>g0wfl46yxz9f33rxlffdaqlc986njpc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl na Angus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816459</id>
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      <text bytes="4992" sha1="cnerjc0b0beppaat5qkmalcqzz8nvk3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus da 5th Earl of Morton (1555 - 4 Agusta 1588) ya kasance mashahurin Scotland.{{Spaced en dash}}

== Tarihin iyali ==
Shi ɗan Dauda ne, 7th Earl na Angus . Ya yi nasara ga taken da dukiya a shekara ta 1558, wanda kawunsa, James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, wani Presbyterian ya kawo shi. 

== Rayuwa ==
Archibald Douglas ya yi karatu a Jami'ar St Andrews kuma John Provan ne ya koya masa a kotun Regent Morton. 

A shekara ta 1573 an sanya shi mai ba da shawara da kuma Sheriff na Berwickshire; a shekara ta 1574 Lieutenant-General a Scotland; a shekara de 1577 Warden na West Marches da Steward of Fife; kuma a shekara ta 1578, Lieutenant-Janar na mulkin. A matsayinsa na mai goyon bayan Morton da manufofin &quot;mafi girman Furotesta&quot; an tilasta masa sau biyu zuwa gudun hijira a Ingila.

A shekara ta 1580 Angus ya ba da goyon baya mai ƙarfi ga Morton yayin harin da aka kai wa wannan, ya yi ƙoƙari ya cece shi, kuma an bayyana shi da laifin cin amana a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1581. Daga nan sai ya shiga rubuce-rubuce tare da [[Ingila|Gwamnatin Ingila]] don mamaye Scotland don ceto Morton, kuma a kan kisan Morton a watan Yuni, ya tafi gudun hijira zuwa London, inda Sarauniya [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]] ta maraba da shi.

A shekara ta 1584 ya shiga tawaye na Mar da Glamis . Magoya bayansu sun gudanar da Stirling Castle da Mar's Wark a watan Afrilu. Yunkurin ya gaza, kuma masu tayar da kayar baya sun gudu zuwa Berwick-upon-Tweed. Daga baya sun zauna a [[Newcastle|Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], wanda ya zama cibiyar Presbyterianism da ayyukan da ke adawa da gwamnatin Scotland, wanda Elizabeth ta karfafa, wanda ya dauki iyayengijin da aka kore a matsayin abokai na Ingilishi da masu adawa da sha'awar Faransa.

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1585 sun zo Landan kuma sun wanke kansu daga zargin da ake yi wa James. An shirya wani shiri don maido da su da kuma hambarar da James Stewart, Earl na Arran. A watan Oktoba sun mamaye Scotland kuma sun sami nasara mai sauƙi a kan Arran, sun kama Stirling Castle tare da [[James VI da kuma I|Sarki]] a watan Nuwamba, kuma sun tabbatar masa da maido da dukiyarsu da kuma kula da gwamnati.

Gidansa na [[Edinburgh]] ya kasance a kan Canongate, a gefen arewa, kusa da inda New Street ke yanzu.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 1586 an ba shi Earldom na Morton tare da ƙasashen da kawunsa ya kawo masa; wannan ya sanya shi 5th Earl na Morton .  A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1586 an nada Angus a matsayin Warden of the Marches da Lieutenant-General a kan iyaka, tare da rundunar sojan doki 100 da sojoji 100, da jami'an su, masu bugawa da masu busa, da kuma &quot;furriers&quot; ko quartermasters.

Ya yi aiki mai kyau wajen maido da tsari; amma bai iya shawo kan ƙiyayya ta sarki ga kafa gwamnatin Presbyterian ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{EB1911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
A watan Yulin shekara ta 1588 an ruwaito cewa ya yi tafiya daga yammacin Scotland &quot;ya yi rashin lafiya da ƙonewa. &quot;  Ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 15 88 a Smeaton, kusa da Fadar Dalkeith.  An ce an binne shi a Aberdour a Fife, amma mai yiwuwa, an binne shi ne a Abernethy.

Kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin Newes from Scotland tract na 1591, an ce ya mutu ne saboda maita. Likitansa ya ga rashin lafiyarsa baƙo kuma babu magani ko magani, wanda ya sa ya yi rauni har zuwa mutuwarsa. A lokacin Gwajin maƙaryaci na Arewacin Berwick, Geillis Duncan ya zargi Barbara Napier da haifar da mutuwarsa ta hanyar maita. An kuma zargi Euphame MacCalzean, Agnes Sampson, da Richard Grierson. Earl na Bothwell ya yarda cewa ya aiko da Mutumin da yaudara Richie Graham don halartar jarumin.

== Iyali ==
Earl na Angus ya yi aure sau uku: (1) a ranar 13 ga Yuni 1573 a Cocin Rude Mai Tsarki, Mary Erskine, 'yar Earl na Mar da Annabell Murray . [undefined] &quot;Tushenta&quot; ko sadakarta ta kasance 8,000 merks; [undefined] (2) 25 Disamba 1575 a Cutar, [undefined] (ya sake aure 1587) Margaret, 'yar George Leslie, 4th Earl of Rothes; (3) 29 Yuli 1587 Jean Lyon, 'yar John Lyon, 8th Lord Glamis, tare da wanda ya haifi 'yar Margaret, wacce ta mutu ba tare da aure ba tana da shekaru 15.[1]￼

Angus ya fara aiwatar da saki Margaret Leslie a watan Agustan shekara ta 1586, wanda Earl na Rothes ya yi tsayayya da shi wanda ya yi la'akari da cewa shi abokin Angus ne a lokacin da aka kore shi. Wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Faransa a Edinburgh, Camille de Preau, sieur de Courcelles, ya ji cewa Angus ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta yi kwarkwasa da wani saurayi, wanda aka yi la'akari da cewa ba zai yiwu ba, kuma Earl na Bothwell ya yi ba'a cewa zai saki matarsa Margaret Douglas don haka. Ita ce 'yar'uwar Angus.[1]￼

An gaje shi a cikin Earldom na Angus da dan uwansa William, zuriyar jarumi na 5. 

Wani layin da ya fi kusa da dangin Douglas ga tsohon Earls na Morton ya gaji Earldom na Morton. Don taken Morton, duba James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton da William Douglas, 6th Earl ofMorton .

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>cnerjc0b0beppaat5qkmalcqzz8nvk3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mona Demaidi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>124030</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816424</id>
      <parentid>786796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T04:16:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>816424</origin>
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      <text bytes="5617" sha1="8k366wcfv142asgxywrpn7xi8bzty96" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Mona Nabil Demaidi''' (Arabic) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin mata. An haife ta a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1988, a Nablus, [[Falasdinu]] . Ta sami digirinta na PhD a cikin Injiniyan Software da Injiniyan Injiniya da MSc tare da bambanci a cikin Injin Software da Gudanar da Bayanai daga Jami'ar Manchester, Burtaniya. Demaidi ta shiga Jami'ar Kasa ta An-Najah a cikin 2016, ta zama mace mafi ƙanƙanta tare da takardar shaidar PhD a Kwalejin Injiniya da Fasahar Bayanai a Falasdinu. A shekara ta 2014, ta zama memba na kwamitin Mata a Injiniya da Mata Larabawa a Kwamfuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2020 |title=Mona Demaidi – Assistant Professor at An-Najah National University |url=https://www.galtalkstech.com/2020/05/01/mona-demaidi-assistant-professor-at-an-najah-national-university-palestine/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumbar 2024, Dokta Demaidi ya zama Dean na Faculty of Digital Sciences da Darakta na Harkokin Kasashen Duniya a Jami'ar Larabawa ta Amurka tsakanin Satumba 1, 2024 - Agusta 1, 2025. Farawa daga watan Agustan shekara ta 2025 ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban Artificial Intelligence da Daraktan Harkokin Kasashen Duniya a Jami'ar Larabawa ta Amurka.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
A shekara ta 1993, Demaidi ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa Dundee, Burtaniya, kuma ta tafi makarantar firamare a Makarantar Hawkhill da Makarantar Park Place. Ta kammala makarantar sakandare a Falasdinu. Mona Demaidi ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (BSc) a cikin Injiniyan Kwamfuta a Jami'ar An-Najah da ke Nablus, Falasdinu . Bayan ta sami digiri na Master of Science a cikin Advanced Software Engineering da Data Management a cikin 2010/11 a Jami'ar Manchester, ta sami digirin digirinta na PhD a cikin Artificial Intelligence.&lt;ref name=&quot;buildpalestine1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2020 |title=Mona Demaidi – BuildPalestine |url=https://buildpalestine.com/mona-demaidi/ |access-date=March 27, 2022 |website=buildpalestine.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarewa ==
Mona Demaidi ita ce ta kafa STEMpire wanda PALMEC International ke ba da wutar lantarki. STEMpire yana ba da ƙarfi ga masu kirkiro na gaba ta hanyar ilimin STEM, bootcamps, da hackathons. Bugu da kari, Dokta Mona ita ce shugabar kuma memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Intersect Innovation Hub wanda Bankin Falasdinu ke ba da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=الهيئة العامة لحاضنة &quot;إنترسكت&quot; تنتخب مجلس إدارة جديد وتناقش الخطة المستقبلية |url=https://www.alhadath.ps/article/151767/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=April 22, 2022 |website=www.alhadath.ps |language=ar |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319144617/https://www.alhadath.ps/article/151767/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, Demaidi tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin IEEE Palestine Subsection a matsayin shugabar,  Mai ba da shawara ga reshen dalibai kuma alƙali na baya a ƙarshen 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2011 |title=IEEE Region 8 Sections and Subsections |url=https://ieeer8.org/sections/ieee-region-8-sections-and-subsections/ |access-date=April 22, 2022 |website=IEEE Region 8 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga wannan, ta kasance ko a halin yanzu alƙali ce a cikin tushe da yawa ciki har da Hult Prize Foundation, mai hanzarin gudu da Code Your Future . Mona kuma co-kafa VTech Road  kuma Co-managing darakta ga Girls in Tech, Inc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VTech Road |url=https://vtechroad.com/ |access-date=April 22, 2022 |website=vtechroad.com |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421164844/https://vtechroad.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;buildpalestine12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2020 |title=Mona Demaidi – BuildPalestine |url=https://buildpalestine.com/mona-demaidi/ |access-date=March 27, 2022 |website=buildpalestine.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Demaidi ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Injiniyoyin Injiniya a Falasdinu kuma ita ce mace ta farko da aka ba da lambar yabo daga Cibiyar Injin Lantarki da Lantarki (babban memba). Ta kuma zama babban darakta na Girls in Tech a Falasdinu . Demaidi kuma mai bincike ce yayin da ta bayar da takardu shida na mujallu da littafin Terminological Ontology Evaluator in eLearning kan gina dandamali na ilmantarwa ta kan layi ta amfani da ilmantarwa na inji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mona Demaidi |url=https://staff.najah.edu/en/profiles/3132/ |website=An-Najah Staff}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MONA DEMAIDI – IATED Digital Library |url=https://library.iated.org/authors/Mona_Demaidi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DBLP: Mona Nabil Demaidi |url=https://dblp.org/pid/222/4755.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mona Demaidi ta haɓaka dabarun leken asiri na kasa don Falasdinu a cikin 2022.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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    <title>Michael Tomczyk</title>
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      <text bytes="3447" sha1="k2eu0v1jot8mzg7h7pzffwkvh5nlv3c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Commodore_Founder_Jack_Tramiel_and_VIC20_Product_Manager_Michael_Tomczyk_celebrated_the_first_million_units_in_1982_which_jump-started_the_home_computer_revolution.jpg|thumb|Tare da Jack Tramiel (hagu), 1982]]
'''Michael S. Tomczyk''' an fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka wajen jagorantar ci gaba da ƙaddamar da microcomputer na farko don sayar da raka'a miliyan ɗaya, a matsayin Manajan Samfurin VIC-20 daga Commodore. An bayyana gudummawarsa dalla-dalla a cikin littafinsa na 1984, THE HOME COMPUTER WARS: An Insider's True Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel . An kuma rubuta rawar da ya taka sosai a cikin tambayoyin da labarai da yawa. VIC-20 ita ce kwamfuta ta farko mai araha, mai cikakken launi da kuma kwamfuta ta gida ta farko da za a sayar a KMart da sauran kantin sayar da jama'a. Michael ya shiga Commodore a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1980 a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa (Commodore Founder Jack Tramiel wanda ya nada shi VIC-20 Product Manager). An kira shi &quot;mahaifin tallace-tallace&quot; na kwamfutar gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 July 2015 |title=RetroInspired Showcase |url=https://www.jcu.edu.sg/events/aug-2015/retroinspired-showcase |website=www.jcu.edu.sg |access-date=25 December 2025 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122120602/https://www.jcu.edu.sg/events/aug-2015/retroinspired-showcase |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Michael ya kuma kasance majagaba a cikin sadarwa, a matsayin mai tsara Commodore VICModem, wanda ya ɗauka kuma ya kwangila yayin da yake Commodore. VICModem shine modem na farko da aka farashi a ƙarƙashin $ 100 kuma modem na mbụ don sayar da raka'a miliyan ɗaya. 

== Ilimi ==
Yana da MBA. daga UCLA da BA daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Oshkosh, inda ya sami Kyautar Alumni. Ya sami digiri na biyu a cikin nazarin muhalli daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a watan Mayu 2010.

== Ayyukan soja ==
Michael Tomczyk ya yi aiki na shekaru uku a cikin Sojojin Amurka (1970-73 - matsayi mafi girma Kyaftin), yana aiki don umarnin soja ciki har da XVIII Airborne Corps (Ft. Bragg), 1st Signal Brigade (Vietnam) da USASTRATCOM / United Nations Command (Korea). A matsayinsa na Jami'in Bayanai na Jama'a a Fort Bragg, ya taimaka wajen kaddamar da Sojojin Sa kai (VOLAR) wanda ake tukawa a shekarar 1970. Ya gwagwarmaya kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bronze Star don aiki mai daraja a Vietnam (1971-72). Ya sami lambar yabo ta Sojoji don hidimarsa a Koriya (1973). Ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Tsaro bayan aiki.

== Injin Kasuwanci na Commodore ==
A farkon 1980, Tomczyk ya shiga Commodore a matsayin Mai Kasuwanci da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa (wanda ya kafa Commodore [[Jack Tramiel]]). Lokacin da Tramiel ya sanar da cewa yana so ya bunkasa kwamfutar gida mai araha &quot;don jama'a, ba azuzuwan ba,&quot; Tomczyk ya rungumi manufar kuma ya goyi bayan sabon kwamfutar. An haifi manufar sabon kwamfuta a taron gudanarwa na Commodore a gidan Fox da Hounds a wajen London, Ingila, makon farko a watan Afrilu 1980. Duk da matsayinsa na sabon memba na ƙungiyar gudanarwa, Tomczyk ya goyi bayan kwamfutar gida kuma a lokacin da ya dawo Santa Clara, California, ya rubuta wata sanarwa mai shafi 30 ga Tramiel, yana ba da cikakkun bayanai, farashi, fasalulluka da sababbin abubuwan da ya yi tunanin ya kamata a haɗa su. Tramiel ya burge shi kuma ya sanya Tomczyk a matsayin mai kula da jagorantar ci gaba da ci gaban kasuwa na sabon kwamfuta.

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Rikicin abokin tarayya da yawan sojojin Amurka</title>
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An bayyana tashin hankali na abokin tarayya (IPV) a matsayin tashin hankali na jiki da na jima'i ko barazanar tashin hankali, tsoratarwa, ko tilasta da ke faruwa tsakanin abokan hulɗa na baya ko na yanzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rodrigues |first=Amy E. |last2=Funderburk |first2=Jennifer S. |last3=Keating |first3=Niki L. |last4=Maisto |first4=Stephen A. |date=2014-03-18 |title=A Methodological Review of Intimate Partner Violence in the Military |journal=Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=231–240 |doi=10.1177/1524838014526066 |issn=1524-8380 |pmid=24648490 |s2cid=30110266}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu aikata ta'addanci na iya amfani da dabarun tilastawa don kiyaye abokin tarayya a gida. Wadannan dabarun na iya haɗawa da barazanar cutar da dabba ta iyali ko barazanar kula da yara idan abokin tarayya ya yi ƙoƙari ya tafi. IPV babbar damuwa ce ta lafiyar jama'a a Amurka kuma tana da damar shafar shirye-shiryen likita na mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Klostermann |first=Keith |last2=Mignone |first2=Theresa |last3=Kelley |first3=Michelle L. |last4=Musson |first4=Sabrina |last5=Bohall |first5=Gregory |date=2012 |title=Intimate partner violence in the military: Treatment considerations |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.004 |issn=1359-1789}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin al'ummar soja, dangantaka ta kusa na iya zama mai saukin kamuwa da damuwa ta aiki wanda ke takamaiman ayyukan soja. Wadannan buƙatu na iya haɗawa da sauyawa akai-akai zuwa wuraren da ba a so ko ƙasashen waje, rabuwa daga dangi mai Tsoro na tsawon lokacin da ba a sani ba, sauye-sauye akai-akai a cikin jadawalin aiki, sa'o'i masu tsawo, rashin tabbas na aikin, yanayin horo da ake nufi don kwaikwayon yanayin aiki daban-daban, da haɗarin da ke cikin filin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Kodayake akwai shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don tallafawa sashin iyali (watau, Family Readiness Group (FRG), Family Advocacy Program (FAP)), damuwa game da turawa da yawa, fallasa yaƙi, da fallasa abubuwan da suka faru (watau yaƙi, IED, zagaye na bam, shaida mutuwa ko zalunci) suna haifar da ƙarin damuwa a kan sashin iyali yayin da membobin sabis suka sake shiga cikin gida bayan dawowa gida daga turawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Alysha |date=2012 |title=Intimate Partner Violence in Military Couples: A Review of the Literature |doi=10.1037/e621642012-032}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikace-aikacen yana kawo ƙarin damuwa a kan sashin iyali yayin da gidajen iyaye biyu suka sauya zuwa gidajen iyaye guda yayin ƙoƙarin kula da jadawalin su na yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Shari'ar nuna bambanci ta 2018 ==
A cikin 2018, wani abin kunya na nuna bambanci da ya shafi ma'aikata a Shirin Gudanar da Iyali a Pearl Harbor, Hawaii ya jagoranci jami'an soja don sake tantance yadda ma'aikatan shari'a ke bi da maza da ke fama da cutar. Bincike ya gano cewa ma'aikatan shari'ar FAP ba su bi manufofin DoD ba, sun ki ba da sabis ga maza da aka azabtar, da gangan sun hana shaidar wata mace da ke aikata cin zarafin yara da tashin hankali na gida, kuma ba su yi rikodin lokacin da maza da aka shafa suka nemi taimako ba.

An rubuta shari'ar a cikin Honolulu Civil Beat: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.civilbeat.org/2021/01/a-bitter-domestic-dispute-could-shake-up-how-the-navy-handles-abuse-cases-in-hawaii/&lt;/nowiki&gt;[https://www.civilbeat.org/2021/01/a-bitter-domestic-dispute-could-shake-up-how-the-navy-handles-abuse-cases-in-hawaii/ https://www.civilbeat.org/2021/01/a-bitter-rashin jituwa-da-ta'a-ta'addanci-ta'adda-ta'yanci-ta-ta'ya-ta'yar]

Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2021, har yanzu ba a kammala shari'ar ba kuma tana jiran ƙarin bita. Wannan ya haifar da rubuce-rubucen &quot;Dokar Rashin Nuna Bambanci ta Soja&quot;. Kudin an yi shi ne don ba da damar ma'aikatan sabis su gabatar da da'awar da ake yi wa sojoji don shari'o'in nuna bambanci. A halin yanzu 'yan majalisa suna la'akari da shi kuma ba shi da mai tallafawa.

== Ka'idodin IPV ==
Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa da ke ƙoƙarin bayyana amfani da karfi a cikin dangantaka ta kusa. Tasirin zubar da al'adu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=BARON |first=LARRY |last2=STRAUS |first2=MURRAY A. |last3=JAFFEE |first3=DAVID |date=1988 |title=Legitimate Violence, Violent Attitudes, and Rape: A Test of the Cultural Spillover Theory |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=528 |issue=1 Human Sexual |pages=79–110 |bibcode=1988NYASA.528...79B |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb50853.x |issn=0077-8923 |pmid=3421615 |s2cid=8847764}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya nuna cewa yawan al'ada tana tallafawa amfani da tashin hankali don cimma burinsu, mutane da yawa a cikin wannan al'ada za su halatta tashin hankali kuma su hada da waɗancan imani a fadin yankuna da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da waɗanda amfani da tashin hankalin ko tashin hankali bai dace da zamantakewa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Christopher |date=2007-04-18 |title=Veteran Status and Marital Aggression: Does Military Service Make a Difference? |journal=Journal of Family Violence |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=197–209 |doi=10.1007/s10896-007-9072-4 |issn=0885-7482 |s2cid=13214683}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka'idar damuwa ta aiki ta nuna cewa ayyukan maza da ke da rinjaye, ayyukan maza na iya jaddada iko ba tare da saninsa ba duk da cewa amfani da karfi na jiki,  wanda ke faruwa a duk faɗin yankuna inda amfani da karfi ba a yarda da shi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Klostermann |first=Keith |last2=Mignone |first2=Theresa |last3=Kelley |first3=Michelle L. |last4=Musson |first4=Sabrina |last5=Bohall |first5=Gregory |date=2012 |title=Intimate partner violence in the military: Treatment considerations |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.004 |issn=1359-1789}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKlostermannMignoneKelleyMusson2012&quot;&gt;Klostermann, Keith; Mignone, Theresa; Kelley, Michelle L.; Musson, Sabrina; Bohall, Gregory (2012). &quot;Intimate partner violence in the military: Treatment considerations&quot;. ''Aggression and Violent Behavior''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;53–&lt;/span&gt;58. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.004|10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.004]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-1789 1359-1789].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=MARSHALL |first=A |last2=PANUZIO |first2=J |last3=TAFT |first3=C |date=2005 |title=Intimate partner violence among military veterans and active duty servicemen |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=862–876 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.009 |issn=0272-7358 |pmid=16006025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nau'o'i da tsananin ===
Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DoD) Rundunar Tsaro kan Rikicin Cikin Gida ta rarraba tsananin tashin hankali zuwa kashi uku: ''Mai tsanani'', ''Matsakaici'', da ''Mai sauƙi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Defense |first=DoD |date=2003 |title=Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence: Third year report |url=http://www.ncdsv.org/images/Year3Report2003.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814042352/http://www.ncdsv.org/images/Year3Report2003.pdf |archive-date=2006-08-14 |access-date=2019-01-20 |website=PsycEXTRA Dataset}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halin da aka rarraba a ƙarƙashin kowane matakin tsananin suna da kama da juna tsakanin rassan sabis. An bayyana mummunar cin zarafin jiki a matsayin choking ko strangulation, duk wani rauni yayin da aka ci gaba da ciki yayin da yake da ciki, barazanar cutar da wuka ko bindiga, cin zarafin motsin rai da tsoratarwa (watau, &quot;mahaifiyar matar da aka yi wa duka&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;), cin zarafin jima'i, da manyan raunin jiki waɗanda ke buƙatar magani na dogon lokaci kamar kulawar asibiti. Rashin cin zarafi ya haɗa da abubuwa da aka jefa wa matar, cin zarafin jiki (watau turawa, cinyewa, kiɗa, bugawa, ko bugawa) da raunin da ke buƙatar maganin likita na ɗan gajeren lokaci (watau, ziyarar asibiti ɗaya). Rashin cin zarafi ya haɗa da barazanar magana da raunin jiki wanda ba ya buƙatar magani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Yaduwar ==
Yawan yaduwar IPV a duk faɗin yawan sojoji ya kasance daga 13.5-58% tare da ƙananan ƙididdigar da aka lura a cikin samfurori na soja waɗanda ba a zaba ba bisa ga ilimin halayyar mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=MARSHALL |first=A |last2=PANUZIO |first2=J |last3=TAFT |first3=C |date=2005 |title=Intimate partner violence among military veterans and active duty servicemen |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=862–876 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.009 |issn=0272-7358 |pmid=16006025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMARSHALLPANUZIOTAFT2005&quot;&gt;MARSHALL, A; PANUZIO, J; TAFT, C (2005). &quot;Intimate partner violence among military veterans and active duty servicemen&quot;. ''Clinical Psychology Review''. '''25''' (7): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;862–&lt;/span&gt;876. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.009|10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.009]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-7358 0272-7358]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16006025 16006025].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2001, an bayar da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru sama da 18,000 na cin zarafi ga Shirye-shiryen Ba da Shawara na Iyali na DoD.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Klostermann |first=Keith |last2=Mignone |first2=Theresa |last3=Kelley |first3=Michelle L. |last4=Musson |first4=Sabrina |last5=Bohall |first5=Gregory |date=2012 |title=Intimate partner violence in the military: Treatment considerations |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.004 |issn=1359-1789}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKlostermannMignoneKelleyMusson2012&quot;&gt;Klostermann, Keith; Mignone, Theresa; Kelley, Michelle L.; Musson, Sabrina; Bohall, Gregory (2012). &quot;Intimate partner violence in the military: Treatment considerations&quot;. ''Aggression and Violent Behavior''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;53–&lt;/span&gt;58. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.004|10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.004]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-1789 1359-1789].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin wadanda suka faru da aka ruwaito, kashi 84% sun shafi cin zarafin jiki, kashi 66% na wadanda abin ya shafa ma'aurata ne na al'ummar soja kuma kasa da shekaru 25. Daga 1995-2001, an kashe kisan kai na gida 217 a cikin al'ummomin soja.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Za a iya bayar da rahoton cin zarafin jiki fiye da Cin zarafin tunani (watau, cin zarafin motsin rai da na baki.) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rodrigues |first=Amy E. |last2=Funderburk |first2=Jennifer S. |last3=Keating |first3=Niki L. |last4=Maisto |first4=Stephen A. |date=2014-03-18 |title=A Methodological Review of Intimate Partner Violence in the Military |journal=Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=231–240 |doi=10.1177/1524838014526066 |issn=1524-8380 |pmid=24648490 |s2cid=30110266}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRodriguesFunderburkKeatingMaisto2014&quot;&gt;Rodrigues, Amy E.; Funderburk, Jennifer S.; Keating, Niki L.; Maisto, Stephen A. (2014-03-18). &quot;A Methodological Review of Intimate Partner Violence in the Military&quot;. ''Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse''. '''16''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;231–&lt;/span&gt;240. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1524838014526066|10.1177/1524838014526066]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1524-8380 1524-8380]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24648490 24648490]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30110266 30110266].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yara da aka fallasa ga IPV na iya nuna ƙarin matsalolin halayyar, ƙarancin aiki a makaranta, da halayyar tashin hankali a duk faɗin saituna da yawa fiye da waɗanda ba a fallasa su da tashin hankali a gida ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ayyukan IPV tsakanin tsofaffin mutane da ke fama da rikicewar damuwa (PTSD) ya kai sau uku fiye da waɗanda ba su da PTSD.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Binciken tashin hankali ==
Za'a iya kara nuna tashin hankali ta hanyar jagorancin kai. An bayyana tashin hankali na biyu a matsayin tashin hankali da mutane biyu suka aikata a cikin dangantakar, wanda ya haɗa da tashin hankali da aka aikata cikin fushi ko ramuwar gayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Alysha |date=2012 |title=Intimate Partner Violence in Military Couples: A Review of the Literature |doi=10.1037/e621642012-032}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2012&quot;&gt;Jones, Alysha (2012). &quot;Intimate Partner Violence in Military Couples: A Review of the Literature&quot;. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/e621642012-032|10.1037/e621642012-032]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;Cite journal requires &lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&amp;#x7C;journal=&lt;/code&gt; ([[Help:CS1 errors#missing periodical|help]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=LaMotte |first=Adam D. |last2=Taft |first2=Casey T. |last3=Weatherill |first3=Robin P. |last4=Scott |first4=Jillian Panuzio |last5=Eckhardt |first5=Christopher I. |date=2014 |title=Examining intimate partner aggression assessment among returning veterans and their partners. |journal=Psychological Assessment |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=8–15 |doi=10.1037/a0034579 |issn=1939-134X |pmid=24079959}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=BARON |first=LARRY |last2=STRAUS |first2=MURRAY A. |last3=JAFFEE |first3=DAVID |date=1988 |title=Legitimate Violence, Violent Attitudes, and Rape: A Test of the Cultural Spillover Theory |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=528 |issue=1 Human Sexual |pages=79–110 |bibcode=1988NYASA.528...79B |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb50853.x |issn=0077-8923 |pmid=3421615 |s2cid=8847764}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana tashin hankali na gefe ɗaya a matsayin tashin hankali da mutum ɗaya ya yi a cikin dangantakar kuma an haɗa shi da tashin hankali, parasomnia, da tashin hankali na hypnopompic (watau, tashin hankali saboda hyperarousal yayin bacci) a cikin wallafe-wallafen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rodrigues |first=Amy E. |last2=Funderburk |first2=Jennifer S. |last3=Keating |first3=Niki L. |last4=Maisto |first4=Stephen A. |date=2014-03-18 |title=A Methodological Review of Intimate Partner Violence in the Military |journal=Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=231–240 |doi=10.1177/1524838014526066 |issn=1524-8380 |pmid=24648490 |s2cid=30110266}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRodriguesFunderburkKeatingMaisto2014&quot;&gt;Rodrigues, Amy E.; Funderburk, Jennifer S.; Keating, Niki L.; Maisto, Stephen A. (2014-03-18). &quot;A Methodological Review of Intimate Partner Violence in the Military&quot;. ''Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse''. '''16''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;231–&lt;/span&gt;240. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1524838014526066|10.1177/1524838014526066]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1524-8380 1524-8380]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24648490 24648490]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30110266 30110266].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan haɗari ==
Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan halayyar mutum suna cikin haɗarin aikata ko cin zarafin IPV idan aka kwatanta da tsoffin sojoji ba tare da ganewar asali ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Christopher |date=2007-04-18 |title=Veteran Status and Marital Aggression: Does Military Service Make a Difference? |journal=Journal of Family Violence |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=197–209 |doi=10.1007/s10896-007-9072-4 |issn=0885-7482 |s2cid=13214683}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBradley2007&quot;&gt;Bradley, Christopher (2007-04-18). &quot;Veteran Status and Marital Aggression: Does Military Service Make a Difference?&quot;. ''Journal of Family Violence''. '''22''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;197–&lt;/span&gt;209. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9072-4|10.1007/s10896-007-9072-4]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0885-7482 0885-7482]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13214683 13214683].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Klostermann |first=Keith |last2=Mignone |first2=Theresa |last3=Kelley |first3=Michelle L. |last4=Musson |first4=Sabrina |last5=Bohall |first5=Gregory |date=2012 |title=Intimate partner violence in the military: Treatment considerations |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.004 |issn=1359-1789}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKlostermannMignoneKelleyMusson2012&quot;&gt;Klostermann, Keith; Mignone, Theresa; Kelley, Michelle L.; Musson, Sabrina; Bohall, Gregory (2012). &quot;Intimate partner violence in the military: Treatment considerations&quot;. ''Aggression and Violent Behavior''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;53–&lt;/span&gt;58. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.004|10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.004]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-1789 1359-1789].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke fuskantar alamun da ke da alaƙa da PTSD suna cikin haɗarin yin IPV da kuma shan wahala fiye da fararen hula da tsoffin sojoji ba tare da alamun PTSD ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rodrigues |first=Amy E. |last2=Funderburk |first2=Jennifer S. |last3=Keating |first3=Niki L. |last4=Maisto |first4=Stephen A. |date=2014-03-18 |title=A Methodological Review of Intimate Partner Violence in the Military |journal=Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=231–240 |doi=10.1177/1524838014526066 |issn=1524-8380 |pmid=24648490 |s2cid=30110266}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRodriguesFunderburkKeatingMaisto2014&quot;&gt;Rodrigues, Amy E.; Funderburk, Jennifer S.; Keating, Niki L.; Maisto, Stephen A. (2014-03-18). &quot;A Methodological Review of Intimate Partner Violence in the Military&quot;. ''Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse''. '''16''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;231–&lt;/span&gt;240. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1524838014526066|10.1177/1524838014526066]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1524-8380 1524-8380]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24648490 24648490]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30110266 30110266].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tunanin da ba daidai ba, flashbacks, jin dadin damuwa, rashin haɗin kai da iyali ko al'umma, da hyperarousal sune alamun da aka nuna don rinjayar dangantakar da ke tsakanin bayyanar yaki da aikata IPV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Farrer |first=Thomas J. |last2=Frost |first2=R. Brock |last3=Hedges |first3=Dawson W. |date=2012-03-30 |title=Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in Intimate Partner Violence Offenders Compared to the General Population |journal=Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=77–82 |doi=10.1177/1524838012440338 |issn=1524-8380 |pmid=22467643 |s2cid=5491444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan dangantakar ta bambanta da nau'in da matakin bayyanar yaƙi (watau, shaida ta'addanci).  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Alysha |date=2012 |title=Intimate Partner Violence in Military Couples: A Review of the Literature |doi=10.1037/e621642012-032}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2012&quot;&gt;Jones, Alysha (2012). &quot;Intimate Partner Violence in Military Couples: A Review of the Literature&quot;. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/e621642012-032|10.1037/e621642012-032]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;Cite journal requires &lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&amp;#x7C;journal=&lt;/code&gt; ([[Help:CS1 errors#missing periodical|help]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical]]&lt;/ref&gt; Tarihin raunin kwakwalwa (TBI) an haɗa shi da ƙimar IPV mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Ƙarin haɗarin haɗari sun haɗa da barasa mai nauyi da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda aka nuna don ƙara haɗarin tashin hankali tsakanin ma'aurata waɗanda ke samun babban matsayi a cikin salon sadarwa na rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An gano cewa rauni na yara yana da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin tashin hankali tare da Air Force da Navy FAPs suna ba da rahoton 11-25% na membobin sabis da ke fuskantar cin zarafin jiki ko motsin rai daga iyaye da kuma 49% na samfurori masu aiki masu aiki da ke ba da rahoton cin zarafin yara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bincike ya nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin tsawon turawa da tsananin IPV da aka bayar da rahoton kai bayan turawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Kasancewa ƙarami a matsayi da yin aure tun yana ƙarami (watau, ƙasa da shekaru 25) an kuma gano su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Yarjejeniyar IPV da shirye-shirye ==
Dokokin DoD 6400.1, wanda ke buƙatar kowane reshe na sabis don kafa FAP, kuma yana buƙatar kowane shigarwar soja don samun akalla mai ba da shawara ɗaya. Matsayin mai ba da shawara ga wanda aka azabtar shine don taimakawa mutane su sami umarnin kariya na soja, su haɗa kai da kwamandojin raka'a, su taimaka wajen shirya shirye-shiryen tsaro, su haɗa wadanda abin ya shafa da albarkatun farar hula, da kuma samar da sabis na sa'o'i 24 ga wadanda abin ya rutsa da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Defense |first=DoD |date=2003 |title=Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence: Third year report |url=http://www.ncdsv.org/images/Year3Report2003.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814042352/http://www.ncdsv.org/images/Year3Report2003.pdf |archive-date=2006-08-14 |access-date=2019-01-20 |website=PsycEXTRA Dataset}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDepartment_of_Defense2003&quot;&gt;Department of Defense, DoD (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814042352/http://www.ncdsv.org/images/Year3Report2003.pdf &quot;Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence: Third year report&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''PsycEXTRA Dataset''. Archived from [http://www.ncdsv.org/images/Year3Report2003.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2006-08-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Masu ba da shawara na FAP, chaplains, da masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya dole ne su kula da sirrin wadanda abin ya shafa lokacin da wanda aka azabtar ya bayar da rahoton shari'ar IPV, sai dai a takamaiman lokuta lokacin da dole ne a karya sirrin don tabbatar da amincin yara, tsofaffi, da manya masu rauni. Rahotanni da aka yi wa wasu ma'aikata (watau, shugabanci kai tsaye ko membobin FRG) ba sirri ba ne kuma ana iya bayar da rahoto ga masu tilasta bin doka na soja ko kwamandoji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=The Family Advocacy Program |url=https://www.militaryonesource.mil/-/the-family-advocacy-program |website=Military One Source}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shirye-shiryen da ake da su ===
Akwai shirye-shirye da yawa da aka tsara don tallafawa iyalai na soja. An haɓaka FAP don tallafawa takamaiman bukatun iyalai na soja kuma a halin yanzu yana ba da shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda aka tsara don rage IPV. Wadannan shirye-shiryen sun hada da sabon tallafin iyaye, shawarwarin mutum, shawarwarin ma'aurata, bita, da kuma tarurruka.[1] Ƙarfi a Shirin Home-Men (SAH-M), makonni 12 na haɗin gwiwar da aka tsara don rage IPV, an nuna shi don taimakawa mutane su iyakance IPV na tunani da tunani, da kuma inganta aikin motsin rai, wanda aka haɗa shi da tashin hankali. [undefined][2]

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Michael Birkin (mai zartarwa)</title>
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'''Michael Birkin''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) babban jami'in tallace-tallace ne na Ingilishi, sananne ne saboda rawar da ya taka wajen bunkasa manufar kimantawa da kuma sa hannu a ayyukan tallace-tafiye. Ya fara aikinsa a Interbrand a 1987, daga baya ya yi aiki a Omnicom Group da Acer Inc. Ya kafa kamfaninsa na tallace-tallace, Red Peak Group, a cikin 2010. Shi ne Shugaba na kyu, sashin aiki na dabarun Hakuhodo DY Holdings.

== Tarihi ==
An haifi Michael Birkin a Ingila a shekara ta 1958. &lt;ref name=&quot;Endole&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michael John Birkin Director Profile |url=http://www.endole.co.uk/profile/886975/michael-john-birkin |access-date=27 March 2015 |website=Endole}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifin Birkin, Sir Derek Birkin, shi ne Shugaba na Rio Tinto Zinc, kamfanin hakar ma'adinai. Bayan ya halarci Kwalejin Marlborough, inda yanzu yake memba na majalisa, Birkin ya ci gaba da karatun doka a Kwalejin Jami'ar London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michael Birkin Esq |url=https://www.marlboroughcollege.org/people/michael-birkin-esq/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Marlborough College |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209133021/https://www.marlboroughcollege.org/people/michael-birkin-esq/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michael Birkin |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/people/7115733-michael-birkin |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa kuma ya taka leda a Junior England squash .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Farmbrough87&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rowe84&quot; /&gt;

A lokacinsa na hutu, Birkin yana da sha'awar Fasahar Renaissance daga ƙarni na 13, 14, da 15.

=== Farkon aiki ===
A farkon aikinsa, an horar da Birkin a matsayin mai lissafi,   yana aiki ga PricewaterhouseCoopers daga 1981 zuwa 1984.  Daga baya, ya taka rawa a matsayin PA kuma mai kare [[Mark Weinberg|Sir Mark Weinberg]], shugaban Hambro Life Assurance, yanzu Zurich Insurance Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowe842&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gofton983&quot; /&gt; Yayinda yake kula da aikin don canza sunan Hambro Life (zuwa Allied Dunbar) ya sadu da [[John Murphy (branding consultant)|John Murphy]], wanda ya kafa Novamark da Interbrand wanda ya tuntubi aikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gofton983&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1987, Birkin ya shiga shugaban zartarwa Murphy a sabuwar kungiyar Interbrand, inda ya fara a matsayin shugaban zartaka na kungiyar. Ya rike wannan rawar a Interbrand daga 1987 zuwa 1995, a lokacin da ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa manufar kimantawa kuma ya zama sananne a matsayin gwani a fagen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gofton98&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Foster89&quot; /&gt; Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga littafin Understanding Brands, wanda aka buga a 1991.  

A karkashin jagorancin Murphy da Birkin, Interbrand ya girma daga kamfani na kasa da kasa tare da ma'aikata 25 zuwa mai ba da shawara kan tallace-tallace na duniya.

=== Kamfanin Omnicom ===
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1993, Kamfanin Omnicom Group's Diversified Agency Services (DAS) ya sami Interbrand, kuma Birkin ya shiga Omnicom. A Omnicom, ya tashi da sauri ta hanyar kungiyar,  ya zama manajan darektan DAS na Turai a 1995,  sannan shugaban kasa da kasa na DAS ya biyo baya a 1997, kuma shugaban duniya na DAS a 1999. A shekara ta 2005, Birkin ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban kasa da Shugaba na Asiya Pacific na Omnicom .   &lt;ref name=&quot;ADstaff052&quot; /&gt; Matsayinsa a Asiya ya mayar da hankali kan taimakawa hukumomin Omnicom su sami damar samun dama a yankin. Musamman, ya yi aiki don inganta ayyukan Omnicom a cikin Asiya, wanda shine kasuwar kamfanin da ke ci gaba da sauri a shekara ta 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aitkin052&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Melinda Hill</title>
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      <text bytes="4256" sha1="taz4jx875117pdxm1k3eqydos22zteq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Melinda Hill''' 'yar ''Wasan kwaikwayo.'' ce kuma 'yar wasan Amurka wacce aka fi sani da wasan kwaikwayo da bayyanarta a ''Lady Dynamite'', Adventure Time, The Late ''Late Show'', The Bonnie Hunt Show, Comics Unleashed, Who Wants to Date a Comedian? , kuma a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin Comedy. ''Talabijin''.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Hill a Hutchinson, Kansas amma ta yi shekaru a Colorado Springs, wanda ta dauka a gida.

Hill ta sami tallafin karatu na [[The Groundlings|Ƙasa]] kwaikwayo inda ta yi wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta dauki darussan rubuce-rubuce.&lt;ref name=&quot;wtf2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Episode 1170 – Melinda Hill |url=http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-1170-melinda-hill |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=WTF with Marc Maron Podcast |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekara ta farko ta koma [[University of Kansas|Jami'ar Kansas]] inda ta zauna na wata shekara, kafin ta koma California don karatun wasan kwaikwayo tare da [[Joanne Baron]], [[Lesly Kahn]] da [[Sandra Seacat]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;wtf2&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da ta gama makarantar wasan kwaikwayo, daya daga cikin malamanta ya shawarce ta ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SD2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Gordon |date=March 8, 2011 |title=Interview: Melinda Hill |url=https://www.sandiego.com/articles/2011-03-08/interview-melinda-hill |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=www.sandiego.com |language=en |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031215217/https://www.sandiego.com/articles/2011-03-08/interview-melinda-hill |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hill ya shiga The Groundlings ba tare da wani kwarewar wasan kwaikwayo na baya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;wtf2&quot; /&gt; Ta dauki darussan, ta koyi rubuce-rubuce kuma ta ci gaba ta dukkan matakan kafin ta fara tsayawa, ta haɗa duk abin da ta koya game da rubuce-bucen wasan kwaikwayo a Groundlings. Abokan aji sun hada da Mikey Day, Brian Keith Etheridge da [[Kristen Wiig]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wtf2&quot; /&gt;

== Wasan kwaikwayo na tsaye ==
Baya ga zama na yau da kullun a Hollywood Improv da labarun da aka nuna kamar Jill Solloway da Maggie Rowe's Sit N Spin a Comedy Central Stage, Hill an sanya ta a matsayin mai ba da kyauta na yau da kullum a The Comedy Store a Los Angeles a cikin 2012 kuma an zana sunanta a bango.&lt;ref name=&quot;SD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Gordon |date=March 8, 2011 |title=Interview: Melinda Hill |url=https://www.sandiego.com/articles/2011-03-08/interview-melinda-hill |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=www.sandiego.com |language=en |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031215217/https://www.sandiego.com/articles/2011-03-08/interview-melinda-hill |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da Maria Bamford da Natasha Leggero, ta kafa wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya mai suna What's Up, Tiger Lily? a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Upright Citizens Brigade (UCB), wanda ya gudana na tsawon shekaru 10 kuma an san shi da sauka-sauka na shahararrun mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Confessions of a Tooth Fairy written and performed by Kristen Wiig &amp; Melinda Hill |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m72GNRrvc88 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hill ya yi wa sojojin Amurka a Hawaii, Guam, Singapore, Okinawa, Marshall Islands, Honduras, Bahamas, Guantanamo Bay, Curaçao da Greenland.

Ta fito da kundin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, ciki har da Accidental Bisexual (2011) da Six Ways to Bomb a kan America's Got Talent (2013). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Confessions of a Tooth Fairy written and performed by Kristen Wiig &amp; Melinda Hill |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m72GNRrvc88 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara wasan kwaikwayo na musamman na Inappropriate a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2020, kuma an sake shi a matsayin kundin wasan kwaikwayo da littafin sauti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Confessions of a Tooth Fairy written and performed by Kristen Wiig &amp; Melinda Hill |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m72GNRrvc88 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mehndi</title>
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      <text bytes="9023" sha1="neyw1er8kol9owi4eqvx3k0bmm1cug9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:All_grown_up_and_married!.jpg|thumb|Henna tabo a hannun amarya ta Bengali]]{{Databox}}
'''Mehndi''' ko '''mehendi''' wani nau'i ne na kayan ado na fata na wucin gadi ta amfani da paste da aka kirkira tare da [[Lalle|henna]]. A Yamma, an san mehndi da '''tattoo na henna''', kodayake ba tattoo ne na dindindin ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Origin and History of Henna |url=https://silknstone.com/about-henna/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=silknstone.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mehndi sanannen nau'i ne na zane-zane a Kudancin Asiya kuma yana kama da irin wannan al'adun henna kamar zane-zane na jiki da aka samu a [[Arewacin Afirka]], [[Gabashin Afirka]] da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]]. Akwai sunaye daban-daban na mehndi a duk fadin harsunan Kudancin Asiya. 

Akwai kayayyaki da siffofi daban-daban na mehndi, wanda aka fi sani da henna. Don bukukuwan, mata a al'ada suna amfani da mehndi a hannayensu da ƙafafunsu; duk da haka, wasu mutane, kamar masu fama da cutar kansa da mata masu fama da alopecia, na iya yanke shawarar yin ado da gashin kansu. Al'ada launi na mehndi launin ruwan kasa ne, amma wasu launuka masu ƙira kamar fari, ja, baki da zinariya ana amfani da su a wasu lokuta.

A Kudancin Asiya, ana amfani da mehndi a jikin mutum a lokacin bukukuwan Hindu da Musulmi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Origin and History of Henna |url=https://silknstone.com/about-henna/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=silknstone.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matan Hindu suna amfani da mehndi a lokacin bukukuwan kamar Karva Chauth, Vat Purnima, Diwali, Bhai Dooj, Navratri, Durga Puja, da Teej.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhri |first=S. K. |last2=Jain |first2=N. K. |date=2009 |title=History of cosmetics |url=http://asiapharmaceutics.info/index.php/ajp/article/view/260 |journal=Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |doi=10.22377/ajp.v3i3.260 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=1998-409X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matan musulmi suna amfani da mehndi a lokutan kamar [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]] da Eid al'Adha . 

A bukukuwan Hindu da [[Sikh]], mata galibi suna da henna a hannayensu, ƙafafunsu kuma wani lokacin a bayan kafadu. Sabanin haka, maza yawanci suna amfani da shi a hannayensu, kafafu, baya, da kirji. Ga mata, yawanci ana zana shi a kan hannayensu, bayan hannayensu da ƙafafunsu, inda ƙirar za ta kasance mafi haske saboda bambanci da fata mai haske a kan waɗannan farfajiya, wanda a dabi'a ya ƙunshi ƙasa da melanin pigment. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Magana ==
Asalin &quot;mehndi&quot; ya fito ne daga kalmar Sanskrit &quot;mendhika&quot;, wanda ke nufin shuka [[Lalle|henna]] da ke fitar da jan dye.&lt;ref name=&quot;archive.today&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-09 |title=A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:1:3320.platts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709173442/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:1:3320.platts |archive-date=2012-07-09 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=archive.ph}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar ''A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi da Ingilishi,'' mehndi kuma yana nufin &quot;bikin aure a lokacin da aka shafa hannayen amarya da ƙafafun da henna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;archive.today&quot; /&gt;

== Asalin ==
[[Fayil:Scuola_di_jaipur,_mehandi,_xix_secolo.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton zane na Mehandi a Gidan Tarihi na Salar Jung .]]
Amfani da farko na dye na henna za a iya gano shi zuwa tsohuwar Babila da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin Karni na 4 na Arabiya, an san amfani da shi sosai kuma an yi amfani da shi a magani, tare da wasu al'adun arna a cikin tarihin tarihi da al'adu kamar Islama. A Indiya, ana amfani da shi a ƙarni na 4 AZ, wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar zane-zane na Yankin Deccan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=International |first=Aroha |date=2017-10-01 |title=History, Origin &amp; Cultural Significance of Henna (Mehndi) |url=https://www.mehndidesigndm.in/ |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=Aroha International |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529120956/https://mehndidesigndm.in/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata]. Koyaya, mai yiwuwa ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Karni na 12 AZ, wanda ya taimaka wa hauhawar Islama a cikin yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Origin and History of Henna |url=https://silknstone.com/about-henna/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=silknstone.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tsarin ==
[[Fayil:Final_Mehndi_(Henna_Tattoo).theora.ogv|thumb|Bidiyo na aikace-aikacen mehndi]]
Ana yin man shafawa daga busassun ganye na shuka, ''Lawsonia inermis'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Origin and History of Henna |url=https://silknstone.com/about-henna/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=silknstone.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da sinadarin Mehndi a fata ta amfani da kwayar filastik, fenti, ko sanda. Minti goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin bayan aikace-aikace, laka za ta bushe kuma ta fara fashewa. Yankin da aka fentin ana lulluɓe shi da nama, filastik, ko tef na likita don kulle a cikin zafi na jiki, yana haifar da launi mai ƙarfi a fata. Wasu dabarun aikace-aikacen zamani sun haɗa da murfin yankin da aka fentin don haɓaka ƙarfin launi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Lokacin da aka fara cirewa, ƙirar henna tana da launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu kuma sannu a hankali tana duhu ta hanyar oxidation a cikin awanni 24 zuwa 72. Launi na ƙarshe yana da launin ruwan kasa kuma yana iya kasancewa a ko'ina daga makonni ɗaya zuwa uku dangane da inganci da nau'in henna paste da aka yi amfani da shi, da kuma inda aka yi amfani dashi a jikin mutum (ƙananan fata da ya fi duhu kuma ya fi tsayi fiye da fata mai laushi). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wataƙila saboda sha'awar bayyanar &quot;baƙar fata&quot;, wasu mutane suna ƙara launi na roba p-phenylenediamine (PPD) zuwa henna don ba shi launin baki. PPD na iya haifar da matsakaici zuwa mummunan rashin lafiyan idan aka yi amfani da shi ga fata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Origin and History of Henna |url=https://silknstone.com/about-henna/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=silknstone.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da shi ==
Mehndi wani nau'i ne na bikin da aka saba amfani da shi a Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, da Afghanistan. Al'adar ƙaunatacciyar al'ada ce a lokacin bukukuwan aure na Sikh, Musulmi, da Hindu kuma tana da tushe mai zurfi a cikin al'adu da imani. Hanyar fasaha alama ce ta wadata da sa'a mai kyau ga sabuwar amarya, wacce ke sanya mehndi a hannunta da ƙafafunta. A Rajasthan, ana ba wa ango da ango zane-zane waɗanda galibi suna da cikakkun bayanai kamar waɗanda ke ga amarya. A Assam, ban da aure, mata marasa aure suna amfani da shi sosai a lokacin Rongali Bihu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]. A cikin al'adun Indiya, ba'a ce ta al'adu cewa launin duhu na Mehndi yana nuna zurfin ƙauna ga miji ko surukarta.  [ana buƙatar hujja]￼

Daga cikin Musulmai na Kudancin Asiya, bikin mehndi al'ada ce ta kowa ga amarya da sauran 'yan mata a bikin aure. An kuma yi shi don Eid a kan Chaand Raat . Akwai masu sana'a don wannan, yayin da wasu mutane ke yin hakan da kansu.

== Shahararrun alamu na mehndi ==

=== Tsarin mehndi na Larabci ===
An zana tsarin mehndi na Larabci a kan dabino. Gabaɗaya, yana farawa daga kusurwar wuyan hannu kuma yana ƙare a ƙarshen yatsan hannu a kusurwar da ke gaba. Vines, lace, da furanni sune manyan abubuwa na wannan tsari. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Tsarin Mandala mehndi ===
Mandala tsari ne na alamomi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin al'adun ruhaniya daban-daban, gami da Hindu, Buddha, Jainism, da Shinto. Ana zana tsari daban-daban na Mandala a tsakiyar dabino a cikin wannan tsarin mehndi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Alta
* Hoton jiki
* Tattoo na Jagua
* Masonjoany
* Tattoo na ɗan lokaci

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Cinikin bayi na Barbari</title>
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      <text bytes="38364" sha1="2n7mtjz44y05ew6jzcm4q0z7qf5i7gc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg|thumb| Fansa (sayan baya) na fursunonin Kiristoci na Mercedrian friars a cikin [[Barbary Coast|jihohin Barbary]]]]
 
[[Fayil:Barbary_coast3.jpg|thumb| Kogin Barba]]
Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya haɗa da kamawa da sayar da bayi na Turai a kasuwannin bayi a cikin jihohin Barbary na Ottoman ( Arewacin Afirka ). Ƴan fashin Barbary sun kama bayin Turawa a farmakin da bayi suka kai kan jiragen ruwa daga Barbary corsairs da kuma farmakin da aka kai a garuruwan bakin teku daga Italiya zuwa Ireland, gabar tekun Spain da Portugal, har zuwa arewacin Iceland da kuma zuwa Gabashin Bahar Rum .

Gabashin Ottoman na Gabashin Mediterrenean ya kasance wurin da ake yawan fashin teku. [1] A ƙarshen karni na 18, fashin teku ya ci gaba da zama &quot;barazana mai dorewa ga zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa a cikin Aegean &quot;. [2]

Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya zo karshe a farkon karni na 19, bayan da Amurka da kawayen Turai na yammacin Turai suka yi nasara a yakin Barbary na daya da na biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku kuma Faransa ta mamaye yankin, wanda ya kawo karshen cinikin a shekarun 1830. [1] [2] [3]

Yawancin mutanen da aka kama, ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma’aikatan jirgin da aka tafi da su da jiragen ruwansu, amma akwai masunta da kuma mazauna bakin teku da yawa da aka kama. Galibin wadannan fursunonin mutane ne daga kasashen da ke kusa da tekun Bahar Rum, musamman daga Italiya. [1] [2]

== Yawan ==
[[Fayil:Turk_en_geestelijke_met_christenslaven,_Jan_Luyken,_1684.jpg|left|thumb| Turkawa da limami tare da bayi Kirista. Janairu, 1684.]]
Hukumomin Ottoman da na zamanin Ottoman ba su adana bayanan da suka dace ba, amma masu lura da al'amura sun kiyasta cewa an gudanar da bayin Turai kusan 35,000 a cikin karni na 17 a gabar tekun Barbary, a fadin Tripoli da Tunis, amma galibi a Algiers . [1] [2] [3] [4] Yawancin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne (musamman waɗanda suke Ingilishi), waɗanda aka ɗauke su da jiragensu, amma wasu masunta ne da ƙauyen bakin teku. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Arewacin Afirka, musamman Italiya . [5]

Robert Davis, marubucin Bawan Kirista, Malaman Islama, ya kiyasta cewa masu cinikin bayi daga Tunis, Algiers, da Tripoli sun kai miliyan 1 zuwa 1.25. Turawa miliyan sun bautar da Arewacin Afirka, daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18. [1] [2] Don fitar da lambobinsa, Davis ya ɗauka cewa adadin bayin Turawa da 'yan fashin teku Barbary suka kama sun kasance a koyaushe har tsawon shekaru 250. [3]

Wasu masana tarihi sun kalubalanci lambobin Davis. &lt;ref name=&quot;Earle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=11 Mar 2004 |title=New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/mar/11/highereducation.books |access-date=26 Sep 2023 |website=the Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Christelijke_gevangenen_worden_op_een_plein_te_Algiers_als_slaaf_verkocht,_Jan_Luyken,_1684.jpg|thumb| Ana sayar da fursunonin Kirista a matsayin bayi a wani fili a Algiers. Janairu, 1684.]]
John Wright yayi gargadin cewa kiyasi na zamani sun dogara ne akan ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan daga kallon ɗan adam. [1] Littafi na biyu na Davis, Yaƙin Mai Tsarki da Bautar ɗan adam: Tatsuniyoyi na Bautar Kirista-Musulmi a cikin Rum na Farko na Zamani, ya faɗaɗa mayar da hankali ga bautar da ke da alaƙa. [2]

Daga sansanonin da ke gabar tekun Barbary da ke arewacin Afirka, ' yan fashin tekun Barbary sun kai farmaki kan jiragen ruwa da ke bi ta tekun Mediterrenean da kuma yankunan arewaci da yammacin Afirka, inda suke kwashe kayansu tare da bautar da mutanen da suka kama. Daga akalla 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwa da kauyukan Italiya da Spain da Girka da Ireland da kuma Iceland inda suka kama maza da mata da yara. A cikin 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kama tsibirin Ischia, yana ɗaukar fursunoni 4,000, kuma ya bautar da wasu 2,000-7,000 mazauna Lipari . [1] [2] A cikin 1551, Ottoman corsair Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Maltese na Gozo, tsakanin 5,000 zuwa 6,000, ya aika da su zuwa Tripolitania Ottoman . A cikin 1554 jami'an tsaro karkashin Dragut sun kori Vieste, suka fille kawunan 5,000 na mazaunanta, kuma suka sace wasu 6,000. [3] An mamaye tsibirin Balearic a shekara ta 1558, kuma an kai mutane 4,000 bauta. [4] A shekara ta 1618 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya sun kai hari a tsibirin Canary inda suka yi garkuwa da 1,000 don sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [5] A wasu lokatai, an yi watsi da ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore a Ireland bayan wani hari, amma an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa 466 na fatauci ga barayin Barbary. [6]

A wasu lokuta, ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore, Ireland an yi watsi da su bayan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku na Barbary, kawai an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa 466 na fatauci ga barayin Barbary. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Rees |date=1 July 2003 |title=British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg|thumb| Misali na 1816 na bayi Kirista a Algiers]]
Yayin da Barbary corsaers ke wawashe kayan jiragen da suka kama, babban burinsu shi ne su kama mutanen da ba musulmi ba don sayarwa a matsayin bayi ko kuma don neman fansa. Wadanda suke da dangi ko abokai da za su iya fansar su an tsare su; Mafi shahara daga cikinsu shi ne marubuci Miguel de Cervantes, wanda aka gudanar kusan shekaru biyar - daga 1575 zuwa 1580. An sayar da wasu zuwa nau'ikan bauta iri-iri. An ‘yantar da fursunoni da suka musulunta gaba daya, tunda an hana bautar da musulmi; amma wannan yana nufin ba za su taɓa komawa ƙasashensu na asali ba. [1] [2] [ bukatar magana don tabbatarwa ]

Kididdigar kwastam daga karni na 16 da 17 sun nuna cewa karin bayin da Istanbul ta shigo da su daga cinikin bayi na Bahar Black Sea ya kai kusan 2.5. miliyan daga 1450 zuwa 1700. [1] Kasuwanni sun ragu bayan Sweden da Amurka sun ci Barbary States a Barbary Wars (1800-1815). Wani balaguron sojan ruwan Amurka karkashin Commodore Edward Preble ya yi amfani da jiragen ruwa da kagara a Tripoli a shekara ta 1804.

Wata tawagar diflomasiyyar Burtaniya a Algiers ta kai ga Dey don amincewa da sakin wasu bayin Sardina. Duk da haka, lokacin da Birtaniyya ta fita, Dey ya ba da umarnin kashe Sardinawan. Irin wadannan jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya da wasu jiragen yakin kasar Holland suka hade, suka dawo suka kai harin bam na tsawon sa'o'i tara a Algiers a shekara ta 1816, wanda ya kai ga Dey ya amince da sabuwar yarjejeniya wadda a cikinta ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen ayyukan bautar da yake yi. Duk da haka, cinikin ya ci gaba, yana ƙarewa kawai bayan da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya (1830-1847). Masarautar Morocco ta riga ta murkushe masu fashin teku a lokacin.

== Asalin ==
 
Satar fasaha na Arewacin Afirka ya samo asali ne sosai. Ya sami mahimmancin siyasa a cikin karni na 16, musamman ta hanyar Barbarossa (Khayr al-Dīn), wanda ya hada Aljeriya da Tunisia a matsayin jihohin soja a karkashin mulkin Ottoman kuma ya ci gaba da samun kudaden shiga ta hanyar fashi. Tare da zuwan ƙungiyoyin Moorish masu ƙarfi a Rabat da Tétouan (1609), Maroko ta zama sabuwar cibiyar 'yan fashin teku da kuma ga sarakunan 'Alawī, waɗanda cikin sauri suka sami iko da jamhuriyar biyu kuma suka ƙarfafa satar fasaha a matsayin tushen samun kuɗi mai mahimmanci. A cikin karni na 17, 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya da Tunusiya sun hada karfi da karfe, kuma a shekara ta 1650 sama da 30,000 na wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su aka daure a Algiers kadai. [1] [2]

An rubuta garuruwan da ke bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka a zamanin Romawa don kasuwannin bayi, kuma wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa zamanin da . Yankin Barbary ya karu da tasiri a karni na 15, lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta karbi ragamar mulkin yankin. Haɗe da wannan shi ne kwararowar Yahudawa Sephardi [1] da 'yan gudun hijirar Moorish, waɗanda aka kora daga Spain bayan Reconquista .

Tare da kariyar Ottoman da ɗimbin baƙi marasa galihu, ba da daɗewa ba bakin teku ya zama sananne ga fashin teku . Ma'aikatan jirgin da aka kama sun kasance bayi ne ko kuma an yi musu fansa . Tsakanin 1580 zuwa 1680, akwai a Barbary kusan 15,000 masu tuba, Kiristoci na Turai waɗanda suka musulunta. Rabin kyaftin din corsair a hakika sun koma ne. Wasu daga cikinsu bayi ne da suka musulunta, amma yawancinsu ba su taba zama bayi ba kuma sun zo Arewacin Afirka suna neman dama. [1]

== Tashi na 'yan fashin Barbary ==
[[Fayil:Bombardement_d'Alger.1682.jpg|thumb| Bam na [[Aljir|Algiers]] a cikin 1682, ta Abraham Duquesne]]
Bayan wani tawaye a tsakiyar karni na 17 ya rage mulkin Ottoman Pashas zuwa kadan fiye da adadi a yankin, garuruwan Tripoli, Algiers, Tunis, da sauransu sun zama masu zaman kansu ba tare da suna ba. Ba tare da babbar hukuma ta tsakiya da dokokinta ba, 'yan fashin da kansu sun fara samun tasiri sosai.

Hare-haren da 'yan fashin teku suka kai domin sayen bayi ya faru a garuruwa da kauyuka a kan tekun Atlantic na Afirka, da kuma a Turai. Daga kusan 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwan da ke bakin teku da kauyukan Italiya, Spain, Girka, Ireland, da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara, kuma wadannan hare-haren sun kai karshen karni na 19. Robert Davis ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 1 zuwa 1.25 'Yan fashin sun kama turawa miliyan miliyan tare da sayar da su a matsayin bayi a Tunis, Algiers da Tripoli a cikin wannan lokacin. Ba a cikin wannan kiyasin cinikin bayi a Turawa a wasu sassan tekun Bahar Rum. Duk da haka, wasu ’yan tarihi irin su David Earle sun yi tambaya game da kiyasin Robert Davis: “Alkalumansa ba su da daɗi kuma ina tsammanin yana iya yin karin gishiri.” [1]

Shahararrun bayanan hare-haren bayi na Barbary sun hada da ambaton a cikin littafin diary na Samuel Pepys da wani hari da aka kai a kauyen Baltimore da ke gabar teku a Ireland, inda 'yan fashin suka bar tare da daukacin mazauna wurin. An kai harin ne karkashin jagorancin wani kaftin dan kasar Holland, Jan Janszoon van Haarlem, wanda aka fi sani da Murad Reis the Younger. Janszoon kuma ya jagoranci farmakin 1627 akan Iceland . Kimanin mutane 50 aka kashe kuma an kama kusan 400 aka sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [1] Irin wadannan hare-hare a cikin Bahar Rum sun kasance akai-akai kuma suna da barna har bakin tekun tsakanin Venice da Malaga [2] ya sha fama da raguwar yawan jama'a, kuma an hana yin sulhu a can. Hasali ma, an ce “ba wanda ya rage ya kama”. [3]

A cikin 1627, ƙungiyar da aka sani da Salé Rovers, daga Jamhuriyar Salé (yanzu Salé a Maroko ) sun mamaye Lundy har tsawon shekaru biyar. Waɗannan ƴan fashin teku na Barbary, ƙarƙashin umarnin Janszoon, sun ɗaga tutar Ottoman akan tsibirin. Barbary Pirates ne suka kai hare-hare daga Lundy, kuma an kama Turawan da aka kama a Lundy kafin a tura su Algiers don sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Ƙarfi da tasirin waɗannan ƴan fashin a wannan lokacin ya kasance kamar yadda ƙasashe ciki har da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] suka ba da yabo don dakile hare-haren su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About this Collection – Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606–1827 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjprece.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani ɗan ƙasar Ingila mai suna Thomas Pellow, wanda ya tsere daga ƙasar Maroko bayan shekaru 21 na bautar, ya buga wani asusun daga baya na cinikin a cikin 1740. 

== Bauta kafofin ta al'umma ==
Tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa farkon karni na 19, cinikin bayi na Barbary a kudu da yammacin Turai na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin bayi na Turawa zuwa Daular Usmaniyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, dayan kuma shine cinikin bayi na Crimea na zamani a Gabashin Turai.

Sojojin Barbary sun kai hari a kasashe daban-daban a Kudancin da Yammacin Turai, da kuma Amurka. Wasu daga cikin al'ummomin dai an kai musu hari ne ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma aka kai hare-haren bayi a kasa. Ko wace kasa na da manufofinta domin tinkarar lamarin, sannan gwamnatocin kasashen Turai daban-daban sun ci gaba da tattaunawa da jihohin Barbary domin biyan kudin fansa ga wadanda ake tsare da su, da hana kai hare-hare kan jiragen ruwa ko kuma kai farmaki a gabar tekun nasu. [1] An fara kai hare-hare da makami ne a karni na sha shida, lokacin da kasashen Ottoman da suke a yau, Aljeriya, Tunisia da Libya suka zama jahohin 'yan damfara masu cin gashin kansu wadanda suka rayu a bara, kuma sun ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na sha tara, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya ta zamani. [2] Tun daga karni na 16 zuwa karshen karni na 18, 'yan fashin tekun da suka kaddamar da hare-hare daga gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka sun kai farmaki kan yankunan gabar tekun Italiya (musamman a kudu maso yamma). Don kare kansu, mutanen da ke yankunan bakin teku sun ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa zuwa wurare masu tsaunuka da tuddai. Tasirin dogon lokaci na waɗannan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku ya ci gaba har sama da ƙarni zuwa 20th.

=== Biritaniya da Ireland ===
'Yan fashin Barbary Corsairs ne suka kai wa Biritaniya da Ireland hari a cikin teku amma kuma ta hanyar kai hare-hare a kan kasa. Tekun Irish ya yi kaurin suna saboda 'yan fashin Barbary suna yawan zuwa, duk da cewa yawancin wadanda aka kama daga tsibirin Birtaniyya ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa a kusa da Bahar Rum.

A cikin 1620-1621, gwamnatin [[James VI da kuma I|James VI da ni]] mun ci gaba da tattaunawa mai tsawo don hana hare-hare, amma ba mu yi nasara ba. 

A cikin shekarun 1620 da 1640, yankunan Cornwall da Devon a Ingila, da kuma Kudancin Ireland, sun fuskanci hare-hare daga Barbary corsairs, wadanda suka kai farmaki a bakin tekun bayan sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa a wajen gabar tekun.

Wataƙila wanda ya fi shahara a tarihi na hare-haren bayi na Burtaniya da Irish shine buhun Baltimore da corsairs daga Alger suka yi zuwa ƙauyen Baltimore na gabar teku a Yammacin Cork a Ireland a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1631, wanda shi ne hari mafi girma na bayi da 'yan kasuwa Barbary suka kai Ireland. [1] [2] Shekaru biyu bayan buhun Baltimore na 1631, wani harin bawan da ya kai kauyen Dungarvan na Irish ma ya yi sanadin kama mutane kusan hamsin. [3]

Ingila ta ba da wakilai zuwa Arewacin Afirka don sayen 'yan Ingila, wadanda ake tsare da su a matsayin bayi. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 1640, lamarin ya yi tsanani sosai har aka kafa kwamitin gwamnati, Kwamitin Algiers, don dawo da bayin Ingila daga Aljeriya. [1] A shekara ta 1643, an kai matuƙan jirgin ruwa da yawa daga Biritaniya a matsayin bayi zuwa Aljeriya har gwamnatin Ingila ta yi kira da a tara kuɗin fansa na ƙasa daga dukan majami’un da ke cikin Mulkin don a sami damar siyan su kyauta. [2] Sayen bayi mata ya fi tsada fiye da sayan bayi maza. [2]

Daga cikin mutanen Burtaniya da aka kashe a cinikin bayi na Barbary akwai Helen Gloag, Lalla Balqis, Elizabeth Marsh da Thomas Pellow, wadanda aka kama su daga jiragen ruwa. 

=== Denmark - Norway ===
Masarautar Denmark-Norway ta fuskanci hare-haren Barbary a kan teku da kuma hare-haren bayi.

Tsibirin Faroe, wanda ke cikin Denmark, ya fuskanci hare-haren bayi daga Barbary corsairs a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 18. A shekara ta 1607, 'yan fashi na Barbary sun kai hari kan tsibirin Faroe wadanda suka sace mutane da yawa zuwa bautar.

Mafi shahararren hari na bayi a tsibirin Faroe shine hari na bayi na Suðuroy a lokacin rani na 1629, inda aka sace mutane talatin zuwa bautar, daga inda ba su sake dawowa ba.

Yaƙin Danish-Algeria daga 1769 zuwa 1772 tsakanin Denmark-Norway da Deliki na Algiers ya faru ne a wani bangare saboda fashi na Barbary a kan jiragen ruwa na Danish-Norwegian, waɗanda aka sayar da ma'aikatan su cikin bautar.

Daga cikin mutanen Danish da aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Hark Olufs . 

=== Faransa ===
Haɗin gwiwar Franco-Ottoman, wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1536 da 1798, ya sanya Faransa a matsayi daban da sauran ƙasashen Turai a cikin mahallin. Kungiyar Franco-Ottoman ta kare Faransa fiye da sauran kasashe daga hare-haren 'yan fashi, wadanda a hukumance su ne talakawan Ottoman. Ya bambanta da sauran ƙasashen Turai Faransa na iya yin korafi game da 'yan fashi ga sultan Ottoman, wanda za a tilasta masa ya dauki mataki saboda haɗin gwiwar Franco-Ottoman. Sultan Ottoman bai goyi bayan hare-haren Ottoman a kan jiragen ruwa na Faransa ko hare-hares na gabar tekun Faransa ba, kuma ya bambanta da hare-harun da aka kai wa wasu kasashe da yawa, hare-harele a kan jiragen Faransa da gabar tekuna an dauke su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma daga Ottomans.[1]

A aikace duk da haka jihohin corsair na Arewacin Afirka sun kasance Ottoman ne kawai kuma ba lallai ba ne su girmama wajibai na sultan Ottoman, wanda ke da rauni a kan larduna, kuma Faransa ta fuskanci hare-haren su duk da kawancen Franco-Ottoman.

A cikin shekarun 1550, lardunan Faransa na Provence da Languedoc sun lalace ta hanyar bayi da 'yan fashi suka yi, wanda ya haifar da korafin Faransa ga sultan Ottoman, kuma birnin Marseilles ya roki Regent Catherine de 'Medici tare da daukar matakai daban-daban don 'yantar da' yan asalin bayi da kare tasoshin kasuwancin su, kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa sun rasa galleons goma sha biyu ban da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan jiragen ruwa.[1]

A aikace duk da haka jihohin corsair na Arewacin Afirka sun kasance Ottoman ne kawai kuma ba lallai ba ne su girmama wajibai na sultan Ottoman, wanda ke da rauni a kan larduna, kuma Faransa ta fuskanci hare-haren su duk da kawancen Franco-Ottoman.

Daga cikin mutanen Faransa da ke fama da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Antoine Quartier . 

=== Iceland ===
Iceland ta fuskanci hare-haren bayi da yawa daga 'yan fashi. A shekara ta 1607, 'yan fashi sun kai hari kan Iceland wadanda suka sace mutane da yawa zuwa bautar.

Mafi shahararren hari na bayi a Iceland shine sace-sacen Turkiyya wanda ya faru a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1627. [1] Kimanin mutane 400 ne aka kama su kuma aka sayar da su cikin bautar, [1] daga cikinsu mutane 50 ne kawai suka dawo daga bautar ta hanyar fansa, shekaru 9 zuwa 18 bayan haka. [2] [1]

Daga cikin mutanen Iceland da ke fama da cinikin bayi na Barbary akwai Ólafur Egilsson . 

=== Italiya ===
Italiya ta kasance, tare da Spain, ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da suka fi shafa a cikin mahallin hare-haren bayi na Barbary corsair. Baya ga hare-hare kan jiragen ruwa na Italiya, 'yan fashi sun kai hare-haren bayi da yawa zuwa gabar tekun Italiya a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17.

Italiya, wacce bayan shekarun 1550 ta kasance tana da alaƙa da babban abokin gaba na Ottoman Habsburgs, tana da matukar damuwa ga hare-haren bayi, saboda ta rabu da siyasa, bakin tekun ba su da garu, kuma dakarun tsaron yankinta sun raunana kuma sun warwatse, kuma bautar da ke kai hari a bakin tekun Italiya ta ci gaba zuwa cikakken masana'antu.[1] Kamar yadda yake a Spain, hare-haren bayi sun haifar da watsi da bakin teku da tsibirai, kuma an bayyana su a matsayin &quot;yan rairayin bakin teku marasa kyau, tsibirai da aka watsar, masunta da ke tashi, da [jirage masu bautar].... da ke yawo a kan teku&quot;.[1]

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun hare-haren bayi a kan Italiya shine harin da rundunar Hayreddin Barbarossa ta kai a garuruwa da yawa a Kudancin Italiya tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 1534, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa, asarar tattalin arziki da dubban mutane da aka kashe da kuma bautar.[1] Marubucin zamani Gregorio Rosso ya bayyana mummunar hari kan Kudancin Italiya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1534:

: &quot;A ƙarshen watan Yulin ya [Barbarossa] ya wuce hasken wuta na Messina, inda ya ƙone wasu jiragen ruwa, kuma masu tsaron baya sun yi yaƙi da wasu jiragen ruwa na Antonio d'Ora, wanda ke cikin wannan wurin. Sa'an nan suka kori Santo Lucito a [[Calabria]], ba tare da barin rai ba. Bayan haka, kusa da Citraro, Land of the Benedictine Monks of Montecassino, kuma yayin da Citizens suka gudu, sai ya ƙone cewa tare da bakwai su kammala da ita, rabin wannan dare don Gonzalia ta bar kanta ta zo ta Pondiya.

Sakamakon hare-haren bayi ya bayyana &quot;dubu biyu da suka mutu kuma aka kama su a cikin fashi&quot; da kuma yadda zai zama dole tare da cire haraji ga mutanen da suka tsira ga Fondi da Sperlonga a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1534; yadda aka yi niyya musamman ga mata don bautar a Sperlonga, an lalata gidaje 162; an karya gidaje 1,213 a Fondi kuma an sace kayan masarufi na ducats 26,000 a wannan garin kadai, kuma an kashe maza, mata da yara 73, kuma 150 sun bautar Fondi.[1]

A shekara ta 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kama Ischia, ya dauki fursunoni 4,000 a cikin tsari, kuma ya fitar da wasu mazauna 9,000 na Lipari, kusan dukkanin jama'a.[1] A shekara ta 1551, Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Gozo na Malta, tsakanin 5,000 da 6,000, ya tura su zuwa Libya. Lokacin da 'yan fashi suka kori Vieste a kudancin Italiya a shekara ta 1554 sun dauki kimanin bayi 7,000. A shekara ta 1555, Turgut Reis ya tashi zuwa Corsica kuma ya kwace Bastia, inda ya kama fursunoni 6,000. A shekara ta 1558 'yan fashi na Barbary sun kama garin Ciutadella, sun lalata shi, sun kashe mazauna, kuma sun kwashe mutane 3,000 da suka tsira zuwa Istanbul a matsayin bayi. A shekara ta 1563 Turgut Reis ya sauka a bakin tekun lardin Granada, Spain, kuma ya kama ƙauyukan bakin teku a yankin kamar Almuñécar, tare da fursunoni 4,000. Masu satar teku na Barbary akai-akai sun kai hari kan Tsibirin Balearic, wanda ya haifar da gine-ginen tsaro da yawa na bakin teku da kuma majami'u masu garu. Barazanar ta kasance mai tsanani har Formentera ta zama ba tare da mazauna ba.[2]

An ci gaba da kai hare-haren bayi a cikin karni na 17. A shekara ta 1638, hare-haren bayi na 'yan fashi sun lalata ƙasashen bakin teku na Calabria.[1] A ƙarshen shekara ta 1798, 'Yan Tunisia sun kai hari kan tsibirin da ke kusa da Sardinia kuma an kwashe mazauna sama da 900 a matsayin bayi.

Iyalan Italiyanci masu arziki galibi suna ƙoƙari su sayi danginsu da aka kama, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar Venice sau da yawa tana ƙoƙari su saye masu daraja da aka kama. A lokacin irin wannan tattaunawar, ana amfani da 'yan kasuwa na Italiya ko na Yahudawa a matsayin matsakaici.[1]

Hare-haren bayi a Spain da Italiya sun lalata yawan jama'a kuma sakamakon haka tattalin arziki a duk Bahar Rum.

Daga cikin wadanda Italiyanci suka sha wahala daga cinikin bayi na Barbary sun kasance Marthe Franceschini da [[Felice Caronni]] . 

=== Malta ===
Malta ta fuskanci hare-haren bayi daga Barbary corsairs. A shekara ta 1551, Turgut Reis da Sinan Pasha sun mamaye tsibirin Malta da Gozo, [1] kuma an sace dukan mutanen Gozo kuma an sayar da su don bautar a Libya. [2]

=== Netherlands ===
Ba a kai hari kan bayi a bakin tekun Netherlands ba. Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa na Dutch sun kasance abin da ake amfani da shi akai-akai ga masu satar teku. Gwamnatin Holland a kai a kai ta sanya wakilai don sayen 'yan ƙasar Holland da aka kama kuma suka bautar da su a Arewacin Afirka. An ruwaito cewa bayi na Dutch suna cikin farashi mafi girma, kuma 'yan fashi sun bukaci farashi mafi yawa daga gare su fiye da sauran Turawa da yawa.[1]

=== Portugal ===
Yankunan Portugal sun fuskanci hare-haren bakin teku daga 'yan fashin teku na Barbary.

A shekara ta 1617, Barbary Corsairs daga Aljeriya sun jagoranci kwace Madeira, inda suka kai hari kan tsibirin Portugal suka kuma sace mazaunanta 1,200 a matsayin bayi. [1] [2] [3] Harin ya faru ne a lokacin da bauta ta yi tsanani a gabar tekun Barbary . A lokacin Madeira wani bangare ne na Tarayyar Iberian wanda Masarautar Spain ke jagoranta.

=== Spain ===
Spain na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar a duk Turai ga hare-haren da 'yan fashi suka kai. Dukkanin jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya da bakin teku sun fuskanci hare-hare daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa gaba.

Manyan biranen Tunis sun fi kai hari kan teku da gabar tekun Italiya da Girka, yayin da Corsairs na Algiers da Morocco ke yawan zuwa ruwa da gabar tekun Spain da Yammacin Turai. 

Hare-haren bayi a Spain sun fara ne a farkon karni na 16 zuwa gaba. Kashewar Cullera a Spain a kan Bahar Rum, ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1550, lokacin da Janar Dragut na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] ya sauka a Cullera, [[Valencia]] kuma ya kori birnin yana dauke da mazauna da yawa a cikin [[Bauta|Bautar]]. Dragut ya kai hari kan Cullera da dare tare da mutane 300. Dragut ya kori birnin, ya kwace kayayyaki daga mutane kuma ya dauki kusan dukkanin mazaunan garin a matsayin bayi. Ya ajiye fursunoni a cikin kogo kafin ya kai su kasuwar bayi a Algiers.

Hare-haren bayi sun yi tsanani musamman a ƙarni na 17, lokacin da ma'aikatan agaji suka sace dukkan ƙauyukan da ke gabar tekun Bahar Rum na Spain, lamarin da ya sa manyan yankunan bakin teku suka rasa mutane.  Misali, a shekara ta 1637, an kama mata da yara 315 daga garin Calpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da ƙauyukan bakin teku suka ragu, an tilasta wa masarautar Spain ta ƙara harajin kifi, nama, shanu da siliki don ba da kuɗin gina katanga don kare gabar tekun da kuma hana mutane barin yankunan don samun mafaka mafi aminci a cikin ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;

Jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya sun kuma shafi. A shekara ta 1667, an sace ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da yawa daga lardunan Basque cewa waɗannan larduna ba za su iya cika adadin ma'aikatan ruwa ga sojojin ruwa na Spain ba.

Hare-haren bayi a Spain da Italiya sun lalata yawan jama'a kuma sakamakon haka tattalin arziki a duk Bahar Rum.

=== Sweden da Finland ===
Ba a taɓa kai hari kan bayi ta hanyar jiragen ruwa na corsair zuwa gabar tekun Sweden da Finland ba (wanda wani ɓangare ne na Sweden). Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa na Sweden da Finland sun kai hari ta hanyar corsairs a cikin teku a wajen Yammacin Turai da kuma a cikin Bahar Rum.

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1662, Babban Ma'ajin Kuɗi na Sweden, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, ya karɓi wasiƙar roƙo daga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sweden guda takwas waɗanda ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sweden suka sace a teku kuma aka tsare su a cikin bauta a Algiers. 

Ɗan ƙasar Sweden Johan Gabriel Sparfwenfeldt, wanda ya ziyarci Algiers da Tunis a shekara ta 1691, ya bayyana cikin tausayawa yadda ya haɗu da kuma yin magana da bayin Sweden da yawa waɗanda suka roƙe shi taimako don a saye su kyauta ya koma &quot;gidajensu, ga 'ya'yansu, ga iyayensu da kuma ƙasar gidansu&quot;,  kuma ya lissafa sunayen 'yan ƙasar Sweden 23 da aka riƙe a matsayin bayi a lokacin. 

Sweden ta yi ƙoƙari ta kare jiragensu ta hanyar amfani da inshora game da bautar, jigilar kaya, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, da kuma ci gaba da hulɗa da 'yan fashi. Iyalan su ma sun sayi fursunoni kyauta. Wannan ba wai kawai ya shafi bayi daga iyalai masu arziki ba: an san matalauta da yawa da tara kuɗi don sayen mazajensu da 'ya'yansu maza kyauta. Lokacin da matashin jirgin ruwa Erik Persson Ångerman ya zama bawa a Algiers bayan ya kama shi daga jirgin ''Wibus'' daga Stockholm a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1725, ya aika da wasika ga matarsa Maria Olssdotter ta hanyar abokin aikinsa Petter Wallberg (wanda aka saya kyauta kuma yana komawa Sweden) kuma ya gaya mata cewa ya &quot;ta kasance cikin bautar wuya&quot; a Algièrs. Maria Olssdotter ba ta da kudade don sayen 'yancinsa, amma ta yi kira ga sarki ta hanyar gwamnan Gävle don a tattara kudi a cikin majami'u don sayen mijinta bautar, kuma an amince da aikace-aikacen ta; wannan ba sabon abu ba ne, kamar yadda aka san matalauta da yawa sun yi haka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sverige p. 60-61&quot; /&gt;

Kusan dukkan 'yan Sweden da Finns da aka kama a teku matuƙan jiragen ruwa ne. Tsakanin kimanin 'yan ƙasar Sweden 500 zuwa 1000 ne aka bautar da su a hannun 'yan tawayen tsakanin 1650 da 1763. 

Daga cikin mutanen Danish da aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Hark Olufs . 

=== Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka da Amurka ===
Babu wani hari na ƙasa da aka kai wa Barbary a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya da kuma daga baya Amurka. Duk da haka, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwan Amurka, sun kama mutanen Amurka suka sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Tuni a cikin 1661, wani masanin tarihi ya rubuta &quot;tun da daɗewa kasuwancin Massachusetts ya fusata da Barbary corsairs kuma da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwanta an tsare su a cikin bauta.&quot; 

A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, 'yan fashin teku sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwan Amurka. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1777, sarkin Morocco Mohammed III ya sanar da cewa jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na sabuwar ƙasar Amurka za su kasance ƙarƙashin kariyar sarkin, don haka za su iya jin daɗin shiga cikin Bahar Rum da kuma bakin teku. Yarjejeniyar Abota tsakanin Maroko da Amurka ta kasance yarjejeniyar abota mafi tsufa da ba ta karye ba tsakanin Amurka da wata ƙasa ta waje.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ginio |first=Eyal |date=2001 |title=Piracy and Redemption in the Aegean Sea during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century. |url=https://www.academia.edu/3084432 |journal=Turcica |language=en |volume=33 |pages=135–147 |doi=10.2143/TURC.33.0.484 |quote=consistent threat to maritime traffic in the Aegean}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1787, Morocco ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka amince da Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ellis |first=Chris |title=Research Guides: Battle Studies, Country Studies, &amp; Staff Rides: Barbary Wars &amp; the Battle of Tripoli |url=https://grc-usmcu.libguides.com/battle-studies/barbary-wars |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=grc-usmcu.libguides.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarun 1780, bayan da suka fahimci cewa jiragen ruwan Amurka ba sa ƙarƙashin kariyar sojojin ruwan Birtaniya, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun fara kwace jiragen ruwan Amurka a Bahar Rum. Yayin da Amurka ta wargaza Rundunar Sojin Ruwanta ta Nahiyar kuma ba ta da rundunar soji da ke tafiya a teku, gwamnatinta ta amince a shekarar 1786 don girmama hare-haren. {{Sfn|Fremont-Barnes|2006}} A ranar 20 ga Maris, 1794, bisa ga buƙatar Shugaba [[George Washington]], Majalisar Dokoki ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don ba da izinin gina manyan jiragen ruwa guda shida da kuma kafa Rundunar Sojan Ruwan Amurka, domin dakatar da waɗannan hare-hare da buƙatun ƙarin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Fremont-Barnes|2006}}

Amurka ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi tare da dukkan jihohin Barbary bayan an amince da 'yancin kai tsakanin 1786 da 1794 don biyan haraji don musayar barin' yan kasuwa na Amurka kadai, kuma a shekara ta 1797, Amurka ta biya dala miliyan 1.25 ko kashi biyar na kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na gwamnati a matsayin haraji.{{Sfn|Fremont-Barnes|2006}}

Hare-haren Barbary a kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka sun kasance wani dalili ne na Amurkawa da ke shiga cikin Barbary Wars.

== Yaƙe-yaƙen Barbary ==
Jiragen kasuwanci daga Amurka sun kasance ƙarƙashin hare-haren fashi. A shekara ta 1783, Amurka ta yi sulhu da, kuma ta sami karbuwa daga, mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1784, '[[Fashi a Teku|ɗan fashi]] sun kwace jirgin Amurka na [[Moroko|Maroko]] daga Morocco. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1793, an kama jiragen ruwa na Amurka da yawa, an kwace kayayyaki, kuma duk fasinjoji da ma'aikatan sun zama bayi. A mayar da martani, Amurka ta kirkiro Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 1794. 

Wannan sabon kasancewar sojoji ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa ƙudurin Amurka na kin amincewa da ci gaba da biyan haraji, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Barbary guda biyu a gabar tekun [[Arewacin Afirka]] : Yaƙin Barbary na Farko daga 1801 zuwa 1805 da Yaƙin Barbary na Biyu a 1815.  Biyan fansa da haraji ga jihohin Barbary kashi 20% ne na kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na gwamnatin Amurka a 1800. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai a 1815 ne nasarorin jiragen ruwa suka kawo ƙarshen biyan haraji daga Amurka. Wasu ƙasashen [[Turai]] suka ci gaba da biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara har zuwa shekarun 1830.  Kasuwancin bayi na fararen fata da kasuwannin bayi a Bahar Rum sun ragu a hankali kuma daga ƙarshe suka ɓace bayan mamayar Turai. 

== Ragewa ==
[[Fayil:NH_65536-KN.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin ruwa na Amurka a karkashin Commodore Edward Preble yana shiga jiragen ruwa da garu a Tripoli, 1804]]
A cikin shekarun farko na karni na 19, Amurka, wacce ke kawance da kasashen Turai, ta yi yaki kuma ta yi nasara a Yakin Barbary na Farko da na Biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku. Yaƙe-yaƙen martani ne kai tsaye daga ƙasashen Amurka, [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Birtaniya]], Faransa da Holland ga hare-haren da 'yan fashin teku na Barbary suka kai musu, wanda ya ƙare a shekarun 1830, lokacin da [[Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya|Faransa ta mamaye]] yankin. Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary da kasuwannin bayi a Bahar Rum sun ragu kuma daga ƙarshe suka ɓace bayan mamayar Turai. 

Bayan wani [[Fashewar Algiers (1816)|harin bam da aka kai wa Anglo-Holland a shekarar 1816]] a kan [[Aljir|Algiers]] a ranar 27 ga Agusta, karkashin jagorancin Admiral Edward Pellew, Viscount Exmouth na 1, ya lalata yawancin rundunar 'yan fashin teku, an tilasta wa Dey of Algiers amincewa da sharuɗɗan da suka haɗa da sakin bayi 1,200 da suka tsira (galibi daga Sardinia ) da kuma dakatar da ayyukansu na bautar da Turawa. Bayan an kayar da su a wannan lokacin yaƙin da aka yi da ƙasashen Turai da Amurka, [[Barbary Coast|ƙasashen Barbary]] sun koma baya. 

'Yan fashin teku na Barbary sun ƙi dakatar da ayyukansu na bauta, wanda ya haifar da wani harin bam da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy ta kai wa Algiers a shekarar 1824. Faransa ta mamaye Algiers a shekarar 1830, inda ta sanya ta ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka. Faransa ma ta mamaye Tunis a shekarar 1881. [[Tripoli]] ta dawo da ikon Ottoman a shekarar 1835, kafin ta faɗa hannun Italiya a [[Italiya ta mamaye Libya|Yaƙin Italiya da Turkiyya]] na 1911. Saboda haka, masu cinikin bayi yanzu sun gano cewa dole ne su yi aiki bisa ga dokokin gwamnoninsu, kuma ba za su iya sake neman ikon kansu ba. Cinikin bayi ya tsaya a Tekun Barbary a ƙarni na 19 da 20 ko lokacin da gwamnatocin Turai suka zartar da dokoki da ke ba wa bayi 'yanci. 

== Labarun bayi ==
Idan aka kwatanta da labaran bayi na Arewacin Amurka da Caribbean, bayi fararen fata 'yan [[Arewacin Afirka|Birtaniya]] da Amurka ne suka rubuta labaran [[Bautar da fararen fata|bayi]] a Turanci (a teku ko kuma [[Barbary pirates|'yan fashin teku na Barbary]] ) kuma aka bautar da su a Arewacin Afirka a ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19. Sun bambanta domin suna nuna ɓangaren da ba na Kirista ba ne na [[Tarihin bautar da bayi a duniyar Musulmi|'yan kasuwar bayi na Musulmi]] .

Labarun da suka mayar da hankali kan manyan jigogi na 'yanci da 'yanci sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Tunda labaran da suka tsira sun haɗa da maimaita wasu jigogi da ambaton juna, wasu masana suna ganin cewa labaran sun samo asali ne daga labaran da suka gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misalan sun haɗa da:

* ''Tsoron bauta: ko, Tarin Amurkawa a Tripoli'', na Ray William, 1808 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 
* ''Labarin Gaskiya da Gaskiya Game da Addini da Ɗabi'un Mahomet'' na Joseph Pitts (1663–1735) An kama Pitts yana yaro yana da shekaru 14 a hannun 'yan fashin teku na Barbary a gabar tekun Spain. An bayyana cinikinsa a matsayin bawa da rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin ubanni uku daban-daban a Arewacin Afirka, da kuma tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Makka.
* 'Yan fashin Barbary sun sace ''Tyrkja-Gudda'', Símonardóttir daga gidanta a Iceland a shekara ta 1627.
* Thomas Pellow, ''Tarihin Tsawon Zamanin Kama Kaso da Kasadar Thomas Pellow, A Kudancin Barbary'', 1740
* ''Mujallar Ɗaurin Kaso da Wahalar John Foss; Shekaru Da Dama a Fursuna a Algiers'', 1798 
* ''Tarihin Kamawa da Wahalhalun da Misis Maria Martin ta sha a lokacin bauta shekaru shida a Algiers'' a shekarar 1812 
* [[James Riley|Kyaftin James Riley]], ''[[Wahala a Afirka]]'', 1815
* ''Labarin Robert Adams, Wani Matukin Jirgin Ruwa Ba’amurke wanda ya nutse a Gabar Yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1810 kuma Larabawan babban hamada suka tsare shi na tsawon shekaru uku a cikin bauta'', 1817
* James Leander Cathcart, ''The Captives, Goma sha ɗaya a Fursuna a Algiers'', an buga shi a shekarar 1899, shekaru bayan an tsare shi a Ottoman Algeria

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Barbary pirates|Barbary corsairs]]
* [[Yaƙe-yaƙe na Barbary|Yaƙe-yaƙen Barbary]]
* Jan Janszoon
* [[Labarin Bayi|Labarun bayi na Arewacin Afirka]]
* Jamhuriyar Salé
* [[Sklavenkasse]]
* [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|Bauta a Daular Ottoman]]
* Sace-sacen Turkawa

== Manazarta ==
{{Pirates}}

== Littattafan tarihi ==

*  

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125639/http://solaleworks.com/islam/America_and_the_Barbary_Pirates.pdf The Thomas Jefferson Papers – America and the Barbary Pirates – American Memory from t]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125639/http://solaleworks.com/islam/America_and_the_Barbary_Pirates.pdf he Library of Congress]
*  

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
 

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm Lokacin da Turawa Bauta ne: Bincike Ya Nuna Cewa Bauta Farar Fata Ta Fi Yawa Fiye da Yadda Aka Yi Tunani A Da]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml Bayin Birtaniya a Tekun Barbary]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,869148,00.html Alamar zinariyar teku ga fararen bayi]
* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjprece.html Amurka da 'Yan fashin teku na Barbary: Yaƙi na Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Yaƙi da Maƙiyi Mara Al'ada]
* Archived [http://www.clements.umich.edu/exhibits/online/barbary/barbary-captivity.php adana Labaran Kama Barbary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903103205/http://www.clements.umich.edu/exhibits/online/barbary/barbary-captivity.php |date=2019-09-03 }}  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170523145324/http://www.visitkythera.gr/en/culture/history.html Tarihin Kythera]
* [https://www.academia.edu/6133447/Islands_Pirates_Privateers_and_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_the_Early_Modern_Mediterranean%7CIslands, 'Yan fashin teku, Masu zaman kansu da Daular Ottoman a farkon Bahar Rum na Zamani]
* [https://www.kythera.gr/en/about_kythera/history.php Tarihin Kythira]
*  

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="38366" sha1="kyooiozzb3xbla25x1nmsv5x0wb4yg1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg|thumb| Fansa (sayan baya) na fursunonin Kiristoci na Mercedrian friars a cikin [[Barbary Coast|jihohin Barbary]]]]
 
[[Fayil:Barbary_coast3.jpg|thumb| Kogin Barba]]
Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya haɗa da kamawa da sayar da bayi na Turai a kasuwannin bayi a cikin jihohin Barbary na Ottoman ( Arewacin Afirka ). Ƴan fashin Barbary sun kama bayin Turawa a farmakin da bayi suka kai kan jiragen ruwa daga Barbary corsairs da kuma farmakin da aka kai a garuruwan bakin teku daga Italiya zuwa Ireland, gabar tekun Spain da Portugal, har zuwa arewacin Iceland da kuma zuwa Gabashin Bahar Rum .

Gabashin Ottoman na Gabashin Mediterrenean ya kasance wurin da ake yawan fashin teku. [1] A ƙarshen karni na 18, fashin teku ya ci gaba da zama &quot;barazana mai dorewa ga zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa a cikin Aegean &quot;. [2]

Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya zo karshe a farkon karni na 19, bayan da Amurka da kawayen Turai na yammacin Turai suka yi nasara a yakin Barbary na daya da na biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku kuma Faransa ta mamaye yankin, wanda ya kawo karshen cinikin a shekarun 1830. [1] [2] [3]

Yawancin mutanen da aka kama, ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma’aikatan jirgin da aka tafi da su da jiragen ruwansu, amma akwai masunta da kuma mazauna bakin teku da yawa da aka kama. Galibin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga kasashen da ke kusa da tekun Bahar Rum, musamman daga Italiya. [1] [2]

== Yawan ==
[[Fayil:Turk_en_geestelijke_met_christenslaven,_Jan_Luyken,_1684.jpg|left|thumb| Turkawa da limami tare da bayi Kirista. Janairu, 1684.]]
Hukumomin Ottoman da na zamanin Ottoman ba su adana bayanan da suka dace ba, amma masu lura da al'amura sun kiyasta cewa an gudanar da bayin Turai kusan 35,000 a cikin karni na 17 a gabar tekun Barbary, a fadin Tripoli da Tunis, amma galibi a Algiers . [1] [2] [3] [4] Yawancin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne (musamman waɗanda suke Ingilishi), waɗanda aka ɗauke su da jiragensu, amma wasu masunta ne da ƙauyen bakin teku. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Arewacin Afirka, musamman Italiya . [5]

Robert Davis, marubucin Bawan Kirista, Malaman Islama, ya kiyasta cewa masu cinikin bayi daga Tunis, Algiers, da Tripoli sun kai miliyan 1 zuwa 1.25. Turawa miliyan sun bautar da Arewacin Afirka, daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18. [1] [2] Don fitar da lambobinsa, Davis ya ɗauka cewa adadin bayin Turawa da 'yan fashin teku Barbary suka kama sun kasance a koyaushe har tsawon shekaru 250. [3]

Wasu masana tarihi sun ƙalubalanci lambobin Davis. &lt;ref name=&quot;Earle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=11 Mar 2004 |title=New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/mar/11/highereducation.books |access-date=26 Sep 2023 |website=the Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Christelijke_gevangenen_worden_op_een_plein_te_Algiers_als_slaaf_verkocht,_Jan_Luyken,_1684.jpg|thumb| Ana sayar da fursunonin Kirista a matsayin bayi a wani fili a Algiers. Janairu, 1684.]]
John Wright yayi gargadin cewa kiyasi na zamani sun dogara ne akan ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan daga kallon ɗan adam. [1] Littafi na biyu na Davis, Yaƙin Mai Tsarki da Bautar ɗan adam: Tatsuniyoyi na Bautar Kirista-Musulmi a cikin Rum na Farko na Zamani, ya faɗaɗa mayar da hankali ga bautar da ke da alaƙa. [2]

Daga sansanonin da ke gabar tekun Barbary da ke arewacin Afirka, ' yan fashin tekun Barbary sun kai farmaki kan jiragen ruwa da ke bi ta tekun Mediterrenean da kuma yankunan arewaci da yammacin Afirka, inda suke kwashe kayansu tare da bautar da mutanen da suka kama. Daga akalla 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwa da kauyukan Italiya da Spain da Girka da Ireland da kuma Iceland inda suka kama maza da mata da yara. A cikin 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kama tsibirin Ischia, yana ɗaukar fursunoni 4,000, kuma ya bautar da wasu 2,000-7,000 mazauna Lipari . [1] [2] A cikin 1551, Ottoman corsair Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Maltese na Gozo, tsakanin 5,000 zuwa 6,000, ya aika da su zuwa Tripolitania Ottoman . A cikin 1554 jami'an tsaro karkashin Dragut sun kori Vieste, suka fille kawunan 5,000 na mazaunanta, kuma suka sace wasu 6,000. [3] An mamaye tsibirin Balearic a shekara ta 1558, kuma an kai mutane 4,000 bauta. [4] A shekara ta 1618 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya sun kai hari a tsibirin Canary inda suka yi garkuwa da 1,000 don sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [5] A wasu lokatai, an yi watsi da ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore a Ireland bayan wani hari, amma an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa 466 na fatauci ga barayin Barbary. [6]

A wasu lokuta, ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore, Ireland an yi watsi da su bayan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku na Barbary, kawai an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa 466 na fatauci ga barayin Barbary. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Rees |date=1 July 2003 |title=British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg|thumb| Misali na 1816 na bayi Kirista a Algiers]]
Yayin da Barbary corsaers ke wawashe kayan jiragen da suka kama, babban burinsu shi ne su kama mutanen da ba musulmi ba don sayarwa a matsayin bayi ko kuma don neman fansa. Wadanda suke da dangi ko abokai da za su iya fansar su an tsare su; Mafi shahara daga cikinsu shi ne marubuci Miguel de Cervantes, wanda aka gudanar kusan shekaru biyar - daga 1575 zuwa 1580. An sayar da wasu zuwa nau'ikan bauta iri-iri. An ‘yantar da fursunoni da suka musulunta gaba daya, tunda an hana bautar da musulmi; amma wannan yana nufin ba za su taɓa komawa ƙasashensu na asali ba. [1] [2] [ bukatar magana don tabbatarwa ]

Kididdigar kwastam daga karni na 16 da 17 sun nuna cewa karin bayin da Istanbul ta shigo da su daga cinikin bayi na Bahar Black Sea ya kai kusan 2.5. miliyan daga 1450 zuwa 1700. [1] Kasuwanni sun ragu bayan Sweden da Amurka sun ci Barbary States a Barbary Wars (1800-1815). Wani balaguron sojan ruwan Amurka karkashin Commodore Edward Preble ya yi amfani da jiragen ruwa da kagara a Tripoli a shekara ta 1804.

Wata tawagar diflomasiyyar Burtaniya a Algiers ta kai ga Dey don amincewa da sakin wasu bayin Sardina. Duk da haka, lokacin da Birtaniyya ta fita, Dey ya ba da umarnin kashe Sardinawan. Irin wadannan jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya da wasu jiragen yakin kasar Holland suka hade, suka dawo suka kai harin bam na tsawon sa'o'i tara a Algiers a shekara ta 1816, wanda ya kai ga Dey ya amince da sabuwar yarjejeniya wadda a cikinta ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen ayyukan bautar da yake yi. Duk da haka, cinikin ya ci gaba, yana ƙarewa kawai bayan da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya (1830-1847). Masarautar Morocco ta riga ta murkushe masu fashin teku a lokacin.

== Asalin ==
 
Satar fasaha na Arewacin Afirka ya samo asali ne sosai. Ya sami mahimmancin siyasa a cikin karni na 16, musamman ta hanyar Barbarossa (Khayr al-Dīn), wanda ya hada Aljeriya da Tunisia a matsayin jihohin soja a karkashin mulkin Ottoman kuma ya ci gaba da samun kudaden shiga ta hanyar fashi. Tare da zuwan ƙungiyoyin Moorish masu ƙarfi a Rabat da Tétouan (1609), Maroko ta zama sabuwar cibiyar 'yan fashin teku da kuma ga sarakunan 'Alawī, waɗanda cikin sauri suka sami iko da jamhuriyar biyu kuma suka ƙarfafa satar fasaha a matsayin tushen samun kuɗi mai mahimmanci. A cikin karni na 17, 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya da Tunusiya sun hada karfi da karfe, kuma a shekara ta 1650 sama da 30,000 na wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su aka daure a Algiers kadai. [1] [2]

An rubuta garuruwan da ke bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka a zamanin Romawa don kasuwannin bayi, kuma wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa zamanin da . Yankin Barbary ya karu da tasiri a karni na 15, lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta karbi ragamar mulkin yankin. Haɗe da wannan shi ne kwararowar Yahudawa Sephardi [1] da 'yan gudun hijirar Moorish, waɗanda aka kora daga Spain bayan Reconquista .

Tare da kariyar Ottoman da ɗimbin baƙi marasa galihu, ba da daɗewa ba bakin teku ya zama sananne ga fashin teku . Ma'aikatan jirgin da aka kama sun kasance bayi ne ko kuma an yi musu fansa . Tsakanin 1580 zuwa 1680, akwai a Barbary kusan 15,000 masu tuba, Kiristoci na Turai waɗanda suka musulunta. Rabin kyaftin din corsair a hakika sun koma ne. Wasu daga cikinsu bayi ne da suka musulunta, amma yawancinsu ba su taba zama bayi ba kuma sun zo Arewacin Afirka suna neman dama. [1]

== Tashi na 'yan fashin Barbary ==
[[Fayil:Bombardement_d'Alger.1682.jpg|thumb| Bam na [[Aljir|Algiers]] a cikin 1682, ta Abraham Duquesne]]
Bayan wani tawaye a tsakiyar karni na 17 ya rage mulkin Ottoman Pashas zuwa kadan fiye da adadi a yankin, garuruwan Tripoli, Algiers, Tunis, da sauransu sun zama masu zaman kansu ba tare da suna ba. Ba tare da babbar hukuma ta tsakiya da dokokinta ba, 'yan fashin da kansu sun fara samun tasiri sosai.

Hare-haren da 'yan fashin teku suka kai domin sayen bayi ya faru a garuruwa da kauyuka a kan tekun Atlantic na Afirka, da kuma a Turai. Daga kusan 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwan da ke bakin teku da kauyukan Italiya, Spain, Girka, Ireland, da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara, kuma wadannan hare-haren sun kai karshen karni na 19. Robert Davis ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 1 zuwa 1.25 'Yan fashin sun kama turawa miliyan miliyan tare da sayar da su a matsayin bayi a Tunis, Algiers da Tripoli a cikin wannan lokacin. Ba a cikin wannan kiyasin cinikin bayi a Turawa a wasu sassan tekun Bahar Rum. Duk da haka, wasu ’yan tarihi irin su David Earle sun yi tambaya game da kiyasin Robert Davis: “Alkalumansa ba su da daɗi kuma ina tsammanin yana iya yin karin gishiri.” [1]

Shahararrun bayanan hare-haren bayi na Barbary sun hada da ambaton a cikin littafin diary na Samuel Pepys da wani hari da aka kai a kauyen Baltimore da ke gabar teku a Ireland, inda 'yan fashin suka bar tare da daukacin mazauna wurin. An kai harin ne karkashin jagorancin wani kaftin dan kasar Holland, Jan Janszoon van Haarlem, wanda aka fi sani da Murad Reis the Younger. Janszoon kuma ya jagoranci farmakin 1627 akan Iceland . Kimanin mutane 50 aka kashe kuma an kama kusan 400 aka sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [1] Irin wadannan hare-hare a cikin Bahar Rum sun kasance akai-akai kuma suna da barna har bakin tekun tsakanin Venice da Malaga [2] ya sha fama da raguwar yawan jama'a, kuma an hana yin sulhu a can. Hasali ma, an ce “ba wanda ya rage ya kama”. [3]

A cikin 1627, ƙungiyar da aka sani da Salé Rovers, daga Jamhuriyar Salé (yanzu Salé a Maroko ) sun mamaye Lundy har tsawon shekaru biyar. Waɗannan ƴan fashin teku na Barbary, ƙarƙashin umarnin Janszoon, sun ɗaga tutar Ottoman akan tsibirin. Barbary Pirates ne suka kai hare-hare daga Lundy, kuma an kama Turawan da aka kama a Lundy kafin a tura su Algiers don sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Ƙarfi da tasirin waɗannan ƴan fashin a wannan lokacin ya kasance kamar yadda ƙasashe ciki har da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] suka ba da yabo don dakile hare-haren su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About this Collection – Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606–1827 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjprece.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani ɗan ƙasar Ingila mai suna Thomas Pellow, wanda ya tsere daga ƙasar Maroko bayan shekaru 21 na bautar, ya buga wani asusun daga baya na cinikin a cikin 1740. 

== Bauta kafofin ta al'umma ==
Tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa farkon karni na 19, cinikin bayi na Barbary a kudu da yammacin Turai na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin bayi na Turawa zuwa Daular Usmaniyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, dayan kuma shine cinikin bayi na Crimea na zamani a Gabashin Turai.

Sojojin Barbary sun kai hari a kasashe daban-daban a Kudancin da Yammacin Turai, da kuma Amurka. Wasu daga cikin al'ummomin dai an kai musu hari ne ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma aka kai hare-haren bayi a kasa. Ko wace kasa na da manufofinta domin tinkarar lamarin, sannan gwamnatocin kasashen Turai daban-daban sun ci gaba da tattaunawa da jihohin Barbary domin biyan kudin fansa ga wadanda ake tsare da su, da hana kai hare-hare kan jiragen ruwa ko kuma kai farmaki a gabar tekun nasu. [1] An fara kai hare-hare da makami ne a karni na sha shida, lokacin da kasashen Ottoman da suke a yau, Aljeriya, Tunisia da Libya suka zama jahohin 'yan damfara masu cin gashin kansu wadanda suka rayu a bara, kuma sun ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na sha tara, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya ta zamani. [2] Tun daga karni na 16 zuwa karshen karni na 18, 'yan fashin tekun da suka kaddamar da hare-hare daga gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka sun kai farmaki kan yankunan gabar tekun Italiya (musamman a kudu maso yamma). Don kare kansu, mutanen da ke yankunan bakin teku sun ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa zuwa wurare masu tsaunuka da tuddai. Tasirin dogon lokaci na waɗannan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku ya ci gaba har sama da ƙarni zuwa 20th.

=== Biritaniya da Ireland ===
'Yan fashin Barbary Corsairs ne suka kai wa Biritaniya da Ireland hari a cikin teku amma kuma ta hanyar kai hare-hare a kan kasa. Tekun Irish ya yi kaurin suna saboda 'yan fashin Barbary suna yawan zuwa, duk da cewa yawancin wadanda aka kama daga tsibirin Birtaniyya ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa a kusa da Bahar Rum.

A cikin 1620-1621, gwamnatin [[James VI da kuma I|James VI da ni]] mun ci gaba da tattaunawa mai tsawo don hana hare-hare, amma ba mu yi nasara ba. 

A cikin shekarun 1620 da 1640, yankunan Cornwall da Devon a Ingila, da kuma Kudancin Ireland, sun fuskanci hare-hare daga Barbary corsairs, wadanda suka kai farmaki a bakin tekun bayan sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa a wajen gabar tekun.

Wataƙila wanda ya fi shahara a tarihi na hare-haren bayi na Burtaniya da Irish shine buhun Baltimore da corsairs daga Alger suka yi zuwa ƙauyen Baltimore na gabar teku a Yammacin Cork a Ireland a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1631, wanda shi ne hari mafi girma na bayi da 'yan kasuwa Barbary suka kai Ireland. [1] [2] Shekaru biyu bayan buhun Baltimore na 1631, wani harin bawan da ya kai kauyen Dungarvan na Irish ma ya yi sanadin kama mutane kusan hamsin. [3]

Ingila ta ba da wakilai zuwa Arewacin Afirka don sayen 'yan Ingila, wadanda ake tsare da su a matsayin bayi. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 1640, lamarin ya yi tsanani sosai har aka kafa kwamitin gwamnati, Kwamitin Algiers, don dawo da bayin Ingila daga Aljeriya. [1] A shekara ta 1643, an kai matuƙan jirgin ruwa da yawa daga Biritaniya a matsayin bayi zuwa Aljeriya har gwamnatin Ingila ta yi kira da a tara kuɗin fansa na ƙasa daga dukan majami’un da ke cikin Mulkin don a sami damar siyan su kyauta. [2] Sayen bayi mata ya fi tsada fiye da sayan bayi maza. [2]

Daga cikin mutanen Burtaniya da aka kashe a cinikin bayi na Barbary akwai Helen Gloag, Lalla Balqis, Elizabeth Marsh da Thomas Pellow, wadanda aka kama su daga jiragen ruwa. 

=== Denmark - Norway ===
Masarautar Denmark-Norway ta fuskanci hare-haren Barbary a kan teku da kuma hare-haren bayi.

Tsibirin Faroe, wanda ke cikin Denmark, ya fuskanci hare-haren bayi daga Barbary corsairs a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 18. A shekara ta 1607, 'yan fashi na Barbary sun kai hari kan tsibirin Faroe wadanda suka sace mutane da yawa zuwa bautar.

Mafi shahararren hari na bayi a tsibirin Faroe shine hari na bayi na Suðuroy a lokacin rani na 1629, inda aka sace mutane talatin zuwa bautar, daga inda ba su sake dawowa ba.

Yaƙin Danish-Algeria daga 1769 zuwa 1772 tsakanin Denmark-Norway da Deliki na Algiers ya faru ne a wani bangare saboda fashi na Barbary a kan jiragen ruwa na Danish-Norwegian, waɗanda aka sayar da ma'aikatan su cikin bautar.

Daga cikin mutanen Danish da aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Hark Olufs . 

=== Faransa ===
Haɗin gwiwar Franco-Ottoman, wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1536 da 1798, ya sanya Faransa a matsayi daban da sauran ƙasashen Turai a cikin mahallin. Kungiyar Franco-Ottoman ta kare Faransa fiye da sauran kasashe daga hare-haren 'yan fashi, wadanda a hukumance su ne talakawan Ottoman. Ya bambanta da sauran ƙasashen Turai Faransa na iya yin korafi game da 'yan fashi ga sultan Ottoman, wanda za a tilasta masa ya dauki mataki saboda haɗin gwiwar Franco-Ottoman. Sultan Ottoman bai goyi bayan hare-haren Ottoman a kan jiragen ruwa na Faransa ko hare-hares na gabar tekun Faransa ba, kuma ya bambanta da hare-harun da aka kai wa wasu kasashe da yawa, hare-harele a kan jiragen Faransa da gabar tekuna an dauke su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma daga Ottomans.[1]

A aikace duk da haka jihohin corsair na Arewacin Afirka sun kasance Ottoman ne kawai kuma ba lallai ba ne su girmama wajibai na sultan Ottoman, wanda ke da rauni a kan larduna, kuma Faransa ta fuskanci hare-haren su duk da kawancen Franco-Ottoman.

A cikin shekarun 1550, lardunan Faransa na Provence da Languedoc sun lalace ta hanyar bayi da 'yan fashi suka yi, wanda ya haifar da korafin Faransa ga sultan Ottoman, kuma birnin Marseilles ya roki Regent Catherine de 'Medici tare da daukar matakai daban-daban don 'yantar da' yan asalin bayi da kare tasoshin kasuwancin su, kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa sun rasa galleons goma sha biyu ban da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan jiragen ruwa.[1]

A aikace duk da haka jihohin corsair na Arewacin Afirka sun kasance Ottoman ne kawai kuma ba lallai ba ne su girmama wajibai na sultan Ottoman, wanda ke da rauni a kan larduna, kuma Faransa ta fuskanci hare-haren su duk da kawancen Franco-Ottoman.

Daga cikin mutanen Faransa da ke fama da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Antoine Quartier . 

=== Iceland ===
Iceland ta fuskanci hare-haren bayi da yawa daga 'yan fashi. A shekara ta 1607, 'yan fashi sun kai hari kan Iceland wadanda suka sace mutane da yawa zuwa bautar.

Mafi shahararren hari na bayi a Iceland shine sace-sacen Turkiyya wanda ya faru a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1627. [1] Kimanin mutane 400 ne aka kama su kuma aka sayar da su cikin bautar, [1] daga cikinsu mutane 50 ne kawai suka dawo daga bautar ta hanyar fansa, shekaru 9 zuwa 18 bayan haka. [2] [1]

Daga cikin mutanen Iceland da ke fama da cinikin bayi na Barbary akwai Ólafur Egilsson . 

=== Italiya ===
Italiya ta kasance, tare da Spain, ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da suka fi shafa a cikin mahallin hare-haren bayi na Barbary corsair. Baya ga hare-hare kan jiragen ruwa na Italiya, 'yan fashi sun kai hare-haren bayi da yawa zuwa gabar tekun Italiya a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17.

Italiya, wacce bayan shekarun 1550 ta kasance tana da alaƙa da babban abokin gaba na Ottoman Habsburgs, tana da matukar damuwa ga hare-haren bayi, saboda ta rabu da siyasa, bakin tekun ba su da garu, kuma dakarun tsaron yankinta sun raunana kuma sun warwatse, kuma bautar da ke kai hari a bakin tekun Italiya ta ci gaba zuwa cikakken masana'antu.[1] Kamar yadda yake a Spain, hare-haren bayi sun haifar da watsi da bakin teku da tsibirai, kuma an bayyana su a matsayin &quot;yan rairayin bakin teku marasa kyau, tsibirai da aka watsar, masunta da ke tashi, da [jirage masu bautar].... da ke yawo a kan teku&quot;.[1]

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun hare-haren bayi a kan Italiya shine harin da rundunar Hayreddin Barbarossa ta kai a garuruwa da yawa a Kudancin Italiya tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 1534, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa, asarar tattalin arziki da dubban mutane da aka kashe da kuma bautar.[1] Marubucin zamani Gregorio Rosso ya bayyana mummunar hari kan Kudancin Italiya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1534:

: &quot;A ƙarshen watan Yulin ya [Barbarossa] ya wuce hasken wuta na Messina, inda ya ƙone wasu jiragen ruwa, kuma masu tsaron baya sun yi yaƙi da wasu jiragen ruwa na Antonio d'Ora, wanda ke cikin wannan wurin. Sa'an nan suka kori Santo Lucito a [[Calabria]], ba tare da barin rai ba. Bayan haka, kusa da Citraro, Land of the Benedictine Monks of Montecassino, kuma yayin da Citizens suka gudu, sai ya ƙone cewa tare da bakwai su kammala da ita, rabin wannan dare don Gonzalia ta bar kanta ta zo ta Pondiya.

Sakamakon hare-haren bayi ya bayyana &quot;dubu biyu da suka mutu kuma aka kama su a cikin fashi&quot; da kuma yadda zai zama dole tare da cire haraji ga mutanen da suka tsira ga Fondi da Sperlonga a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1534; yadda aka yi niyya musamman ga mata don bautar a Sperlonga, an lalata gidaje 162; an karya gidaje 1,213 a Fondi kuma an sace kayan masarufi na ducats 26,000 a wannan garin kadai, kuma an kashe maza, mata da yara 73, kuma 150 sun bautar Fondi.[1]

A shekara ta 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kama Ischia, ya dauki fursunoni 4,000 a cikin tsari, kuma ya fitar da wasu mazauna 9,000 na Lipari, kusan dukkanin jama'a.[1] A shekara ta 1551, Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Gozo na Malta, tsakanin 5,000 da 6,000, ya tura su zuwa Libya. Lokacin da 'yan fashi suka kori Vieste a kudancin Italiya a shekara ta 1554 sun dauki kimanin bayi 7,000. A shekara ta 1555, Turgut Reis ya tashi zuwa Corsica kuma ya kwace Bastia, inda ya kama fursunoni 6,000. A shekara ta 1558 'yan fashi na Barbary sun kama garin Ciutadella, sun lalata shi, sun kashe mazauna, kuma sun kwashe mutane 3,000 da suka tsira zuwa Istanbul a matsayin bayi. A shekara ta 1563 Turgut Reis ya sauka a bakin tekun lardin Granada, Spain, kuma ya kama ƙauyukan bakin teku a yankin kamar Almuñécar, tare da fursunoni 4,000. Masu satar teku na Barbary akai-akai sun kai hari kan Tsibirin Balearic, wanda ya haifar da gine-ginen tsaro da yawa na bakin teku da kuma majami'u masu garu. Barazanar ta kasance mai tsanani har Formentera ta zama ba tare da mazauna ba.[2]

An ci gaba da kai hare-haren bayi a cikin karni na 17. A shekara ta 1638, hare-haren bayi na 'yan fashi sun lalata ƙasashen bakin teku na Calabria.[1] A ƙarshen shekara ta 1798, 'Yan Tunisia sun kai hari kan tsibirin da ke kusa da Sardinia kuma an kwashe mazauna sama da 900 a matsayin bayi.

Iyalan Italiyanci masu arziki galibi suna ƙoƙari su sayi danginsu da aka kama, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar Venice sau da yawa tana ƙoƙari su saye masu daraja da aka kama. A lokacin irin wannan tattaunawar, ana amfani da 'yan kasuwa na Italiya ko na Yahudawa a matsayin matsakaici.[1]

Hare-haren bayi a Spain da Italiya sun lalata yawan jama'a kuma sakamakon haka tattalin arziki a duk Bahar Rum.

Daga cikin wadanda Italiyanci suka sha wahala daga cinikin bayi na Barbary sun kasance Marthe Franceschini da [[Felice Caronni]] . 

=== Malta ===
Malta ta fuskanci hare-haren bayi daga Barbary corsairs. A shekara ta 1551, Turgut Reis da Sinan Pasha sun mamaye tsibirin Malta da Gozo, [1] kuma an sace dukan mutanen Gozo kuma an sayar da su don bautar a Libya. [2]

=== Netherlands ===
Ba a kai hari kan bayi a bakin tekun Netherlands ba. Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa na Dutch sun kasance abin da ake amfani da shi akai-akai ga masu satar teku. Gwamnatin Holland a kai a kai ta sanya wakilai don sayen 'yan ƙasar Holland da aka kama kuma suka bautar da su a Arewacin Afirka. An ruwaito cewa bayi na Dutch suna cikin farashi mafi girma, kuma 'yan fashi sun bukaci farashi mafi yawa daga gare su fiye da sauran Turawa da yawa.[1]

=== Portugal ===
Yankunan Portugal sun fuskanci hare-haren bakin teku daga 'yan fashin teku na Barbary.

A shekara ta 1617, Barbary Corsairs daga Aljeriya sun jagoranci kwace Madeira, inda suka kai hari kan tsibirin Portugal suka kuma sace mazaunanta 1,200 a matsayin bayi. [1] [2] [3] Harin ya faru ne a lokacin da bauta ta yi tsanani a gabar tekun Barbary . A lokacin Madeira wani bangare ne na Tarayyar Iberian wanda Masarautar Spain ke jagoranta.

=== Spain ===
Spain na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar a duk Turai ga hare-haren da 'yan fashi suka kai. Dukkanin jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya da bakin teku sun fuskanci hare-hare daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa gaba.

Manyan biranen Tunis sun fi kai hari kan teku da gabar tekun Italiya da Girka, yayin da Corsairs na Algiers da Morocco ke yawan zuwa ruwa da gabar tekun Spain da Yammacin Turai. 

Hare-haren bayi a Spain sun fara ne a farkon karni na 16 zuwa gaba. Kashewar Cullera a Spain a kan Bahar Rum, ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1550, lokacin da Janar Dragut na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] ya sauka a Cullera, [[Valencia]] kuma ya kori birnin yana dauke da mazauna da yawa a cikin [[Bauta|Bautar]]. Dragut ya kai hari kan Cullera da dare tare da mutane 300. Dragut ya kori birnin, ya kwace kayayyaki daga mutane kuma ya dauki kusan dukkanin mazaunan garin a matsayin bayi. Ya ajiye fursunoni a cikin kogo kafin ya kai su kasuwar bayi a Algiers.

Hare-haren bayi sun yi tsanani musamman a ƙarni na 17, lokacin da ma'aikatan agaji suka sace dukkan ƙauyukan da ke gabar tekun Bahar Rum na Spain, lamarin da ya sa manyan yankunan bakin teku suka rasa mutane.  Misali, a shekara ta 1637, an kama mata da yara 315 daga garin Calpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da ƙauyukan bakin teku suka ragu, an tilasta wa masarautar Spain ta ƙara harajin kifi, nama, shanu da siliki don ba da kuɗin gina katanga don kare gabar tekun da kuma hana mutane barin yankunan don samun mafaka mafi aminci a cikin ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;

Jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya sun kuma shafi. A shekara ta 1667, an sace ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da yawa daga lardunan Basque cewa waɗannan larduna ba za su iya cika adadin ma'aikatan ruwa ga sojojin ruwa na Spain ba.

Hare-haren bayi a Spain da Italiya sun lalata yawan jama'a kuma sakamakon haka tattalin arziki a duk Bahar Rum.

=== Sweden da Finland ===
Ba a taɓa kai hari kan bayi ta hanyar jiragen ruwa na corsair zuwa gabar tekun Sweden da Finland ba (wanda wani ɓangare ne na Sweden). Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa na Sweden da Finland sun kai hari ta hanyar corsairs a cikin teku a wajen Yammacin Turai da kuma a cikin Bahar Rum.

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1662, Babban Ma'ajin Kuɗi na Sweden, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, ya karɓi wasiƙar roƙo daga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sweden guda takwas waɗanda ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sweden suka sace a teku kuma aka tsare su a cikin bauta a Algiers. 

Ɗan ƙasar Sweden Johan Gabriel Sparfwenfeldt, wanda ya ziyarci Algiers da Tunis a shekara ta 1691, ya bayyana cikin tausayawa yadda ya haɗu da kuma yin magana da bayin Sweden da yawa waɗanda suka roƙe shi taimako don a saye su kyauta ya koma &quot;gidajensu, ga 'ya'yansu, ga iyayensu da kuma ƙasar gidansu&quot;,  kuma ya lissafa sunayen 'yan ƙasar Sweden 23 da aka riƙe a matsayin bayi a lokacin. 

Sweden ta yi ƙoƙari ta kare jiragensu ta hanyar amfani da inshora game da bautar, jigilar kaya, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, da kuma ci gaba da hulɗa da 'yan fashi. Iyalan su ma sun sayi fursunoni kyauta. Wannan ba wai kawai ya shafi bayi daga iyalai masu arziki ba: an san matalauta da yawa da tara kuɗi don sayen mazajensu da 'ya'yansu maza kyauta. Lokacin da matashin jirgin ruwa Erik Persson Ångerman ya zama bawa a Algiers bayan ya kama shi daga jirgin ''Wibus'' daga Stockholm a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1725, ya aika da wasika ga matarsa Maria Olssdotter ta hanyar abokin aikinsa Petter Wallberg (wanda aka saya kyauta kuma yana komawa Sweden) kuma ya gaya mata cewa ya &quot;ta kasance cikin bautar wuya&quot; a Algièrs. Maria Olssdotter ba ta da kudade don sayen 'yancinsa, amma ta yi kira ga sarki ta hanyar gwamnan Gävle don a tattara kudi a cikin majami'u don sayen mijinta bautar, kuma an amince da aikace-aikacen ta; wannan ba sabon abu ba ne, kamar yadda aka san matalauta da yawa sun yi haka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sverige p. 60-61&quot; /&gt;

Kusan dukkan 'yan Sweden da Finns da aka kama a teku matuƙan jiragen ruwa ne. Tsakanin kimanin 'yan ƙasar Sweden 500 zuwa 1000 ne aka bautar da su a hannun 'yan tawayen tsakanin 1650 da 1763. 

Daga cikin mutanen Danish da aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Hark Olufs . 

=== Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka da Amurka ===
Babu wani hari na ƙasa da aka kai wa Barbary a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya da kuma daga baya Amurka. Duk da haka, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwan Amurka, sun kama mutanen Amurka suka sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Tuni a cikin 1661, wani masanin tarihi ya rubuta &quot;tun da daɗewa kasuwancin Massachusetts ya fusata da Barbary corsairs kuma da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwanta an tsare su a cikin bauta.&quot; 

A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, 'yan fashin teku sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwan Amurka. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1777, sarkin Morocco Mohammed III ya sanar da cewa jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na sabuwar ƙasar Amurka za su kasance ƙarƙashin kariyar sarkin, don haka za su iya jin daɗin shiga cikin Bahar Rum da kuma bakin teku. Yarjejeniyar Abota tsakanin Maroko da Amurka ta kasance yarjejeniyar abota mafi tsufa da ba ta karye ba tsakanin Amurka da wata ƙasa ta waje.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ginio |first=Eyal |date=2001 |title=Piracy and Redemption in the Aegean Sea during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century. |url=https://www.academia.edu/3084432 |journal=Turcica |language=en |volume=33 |pages=135–147 |doi=10.2143/TURC.33.0.484 |quote=consistent threat to maritime traffic in the Aegean}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1787, Morocco ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka amince da Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ellis |first=Chris |title=Research Guides: Battle Studies, Country Studies, &amp; Staff Rides: Barbary Wars &amp; the Battle of Tripoli |url=https://grc-usmcu.libguides.com/battle-studies/barbary-wars |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=grc-usmcu.libguides.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarun 1780, bayan da suka fahimci cewa jiragen ruwan Amurka ba sa ƙarƙashin kariyar sojojin ruwan Birtaniya, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun fara kwace jiragen ruwan Amurka a Bahar Rum. Yayin da Amurka ta wargaza Rundunar Sojin Ruwanta ta Nahiyar kuma ba ta da rundunar soji da ke tafiya a teku, gwamnatinta ta amince a shekarar 1786 don girmama hare-haren. {{Sfn|Fremont-Barnes|2006}} A ranar 20 ga Maris, 1794, bisa ga buƙatar Shugaba [[George Washington]], Majalisar Dokoki ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don ba da izinin gina manyan jiragen ruwa guda shida da kuma kafa Rundunar Sojan Ruwan Amurka, domin dakatar da waɗannan hare-hare da buƙatun ƙarin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Fremont-Barnes|2006}}

Amurka ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi tare da dukkan jihohin Barbary bayan an amince da 'yancin kai tsakanin 1786 da 1794 don biyan haraji don musayar barin' yan kasuwa na Amurka kadai, kuma a shekara ta 1797, Amurka ta biya dala miliyan 1.25 ko kashi biyar na kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na gwamnati a matsayin haraji.{{Sfn|Fremont-Barnes|2006}}

Hare-haren Barbary a kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka sun kasance wani dalili ne na Amurkawa da ke shiga cikin Barbary Wars.

== Yaƙe-yaƙen Barbary ==
Jiragen kasuwanci daga Amurka sun kasance ƙarƙashin hare-haren fashi. A shekara ta 1783, Amurka ta yi sulhu da, kuma ta sami karbuwa daga, mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1784, '[[Fashi a Teku|ɗan fashi]] sun kwace jirgin Amurka na [[Moroko|Maroko]] daga Morocco. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1793, an kama jiragen ruwa na Amurka da yawa, an kwace kayayyaki, kuma duk fasinjoji da ma'aikatan sun zama bayi. A mayar da martani, Amurka ta kirkiro Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 1794. 

Wannan sabon kasancewar sojoji ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa ƙudurin Amurka na kin amincewa da ci gaba da biyan haraji, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Barbary guda biyu a gabar tekun [[Arewacin Afirka]] : Yaƙin Barbary na Farko daga 1801 zuwa 1805 da Yaƙin Barbary na Biyu a 1815.  Biyan fansa da haraji ga jihohin Barbary kashi 20% ne na kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na gwamnatin Amurka a 1800. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai a 1815 ne nasarorin jiragen ruwa suka kawo ƙarshen biyan haraji daga Amurka. Wasu ƙasashen [[Turai]] suka ci gaba da biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara har zuwa shekarun 1830.  Kasuwancin bayi na fararen fata da kasuwannin bayi a Bahar Rum sun ragu a hankali kuma daga ƙarshe suka ɓace bayan mamayar Turai. 

== Ragewa ==
[[Fayil:NH_65536-KN.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin ruwa na Amurka a karkashin Commodore Edward Preble yana shiga jiragen ruwa da garu a Tripoli, 1804]]
A cikin shekarun farko na karni na 19, Amurka, wacce ke kawance da kasashen Turai, ta yi yaki kuma ta yi nasara a Yakin Barbary na Farko da na Biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku. Yaƙe-yaƙen martani ne kai tsaye daga ƙasashen Amurka, [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Birtaniya]], Faransa da Holland ga hare-haren da 'yan fashin teku na Barbary suka kai musu, wanda ya ƙare a shekarun 1830, lokacin da [[Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya|Faransa ta mamaye]] yankin. Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary da kasuwannin bayi a Bahar Rum sun ragu kuma daga ƙarshe suka ɓace bayan mamayar Turai. 

Bayan wani [[Fashewar Algiers (1816)|harin bam da aka kai wa Anglo-Holland a shekarar 1816]] a kan [[Aljir|Algiers]] a ranar 27 ga Agusta, karkashin jagorancin Admiral Edward Pellew, Viscount Exmouth na 1, ya lalata yawancin rundunar 'yan fashin teku, an tilasta wa Dey of Algiers amincewa da sharuɗɗan da suka haɗa da sakin bayi 1,200 da suka tsira (galibi daga Sardinia ) da kuma dakatar da ayyukansu na bautar da Turawa. Bayan an kayar da su a wannan lokacin yaƙin da aka yi da ƙasashen Turai da Amurka, [[Barbary Coast|ƙasashen Barbary]] sun koma baya. 

'Yan fashin teku na Barbary sun ƙi dakatar da ayyukansu na bauta, wanda ya haifar da wani harin bam da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy ta kai wa Algiers a shekarar 1824. Faransa ta mamaye Algiers a shekarar 1830, inda ta sanya ta ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka. Faransa ma ta mamaye Tunis a shekarar 1881. [[Tripoli]] ta dawo da ikon Ottoman a shekarar 1835, kafin ta faɗa hannun Italiya a [[Italiya ta mamaye Libya|Yaƙin Italiya da Turkiyya]] na 1911. Saboda haka, masu cinikin bayi yanzu sun gano cewa dole ne su yi aiki bisa ga dokokin gwamnoninsu, kuma ba za su iya sake neman ikon kansu ba. Cinikin bayi ya tsaya a Tekun Barbary a ƙarni na 19 da 20 ko lokacin da gwamnatocin Turai suka zartar da dokoki da ke ba wa bayi 'yanci. 

== Labarun bayi ==
Idan aka kwatanta da labaran bayi na Arewacin Amurka da Caribbean, bayi fararen fata 'yan [[Arewacin Afirka|Birtaniya]] da Amurka ne suka rubuta labaran [[Bautar da fararen fata|bayi]] a Turanci (a teku ko kuma [[Barbary pirates|'yan fashin teku na Barbary]] ) kuma aka bautar da su a Arewacin Afirka a ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19. Sun bambanta domin suna nuna ɓangaren da ba na Kirista ba ne na [[Tarihin bautar da bayi a duniyar Musulmi|'yan kasuwar bayi na Musulmi]] .

Labarun da suka mayar da hankali kan manyan jigogi na 'yanci da 'yanci sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Tunda labaran da suka tsira sun haɗa da maimaita wasu jigogi da ambaton juna, wasu masana suna ganin cewa labaran sun samo asali ne daga labaran da suka gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misalan sun haɗa da:

* ''Tsoron bauta: ko, Tarin Amurkawa a Tripoli'', na Ray William, 1808 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 
* ''Labarin Gaskiya da Gaskiya Game da Addini da Ɗabi'un Mahomet'' na Joseph Pitts (1663–1735) An kama Pitts yana yaro yana da shekaru 14 a hannun 'yan fashin teku na Barbary a gabar tekun Spain. An bayyana cinikinsa a matsayin bawa da rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin ubanni uku daban-daban a Arewacin Afirka, da kuma tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Makka.
* 'Yan fashin Barbary sun sace ''Tyrkja-Gudda'', Símonardóttir daga gidanta a Iceland a shekara ta 1627.
* Thomas Pellow, ''Tarihin Tsawon Zamanin Kama Kaso da Kasadar Thomas Pellow, A Kudancin Barbary'', 1740
* ''Mujallar Ɗaurin Kaso da Wahalar John Foss; Shekaru Da Dama a Fursuna a Algiers'', 1798 
* ''Tarihin Kamawa da Wahalhalun da Misis Maria Martin ta sha a lokacin bauta shekaru shida a Algiers'' a shekarar 1812 
* [[James Riley|Kyaftin James Riley]], ''[[Wahala a Afirka]]'', 1815
* ''Labarin Robert Adams, Wani Matukin Jirgin Ruwa Ba’amurke wanda ya nutse a Gabar Yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1810 kuma Larabawan babban hamada suka tsare shi na tsawon shekaru uku a cikin bauta'', 1817
* James Leander Cathcart, ''The Captives, Goma sha ɗaya a Fursuna a Algiers'', an buga shi a shekarar 1899, shekaru bayan an tsare shi a Ottoman Algeria

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Barbary pirates|Barbary corsairs]]
* [[Yaƙe-yaƙe na Barbary|Yaƙe-yaƙen Barbary]]
* Jan Janszoon
* [[Labarin Bayi|Labarun bayi na Arewacin Afirka]]
* Jamhuriyar Salé
* [[Sklavenkasse]]
* [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|Bauta a Daular Ottoman]]
* Sace-sacen Turkawa

== Manazarta ==
{{Pirates}}

== Littattafan tarihi ==

*  

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125639/http://solaleworks.com/islam/America_and_the_Barbary_Pirates.pdf The Thomas Jefferson Papers – America and the Barbary Pirates – American Memory from t]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125639/http://solaleworks.com/islam/America_and_the_Barbary_Pirates.pdf he Library of Congress]
*  

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
 

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm Lokacin da Turawa Bauta ne: Bincike Ya Nuna Cewa Bauta Farar Fata Ta Fi Yawa Fiye da Yadda Aka Yi Tunani A Da]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml Bayin Birtaniya a Tekun Barbary]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,869148,00.html Alamar zinariyar teku ga fararen bayi]
* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjprece.html Amurka da 'Yan fashin teku na Barbary: Yaƙi na Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Yaƙi da Maƙiyi Mara Al'ada]
* Archived [http://www.clements.umich.edu/exhibits/online/barbary/barbary-captivity.php adana Labaran Kama Barbary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903103205/http://www.clements.umich.edu/exhibits/online/barbary/barbary-captivity.php |date=2019-09-03 }}  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170523145324/http://www.visitkythera.gr/en/culture/history.html Tarihin Kythera]
* [https://www.academia.edu/6133447/Islands_Pirates_Privateers_and_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_the_Early_Modern_Mediterranean%7CIslands, 'Yan fashin teku, Masu zaman kansu da Daular Ottoman a farkon Bahar Rum na Zamani]
* [https://www.kythera.gr/en/about_kythera/history.php Tarihin Kythira]
*  

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:MarkEsho.jpg|right|thumb|Mark Esho a Leicester Mercury Sports Awards a watan Janairun 2008.]]
'''Mark Abayomi Esho''' MBE (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1962) ɗan kasuwa ne na Burtaniya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma mai haɗin gwiwar Easy Internet Services Ltd da Easy Internet Solutions Lt . &lt;ref name=&quot;Online pioneer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Online pioneer |url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/online-pioneer/story-12044801-detail/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327222930/https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/online-pioneer/story-12044801-detail/story.html |archive-date=27 March 2014 |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Mercury |ref=Online-Pioneer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An haifi Esho a Leicestershire a shekarar 1962. A lokacin da yake da shekaru biyar, ya kamu da cutar shan inna, ya bar shi gurgu daga wuyansa zuwa ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;I had to build people's trust without meeting them...&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kitchener |first=Helen |title='I had to build people's trust without meeting them...' |url=https://www.easy-internet.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/markesho3.pdf |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Mercury |ref=Build-Trust }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko an ba shi damar rayuwa ta kashi 10 cikin dari, amma daga ƙarshe ya sami damar sake samun iyakantaccen motsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;About me&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esho |first=Mark |title=About me |url=http://www.markesho.com/about-me/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=MarkEsho.com |ref=About-me}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Esho ya koma [[Najeriya]] yana da shekaru takwas don fara makarantar al'ada, kafin ya koma Leicester yana da shekaru 18. Daga baya ya kammala MBA a Jami'ar De Montfort . &lt;ref name=&quot;About me&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyukan kasuwanci ==
Esho ya yi aiki na shekaru bakwai a Leicester a matsayin Manajan Sabis na Mosaic, ƙungiyar agaji ta gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Online pioneer&quot;/&gt; Saboda gajiya mai tsanani da cutar shan inna ta haifar tun yana yaro, ya yanke shawarar fara kasuwancin kansa maimakon ci gaba da aiki tara zuwa biyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;I had to build people's trust without meeting them...&quot;/&gt;

Esho ya fara Houses-Online a cikin 1999, shafin yanar gizon lissafin dukiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;I had to build people's trust without meeting them...&quot;/&gt; Aikin ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba, kuma Esho ya fara kasuwanci na biyu a cikin 2000 a ƙarƙashin sunan Rank4U . A lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni huɗu kawai na inganta injin bincike a Burtaniya, kuma yana ba da sabis ga abokan ciniki ciki har da [[The Guardian]] da The Co-operative Group . &lt;ref name=&quot;Online pioneer&quot;/&gt;

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Esho ta haɓaka kamfanoni biyu a lokaci guda: Easy Internet Services (bincike engine optimization, yanzu a ƙarƙashin sunan 123 Ranking) &lt;ref name=&quot;Search Engine Optimisation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) Leicester and Beyond |url=https://www.easy-internet.co.uk/search-engine-optimisation/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Easy Internet |ref=SEO}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Easy Internet Solutions (daga baya Free Virtual Servers, daga baya FVS Hosting). &lt;ref name=&quot;FVS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What are the differences between Easy Internet Solutions, FreeVirtualServers, etc.? |url=http://help.freevirtualservers.com/index.php?/Knowledgebase/Article/View/187/4/what-are-the-differences-between-easy-internet-solutions-freevirtualservers-etc |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Free Virtual Servers |ref=FVS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin kasuwancin sun kasance masu karɓar ma'aikata na nesa, kuma Esho ya kasance mai goyon bayan murya na software na sa ido na nesa ga ma'aikata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monitoring&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pegden |first=Tom |date=22 October 2014 |title=Easy Internet Services and Solutions boss says monitoring software maintains productivity |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/easy-internet-services-solutions-boss-says/story-23338337-detail/story.html |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Mercury |ref=Monitoring |archive-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025190304/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Easy-Internet-Services-Solutions-boss-says/story-23338337-detail/story.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020, Mark ya kafa Access Rating, kamfani na zamantakewa da kuma mai ba da shawara kan masu nakasa. An saki aikace-aikacen Access Rating a kan layi, yana bawa masu nakasa damar gabatar da sake dubawa don wuraren jama'a a duk faɗin Burtaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &amp;#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja da karbuwa ==
Esho ita ce ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta kasa don Kasuwanci a watan Satumbar 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;Disabed Entrepreneurs UK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Interview: Mark Esho (Entrepreneur of Excellence: Race) |url=http://www.disabledentrepreneurs.co.uk/10/21/2012/interview-mark-esho/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Disabled Entrepreneurs UK |ref=DE}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Disability Group&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Disability Role Models: Mark Esho |url=http://www.diversitygroup.co.uk/mark-esho/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Disability Group |ref=DG |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815235758/http://www.diversitygroup.co.uk/mark-esho/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FVS-12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 September 2012 |title=FVS Managing Director, Mark Esho, Wins at The National Diversity Awards 2012 |url=https://www.freevirtualservers.com/blog/fvs-managing-director-mark-esho-wins-the-national-diversity-awards-2012/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=FVS Hosting |ref=FVS-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Easy Internet ya ci gaba da tallafawa National Diversity Awards a Leeds a shekara mai zuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;DE Sponsor 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Easy Internet Solutions Ltd Sponsors 2013 National Diversity Awards |url=http://www.disabledentrepreneurs.co.uk/08/14/2013/easy-internet-solutions-ltd-sponsors-2013-national-diversity-awards/1750/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Disabled Entrepreneurs |ref=DESponsor}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, ya gabatar da lambar yabo ta Matashi a 11th African and African Caribbean Achievement Awards. &lt;ref name=&quot;AACAA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pollock |first=Sandra |title=11th African and African Caribbean Acheivement [sic] Awards |url=http://open-mind-training-development.co.uk/uncategorized/11th-african-and-african-caribbean-acheivement-awards/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Open Mind Training and Development |ref=AACAA |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919081122/http://open-mind-training-development.co.uk/uncategorized/11th-african-and-african-caribbean-acheivement-awards/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2013, an yi hira da Esho a gidan rediyo na BBC Leicester game da labarinsa da goyon bayan gwamnati ga masu neman aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dixon |first=Dulcie |date=27 February 2013 |title=Paralysed with Polio, and bouncing back in business – Leicester |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p015n0lf |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=BBC Radio Leicester |ref=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2013, Esho ya sadu da Firayim Minista [[David Cameron]] kuma an nuna shi a matsayin binciken shari'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Gwamnatin nakasassu.&lt;ref name=&quot;DWP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=One year on – breaking down the barriers to employment |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/360588/disability-confident-one-year-on.pdf |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Department for Work and Pensions |ref=DWP}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DWP2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Disability Confident: downloadable and video case studies |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/disability-confident-case-studies/disability-confident-case-studies |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Department for Work and Pensions |ref=DWP2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDEO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 July 2013 |title=Mark Esho talks about the skills disabled people bring to a job |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5iMxRhpGnk |access-date=6 July 2016 |publisher=Disability Confident |via=YouTube |ref=VIDEO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ci gaba da goyon bayan Esho ga ma'aikatan nakasassu da masu neman aiki a Burtaniya an kuma ambaci shi ta hanyar Babban Kasuwancin Gwamnati da Ministan Jiha na nakasassu a lokacin, Mike Penning.&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Business&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A man who knows no barriers |url=http://www.greatbusiness.gov.uk/a-man-who-knows-no-barriers/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Great Business |ref=GB |archive-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221074539/http://www.greatbusiness.gov.uk/a-man-who-knows-no-barriers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Penning |first=Mike |date=7 February 2014 |title=Columnist: Mike Penning MP |url=http://ablemagazine.co.uk/columnist-mike-penning-mp/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Able Magazine |ref=MP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, Esho ta kasance wani ɓangare na kwamitin yanke hukunci na Leicester Mercury's &quot;Leicestershire's Young Business Executive of the Year Award&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;DMU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=DMU graduate named Leicestershire's Young Business Executive of the Year |url=http://www.dmu.ac.uk/about-dmu/news/2013/november/dmu-graduate-named-leicestershires-young-business-executive-of-the-year.aspx |access-date=6 July 2016 |publisher=De Montfort University |ref=DMU |archive-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709032030/http://www.dmu.ac.uk/about-dmu/news/2013/november/dmu-graduate-named-leicestershires-young-business-executive-of-the-year.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016, Easy Internet Solutions ya zama mai kula da Leicestershire Law Society .  Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an zabi Esho a Cibiyar Daraktoci ta Gabashin Midlands Darakta na Shekara, wanda ya faru a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;IoD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IoD East Midlands Director of the Year Awards 2016 |url=http://www.iod.com/connecting/events/2016/june/dotya-emids-2016-m06061 |access-date=6 July 2016 |publisher=Institute of Directors |ref=IoD}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba shi takardar shaidar da aka yaba da ita sosai a cikin rukunin &quot;Director of the Year SME - Small&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;LMIoD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pegden |first=Tom |title=Institute of Directors Annual Awards: Leicestershire Winners |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/institute-of-directors-annual-awards-leicestershire-winners/story-29465746-detail/story.html |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Mercury |ref=LMIoD }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMBN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners announced for IoD East Midlands 2016 awards |url=http://eastmidlandsbusinessnews.co.uk/winners-announced-for-iod-east-midlands-2016-awards/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=East Midlands Business News |ref=EMBN |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070923/http://eastmidlandsbusinessnews.co.uk/winners-announced-for-iod-east-midlands-2016-awards/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Mark ya lashe lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Darakta ta Gabashin Midlands ta Shekara don Haɗuwa, wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasan karshe don kyaututtuka na kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &amp;#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada Esho a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) a cikin girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2022 don hidimomi ga kasuwanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &amp;#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
A cikin 2018, littafin farko na Mark, 'I Can. I Will.' an buga shi ne ta hanyar Rethink Press.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &amp;#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin ya bayyana yadda ya kamu da cutar shan inna yana da shekaru biyar da kuma tasirin da yake da shi a rayuwarsa. Ya tattauna matsalolin da ya fuskanta wajen samun ilimi da kuma cin zarafin da ya sha a hannun mahaifinsa, kafin ya zama dan kasuwa mai cin nasara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &amp;#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Esho ya rufe batutuwa kamar nuna bambanci da nakasa kuma ya ƙare kowane babi tare da tunani game da gwagwarmayarsa da darussan da ya koya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &amp;#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kaddamar da littafin Leicester a ranar Alhamis 27 ga Satumba 2018 a Kungiyar Fasaha ta Sarauniya Victoria a cikin yankin al'adu na birnin. Wakilan kasuwanci na cikin gida, Rotarians da abokai da dangi sun halarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=Bestselling Leicester Author Celebrates Launch of Chart-Topping Book |url=http://dluxe-magazine.co.uk/leicester-2/arts-in-leicester/bestselling-leicester-author-celebrates-launch-of-chart-topping-book-2/ |website=dluxe-magazine.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya biyo bayan ƙaddamar da London da aka shirya a Rotary HQ kuma jakadan Rotary polio Konnie Huq ya halarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2018 |title=Konnie Huq: Why the world can defeat polio |url=https://www.rotarygbi.org/konnie-huq-why-the-world-can-defeat-polio/ |website=www.rotarygbi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasanni ==
Esho dan wasa ne mai ƙwazo kuma mai goyon bayan kungiyoyin wasanni na keken guragu.&lt;ref name=&quot;I had to build people's trust without meeting them...2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kitchener |first=Helen |title='I had to build people's trust without meeting them...' |url=https://www.easy-internet.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/markesho3.pdf |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Mercury |ref=Build-Trust |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821165208/https://www.easy-internet.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/markesho3.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin sa na Easy Internet Services ya dauki nauyin Leicester Cobras, kulob din kwando na keken guragu na gida da kuma sadaka, na shekaru da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;I had to build people's trust without meeting them...2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cobras2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Information About Sponsorship |url=http://www.leicestercobras.org.uk/sponsors/sponsors/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Cobras Wheelchair Basketball Club |ref=Cobras}}&lt;/ref&gt; Esho ta kuma shiga gasar tennis ta keken guragu da yawa. Ya shiga gasar farko ta Loughborough Wheelchair Tennis Open a Jami'ar Loughborgh a shekarar 2014, da kuma gasar farko ta Grantham Tennis Club a watan Agustan shekara ta 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lbro2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warrington |first=Pete |date=13 February 2014 |title=Lambert nets two titles at the inaugural Loughborough Wheelchair Tennis open |url=http://www.loughboroughecho.net/sport/other-sport/john-lambert-served-up-master-6702556 |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Loughborough Echo |ref=Lbro}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grantham2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TENNIS: Grantham club hosts first wheelchair tournament |url=http://www.granthamjournal.co.uk/sport/other-sport/tennis-grantham-club-hosts-first-wheelchair-tournament-1-6911974 |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Grantham Journal |ref=Grantham}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Midland Rail Heritage Trust</title>
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      <text bytes="10347" sha1="neek45nxr5u3l616bfhiz4w8tesqiu9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Opening_of_the_Midland_Railway,_Stillwater_junction,_1889.jpg|right|thumb|L &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;mwDA&quot;&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 312 a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1889 don buɗe layin dogo na Midland, mahadar Stillwater.]]
An kafa '''Midland Rail Heritage Trust''' a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2004 ta ƙungiyar masu sha'awar jirgin ƙasa don adanawa da inganta layin Midland Railway da locomotives na tururi waɗanda ke aiki da shi. Ya samo asali ne a Old Railway Yards, Pococks Road, [[Springfield, New Zealand|Springfield]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Midland Rail Heritage Trust Home |url=http://www.mrht.org.nz/index.htm |access-date=2014-08-20 |publisher=Mrht.org.nz |archive-date=2014-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219031002/http://www.mrht.org.nz/index.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Trust memba ne na Tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin Rail na New Zealand . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federation of Rail Organisations of New Zealand, Inc |url=https://www.fronz.org.nz/memberslist.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821011012/https://www.fronz.org.nz/memberslist.php |archive-date=2014-08-21 |access-date=2014-08-20 |publisher=FRONZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, Trust shine mai mallakar kuma mai hannun jari na Midland Railway Company (NZ) Limited.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-11-12 |title=Document Filings Details |url=http://www.business.govt.nz/companies/app/ui/pages/companies/4058728/18497884/entityFilingRequirement?backurl=%2Fcompanies%2Fapp%2Fui%2Fpages%2Fcompanies%2F4058728%2Fdocuments |access-date=2014-08-20 |publisher=Business.govt.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa 2021, an tura tashar [[Christchurch]] ta Mainline Steam Heritage Trust zuwa nan bayan mai mallakar tsohuwar tashar a [[Middleton, New Zealand|Middleton]] ya nemi su ci gaba.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Asusun ne a watan Afrilun 2004. An kafa shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Amintattun Agaji ta 1957 a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2004. 

A shekarar 2005, an gano jiragen ƙasa guda uku da aka jefa a kogin Grey da ke Omoto. Su ne Uc 369, Uc 370 da La 312. &lt;ref name=&quot;whitebusfamily1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-05-19 |title=WHITE BUS FAMILY PRODUCTIONS - The Locomotive Salvage Exercise at Omoto |url=http://www.whitebusfamily.co.nz/omoto_salvage.htm |access-date=2014-08-20 |publisher=Whitebusfamily.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin White Bus Family Production ya sami izinin dawo da su kuma ya bai wa Trust Uc369 da Uc370 bisa fahimtar cewa idan Trust ya rabu, mallakar La 312 zai dawo. White Bus Family Production ya riƙe mallakar La 312. &lt;ref name=&quot;whitebusfamily1&quot; /&gt;

Haka kuma a shekarar 2005, an ba da gudummawar wasu na'urorin rage radadi guda biyu daga ayyukan Islington Freezing ga Trust, sannan aka sayi wani keken gantry mai nauyin tan 15 da kayan aiki daga Otira Railway Workshop. A shekarar 2008, an samo layin dogo daga tsohon gefen sansanin sojojin Burnham. An haɗa layukan daga tsohon filin jirgin ƙasa zuwa hanyar sadarwa ta Kiwirail a watan Janairun 2010. Har zuwa shekarar 2011, tare da taimakon ma'aikata huɗu daga gine-ginen tsarin aiki na Work and Income, an gyara layin dogo kuma an gudanar da aikin layin dogo.
[[Fayil:P_107.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ƙasa mai tururi, aji na P mai lamba 107.]]
Sakataren Amintaccen a shekarar 2012 shine Simon Walker. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Midland Rail Heritage Trust Home |url=http://www.mrht.org.nz/index.htm |access-date=2014-08-20 |publisher=Mrht.org.nz }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wancan lokacin, ƙungiyar ta gabatar da ƙara ga Majalisar Dokoki don nuna adawa da Dokar Gyaran Kuɗin Rage Barazana ga Caca (Cikewar Caca), domin sun yi la'akari da cewa za ta cire tushen kuɗi daga asusun agaji na caca da ƙungiyar ke amfani da shi.

== Motocin motsa jiki da na'urorin motsa jiki ==

=== Motocin tafiya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Maɓalli:
| style=&quot;background:#f5d26c;&quot; | Ana aiki
| style=&quot;background:#89e579;&quot; | Ana aiki, Mainline Certified
| style=&quot;background:#f4a460;&quot; | Ana gyara/gyara
| style=&quot;background:#ded7b6;&quot; | An adana
| style=&quot;background:#b7a4eb;&quot; | Nuni a tsaye
| style=&quot;background:#cecece;&quot; | An yayyanka
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
!Lamba
! Mai gini
! Lambar mai gini
! Shekarar da aka gina
! Ya isa Springfield
! Bayanan kula
|- style=&quot;background:#f5d26c;&quot;
| DS 134 (kafin TMS: D &lt;sup&gt;S&lt;/sup&gt; 213)
| Drewry
| 2411/D160
| 1953
| 2005
| Ya shiga aikin NZR a watan Yunin 1953. An sake masa lamba a matsayin DS 134 a shekarar 1978. An janye shi daga aiki a watan Nuwamban 1982 a Christchurch . Daga nan aka sayar da shi ga Islington Freezing Works don amfani da shi wajen yin amfani da shi. Daga baya aka sake fentin shi a cikin farin kayan PPC. A shekarar 2005, MRHT ta saya shi kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin ajiya yana jiran gyarawa.   A ƙarshen 2021, an yi amfani da na'urar rage gudu, inda aka motsa motocin Mainline Steam da tankunan a kusa da farfajiyar tare da DS 134 da ke aiki.
|- style=&quot;background:#DED7B6;&quot;
| DS 157 (kafin TMS: D &lt;sup&gt;S&lt;/sup&gt; 215)
| Drewry
| 2413/D162
| 1953
| 2005
| Ya shiga hidimar NZR a watan Mayu na 1953. An sake masa lamba zuwa DS 157 a shekarar 1978. An janye shi daga aiki a watan Nuwamba na 1982 a Christchurch. Daga nan aka sayar da shi ga Islington Freezing Works don samar da wani ɓangare na DS 134. A shekarar 2005, MRHT ta saya kuma a halin yanzu tana cikin ajiya ba tare da wani shiri na gyara ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;NZRRSR&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NZRSR&quot; /&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#DED7B6;&quot;
| L &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;mweQ&quot;&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 312
| Nasmyth Wilson &amp;amp;amp; Co
| 322
| 1887
| 2005
| An fara aiki da Kamfanin Jirgin Ƙasa na Midland na New Zealand a shekarar 1887 a matsayin NZMRC No. 3 don gina layin Midland . Daga nan NZR ta sayi shi a shekarar 1900 kuma aka sake rarraba shi zuwa L &lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt; 312. An janye shi a shekarar 1928 aka jefar da shi a [[Omoto locomotive|wurin zubar da shara na Omoto]] . An dawo da shi cikin sirri kuma a halin yanzu ana ba shi aro ga MRHT don gyara shi nan gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;NZRSR&quot; /&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#DED7B6;&quot;
| P 107
| Nasmyth Wilson &amp; Co
| 278
| 1883
| 2008
| Ya shiga aikin NZR a watan Mayu na shekarar 1887. An janye shi daga aiki a shekarar 1928. Daga nan aka zubar da shi a Kogin Clutha a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 1932. An dawo da shi ta hanyar Project Steam a shekarar 1992 aka mayar da shi Dunedin . Daga baya aka mayar da shi zuwa Dunedin Gas Works. A shekarar 2008 an sake gina shi a Gas Works wanda ya tilasta wa ƙungiyar cire shi daga Gas Works kuma a halin yanzu an ba shi haya ga MRHT don gyarawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;NZRSR&quot; /&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#DED7B6;&quot;
| U &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;mwmQ&quot;&gt;C&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 369
| Sharp, Stewart &amp;amp;amp; Co.
| 4753
| 1901
| 2005
| Ya shiga aikin NZR a shekarar 1901 kuma aka sake rarraba shi. An janye shi a shekarar 1957 aka jefar da shi a wurin zubar da shara na jirgin ƙasa na Omoto. MRHT ta dawo da shi don gyara shi nan gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;whitebusfamily1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NZRSR&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Uc Class Locos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Uc Class Locos |url=http://www.mrht.org.nz/prod01.htm |access-date=2014-08-20 |publisher=MRHT |archive-date=2015-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113091227/http://mrht.org.nz/prod01.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#DED7B6;&quot;
| U &lt;sup&gt;C&lt;/sup&gt; 370
| Sharp, Stewart &amp; Co.
| 4754
| 1901
| 2005
| Ya shiga aikin NZR a shekarar 1901 kuma aka sake rarraba shi. An janye shi a shekarar 1957 aka jefar da shi a wurin zubar da shara na jirgin ƙasa na Omoto. MRHT ta dawo da shi don gyara shi nan gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;NZRSR&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Uc Class Locos&quot; /&gt;
|}
[[Fayil:Ds_213_and_215.jpg|thumb|Ajin Ds na rage gudu na locomotives mai lamba 213 da 215.]]

* MRHT kuma tana da jikinta mai laushi daga U 194 a hannunsu. 

=== Kekunan hawa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Maɓalli:
| style=&quot;background:#f5d26c;&quot; | Ana aiki
| style=&quot;background:#89e579;&quot; | Ana aiki, Mainline Certified
| style=&quot;background:#f4a460;&quot; | Ana gyara/gyara
| style=&quot;background:#ded7b6;&quot; | An adana
| style=&quot;background:#b7a4eb;&quot; | Nuni a tsaye
| style=&quot;background:#cecece;&quot; | An yayyanka
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
!Lamba
! Mai gini
! Shekarar da aka gina
! Ya isa Springfield
! Bayanan kula
|- style=&quot;background:#DED7B6;&quot;
| Al 1764 (TMS AL 50090)
| Bita na Addington na NZR
| 1932
| 2013
| Na shiga aikin NZR a ranar 2 ga Janairu 1932 a matsayin A 1764 a matsayin karusar katako. An mayar da ita zuwa Karfe Clad a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1963 kuma aka sake rarraba ta zuwa A &lt;sup&gt;L&lt;/sup&gt; 1764 a ranar 11 ga Oktoba a wannan shekarar. An sake sanya mata lamba zuwa AL 50090 a shekarar 1978. An janye ta daga aiki a ranar 13 ga Agusta 1983 kuma Otago Excursion Train Trust ta saya. Daga nan aka sake sanya mata suna zuwa XPC 481. An janye ta a watan Satumba 2009 ta Taieri Gorge Railway . MRHT ta saya kuma a halin yanzu tana cikin ajiya tana jiran gyarawa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Midland Rail Heritage Trust Home |url=http://www.mrht.org.nz/index.htm |access-date=2014-08-20 |publisher=Mrht.org.nz |archive-date=2014-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219031002/http://www.mrht.org.nz/index.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Kekunan hawa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Maɓalli:
| style=&quot;background:#f5d26c;&quot; | Ana aiki
| style=&quot;background:#89e579;&quot; | Ana aiki, Mainline Certified
| style=&quot;background:#f4a460;&quot; | Ana gyara/gyara
| style=&quot;background:#ded7b6;&quot; | An adana
| style=&quot;background:#b7a4eb;&quot; | Nuni a tsaye
| style=&quot;background:#cecece;&quot; | An yayyanka
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
!Lamba
! Mai gini
! Shekarar da aka gina
! Ya isa Springfield
! Bayanan kula
|- style=&quot;background:#DED7B6;&quot;
| Yc 821 (TMS: YC 1532)
| Bita na Gabashin Garin NZR
| 1963
| 2007
| Ya shiga hidimar NZR a watan Nuwamba 1963. An sake masa lamba a matsayin YC 1532 a shekarar 1978. An janye daga aiki a shekarar 2007 kuma MRHT ta saya shi kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin ajiya yana jiran gyarawa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Midland Rail Heritage Trust Home |url=http://www.mrht.org.nz/index.htm |access-date=2014-08-20 |publisher=Mrht.org.nz |archive-date=2014-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219031002/http://www.mrht.org.nz/index.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#DED7B6;&quot;
| Yf 912 (TMS: YF 161)
| Bita na Addington na NZR
| 1964
|
|
|- style=&quot;background:#DED7B6;&quot;
| Ks 4825 (TMS: KS 15215)
| Bita na Gabashin Garin NZR
| 1970
|
|
|}

*

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Migori</title>
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'''Garin Migori''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Suna-Migori''', gari ne na ƙabilu daban-daban wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban birnin gundumar Migori, [[Kenya]] . Garin yana da lamba 63&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu da garin Kisii da kuma kilomita 22&amp;nbsp;kilomita arewa da iyakar [[Tanzaniya]] . Yankin babban birnin Migori ya ƙunshi ƙaramar hukumar Migori da ƙananan garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da shi. Yankin yana da mazabu takwas, wato Rongo, Awendo, Suna East, Suna West, Uriri, Nyatike, Kuria East da Kuria West tare da jimillar yawan jama'a 393,012 a cewar Hukumar Kididdiga ta Ƙasa ta Kenya - wacce ta ɗauki nauyin ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-05 |title=CENSUS: Kuria West most populous constituency, pass Nyatike which record a decline |url=http://www.migorinews.co.ke/news/national-news/census-kuria-west-most-populous-constituency-pass-nyatike-which-record-a-decline/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105143916/http://www.migorinews.co.ke/news/national-news/census-kuria-west-most-populous-constituency-pass-nyatike-which-record-a-decline/ |archive-date=2019-11-05 |access-date=2019-11-05 |website=Migori News |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin/yankin Awendo da ke makwabtaka da shi yana da mutane 96,872 kuma Kuria East (Sirare) yana da mutane 117,290. A shekarar 2010, jaridar ''The Star'' ta ruwaito cewa garin yana da mutane kusan 100,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manuel |first=Odeny |title=County status revs up property development in Migori |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2013/02/27/county-status-revs-up-property-development-in-migori_c743801 |access-date=2018-09-11 |archive-date=2018-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225221/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2013/02/27/county-status-revs-up-property-development-in-migori_c743801 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Sugarcane_in_Migori.jpg|thumb]]
Migori ita ce cibiyar birni ta biyu mafi inganci a Luo Nyanza bayan [[Kisumu|birnin Kisumu]] . Duk da haka, ita ce birni na uku mafi girma a tsohuwar [[Nyanza Province|lardin Nyanza]] bayan Kisumu da Kisii. Idan aka kwatanta da yawancin garuruwan Nyanza, Migori ta musamman saboda yawan kabilunta da suka kunshi [[Luo people|mutanen da ke jin Dholuo]], al'ummar Abasuba, Abagusii, Abaluhya, Kuria, 'yan Indiya, Larabawa, da kuma mutanen Somaliya. A halin yanzu, akwai kuma mutanen yammacin da ke zaune a garin da ke gudanar da ayyukan mishan da kuma haƙar zinare a Ma'adinan Ma'adinai na Macalder. Migori tana da wuri na musamman a fannin yanki saboda kusancinta da Uganda ta hanyar [[Lake Victoria|Tafkin Victoria]], ta hanyar [[Migingo Island|Tsibirin Migingo]] da kuma iyakar ƙasa da tafki da Tanzania a Isebania, [[Kehancha]], [[Suna West Constituency|Suba West]] a Kopanga da Kauyukan Kogaja da kuma [[Muhuru Bay]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-05 |title=CENSUS: Kuria West most populous constituency, pass Nyatike which record a decline |url=http://www.migorinews.co.ke/news/national-news/census-kuria-west-most-populous-constituency-pass-nyatike-which-record-a-decline/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105143916/http://www.migorinews.co.ke/news/national-news/census-kuria-west-most-populous-constituency-pass-nyatike-which-record-a-decline/ |archive-date=2019-11-05 |access-date=2019-11-05 |website=Migori News |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babu wani bayani game da yawan jama'ar karamar hukumar da ya taso daga ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasar Kenya ta 2009. Yana yiwuwa yawan mutanen garin ya ƙaru saboda ƙaruwar yawan [[Urban sprawl|birane]] da kuma Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2010 wanda ya sanya garin Migori babban birnin gundumar Migori ya kawo ma'aikata da jari mai yawa.

A da ƙaramin cibiyar gudanarwa ce da 'yan asalin Suna kawai ke zaune kuma an yanke hukunci daga hedikwatar gundumar Kudancin Nyanza ta wancan lokacin ta Kisii sannan daga baya ta koma Garin Homabay, garin ya canza a hankali ya zama cibiyar tattalin arziki ta biyu mafi ƙarfi da ci gaba a cikin Luo Nyanza gaba ɗaya bayan Birnin Kisumu da kuma ta uku bayan Garin Kisii a duk lardin Nyanza.

A yau, hedikwatar gundumar Migori ta kasance ta gama gari, inda jama'a ke tururuwa daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar saboda sabbin damarmakin aiki da kasuwanci. Ganin rashin isasshen fili da gundumar Kisii ke fama da shi, garin Migori ya riga ya fara fuskantar ci gaba da bunƙasa sakamakon faɗaɗa da faɗin filaye da har yanzu ake da su don kasuwanci, gidaje da noma a farashi mai rahusa.

Garin da ke kusa da iyaka ya riga ya fara alfahari da ci gaba mai ban mamaki dangane da kayayyakin more rayuwa, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da kuma ci gaban jiki. Kayayyakin more rayuwa na garin sun inganta sosai, inda aka shimfida wasu hanyoyi, wasu kuma aka yi musu kwalta, wanda hakan ya bude yankunan cikin gari don ci gaba da fadada su. Gina gadar Kiringi da kuma gadar Nyikendo-Nyamanga da aka tsara za ta bude garin don samun karin sararin kasuwanci.

Ana sa ran kammala aikin titin Migori-Transmara da aka kusa kammalawa zai rage lokacin da ake ɗauka wajen yin kasuwanci da babban birnin Nairobi, domin ana sa ran zai rage nisan da ake yi a yanzu da kimanin awanni 3. Hanyar Mara kuma za ta buɗe garinmu da rairayin bakin teku na tafkin Victoria zuwa wurin shakatawa na Masai Mara, wanda hakan zai haifar da ci gaban masana'antar yawon buɗe ido da karɓar baƙi.

A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata kawai, mun ga sauyi cikin sauri, tare da gina gine-ginen kasuwanci da yawa, otal-otal da gidajen cin abinci na matsakaicin mataki, manyan kantuna masu tasowa, adadin manyan kantuna da gidajen zama da ba a taɓa gani ba.

Ana ci gaba da shirye-shiryen da gwamnatin gundumar ke yi na gina tashar bas ta zamani a mahadar Namba da kuma kasuwar zamani don kawar da masu sayar da kaya da rumfunan sayar da kaya a gefen hanya daga garin. Yawan cibiyoyin kuɗi da ke ƙaruwa a yanzu sun kai sama da 10 baya ga Sacco da ƙananan kuɗaɗen shiga ya fi komai muhimmanci. Har yanzu ana samun ƙarin gine-ginen gidaje da na kasuwanci yayin da kowane mai zuba jari mai mahimmanci ke ƙoƙarin saka hannun jari a cikin wannan tattalin arziki mai tasowa.

== Tsarin Birane ==
Garin yana fuskantar babbar matsala ta tsara birane domin ba a matsayin gari ba, sai dai a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci banda titin ƙasa da ƙasa na Kenya-Tanzania A-1. Saboda haka, garin yana da gine-gine a kowane gefen babbar hanyar da aka yi da kwalta. Titunan da suka biyo bayan babbar hanyar ba a yi da kwalta ba kuma ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba. Gwamnati ba ta sami wani martani mai inganci ba don sake tsara garin don dacewa da kyawawan halaye da abubuwan da ake buƙata. A shekarar 2013, Gwamnatin Gundumar Migori ta shimfida gada ta biyu a kan Kogin Migori don rage cunkoso a tsakiyar birnin. Yawancin mazauna wannan birni suna zaune a cikin gine-gine marasa alama ko marasa adireshi kuma titunan ba su da sunaye. Haka kuma akwai kogin dindindin da ya raba garin a tsakiya amma gefen kogin ba shi da ingantaccen ci gaba kamar bakin teku ko tafiya a gefe. Kogin da kansa yana da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi ta hanyar mazauna da kamfanoni.

== Farashin Rayuwa ==
[[Fayil:Panorama_of_Migori_town.jpg|thumb]]
Labarin Jesse Sikali a cikin ''jaridar The Standard'' ya ruwaito cewa Migori na fuskantar babban buƙatar gine-gine masu tsayi sakamakon ƙaruwar buƙatar ofisoshi da wuraren zama. Buƙatar sabbin gidaje ya fara aiwatar da tsarin inganta birnin yayin da ake rushe tsoffin gine-gine kuma ana maye gurbinsu da sabbin gine-gine masu kama da na zamani. Bayan siyan masu gidaje marasa galihu, sabbin masu ginin galibin jami'an gundumar 'yan ƙasashen waje ko masu cin hanci sun sanya gine-ginen da suka yi tsada ga garin. A cikin shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar da suka gabata, kashi 50 cikin 100&amp;nbsp;An sayar da fili mai faɗin ƙafa $2500, a yau (2015), wannan fili ɗaya ya sayar da dala $3500. Farashin eka ɗaya ya kai dala $12000. Hayar kuma ta ƙaru yayin da gida mai ɗaki ɗaya wanda a da yake sayarwa da dala $35 a kowane wata yanzu ya kai dala $50, yayin da gida mai ɗaki biyu yake sayarwa da dala $50 amma yanzu ya kai dala $80. Gidaje masu ɗaki uku yanzu sun kai dala $100 daga dala $80 shekaru uku da suka gabata. Wasu daga cikin gidajen an yi musu kayan aiki sosai don dacewa da salon rayuwa na ɗan lokaci. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tsawon wurin yana da kimanin mita 1500 sama da matakin teku (ƙasa da teku) a Kakrao, yana gangarowa da mita 100 zuwa kogin Migori. Tsayin tsaunuka daban-daban da ke kusa da garin ya ɗan wuce mita 1550 a sama.

Ruwan sama yana faruwa ne a yanayi biyu kamar yadda yake a yawancin Kenya kuma mafi yawan ruwan sama yana faruwa ne tsakanin Maris da Mayu. Matsakaicin ruwan sama yana kusa da 1200&amp;nbsp;mm da sama da haka, amma yanayin ruwan sama na musamman ne, domin ƙaramin garin yana da nau'ikan ruwan sama guda uku bisa ga unguwa. Ana iya yin ruwan sama a Kakrao amma a kusa da makarantar Onyalo zai bushe sosai kuma Namba zai yi ɗan ruwan sama.

Ƙasa tana da ruwa sosai kuma tana da laushi. Wannan yana fifita noman taba, rake, masara, wake, kofi, gyada da kayan lambu. Duk da haka, ana iyakance yawan amfanin gona ta hanyar lokacin fari idan babu ruwan ban ruwa.

Garin yana da mazaunan Suna tare da al'ummar luo masu yawa a tsakanin su. Hijira ta baya-bayan nan ta gabatar da adadi mai yawa na Maragoli. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa yawancin mazaunan garin suna magana da Maragoli da Luo misali fasto Ojijo. Akwai kuma adadi mai yawa na Kisiis da Kikuyus (Kodayake rikicin da ya faru a shekarar 2007 ya bar yawancin Kikuyu cikin mummunan yanayi). Harshen kasuwanci shine Kiswahili, wanda ke nuna babban bambanci da sauran garuruwan da Luo ke mamaye.

Rayuwar Coci da Masallaci tana da ƙarfi sosai kuma a wasu lokutan tana da ƙarfi sosai amma ana sa ran wannan zai canza tare da sabbin dokokin hayaniya da Nema ta gabatar. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2015, babu abin da aka yi don rage hayaniya. Kiran sallah a yankin Musulunci ya fara ne da ƙarfe 4:00 na safe kuma ana iya jin sa a ko'ina cikin garin.

== Ciniki da hakar ma'adinai ==
An gudanar da ayyukan haƙar zinare a yankin. Haƙar zinare tana tsakiyar yankin Macalader na Migori a kan hanyar zuwa Sori (Karungu Bay). Akwai gagarumin aikin haƙar zinare a mazabar Rongo ta gundumar Migori.

Yawancin ayyukan suna kan babban titin da ke ratsa garin. Yawancin ayyukan ƙananan kamfanoni ne galibi a Jua Kali, waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa a fannin makanikan motoci, ayyukan daki, dinki, walda, ciniki da noma. Kayan amfanin gona suna fitowa ne daga yankunan da ke kewaye kamar Ngege, oyani, anjego da sauransu. Sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke samun riba sun haɗa da Barclays, KCB, K-rep, kuɗin iyali, Co-op da bankunan Post.

== Tsire-tsire da namun daji ==
Wasu bishiyoyi na yau da kullum sun hada da Bondo ( ''Euphorbiacandelabrum'' ), Ochwoga ( ''Carissa edulis'' ), Mukinduri ( ''Croton megalocarpus'' ), Ngow ( ''Ficus nataliensis'' ), Onera ( ''Terminalia brownii'' ), Toona yana da kyau a yankin amma yawancin bishiyoyi suna da rassa da yawa, wanda zai iya nuna matsala mai ban sha'awa. ''Terminalia catappa'', Cypress (bambance-bambancen ''Cupressus lusitanica'' ) yana da kyau a yankin kuma wasu pine sun sami nasarar girma.

== Sufuri ==
An haɗa Migori da mota zuwa wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Masai Mara, amma hanyar ba ta da kyau. Garin Migori yana bayan Awendo, (inda Kamfanin Sugar na Sony yake), yankunan Oyani, Stella da Kakrao. Hanyar zuwa Isebania tana da kyau daga Kakrao zuwa Mwanza a Tanzania. Hanyar da ta haɗa garin Migori da Masara ita ma tana da kwalta a halin yanzu.

Filin jirgin saman Migori yana kula da fasinjojin jiragen sama a Migori .

== Al'adu ==
Kowace shekara Migori tana gudanar da ƙungiyar manoma ta Migori a filin wasa na Migori Municipal. Manoma da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa suna taruwa a wurin baje kolin don baje kolin kayayyakinsu. Yawanci, bikin yana cike da raye-rayen gargajiya, nunin kayan kwalliya, tseren dawaki, raye-rayen disko, da wasannin motsa jiki tsakanin makarantu. Jacquie Jones ta rubuta kuma ta buga wata waƙa mai taken &quot;Migori&quot; a cikin Obsidian II Vol 2: No: 3 (hunturu 1987).

== Cibiyoyin Ilimi ==
'''Makarantun Sakandare ko Sakandare'''

* Jami'ar Kibabii
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Pesoda Annex
* Kwalejin Jariri Mai Haske
* Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Nyabisawa
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Onyalo
* Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Pius Uriri.
* Makarantar Abokan Bware.
* Oruba Mixed Secondary
* Kwalejin Pentagon
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Magongo
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Kanga
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Kanyawanga
* Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kadika
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Migori Boys
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Isibania
* Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Moi Nyabohanse
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Maza ta Tarang'anya
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Nyikendo Mix
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Nyaduong
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Mukuyu
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Haɗaɗɗen Kakrao
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Ugari
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Kokuro
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Piny Owacho
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Ikerege
* Makarantar Nyankore
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Rapogi Boys
* Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Paul Ageng'a
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Sori
* Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Bande
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Okenge
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Kibuon
* Makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Ndiwa

'''Cibiyoyin Ilimi Masu Girma'''

* Kwalejin Malamai ta Migori
* Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Msomi
* Jami'ar Rongo
* Kwalejin Koyar da Kiwon Lafiya ta Kenya Migori Campus

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Mataki na motocin man fetur</title>
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An gabatar da haramtacciyar motocin man fetur ko hanawa (alal misali ta hanyar haraji) akan siyar da sabbin motocin da ke amfani da man fetur na burbushin ko amfani da motocin da ake amfani da man shafawa, da kuma karfafawa don amfani da wasu nau'ikan sufuri. Motocin da ke amfani da man fetur, kamar su man fetur (mai), dizal, kerosene, da man fetus an saita su da kasashe da yawa. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman sassa uku na tsarin fitar da man fetur na burbushin halittu, sauran su ne fitar da tashoshin samar da man fetus don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma [[Rage canjin yanayi|decarbonisation]] na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasashe da birane da yawa a duniya sun bayyana cewa za su hana sayar da motocin fasinjoji (musamman motoci da bas) da ke amfani da Man fetur kamar man fetur, iskar mai, da dizal a wani lokaci a nan gaba.[1][2] Ma'anar haramtacciyar sun haɗa da kalmomi kamar &quot;banning gas cars&quot;, &quot;banning petrol cars&quot;, &quot;the petrol and diesel car ban&quot;, [3] ko kuma kawai &quot;the diesel ban&quot;.[4][5][6] Wata hanyar fita ita ce amfani da Yankunan fitar da iska a cikin birane.￼

== Tarihi ==
Dalilan da suka sa aka haramta ci gaba da sayar da motocin man fetur sun hada da: rage haɗarin kiwon lafiya daga gurɓataccen 2&quot; href=&quot;./Particulate&quot; id=&quot;mwSA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Particulate&quot;&gt;ƙwayoyin, musamman dizal PM10s, da sauran hayaki, musamman nitrogen oxides; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; haɗuwa da iskar gas mai ɗumi ta ƙasa, kamar CO2, manufofi a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ƙasa kamar Kyoto Protocol da [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]]; ko 'yancin makamashi. Manufar hana motocin da ke amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu tana da kyau ga gwamnatoci saboda tana ba da manufa mai sauƙi,  idan aka kwatanta da [[harajin carbon]] ko cire man fetur. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 February 2020 |title=How will the petrol and diesel car ban work? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929044750/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg|thumb|Ana cajin BMW i3 a [[Amsterdam]]. Motocin lantarki suna da rabon kasuwar duniya na kusan 5% a cikin 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]


Akwai wasu adawa da kawai motsawa daga motocin burbushin halittu zuwa motocin lantarki, saboda har yanzu suna buƙatar babban rabo na ƙasar birni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gefe guda, akwai nau'ikan motoci da yawa (wutan lantarki) waɗanda ke ɗaukar ɗan sarari kaɗan, kamar su (kaya) kekuna da babura na lantarki da babura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Casson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richard Casson |date=25 January 2018 |title=We don't just need electric cars, we need fewer cars |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/13968/we-dont-just-need-electric-cars-we-need-fewer-cars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107075309/https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/13968/we-dont-just-need-electric-cars-we-need-fewer-cars/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020 |publisher=Greenpeace}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin keken keke da tafiya a kan gajeren nesa, musamman a cikin birane, mafi kyau kuma mai yiwuwa tare da matakai kamar cire hanyoyi da wuraren ajiye motoci da inganta kayan aikin keken keke le Hanyoyin tafiya (ciki har da hanyoyi), yana ba da wani zaɓi na maye gurbin duk motocin burbushin halittu da motocin lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Casson&quot; /&gt; Kodayake har yanzu akwai ƙananan birane marasa mota (kamar [[Venezia|Venice]]), da yawa suna hana dukkan motoci a wasu sassan birni, kamar cibiyoyin birni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 February 2020 |title=How will the petrol and diesel car ban work? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929044750/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyi ==
Hana motocin burbushin burbushin halittu na iyaka yana buƙatar hukumomi su kafa dokokin da ke ƙuntata su ta wata hanya. Hanyoyin da aka gabatar sun hada da:

* Hana ci gaba da tallace-tallace ko rajistar sabbin motocin da ke amfani da takamaiman man fetur daga wani kwanan wata a wani yanki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frank Jacobs |date=17 September 2020 |title=EV incentives and city bans in Europe: an overview |url=https://www.fleeteurope.com/en/new-energies/europe/features/ev-incentives-and-city-bans-europe-overview |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=Fleet Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar aiwatarwa, motocin da ke akwai za su kasance bisa doka don tuki a kan manyan hanyoyi na jama'a.
* Hana shigo da sabbin motocin da ke amfani da takamaiman man fetur daga wani kwanan wata zuwa wani yanki. An shirya wannan a kasashe kamar Denmark da Isra'ila;  duk da haka, wasu kasashe, kamar Isra'ila, ba su da doka a kan batun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Solomon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shoshanna Solomon |date=27 February 2018 |title=Israel aims to eliminate use of coal, gasoline and diesel by 2030 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-aims-to-eliminate-use-of-coal-gasoline-and-diesel-by-2030/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001093118/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-aims-to-eliminate-use-of-coal-gasoline-and-diesel-by-2030/ |archive-date=1 October 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=The Times of Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hana duk wani amfani da wasu motocin da ke amfani da takamaiman man fetur daga wani kwanan wata a cikin wani yanki. Ƙuntatawa irin su waɗannan sun riga sun kasance a cikin biranen Turai da yawa, yawanci a cikin mahallin yankunansu masu ƙarancin fitarwa (LEZs). &lt;ref name=&quot;diesel restrictions analysis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2018 |title=How to get rid of dirty diesels on city roads |url=https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/TE%20Air%20Quality%20Report_FINAL_12032018%20NEW.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107131847/https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/TE%20Air%20Quality%20Report_FINAL_12032018%20NEW.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=Transport &amp; Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Motocin sel na man fetur (wutan lantarki) (FCVs ko FCEVs) kuma suna ba da izinin gudu a kan (wasu) man fetur marasa burbushin halittu (watau, hydrogen, ethanol, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; methanol, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;).

Birane gabaɗaya suna amfani da gabatarwar yankuna masu ƙarancin fitarwa (LEZs) ko yankuna masu fitarwa (ZEZs), wani lokacin tare da takardar shaidar ingancin iska kamar Crit'air (Faransa), don ƙuntata amfani da motocin burbushin halittu a wasu ko duk yankinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobs&quot;/&gt; Wadannan yankuna suna girma a cikin adadi, girman, da tsauri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu haramtacciyar birni a kasashe kamar Italiya, Jamus, da Switzerland ana kunna su ne kawai na ɗan lokaci a wasu lokutan rana, a lokacin hunturu, ko kuma lokacin da akwai faɗakarwar hayaki (alal misali, a Italiya a watan Janairun 2020); waɗannan ba sa ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga kawar da motocin man fetur, amma suna sa mallakar da amfani da irin waɗannan motocin ba su da kyau yayin da aka ƙuntata kuma farashin tuki yana ƙaruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADAC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 February 2020 |title=Zufahrtsbeschränkungen in Europa |url=https://www.adac.de/verkehr/abgas-diesel-fahrverbote/fahrverbote/fahrverbote-ausland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927113323/https://www.adac.de/verkehr/abgas-diesel-fahrverbote/fahrverbote/fahrverbote-ausland/ |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=[[ADAC]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu ƙasashe sun ba masu amfani da ƙarfafawa daban-daban kamar tallafi ko raguwar haraji don ƙarfafa sayen motocin lantarki, yayin da ake biyan haraji mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobs&quot;/&gt;

Tare da taimakon tallafin gwamnati, Norway ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta sami mafi yawan sabbin motocin da aka sayar a cikin 2021 su zama lantarki. A watan Janairun 2022, kashi 88 cikin 100 na sabbin motocin da aka siyar a kasar na lantarki ne. Koyaya, sabanin rahotanni da yawa na ƙarya game da al'amarin, ba a shirya haramtacciyar sayar da sabbin motocin man fetur ko rajistar sabbin motoci na man fetur ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuraren da aka tsara don hana motocin burbushin halittu ==

=== Kasashen Duniya ===
A [[Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021]] da aka gudanar a Glasgow gwamnatoci da kamfanoni da yawa sun sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa da ba ta bin doka ba don hanzarta sauyawa zuwa motoci da motoci masu fitar da iska 100% (Glasgow Declaration). Sun so duk sabbin motoci da motoci kada su fitar da iskar gas a cikin bututun ruwa ta hanyar 2035 a manyan kasuwanni da kuma 2040 a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glasgow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=COP26 declaration on accelerating the transition to 100% zero emission cars and vans |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cop26-declaration-zero-emission-cars-and-vans/cop26-declaration-on-accelerating-the-transition-to-100-zero-emission-cars-and-vans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110011321/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cop26-declaration-zero-emission-cars-and-vans/cop26-declaration-on-accelerating-the-transition-to-100-zero-emission-cars-and-vans |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |website=UK Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signatories – Views {{!}} Accelerating to Zero Coalition |url=https://acceleratingtozero.org/signatories-views/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=acceleratingtozero.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=COP26 declaration on accelerating the transition to 100% zero emission cars and vans |url=https://www.greencarcongress.com/2021/11/20211111-cop26zevs.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Green Car Congress |archive-date=2023-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223192822/https://www.greencarcongress.com/2021/11/20211111-cop26zevs.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amurka da China (mafi girman kasuwannin mota) ba su sanya hannu ba kuma Jamus ba ta sanya hannu ba (mafi girma kasuwar mota a cikin EU). Har ila yau, ba su cikin jerin masu sa hannu ba sune manyan masana'antun mota Volkswagen, Toyota, Renault-Nissan da Hyundai-Kia.

=== Tarayyar Turai ===
A cikin 2018, Denmark ta ba da shawarar haramtacciyar EU a kan motocin man fetur da dizal, amma hakan ya sabawa ka'idojin EU. A watan Oktoba na 2019, Denmark ta ba da shawara don fitar da motocin man fetur a matakin memba na shekara ta 2030 wanda wasu kasashe 10 na EU suka goyi bayan. A watan Yulin 2021, Faransa ta yi adawa da haramtacciyar motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki kuma musamman a kan motocin hybrid. A watan Yulin 2021, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar rage fitar da hayaki 100% don sabbin tallace-tallace na motoci da vans tun daga shekara ta 2035.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 February 2020 |title=How will the petrol and diesel car ban work? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929044750/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2022, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kada kuri'a don amincewa da shawarar Hukumar Tarayyar Tarayyar, amma yarjejeniya tare da kasashe membobin Tarayyar Tsaro ta zama dole kafin a zartar da doka ta ƙarshe.

A ranar  ga Yuni , Ministan Kudi na Jamus Christian Lindner ya bayyana cewa gwamnatinsa za ta ki amincewa da haramcin.CO=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwASo&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;CO/green/2022/06/22/germany-refuses-to-agree-to-eu-ban-on-new-fossil-fuel-cars-from-2035&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;access-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;26 June 2022&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;website&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;euronews&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;language&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;en&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwD9Q\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt137\&quot; class=\&quot;citation web cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwD9U\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/06/22/germany-refuses-to-agree-to-eu-ban-on-new-fossil-fuel-cars-from-2035\&quot; id=\&quot;mwD9Y\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Germany refuses to agree to EU ban on new fossil fuel cars from 2035\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwD9c\&quot;&gt;euronews&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. 22 June 2022&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwD9g\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwD9k\&quot;&gt;26 June&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 2022&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}' id=&quot;cite_ref-42&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[1] Amma a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2022, bayan sa'o'i 16 na tattaunawa, duk ministocin yanayi na kasashe 27 na EU sun amince da shawarar hukumar (wani ɓangare na 'Fit for 55' kunshin) don hana sayar da sabbin motocin konewa na ciki ta hanyar 2035 (ta hanyar '[ gabatar da] 100% CO2 rage fitarwa da 2035   don sabbin motoci da vans &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;'). Jamus ta goyi bayan burin 2035, ta tambayi Hukumar ko motocin hybrid ko man fetur na CO2 na iya bin shawarar; Frans Timmermans ya amsa cewa Hukumar ta ci gaba da &quot;buɗe-buɗe&quot;, amma a lokacin 'haɗe-haɗe ba su isar da isasshen raguwar hayaki ba kuma madadin man fetur sun kasance masu tsada sosai.'  Dokar &quot;zero CO2 emissions for new cars and vans in 2035&quot; Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da ita a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian 29June22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 February 2020 |title=How will the petrol and diesel car ban work? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929044750/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2024, ministan masana'antu na Italiya ya yi kira ga EU da ta sake tantance haramcin ta na 2035 akan man fetur da motocin diesel, yana ba da shawarar sake dubawa a baya don bayyanawa. Gwamnatin Italiya ta tura don samun sauƙin kai wajen cimma burin decarbonization da kuma sauyawa a hankali daga injunan konewa.

=== Kasashe ===
Kasashen da aka gabatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya ko aiwatar da tallace-tallace 100% na motocin fitarwa sun haɗa da China (ciki har da Hong Kong da Macau), Japan, Singapore, Burtaniya, Koriya ta Kudu, Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, Slovenia, Jamus, Italiya, Faransa, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, Kanada, jihohin Amurka 12 da suka bi Shirin Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) na California, Sri Lanka, Cabo Verde, da Costa Rica.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVOutlook2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[International Energy Agency]] (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) |date=June 2020 |title=Global EV Outlook 2020: Entering the decade of electric drive? |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910135242/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=IEA Publications}} See Table 2.1&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jirgin ruwa ==
Za a dakatar da fitarwa daga wuraren tarihi na duniya na Norway Geirangerfjord da Nærøyfjord daga 2026. 

Baya ga Jiragen ruwa da batir ko kuma jiragen ruwa na trolley ke motsawa, an yi ƙoƙari da yawa don daidaita ƙarfin ruwa na nukiliya wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na sojojin ruwa na ƙasashe da yawa na shekaru da yawa a cikin nau'ikan jiragen ruwa na nukliya, Masu ɗaukar jirgin sama na nukiliyar da masu fashewar nukiliya zuwa amfani da farar hula. Duk da yake an gina samfurori kamar Otto Hahn (jirgi)  (Jamusanci) NS Savannah (Amurka) da RV Mirai (Japan), jirgin da ba mai amfani da nukiliya ba ne kawai ya kasance a cikin aikin farar hula shine Sevmorput na Rasha wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta gina a ƙarshen 1980s. Tarayyar Soviet da magajinta Rasha suma suna kula da rundunar Jirgin ruwa na nukiliya don ci gaba da bude Hanyar Tekun Arewa.

Jirgin ruwa da jiragen ruwa sun dogara da albarkatun sabuntawa maimakon man fetur (iska da ƙarfin tsoka na mutum bi da bi) amma suna da rashin amfani dangane da saurin da farashin ma'aikata kuma saboda haka an cire su daga kusan dukkanin amfani da kasuwanci. Akwai wasu yunkurin amfani da jiragen ruwa masu amfani da iska don dalilai na kasuwanci, amma tun daga 2022 sun kasance a gefe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 February 2020 |title=How will the petrol and diesel car ban work? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929044750/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana bincika wasu man fetur a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Rage canjin yanayi|decarbonization]] na ɓangaren jigilar kaya na teku. Misali, methanol ya zama sananne a matsayin man fetur mai sauyawa: ana iya amfani dashi a cikin injunan mai amfani biyu kuma, lokacin da aka ƙera shi daga [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa]], Hydrogen da aka kama [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] a matsayin &quot;e-methanol&quot;, na iya ba da raguwar iskar gas idan aka kwatanta da man fetur na gargajiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title=Alternative Propulsions: LNG, Biodiesel, Methanol and more - Hapag-Lloyd |url=https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/online-business/digital-insights-dock/insights/2024/04/alternative-propulsions-in-shipping-what-are-lng-biodiesel-and-m.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=www.hapag-lloyd.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Early |first=Catherine |date=June 4, 2025 |title=Shipping industry still at sea as it tries to navigate to net zero |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/decarbonizing-industries/shipping-industry-still-sea-it-tries-navigate-net-zero-2025-06-04/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=New ammonia-fueled container ship designs approved |url=https://ammoniaenergy.org/articles/new-ammonia-fueled-container-ship-designs-approved/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Ammonia Energy Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu, ammoniya tana cikin ci gaba mai aiki a matsayin madadin man fetur na sifili a cikin nau'in &quot;e-ammoniya&quot;, wanda ba ya ƙunshe da Kwayoyin carbon kuma don haka ba ya fitar da [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] a lokacin konewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Kodayake yawancin ababen more rayuwa, aminci, da ƙalubalen farashi sun kasance, masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki na kasuwanci na tsammanin jiragen ammoniya don shiga aiki a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

Tsaro na makamashi da matakan inganci suma mahimmanci ne don rage hayaki na jigilar kayayyaki. Hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a ko'ina ita ce jinkirin tururi: rage saurin jirgin ruwa na iya samar da babban tanadin man fetur tunda Amfani da man fetur kusan daidai yake da cube na saurin. Misali, rage saurin jirgin ruwa daga 27 zuwa 18 knots na iya rage amfani da ~50% ko fiye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata fasahar da ke tasowa ita ce motsi mai taimakon iska, musamman ta hanyar Flettner rotors, waɗanda ke motsawa a tsaye waɗanda ke amfani da tasirin Magnus don samar da turawa. Gwaje-gwaje da gyare-gyare suna nuna tanadin man fetur na akalla 10% lokacin da aka yi amfani da rotors na Flettner, kuma cewa fasahar tana samun karbuwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134912/https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 February 2020 |title=How will the petrol and diesel car ban work? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929044750/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40726868 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Burden</title>
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      <text bytes="3280" sha1="113yoqs0z5u1eme9jhn1vp15ul6zj6r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Michael_Burden02%25_20copy.jpg|thumb|Michael Burden, 2013]]
'''Michael Burden''', FAHA, (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1960) masanin kiɗa ne na Australiya, yana aiki a Ƙasar Ingila . An zabe shi a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na Kwalejin Nazarin Dan Adam ta Australiya a shekarar 2018.

== Rayuwa ==
An haife shi a [[Adelaide|Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya]], ya yi karatu a [[Pulteney Grammar School|Makarantar Pulteney Grammar]] da [[University of Adelaide|Jami'ar Adelaide]] ; ya yi digirin digirgir a [[University of Edinburgh|Jami'ar Edinburgh]] . A halin yanzu yana karatun digiri na uku a fannin lissafi.  Abokin Waƙa, Dean kuma Chattels Fellow a [[New College, Oxford]] ; shi ne kuma darektan [[New Chamber Opera]], kuma Farfesa na Nazarin Opera a Faculty of Music, [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . A shekarar 2016, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu tallafawa Gidauniyar Kiɗa ta St Peter's Cathedral, wacce ke tallafawa kiɗan [[St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide]].

== Ayyukan Ilimi ==
Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin jami'ar Oxford ta fannin kiɗa daga 2015 zuwa 2018. Daga 2007 har zuwa 2015, ya kasance baƙo a Gidan Tarihi na Ashmolean na Oxford; shi ma mai kula da tarin hotuna na Kwalejin Kiɗa. A cikin shekara ta ilimi ta 2009-2010, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatar da jami'a guda huɗu (mataimakan masu gabatar da kara).

A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kungiyar Society for Theatre Research . Daga 2009 zuwa 2013, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies, wanda shekaru biyu suka riga ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa, sannan ya biyo bayan shekaru biyu a matsayin shugaban da ya gabata. Ya kuma yi aiki a majalisar Royal Musical Association kuma yana cikin kwamitin jagora na Cibiyar Besterman don Haskakawa (duba Gidauniyar Voltaire), memba na Project Team for Ballad Opera Online, amintaccen duka Répertoire International des Sources Musicales United Kingdom, da Gidauniyoyin Gerald Coke Handel; kuma a kan kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Oxford don Rubuce-rubucen Rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;(2018), Who's Who 2018 (London: A. &amp; C. Black)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Bincikensa yana kan waƙoƙin dandamali na Purcell, da kuma fannoni na rawa da wasan kwaikwayo a ƙarni na 17, 18, da 19, kuma ya haɗa da kundin waƙoƙin opera na Metastasio kamar yadda aka yi a Landan, bugu na Le Ballet de la Nuit : Rothschild B1/16/6 tare da Jennifer Thorp, da kuma tarihin rayuwar Regina Mingotti a Landan. A halin yanzu yana nan.  yana kammala wani littafi kan shirya wasan opera a Landan daga 1660 zuwa 1860. Yawancin bincikensa na baya-bayan nan an mayar da hankali ne kan Aikin Mata na Landan, [https://www.music.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/the-london-stage-project/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210171226/https://www.music.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/the-london-stage-project/ |date=2021-12-10 }} musamman ga Kalandar Mata na Landan da za a fitar nan ba da jimawa ba 1800-1844. [https://www.music.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/the-london-stage-project/#calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210171226/https://www.music.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/the-london-stage-project/#calendar |date=2021-12-10 }} 

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ka'idar Uzawa</title>
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      <text bytes="6521" sha1="3i3n79peeqsnkck9hjhb0mjfao7bnvr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} 
Uzawa's theorem, wanda aka fi sani da tsayayyen ci gaban jihar, wani tsari ne a cikin Ci gaban tattalin arziki wanda ke gano nau'in aiki na Canjin fasaha don cimma hanyar ci gaba mai daidaituwa a cikin tsarin ci gaban Solow-Swan da Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans. Masanin tattalin arziki na Japan Hirofumi Uzawa ne ya tabbatar da shi a 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uzawa |first=Hirofumi |date=Summer 1961 |title=Neutral Inventions and the Stability of Growth Equilibrium |journal=The Review of Economic Studies |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.2307/2295709 |jstor=2295709}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani nau'i na gaba ɗaya na ka'idar ya ƙunshi sassa biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones &amp; Scrimgeour&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Charles I. |last2=Scrimgeour |first2=Dean |year=2008 |title=A New Proof of Uzawa's Steady-State Growth Theorem |journal=[[Review of Economics and Statistics]] |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=180–182 |doi=10.1162/rest.90.1.180 |s2cid=57568437}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na farko ya bayyana cewa, a karkashin zato na yau da kullun na samfurin Solow-Swan da Ramsey, idan babban birnin, saka hannun jari, amfani, da fitarwa suna ƙaruwa a ƙimar ƙimar ƙima, waɗannan ƙimar dole ne su zama daidai. Sashe na biyu ya tabbatar da cewa, a cikin irin wannan hanyar ci gaba mai daidaituwa, aikin samarwa, 


Y = 


F ~ 


(Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi)  


A ~ 


, K , L)  


{\displaystyle Y={\tilde {F}} ({\tilda {A}},K,L) } 

(A ina 


A 


{\displaystyle A} 

fasaha ce, 


K 


{\displaystyle K} 

babban birni ne, kuma 


L 


{\displaystyle L} 

aiki ne), ana iya sake rubuta shi ta yadda canjin fasaha ke shafar fitarwa kawai a matsayin ma'auni a kan aiki (watau 


Y = F (K , A L)  


{\displaystyle Y=F (K,AL) } 

) dukiyar da aka sani da karuwar aiki ko canjin fasaha na Harrod. 

Ka'idar Uzawa ta nuna iyakancewar samfuran Solow-Swan da Ramsey. Daidaita zaton daidaitattun ci gaba a cikin irin waɗannan samfuran yana buƙatar cewa canjin fasaha ya zama karuwar aiki. Sabanin haka, aikin samarwa wanda ba zai iya wakiltar tasirin fasaha ba a matsayin karuwar ma'aikata ba zai iya samar da hanyar daidaitaccen ci gaba ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones &amp; Scrimgeour&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Charles I. |last2=Scrimgeour |first2=Dean |year=2008 |title=A New Proof of Uzawa's Steady-State Growth Theorem |journal=[[Review of Economics and Statistics]] |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=180–182 |doi=10.1162/rest.90.1.180 |s2cid=57568437}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
A cikin wannan shafin, maɓallin a kan mai canji zai nuna abin da aka samo game da lokaci (watau X ̇ (t) Yanayi d X (t) d t {\displaystyle {\dot {X}} (t) \equiv {dX (t) \over dt}} Rashin amfani da shi Har ila yau, yawan ci gaban mai canzawa X (t) {\displaystyle X (t) } za a nuna shi g X Sanya X ̇ (t) X (t) {\displaystyle g_{X}\equiv {\frac &lt;nowiki&gt;{{\dot {X}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; (t) }{X (t) }}} .

'''Ka'idar Uzawa'''

Ana samun wannan sigar a cikin Acemoglu (2009) kuma an daidaita ta daga Schlicht (2006):

Misali tare da aikin samarwa 


Y (t) = 


F ~ 


(Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi)  


A ~ 


(t), K (t), L (t))  


{\displaystyle Y (t) ={\tilde {F}} ({\til de {A}} (t),K (t),L (t)) } 

, inda 


F ~ 


&lt;nowiki/&gt;: 


R 


+ 


2 


× 


A 


→ 


R 


+ 


{\displaystyle {\tilde {F}}:\mathbb {R} _{+}^{2}\times {\mathcal {A}}\to \mathbb {S} _{&amp;}} 

da kuma 


A ~ 


(t) ∈ 


A 


{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}} (t) \in {\mathcal {A}}} 

yana wakiltar fasaha a lokacin t (inda 


A 


{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} 

wani sashi ne na son rai na 


R 


N 


{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{N}} 

ga wasu lambobi na halitta 


N 


{\displaystyle N} 

Rashin amfani da shi Ka ɗauka cewa 


F ~ 


{\displaystyle {\tilde {F}}} 

yana nuna dawowar yau da kullun zuwa sikelin a 


K 


{\displaystyle K} 

da kuma 


L 


{\displaystyle L} 

. Girman babban birnin a lokacin t an ba shi ta hanyar

&lt;math&gt;\dot{K}(t)=Y(t)-C(t)-\delta K(t)&lt;/math&gt;

inda 


δ 


{\displaystyle \delta } 

shine raguwar farashin kuma 


C (t)  


{\displaystyle C (t) } 

shine amfani a lokacin t.

Ka yi la'akari da cewa yawan jama'a yana ƙaruwa a hankali. 


L (t) = bayyana (n t) L (0)  


{\displaystyle L (t) =\exp (nt) L (0) } 

, kuma cewa akwai wani lokaci 


T &lt; ∞ 


{\displaystyle T&lt;\infty } 

irin wannan ga kowa 


t ≥ T 


{\displaystyle t\geq T} 

, 


Y ̇ 


(t)  

/ 

Y (t) = 

g 

Y 


&gt;
0 


{\displaystyle {\dot {Y}} (t) /Y (t) =g_{Y}&gt;0} 

, 


K ̇ 


(t)  

/ 

K (t) = 

g 

K 


&gt;
0 


{\displaystyle {\dot {K}} (t) /K (t) =g_{K}&gt;0} 

, da kuma 


C ̇ 


(t)  

/ 

C (t) = 

g 

C 


&gt;
0 


{\displaystyle {\dot {C}} (t) /C (t) =g_{C}&gt;0} 

. Sa'an nan kuma

1.  


g 

Y 


&lt;nowiki/&gt;= 

g 

K 


&lt;nowiki/&gt;= 

g 

C 


{\displaystyle g_{Y}=g_{K}=g _{C}} 

&lt;nowiki/&gt;; da kuma

2. Akwai aiki 


F: 


R 


+ 


2 


→ 


R 


+ 


{\displaystyle F:\mathbb {R} _{+}^{2}\to \mathbb {B} _{&amp;}} 

wannan yana da daidaituwa na digiri 1 a cikin muhawara guda biyu kamar haka, ga kowane 


t ≥ T 


{\displaystyle t\geq T} 

, ana iya wakiltar aikin samar da duka kamar yadda 


Y (t) = F (K (t), A (t) L (t))  


{\displaystyle Y (t) =F (K (t),A (t) L (t)) } 

, inda 


A (t) ∈ 


R 


+ 


{\displaystyle A (t) \in \mathbb {R} _{+}} 

da kuma 


GS ta shafi 


A ̇ 


(t)  

/ 

A (t) = 

g 

Y 


- n 


{\displaystyle g\equiv {\dot {A}} (t) /A (t) =g_{Y}-n} 

.

== Shafin hujja ==

=== Lemma 1 ===
'''Tabbacin''': Lura cewa ga kowane 


Z (t)  


{\displaystyle Z (t) } 

, 


g 

Z 


&lt;nowiki/&gt;= 


Z ̇ 


(t)  


Z (t)  


&lt;nowiki/&gt;= 


d a cikin Z (t)  


d t 


{\displaystyle g_{Z}={\frac &lt;nowiki&gt;{{\dot {Z}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; (t) }{Z (t) }}={\ frac {d\ln Z (t) }{dt}}} 

. Saboda haka, 


g 


X 

α 


Y 


&lt;nowiki/&gt;= 


d 

d t 


Ci (X (t)  

)  

α 


Y (t) ] = α 


d Xi X (t)  


d t 


+ 


d a cikin Y (t)  


d t 


&lt;nowiki/&gt;= α 

g 

X 


+ 

g 

Y 


{\displaystyle g_{X^{\alpha }Y}={\frac {d}{dt}}\ln[ (X (t)) ^{\alfa }Y (t) ]=\alpha {\frac { d\ln X (t) }{dt}}+{\fraC {d\ln Y (t) }{dt}},=\alfa g_{Y}} 

.

=== Tabbacin ka'idar ===
Mun fara nuna cewa ci gaban saka hannun jari 


I (t) = Y (t) − C (t)  


{\displaystyle I (t) =Y (t) -C (t) } 

dole ne ya daidaita yawan ci gaban babban birnin 


K (t)  


{\displaystyle K (t) } 

(watau 


g 

Na 


&lt;nowiki/&gt;= 

g 

K 


{\displaystyle g_{I}=g_{K}} 

) 

* Kyakkyawan aiki
* Lissafin ci gaba

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Nana Oye Mansa Yeboaa,''' wacce aka fi sani da suna Misis Theresa Owusu, sarauniya ce ta gargajiya [[Yan Ghana|ta ƙasar Ghana]], 'yar siyasa, [[Public servant|ma'aikaciyar gwamnati]] kuma diflomasiyya. Ita mace ce shugaba a [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|yankin Gabashin]] [[Ghana]] . Tana riƙe da muƙamin Dompiahene na [[Akuapem Kingdom|yankin gargajiya na Akuapem]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our History {{!}} Akuapem Community Foundation (Akuapem CF) |url=http://akuapemcf.org/about-us/history |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=akuapemcf.org |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709093915/http://akuapemcf.org/about-us/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mataimakiyar ministar [[Ma'aikatar Kudi da Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki (Ghana)|kuɗi da tsare-tsare tattalin arziki]], mace ta farko da ta zama mataimakiyar gwamnan [[bankin Ghana]], kuma jakadar Ghana a [[Beljik|Belgium]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] .

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haife ta a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1938 ga Kate Oye Ntow Ofosu da Eric Perigrino Nelson. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our History {{!}} Akuapem Community Foundation (Akuapem CF) |url=http://akuapemcf.org/about-us/history |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=akuapemcf.org |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709093915/http://akuapemcf.org/about-us/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi karatun sakandare a [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Wesley]], sannan ta yi karatun sakandare a [[Jami'ar Ghana]] . Nana Oye Mansa Yeboaa 'yar'uwar marigayiya [[Vida Yeboah|Vida Amaadi Yeboah]] ce, wacce ta taɓa zama Ministar Yawon Bude Ido a gwamnatin Rawlings .

== Sana'a ==
Nana Oye Mansa Yeboaa ta riƙe muƙamin mataimakiyar gwamnan [[Bankin Ghana]] na biyu daga 1989 zuwa 1997, kasancewarta mace ta farko da aka naɗa a wannan muƙamin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our History {{!}} Akuapem Community Foundation (Akuapem CF) |url=http://akuapemcf.org/about-us/history |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=akuapemcf.org |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709093915/http://akuapemcf.org/about-us/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1994 zuwa 1997, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a da Asusun Inshora na Ƙasa (SSNIT), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our History {{!}} Akuapem Community Foundation (Akuapem CF) |url=http://akuapemcf.org/about-us/history |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=akuapemcf.org |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709093915/http://akuapemcf.org/about-us/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kuma kasance memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitocin Fiɗa ta Ghana a 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our History {{!}} Akuapem Community Foundation (Akuapem CF) |url=http://akuapemcf.org/about-us/history |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=akuapemcf.org |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709093915/http://akuapemcf.org/about-us/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ta riƙe muƙaman Mataimakiyar Minista a [[Ma'aikatar Kudi da Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki (Ghana)|Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tsare-tsaren Tattalin Arziki]], Jakadar [[Ghana]] a [[Beljik|Belgium]] da kuma [[Tarayyar Turai]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GhanaDot.com..Chinery-Hesse committee ex-gratia report |url=http://www.ghanadot.com/reviews.exgratiareport.010410b.html |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=www.ghanadot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta jagoranci matakin kafa Asusun Mata na Ghana, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar hukumar ta farko bayan an kafa ta a 2001. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Fianace |date= |title=2018 State Ownership Report |url=https://www.mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/news/2018-State-Ownership-Report-Final.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2009, tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[John Atta Mills|John Evans Atta Mills]] ya naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Hukumar [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana]] (GIMPA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2009 |title=Mills appoints board members of state institutions |url=https://ghanavoices.wordpress.com/2009/05/21/mills-appoints-board-members-of-state-institutions/ |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=Xfm 95.1 NewsCenter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Nana_Oye_Mansa_Yeboaa_presents_her_credentials_to_the_European_Commission.jpg|thumb|Gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (1998)]]

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Michael Heller (dan kasuwanci)</title>
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'''Sir Michael Aron Heller''' (15 ga Yulin 1936 - 30 ga Janairu 2023) ya kasance babban jami'in kasuwanci na Burtaniya kuma mai ba da agaji.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Michael Aron Heller a [[Landan]] a ranar 15 ga Yulin 1936, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sir Michael Aron Heller |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-257665 |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=WHO'S WHO 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi karatu a [[Harrogate]]_Grammar_School&quot; id=&quot;mwFg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Harrogate Grammar School&quot;&gt;Makarantar Harrogate Grammar School a Harrogate, North Yorkshire, Ingila. &lt;ref name=&quot;CompaniesHouse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bisichi Mining plc |url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00112155/officers |access-date=15 October 2015 |website=Companies House}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;debretts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michael Aron HELLER |url=http://www.debretts.com/people-of-today/profile/81982/Michael-Aron-HELLER |access-date=October 15, 2015 |website=[[Debrett's]]}}{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin St Catharine, Cambridge, inda ya sami digiri na Master of Arts a shekarar 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;debretts&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;camb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sir Michael Heller |url=http://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/directory/sir-michael-heller |access-date=October 15, 2015 |website=St Catharine's College, Cambridge |archive-date=October 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004200131/http://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/directory/sir-michael-heller |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasuwanci ==
Heller ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Bisichi Mining . &lt;ref name=&quot;debretts&quot;/&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban London &amp;amp;amp; Associated Properties . &lt;ref name=&quot;debretts&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=DIRECTORS &amp; ADVISORS |url=http://www.lap.co.uk/Investors/DirectorsAdvisers.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020145227/http://www.lap.co.uk/Investors/DirectorsAdvisers.aspx |archive-date=2015-10-20 |access-date=October 15, 2015 |website=London &amp; Associated Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban [[Electronic Data Processing (company)|Gudanar da Bayanai na lantarki]].&lt;ref name=&quot;debretts&quot; /&gt;

== Taimako ==
Heller ya kafa Gidauniyar Michael &amp; Morven Heller Charitable a shekarar 1988.  Godiya ga kyautar sadaka da suka yi wa Magen David Adom UK Friend Society a cikin shekara ta 2006, an sanya wa Sashin Kulawa mai zurfi na Mobile wanda ke fitar da mata masu juna biyu a Isra'ila zuwa asibiti mafi kusa suna don girmama su.&lt;ref name=&quot;magenamb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambulance Dedication Ceremony – Sir Michael &amp; Lady Morven Heller |url=http://mdauk.org/news/ambulance-dedication-ceremony-sir-michael-lady-morven-heller/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082128/http://mdauk.org/news/ambulance-dedication-ceremony-sir-michael-lady-morven-heller/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=October 15, 2015 |website=Magen David Adom}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru takwas bayan haka, a cikin 2008, sakamakon wani gudummawa, an kuma sanya sunan motar asibiti don girmama su.&lt;ref name=&quot;magenamb&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2010, sun halarci abincin dare na tara kuɗi ga ORT na Burtaniya, ƙungiyar agaji ta Yahudawa.

Sun kuma ba da gudummawa ga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hampstead da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Yahudawa ta London . &lt;ref name=&quot;hamptheatre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current Patrons |url=http://www.hampsteadtheatre.com/support-us-/our-supporters/current-patrons/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929054750/http://www.hampsteadtheatre.com/support-us-/our-supporters/current-patrons/ |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=October 15, 2015 |website=Hampstead Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jewishcultural&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patrons |url=http://www.ljcc.org.uk/about/patrons |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905222103/http://www.ljcc.org.uk/about/patrons |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=15 October 2015 |website=London Jewish Cultural Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun ba da gudummawa ga Save Van Dyck don National Portrait Gallery don samun hotunan kansa na Anthony van Dyck.&lt;ref name=&quot;vandyck&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Van Dyck: A Master of Everyone: Supporters |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/van-dyck/supporters.php |access-date=15 October 2015 |website=National Portrait Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Heller ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Abokan Conservative na Isra'ila .  A shekara ta 2012, ya ba da gudummawa sama da GBP£ 100,000 ga Jam'iyyar Conservative.&lt;ref name=&quot;receivespeerage&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2014, ya halarci abincin dare na GBP£50,000 tare da Firayim Minista [[David Cameron]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin, wani tanki na tsakiya na dama da ke zaune a London.&lt;ref name=&quot;debretts&quot;/&gt; Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;cps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sir Michael Heller |url=http://www.cps.org.uk/about/board/michael-heller/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108130858/http://www.cps.org.uk/about/board/michael-heller/ |archive-date=8 November 2015 |access-date=15 October 2015 |website=Centre for Policy Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da mutuwarsa ==
Heller ta auri Morven Livingstone, Lady Heller (an haife ta a shekara ta 1940), 'yar Dokta Julius Livingstone, likitan iyali, da Pearl (née Levy). Morven ta girma tare da ƙanwarta, lauyan kare hakkin dan adam Frances Raday, a Manchester . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sir Michael Aron Heller |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-257665 |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=WHO'S WHO 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare suka zauna a [[Hampstead]], arewacin London.

Heller ya kasance memba na Royal Automobile Club, kulob din mambobi masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;debretts&quot;/&gt; Ya kuma tattara fasahar zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;debretts&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
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  <page>
    <title>Maurice na Rohan</title>
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'''Maurice John na Rohan''' AO [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (13 ga Mayu 1936 - 5 ga Oktoba 2006)  ya kasance injiniyan Australiya, tsohon Wakilin Janar na Kudancin Australia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MAURICE DE ROHAN AO OBE : CV |url=http://www.blueandgoldalumni.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/8.Maurice-de-Rohan-AO-OBE.pdf |access-date=2016-01-30 |website=Blueandgoldalumni.com.au |archive-date=2017-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219225121/http://www.blueandgoldalumni.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/8.Maurice-de-Rohan-AO-OBE.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma wanda aka zaba a matsayin Gwamna na Kudanci Australia .

== Ayyuka ==
An haife shi a [[Adelaide]], Ostiraliya, de Rohan ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Adelaide a 1960 tare da digiri a aikin injiniya. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 23 ya kafa Kinnaird Hill de Rohan da Young (daga baya Kinhill Engineers Pty Ltd) a matsayin abokin tarayya sannan kuma Darakta.

Kamfanin ya fadada zuwa duk sauran jihohin Ostiraliya kuma ya girma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin injiniya da tsarawa na Ostiraliya. A shekara ta 1976, bayan hadin gwiwar kamfanin tare da Llewellyn-Davies Weeks International, de Rohan ya zama mataimakin shugaban da kuma manajan darakta na kamfanin da ke London. Ya zama memba na kafa Kasuwancin Australiya a Turai, darektan a 1978, kuma shugaban a 1982-83. Ya kuma zama Fellow na Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Burtaniya .

Rashin 'yarsa, Alison, da surukinsa, Francis Gaillard, a cikin Bala'in jirgin ruwa na Zeebrugge na 1987 ya kasance canji a rayuwarsa. Shi, tare da wasu iyalai, sun kafa kungiyar Herald Families&quot; Association, wanda ke da niyyar cimma adalci mafi girma da wayar da kan jama'a game da bukatar mafi girma na jirgin ruwa lafiya. An nada shi [[Order of the British Empire|Jami'in Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) a cikin 1992 Birthday Honours List saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa shi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/292054.html Obituaries, 2007: Obituaries index: A-E]&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan, wannan ya haifar da kafa aikin agaji na bala'i a cikin 1991.

A shekara ta 1998 an nada shi wakili-janar na Kudancin Australia, wanda ke zaune a Babban Kwamitin Australia, London.

A Lord's Cricket Ground, ya kasance shugaban kwamitin dukiya na tsawon shekaru bakwai, bayan ya zama memba na Marylebone Cricket Club a shekarar 1986. Ya kasance yana da hannu sosai a cikin ci gaba da shirin ci gaba wanda ya canza wurare ga 'yan wasa, masu kallo da jami'ai, an kammala shi a kan lokaci da kuma cikin kasafin kuɗi, godiya ga kulawarsa. A Lord's mafi mahimmancin nasarorin da ya samu shine gyaran fam miliyan 8 (A $ 20) na Victorian Pavilion, wanda aka kammala yayin da aka bude kakar 2006. de Rohan ya kuma kula da sabuntawa na rufin alfarwa na musamman na Mound Stand.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/292054.html Obituaries, 2007: Obituaries index: A-E]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2006, Firayim Minista na [[South Australia|Kudancin Australia]], Hon Mike Rann MP ya zaba shi don ya gaji [[Marjorie Jackson-Nelson]] a matsayin Gwamna na Kudanci Australia, mukamin da zai dauka a lokacin da ya dawo [[Adelaide]]. Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya koyi game da girmamawa, da sanin cewa yana fama da ciwon daji, yanayinsa ya kara muni. Sa'o'i kafin mutuwarsa, an sanya shi [[Officer of the Order of Australia|Jami'in Order of Australia]] (AO) a wani gabatarwa na musamman da Babban Kwamishinan Australiya Hon Richard Alston AO ya gudanar wanda dangi da abokai na kusa suka shaida. An buga wannan lambar yabo tare da girmamawar ranar Australia ta 2007.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/292054.html Obituaries, 2007: Obituaries index: A-E]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]]
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  <page>
    <title>Meg Lemon</title>
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'''Meg Lemon''' (an haife ta a 5 ga Oktoba 1989) 'yar wasan keke ce ta Australiya. Ta wakilci Ostiraliya a [[Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2024]] inda ta lashe lambar tagulla &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2021 |title=World And Paralympic Champions Feature Among Tokyo-Bound Para-Cyclists |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2021/07/world-and-paralympic-champions-feature-among-tokyo-bound-para-cyclists/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=Paralympics Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma wasannin Paralympic na bazara na 2024,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=Paralympics Australia Names Cycling Team For Paris 2024 &amp;#124; Paralympics Australia |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2024/07/paralympics-australia-names-cycling-team-for-paris-2024/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.paralympic.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta lashe lambobin azurfa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paris2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paralympic Para Cycling Road Schedule - Women's C4-5 Road Race |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/paralympic-games/schedule/para-cycling-road/womens-c4-5-road-race?day=6-september01 |access-date=17 September 2024 |publisher=Paris 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na Mutum ==
An haifi Lemon a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meg Lemon |url=https://www.australiancyclingteam.com/meglemon.html |access-date=6 August 2018 |website=Cycling Australia website }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci [[Kwalejin Zuciya Mai Tsarki (Adelaide)|Kwalejin Zuciya Mai Tsarki]] a [[Adelaide|Adelaide, Kudancin Australia]] . Lemon yana da digiri na farko, Nutrition and Dietetics daga [[Jami'ar Flinders]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin masanin abinci na wasanni. Lemon ta sami rauni a kwakwalwa lokacin da mota ta buge ta yayin da take tafiya zuwa aiki kuma ta bar ta da rauni a gefen dama na jikinta.

== Gudun keke ==
Lemon an rarraba shi a matsayin mai tuka keke na C4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2021 |title=World And Paralympic Champions Feature Among Tokyo-Bound Para-Cyclists |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2021/07/world-and-paralympic-champions-feature-among-tokyo-bound-para-cyclists/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=Paralympics Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karon farko na kasa da kasa a gasar zakarun duniya ta UCI ta 2017 a [[Los Angeles]], Amurka, ta kammala ta huɗu a tseren C4-C5 Scratch na mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=Paralympics Australia Names Cycling Team For Paris 2024 &amp;#124; Paralympics Australia |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2024/07/paralympics-australia-names-cycling-team-for-paris-2024/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.paralympic.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2017, a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta UCI ta 2017, Pietermaritzburg, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], Lemon ta lashe lambobin tagulla a Gasar Gasar Mata ta C4 da Gasar Gidan Mata ta C4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2021 |title=World And Paralympic Champions Feature Among Tokyo-Bound Para-Cyclists |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2021/07/world-and-paralympic-champions-feature-among-tokyo-bound-para-cyclists/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=Paralympics Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gasar zakarun duniya ta UCI ta 2018 a [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar C4 kuma ta kasance ta tara a gasar C-4 ta mata da C4-5 da C4 na mata 500. A gasar zakarun duniya ta UCI ta 2018 Para-cycling Road, Maniago, [[Italiya]] ta lashe lambar tagulla a Gwaji na Mata C4 kuma ta kammala ta huɗu a Gasar Mata ta C4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=Paralympics Australia Names Cycling Team For Paris 2024 &amp;#124; Paralympics Australia |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2024/07/paralympics-australia-names-cycling-team-for-paris-2024/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.paralympic.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar zakarun duniya ta UCI ta 2019 a Apeldoorn, Netherlands, ta lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mata na C4 da lambar tagulla a tseren mace na C4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2021 |title=World And Paralympic Champions Feature Among Tokyo-Bound Para-Cyclists |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2021/07/world-and-paralympic-champions-feature-among-tokyo-bound-para-cyclists/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=Paralympics Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta UCI ta 2019 a Emmen, Netherlands, ta lashe lambobin tagulla a Gasar Ciniki ta Mata C4 da Gasar Cin Hanci C4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2021 |title=World And Paralympic Champions Feature Among Tokyo-Bound Para-Cyclists |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2021/07/world-and-paralympic-champions-feature-among-tokyo-bound-para-cyclists/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=Paralympics Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar zakarun duniya ta UCI ta 2020 a Milton, Ontario, ta lashe lambar azurfa a gasar C4 ta mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2021 |title=World And Paralympic Champions Feature Among Tokyo-Bound Para-Cyclists |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2021/07/world-and-paralympic-champions-feature-among-tokyo-bound-para-cyclists/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=Paralympics Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Wasannin Paralympics na Tokyo na 2020, Lemon ta lashe lambar tagulla a Gwaji na Mata na C4 tare da lokaci na 41:14.42 kuma ta kammala ta huɗu a Gasar Mata ta C4, ta tara tare da Amanda Reid da Gordon Allan a cikin Mixed Team Sprint C1-5 kuma ta takwas a Gasar Matasa ta C4-5 . [1]

Lemon ta lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mata na C4 a gasar zakarun duniya ta UCI ta 2022 a Baie-Comeau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2021 |title=World And Paralympic Champions Feature Among Tokyo-Bound Para-Cyclists |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2021/07/world-and-paralympic-champions-feature-among-tokyo-bound-para-cyclists/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=Paralympics Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar zakarun duniya ta UCI ta 2022 a Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Faransa, ta lashe lambobin tagulla guda biyu - Women's Pursuit C4 da Women's Scratch Race C4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2021 |title=World And Paralympic Champions Feature Among Tokyo-Bound Para-Cyclists |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2021/07/world-and-paralympic-champions-feature-among-tokyo-bound-para-cyclists/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=Paralympics Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A [[Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2024]] a birnin Paris, ta lashe azurfa a Gwaji na Mata na C4.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paris2024&quot;/&gt; Ta kammala ta shida a tseren mata na C4 kuma ta goma sha biyu a tseren C4-5.

A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta UCI ta 2025 a Ronse, ta lashe lambobin tagulla a Gasar Ciniki ta Mata C4 da Gasar Cinikin Mata C4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2021 |title=World And Paralympic Champions Feature Among Tokyo-Bound Para-Cyclists |url=https://www.paralympic.org.au/2021/07/world-and-paralympic-champions-feature-among-tokyo-bound-para-cyclists/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=Paralympics Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lemon ta gudanar da 'yan wasa a Cibiyar Nazarin Wasanni ta Kudancin Australia.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mike Elliott (ɗan siyasa)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Michael John Elliott''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1952) tsohon dan siyasa ne na Australiya. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Australiya na Majalisar Dokokin Australiya ta Kudu daga 1985 har zuwa 1993 kuma daga 1994 har zuwa 2002, kuma ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar daga 1994 zuwa 2002.

Elliott ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Adelaide tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya, kuma daga baya ta sami Digiri na Koyarwa. A shekara ta 1985 an zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia a matsayin dan jam'iyyar [[Australian Democrats|Democrat]], bayan ya lashe matsayi na farko a tikitin jam'iyyar a cikin takaddamar da aka yi tsakanin bangarorin hagu da dama na jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1987, ya gabatar da lissafin da ya ci nasara wanda ya hana tallace-tallace na sigari a Kudancin Australia. Ya yi murabus a 1993 a cikin yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba na sauyawa zuwa kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta [[Electoral district of Davenport|Davenport]] a [[1993 South Australian state election|Zaben jihar na 1993]] amma an sake nada shi a 1994 a kan murabus din [[Ian Gilfillan]], yana aiki har sai da ya yi ritaya a 2002. Daga baya aka nada shi darektan shirin hadin gwiwar Arewacin Adelaide na [[Jami'ar Kudancin Australia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2003 |title=UniSA News |url=http://w3.unisa.edu.au/unisanews/archive/2003/unisanews_feb2003_main.pdf |access-date=3 February 2020 |publisher=University of South Australia |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406075944/http://w3.unisa.edu.au/unisanews/archive/2003/unisanews_feb2003_main.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mapitigama Buddharakkitha</title>
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'''Mapitigama Buddha''' (1921-1967) shi ne babban mai makirci na kisan [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] na huɗu na [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] (daga baya [[Sri Lanka]]&quot;&gt;Sri Lanka) S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike . &lt;ref name=&quot;bhd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Parabhawa Sutta Vs. Mapitigama Buddharakkitha |url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2010/02/13/parabhava-sutra-vs-talduwe-somarama-mapitigama-buddharakkitha-udugama-sri-buddharakkitha-thibbotuwawe-sri-sumanangala/ |access-date=2011-02-05 |publisher=LankaWeb |archive-date=2011-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727112534/http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2010/02/13/parabhava-sutra-vs-talduwe-somarama-mapitigama-buddharakkitha-udugama-sri-buddharakkitha-thibbotuwawe-sri-sumanangala/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1947 zuwa 1959, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban firist na Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara, daya daga cikin haikalin Buddha mafi tsarki a Sri Lanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year= |title=Authoritarianism and the Crisis of Identity |url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/CHA01.htm |access-date=2011-02-05 |publisher=UTHR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Buddharakkitha ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike zuwa mulki a zaben 'yan majalisa na 1956. Shi ne mai motsawa a bayan Eksath Bhikkhu Peramuna ko United Bhikku Front . An bayyana shi a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya na lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year= |title=Authoritarianism and the Crisis of Identity |url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/CHA01.htm |access-date=2011-02-05 |publisher=UTHR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, ya danganta gazawar Bandaranaike na bin sauye-sauyen kasa a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya kashe shi. Amma an bayyana cewa ainihin dalilin kisan ya zo ne sakamakon kin amincewar Firayim Minista na bayar da yarjejeniyar kasuwanci, musamman, kwangilar gwamnati don gina masana'antar sukari da kuma izinin gwamnati ga kamfanin sufuri Buddharakkitha ya shirya kafawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Prime Minister Solomon Bandaranaike Assassination Revisited after 50 Years |url=http://www.sangam.org/2009/10/Bandaranaike_Assassination_3.php?uid=3710 |access-date=2011-02-05 |publisher=Sangam.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talduwe Somarama, wani malamin addinin Buddha, ya kashe Bandaranaike a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1959 a karkashin jagorancin Buddharakkitha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year= |title=Sri Lanka: The untold story |url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/Cl01Df05.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011220212820/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/Cl01Df05.html |archive-date=2001-12-20 |access-date=2011-02-05 |publisher=Asia Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan da aka fi sani da Buddharakkitha sun bayyana ne kawai bayan an same shi. An bayyana shi a matsayin mai arziki dan kasuwa wanda ke da hannu a cikin manyan kasuwanni daban-daban. Buddharakkitha yana cinye whiskey akai-akai, wanda laifi ne ga wani malamin Buddha. An yi zargin cewa yana da jima'i da Ministan Lafiya Vimala Wijewardene, ita kadai ce ministan mata na majalisar ministocin Bandaranaike.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhd&quot;/&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
Abin mamaki shine, mutum na farko da ya nuna fushinsa da baƙin ciki game da kisan kai a Rediyon Ceylon (kawai sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a Sri Lanka a lokacin) shine Mapitigama Buddharakkitha . [1] Gwamnatin Sri Lanka ta kira Scotland Yard don gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da kisan. Bincike ya nuna cewa Buddharakkitha shine babban mai kula da kisan. Shari'ar kotu da ta biyo baya ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa a 1961. Daga baya aka canza hukuncin zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1967 ta hanyar ciwon zuciya bayan shekaru 6 na aiki tuƙuru.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Talduwe Somarama

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* A.C. Alles, Famous Criminal Cases of Sri Lanka, Volume III: ''Kisan Firayim Minista.'' SWRD Bandaranaike (Disamba-1979): Mawallafin ya buga shi. Hardcover da Vantage, Inc., NY, Amurka ta buga 1986 a matsayin Assassination of a Prime Minister .  .{{ISBN|0-533-06636-0}}
* Lucian G. Weeramantry, ''Kisan Firayim Minista'' - Kisan Bandaranaike (Hardcover, Geneva, Switzerland, 1969).
* Firoze Sameer, dOSSIEr COREA: A portfolio on crime (Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1999)  .{{ISBN|955-96740-0-5}}
* Seneviratne, H.L: 'Yan addinin Buddha da siyasar kabilanci. Anthropology A yau, Afrilu 2001; 17 (2): 15-21.
* [https://sangam.org/2009/09/Bandaranaike_Assassination.php?uid=3691 Sri Kantha Sachi: Firayim Minista Solomon Bandaranaike Assassination An sake ziyarta bayan shekaru 50. Sashe na 1 - Siyasa, Satumba 26, 2009.]
* [https://sangam.org/2009/10/Bandaranaike_Assassinations.php Sri Kantha Sachi: Firayim Minista Solomon Bandaranaike Assassination An sake ziyarta bayan shekaru 50. Sashe na 2 - Siyasa, Oktoba, 2009.]
* [https://sangam.org/2009/10/Bandaranaike_Assassination_3.php?uid=3710 Sri Kantha Sachi: Firayim Minista Solomon Bandaranaike Assassination An sake ziyarta bayan shekaru 50. Sashe na 3 - Wasanni da Tattalin Arziki, Oktoba, 2009.]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]]</text>
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'''Morna Dorothy Hooker''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1931) [[Theology|masanin tauhidi]] ne na Burtaniya kuma masanin [[Sabon Alkawari]].  

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Morna Hooker a Beddington a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1931. Ta tafi Jami'ar Bristol inda ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa na farko a fannin tauhidi, sannan ta sami MA. Ta yi aiki don digiri na PhD a Jami'ar Manchester, sannan a Jami'an Durham .

== Ayyuka da bincike ==
Ta zama Mai Bincike a fannin fasaha a Durham . {{Sfn|Moule|1996}} A shekara ta 1961 an zabe ta a matsayin malami na wucin gadi, sannan kuma na dindindin a Kwalejin King ta London . {{Sfn|Moule|1996}} A shekara ta 1970, ta tafi aikin lacca a fannin tauhidi a [[Oxford]]&quot; id=&quot;mwJg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Oxford&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Oxford, tare da zumunci a Kwalejin Linacre, Oxford . {{Sfn|Moule|1996}}

Ta kasance Farfesa ta Lady Margaret ta Allahntaka a cikin Jami'ar Cambridge daga 1976 zuwa 1998,  ta zama mace ta farko da ta riƙe digiri na Cambridge na DC,  kuma tun daga 1998 ita ce Farfesa Emerita .{{Sfn|Moule|1996}} Tana da digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Bristol (1994)  da Jami'ar Edinburgh (1997). {{Sfn|Moule|1996}}{{Sfn|Williams|1997}}

Ta kasance Fellow na Kwalejin Robinson, bayan ta shiga cikin zumunci a matsayin Fellow mai kafa a 1977,  kuma Fellow ne na Kwaleji ta King's London (1979)  kuma Fellow mai daraja na Kwalejar Linacre, Oxford.{{Sfn|Moule|1996}}{{Sfn|LC|2020}}

Hooker ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Shugaba na ''Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas'', wata kungiya ta duniya ta malaman Sabon Alkawari (1988). {{Sfn|Moule|1996}} Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama edita na hadin gwiwa na The Journal of Theological Studies . {{Sfn|Moule|1996}}

Ta kasance mai wa'azi na Methodist mai aiki a yankin.{{Sfn|Moule|1996}} Ta kuma kasance Shugabar Wesley House Trustees . {{Sfn|WH|2020}}

Sha'awarta ta ilimi ta kasance a cikin tunanin Kirista na farko a cikin yanayin gadon Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Yahudawa.{{Sfn|WH|2020}} Binciken ta ya mayar da hankali musamman kan Wasiƙun Bulus da Linjila bisa ga Markus, da kuma Christology.{{Sfn|Moule|1996}} Ra'ayinta na tauhidi game da soteriology shine Arminian.{{Sfn|Niemelä|2012}}

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ita ce gwauruwar ɗan'uwanta masanin tauhidi kuma Minista Methodist Rev. David Stacey, kuma wani lokacin ana kiranta Morna Hooker-Stacey . {{Sfn|Moule|1996}}

== Kyaututtuka ==
A shekara ta 2004 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Burkitt don Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta Kwalejin Burtaniya.{{Sfn|BA|2004}}{{Sfn|Halcomb|2012}}

== Littattafai ==

=== Littattafai ===

* ''Yesu da Bawan: Tasirin Ma'anar Bawan Deutero-Ishaya a Sabon Alkawari'' (1959) 
* ''Ɗan Mutum a cikin Markus'' (1967) 
* ''Menene game da Sabon Alkawari?''  (Jami'ar ta 1975) 
* ''Musayar da kafara'' (1978) 
* ''Nazarin Sabon Alkawari'' (1979) 
* ''Pauline Pieces'' / ''Gabatarwa ga Bulus'' (1980) 
* Paul da Paulinism (jt. ed. 1982) 
* ''Jaraba da wahala a cikin Markus XIII'' (1983) 
* ''Saƙon Markus'' (1983) 
* ''Ci gaba da Rashin Ci gaba: Kiristanci na Farko a cikin Yanayin Yahudawa'' (1986) 
* Daga Adamu zuwa Kristi: Essays on St Paul (1990) 
* ''Linjila bisa ga St Mark'' (1993) 
* Ba a Jin kunya ba game da Linjila: Sabon Alkawari Fassarar Mutuwar Kristi (1994) 
* ''Alamun Annabi: Ayyukan annabci na Yesu'' (1997) 
* ''Farawa: Makullin da ke buɗe Linjila'' (1997) 
* Ƙarshen: Gayyata zuwa almajiri (2003) 
* Paul: Takaitaccen Gabatarwa (2003) 
* Ba a cikin Magana kadai ba (ed. 2003) 
* ''Paul: Jagoran Mai farawa'' (2008) 

=== Labarai ===

* {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Morna |date=2009 |title=Authority on her Head: An Examination of I Cor. xi. 10 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/new-testament-studies/article/authority-on-her-head-an-examination-of-i-cor-xi-10/947E8A98C64ACEA00D2BD815F0F8BDE5 |journal=New Testament Studies |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3}}

== Manazarta ==

=== Bayani ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Tushen ===

* {{Cite web |last=BA |date=4 October 2004 |title=Winners of 2004 British Academy medals and prizes |url=http://www.britac.ac.uk/news/news.cfm/newsid/164 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315171113/http://www.britac.ac.uk/news/news.cfm/newsid/164 |archive-date=15 March 2012 |access-date=21 December 2010 |publisher=British Academy |language=en}}
*  
* {{Cite web |last=LC |date=2020 |title=Fellows |url=https://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/about-linacre/staff-and-fellows/fellows |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=Linacre College |language=en}}
*  
* {{Cite journal |last=Niemelä |first=John H. |date=2012 |title=That I May Attain To Whose Resurrection? Philippians 3:11 |url=https://faithalone.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Niemela.pdf |journal=Journal of the Grace Evangelical Society |language=en |volume=25 |issue=49}}
*  
* {{Cite web |last=WH |date=2020 |title=About Wesley House |url=https://www.wesley.cam.ac.uk/about/fellows/morna-hooker-stacey-fellow-2/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=Wesley House |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924034804/https://www.wesley.cam.ac.uk/about/fellows/morna-hooker-stacey-fellow-2/ |url-status=dead }}
*  
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]
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    <title>Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan</title>
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'''Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan''' wacce aka sani da UP Hindi Sansthan ƙungiya ce mai cin gashin kanta a Uttar Pradesh, tana aiki don haɓaka yaren Hindi. Ana gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin Sashen Harsuna, Gwamnatin Uttar Pradesh.

Baya ga shirye-shirye daban-daban, tana kuma karrama ma’abuta rubuce-rubucen bisa gudunmawar da suke bayarwa a fagage daban-daban don inganta harshen Hindi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Ajay |date=September 12, 2019 |title=हिंदी संस्थान के तीन बड़े पुरस्कारों पर काशी का कब्जा, बद्रीनाथ कपूर को हिंदी गौरव सम्मान |url=https://www.patrika.com/varanasi-news/hindi-sansthan-award-badrinath-kapur-indeevar-and-madhukar-nominated-5120436/ |publisher=Patrika |language=Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, Yogi Adityanath yana aiki a matsayin shugaban UP Hindi Sansthan. Ya nada shugaban gudanarwa da darakta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=12 September 2017 |title=प्रो.सदानंद गुप्‍त बने हिन्‍दी संस्‍थान के कार्यकारी अध्‍यक्ष |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-prof-sadanand-gupta-president-hindi-sansthan-1497209.html |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nada Sadanand Prasad Gupta a matsayin shugaban riko na Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan a watan Satumba 2017.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cibiyar Tsakiya ta Hindi 
* Sakatariyar Hindi ta Duniya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Morgan Adokwei Brown</title>
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'''Morgan Adokwei Brown''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1959) lauya ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyyar Ghana. Ya kasance jakadan Ghana a Belgium daga 2012 zuwa 2016 kuma Babban Kwamishinan Ghana a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] daga 2016 zuwa 2017.

== Shekarun farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Morgan a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1959 a [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] . Ya yi karatun sakandare a [[Accra Academy]] daga 1971 zuwa 1978, ya kuma ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ghana]], Legon, inda ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga 1979 zuwa 1982, daga baya kuma ya halarci [[Ghana School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana]] don samun digiri na biyu a fannin lauya daga 1982 zuwa 1984. Ya yi kwas a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Zamantakewa da ke [[Sofiya|Sofia]], [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] a 1986, sannan ya ci gaba da karatu a [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana]] (GIMPA) daga 1986 zuwa 1988. Ya kuma yi karatun diflomasiyya da hulda da kasashen duniya a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] daga 1989 zuwa 1990, sannan ya yi aikin tsara dokoki a [[University of London|Jami'ar London]] a 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MORGAN ADOKWEI BROWN2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ambassador, CURRICULUM VITAE |url=https://www.ghanaembassy.be/general-news/39-the-ambassador |access-date=16 December 2018 |publisher=Ghana Embassy Belgium |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000923/https://www.ghanaembassy.be/general-news/39-the-ambassador |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MORGAN2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE |url=http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXIV/EU/09/77/EU_97797/imfname_10382900.pdf |access-date=10 July 2019 |publisher=COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION GENERAL SECRETARIAT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Aikinsa ya fara ne a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga majalisar gundumar Tema, wacce yanzu take Majalisar Birnin Tema, a matsayin ma'aikacin hidima na ƙasa daga 1985 zuwa 1986. Ya kasance mataimakin daraktan shari'a da kuma jakadan jakadanci a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje daga 1986 zuwa 1990. Daga baya ya zama mataimakin daraktan ofishin Turai a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin jakadanci na dindindin na Ghana zuwa [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], birnin New York, tare da alhakin kwamitoci na uku, na biyar da na shida na [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] daga 1992 zuwa 1996 sannan kuma mukaddashin darakta na ofishin shari'a da jakadanci a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin jakadanci na ofishin jakadancin [[Ghana]] da ke [[Monrovia]], [[Laberiya|Liberia]] daga 1998 zuwa 2002. Ya zama mukaddashin darakta na ofishin tsare-tsare da bincike a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje daga baya a 2002. Daga 2002 zuwa 2003 ya kasance mataimakin daraktan fasfo a ma'aikatar. Ya kasance mataimakin darakta a ofishin Tarayyar Afirka a ma'aikatar daga 2003 zuwa 2004. Daga 2004 zuwa 2008, ya kasance ministan jami'ar gwamnati a Babban Kwamitin Ghana da ke Landan . Ya zama daraktan sa ido kan manufofi, tsare-tsare da sashen sa ido na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje daga 2008 zuwa 2009. Sannan kuma daraktan gudanarwa a ma'aikatar daga 2009 zuwa 2010. Daga 2010 zuwa 2013 ya kasance mataimakin shugaban ofishin jakadanci na ofishin jakadancin Ghana da ke [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], Denmark. A shekarar 2013 an nada shi jakadan Ghana a Belgium  tare da amincewa a lokaci guda a [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Presentation of the credentials of the Heads of Mission to José Manuel Barroso, President of the EC |url=http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/photo/photoDetails.cfm?sitelang=en&amp;mgid=413#1imagen |access-date=16 December 2018 |publisher=European Union, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 2016 lokacin da aka nada shi babban kwamishina na Ghana a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 2017.   &lt;ref name=&quot;MORGAN ADOKWEI BROWN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ambassador, CURRICULUM VITAE |url=https://www.ghanaembassy.be/general-news/39-the-ambassador |access-date=16 December 2018 |publisher=Ghana Embassy Belgium |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000923/https://www.ghanaembassy.be/general-news/39-the-ambassador |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MORGAN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE |url=http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXIV/EU/09/77/EU_97797/imfname_10382900.pdf |access-date=10 July 2019 |publisher=COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION GENERAL SECRETARIAT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Yana da aure da 'ya'ya uku. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sun haɗa da wasan tennis na lawn da sauraron kiɗa. &lt;ref name=&quot;MORGAN ADOKWEI BROWN&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MORGAN&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Minhocão (São Paulo)</title>
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'''Minhocão''', a hukumance '''&quot;Via Elevada Presidente João Goulart &quot;''', babbar hanya ce mai tsawon {{Convert|2.2|mi|km}} a [[São Paulo|São Paulo, Brazil]] . An ƙaddamar da babbar hanyar a shekarar 1971 a matsayin ''Elevado Presidente Costa e Silva'' ; an canza sunanta a shekarar 2016 bayan an zartar da wata doka da ke canza sunayen dukkan tituna don girmama mutanen da ke da hannu a mulkin kama-karya na sojojin Brazil . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-25 |title=Lei que muda nome do Minhocão para Elevado João Goulart é sancionada |url=http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2016/07/lei-que-muda-nome-do-minhocao-para-elevado-joao-goulart-e-sancionada.html |access-date=2016-08-14 |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya wa hanyar suna ne bayan minhocão, wata halitta mai kama da tsutsar ƙasa mai kama da ta ƙagaggu.

An rufe babbar hanyar ga zirga-zirgar motoci tsakanin karfe 20:00 zuwa 07:00 a ranakun mako da kuma duk ranar Asabar/Lahadi, wanda hakan ke ba da damar masu tafiya a ƙasa da masu keke su yi amfani da ita. Masu tsara birane na gida sun daɗe suna ba da shawarar a rushe hanyar domin inganta sabunta birane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gossman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gossman |first=Christina |date=18 May 2012 |title=Finding relief in the world's most congested city: a Sunday afternoon on São Paulo's Minhocão |url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/arts-and-lifestyle/2012/05/finding-relief-worlds-most-congested-city-sunday-afternoon-minhocao/2040/ |access-date=29 September 2014 |website=Atlantic Cities |archive-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724034127/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/arts-and-lifestyle/2012/05/finding-relief-worlds-most-congested-city-sunday-afternoon-minhocao/2040/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-25 |title=Lei que muda nome do Minhocão para Elevado João Goulart é sancionada |url=http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2016/07/lei-que-muda-nome-do-minhocao-para-elevado-joao-goulart-e-sancionada.html |access-date=2016-08-14 |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2019, magajin gari Bruno Covas ya sanar da cewa za a rufe wani sashe mai tsawon mita 900 na gefen gabas na babbar hanyar har abada ga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, sannan a mayar da shi &quot;Parque Minhocão&quot;, wani wurin shakatawa mai tsayi.  

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Minhocao_(227).jpg|left|thumb|Minhocão da Ginin Copan a bango]]
A shekarar 1969, gwamnatin magajin garin São Paulo Paulo [[Paulo Maluf|, Paulo Maluf,]] ta gabatar da wata babbar hanya domin taimakawa wajen rage cunkoson ababen hawa a [[Central Zone of São Paulo|tsakiyar São Paulo]] .  An kammala aikin babbar hanya, wacce ita ce mafi girman aikin samar da ababen more rayuwa a lokacinta a Latin Amurka, a shekarar 1971. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gossman2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gossman |first=Christina |date=18 May 2012 |title=Finding relief in the world's most congested city: a Sunday afternoon on São Paulo's Minhocão |url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/arts-and-lifestyle/2012/05/finding-relief-worlds-most-congested-city-sunday-afternoon-minhocao/2040/ |access-date=29 September 2014 |website=Atlantic Cities |archive-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724034127/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/arts-and-lifestyle/2012/05/finding-relief-worlds-most-congested-city-sunday-afternoon-minhocao/2040/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda hayaniya da hargitsi da aka yi wa mazauna—a wurare da yawa, gadon hanya yana wucewa cikin {{Convert|15|ft|m|0}} daga tagogi na gidaje—a shekarar 1976, gwamnatin birni ta yanke shawarar rufe babbar hanyar da ke kaiwa ga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a ranakun Lahadi da hutu. A shekarun 1990, mazauna da gwamnati sun kuma yi yarjejeniyar rufe babbar hanyar tsakanin karfe 21:30 da 06:30. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-25 |title=Lei que muda nome do Minhocão para Elevado João Goulart é sancionada |url=http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2016/07/lei-que-muda-nome-do-minhocao-para-elevado-joao-goulart-e-sancionada.html |access-date=2016-08-14 |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani na yanzu ==
A ranakun mako, yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan babbar hanyar ya wuce motoci 80,000 a kowace rana. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gossman&quot;/&gt;

== Minhocão Park ==
[[Fayil:Minhocao_(101).jpg|thumb|A buɗe Minhocão ga masu tafiya a ƙasa a ƙarshen mako da hutu. A cikin hoton, masu keke da masu tafiya a ƙasa suna gudanar da ayyukan waje]]
A shekarar 2013, wasu gungun mazauna yankin sun kafa Ƙungiyar Minhocão Park Association (Associação Parque Minhocão) don ba da shawarar mayar da Minhocão zuwa wani wurin shakatawa mai tsayi, kamar High Line a New York ko [[René-Dumont mai laushi|Promenade Plantée]] da ke Paris. A shekarar 2014 wani bincike da mai zane kuma tsohon magajin garin Curitiba Jaime Lerner ya jagoranta ya duba wasu hanyoyi daban-daban na Minhocão, ciki har da rushe hanyar da ta yi tsayi ko kuma mayar da ita wurin shakatawa mai tsayi. 

A watan Fabrairun 2019, ofishin magajin gari Bruno Covas ya sanar da shirin mayar da gabashin mita 900 na Minhocão, sama da Avenida Amaral Gurgel tsakanin Rua de Consolação da Avenida São João, zuwa wani wurin shakatawa mai tsayi. Wurin shakatawa zai kasance yana da hanyar kekuna ta tsakiya da hanyar masu tafiya a ƙasa, tare da manyan akwatunan shuka a gefunan don samar da shuke-shuke da ƙara sirri ga maƙwabta. Za a gina gine-ginen bamboo don samar da inuwa. Sabbin wuraren shiga masu tafiya a ƙasa guda tara, gami da matakala da lif, za su haɗa wurin shakatawa da titunan da ke ƙasa. An kiyasta cewa aikin zai buɗe a shekarar 2020 kuma zai kashe ''reais'' miliyan 38. Sauran Minhocão zai kasance wurin nishaɗi a ƙarshen mako, tare da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a ranakun mako. 

== A cikin al'adun jama'a ==
An nuna yadda babbar hanyar ke samun damar daukar bidiyo sosai a sinimar Brazil, ciki har da fim ɗin ''Foreign Land'', da kuma wasu fina-finan Turanci da dama, ciki har da ''Blindness'' da kuma wani ɓangare na ''All the Invisible Children'' wanda Kátia Lund ta jagoranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-25 |title=Lei que muda nome do Minhocão para Elevado João Goulart é sancionada |url=http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2016/07/lei-que-muda-nome-do-minhocao-para-elevado-joao-goulart-e-sancionada.html |access-date=2016-08-14 |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mick Veivers</title>
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'''Michael Desmond Veivers''' AM (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta 1939) ya kasance memba na Southport daga 1987 zuwa 2001 kuma ya kasance Ministan Ayyukan Gaggawa da Wasanni a Gwamnatin Borbidge.&lt;ref name=&quot;qp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Former Members |url=http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=1768876707 |access-date=14 February 2015 |publisher=[[Parliament of Queensland]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taɓa zama ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Rugby League a baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2004 Queensland Election - Details for Southport |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/qld/2004/background/spor.htm |access-date=8 May 2010 |publisher=[[ABC Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Veivers a Southport da ke Queensland, Ostiraliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile - Mick Veivers |url=http://www.goldcoastsport.com.au/Hall-Of-Fame/inductees/Mick-Veivers.html |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=Gold Coast Sporting Hall of Fame |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164153/http://www.goldcoastsport.com.au/Hall-Of-Fame/inductees/Mick-Veivers.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya halarci [[Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee|Kwalejin St. Joseph's Nudgee]].

== Sana'a ==
Veivers ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a gasar Premier ta Brisbane Rugby League ga Souths Magpies kuma ya wakilci Queensland da Ostiraliya. Ya kuma buga wa Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles wasa a Sydney. [1] Ɗan uwansa, Greg Veivers, shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙungiyar rugby. Wani ɗan uwansa, Tom Veivers, ya wakilci Ostiraliya a wasan kurket kuma ya zama ɗan siyasa na Queensland.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]</text>
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    <title>Melva L. Farashin</title>
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Melva Lorinda Price (14 ga Nuwamba, 1902 - 10 ga Afrilu, 1996) malamar Amurka ce kuma mai fafutuka da ke zaune a Birnin New York . Ta koyar da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da sauran batutuwa sama da shekaru talatin a makarantun jama'a na New York, kuma tana aiki a Harlem tare da YWCA, Alpha Kappa Alpha, Hunter College Alumni Club, da sauran kungiyoyi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Melva Lorinda Price a Arewacin Carolina, 'yar William J. Price da Josie (ko Jessie) A. Price. Iyalin sun koma Birnin New York lokacin da Melva Price ke ƙarami, wani ɓangare na Babban Migration. A lokacin da take da shekaru 13, ta yi labarai na kasa saboda nasarorin da ta samu a ilimi a makarantar da ke da kabilanci da kuma ilimi. Ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta [[Brooklyn]]&quot; id=&quot;mwFw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Bushwick, Brooklyn&quot;&gt;Bushwick a Brooklyn a 1920,  kuma ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Hunter a 1924.  An zabe ta zuwa Phi Beta Kappa, ta lashe lambar zinare ta Classics don ƙwarewa a cikin Latin da Girkanci,   kuma ta kasance memba mai aiki na Alpha Kappa Alpha.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Farashin ya koyar da Latin da sauran batutuwa a Makarantun Jama'a na New York daga 1924 zuwa 1960, gami da zama a makarantun P.S. 157, James Madison,  Wadleigh,  Theodore Roosevelt, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1916-07-08 |title=Miss Melva Price is Being Congratulated |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69815885/miss-melva-price-is-being-congratulated/ |access-date=2021-02-10 |work=The Chat |pages=36 |via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morris da New Dorp. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melva L. Price papers |url=https://archives.nypl.org/scm/20900 |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1943, ta yi aiki tare da Max Yergan da Kanada Lee don kafa Makarantar Jama'ar Harlem, cibiyar ilimi na manya da shirye-shiryen al'umma. Margaret Morgan Lawrence ta tuno da Price a matsayin daya daga cikin masu ba da shawara a Harlem,  kuma Price ta koyar da Philippa Schuyler a cikin Latin, Mutanen Espanya da Faransanci. 

Daga aji, Farashin yana kusa da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da sauran sanannun mutane na Harlem Renaissance. Ta yi aiki tare da Thyra J. Edwards a Kwamitin Jama'ar Negro don Taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijirar Mutanen Espanya, kuma ta ziyarci Edwards a Birnin Mexico.[1] Ta kasance shugabar Majalisar Mazauna ta Emma Ransom House a YWCA a cikin shekarun 1920.[2] A shekara ta 1937, ta ba da gudummawa tare da ƙungiyar baƙar fata da ma'aikatan zamantakewa a cikin Mississippi Delta . [3] A shekara ta 1942, ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Harlem Interracial Platform tare da Adam Clayton Powell Sr., Myra Adele Logan, Lester Granger, da sauransu.[4] A shekara ta 1943, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobin yarjejeniya na Hunter College Alumni Club . [5]

== Littattafai ==

* &quot;The New York State Colonization Society&quot; (1941) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1916-08-05 |title=Melva L. Price |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69815029/melva-l-price/ |access-date=2021-02-10 |work=The Denver Star |pages=6 |via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Farashin ya zauna tare da malamin Ruth Martin a shekara ta 1940.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1916-08-05 |title=Melva L. Price |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69815029/melva-l-price/ |access-date=2021-02-10 |work=The Denver Star |pages=6 |via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Price ya mutu a shekara ta 1996, yana da shekaru 93, a New York. Ana gudanar da takardun Melva L. Price a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adun Baƙi ta Schomburg, Laburaren Jama'a na New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melva L. Price papers |url=https://archives.nypl.org/scm/20900 |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]]</text>
      <sha1>jm0iimu61xn38qnfgc7shybq72z4l3d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tunku Abdul Rahman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>131728</id>
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'''Tunku Abdul Rahman''' (Fabrairu 1903 - 6 Disamba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da Tunku, ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na farko na Malaysia daga 1957 har zuwa 1970. Ya kuma kasance [[Babban Minista]] Tarayyar Malaya daga 1955 zuwa 1957, shugaban UMNO daga 1951 zuwa 1971, kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar Alliance daga 1952 zuwa 1971. A matsayinsa na jagora ga mulkin kai, Tunku ya kasance tsakiya ga sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Malaysia da kuma kirkirar Malaysia a 1963. An san shi sosai a matsayin mahaifin da ya kafa kasar kuma ya kasance Firayim Minista na biyu mafi tsawo.{{Spaced en dash}}

Yarima ne na Kedah Sultanate, Tunku ya yi karatu a Malaya kuma daga baya ya kammala karatu daga [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge|Kwalejin St Catharine, Cambridge]]. Bayan ya dawo, ya shiga [[Civil service|aikin gwamnati]] na mulkin mallaka, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in gundumar kafin ya zama mai gabatar da kara a shekarar 1949. Ya shiga siyasa ta hanyar lashe [[United Malays National Organisation leadership elections|Zaben shugabancin UMNO]] a 1951 kuma ya kafa Jam'iyyar Alliance tare da Kungiyar Sinawa ta Malaysia da Majalisa ta Indiya a shekara mai zuwa. Alliance ta sami nasara sosai a [[1955 Malayan general election|Babban zaben 1955]], bayan haka Tunku ya zama babban minista. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya tattauna game da kawo ƙarshen gaggawa ta Malayan ta hanyar Baling Talks, amma ya sami nasarar samun 'yancin kai ga Malaya ta hanyar [[Treaty of London (1956)|Yarjejeniyar London]] a 1956. Ya ayyana 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1957 kuma ya lashe sabon aiki a [[1959 Malayan general election|Babban zaben 1959]], kafin ya kula da kafa Malaysia a 1963, wanda ya hada da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Sabah]] da [[Sarawak]] . Ya jagoranci Alliance zuwa wani nasara a 1964 amma ya kara damuwa da rikice-rikicen kabilanci, musamman saboda tabarbarewar dangantakar da ke tsakanin su da Singapore.

A shekara ta 1965, biyo bayan tayar da hankali tsakanin UMNO da People's Action Party (PAP) karkashin jagorancin Lee Kuan Yew, ya yanke shawarar fitar da Singapore daga tarayyar, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Independence of Singapore 1965, tare da cikakken rabuwa da ya fara aiki a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 1965. Ya lashe karo na huɗu a Babban zaben 1969, amma raguwar mafi rinjaye na Alliance ya biyo bayan tashin hankali a lokacin Abin da ya faru a ranar 13 ga Mayu, wanda ya haifar da gaggawa ta kasa. Tunku ya sauka a matsayin Firayim Minista a shekarar 1970 kuma Abdul Razak Hussein ya gaje shi. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, ya ci gaba da aiki a wasanni da harkokin Islama na kasa da kasa, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Asiya kuma a matsayin babban sakatare na farko na kungiyar hadin kan Islama. Ya mutu a [[Kuala Lumpur]] a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1990, yana da shekaru 87.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Tunku Abdul Rahman a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1903 a Alor Setar, Kedah,  ɗa na bakwai kuma ɗaya daga cikin yara 45 na Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, mai mulki na 26 na Kedah Sultanate . Mahaifiyarsa, Cik Menyelara (Nueang Nandanagara), ta fito ne daga zuriyar Thai kuma ita ce ta shida ta Sultan. Ita 'yar Luang Naraborirak (Kleb Nandanagara), jami'in gundumar a Thailand ce. Kedah a lokacin ya sha wahala daga barkewar kwalara da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], kuma 'yan uwan Tunku da yawa sun mutu saboda rashin lafiya. Shi da kansa ya sha wahala akai-akai daga zazzabin cizon sauro har zuwa lokacin da ya tashi zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1920.

Tunku ya fara karatunsa a makarantar firamare ta Alor Setar Malay kafin ya shiga Kwalejin Sultan Abdul Hamid ta Turanci. Daga baya aka tura shi da 'yan uwansa zuwa Makarantar Debsirin a Bangkok, wanda ke nuna dangantakar iyali da Thailand. A shekara ta 1915, ya koma Malaya kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Penang Free School, daya daga cikin tsofaffin makarantun harshen Ingilishi a yankin. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, an ba shi tallafin karatu na Gwamnatin Jihar Kedah don neman ilimi mafi girma a Ingila, kuma ya tashi zuwa Ingila jim kadan bayan haka.&lt;ref name=&quot;biography1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biography.com |title=Tunku Abdul Rahman biography |url=http://www.biography.com/people/tunku-abdul-rahman-9174103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710130131/http://www.biography.com/people/tunku-abdul-rahman-9174103 |archive-date=10 July 2015 |access-date=5 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da farko yana fama da karatunsa, Tunku ya sadu da mai kula da shi a ofisoshin wakilan Crown, waɗanda suka shirya shi ya koma Cambridge kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Basil Atkinson, mai kula da kansa. A karkashin jagorancin Atkinson, an shirya shi don jarrabawar shiga jami'a, wanda aka sani da &quot;Little Go&quot;, inda ya sami manyan maki a duk takardu kuma ya wuce gaba ɗaya. An shigar da shi a Kwalejin St Catharine, Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya karanta doka da tarihi, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a 1925. Shekaru biyar bayan tashi na farko daga Malaya, ya koma gida yana da shekaru 23. Kodayake ya zo tare da takardun shaida na ilimi, babban ɗan'uwansa da Regent na Kedah, Tunku Ibrahim, bai gamsu da zaɓin da ya yi na karatu ba kuma ya umurce shi da ya koma Ingila don ya cancanci shiga Bar na Ingila. A wannan lokacin, Tunku ya taimaka wajen kafa Malay Society of Great Britain, ya nada Abdul Rahman na Negeri Sembilan (daga baya Yang di-Pertuan Agong na farko) a matsayin shugaban kasa, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin sakataren girmamawa da kuma babban mai shirya.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin masu kafa ƙasa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>2lvj77t0zhdsaf01as8orj2co6f939x</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Anneli Jäätteenmäki</title>
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[[Fayil:Jäätteenmäki,_Anneli_(en).webm|thumb|Gabatarwa ta Bidiyo]]
'''Anneli Tuulikki Jäätteenmäki''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1955) 'yar siyasar [[Finland]] ce wacce ita ce mace ta farko kuma Firayim Minista ta 39 ta Finland daga 17 ga Afrilu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Yuni 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministerikortisto |url=http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=496 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503044048/http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=496 |archive-date=3 May 2009 |publisher=Valtioneuvosto}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 2004 har zuwa 2019, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) daga Finland .

== Tarihi da aiki ==
An haifi Jäätteenmäki a wani karamin gona a cikin gandun daji na Kudancin Ostrobothnia a Finland. Ɗan'uwanta ya karɓi gonar, don haka 'ya'ya mata na iyalin suka je makaranta. Jäätteenmäki ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Cibiyar kuma yana aiki a siyasar dalibai. Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a shekarar 1980 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa ta jam'iyyar daga 1981 har zuwa 1987, lokacin da aka zabe ta a Majalisar dokokin Finland (Eduskunta) . Jäätteenmäki ta kasance Ministan Shari'a daga 1994 zuwa 1995, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministerikortisto |url=http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=496 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503044048/http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=496 |archive-date=3 May 2009 |publisher=Valtioneuvosto}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan jam'iyyarta ta zama wani ɓangare na 'yan adawa. An zabe ta a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Center Party of Finland daga 18 ga Yuni 2000 zuwa 5 ga Oktoba 2003, kodayake shekarar farko ta kasance a matsayin mukaddashin jagora a lokacin hutun hutu na [[Esko Aho]] don yin lacca a [[Jami'ar Harvard]].

== Firayim Minista ==
Bayan shekaru takwas a cikin adawa, ta jagoranci Jam'iyyar Tsakiya ta Finland zuwa ga ɗan nasara a kan tsohuwar jam'iyyar, Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Finland, a Zaben majalisar dokoki na 2003. A cewar sabon kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ke aiki a karo na farko bayan wannan zaben, an ba ta damar farko ta kafa sabuwar majalisar ministoci. Bayan nasarar tattaunawar hadin gwiwa tare da Social Democrats da Swedish People's Party, ta zo ta jagoranci majalisar hadin gwiwa wanda ya ci gaba da bin layin wanda ya riga shi, majalisar Paavo Lipponen ta biyu, amma ya gabatar da sabbin matakai don motsa tattalin arziki, gami da rage haraji.

A lokacin da ta takaitaccen aiki, Finland ita ce kadai kasar a duniya da ke da mata a matsayin Firayim Minista da shugaban kasa, halin da ake ciki wanda aka nuna shi da gaskiyar cewa rabin majalisar ministocinta mata ne; amma a lokaci guda akwai wata ƙasa, New Zealand, wacce shugabar jihar Sarauniya Elizabeth II (a ofis 1952-2022), wakilin New Zealand Janar Silvia Cartwright (a ofis 2001-6), Firayim Ministan [[Helen Clark]] (a ofis 1999-2008) da Babban Alkalin Elias (a ofis) duk mata ne.  (Anneli Jäätteenmäki ta ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin Firayim Minista na Finland, duk da haka, ba mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Finland ba. Baya ga ma'aikatun masu kulawa da Firayim Ministocin wucin gadi da aka nada saboda mutuwar ko cutar wanda ya riga shi, [[Juho Vennola|Juho Heikki Vennola]] ya jagoranci majalisar ministoci wanda ya kasance fiye da wata ɗaya Fabrairu-Maris 1931, dangane da buƙatun adawa da dimokuradiyya na Lapua Movement don tasiri a zaben shugaban kasa.) 

== Yin murabus ==
Anneli Jäätteenmäki ta yi murabus a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2003, a karkashin matsin lamba sakamakon zargin cewa ta yi wa majalisar da jama'a karya game da yadda ta sami takardun sirri na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje wanda ta yi amfani da shi don dalilai na siyasa a lokacin yakin neman zabe. Takardun sun ƙunshi bayanan diflomasiyya daga taron da aka yi tsakanin Shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]] da Firayim Ministan Finland [[Paavo Lipponen]] game da matsayin Finland game da Yaƙin Iraki na Amurka. Jäätteenmäki ta yi amfani da bayanin don ba da shawarar cewa abokin hamayyarta, shugaban jam'iyyar Social Democrat Paavo Lipponen, a asirce ya ba da goyon bayan Finland ga hadin gwiwar da Amurka ke jagoranta, babban keta manufofin hukuma na tsaka-tsaki a siyasar kasashen waje ta Finland, kuma ta haka ne ya haɗa Finland da abin da yawancin Finns suka ɗauka yaƙin kai farmaki [[Laifin tashin hankali|ba bisa ka'ida ba]]. Jäätteenmäki ya karya hadin kan gargajiya da shiru a bayan manufofin tsaro na Finland. Yayin da zaben ya kasance kusa, 'yan jam'iyyar Social Democrats da aka ci nasara sun sami dalilai na zargin cewa dabarar kamfen din da ba ta al'ada ba ta da mahimmanci wajen tantance sakamakon, wanda ya lalata dangantakar da ke tsakanin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa guda biyu.

Bayan an buga takardun da aka ɓoye a cikin jaridu da yawa a watan Maris, 'yan sanda sun kaddamar da bincike na aikata laifuka bisa ga Dokar Asirin Ofishin. A ranar 11 ga watan Yuni Firayim Minista Jäätteenmäki ta ji a matsayin shaida daga 'yan sanda, wanda ya haifar da karuwar matsin lamba a kanta don bayyana kanta a kan rawar da ta taka a cikin ɓoyewar. A wannan makon, an ba da minti na zargi na taron shugabannin jam'iyyar tsakiya ga manema labarai, kamar yadda daga baya ya bayyana, ta hanyar mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar ta tsakiya na biyu Hannu Takkula. A ranar 16 ga watan Yuni ya bayyana cewa mataimakin shugaban kasa, Martti Manninen, wanda ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Tsakiya, ya ɓoye takardun ma'aikatar harkokin waje. A ranar 18 ga Yuni Jäätteenmäki ta ba da &quot;cikakken bayani&quot; ga Majalisar kuma ta nemi gafara ga Shugaban kasa, tana mai cewa an aika mata takardun ba tare da ta nemi su ba, kuma ba ta san sirrin su ba. Majalisar ba ta gamsu da labarinta ba, kuma da zarar Manninen (a wannan rana) ya yi iƙirarin a fili cewa Jäätteenmäki ya nemi bayanin musamman da karfi, kuma zai iya tabbatar da shi, abokan haɗin gwiwa sun bayyana a fili cewa ba su da amincewa da shugabancinta. Ta yi murabus a wannan maraice, tana mai nuna rashin amincewar siyasa, kuma ba tare da yarda da wani laifi ba.

Sakamakon haka, ta sanar a ranar 24 ga Yuni cewa za ta yi murabus a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Center Party. An zabi [[Matti Vanhanen]] a matsayin sabon shugaban jam'iyya a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, kuma ya gaji ta a matsayin Firayim Minista.

Binciken 'yan sanda game da ɓoyewar ya kammala, a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2003, cewa ya kamata a gurfanar da Jäätteenmäki saboda taimakawa ko ƙarfafa Manninen wajen bayyana asirin jihar a kan karya doka. Koyaya, a ranar 19 ga Maris 2004, Kotun Gundumar Helsinki ta wanke Jäätteenmäki a kan dukkan laifuka.

== memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ==
Jäätteenmäki ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dattijai na Jam'iyyar Tsakiya a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai . A cikin zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na shekara ta 2004, ta sami kuri'u sama da 140,000, mafi girman adadin mutum kuma kusan kashi 8% na duk kuri'un da aka jefa.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2006, Jäätteenmäki ta sanar da kafofin watsa labarai na Finland cewa za ta dauki wani lokaci daga aikinta na majalisa saboda ciwon nono, amma ta koma siyasa bayan nasarar da ta samu. Duk da tayin komawa siyasar kasar Finland, ta ki zama dan takara a zaben majalisar dokokin Finland a shekarar 2007. An sake zabar ta a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a zaben Majalisar Tarayyaa na 2009 tare da mafi girman adadin kuri'u a Finland bayan Timo Soini . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministerikortisto |url=http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=496 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503044048/http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=496 |archive-date=3 May 2009 |publisher=Valtioneuvosto}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sake zabar ta a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a karo na uku kuma na karshe a shekarar 2014.

== Ofisoshin ==

* Ma'aikatar Jäätteenmäki

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>36sngp7kl7w7mmfvnkxmto6n6kznpdz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Milka Planinc</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>132401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816457</id>
      <parentid>772002</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:16:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
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      <text bytes="3830" sha1="079m2g5e3tqurtuoxxuynf7howoth4z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Milka Planinc''' (née '''Malada'''; mai suna [mîːlka plǎnint͡s]; 21 ga Nuwamba 1924 - 7 ga Oktoba 2010) 'yar siyasar [[Kwaminisanci]] ce ta Croatia wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Yugoslavia daga 1982 zuwa 1986. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma ita kaɗai ce ta rike wannan mukamin. Planinc kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar gwamnati ta wata jiha mai zaman kanta da aka amince da ita a [[Turai]].{{IPA|sh|mîːlka plǎnint͡s|pron}}{{IPA|sh|mîːlka plǎnint͡s|pron}}{{IPA|sh|mîːlka plǎnint͡s|pron}}

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Planinc Milka Malada a cikin dangin Croat da Serb  a Žitnić, wani karamin ƙauye kusa da Drniš, Dalmatia a cikin Croatia ta zamani. Ta halarci makaranta har sai farkon yakin duniya na biyu ya katse karatunta.{{Sfn|Opfell|1993}} Ta shiga kungiyar matasa ta Kwaminisanci a shekara ta 1941,  wanda ya kasance shekara mai mahimmanci a rayuwar Planinc da kuma kasar ta.{{Sfn|Opfell|1993}} Nazi Jamus ta mamaye Yugoslavia kuma ta raba kasar tsakanin hukumomin Jamus, Italiya, Hungary, da Bulgarian.{{Sfn|Opfell|1993}} Ba da daɗewa ba aka kafa ƙungiyar adawa da aka sani da Partisans, karkashin jagorancin Josip Broz Tito . {{Sfn|Opfell|1993}} Planinc ta jira da rashin haƙuri don ranar da za ta isa ta shiga Majalisar Anti-Fascist don 'Yanci na Kasa na Yugoslavia . {{Sfn|Opfell|1993}}

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 19, Planinc ya shiga cikin 'yan tawaye kuma ya zama mai sadaukar da kai ga Tito.[1] A shekara ta 1944 ta shiga Kungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Yugoslavia . [1] Ta zama kwamishinan gundumar na 11th Dalmatian Strike Brigade wanda aikinsa shine koyar da ka'idojin jam'iyya da manufofi, da kuma tabbatar da amincin jam'iyya.[1] Planinc ta shafe shekaru tana aiki ga 'yan adawa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, kuma lokacin da suka sami iko da dukan yankin ta shiga Makarantar Gudanarwa a Zagreb don ci gaba da karatunta.[1] Kwamandan jam'iyyar Simo Dubajić, wanda aka zarge shi da laifukan yaki, daga baya ya yi zargin cewa Planinc yana da hannu a Kisan kiyashi na Kočevski Rog bayan yakin. [1] Planinc ya ki amincewa da zargin Dubajić, yana kiransu hasashen siyasa. Ta ba da shawarar da za a bincika waɗannan laifuka, kuma a aiwatar da su ta hanyar shari'a da kimiyya.[2]

A shekara ta 1950, ta auri wani injiniya mai suna Zvonko Planinc .  Ma'auratan suna da ɗa da 'yar.{{Sfn|Opfell|1993}}

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Planinc ya fara neman aiki na cikakken lokaci a cikin League of Communists of Croatia . {{Sfn|Opfell|1993}} Ta ƙware a fannin ilimi, tashin hankali, da farfaganda, kuma a 1959 an zabe ta a cikin Kwamitin Tsakiya na Croatia, hukumar zartarwa.{{Sfn|Opfell|1993}}

Bayan ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a [[Zagreb]], a matsayin Sakatariyar Majalisar Jama'a ta Trešnjevka a 1957 sannan kuma Sakatari na Harkokin Al'adu na Birnin Zagreb a 1961, ta zama Sakatari ta Kwamitin Kwaminisanci na Birnin Zamreb, da Sakatariyan Ilimi na Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Croatia a 1963, matsayin da ta kasance har zuwa 1965. {{Sfn|Opfell|1993}}

== Rayuwa ta baya ==
Planinc ta kwashe sauran lokacinta tana rayuwa ta Yugoslav Wars tare da rushewar kwaminisanci a Turai.{{Sfn|Opfell|1993}} A shekara ta 1993 mijinta ya mutu, kuma a shekara ta 1994 ɗanta Zoran ya kashe kansa.

Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990 har zuwa mutuwarta, Planinc ta buƙaci amfani da keken guragu kuma ba ta barin gidanta. Ta zauna a [[Zagreb]] har zuwa mutuwarta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2010, tana da shekaru 85. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jutarnji.hr/naslovnica/milka-planinc-partizanski-i-domovinski-rat-su-antifasisticki-3303527 Milka Planinc: Partizanski i Domovinski rat su antifašistički] Jutarnji list, 1 September 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne ta a Kabari na Mirogoj na Zagreb . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>079m2g5e3tqurtuoxxuynf7howoth4z</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>NZ Performance Car TV</title>
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'''NZ Performance Car TV''' shiri ne na [[talabijin]] [[Free-to-air|kyauta]] wanda ke gudana tsawon shirye-shirye takwas, wanda [[Parkside Media]] ke gabatarwa a ciki. Yana da lokacin watsa shirye-shirye akan [[TV One (New Zealand)|TV ONE]], [[TV2 (New Zealand)|TV2]], [[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]], [[Prime Television New Zealand|Prime TV]] da [[Sky Network Television|Sky Sport 1-3]], sau da yawa yana da hanyoyin sadarwa da yawa a lokaci guda wanda ya kebanta da nau'in sa. Kowane shiri ya ƙunshi shirye-shirye 13. An nuna shirye-shirye biyu a kowace shekara. Hakanan ana samunsa ta hanyar [[TVNZ ondemand|TVNZ akan buƙata]] . 

== Tarihi ==
An fara nuna shirin a shekarar 2004, inda ya daidaita da yanayin da motocin da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje ke canzawa. Shiri na 8 ya mayar da hankali sosai kan tafiya a hankali.

Nunin ya dogara ne akan alamar mujallar NZ Performance Car, wacce ke ɗauke da irin wannan abun ciki.

== Nuna abun ciki ==
[[File:Pioneer_Performance_Car_TV_logo_2004.jpg|thumb|Tambarin TV na asali na kakar wasa ta 1-4 lokacin da Pioneer ke ɗaukar nauyinta.]]

* Rugujewa
* Tseren Jawo
* Shigo da al'adun mota
* Rarraba taron
* Hira da direba
* Gyaran fasalin mota
* Nasihu kan fasaha da daidaitawa
* Gasassun gasa

Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa sun nuna yanayin yanayi na yanayi a New Zealand. Shirye-shiryen da aka yi a lokacin hunturu sun fi nuna motoci da aka gyara da kuma wasannin motsa jiki; shirye-shiryen da aka yi a lokacin rani sun fi nuna wasannin motsa jiki da kuma motocin da ba a gyara ba.

== Bayanin Jerin Jeri ==
Shirin ya fuskanci suka da yawa saboda yanayinsa na musamman, ciki har da masu gabatarwa da alaƙarsu da wurin, zaɓin abun ciki da kuma lokutan da aka tsara (kowane shiri yana da lokutan da aka tsara daban-daban kuma wani lokacin yana da tashoshi ko hanyar sadarwa daban-daban).

=== Jeri na 8 ===
Jerin shirye-shirye na 8 ya dawo kan jadawalin lokaci na yau da kullun a cikin shirin Powerbuilt Tools Motorsport na ranar Lahadi da yamma akan TV ONE, tare da wani shiri mai tsayi wanda ya fi jigon manya wanda aka watsa a daren jiya akan TV2. Masu gabatarwa Dan Gibson da Craig 'Puka' Linn.

=== Jeri na 7 ===
Jerin shirye-shiryen 7 sun nuna Geoffrey Bell  a matsayin babban mai gabatarwa.

=== Jeri na 6 ===
Jerin shirye-shirye na 6 sun nuna Geoffrey Bell a matsayin babban mai gabatarwa.

=== Jeri na 5 ===
Shirin Series 5 ya ƙunshi sanannen mai gabatar da shirye-shirye na talabijin Brooke Howard-Smith . Ganin cewa Howard-Smith mai gabatarwa ne na TV3, lokacin da NZ Performance Car TV ta koma TVNZ don Series 6, an maye gurbinsa.

=== Jeri na 4 ===
Frank Liew &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://tvnzondemand.co.nz/content/performance_car_tv_2007/ondemand_video_skin |title=TVNZ ondemand |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2009-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519053854/http://tvnzondemand.co.nz/content/performance_car_tv_2007/ondemand_video_skin |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya dawo cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da suka gabata na 4

=== Jeri na 3 ===
Frank Liew, alkalin Auto Salon da ya shahara da hannu a harkar shigo da motoci, ya gabatar da jerin motoci na 3.

=== Jeri na 2 ===
Todd Wylie da Dan Philips ne suka gabatar

=== Jeri na 1 ===
Anna Jobsz da Danny Codling sun gabatar

== Ce-ce-ku-ce ==
Talabijin ɗin Performance Car na NZ, kamar mujallar NZ Performance Car, galibi ana sukar sa daga ƙungiyoyin da ba sa goyon bayan al'adun shigo da motoci daga ƙasashen waje, ko kuma waɗanda ke damuwa da ayyukan 'raƙuman maza'. 

Jerin 8 ya fi mai da hankali kan wasannin motsa jiki, wanda ya shafi Jerin Drift na NZ a [[New Zealand]], yawo a ƙasashen waje, tseren jan-kafa a New Zealand da Ostiraliya (misali Jamboree 18 daga Willowbank Raceway da Super Lap daga Taupo Motorsport Park ), gami da tattaunawa da bayanan direbobi kamar Daniel Woolhouse da Carl Ruiterman . Motocin da aka nuna da sauran abubuwan da suka faru har yanzu suna nan, amma ƙarin mayar da hankali kan wasannin motsa jiki ya nuna bambanci daga abubuwan da ke cikin mujallar NZ Performance Car .

== Samarwa da ma'aikata ==
Graham Ralphs ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni a shirin na 1-4. Iain Eggleton ne ya shirya shirin na 5 zuwa gaba.

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Muhammad Yusuf Taulawi</title>
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'''Muhammad Yusuf Taʾulawī'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد یوسف تاؤلوی}}}}}} (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1954), yawanci an rubuta shi a matsayin '''Mufti Yusuf Tawli''', masanin addinin Sunni ne na Indiya na al'adar Deobandi, mufti, kuma malamin hadisi da fiqh a Darul Uloom Deoband, inda ya kuma rike mukamin gudanarwa na ilimi ciki har da ''Nazim-e-Taʿlimat'' (2016-2019). Ya rubuta littattafai sama da goma sha biyu a cikin Urdu da Larabci - daga cikinsu akwai ''al-Fatāwā al-Yūsufiyyah'', ''Ashraf ''al-Hidāyah'''' (a kashi na huɗu na al-Hedāyah), da kuma sharhi game da [[Tafsirin Baydawi|Tafsir al-Baydawi]] da al-Fawz al-Kabir . An tsara waƙoƙin Urdu na Taʾulawī a cikin Nadīm Aḥmad Anṣārī's ''Shiʿr-i Faqīh'' (2019). A ruhaniya, shi sanannen ''Khalīfah'' ne na Mahmood Hasan Gangohi, kuma ya kafa gidan wallafe-wallafen ''Maktabah Faqīh al-Ummat'' don bayar da ayyukansa da sauransu.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Muhammad Yusuf Taʾulawī a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1954 a Tawli, Gundumar Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, ga Azīmuddin . {{Efn|Some Urdu and Arabic sources give 1956 (1375 AH) as the year of birth;{{Sfn|Subḥānī Muẓāhirī|2021|p=547}}{{Sfn|Mubarakpuri|2021|p=440}}{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|p=273}} this page follows the date 9 September 1954 per Khalili Qasmi.{{Sfn|Khalili Qasmi|2020|p=689}}}}{{Sfn|Khalili Qasmi|2020}}

Ya sami ilimin farko a Darul Uloom Husainiya, Tawli . A shekara ta 1972 (1392 AH), ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband kuma ya kammala karatu daga aji na karshe na hadisi (''Dawrah-yi Hadith'') a shekara ta 1974 (1394 AH). Ya kammala horo na ''ifta'' a shekara mai zuwa a karkashin Mahmood Hasan Gangohi . {{Sfn|Subḥānī Muẓāhirī|2021}}{{Sfn|Khalili Qasmi|2020}}

Malamansa na hadisi sun hada da: Sharif Hasan Deobandi (''[./Sahih_al-&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Bukhari]''&quot; id=&quot;mwOA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Sahih al-Bukhari&quot;&gt;Sahih al-Bukhari, Sashe na I), Mahmood Hasan Gangohi (Bukhari), Sashe na II), Abdul Ahad (Sahih Muslim), Sharif Hayan Deobandi, Sharif Hasain Bihari (''[[Sunan Abu Dawood|Sunan Abi Dawud]]''), Na'im Ahmad Deobandi na (''[[Sunan an-Nasai|Sunan al-Nasa'i]]''), Naseer Ahmad Khan (Sharh Shah's Sharh Ma's al-Athar), Mira Haq Deobandi da Mu's Mani Mani Mani Mani (Shama'il) a Shamiri (Shari. A cikin ''ifta'' ya ci gaba da karatu tare da Nizamuddin A'zami da Ahmad ʻAli Saeed Nagīnavi . 

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Taʾulawī ya koyar na tsawon shekaru uku a Madrasa Muradiya, Muzaffarnagar, sannan kuma na tsawon shekaru bakwai a Darul Uloom Chilla, Amroha, inda ya koyar da manyan azuzuwan ciki har da matani na hadith.{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023}}

An nada shi malami a Darul Uloom Deoband a Shawwal 1405 AH (''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yuliya''' 1985), ya ci gaba zuwa matakin babban ('ulyā) ta 1430 AH (2009), kuma ya yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a matsayin mai kula da gidan dalibai (''Nazim Dar al-Iqama''). An nada shi ''Nazim Ta'limat'' (shugaban harkokin ilimi) a Safar 1438 AH (Nuwamba 2016) kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa Dhu al-Qa'dah 1440 AH (Yuli 2019).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amin |first=Ruhul |date=15 November 2016 |title=দারুল উলুম দেওবন্দের নতুন শিক্ষাসচিব মুফতি ইউসুফ |trans-title=Mufti Yusuf is the new education secretary of Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://sylhetreport.com/?p=5001 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Sylhet Report |language=bn |archive-date=2025-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614230636/https://sylhetreport.com/?p=5001 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma kafa gidan wallafe-wallafen, Maktabah Faqīh al-Ummat, ta hanyar da aka bayar da wasu ayyukansa da sauran rubuce-rubucen ilimi.

=== Waƙoƙi ===
An kuma san shi da waƙoƙin Urdu. Wani babi game da gudummawar waka ya haɗa da shi a cikin aikin Nadīm Aḥmad Anṣārī Shiʿr-i Faqīh: Deoband se wābastah baʿẓ mashhūr muftiyān-i kirām aur unkī Urdū shāʻirī kā taz̲kirah (2019), yana rufe shafuka 244-265 .

=== Haɗin ruhaniya ===
A cikin 1395 AH (1975 AZ), Taʾulawī ya yi alkawarin aminci (''bayʿah'') ga malaminsa Mahmood Hasan Gangohi don horo na ruhaniya (''tazkiyah wa sulūk''). Ya yi rubutu tare da shi a kai a kai don neman jagora kuma ya shafe lokaci mai tsawo, gami da watan Ramadan, a cikin kamfaninsa. A cikin 1403 AH (1983 AZ), ya sami izini (''Ijāzah'') da ''khilāfah'' daga Gangohi, kuma daga baya an haɗa shi cikin sanannun mataimakansa (''khulafāʾ'').

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, kafofin watsa labarai na Bangladesh sun ba da rahoton cewa Taʾulawī yana daga cikin manyan malaman da suka shiga Shaykh Ibrāhīm Afrīqī's Ramadan iʿtikāf da shirye-shiryen da suka danganci a Bangladesh. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an kuma lissafa shi a cikin malaman da ke jawabi ga taron ''Islāḥī Jor'' na shekara-shekara na kwana biyu a Darul Uloom Madaninagar, Dhaka . 

=== Ra'ayoyi game da Falasdinu ===
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, Taʾulawī ya yi jawabi a wani taron kan layi a kan [[Jerusalem|al-Quds]], inda ya bayyana kariya ga [[Masallacin Ƙudus|Masallacin Al-Aqsa]] a matsayin aikin addini na Musulmai kuma ya bukaci hadin kai a kan batun.

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==
Taʾulawī ya rubuta littattafai sama da goma sha biyu daga sharhin da yawa zuwa taƙaitaccen rubutun. Rubuce-rubucensa sun rufe [[Fiƙihu|fiqh]], tauhidin, [[Tafsiri|tafsir]], hadith, dabaru da harshe.{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022}}{{Sfn|Subḥānī Muẓāhirī|2021}} Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa sune:

* ''al-Fatāwā al-Yūsufiyyah'' (ƙididdigar kundi huɗu na fatwas)  {{Sfn|Mubarakpuri|2021}} {{Sfn|Subḥānī Muẓāhirī|2021}}
* ''Ashraf ''al-Hidāyah'''' (wani sharhin Urdu guda huɗu a kashi na huɗu na al-Hitāyah, daga ''Kitāb [[Shufa (Islam)|al-Shufʿah]]'' zuwa ƙarshe)  {{Sfn|Rampuri|2022}}
* ''Jawāhir al-Farāʾid sharḥ ''Sharḥ al-ʿAqāʾid'''' (cikakken bayani game da Sharḥ al'Aqā'id na al-Taftāzānī) {{Sfn|Rampuri|2022}}
* ''Badāʾiʿ al-kalām fī Bayān ʿAqāʾid al-Islām'' (a kan addinin Islama da kalām) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Taqrīrāt al-Taʾulawī ʿalā Tafsīr al-Bayḍāwī'' (bayani na Urdu akan [[Tafsirin Baydawi|Tafsir al-Baydawi]], wanda aka fi sani da Dars-i Bayḍāwî) {{Sfn|Rampuri|2022}}
* ''Fayḍ al-Khabīr'' (bayani na Urdu akan Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi's ''al-Fawz al-Kabīr'') {{Sfn|Rampuri|2022}}
* ''al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah al-Maḥmūdah'' (bugawa mai mahimmanci na rubutun Abū al-Kalām Shafīq al-Qāsimī) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Nawal |date=27 July 2017 |title=दारुल उलूम में तालीम के दौरान छात्रों के लिए एंड्रायड फोन पर पाबंदी |trans-title=Ban on Android phones for students during studies at Darul Uloom |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur-android-phones-banned-for-students-during-study-period-in-darul-uloom-16444630.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amin |first=Ruhul |date=15 November 2016 |title=দারুল উলুম দেওবন্দের নতুন শিক্ষাসচিব মুফতি ইউসুফ |trans-title=Mufti Yusuf is the new education secretary of Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://sylhetreport.com/?p=5001 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Sylhet Report |language=bn |archive-date=2025-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614230636/https://sylhetreport.com/?p=5001 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ḥāshiya ʿalā ''Fatāwā Rashīdiyyah'''' (bayanin gefe akan Fatāwâ Rashīdiyjah na Rashid Ahmad Gangohi) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da kari, ya samar da ayyuka kamar ''Ighnāʾ al-Ḥizb ʿan Masʾalat Imkān al-Kidhb'', ''al-Kalām al-Munazzam fī Tawḍīḥ mā fī al-Sullam'', ''Dars al-Sirājī'', ''Dars ʿAqīdat al-Ṭaḥāwī'', Daris-e-Ḥusāmī, da kuma wasu sharhi kan Tafsir al-Jalala, ''Muwatta&quot; Imam Malik'' da ''[[Sunan an-Nasai|Sunan al-Nasa'i]]''. Ya kuma rubuta litattafai irin su ''Tanqīḥ al-Afkār fī Taḥqīq Isbāl al-Izār'', ''Dalāʾil al-Nubuwwah'' (a kan ''Guldasta-yi Salām'' na Mahmood Hasan Gangohi), ''Uṣūl al-Taʿbīr'' (ka'idodin Fassarar mafarki), da kuma bayanin al-Jurjānī'''al-Taʿrīfāt'' da al-Ḥamawī's ''Ghamz ʿUyūn al-Baṣāʾir'' {{Sfn|Rampuri|2022}}{{Sfn|Mubarakpuri|2021}}{{Sfn|Subḥānī Muẓāhirī|2021}}

== Bayani ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
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    <title>Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi</title>
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'''Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi Sambhal''' masanin addinin Sunni ne na Indiya wanda ya kafa makarantar Al-Noor, Sambhal . Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Deoband, Jami'ar Delhi da Jamia Millia Islamia . Ya wallafa ''Dars-e-Hadith'', Dars-y-Qur'an, Islahi Mazameen, ''Tafiya zuwa Madina'', Alkur'ani da Hadith - Babban Tushen Ra'ayin Musulunci da ''Umrah Ka Tariqah''

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi is a grandson of Ismail Sambhali who was a hadith scholar and an activist of the Indian Independence movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=report |first=Saudi Gazette |date=16 December 2013 |title=Hadith presentation launched in Riyadh |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/68906 |website=Saudigazette}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ismail Sambhali was professor of [[Hadisi|hadith]] at the Madrasa Shahi in Moradabad and his students include Athar Mubarakpuri and Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;dastan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Asir Adrawi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Najeeb Qasmi studied traditional dars-e-nizami at the Darul Uloom Deoband and graduated from there in 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;arabnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 January 2013 |title=Islamic website with extensive library launched |url=https://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/islamic-website-extensive-library-launched |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=arabnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;circles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 January 2013 |title=Website to highlight the contribution of Ulama of Indian subcontinent |url=http://twocircles.net/2013jan07/website_highlight_contribution_ulama_indian_subcontinent.html |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=twocircles.net |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226203923/http://twocircles.net/2013jan07/website_highlight_contribution_ulama_indian_subcontinent.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He received a B.A. from Jamia Millia Islamia and an M.A in Arabic from the Delhi University. He completed his doctoral studies at the Jamia Millia Islamia.&lt;ref name=&quot;digest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2013 |title=Flashes from the Muslim World |url=http://www.youngmuslimdigest.com/news-flashes/05/2013/flashes-from-the-muslim-world-2/ |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=youngmuslimdigest}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;circles&quot; /&gt;

Qasmi ta kafa makarantar Al-Noor a Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2018. Malaman Darul Uloom Deoband da Jamia Millia Islamia ne suka kafa dutsen tushe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=report |first=Saudi Gazette |date=16 December 2013 |title=Hadith presentation launched in Riyadh |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/68906 |website=Saudigazette}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labaransa sun bayyana a cikin Monthly al-Bayyinat na [[Jamia Binoria]] da ''Jahan-e-[[Urdu]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;urdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Articles of Qasmi on Jahan-e-Urdu |url=https://www.jahan-e-urdu.com/?s=+%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%84%DB%8C |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=jahan-e-urdu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ٹاؤن |first=جامعہ علوم اسلامیہ بنوری |title=مضامین برائے مفتی محمد نجیب قاسمی سنبھلی &amp;#124; جامعہ علوم اسلامیہ بنوری ٹاؤن |url=https://www.banuri.edu.pk/web/articles/writer/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%84%DB%8C |website=www.banuri.edu.pk }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Labaransa suna bayyana a kai a kai a cikin The Inquilab, The Munsif Daily, The Siasat Daily, Urdu Times, Avadhnama da sauran jaridu na Indiya da Pakistan kamar Daily Jang da Daily Express .  &lt;ref name=&quot;pk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Najeeb Qasmi's articles on Jang.com.pk |url=https://jang.com.pk/search1?q=%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=Jang.com.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;express&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Articles of Dr Najeeb Qasmi |url=https://www.express.pk/author/2475/doctor-muhammad-najeeb-qasmi-sanbhali/ |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=express.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma rubuta a shafin yanar gizon sa, wanda aka saki a cikin wani aiki da aka gudanar a [[Riyadh]] a ranar 4 ga Janairun 2013 da wasu malaman Indiya.   &lt;ref name=&quot;milli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Islamic website inaugurated in Riyadh |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/6351-new-islamic-website-inaugurated-in-riyadh |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=milligazette}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;digest&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;web&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 January 2013 |title=New Islamic website launched |url=http://www.bhatkallys.com/gulf/launch-of-a-new-islamic-website-www-najeebislamic-com/ |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=bhatkallys.com |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617160145/http://www.bhatkallys.com/gulf/launch-of-a-new-islamic-website-www-najeebislamic-com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saudi Gazette a cikin rahotonta ya kira shafin yanar gizon yaro na kwakwalwa na Qasmi. A shirin ƙaddamarwa, Qasmi ya ce, &quot;Ganin shahararren Intanet, ana ƙaddamar da sabbin shafukan yanar gizo da yawa tare da sunayen Islama a kai a kai, ba daidai ba da koyarwar Islama. Wannan shafin yanar gizon yana ba da abin dogaro ga masu amfani&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;arabnews&quot;/&gt; Ya ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen Hajj-e-Mabroor don taimakawa samar da cikakken bayani game da Hajj da [[Umrah]]&quot; id=&quot;mwdg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Umrah&quot;&gt;Umrah.&lt;ref name=&quot;hajj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2016 |title='Hajj-e-Mabroor' the new mobile app for Hajj &amp; Umrah |url=http://muslimmirror.com/eng/hajj-e-mabroor-the-new-mobile-app-for-hajj-umrah/ |access-date=1 April 2020 |website=Muslim Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muhammad Mustafa Azmi ne ya sake shi a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;siasatarchive&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 August 2016 |title=Hajj-e-Mabroor app launched in 3 languages |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/hajj-e-mabroor-app-launched-3-languages-997641/ |access-date=1 April 2020 |website=Siasat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hajj &amp; Umrah Apps Launched |url=https://islamicvoice.com/community-round-up/hajj-umrah-apps-launched/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924142824/https://islamicvoice.com/community-round-up/hajj-umrah-apps-launched/ |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=1 April 2020 |website=islamicvoice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikace-aikacen yana da labarai, littattafai da bidiyo na Qasmi a Turanci, [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] da Urdu da ke rufe fannoni daban-daban na [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] da Umrah.&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;saudigazette1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 August 2016 |title='Hajj-e-Mabroor' app launched |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/160637 |access-date=1 April 2020 |website=SaudiGazette}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, an ba Qasmi lambar yabo ta Watan Ke Ratna . &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribute&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=A Tribute to Maulana Azad |url=http://urdu.watansamachar.com/A-true-tribute-to-Maulana-Azad-promoting-Hindu-Muslim-unity-and-education-tariq-anwar-watan-samachar-fouram |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=WatanSamachar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==
Muhammad Mustafa Azmi ne ya saki littattafan Qasmi na littattafai 38 yayin da aka saki littattafansa shida a cikin ɗakin taron Ansari na Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) ta tsohon VC na JMI, Talat Ahmad, Akhtarul Wasey da Abul Qasim Nomani.&lt;ref name=&quot;gazette&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2016 |title=Set of 38 Islamic books in 3 languages launched |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/151305 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=saudigazette}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=report |first=Saudi Gazette |date=16 December 2013 |title=Hadith presentation launched in Riyadh |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/68906 |website=Saudigazette}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littattafansa sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;khabar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;وطن سماچار&quot; نے ڈاکٹر محمد نجیب قاسمی کو علمی وسماجی خدمات پر ایوارڈ سے نوازا |url=http://www.fikrokhabar.com/ur/content-details/53632/news/watan-samachar-dr-najeeb-qasmi.html |access-date=1 April 2020 |website=fikrokhabar |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328072639/http://fikrokhabar.com/ur/content-details/53632/news/watan-samachar-dr-najeeb-qasmi.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Dars-e-Hadith''
* ''Dars-da-Alkur'ani''
* Islahi Mazameen (wanda Akhtarul Wasey ya saki) 
* ''Tafiya zuwa Madina''
* ''Alkur'ani da Hadisi - Babban Tushen Ra'ayin Musulunci''
* ''Umrah Ka Tariqah''

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://najeebqasmi.com Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi Sambhali - Shafin yanar gizon hukuma]
* [https://theclearevidence.org/speaker-author/dr-mohammad-najeeb-qasmi/ Dokta Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi ya wallafa - Tabbacin Bayani]
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  <page>
    <title>Mohamed Kacimi</title>
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'''Mohamed Kacimi''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) marubucin litattafai ne kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Aljeriya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Mohamed Kacimi a shekara ta 1955 a El Hamel, [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bnf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qāsimī, Muḥammad (1955-....) forme internationale système ISO de translittération simplifiée (hébreu, arabe, etc.) arabe الحسّاني, محمّد قاسمي (1955-....) forme internationale arabe |url=http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121001555 |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;idref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kacimi, Mohamed (1955-.....) |url=https://www.idref.fr/029357772 |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=IdRef}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;limogesmohamedkacimi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohamed Kacimi |url=http://www.bm-limoges.fr/espace-auteur/kacimi/auteur-biographie.php |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=Bibliothèque francophone multimédia de Limoges |archive-date=December 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221142944/http://www.bm-limoges.fr/espace-auteur/kacimi/auteur-biographie.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An haife shi a matsayin Musulmi, kuma ya halarci makarantun Faransanci da Islama a matsayin [[Zawiyet El Hamel]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;limogesmohamedkacimi&quot; /&gt; Ya yi hijira zuwa Faransa a 1981, ya zauna a Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;limogesmohamedkacimi&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kacimi marubucin litattafai ne da yawa, wasan kwaikwayo da littattafan da ba na almara ba. Littafinsa na farko, Le mouchoir, an ƙi shi sau goma sha huɗu kafin L'Harmattan ya buga shi a 1987. [1] Wasansa na 2006, Terre sainte, ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga Le Figaro lokacin da aka yi shi a Avignon a cikin 2013.[2] A halin yanzu, Kacimi ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da kuma marubucin fatalwa.[1] Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga Actuel, mujallar Faransa, kuma ya samar da Les Chemins de la connaissance a kan Al'adun Faransa.[3] A shekara ta 2005, ya kasance, tare da wasu marubuta kamar Alain Decaux, Richard Millet da Jean-Pierre Thiollet, ɗaya daga cikin baƙi na Beirut Book Fair a Cibiyar Nunin Duniya da Wasanni ta Beirut, yawanci (BIEL). [4]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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      <text bytes="6457" sha1="gaaryyuyd99d0vjg0gncr7oqorz57fm" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Ralph''' &quot;'''Mo'''&quot; '''Foster''' (22 Disamba 1944 - 3 Yuli 2023) ya kasance ɗan Ingilishi mai kida da yawa, mai tsara rikodin, mawaƙi, mai zane-zane, marubuci, kuma mai magana da jama'a. Ta hanyar aiki Sama 17 rabin karni, Foster ya zagaya, ya yi rikodin, kuma ya yi tare da masu fasaha da yawa, ciki har da Jeff Beck, Gil Evans, Gary Moore, [[Phil collins|Phil Collins]], Ringo Starr, Joan Armatrading, Gerry Rafferty, Brian Mayu, Scott Walker, Firiida na ABBA, Cliff Richard, George Martin, Van Morrison, Dr John, Hank Marvin, Heaven 17, Véronique Sanson da London Symphony Orchestra. Ya fitar da kundi da yawa a ƙarƙashin sunansa, ya rubuta littafi mai ban dariya game da tarihin guitar na Burtaniya, ya rubuta labarai da yawa don wallafe-wallafen kiɗa, ya ci gaba da tsara kiɗa na samarwa, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai magana da jama'a. Foster ya kasance mai tantancewa ga JAMES, ƙungiyar masana'antu da ke ba da izini ga kwalejojin kiɗa a duk faɗin Ƙasar Ingila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JAMES People |url=https://www.jamesonline.org.uk/about/people/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Joint Audio Media Education Support (JAMES)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2014, Foster ya sami lambar yabo ta BASCA Gold Badge don girmama gudummawar rayuwarsa ga rubuce-rubuce da kuma rubuce-aikacen waƙoƙin Burtaniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2014 |title=Gold Badge Awards 2014: Recipients |url=https://ivorsacademy.com/news/gold-badge-awards-2014-recipients/ |access-date=28 August 2020 |website=Ivors Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gold Badge Awards |url=http://www.mofoster.com/Gallery/GoldBadgeAwards.html |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=Mo Foster |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918215126/http://mofoster.com/Gallery/GoldBadgeAwards.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shekaru na farko ==
Mo Foster ya girma ne a cikin yanayin bayan yakin Wolverhampton, babban gari a cikin masana'antar Ingila ta Yammacin Midlands . Kodayake ba shi da wani kiɗa a gida, ya ɗauki mai rikodin a makaranta lokacin da yake kimanin shekaru tara kuma ya koya wa kansa.

Lokacin da ya kammala karatu daga [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] a Wolverhampton zuwa makarantar sakandare a ƙauyen Brewood, Staffordshire, inda babu sashen kiɗa. Zai iya nazarin Latin, fasaha, kimiyya, Turanci, lissafi, da noma - amma ba kiɗa ba. : 2 {{Rp|2}}

A shekara ta 1959, Foster da ƙungiyar abokai na makaranta sun kafa ƙungiyar da ake kira The Tradewinds . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JAMES People |url=https://www.jamesonline.org.uk/about/people/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Joint Audio Media Education Support (JAMES)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade Winds |url=http://www.brewoodgrammarsoba.co.uk/trade_winds.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209072124/http://brewoodgrammarsoba.co.uk/trade_winds.html |archive-date=9 February 2005 |access-date=21 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko sun hada da kayan aikin guitar na Amurka, skiffle, da kuma sassan daga The ''Goon Show'' .

Kungiyar tana buƙatar mai kunna bass, don haka Foster ya tashi don canza guitar mai arha zuwa guitar bass. Kamfanin ya kunshi belun kunne biyu na tsohon soja da aka matse a cikin sabulu na filastik mai haske, wanda aka haɗa shi da kebul na talabijin zuwa socket da aka yi alama &quot;gram&quot; a bayan babban rediyo na Murphy na mahaifinsa. : 67 Ya yi aiki, amma ya kasa burge abokansa.

A watan Yunin 1959, an ɗaga haramcin shigo da kayan kida na Amurka Inuwa Burtaniya, wanda Hukumar Ciniki ta Burtaniya ta gabatar a 1951, kuma irin waɗannan kayan kida (musamman guitar Fender da Gibson) sun kasance ba da daɗewa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JAMES People |url=https://www.jamesonline.org.uk/about/people/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Joint Audio Media Education Support (JAMES)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Foster ya zama mai sha'awar wasan bass na Jet Harris na The Shadows, amma bai ga ainihin kayan aiki ba har Inuwa 1961, lokacin da aka bayyana Jet yana kula da alamar Fender Precision Bass a kan murfin The Shadoys LP. Foster yana son ɗaya, amma dole ne ya zauna don Dallas Tuxedo Bass,  guitar bass mai zaman kansa rataye a taga na shagon kiɗa na gida, Band Box. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JAMES People |url=https://www.jamesonline.org.uk/about/people/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Joint Audio Media Education Support (JAMES)}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 112 {{Rp|112}}

Bayan Affinity ta buga wasan karshe a shekarar 1970 Foster ta yanke shawarar cewa maimakon zama mai kiɗa mai ilimi amma mara aikin yi yana buƙatar shiga wata ƙungiya. Ya sanya tallace-tallace a cikin mujallar Melody Maker yana mai cewa &quot;Bass Guitarist: tsohon sunan rukuni, yana so ya shiga ƙungiyar Family / Colosseum / Traffic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JAMES People |url=https://www.jamesonline.org.uk/about/people/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Joint Audio Media Education Support (JAMES)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba ya tsammanin amsa, amma mai gabatar da kiɗa mai suna Christos Demetriou (watau Chris Demetriou) ba zato ba tsammani ya kira shi kuma ya ba shi aiki tare da tsohon mawaƙin Manfred Mann Mike d'Abo. Bayan yawon shakatawa tare da ƙungiyar a Amurka da Burtaniya, sunan Foster ya fara yawo. A shekara ta 1971 an hayar shi don yin zaman studio don waƙar Russ Ballard, &quot;Ba za a iya barin ku tafi&quot; a Lansdowne Studios. &quot;Ban san komai ba kuma ban juya tare da flask da sandwiches saboda ban san tsawon lokacin da zan kasance a can ba. Akwai Clem Cattini a kan drum, Ray Cooper a kan percussion, Mike Moran a kan maɓallan, Ray Fenwick a kan guitar, duk 'yan wasa masu kyau da kyawawan mutane waɗanda suka yi tunanin rashin fahimta na ban dariya ne! Wannan shine farkon yanayin kalmar baki wanda sannu a hankali ya karu kuma aikin zaman yana ƙaruwa kuma an hayar da Foster don yin wasa a kan yawancin sanannun abubuwan da suka faru na lokacin suka hada da suka hada da Jimmy' Yanayin Allah.

A farkon kwanakinsa a matsayin mai kunnawa Foster, tun da yake ya koyar da kansa, bai iya karanta kiɗa ba kuma ya yarda da cewa ya yi amfani da hanyarsa ta hanyar zaman da yawa. A ƙarshe a wani zaman a Abbey Road Studios, yana wasa tare da Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, ya zama da wahala a bi kiɗa ta hanyar sauraron mai bugawa da guitarist wanda ya yi rantsuwa ya koya wa kansa. Wannan ya yi.
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
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    <title>Homer Jones (ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka)</title>
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'''Homer Carroll Jones''' (18 ga Fabrairu, 1941 - 14 ga Yuni, 2023) ya kasance ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallonƙwallon ƙwararrun Ƙwallon ƙwararru (NFL) na New York Giants (1964-1969) da Cleveland Browns (1970).  A lokacin aikinsa, an san shi da girmansa da saurinsa. An yaba wa Jones da kirkirar bikin &quot;spike&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Jimmy |date=June 27, 2021 |title=The Life And Career Of Homer Jones (Complete Story) |url=https://www.brownsnation.com/homer-jones/ |access-date=August 19, 2022 |website=Browns Nation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Jones a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1941, a Pittsburg, Texas . Mahaifiyarsa malamar makaranta ce kuma mahaifinsa ma'aikacin ƙarfe ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Jimmy |date=June 27, 2021 |title=The Life And Career Of Homer Jones (Complete Story) |url=https://www.brownsnation.com/homer-jones/ |access-date=August 19, 2022 |website=Browns Nation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jones ya halarci Kwalejin Kudancin Texas (yanzu Jami'ar Kudancin California), kwalejin baƙar fata na tarihi, kuma ya yi fice a cikin waƙa da filin da kuma kwallon kafa, yana gudana da tseren 100-yard da 220-yard. Kungiyar garinsu, Houston Oilers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka ce ta tsara shi a shekarar 1963, amma ya ji rauni a gwiwa a sansanin horo kuma an yanke shi.

Jones ya kasance mai tsere mai ƙwarewa a ƙasa, ya kammala na 3 a 1962 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships a cikin 220 yadudduka.

== New York Giants da &quot;spike&quot; ==
New York Giants sun ba Jones tikitin bas zuwa New York da biyan kuɗi don tiyata a gwiwa. An san shi da &quot;Rhino&quot; ga abokan aikinsa, Jones ya sa kayan aiki na 45 a New York. Bayan sun ga 'yan wasa kamar abokin wasan Giants Frank Gifford da Green Bay Packers star Paul Hornung suna murna da touchdowns ta hanyar jefa kwallon a magoya bayan adawa a cikin masu tsayawa, Jones ya yanke shawarar fito da nasa, mafi aminci bayan touchdown. A cikin wasan 1965, bayan ya zira kwallaye, ya jefa kwallon kafa da karfi a yankin ƙarshe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nfl.com/player/homerjones/2517888/profile Homer Jones]. nfl.com&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kira wannan matakin &quot;spike&quot;. Bikin zamani na bayan taɓawa, gami da &quot;taɓawa taɓawa&quot;, an ce sun samo asali ne daga kirkirar Jones. Gudanar da zaɓin aikinsa shine sabon doka na 1965 wanda zai ci tarar dan wasan $ 500 idan ya jefa kwallon a cikin masu tsayawa. Jones ya ce tarar ta faru da shi, don haka ya yanke shawarar jefa kwallon a ƙasa a maimakon haka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nfl.com/player/homerjones/2517888/profile Homer Jones]. nfl.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukansa na baya da ritaya ==
A watan Janairun 1970, an sayar da Jones ga Browns don musayar Ron Johnson da tsohon dan wasan tsaron Jim Kanicki. Browns sun kasance a kasuwa don sabon mai karɓa mai faɗi bayan sun yi ciniki da Paul Warfield ga Miami Dolphins.

A wasan farko na tawagar na 1970 NFL kakar a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1970, a Cleveland Municipal Stadium, Jones ya dawo da rabi na biyu da New York Jets don touchdown, babban wasa a cikin nasarar Browns 31-21 a kan Jets a gaban magoya bayan 85,703. Taron, a hukumance mafi yawan jama'a a tarihin Browns, ya kasance wani ɓangare na tarihin NFL a wannan maraice a wasan farko da aka buga a [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s Monday Night Football.

Koyaya, wannan touchdown zai zama babban abin da ya fi dacewa a kakar wasa daya tare da Browns yayin da raunin gwiwa ya kama Jones. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sayar da shi zuwa St. Louis Cardinals a watan Yulin 1971, an tilasta masa ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 29.

Jones ya mutu daga ciwon daji na huhu a Pittsburg, a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2023, yana da shekaru 82. 

== Kididdigar aiki ==
Jones ya gama aikinsa tare da karɓar 224 don yadudduka 4,986, matsakaicin yadudduka 22.3 a kowane karɓar, da kuma touchdowns 38 (36 karɓa, ɗaya gaggauta, ɗaya dawowa). Yards dinsa a kowace karɓar jimlar matsayi na 1 a tarihin NFL tsakanin 'yan wasan da ke da akalla 200 na karɓar aiki.
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Labari
|-
| style=&quot;background:#e0cef2; width:3em;&quot; |
|Rubuce-rubucen NFL
|-
| style=&quot;background:#cfecec; width:3em;&quot; |
|Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar
|-
|'''Ƙarfin zuciya'''
|Babban aikinsa
|}

=== Lokaci na yau da kullun ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Wasanni
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Karɓar
|-
!GP
!GS
!Rec
!Yds
!Avg
!Lng
!TD
|-
!1964
!NYG
|3
|0
|4
|82
|20.5
|30
|0
|-
!1965
!NYG
|'''14'''
|3
|26
|709
|'''27.3'''
| style=&quot;background:#cfecec;&quot; |89
|6
|-
!1966
!NYG
|'''14'''
|10
|48
|1,044
|21.8
|'''98'''
|8
|-
!1967
!NYG
|'''14'''
|'''14'''
|'''49'''
|'''1,209'''
|24.7
|70
| style=&quot;background:#cfecec;&quot; |'''13'''
|-
!1968
!NYG
|'''14'''
|'''14'''
|45
|1,057
|23.5
|84
|7
|-
!1969
!NYG
|'''14'''
|'''14'''
|42
|744
|17.7
|54
|1
|-
!1970
!Ƙididdiga
|'''14'''
|4
|10
|141
|14.1
|43
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/J/JoneHo00.htm Ayyuka]
!87
!59
!224
!4,986
! style=&quot;background:#e0cef2;&quot; |22.3
!98
!36
|}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816471</id>
      <parentid>816470</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:21:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
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      <text bytes="5230" sha1="kl2fccm79b1w2s0pzb9jg5ap3nhubfr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Homer Carroll Jones''' (18 ga Fabrairu, 1941 - 14 ga Yuni, 2023) ya kasance ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallonƙwallon ƙwararrun Ƙwallon ƙwararru (NFL) na New York Giants (1964-1969) da Cleveland Browns (1970).  A lokacin aikinsa, an san shi da girmansa da saurinsa. An yaba wa Jones da kirkirar bikin &quot;spike&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Jimmy |date=June 27, 2021 |title=The Life And Career Of Homer Jones (Complete Story) |url=https://www.brownsnation.com/homer-jones/ |access-date=August 19, 2022 |website=Browns Nation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Jones a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1941, a Pittsburg, Texas . Mahaifiyarsa malamar makaranta ce kuma mahaifinsa ma'aikacin ƙarfe ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Jimmy |date=June 27, 2021 |title=The Life And Career Of Homer Jones (Complete Story) |url=https://www.brownsnation.com/homer-jones/ |access-date=August 19, 2022 |website=Browns Nation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jones ya halarci Kwalejin Kudancin Texas (yanzu Jami'ar Kudancin California), kwalejin baƙar fata na tarihi, kuma ya yi fice a cikin waƙa da filin da kuma kwallon kafa, yana gudana da tseren 100-yard da 220-yard. Kungiyar garinsu, Houston Oilers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka ce ta tsara shi a shekarar 1963, amma ya ji rauni a gwiwa a sansanin horo kuma an yanke shi.

Jones ya kasance mai tsere mai ƙwarewa a ƙasa, ya kammala na 3 a 1962 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships a cikin 220 yadudduka.

== New York Giants da &quot;spike&quot; ==
New York Giants sun ba Jones tikitin bas zuwa New York da biyan kuɗi don tiyata a gwiwa. An san shi da &quot;Rhino&quot; ga abokan aikinsa, Jones ya sa kayan aiki na 45 a New York. Bayan sun ga 'yan wasa kamar abokin wasan Giants Frank Gifford da Green Bay Packers star Paul Hornung suna murna da touchdowns ta hanyar jefa kwallon a magoya bayan adawa a cikin masu tsayawa, Jones ya yanke shawarar fito da nasa, mafi aminci bayan touchdown. A cikin wasan 1965, bayan ya zira kwallaye, ya jefa kwallon kafa da karfi a yankin ƙarshe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nfl.com/player/homerjones/2517888/profile Homer Jones]. nfl.com&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kira wannan matakin &quot;spike&quot;. Bikin zamani na bayan taɓawa, gami da &quot;taɓawa taɓawa&quot;, an ce sun samo asali ne daga kirkirar Jones. Gudanar da zaɓin aikinsa shine sabon doka na 1965 wanda zai ci tarar dan wasan $ 500 idan ya jefa kwallon a cikin masu tsayawa. Jones ya ce tarar ta faru da shi, don haka ya yanke shawarar jefa kwallon a ƙasa a maimakon haka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nfl.com/player/homerjones/2517888/profile Homer Jones]. nfl.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukansa na baya da ritaya ==
A watan Janairun 1970, an sayar da Jones ga Browns don musayar Ron Johnson da tsohon dan wasan tsaron Jim Kanicki. Browns sun kasance a kasuwa don sabon mai karɓa mai faɗi bayan sun yi ciniki da Paul Warfield ga Miami Dolphins.

A wasan farko na tawagar na 1970 NFL kakar a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1970, a Cleveland Municipal Stadium, Jones ya dawo da rabi na biyu da New York Jets don touchdown, babban wasa a cikin nasarar Browns 31-21 a kan Jets a gaban magoya bayan 85,703. Taron, a hukumance mafi yawan jama'a a tarihin Browns, ya kasance wani ɓangare na tarihin NFL a wannan maraice a wasan farko da aka buga a [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s Monday Night Football.

Koyaya, wannan touchdown zai zama babban abin da ya fi dacewa a kakar wasa daya tare da Browns yayin da raunin gwiwa ya kama Jones. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sayar da shi zuwa St. Louis Cardinals a watan Yulin 1971, an tilasta masa ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 29.

Jones ya mutu daga ciwon daji na huhu a Pittsburg, a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2023, yana da shekaru 82. 

== Kididdigar aiki ==
Jones ya gama aikinsa tare da karɓar 224 don yadudduka 4,986, matsakaicin yadudduka 22.3 a kowane karɓar, da kuma touchdowns 38 (36 karɓa, ɗaya gaggauta, ɗaya dawowa). Yards dinsa a kowace karɓar jimlar matsayi na 1 a tarihin NFL tsakanin 'yan wasan da ke da akalla 200 na karɓar aiki.
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Labari
|-
| style=&quot;background:#e0cef2; width:3em;&quot; |
|Rubuce-rubucen NFL
|-
| style=&quot;background:#cfecec; width:3em;&quot; |
|Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar
|-
|'''Ƙarfin zuciya'''
|Babban aikinsa
|}

=== Lokaci na yau da kullun ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Wasanni
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Karɓar
|-
!GP
!GS
!Rec
!Yds
!Avg
!Lng
!TD
|-
!1964
!NYG
|3
|0
|4
|82
|20.5
|30
|0
|-
!1965
!NYG
|'''14'''
|3
|26
|709
|'''27.3'''
| style=&quot;background:#cfecec;&quot; |89
|6
|-
!1966
!NYG
|'''14'''
|10
|48
|1,044
|21.8
|'''98'''
|8
|-
!1967
!NYG
|'''14'''
|'''14'''
|'''49'''
|'''1,209'''
|24.7
|70
| style=&quot;background:#cfecec;&quot; |'''13'''
|-
!1968
!NYG
|'''14'''
|'''14'''
|45
|1,057
|23.5
|84
|7
|-
!1969
!NYG
|'''14'''
|'''14'''
|42
|744
|17.7
|54
|1
|-
!1970
!Ƙididdiga
|'''14'''
|4
|10
|141
|14.1
|43
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/J/JoneHo00.htm Ayyuka]
!87
!59
!224
!4,986
! style=&quot;background:#e0cef2;&quot; |22.3
!98
!36
|}

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michael Novogratz</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:42:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 13 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Michael Edward Novogratz''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1964) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka, wanda ya kafa tare kuma tsohon shugaban Fortress Investment Group, inda shi ma ya kasance Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Fortress Macro Fund. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;AmotuwwwP4ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson, Lincoln |date=June 30 – July 6, 2010 |title=A 'master of the universe' will wrestle with Pier 40 and park |url=http://thevillager.com/villager_375/amasteroftheuniverse.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704220511/http://thevillager.com/villager_375/amasteroftheuniverse.html |archive-date=4 July 2010 |access-date=2013-09-21 |website=[[The Villager (Manhattan)|The Villager]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Galaxy Investment Partners wanda ke mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a cikin [[cryptocurrency]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a Alexandria, Virginia, Novogratz shi ne na uku cikin yara bakwai  na ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na West Point kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Knute Rockne Award (mafi kyawun ɗan wasan layi) Robert, Sr. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;FCMNWwOYaWS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark, Patrick |date=2012-06-13 |title=Fortress Chieftain Mike Novogratz Wrestles with Olympians, Youth…and Wall Street |url=http://observer.com/2012/06/fortress-chieftain-mike-novogratz-wrestles-with-olympians-youth-alike/ |access-date=2013-09-20 |website=[[New York Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Fort Hunt .  Novogratz ya zo na biyu a makarantar kokawa ta sakandare ta jihar Virginia, sannan ya zama kyaftin ɗin kokawa na Princeton . &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;FCMNWwOYaWS&quot; /&gt; Novogratz shi ne ɗan wasan farko na All-Ivy League a duka 1986 ( {{Convert|150|lbs|kg|1}} ) da kuma 1987 ( {{Convert|158|lbs|kg|1}} ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Ivy League Honors |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224318/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya cancanci shiga gasar kokawa ta Ƙungiyar Wasannin Kwaleji ta Ƙasa (NCAA) a shekarun 1986 da 1987 (dukansu suna da {{Convert|150|lbs|kg|1}} ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-28 |title=Princeton Wrestlers At The NCAA Championships |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205499246 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224322/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205499246 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Novogratz ya sami nasarar AB a fannin tattalin arziki a Princeton. &lt;ref name=&quot;BoD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors: Michael E. Novogratz |url=http://www.fortress.com/AboutFortress/Leadership/Board.aspx?id=9 |access-date=2013-09-21 |publisher=[[Fortress Investment Group]] |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921150857/http://www.fortress.com/AboutFortress/Leadership/Board.aspx?id=9 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A gasar kokawa ta NCAA ta 1987, ya kai zagaye na 16 a rukunin masu nasara kuma an cire shi daga rukunin ta'aziyya a zagaye na 12. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=57th NCAA Wrestling Tournament: 3/19/1987 to 3/21/1987 at Maryland (1987) |url=http://www.wrestlingstats.com/ncaa/pdf/brackets/NCAA%201987.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2018 |website=WrestlingStats.com |pages=13&amp;ndash;14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bayan ya yi aiki a rundunar tsaron ƙasa ta New Jersey wadda ta haɗa da aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi mai saukar ungulu, Novogratz ya fara aikinsa da Goldman Sachs a shekarar 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;FCMNWwOYaWS&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MNG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-01-25 |title=Michael Novogratz |url=http://gawker.com/550093/michael-novogratz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055305/http://gawker.com/550093/michael-novogratz |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-09-26 |website=[[Gawker]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1989, &lt;ref name=&quot;MNPoFIG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-06-08 |title=Mike Novogratz, President of Fortress Investment Group |url=http://www.opalesque.tv/youtube/Mike_Novogratz/1 |access-date=2013-09-27 |publisher=Opalesque.tv |format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya shiga kamfanin a matsayin mai sayar da hannun jari na ɗan gajeren lokaci ( kasuwar kuɗi ). &lt;ref name=&quot;FCMNWwOYaWS&quot; /&gt; Novogratz ya zauna a Asiya daga 1992 zuwa 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;EP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Executive Profile: Michael Edward Novogratz |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=26255285&amp;ticker=FIG:US&amp;previousCapId=666715&amp;previousTitle=FORTRESS%20INVESTMENT%20GRP-CL%20A |access-date=2013-09-27 |website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ɗauki matsayin mai sayar da kayayyaki ga Goldman a Tokyo a shekarar 1992, &lt;ref name=&quot;MNPoFIG&quot; /&gt; kuma daga ƙarshe Jon Corzine ya tura shi Hong Kong don gudanar da teburin ciniki ga kamfanin. &lt;ref name=&quot;FCMNWwOYaWS&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MNPoFIG&quot; /&gt; An zaɓe shi abokin tarayya a Goldman a shekarar 1998. &lt;ref name=&quot;BoD&quot;/&gt; Daga cikin mukaman da ya riƙe a Goldman akwai shugaban Goldman Sachs Latin America da kuma shugaban asusun samun kuɗi, kuɗaɗen shiga da kuma haɗarin kayayyaki a Asiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Ivy League Honors |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224318/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Novogratz ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya bar Goldman, shekara guda bayan kamfanin ya bayyana a bainar jama'a, sakamakon &quot;yin biki kamar tauraron rock&quot;. 

A watan Maris na 2002, &lt;ref name=&quot;EP&quot;/&gt; Novogratz ya shiga Fortress Investments a kan lokaci don ya haɗu da Wesley Edens, Robert Kauffman, Randal Nardone da Peter Briger, Jr. wajen tallata kamfanin ga jama'a a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2007, lokacin da aka fara bayar da shi ga jama'a . &lt;ref name=&quot;OtH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McLean, Bethany |date=April 2009 |title=Over the Hedge |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/04/fortress-group200904-2 |access-date=2013-09-28 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FCMNWwOYaWS&quot;/&gt; A lokacin IPO, kamfanin ya sayar da kaso 8% ga jama'a kan dala miliyan 600. &lt;ref name=&quot;MNG&quot;/&gt; Kafin ya hau matsayinsa a Fortress a matsayin babban jami'i kuma darektan Fortress Credit Corporation a 2006, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Bayanai na Macro Funds a Fortress Investment Group LLC. &lt;ref name=&quot;EP&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa yankin Fortress ya haɗa da asusun hedge da saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, Novogratz da abokin aikinsa Princetonian Briger sun yi aiki  asusun shinge. &lt;ref name=&quot;OtH&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa farashin hannun jari ya tashi zuwa $35 a IPO ɗinsa, kafin 3 ga Disamba, 2008, ya faɗi ƙasa da $1.87 bayan an rufe cire kuɗi daga asusun Novogratz' Drawbridge Global Macro. &lt;ref name=&quot;OtH&quot; /&gt; [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] An ruguje sansanin soja bayan da Novogratz da abokan aikinsa suka rasa ɗaruruwan miliyoyin kuɗi a kan kuɗin Swiss da kadarorin Brazil. 

=== Kuɗin Crypto ===
Novogratz shine Shugaba na Galaxy Investment Partners, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari na cryptocurrency. Da farko an tsara zai fara Asusun Tallafinsa na Galaxy Digital Assets a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2017, ya ajiye tsare-tsare saboda &quot;bai so yanayin kasuwa ba.&quot;

Kamfanin Galaxy Digital Holdings Ltd. yana ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin cryptocurrency kaɗan da ake buƙata don buga sakamakon kuɗi. A cikin watanni tara na farko na 2018, kamfanin ya yi asarar dala miliyan 136 a cinikin cryptocurrency. A cikin 2017, Galaxy Digital ta ba da gudummawa ga zagayen tallafin dala miliyan 80 ga kamfanin fasaha na Bitfury .

Asarar Galaxy ta ƙaru zuwa miliyan 554 a kwata na biyu na 2022 bayan asarar dala miliyan 182 a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Ivy League Honors |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224318/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya bayyana a shekarar 2017 cewa kashi 20% na dukiyarsa tana cikin [[Bitcoin]] da Ethereum . Ya ce ya samu dala miliyan 250 daga kuɗin crypto daga 2016-2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Ivy League Honors |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224318/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani taron cryptocurrency na 2022, Novogratz ya yi alfahari da cewa shi &quot;mutum ne kawai a duniya da ke da zane-zanen Bitcoin da kuma zane-zanen Luna&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg220512&quot; /&gt; Bayan 'yan makonni, UST (tsabar kudin Terra Luna mai tsari), wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa an haɗa shi da Dalar Amurka, ya rasa kusan dukkan darajarsa. 

=== Wasu mukamai ===
Gwamnan New York David Paterson ya naɗa Novogratz a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Hudson River Park Trust a shekarar 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;AmotuwwwP4ap&quot;/&gt; Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Zuba Jari na Bankin Tarayya na New York kan Kasuwannin Kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;BoD&quot;/&gt; Novogratz shi ne shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa Beat the Streets, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wadda ke haɓaka wasannin kokawa a makarantun gwamnati na birnin New York. &lt;ref name=&quot;BoD&quot; /&gt; Yana cikin kwamitin Acumen Fund, NYU Langone Medical Center, Princeton Varsity Club, Boards of Creative Alternatives na New York, PAX, School for Strings, da Jazz Foundation of America. &lt;ref name=&quot;BoD&quot; /&gt;  Ya kafa kuma shine shugaban School for Strings. &lt;ref name=&quot;EP&quot; /&gt; Shi ne kuma shugaban girmamawa na USA Wrestling Foundation kuma shugaban The Friends of the Hudson River Park. &lt;ref name=&quot;EP&quot; /&gt; A watan Oktoba na 2015, Novogratz ya yi ritaya daga Fortress Investments. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Ivy League Honors |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224318/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A shekara ta 2006, ya sayi gidan [[Robert De Niro]] mai darajar dala miliyan 12.25 a unguwar Tribeca ta Manhattan . &lt;ref name=&quot;FCMNWwOYaWS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark, Patrick |date=2012-06-13 |title=Fortress Chieftain Mike Novogratz Wrestles with Olympians, Youth…and Wall Street |url=http://observer.com/2012/06/fortress-chieftain-mike-novogratz-wrestles-with-olympians-youth-alike/ |access-date=2013-09-20 |website=[[New York Observer]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFClark,_Patrick2012&quot;&gt;Clark, Patrick (2012-06-13). [http://observer.com/2012/06/fortress-chieftain-mike-novogratz-wrestles-with-olympians-youth-alike/ &quot;Fortress Chieftain Mike Novogratz Wrestles with Olympians, Youth…and Wall Street&quot;]. ''[[New York Observer]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da ya koma tsohon gidan De Niro, Mickey Rourke ya koma tsohon gidan gundumar Meatpacking na Novogratz. &lt;ref name=&quot;AmotuwwwP4ap&quot;/&gt; Shi da matarsa Dora &quot;Sukey&quot; Caceres suna da 'ya'ya huɗu. &lt;ref name=&quot;AmotuwwwP4ap&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MNG&quot;/&gt; Suna kuma da gida a Amagansett, a wajen birnin New York. &lt;ref name=&quot;MNG&quot; /&gt;

Ya kasance mai ƙarfafa gwiwa ga Ƙungiyar Kokawa ta Ƙasa ta Amurka kuma mai magana da yawun Hukumar Kokawa ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;FCMNWwOYaWS&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WPEC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Browning, Lynnley |date=2013-04-05 |title=Wrestling's Private Equity Champion |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/wrestlings-private-equity-champion/ |access-date=2013-09-21 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An naɗa shi gwarzon ɗan kokawa na shekara ta Amurka a shekarar 2010 kuma fitaccen ɗan Amurka daga Ƙungiyar Kokawa ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MNnUWMotY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abbott, Gary |date=2011-06-12 |title=Mike Novogratz named USA Wrestling Man of the Year |url=http://themat.com/section.php?section_id=3&amp;page=showarticle&amp;ArticleID=23715 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130921050857/http://themat.com/section.php?section_id=3&amp;page=showarticle&amp;ArticleID=23715 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=2013-09-21 |website=The Mat |publisher=[[USA Wrestling]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Duniya ya soke gasar Kokawa ta Olympics daga Gasar Wasannin bazara ta 2020, ya yi kamfen don dawo da wasan. &lt;ref name=&quot;WPEC&quot; /&gt;

=== Jimlar kuɗi ===
A watan Satumba na 2007, an saka Novogratz a matsayi na #317 a Forbes 400 tare da jimlar dukiyar dala biliyan 1.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Ivy League Honors |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224318/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance na 962 a jerin attajiran duniya na Forbes na Maris 2008 tare da jimlar dukiyar dala biliyan 1.2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-28 |title=Princeton Wrestlers At The NCAA Championships |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205499246 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224322/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205499246 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar, ya zama memba na Kappa Beta Phi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=57th NCAA Wrestling Tournament: 3/19/1987 to 3/21/1987 at Maryland (1987) |url=http://www.wrestlingstats.com/ncaa/pdf/brackets/NCAA%201987.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2018 |website=WrestlingStats.com |pages=13&amp;ndash;14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wata &quot;ƙungiyar sirri&quot; ta Wall Street wacce ta ƙunshi manyan jami'an kuɗi masu arziki. Zuwa shekarar 2012, bayan faduwar farashin hannun jari na Fortress, dukiyarsa ta ragu zuwa dala miliyan 500. &lt;ref name=&quot;FCMNWwOYaWS&quot;/&gt; Yana goyon bayan muradun siyasa na 'yan Democrat . &lt;ref name=&quot;AmotuwwwP4ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson, Lincoln |date=June 30 – July 6, 2010 |title=A 'master of the universe' will wrestle with Pier 40 and park |url=http://thevillager.com/villager_375/amasteroftheuniverse.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704220511/http://thevillager.com/villager_375/amasteroftheuniverse.html |archive-date=4 July 2010 |access-date=2013-09-21 |website=[[The Villager (Manhattan)|The Villager]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnderson,_Lincoln2010&quot;&gt;Anderson, Lincoln (June 30 – July 6, 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100704220511/http://thevillager.com/villager_375/amasteroftheuniverse.html &quot;A 'master of the universe' will wrestle with Pier 40 and park&quot;]. ''[[The Villager (Manhattan)|The Villager]]''. Archived from [http://thevillager.com/villager_375/amasteroftheuniverse.html the original] on 4 July 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kuma Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa na Aikin Beli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Ivy League Honors |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224318/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, ya mallaki dala biliyan 4.8 na cryptocurrency. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Ivy League Honors |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224318/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar, ya bayyana a matsayin kansa a cikin wani shiri na ''Biliyoyi'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-28 |title=Princeton Wrestlers At The NCAA Championships |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205499246 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224322/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205499246 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Mayu na 2025, dukiyarsa ta kai dala biliyan 5.5, a cewar Forbes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Ivy League Honors |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224318/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iyali ===
'Yar'uwarsa Jacqueline Novogratz ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma Shugabar Asusun Acumen, yayin da ɗan'uwansa Robert Novogratz mai zane ne wanda aka yi masa suna a cikin shirin talabijin na Bravo ''9 ta Design'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;AmotuwwwP4ap&quot;/&gt; Wani ɗan'uwa kuma, John Novogratz, babban abokin hulɗa ne na gudanarwa a Millennium Partners . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Ivy League Honors |url=http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224318/http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10600&amp;ATCLID=205628713 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ke5e9jl2vac05pz4ng6cwm0zuwsd3b2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Filon Ktenidis</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:17:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816463</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1667" sha1="5g64n7huo6if7m6rhmbvmo97q42f04c" xml:space="preserve">Da 
'''Filon Ktenidis''' (Φίλων Κτενίδης; 1889 - 13 Yuli 1963) marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Pontic [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], mai lissafi, [[ɗan jarida]], likita kuma wanda ya kafa Panagia Soumela a Kastania, Vermiou a Girka.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ===
An haife shi a shekara ta 1889 a Trapezus, Pontus, ya yi yarantakarsa a Kromni. A shekara ta 1906 ya kammala karatu tare da kyakkyawan maki a Frontistirion (High School) na Trapezous .

=== Ayyuka ===
A cikin 1906-1909 ya fara aiki a matsayin mai lissafi. A lokaci guda ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga jaridar Trapezuntine ''Ethniki Drasi'' (Action na Kasa).

A shekara ta 1910 ya buga nasa jarida na mako biyu, ''Epitheoro'', kuma Neo Turks sun kore shi kuma ya gudu zuwa Athens, inda ya shiga makarantar likitancin jami'ar. A cikin 1912-13 ya ba da kansa a cikin sojojin Girka kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan a Epirus da Makidoniya (Greece) . A cikin 1914-1915 ya koma Trapezus don bayar da ayyukan sa kai a matsayin likita, ga mutanen yankunan Girka na waje na Trapezounta.

Tare da shigar da sojojin Rasha zuwa Trapezus a 1916, ya yi tafiya zuwa Caucasus inda tsakanin 1915 da 1917 ya yi aiki a matsayin likita a asibitin soja na Rasha. A shekara ta 1918 ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Kasa ta Pontos a Krassnodor, Rasha. A shekara ta 1922 ya koma Thessaloniki inda ya yi aiki a matsayin likita. Shi ne marubucin sanannun wasan kwaikwayo na Pontian 17. Ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisa bayan zaben majalisa na 1935 a Girka.

==Mutuwa==
Ya mutu a watan Yulin 1963.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Mutuwan  1963]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>5g64n7huo6if7m6rhmbvmo97q42f04c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816464</id>
      <parentid>816463</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:18:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816464</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1676" sha1="jkvxcmvvkxi9vii4w6gu56k79852cgi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Filon Ktenidis''' (Φίλων Κτενίδης; 1889 - 13 Yuli 1963) marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Pontic [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], mai lissafi, [[ɗan jarida]], likita kuma wanda ya kafa Panagia Soumela a Kastania, Vermiou a Girka.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ===
An haife shi a shekara ta 1889 a Trapezus, Pontus, ya yi yarantakarsa a Kromni. A shekara ta 1906 ya kammala karatu tare da kyakkyawan maki a Frontistirion (High School) na Trapezous .

=== Ayyuka ===
A cikin 1906-1909 ya fara aiki a matsayin mai lissafi. A lokaci guda ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga jaridar Trapezuntine ''Ethniki Drasi'' (Action na Kasa).

A shekara ta 1910 ya buga nasa jarida na mako biyu, ''Epitheoro'', kuma Neo Turks sun kore shi kuma ya gudu zuwa Athens, inda ya shiga makarantar likitancin jami'ar. A cikin 1912-13 ya ba da kansa a cikin sojojin Girka kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan a Epirus da Makidoniya (Greece) . A cikin 1914-1915 ya koma Trapezus don bayar da ayyukan sa kai a matsayin likita, ga mutanen yankunan Girka na waje na Trapezounta.

Tare da shigar da sojojin Rasha zuwa Trapezus a 1916, ya yi tafiya zuwa Caucasus inda tsakanin 1915 da 1917 ya yi aiki a matsayin likita a asibitin soja na Rasha. A shekara ta 1918 ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Kasa ta Pontos a Krassnodor, Rasha. A shekara ta 1922 ya koma Thessaloniki inda ya yi aiki a matsayin likita. Shi ne marubucin sanannun wasan kwaikwayo na Pontian 17. Ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisa bayan zaben majalisa na 1935 a Girka.

==Mutuwa==
Ya mutu a watan Yulin 1963.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Mutuwan  1963]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Filon Ktenidis''' (Φίλων Κτενίδης; 1889 - 13 Yuli 1963) marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Pontic [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], mai lissafi, [[ɗan jarida]], likita kuma wanda ya kafa Panagia Soumela a Kastania, Vermiou a Girka.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ===
An haife shi a shekara ta 1889 a Trapezus, Pontus, ya yi yarantakarsa a Kromni. A shekara ta 1906 ya kammala karatu tare da kyakkyawan maki a Frontistirion (High School) na Trapezous .

=== Ayyuka ===
A cikin 1906-1909 ya fara aiki a matsayin mai lissafi. A lokaci guda ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga jaridar Trapezuntine ''Ethniki Drasi'' (Action na Kasa).

A shekara ta 1910 ya buga nasa jarida na mako biyu, ''Epitheoro'', kuma Neo Turks sun kore shi kuma ya gudu zuwa Athens, inda ya shiga makarantar likitancin jami'ar. A cikin 1912-13 ya ba da kansa a cikin sojojin Girka kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan a Epirus da Makidoniya (Greece) . A cikin 1914-1915 ya koma Trapezus don bayar da ayyukan sa kai a matsayin likita, ga mutanen yankunan Girka na waje na Trapezounta.

Tare da shigar da sojojin Rasha zuwa Trapezus a 1916, ya yi tafiya zuwa Caucasus inda tsakanin 1915 da 1917 ya yi aiki a matsayin likita a asibitin soja na Rasha. A shekara ta 1918 ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Kasa ta Pontos a Krassnodor, Rasha. A shekara ta 1922 ya koma Thessaloniki inda ya yi aiki a matsayin likita. Shi ne marubucin sanannun wasan kwaikwayo na Pontian 17. Ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisa bayan zaben majalisa na 1935 a Girka.

==Mutuwa==
Ya mutu a watan Yulin 1963.&lt;ref&gt;''Nea Epohi'' (newspaper), &quot;Filon Ktenidis obituary&quot;,  25-07-1963, p. 2, via State General Archives, Archives for Prefecture of Pieria.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*«Εεγκυκλοπαίδεια ποντιακός ελληνισμός» (12 τομοι)

== Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje==
* [http://pontosworld.com/index.php/pontus/history/biographies/130-ktenidis-filon-1889-1963 ''Filon Ktenidis'']{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ktenidis, Filon}}
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    <title>Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi</title>
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'''Muḥammad In'āmul-Ḥasan Kāndhlawī''' (20 Fabrairu 1918 - 10 Yuni 1995) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne na Indiya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban jagora ko Amir na Tablighi Jamaat daga 1965 zuwa 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;biography&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography Maulana Inamul Hasan Kandhalawi |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/123593553/Biography-Maulana-Inamul-Hasan-Kandhalawi |access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
An haifi Inamul Hasan a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1918 a garin Kandhla, kusa da Saharanpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Indiya. Ya sami ilimin addini na asali a Madrassa Kashif-ul-Uloom Nizamuddin New Delhi sannan a Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur sannan ya kwashe sauran rayuwarsa yana aiki ga Tablighi Jamat .

Ya auri 'yar Sheikh ul Hadith Zakariyya Kandhlawi ta biyu. Sheikh-ul-Hadith ne ya nada shi Ameer na uku (shugaban) na Tablighi Jamaat bayan mutuwar Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi a 1965 kuma ya yi aiki sama da shekaru 30 a matsayin shugaban Tablighi Jamaica har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1995.

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1995. Ya kasance mai ƙwarewa sosai a cikin ''Ilm-e-Hadith'' (sani game da al'adun Muhammadu). A lokacin mulkinsa, ya yi ''Shura'' (kungiyar ba da shawara da tsarin ba da shawara) a kowace ƙasa inda Jamaat ke aiki don aiki mai kyau na aikin. Ya cika alhakinsa a matsayin Amir na Tablighi Jamaat tare da hangen nesa da ƙarfin zuciya. Firayim Ministan Indiya na lokacin PV Narasimha Rao ya yi murna da mutuwarsa.

== Bayanan littattafai ==

*  
* {{Cite web |title=Maulana Inaamul Hasan Kandhlawi; Third Ameer of Tableeghi Jamaat (RA) |url=http://www.central-mosque.com/biographies/minaam.htm |publisher=central-mosque.com}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.islamicbookcenter.org/index.php?dispatch=products.view&amp;product_id=2321 Littattafai a cikin harshen Urdu (3 kundin) game da rayuwar Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi a shafin yanar gizon islamicbookcenter.org]
[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]
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    <title>Anastasios Tagis</title>
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'''Anastasios Tagis''' (Girkanci: Αναστάσιος Τάγης, 1839-1900) masanin Girka ne kuma malamin ilimin harshe na karni na 19.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Tagis a [[Ioannina (regional unit)|Ioannina]]&quot; id=&quot;mwCw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Monodendri, Ioannina&quot;&gt;Monodendri na Ioannina (a lokacin wani ɓangare na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]) a cikin 1839.  Ya kammala [[Crete|Karita]] daga ''Makarantar Rizarios'' ta [[Athens]] sannan daga baya daga Makarantar Philolological ta Jami'ar Athens inda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta malamin ilimin harshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;papazisis&quot; /&gt; Da farko ya koyar a Gymnasium na Samos, bayan haka a tsibirin Krita sannan a Halki . &lt;ref name=&quot;hellenicaworld&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1873, ya kafa, tare da wasu, makarantar sakandare ta Girka a Pera na [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] (a hukumance Konstaniniyye) kuma ya koyar a ciki tare da ɗan'uwansa, Filippos .  Daga baya, a cikin 1869, an zabe shi memba na Greek Philological Society of Constantinople (''Ελληνικός Φιλολογικός Σύλλογος εν Κωνσταντινούπολει'').  Ya kuma koyar a ''Makarantar Vasmatzidis'' ta Pera da kuma sanannen Zografeion Lyceum . &lt;ref name=&quot;papazisis&quot; /&gt;

Ya rubuta fassarori na ma'anar Aristotelian na bala'i, elegies, Pindar odes kuma ya yi sharhi game da Xenophon da tatsuniyoyin Aesop.[1] Ya yi magana da Harshen Girkanci na Dā sosai kuma ya kammala waƙar Delphic a shekara ta 1894. [1]

Ya mutu a shekara ta 1900, yana da shekaru 60 ko 61.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Anastasios Tagis''' (Girkanci: Αναστάσιος Τάγης, 1839-1900) masanin Girka ne kuma malamin ilimin harshe na karni na 19.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Tagis a Monodendri na Ioannina (a lokacin wani ɓangare na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]) a cikin 1839.&lt;ref name=hellenicaworld&gt;[http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Index/gr/Tau001.html «Αλφαβητικός κατάλογος : Τ - Τα»], Τάγης Αναστάσιος (1839 – 1900), Φιλόλογος&quot;, hellenicaworld&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=papazisis&gt;Papazisis Dimitrios, «''Βιογραφική συλλογή λογίων Ελλήνων επί Τουρκοκρατίας (Ηπείρου – Θεσσαλίας – Μακεδονίας)''», Ηπειρωτική Εστία 27 (1978) 981&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala [[Crete|Karita]] daga ''Makarantar Rizarios'' ta [[Athens]] sannan daga baya daga Makarantar Philolological ta Jami'ar Athens inda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta malamin ilimin harshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;papazisis&quot; /&gt; Da farko ya koyar a Gymnasium na Samos, bayan haka a tsibirin Krita sannan a Halki . &lt;ref name=&quot;hellenicaworld&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1873, ya kafa, tare da wasu, makarantar sakandare ta Girka a Pera na [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] (a hukumance Konstaniniyye) kuma ya koyar a ciki tare da ɗan'uwansa, Filippos .  Daga baya, a cikin 1869, an zabe shi memba na Greek Philological Society of Constantinople (''Ελληνικός Φιλολογικός Σύλλογος εν Κωνσταντινούπολει'').  Ya kuma koyar a ''Makarantar Vasmatzidis'' ta Pera da kuma sanannen Zografeion Lyceum . &lt;ref name=&quot;papazisis&quot; /&gt;

Ya rubuta fassarori na ma'anar Aristotelian na bala'i, elegies, Pindar odes kuma ya yi sharhi game da Xenophon da tatsuniyoyin Aesop.[1] Ya yi magana da Harshen Girkanci na Dā sosai kuma ya kammala waƙar Delphic a shekara ta 1894. [1]

Ya mutu a shekara ta 1900, yana da shekaru 60 ko 61.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
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    <title>Nicolas Astrinidis</title>
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'''Nicolas Astrinidis''' (Girkanci: Νίκος Αστρινίδης; 6 ga Mayu 1921, a Cetatea Albă &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nicolas Astrinidis |url=https://web.stanford.edu/~ichriss/Astrinidis.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; - 10 ga Disamba 2010, a Thessaloniki) ɗan ƙasar Romania ne ɗan ƙasar Girka, ɗan wasan piano, mai gudanarwa, kuma malami.

Bayan karbar difloma a wasan piano da abun da ke ciki daga Schola Cantorum na Paris, Astrinidis ya fara aiki na kasa da kasa a matsayin pianist (soloist ko accompanist). A cikin shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960, ya zagaya Gabashin Asiya da Amurka, yana yin aiki a birane, kamar Evanston [1] da Hong Kong. [2] Ya yi aiki tare da sanannun masu wasan kwaikwayo na lokacin, kamar su violinists Jacques Thibaud, Henryk Szeryng, Colette Frantz, da kuma cellist Bernard Michelin.[3][4][5] A cikin 1949, Riccordi Americana ya buga ayyukan piano guda biyu: Danse Grecque, da Deux Préludes.[6][7]

A cikin 1962 rayuwar da shahadar Saint Demetrius ya zama batun oratorio na minti 90 na Astrinidis. An gabatar da sassa uku na aikin a bikin Demetria na farko a Thessaloniki a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1962. An fara gabatar da dukan oratorio a 1966 kuma ya sami wasan kwaikwayo na gaba a 1985 (Thessaloniki) da 1993 (Bucharest). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nicolas Astrinidis |url=https://web.stanford.edu/~ichriss/Astrinidis.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin wasan kwaikwayon an rubuta su.

Sauran waƙoƙinsa na symphonic sun haɗa da oratorios The Youth of Alexander the Great, Cyril and Methodius (1966), da choral [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_la56HUYYMZICVHyP-6Y23C9umKNW8Rs ''Symphony &quot;1821&quot;''] (1971), da Cypriot Rhapsody, waƙoƙi uku: Variations Concertantes for piano and orchestra (1952-55), [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCRnz2NES9c&amp;list=PL_la56HUYYMZmAu6LtZc-Ku51zdcPk6gE&amp;index=9 ''Concerto-Rhapsody''] for violin and orchestra (1979) da Concerto pour Guitare et Orchestre (2007).

An gudanar da haraji ga Astrinidis, tare da mawaƙin yana magana game da yin kiɗansa, a Birnin New York a shekara ta 2004.  A shekara ta 2006, an yi wasu sassan daga ''Symphony 1821'' a New Brunswick. A watan Disamba na 2020, pianist Stephanos Katsaros  ya ƙaddamar da ƙananan shirye-shirye 12 tare da wasan kwaikwayo na piano da ayyukan kiɗa na Astrinidis. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Greek pianist and composer in Hongkong,&quot; ''South China Sunday Post – Herald,'' 18 September 1960, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;Aikin hada-hadar Nikos Astrinidis: hanyar farko. &quot; Jami'ar Aristotle ta Thessaloniki, 1992.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;Daga Aljanna ta Diaspora zuwa Cell na Maidowa: Hellenism a cikin Rayuwa da Ayyuka na Nikos Astrinidis,&quot; a cikin [Aspects of Hellenism in Music], Athens Concert Hall, Athens, Girka, 5-7 Mayu 2006.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;To drama sto ergo tou Nikou Astrinidē: eisagōgeikes paratērēseis&quot; [Drama a cikin aikin Nikos Astrinidēs: maganganun gabatarwa], Halitta na Girkanci na ƙarni na ashirin a cikin Lyric Drama da sauran Ayyuka na Wakilai, ed. G. Vlastos. Athens, 2009, 252-6.
* Pappa, V. da N. Pappas. ''Nikos Astrinidēs - Anatolizontes Glykasmoi'' [Nikos Astrinidésia - gabas da jin daɗi]. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Nicolas Astrinidis: Rayuwa - Ayyuka Katalog''. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
* Karafillidis, Vangelis. &quot;Nicolas Astrinidis (1921-2010): Harsuna masu kirkiro a cikin 'DEUX PIÈCES EN STYLE GREC' don violin da piano. &quot; ''Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai'' 57 (2012), 117-21.
* &quot;An Astrinidīs resource,&quot; bibliolore: The RILM blog, 13 Maris 2013, [online https://bibliolore.org/2013/03/13/an-astrinidis-resource/].
* Sakallieros, Giorgos. &quot;Astrinidēs [Astrinidis], Nikolaos [Nikos, Nicolaos].&quot; ''Oxford Music Online (Grove Music Online) '', 3 Satumba 2014. [[doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.2270634|https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.]]
* Chrissochoidis, Ilias (edita). [https://www.academia.edu/36537865/ ''Nicolas Astrinidis (1921-2010): Symphony &quot;1821.&quot;''] Stanford, 2018.
* Chrissochoidis, Ilias (edita). Nicolas Astrinidis, &quot;Thourios by Rigas&quot; Stanford, 2021.
* Chrissochoidis, Ilias (edita). ''[https://www.academia.edu/45243364/ Nicolas Astrinidis (mai shirya), &quot;Ƙarfin Ƙasa na Girka&quot;.]'' Stanford, 2021.
* Chrissochoidis, Ilias (edita). Nicolas Astrinidis (mai shirya), &quot;Apolytikion of the Resurrection&quot; (Vocal Score), Stanford, 2021.
* Chrissochoidis, Ilias (edita). Nicolas Astrinidis (mai shirya), &quot;Famed Macedonia&quot; (Vocal Score), Stanford, 2021.
* Chrissochoidis, Ilias (edita), Nicolas Astrinidis (mai shirya), &quot;Apolytikion of Saint Demetrios&quot; (Vocal Score), Stanford, 2021.
* Chrissochoidis, Ilias, [https://www.academia.edu/95256300 &quot;Astrinidis's 'Ithaka': Settling in Thessaloniki,&quot;] 49-56, a cikin 6th International Conference of Hellenic Symphonic Bands: &quot;Wind ensembles: tarihi retrospect, tafiya, da kuma canji a lokutan annoba,&quot; Thessaloniki، Yuni 25-27 2021 Conference Proceedings, ed. ta hanyar Kostis Hassiotis, Evangelia Kikou, da Christos Pouris (Thessaloniki: Jami'ar Makidoniya, 2022).
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;Papadiamantis da yaren symphonic: Sto Hristo sto Kastro (1991) by Nicolas Astrinidis&quot;, H διαχρονία του Παπαδιαμάντη: Πρα dialogue Δ' Διεθ citas Συνεδρίου (Εταιρεία Παπαμανδιατικών Σπουδών, 2024), 645-658.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] [https://www.ahifworld.net/uploads/1/1/7/1/117198244/18_ilias_chrissochoidis__poetry_2024.pdf &quot;Kariya ta Cyprus ta hanyar fasaha: Cypriot Rhapsody (1944) na Nicolas Astrinidis&quot;], American Journal of Contemporary Hellenic Issues 15 (Winter 2024-2025).
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;Nicolas Astrinidis' Symphony 1821: Tsayar da tasowa na Girka ta zamani a cikin sauti,&quot; Musicology da Music Librarianship a cikin Al'adu a cikin girmamawa na Stephanie Merakos, Abokan Kungiyar Kiɗa a Megaron - Gidan Gidan Gida na Athens, 20-21 Fabrairu 2025.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;'Symphony 1821' - Wani Kyauta da aka yi watsi da shi na Kiɗa na Girka&quot;, The National Herald, Maris 22, 2025.

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Seymour Stein</title>
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'''Seymour Steinbigle''' (April 18, 1942 – April 2, 2023),&lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Seymour Stein, Sire Co-Founder Who Signed Madonna and Ramones, Dies at 80 |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/seymour-stein-music-exec-madonna-talking-heads-dead-1235571169/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; known professionally as '''Seymour Stein''', was an American entrepreneur and music executive. He co-founded Sire Records and was vice president of Warner Bros. Records. With Sire, Stein signed bands that became central to the new wave era of the 1970s and 1980s, including The Ramones,Talking Heads, and The Pretenders; he signed [[Madonna]] as well. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005.

== Ayyuka ==
An haifi Stein a Birnin New York . &lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Seymour Stein, Sire Co-Founder Who Signed Madonna and Ramones, Dies at 80 |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/seymour-stein-music-exec-madonna-talking-heads-dead-1235571169/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na dalibi mai shekaru 13 na makarantar sakandare, ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a mujallar masana'antar kiɗa ta ''Billboard'', yana taimakawa shugaban labaran Billboard Tommy Noonan . Tare sun taimaka wajen bunkasa ''Billboard Hot 100'', wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Agusta 1958. 

Mai mallakar King Records Syd Nathan ya kusanci Stein don yin aiki a gare shi a Cincinnati, Ohio. Mahaifin Stein ya kasance mai shakka, amma Sarki ya gaya masa &quot;Ɗanka yana da shellac a cikin jijiyoyinsa. Ɗanka yana da kyau ga abu ɗaya da abu ɗaya kawai, kuma hakan yana cikin kasuwancin rikodin. Idan ba ku bar shi ya shiga kasuwancin kiɗa ba, zai ƙare yana isar da jaridu har tsawon rayuwarka. Idan ba ka so hakan a kan lamirinka ba, za ka bar shi ya zo tare da ni don bazara&quot; Stein ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ba, yana aiki a can na shekaru biyu a matsayin mai shiga kamfanin a 1961

Homesick, ya koma New York a 1963 don yin aiki ga Herb Abramson, amma wannan ba shi da tsawo, ya dauki watanni uku kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Seymour Stein, Sire Co-Founder Who Signed Madonna and Ramones, Dies at 80 |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/seymour-stein-music-exec-madonna-talking-heads-dead-1235571169/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ya zama mataimakin mai ba da labari George Goldner, wanda ya kafa Red Bird Records tare da marubuta Jerry Leiber da Mike Stoller a 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot; /&gt;

Yana aiki a can a cikin Ginin Brill, ya zama abokantaka tare da mai gabatar da rikodin FGG Productions Richard Gottehrer . Ganin cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin Goldner da Leiber da Stoller suna raguwa, sai ya yanke shawarar fara sabon kamfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicWeek&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seymour Stein: 'Music replaced every other thing that was important to me' |url=https://www.musicweek.com/interviews/read/seymour-stein-music-replaced-every-other-thing-that-was-important-to-me/073225 |access-date=April 3, 2023 |publisher=Music Week}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kafa Sire Productions a 1966 tare da Gottehrer, kowannensu yana saka hannun jari na dala dubu goma a cikin sabon kamfanin,  wanda ya haifar da kafa Sire Records.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Personality Clash: Seymour Stein Vs Tim Dellow &amp;#124; Clash Music Exclusive General |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/feature/personality-clash-seymour-stein-vs-tim-dellow |access-date=March 22, 2011 |website=Clashmusic}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar, Stein ya sami damar sanya hannu kan Jimi Hendrix, yana yabonsa saboda kayan aikinsa na asali, amma daga ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar yin hakan bayan ya ga Hendrix ya fashe guitar dinsa a wani lokaci kuma ya yi jayayya da abokinsa, Linda Keith, a lokuta masu zuwa.

The label initially concentrated on licensing European releases with little success, until Dutch progressive rock band Focus had an international hit with the 1973 single &quot;Hocus Pocus&quot;. Gottehrer left the label in 1974 to concentrate on production; Stein then focused on checking new acts in the New York clubs and on his wife's recommendation arranged for the Ramones to do a showcase, signing them in 1975. Other signings soon followed including Talking Heads, Richard Hell &amp;amp;amp; the Voidoids, the Pretenders in 1980, and foreign punk acts The Rezillos and The Saints.&lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Seymour Stein, Sire Co-Founder Who Signed Madonna and Ramones, Dies at 80 |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/seymour-stein-music-exec-madonna-talking-heads-dead-1235571169/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stein signed [[Madonna]] from his hospital bed after hearing her track &quot;Everybody&quot; in 1982. Other acts signed by Sire include The Replacements, Depeche Mode, The Smiths, The Cure, Ice-T, [[Brian Wilson]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministry, The Undertones, and Echo &amp;amp;amp; the Bunnymen.

Irin wannan shine tasirin Stein wajen sanya hannu da inganta sabon nau'in kiɗa wanda wani lokacin ana yaba masa da ya zo da sunan a matsayin madadin kalmar &quot;punk&quot;, wanda ya sami raini. Da yake gaskata cewa amfani da kalmar zai haifar da tallace-tallace mara kyau ga ayyukan Sire waɗanda suka buga wa kulob din CBGB na New York akai-akai, ya ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin &quot;Kada ku kira shi Punk&quot; wanda aka tsara don maye gurbin kalmar da &quot;sabon raƙuman ruwa&quot;. An yi amfani da wannan kalmar a baya don komawa ga motsi na fim na New Wave na Faransa na shekarun 1960.

Stein ya kasance shugaban Sire Records da mataimakin shugaban Warner Bros. Records har sai da ya sanar da ritaya a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018.  Ya sami yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace da rarrabawa daga 1976 zuwa 1994 kuma daga Afrilu 2003 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya. An shigar da shi cikin Rock da Roll Hall of Fame a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2005, a karkashin rukunin nasarar rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicWeek&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seymour Stein: 'Music replaced every other thing that was important to me' |url=https://www.musicweek.com/interviews/read/seymour-stein-music-replaced-every-other-thing-that-was-important-to-me/073225 |access-date=April 3, 2023 |publisher=Music Week}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2016, an girmama Stein tare da lambar yabo ta Richmond Hitmaker a Songwriters Hall of Fame . &lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Seymour Stein, Sire Co-Founder Who Signed Madonna and Ramones, Dies at 80 |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/seymour-stein-music-exec-madonna-talking-heads-dead-1235571169/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stein ta auri mai gabatar da kiɗa kuma mai kula da dukiya Linda Stein (1945-2007) kuma tare ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Samantha wacce ta mutu sakamakon ciwon daji na kwakwalwa a 2013 tana da shekaru 40 da kuma darektan fim Mandy Stein. Sun sake aure a kan yarjejeniyar abokantaka a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s; bai sake yin aure ba. An haife shi Bayahude  kuma ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a cikin 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Personality Clash: Seymour Stein Vs Tim Dellow &amp;#124; Clash Music Exclusive General |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/feature/personality-clash-seymour-stein-vs-tim-dellow |access-date=March 22, 2011 |website=Clashmusic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stein ya wallafa tarihin kansa, Siren Song: My Life in Music, a cikin 2018.

Stein ya mutu daga ciwon daji a gida a Los Angeles a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2023, yana da shekaru 80. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Personality Clash: Seymour Stein Vs Tim Dellow &amp;#124; Clash Music Exclusive General |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/feature/personality-clash-seymour-stein-vs-tim-dellow |access-date=March 22, 2011 |website=Clashmusic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
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      <id>816489</id>
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'''Seymour Steinbigle''' (April 18, 1942 – April 2, 2023),&lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Seymour Stein, Sire Co-Founder Who Signed Madonna and Ramones, Dies at 80 |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/seymour-stein-music-exec-madonna-talking-heads-dead-1235571169/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; known professionally as '''Seymour Stein''', was an American entrepreneur and music executive. He co-founded Sire Records and was vice president of Warner Bros. Records. With Sire, Stein signed bands that became central to the new wave era of the 1970s and 1980s, including The Ramones,Talking Heads, and The Pretenders; he signed [[Madonna]] as well. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005.

== Ayyuka ==
An haifi Stein a Birnin New York . &lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Seymour Stein, Sire Co-Founder Who Signed Madonna and Ramones, Dies at 80 |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/seymour-stein-music-exec-madonna-talking-heads-dead-1235571169/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na dalibi mai shekaru 13 na makarantar sakandare, ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a mujallar masana'antar kiɗa ta ''Billboard'', yana taimakawa shugaban labaran Billboard Tommy Noonan . Tare sun taimaka wajen bunkasa ''Billboard Hot 100'', wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Agusta 1958. 

Mai mallakar King Records Syd Nathan ya kusanci Stein don yin aiki a gare shi a Cincinnati, Ohio. Mahaifin Stein ya kasance mai shakka, amma Sarki ya gaya masa &quot;Ɗanka yana da shellac a cikin jijiyoyinsa. Ɗanka yana da kyau ga abu ɗaya da abu ɗaya kawai, kuma hakan yana cikin kasuwancin rikodin. Idan ba ku bar shi ya shiga kasuwancin kiɗa ba, zai ƙare yana isar da jaridu har tsawon rayuwarka. Idan ba ka so hakan a kan lamirinka ba, za ka bar shi ya zo tare da ni don bazara&quot; Stein ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ba, yana aiki a can na shekaru biyu a matsayin mai shiga kamfanin a 1961

Homesick, ya koma New York a 1963 don yin aiki ga Herb Abramson, amma wannan ba shi da tsawo, ya dauki watanni uku kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Seymour Stein, Sire Co-Founder Who Signed Madonna and Ramones, Dies at 80 |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/seymour-stein-music-exec-madonna-talking-heads-dead-1235571169/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ya zama mataimakin mai ba da labari George Goldner, wanda ya kafa Red Bird Records tare da marubuta Jerry Leiber da Mike Stoller a 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot; /&gt;

Yana aiki a can a cikin Ginin Brill, ya zama abokantaka tare da mai gabatar da rikodin FGG Productions Richard Gottehrer . Ganin cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin Goldner da Leiber da Stoller suna raguwa, sai ya yanke shawarar fara sabon kamfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicWeek&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seymour Stein: 'Music replaced every other thing that was important to me' |url=https://www.musicweek.com/interviews/read/seymour-stein-music-replaced-every-other-thing-that-was-important-to-me/073225 |access-date=April 3, 2023 |publisher=Music Week}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kafa Sire Productions a 1966 tare da Gottehrer, kowannensu yana saka hannun jari na dala dubu goma a cikin sabon kamfanin,  wanda ya haifar da kafa Sire Records.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Personality Clash: Seymour Stein Vs Tim Dellow &amp;#124; Clash Music Exclusive General |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/feature/personality-clash-seymour-stein-vs-tim-dellow |access-date=March 22, 2011 |website=Clashmusic}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar, Stein ya sami damar sanya hannu kan Jimi Hendrix, yana yabonsa saboda kayan aikinsa na asali, amma daga ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar yin hakan bayan ya ga Hendrix ya fashe guitar dinsa a wani lokaci kuma ya yi jayayya da abokinsa, Linda Keith, a lokuta masu zuwa.

The label initially concentrated on licensing European releases with little success, until Dutch progressive rock band Focus had an international hit with the 1973 single &quot;Hocus Pocus&quot;. Gottehrer left the label in 1974 to concentrate on production; Stein then focused on checking new acts in the New York clubs and on his wife's recommendation arranged for the Ramones to do a showcase, signing them in 1975. Other signings soon followed including Talking Heads, Richard Hell &amp;amp;amp; the Voidoids, the Pretenders in 1980, and foreign punk acts The Rezillos and The Saints.&lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Seymour Stein, Sire Co-Founder Who Signed Madonna and Ramones, Dies at 80 |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/seymour-stein-music-exec-madonna-talking-heads-dead-1235571169/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stein signed [[Madonna]] from his hospital bed after hearing her track &quot;Everybody&quot; in 1982. Other acts signed by Sire include The Replacements, Depeche Mode, The Smiths, The Cure, Ice-T, [[Brian Wilson]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministry, The Undertones, and Echo &amp;amp;amp; the Bunnymen.

Irin wannan shine tasirin Stein wajen sanya hannu da inganta sabon nau'in kiɗa wanda wani lokacin ana yaba masa da ya zo da sunan a matsayin madadin kalmar &quot;punk&quot;, wanda ya sami raini. Da yake gaskata cewa amfani da kalmar zai haifar da tallace-tallace mara kyau ga ayyukan Sire waɗanda suka buga wa kulob din CBGB na New York akai-akai, ya ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin &quot;Kada ku kira shi Punk&quot; wanda aka tsara don maye gurbin kalmar da &quot;sabon raƙuman ruwa&quot;. An yi amfani da wannan kalmar a baya don komawa ga motsi na fim na New Wave na Faransa na shekarun 1960.

Stein ya kasance shugaban Sire Records da mataimakin shugaban Warner Bros. Records har sai da ya sanar da ritaya a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018.  Ya sami yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace da rarrabawa daga 1976 zuwa 1994 kuma daga Afrilu 2003 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya. An shigar da shi cikin Rock da Roll Hall of Fame a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2005, a karkashin rukunin nasarar rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicWeek&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seymour Stein: 'Music replaced every other thing that was important to me' |url=https://www.musicweek.com/interviews/read/seymour-stein-music-replaced-every-other-thing-that-was-important-to-me/073225 |access-date=April 3, 2023 |publisher=Music Week}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2016, an girmama Stein tare da lambar yabo ta Richmond Hitmaker a Songwriters Hall of Fame . &lt;ref name=&quot;Varietyobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Seymour Stein, Sire Co-Founder Who Signed Madonna and Ramones, Dies at 80 |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/seymour-stein-music-exec-madonna-talking-heads-dead-1235571169/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stein ta auri mai gabatar da kiɗa kuma mai kula da dukiya Linda Stein (1945-2007) kuma tare ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Samantha wacce ta mutu sakamakon ciwon daji na kwakwalwa a 2013 tana da shekaru 40 da kuma darektan fim Mandy Stein. Sun sake aure a kan yarjejeniyar abokantaka a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s; bai sake yin aure ba. An haife shi Bayahude  kuma ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a cikin 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Personality Clash: Seymour Stein Vs Tim Dellow &amp;#124; Clash Music Exclusive General |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/feature/personality-clash-seymour-stein-vs-tim-dellow |access-date=March 22, 2011 |website=Clashmusic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stein ya wallafa tarihin kansa, Siren Song: My Life in Music, a cikin 2018.

Stein ya mutu daga ciwon daji a gida a Los Angeles a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2023, yana da shekaru 80. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Personality Clash: Seymour Stein Vs Tim Dellow &amp;#124; Clash Music Exclusive General |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/feature/personality-clash-seymour-stein-vs-tim-dellow |access-date=March 22, 2011 |website=Clashmusic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mazhar Saeed Shah</title>
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'''Mazhar Saeed Shah''' (Urdu) wanda aka fi sani da ''sunan yaƙi'' '''Abdullah Shah Mazhar''' (Urdu: عبد الله شاه م ACPI) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], tsohon shugaban mayakan kuma [[ɗan siyasa]] daga Neelum Valley na Azad Kashmir wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Bayanai na AJK kuma memba ne na Majalisar Azad Kashmira tun daga 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=peermazharshah.com |url=https://peermazharshah.com/ |access-date=2022-02-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326113314/https://peermazharshah.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=Azad Kashmir Information Minister Mazhar Saeed resigns |url=https://gnnhd.tv/news/51849/azad-kashmir-information-minister-mazhar-saeed-resigns |access-date= |website=GNN - Pakistan's Largest News Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Ya kammala karatu daga [[Jamia Binoria]], [[Karachi]] kuma yana da Digiri na MA daga Jami'ar Karachi . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

Shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Mufti Abu Lubaba Shah Mansoor kuma jikan mahaifiyar Anwar Shah Kashmiri . 

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
A shekara ta 2006, Mazhar ta shiga cikin zaben daga Neelam Valley a kan tikitin Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal kuma ta sami kuri'u 4000. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 2011, Mazhar ya sake shiga siyasar zabe amma ya janye saboda kawancen jam'iyyarsa da Taron Musulmi. Koyaya, bayan haka ya janye daga siyasa mai amfani a matakin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2, 2021 |title=کشمیر اسمبلی میں پی ٹی آئی کے رکن مظہر سعید شاہ کون ہیں؟ |url=https://www.independenturdu.com/node/74906 |website=Independent Urdu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2021, Mazhar ta haɓaka dangantaka da Tehreek-e-Insaaf kuma ta sami tikitin wurin zama na musamman na [[Ulama'u|Ulama]] don musayar goyon bayan PTI a Zaben 25 ga Yuli. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; A cikin 2023, Mazhar ya ƙare kawancensa da Tehreek-e-Insaaf . 

A cikin 2023, Mazhar ya sake zama sananne lokacin da shugaban Pakistan Democratic Movement Maulana Fazlur Rehman ya ziyarci Kwarin Neelum. A lokacin wannan ziyarar Maulana ya karbi bakuncinsa, kuma dukansu biyu sun yi jawabi ga taron jama'a da yawa tare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=peermazharshah.com |url=https://peermazharshah.com/ |access-date=2022-02-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326113314/https://peermazharshah.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agustan 2025, Mazhar ya halarci wani taron addini a [[Bangladesh]] wanda Kwamitin Sirat ya shirya a matsayin baƙo na musamman. Ya tattauna game da jituwa ta addini da zaman lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=peermazharshah.com |url=https://peermazharshah.com/ |access-date=2022-02-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326113314/https://peermazharshah.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jirgin ruwa na Gaza ==
A watan Satumbar 2025, Mazhar ya shiga Global Sumud Flotilla tare da wasu biyar, ciki har da tsohon Sanata Mushtaq Ahmad Khan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=peermazharshah.com |url=https://peermazharshah.com/ |access-date=2022-02-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326113314/https://peermazharshah.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rundunar ta kasance yunkurin farar hula don isar da taimakon jin kai ga Gaza Strip da kuma karya ta hanyar toshewar sojan ruwa na Isra'ila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=Azad Kashmir Information Minister Mazhar Saeed resigns |url=https://gnnhd.tv/news/51849/azad-kashmir-information-minister-mazhar-saeed-resigns |access-date= |website=GNN - Pakistan's Largest News Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mazhar ya tilasta barin tafiyar bayan jirginsa ya sami gazawar fasaha kuma babu wani jirgi na maye gurbin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=peermazharshah.com |url=https://peermazharshah.com/ |access-date=2022-02-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326113314/https://peermazharshah.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2025, Mazhar ya koma Pakistan, ya isa Filin jirgin saman Islamabad ta hanyar jirgin sama daga [[Doha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=peermazharshah.com |url=https://peermazharshah.com/ |access-date=2022-02-13 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zamanin yaƙi ==
A cikin 2021, lokacin da Mazhar ya zama dan takara ga majalisar dokoki ta AJK, da yawa a cikin adawa da jam'iyyar Tehreek-e-Insaaf mai mulki, gami da Bilawal Bhutto Zardari na PPP, sun soki matakin, suna zargin tsohon ƙungiyar Mazhar da kungiyoyin jihadi, gami na Taliban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 August 2021 |title=Pakistani Opposition Decries Alleged Former Militant's Spot On Ruling Party List |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistani-opposition-militant-pti/31393665.html |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mazhar da kansa daga baya ya amince da kasancewarsa a [[Masarautar musulunci ta Afghanistan(1996-2001)|Afghanistan]] a karkashin mulkin Taliban amma ya musanta duk wani &quot;mutumin hukuma&quot;, kuma ya tabbatar da kasancewa &quot;babban jagora&quot; na Masood Azhar's Jaish-e-Mohammed . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mike Amoia</title>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="10011" sha1="2p329glqiibn22j379sh2zvl1fkcjf1" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Michael “Mike” Amoia''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1974) furodusa ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai saka hannun jari a fannin mala'iku. A halin yanzu shi ne mamallakin MIBE Music &amp; Indelible.

== Sana'a ==
Amoia ya fara aiki a matsayin furodusa a kiɗa tun yana ƙarami yana da shekara 22 kuma ya sami aikin mataimakinsa na gyarawa na farko yana aiki dare a VH1 da Sony Studios yana loda faifan bidiyo da shirya bidiyo don aikin yini. Bayan shekara guda, Amoia ya yi aiki har zuwa matsayin edita mai zaman kansa, yana aiki a kan ayyuka daban-daban na MTV, VH1, Sony Studios, da kuma Chappelle's Show akan Comedy Central. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romanello |first=Linda |title=HOT HOUSE: He Ain't Heavy…(But He's a Vidiot) |url=http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/01/hot-house-he-aina%C2%A2aeat-heavy-but-hea%C2%A2aeas-a-vidiot/ |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=Studio Daily |archive-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127013429/http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/01/hot-house-he-aina%C2%A2aeat-heavy-but-hea%C2%A2aeas-a-vidiot/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2003, Mike Amoia ya kafa kamfanin Vidiots tare - wani kamfanin bayan an kammala aikin gyaran bidiyo mai fadin murabba'in ƙafa 20,000 a West Village wanda ke da hukumar da ke wakiltar editoci da daraktoci. Daga nan Vidiots ya faɗaɗa zuwa kamfanin shirya fina-finai a shekara ta 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romanello |first=Linda |title=HOT HOUSE: He Ain't Heavy…(But He's a Vidiot) |url=http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/01/hot-house-he-aina%C2%A2aeat-heavy-but-hea%C2%A2aeas-a-vidiot/ |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=Studio Daily |archive-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127013429/http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/01/hot-house-he-aina%C2%A2aeat-heavy-but-hea%C2%A2aeas-a-vidiot/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2015, Amoia ya ƙirƙiri Mibe Music, wani kamfanin buga littattafai wanda ke da waƙoƙi sama da 40,000 da mawakan waƙa a duk faɗin duniya, waɗanda har yanzu yake da su tare da abokin aikinsa. Kyaututtukan Mibe Music sun haɗa da tallan [[Beyoncé]] Pepsi, wasannin CBS, Jerin Miliyoyin Dala na Bravo, Motocin Counting na Tashar Tarihi, da kuma wasan NBA Finals na ESPN. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romanello |first=Linda |title=HOT HOUSE: He Ain't Heavy…(But He's a Vidiot) |url=http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/01/hot-house-he-aina%C2%A2aeat-heavy-but-hea%C2%A2aeas-a-vidiot/ |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=Studio Daily |archive-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127013429/http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/01/hot-house-he-aina%C2%A2aeat-heavy-but-hea%C2%A2aeas-a-vidiot/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amoia ta ƙaddamar da Switchblade Entertainment Group a shekarar 2016. Switchblade kamfani ne na samarwa a duk duniya wanda aka sanya hannu tare da Creative Artists Agency, kuma ya ƙware a cikin abubuwan asali, waɗanda galibi ba a rubuta su ba don talabijin, fina-finai, da dijital. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romanello |first=Linda |title=HOT HOUSE: He Ain't Heavy…(But He's a Vidiot) |url=http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/01/hot-house-he-aina%C2%A2aeat-heavy-but-hea%C2%A2aeas-a-vidiot/ |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=Studio Daily }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyaututtukan samarwa sun haɗa da &quot;Dirty Money&quot; na Discovery Channel, &quot;Men of March&quot; na CBS, &quot;Worlds Tough Mudder&quot;, &quot;Thursday Night football a buɗe, ESPN Monday Night Football a buɗe, Fox Being Liverpool, da &quot;My Grandmothers Ravioli&quot; na Cooking Channel. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romanello |first=Linda |title=HOT HOUSE: He Ain't Heavy…(But He's a Vidiot) |url=http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/01/hot-house-he-aina%C2%A2aeat-heavy-but-hea%C2%A2aeas-a-vidiot/ |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=Studio Daily |archive-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127013429/http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/01/hot-house-he-aina%C2%A2aeat-heavy-but-hea%C2%A2aeas-a-vidiot/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mike Amoia ya faɗaɗa harkokinsa zuwa fannin lafiya da walwala a shekarar 2017 tare da jarinsa a Rumble Boxing, wani gidan motsa jiki na rukuni wanda aka kafa a birnin New York. Bayan ya fara aiki na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, Equinox ya sami babban hannun jari a Rumble wanda aka ruwaito cewa darajarsa ta kai kusan miliyan 100. Jarin Mike ya faɗaɗa zuwa sassa daban-daban na kasuwanci. A halin yanzu yana da hannun jari a kamfanoni sama da 17, ciki har da Rhone (tufafi da kayan haɗi na maza), Ramona (spritzer na ruwan inabi), Stillhouse (giya), da Van Leeuwen (ice cream na vegan).

A shekarar 2019, Amoia ta shiga wani asusun fina-finai da kafofin watsa labarai da ke New York wanda Adi Cohen, Mark Damon da Jordi Rediu suka kafa. Ya shiga cikin wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na dala miliyan 100 a matsayin babban mai zuba jari kuma shugaban shawarwarin DCR game da siyan fina-finai da ayyukan talabijin da suka shafi haƙƙin kiɗa da wallafe-wallafe.

A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2021, an ba Mike lambar yabo ta Guinness World Record saboda &quot;mafi yawan kwari da aka yi wa jarfa a jiki&quot; tare da jimlar jarfa 864. An cimma tarihin Guinness ɗinsa ne don tara kuɗi da wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukansa na agaji don taimaka wa yara marasa galihu. Wanda ya taɓa riƙe rikodin a baya shi ne marigayi Rick Genest wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Zombie Boy&quot; wanda ke da jarfa 176 na kwari.

A shekarar 2022, Amoia ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru da yawa da ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar Turai ta Apax Capital Group, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Yona Wiesenthal da Noam Baram, don samar da cikakken labarin kiɗa ga fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka yi ta hanyar Apax akan Yuro miliyan 10 a shekara tsawon shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Amoia ya cika wannan alƙawarin ta hanyar kamfaninsa na MIBE Music. MIke zai jagoranci Kwamitin Zuba Jari na Kiɗa na hukumar Apax, don haka zai kasance memba mai himma wajen tantance manufofin saka hannun jari na Apax don haƙƙin kiɗa da fina-finai da wallafe-wallafe.

Yuni 2022 Forbes ta sanar da ƙaddamar da sabuwar kamfanin NFT na Mike Amoia mai suna &quot;Indelible&quot;. Indelible yana kawo al'adar tattoo zuwa ga yanar gizo na 3. Wannan shine aiki na farko don taimaka wa masu NFT su sami damar samun haƙƙin IP ta hanyar ƙara jarfa a cikin haruffan NFT ɗinsu. Za a haɗa Indelible da ƙungiyar NFT mai launin shuɗi da kuma manyan masu fasahar tattoo guda uku a cikin al'adar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romanello |first=Linda |title=HOT HOUSE: He Ain't Heavy…(But He's a Vidiot) |url=http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/01/hot-house-he-aina%C2%A2aeat-heavy-but-hea%C2%A2aeas-a-vidiot/ |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=Studio Daily |archive-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127013429/http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/01/hot-house-he-aina%C2%A2aeat-heavy-but-hea%C2%A2aeas-a-vidiot/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
'''[[Emmy Awards|Kyaututtukan Emmy]]'''

* 2004 (ƙungiyar fasaha mai ban mamaki) NBC
* 2007 (wasan kwaikwayo na musamman da aka gyara) HBO
* 2007 (wasan kwaikwayo na musamman da aka gyara) HBO
* 2007 (wasan kwaikwayo na musamman da aka gyara) HBO
* 2008 (wasan kwaikwayo na musamman da aka gyara) HBO
* 2008 (wasan kwaikwayo na musamman da aka gyara) HBO
* 2011 (gyaran gyare-gyare) HBO
* 2012 (wasan kwaikwayo na musamman kai tsaye) NBC

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Babban Jami'in Kiɗa ===

* Tallar Beyonce &quot;The Mrs. Carter&quot; (2013)
* Wasannin NBA na Ƙarshe na ESPN (2016)
* Tru TV &quot;Masu Barkwanci marasa amfani&quot; (2018)
* TLC &quot;Komawa ga Amish&quot; (2018)
* Tashar Tarihi &quot;Maido da Amurka&quot; (2018)
* TLC &quot;Ka ce Ee ga Rigar&quot; (2018)
* AMC &quot;Mazajen Littafin Barkwanci&quot; (2018)
* CNN &quot;Paparoma: Mutumin da Ya Fi Ƙarfi a Tarihi&quot; (2018)
* MTV &quot;Kifin Catfish&quot; (2018)
* Bravo &quot;Southern Charm&quot; (2019)
* Netflix &quot;Ɗaya Cikin Biliyoyi&quot; (2019)
* Binciken Bincike &quot;Mafaraucin Kisan Kai&quot; (2019)
* Duniyar Animal &quot;Rayuwar Veteran&quot; (2019)
* MTV &quot;Tsoron Factor&quot; (2019)
* MTV &quot;Duniyar Gaske&quot; (2019)
* AMC &quot;Hau tare da Norman Reedus&quot; (2019)
* MU &quot;Hustle &amp; Rai&quot; (2019)
* Shirin fim na &quot;Asbury Park: Riot Redemption Rock 'N' Roll&quot; (2019)
* Bravo &quot;An Auri Magani&quot; (2019)
* CNBC &quot;Riba&quot; (2019)
* Tirelar &quot;The Last Full Measure&quot; (2020)
* Fassarori da kuma zane-zanen CBS &quot;Super Bowl&quot; (2020)
* NBC &quot;Olympics&quot; (2020)
* Paramount Network &quot;Ink Master&quot; (2020)
* Jigon Labaran CBS &quot;Amurka Ta Yanke Shawara&quot; (2020)
* Gano &quot;Unseamly Peter Nygard&quot; (2020)
* NBC &quot;Yarjejeniya ko Babu Yarjejeniya&quot; (2020)
* Paramount Network &quot;Ni ne Patrick Swayze&quot; (2020)
* VH1 &quot;Soyayya da Hip Hop&quot; (2021)
* VH1 &quot;Ma'aikatan Tawada Masu Baƙi&quot; (2021)
* Tashar Tarihi &quot;Pawn Stars&quot; (2021)
* Tashar Tarihi &quot;Ƙidayar Motoci&quot; (2021)
* Bravo &quot;Gaskiya Matan Gida na New Jersey&quot; (2021)
* Bravo &quot;Jerin Dala Miliyan&quot; (2021)

=== Babban mai shiryawa ===

* Tashar Bincike &quot;Muddin Kuɗi Mai Kyau&quot; (2011)
* Tashar Bincike &quot;Hanyoyin Jahannama&quot; (2012)
* Fox &quot;Kasancewa: Liverpool&quot; (2012)
* CBS &quot;Moments of NCAA March Madness&quot; (2014)
* HLN &quot;Ci gaban Amurka: Tafiya zuwa Nasara&quot; (2014)
* CBS &quot;Mans na NCAA na Maris&quot; (2014-2015)
* Cibiyar Abinci &quot;Ravioli ta Kakata&quot; (2015)
* CBS &quot;Murnar da ta fi Tauri a Duniya&quot; (2016)
* Bayani game da &quot;Gidan Jarumai&quot; (2016)
* Reelz &quot;Mutumin da aka zana&quot; (2016)
* HGTV &quot;Ta Yaya Zan Iya Kusa da Tekun Bakin Teku&quot; (2018)

=== Darakta ===

* ABC &quot;Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Buɗe tare da OK Go&quot; (2006)
* ABC &quot;Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Bude tare da 50 Cent, Perry Farrell da Kelly Rolland&quot; (2007)
* ESPN &quot;Monday Night Football Open&quot; wanda ke nuna Hank Williams Jr. (2011)
* GEICO &quot;Kasuwar Super Bowl&quot; (2017)
* CBS &quot;Kwallon ƙafa ta dare ta Alhamis da aka buɗe tare da Don Cheadle&quot; (2017)

=== Edita ===

* ESPN &quot;Kwallon Kafa ta Dare ta Litinin&quot;
* CBS &quot;NFL a Yau&quot;,
* Wasan Barkwanci na Tsakiya &quot; Chappelle's Show &quot; (2003)
* MTV &quot;Cribs &quot;
* VH1 &quot;Ina Son Shekarun 70&quot; (2003)
* ESPN &quot;Ƙarshen Wasannin NBA&quot; (2005)
* ABC &quot;Super Bowl XL&quot; (2006)
* CBS &quot;Kyautar Emmy ta Rana ta 33&quot; (2006)

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibrahim Cohen na Zante</title>
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'''Ibrahim Cohen''' (Abraham ben Shabbetai ha-Kohen) (1670 - 1729) likita ne na [[Yahudawa]], [[rabbi]], masanin falsafar addini kuma mawaki a Zante (Zakynthos), Tsibirin Ionian, da kuma mulkin mallaka na Jamhuriyar Venetian .

== Ayyuka ==
A cikin 1700 Cohen ya buga a Venice Derashot 'al ha-Torah, [1] taken gama gari don homilies (la'azin) da sharhi akan Pentateuch (Torah) . Derashot'al ha-Morah kuma an san shi da Kebod Chacamim ko Kevod Ḥakhamim (The Glory of Wise Men). [2] A shekara ta 1719 ya buga a Venice littafinsa Kehunnat Ibrahim (כהנת אברהם), littafi na waƙoƙin addini a Ibrananci da aka rubuta a cikin hanyar Zabura (Tehillim) . Cohen ya yi amfani da mita daban-daban a cikin waƙoƙinsa.[1] Kehunnat Ibrahim ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa na Jamhuriyar Venetian da sauran sassan Italiya, cike da yabo. Joseph Fiametta ya wallafa waka don yabon shi, kamar yadda Issac Vita Cantarini da Shabbethai Marini suka yi, duka biyu a cikin yanayin lokutan, nau'in sonnet. [3][4] Hoton kansa na Cohen ya bayyana a kan takardar jirgin sama na Kehunnat Ibrahim cikakke tare da gashi.[5]

A shekara ta 1879 M. Ventura na Corfu ya sami waka ta Ibrananci da Cohen ya rubuta a bangon majami'ar a Candia, tsibirin Crete, kuma daga baya ya buga bincikensa.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Athenogenes na Pedachtoë</title>
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'''Athenogenes''' (Girkanci na dā) ko '''Saint Athenogenes na Pedachtoë''' firist ne, ''chorepiskopos'' (ko &quot;bishop na ƙauye&quot;), kuma Shahadar Kirista na ƙarshen 3rd ko farkon 4th karni AZ, kuma shugaban al'ummar Kirista a garin Pedachtoé . &amp;nbsp;

== Rayuwa ==
An ce an haifi Athenogenes ne ga dangin Kirista a yankin Black Sea na abin da ke yanzu [[Turkiyya]], a cikin wani kauye mai suna &quot;Epiklesoi&quot;,  a ƙarƙashin birnin Sebastopolis (Sulusaray na zamani) ko Sebastea (Sivas na zamani). Ya yi aure kuma yana da ɗa, Patrophilos . An gabatar da shi a matsayin mutum mai tsarki mai aiki da Mu'ujiza a cikin Tarihi na farko. Addinin da ke kewaye da wannan adadi ya samo asali ne da wuri, kamar yadda mutane suka bayyana shi a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata bayan mutuwarsa, kamar [[Basil na Kaisariya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cult&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rizos |first=Efthymios |date=2017 |title=The Greek Life and Martyrdom of Athenogenes |url=http://csla.history.ox.ac.uk/record.php?recid=E02993 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity |publisher=[[University of Oxford]] |quote=This extensive version of the Martyrdom of Athenogenes is the earliest extant textual expression of a cult based at the village of Pedachthoe (modern Güneykaya, in Ottoman times known as Bedohtun) in the mountainous region north of Sebasteia/Sebaste (modern Sivas).}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahadar ==
Babban labari na al'ada ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 4 zuwa 6, amma yana faruwa a shekara ta farko ko ta biyu na tsanantawar Diocletian. Labarin farko da aka sani game da shahadar Athenogenes shine cewa maza biyu na Kirista, mai suna Ariston (''[[wiktionary:anagnostes|Anagnostes]]'') da Severianos (''[[wiktionary:psaltes|psaltes]]''), waɗanda suka fito daga wani karamin ƙauye kusa da Pedachtoë, Agricolaus (ko Agricola ko Agricolanus), gwamnan lardin Roman Armenia (kuma a bayyane yake mutum ɗaya da mai gabatar da kara a cikin labarin shahidai arba'in na Sebaste), don laifukan ƙonewa da rarraba litattafan Kirista masu sukar Tetrarchy.

Bayan Ariston ya ki yin hadin kai kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar konewa, Severianos ya bayyana a karkashin [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] cewa Athenogenes shine marubucin libellus da suke yadawa, kuma mai gabatar da laifukansu. An kama Athenogenes da kansa kuma an kawo shi Sebastea, inda aka yi masa tambayoyi da Severianos kuma a ƙarshe aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta wuta.

Daga baya sassan labarin sun canza wasu bayanai kaɗan, misali ta hanyar watsar da halin Severianos gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;cult&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rizos |first=Efthymios |date=2017 |title=The Greek Life and Martyrdom of Athenogenes |url=http://csla.history.ox.ac.uk/record.php?recid=E02993 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity |publisher=[[University of Oxford]] |quote=This extensive version of the Martyrdom of Athenogenes is the earliest extant textual expression of a cult based at the village of Pedachthoe (modern Güneykaya, in Ottoman times known as Bedohtun) in the mountainous region north of Sebasteia/Sebaste (modern Sivas).}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wasu hadisai, goma daga cikin almajiran Athenogenes sun yi shahada tare da shi.

== Hagiography ==
Rubutun farko na rayuwarsa da muke da shi shine tarihin Anysius mai taken Passion of Athenogenes of Pedachthoe, kuma an adana shi a cikin rubutun karni na 10, Codex Sabaiticus 242, wanda a halin yanzu yana cikin tarin ɗakin karatu na Patriarchal a Urushalima. Masana sun tsara labarin a kusan karni na 6 AZ.[1] Wannan labarin an dauke shi da ban mamaki a tsakanin hagiographies saboda yana ba da abin da masana suka ce shine ainihin labarin shari'ar da aka yi wa Ariston, Severianos, da Athenogenes, kuma ana zaton wannan mai yiwuwa an gina shi ne daga wasu rubutun asali da aka ba da su maimakon halitta ta wallafe-wallafen.[1] Masana sun fara shari'arsa a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 303 AZ, tare da wasu amincewa, da kuma martydom dinsa kwana biyar bayan haka a ranar 17 ga Yuli, kodayake wasu sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan sun faru ne a shekara ta 304.[2][3][4] 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Michael B. Kaplowitz''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1959) [[lauya]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka, mai tsara harkokin kuɗi kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Democrat daga Somers, New York . Ya kasance memba na Hukumar 'Yan Majalisa ta Gundumar Westchester kuma ya wakilci sassan New Castle, Somers da Yorktown . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar daga 2014 zuwa 2017.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/putnam/2018/05/19/thousands-still-without-power-putnam/626193002/|title=Thousands still without power in Putnam|work=lohud.com|access-date=2018-07-27|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/yorktown/articles/county-shake-up-spells-end-for-kaplowitz-as-chair|title=County Shake-up Spells End for Kaplowitz as Chairman|work=TAPinto|access-date=2018-07-27|language=en|archive-date=2018-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115500/https://www.tapinto.net/towns/yorktown/articles/county-shake-up-spells-end-for-kaplowitz-as-chair|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin siyasa da kuma tarihin rayuwa ==
Shi da matarsa Jayne sun zauna a Somers tun 1989 kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu waɗanda ke zuwa Makarantun Jama'a na Somers. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;two&quot;&gt;{{Cite news
 |url          = http://www.westchesterlegislators.com/Legislators/D4/Bio/index.htm
 |publisher    = Westchester County Board of Legislators
 |title        = Legislator Michael B. Kaplowitz official biography
 |access-date  = 2008-02-17
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080224045834/http://www.westchesterlegislators.com/Legislators/D4/Bio/index.htm
 |archive-date = 2008-02-24
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;Shi memba ne na Maris of Dimes Walk America, American Red Cross, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070801115557/http://www.kblaw.com/communityService/communityService.asp Asusun Haɗin gwiwa don Ayyukan Tsufa] da kuma ɗakunan kasuwanci da dama. Ya sami digirin BA a tarihi daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1981 da kuma digirin JD daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Boston a 1984.  Ya kuma zama CFP a 1986. 

Kaplowitz ya sanya shekarunsa na gogewa a harkokin kasuwanci a matsayin &quot;tauraro mai jagora&quot; ga shawarwarin da yake yankewa a matsayin ɗan majalisar gundumar.  Bayan ya yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci, Kaplowitz ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takara don neman kujera a kwamitin 'yan majalisar gundumar Westchester a shekarar 1997 a gundumar da ta ƙunshi ƙauyukan Chappaqua da Millwood a garin New Castle ; Amawalk, Baldwin Place, Granite Springs, Lincolndale, da [[Shenorock]] a garin Somers ; da Crompond, Jefferson Valley, Kichtawan da Yorktown Heights a garin Yorktown . 

A ƙarshe ya sami nasara da ƙuri'u 35 kacal a kan RoseMarie Panio, wacce ita ce shugabar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]] ta Yorktown.  Matsayinsa na kiyaye damarmaki na ƙarshe na Gundumar don sararin samaniya da kuma batutuwan kiyayewa ya sa ya sami yabo daga ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a duk faɗin yankin da kuma amincewa da Ƙungiyar Masu Zaɓen Kare Muhalli ta New York a duk kamfen ɗinsa.  Hakanan yana cikin ƙoƙarin majalisa don ci gaba da magance matsalar karkatar da najasa da haɓaka fifiko kuma yana goyon bayan mayar da Cibiyar Makamashi ta Indian Point zuwa cibiyar da ba ta [[Makamashin nukiliya|nukiliya]] ba.  Shi mutum ne mai bayyana kansa a matsayin &quot; mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na kuɗi .&quot;

=== Nasarorin da kwamitin kasafin kuɗi ya samu ===
An naɗa Kaplowitz a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da Raba Kuɗi a shekara ta 2003. Ya bayyana cewa hakan yana goyon bayan &quot;adalci a haraji&quot; kuma koyaushe yana goyon bayan harajin tallace-tallace akan harajin kadarori, kodayake a watan Mayu na 1998, Kaplowitz yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisa huɗu da suka kaɗa ƙuri'a kan afuwa ga harajin tallace-tallace kan tufafi waɗanda ba su kai dala $500 ba.  A watan Oktoba na 1998, Kaplowitz ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan shiga cikin wani dakatarwar gwamnati na ɗan lokaci kan harajin tallace-tallace, yana mai nuna cewa za a buƙaci a ƙara harajin kadarori sosai idan gundumar ta yi akasin haka.  Masu adawa sun yi jayayya cewa ta hanyar rage kashe kuɗi, hukumar za ta iya rama asarar kuɗin harajin tallace-tallace. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;nyt2&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Saboda sasanta [http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/reports/settlements/state.php?StateID=NY shari'ar Jihar New York kan masana'antar taba], hukumar ƙasar ta sami damar rage harajin kadarori da kusan kashi 1% a shekarar 1999. 

Yaƙin neman zaɓen Kaplowitz ya bayyana cewa ya yi aiki don ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Jiha, Gunduma, ƙananan hukumomi da gundumomin makarantu don samun kuɗin shiga na haraji na tallace-tallace a wani yunƙuri na rage nauyin harajin kadarori na gida. Kaplowitz ya shiga cikin neman agaji ga masu gidaje 354 na Arewacin Westchester waɗanda ke biyan harajin magudanar ruwa duk da cewa ba a taɓa haɗa su da magudanar ruwa ba.  A shekarar 1999, abokin hamayyar Kaplowitz ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya goyi bayan shirin dala miliyan 3.5 don shigar da magudanar ruwa a wani yanki a wajen gundumarsa, yayin da shirin yi wa mazauna gundumarsa 354 da ya tara daga harajin magudanar ruwa waɗanda har yanzu ba su da sabis ya gaza warwarewa. 

A shekara ta 2000, Kaplowitz ya sami damar tallafawa shirin kasafin kuɗi na Shugaban Gundumar Andrew Spano wanda ya haɗa da rage haraji na 4.9%, mafi girma a tarihin ƙasar, kodayake ya haɗa da ƙara harajin magudanar ruwa.  Duk da haka, a shekara ta 2001, an kawar da rage harajin bayan Kaplowitz ya zartar da shawarar da Shugaban Gundumar ya gabatar na ƙara harajin tallace-tallace na gundumar da .25%, ƙara harajin kadarori da 4%, da kuma ƙara kashe kuɗi da 7.3%. Shugaban Gundumar Spano ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ba ni da wata alaƙa da abin da ya faru da tattalin arziki, da abin da ya faru a ranar 11 ga Satumba, da abin da ya faru da jihar. Waɗannan abubuwa ne da ban tsammanin kowa zai iya tsammani ba. … Ina tsammanin mun yi abu mai kyau da hankali a cikin wannan kasafin kuɗi.&quot;  Kaplowitz ya bi sahun sauran 'yan Democrat a kwamitin gudanarwa wajen ɗaukar matakin gaba na shirin Spano, inda ya ƙara haraji da ƙarin kashi, yayin da ya ƙara ƙarin kuɗaɗen da za a kashe don ci gaba da buɗe Playland Ice Casino, da kuma taimakawa shirye-shiryen lafiyar kwakwalwa, ɗakunan karatu da shirye-shirye ga 'yan Latino, mata da marasa gidaje waɗanda suka wuce abin da Spano ya saka a cikin kasafin kuɗinsa. 

A shekara ta 2002, gundumar ta fuskanci wani shiri na ƙara kashi 31.7% na adadin da gundumar ke tarawa ta hanyar harajin kadarori, mafi girma tun 1968, na biyu mafi girma a tarihin gundumar, kuma na biyu tun lokacin da Kaplowitz ya hau mulki, wanda ya haɗa da ƙaruwar harajin kadarori na gundumar zuwa $4.59 a kowace $1,000 na darajar kadarori a shekara mai zuwa, daga $3.83.  Duk da cewa 'yan majalisa ciki har da Kaplowitz sun yi ƙoƙarin yin kira ga jihar da ta ba da izinin ƙara harajin tallace-tallace da kashi 1% maimakon ƙara harajin kadarori, ƙungiyar ta gaza, kuma Kaplowitz ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don amincewa da ƙarin harajin kadarori na kashi 14.8% wanda ya wuce kafin wa'adin kasafin kuɗi.    

A matsayinsa na shugaban kwamitin kasafin kuɗi, Kaplowitz ya nuna cewa kashe kuɗi ya ƙaru da kashi 3.4% kacal daga 1998 zuwa 2003.  Ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don amincewa da ƙarin kashi 30% na kuɗin wayar salula na wata-wata, wanda ya samar da dala miliyan 1.4 don haɓaka tsarin gaggawa na gida.  An sake zaɓen Kaplowitz, kodayake abokin hamayyarsa ya bayyana a wannan shekarar, Gundumar Westchester tana da mafi girman harajin kadarori a Jihar New York, kuma mafi girman harajin tallace-tallace a wajen Birnin New York da Long Island, tare da matsakaicin kuɗin harajin kadarori ga gidan da mai shi ke zaune a Westchester na dala 6,826 - mafi girma a cikin gundumomi 57 na jihar kuma fiye da ninki biyu na matsakaicin jihar na dala 2,847.  Haka kuma, duk gundumomin makarantu 40 na Westchester sun ƙara harajin kadarori a wannan shekarar, ban da ƙarin kashi 14.9 cikin ɗari na harajin kadarori na gundumar da Kaplowitz ya amince da shi bayan jihar ta ƙi buƙatarsu ta ƙara kashi 1 na harajin tallace-tallace na gundumar da maki 1. 

A ƙarshen shekarar 2003, an yi gargadin cewa wani yunƙuri na ƙara yawan masu fafutukar ƙara harajin tallace-tallace zai gaza, Kaplowitz ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan kasafin kuɗi na dala biliyan 1.4 wanda ya ƙara harajin kadarori da kashi 8.5% da harajin tallace-tallace da kashi 1%.  Membobin majalisar da suka wakilci Westchester a Albany sun ce sun yi adawa da ƙarin harajin tallace-tallace, wanda ya isa ya karya irin wannan shawara a bara. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan majalisa Richard Brodsky na [[Greenburgh, New York|Greenburgh]], sun ba da shawarar ƙarin haraji da kuɗaɗen shiga don taimakawa wajen daidaita kasafin kuɗin gundumar, gami da ƙara harajin jinginar gida da faɗaɗa isa ga harajin tallace-tallace da ake da shi don rufe abubuwan da ba a biyan haraji a yanzu. 

Daga ƙarshe Majalisar ta amince ta ƙara harajin tallace-tallace da rabin kashi maimakon ƙarin kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari da aka nema a cikin kasafin kuɗin da hukumar 'yan majalisa ta amince da shi, kuma shirin kashe kuɗi na dala biliyan 1.4 da majalisar gundumar ta amince da shi a watan Disamba ya haɗa da ƙarin kashi 8.5 cikin ɗari na harajin gidaje kuma ta yi zaton cewa ƙarin kuɗaɗen shiga za su fito ne daga ƙarin harajin tallace-tallace.  A farkon 2004, Kaplowitz ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don goyon bayan kasafin kuɗin da aka gyara wanda ya ƙara tara harajin gidaje na gundumomi da ƙarin kashi 10 cikin ɗari daga adadin da aka amince da shi a watan Disamba don rage gibin kasafin kuɗi daga raguwar karuwar harajin tallace-tallace, kuma lokacin da matakin ya zartar, Gundumar Westchester ta ƙare da ƙarin kashi 18.82 cikin ɗari na harajin gidaje a lokacin 2004 fiye da yadda ta yi a 2003. 

A martanin da Kaplowitz ya mayar ga shekara ta biyu a jere na karuwar harajin kadarori mai lambobi biyu, ya bayyana cewa a matsayinsa na shugaban kwamitin kasafin kudi &quot;ƙarin kashe kuɗi ya nuna ƙaruwar umarnin jiha kamar ƙarin kuɗaɗen Medicaid da fansho. Don biyan wasu kuɗaɗen da za a kashe, 'yan majalisar gunduma sun ƙirƙiri asusun gaggawa na dala miliyan 11.8. Asusun zai iya taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin sabis na bas idan Albany ya gaza samun ƙarin taimako, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Westchester da ke fama da ƙarancin kuɗi da kuma tara kuɗi nan gaba ga ma'aikatan da ke cikin ƙungiyar.&quot; Ta hanyar ajiye kuɗi a gefe, 'yan majalisar sun yi fatan sake kwantar da hankalin hukumomin bashi bayan da Moody's ya sanya ƙimar lamuni ta triple-A ta gundumar a cikin bita na 'kuskuren hannu' na kwanaki 90, yana mai ambaton alhakin gundumar na wani ɓangare na bashin cibiyar lafiya. Kaplowitz ya ce jami'an gundumar sun aiwatar da karin harajin kadarori na biyu mai lambobi biyu na kashi 14.8 cikin 100 a shekarar 2003 saboda kunshin karin harajin tallace-tallace da aka yi shawarwari da 'yan majalisar jihar zai samar da dala miliyan 50 a wannan shekarar, wanda ya bar Westchester da gibin dala miliyan 22 da za a cike, wanda ke nuna asusun gaggawa da kuma dala miliyan 10 na rubuta kudaden da cibiyar lafiya ke bin Westchester wanda ba za a biya gundumar ba.  Kaplowitz ya bayyana cewa &quot;Kamfanoni suna da shekaru marasa kyau, kuma abin takaici gwamnatoci suna da shekaru marasa kyau. Da fatan, wannan shine ƙarshen shekaru biyu marasa kyau a jere&quot;. 

A shekara ta 2004, Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi bai kara haraji ba a karon farko cikin shekaru hudu, duk da cewa kasafin kudin ya kara kashe kudaden kananan hukumomi da kashi 4%.  A shekara ta 2005, Shugaban Hukumar Spano ta Gundumar ya sanar da wani shiri na kara wa matakan jihar kudi don magance matsalar rashin kudi [http://www.worldclassmedicine.com/ a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Westchester] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=County Shake-up Spells End for Kaplowitz as Chairman |url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/yorktown/articles/county-shake-up-spells-end-for-kaplowitz-as-chair |access-date=2018-07-27 |work=TAPinto |language=en |archive-date=2018-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115500/https://www.tapinto.net/towns/yorktown/articles/county-shake-up-spells-end-for-kaplowitz-as-chair |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shawarar ta kunshi sake ba da kudi ga abin da ake kira &quot;takardun inshorar taba&quot; da aka sayar a shekarar 1999 bayan kammala shari'o'in kasa kan masana'antun taba. Sake ba da kudi ga cibiyar lafiya ya ba ta kudi nan take na dala miliyan 27 da kuma yiwuwar samun tallafin kudi nan gaba.  Membobin majalisar dokoki ciki har da Kaplowitz sun dauki nauyin wannan mataki, kodayake ana ganin cewa Spano, Sanata Nick Spano na Jiha, da kuma dan majalisar dokoki Richard Brodsky ne suka fi daukar nauyin ceto, wanda ya hada da karin dala miliyan 75 daga harajin kananan hukumomi, karin kudade da kuma masu biyan haraji na jihohi daga wasu kananan hukumomi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Thousands still without power in Putnam |url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/putnam/2018/05/19/thousands-still-without-power-putnam/626193002/ |access-date=2018-07-27 |work=lohud.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Thousands still without power in Putnam |url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/putnam/2018/05/19/thousands-still-without-power-putnam/626193002/ |access-date=2018-07-27 |work=lohud.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Thousands still without power in Putnam |url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/putnam/2018/05/19/thousands-still-without-power-putnam/626193002/ |access-date=2018-07-27 |work=lohud.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasafin kudin shekarar 2006 ya kunshi karin harajin kadarori da kashi 4.5%, tare da jimillar kasafin kudin ya karu da kashi 3.9% daga shekarar 2005, wani bangare kuma daga karbar kudi dala miliyan 14.4 na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Westchester, ga jimillar kasafin kudin gwamnatin gunduma na dala biliyan 1.54. Matsayin ma'aikatan gunduma kuma zai karu a karon farko cikin shekaru takwas da suka gabata, daga ma'aikata 4,560 zuwa 4,655.  'Yan Republican a cikin tsirarun mutane sun ba da shawarar rage kashe kuɗi don guje wa ƙarin haraji, amma Kaplowitz ya kira lissafin Republican &quot;mara dorewa&quot; kuma &quot;ba gaskiya ba ne&quot;, yana mai cewa &quot;Yau ita ce ranar yanke shawara ga kasafin kuɗin gundumar na 2006. Bayan tattaunawa, tattaunawa, da kuma, wataƙila, firgici, mambobi 17 na Hukumar 'Yan Majalisa za su taru don yanke shawara kan abin da ya rage a cikin shirin kashe kuɗi na dala biliyan 1.54, abin da zai faru, da kuma adadin ƙarshe ga masu biyan haraji. Ina neman in rage da rage da kuma rage da kuma komawa ga wani tunanin kuɗi ta hanyar biyan kuɗi da saka hannun jari a cikin abin da za mu iya biya da kuma rage abin da za mu iya da kuma ƙirƙirar wani tsarin kuɗi na gaske, mai amfani.&quot;  A lokacin da ake kaɗa ƙuri'a don ƙara haraji, Kaplowitz ya kira shi wani shiri wanda &quot;ya dace da damuwar dukkan mazauna Westchester&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;anderson053&quot; /&gt; Yawancin karin haraji a kasafin kudin ya fito ne daga karbar dala miliyan 14.4 a fannin kulawa da sauran kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Westchester wanda Kaplowitz ya kira &quot;wani ɓangare na 'tsarin dogon lokaci don dorewa' ga asibitin&quot;, yayin da 'yan Republican na hukumar suka nuna cewa gundumar za ta iya tattara waɗannan kuɗaɗen, suna nuna rarar asibitin na 2006. 

Kasafin kuɗin 2007 daga kwamitin Kaplowitz ya ƙara harajin kadarori da wani kashi 3.5%, a ƙarƙashin kasafin kuɗi na dala biliyan 1.7 da Majalisar Dokokin Gundumar ta amince da shi. Kasafin kuɗin ya haɗa da sabbin ayyukan gundumomi 77, da kuma ƙarin kashi 7.5% na kuɗaɗen ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen fasaha da ayyukan ɗan adam ga gundumar a ƙarƙashin kwangila.  A ƙarshen 2007, Bill Ryan, shugaban majalisar dokokin Gundumar, ya sanar da shirye-shiryen wani shirin diyya wanda zai ƙara albashinsa da kashi 90% kuma ya ƙara yawan albashin sauran 'yan majalisarsa.  Ga adawar Ryan da sauran 'yan Democrat a hukumar, Kaplowitz, wanda da farko ya kare ƙarin, daga baya ya yi adawa da cewa, &quot;Ban yi imani an gabatar da ƙara mai ƙarfi don tallafawa ƙarin albashi ba. Bugu da ƙari, ba a ba da sanarwar jama'a ko damar da ta dace don shigar da jama'a a kan lokaci ba. Saboda haka, ƙarin albashi ba shi da inganci a wannan lokacin.&quot;   A shekarar 2005, kwamitin ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don ƙara albashin zuwa dala 40,000 na yanzu, kuma membobin kwamitin sun kuma kaɗa ƙuri'a kan jerin kuɗaɗen da za a bai wa shugabannin kwamitoci da sauran mukamai na shugabanci.  Matakin da aka ɗauka a shekarar 2007 ya haɗa da wani ƙarin diyya, kuma ya ƙara duk sauran kuɗaɗen da hukumar ke biya, ciki har da ƙara albashin mataimakin shugaban daga dala 12,000 zuwa dala 15,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;ryan01&quot; /&gt; Kaplowitz bai mayar da wani ƙarin albashi ko kuɗin kashe kuɗi da ya karɓa ba. 

Kasafin kuɗi na dala biliyan 1.77 da Kaplowitz ya amince da shi a shekarar 2008 ya sake ƙara harajin kadarori, a wannan karon da kashi 3.89%, tare da ƙaruwar kashe kuɗi na dala miliyan 4.2, don ayyukan zamantakewa da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya iri-iri. Kaplowitz ya kiyasta cewa kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na kashe kuɗi an yi su ne don dawo da shirye-shiryen da Babban Jami'in Yankin Spano ya cire. Sun haɗa da ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ga yara, ƙoƙarin kare korar mutane da kuma ayyukan wayar da kan baƙi.&quot;  Kaplowitz ya yi tsokaci bayan ƙuri'ar cewa &quot;Masu biyan haraji na gundumar suna siyan gwamnati mai riƙon amana da muhimman ayyuka akan farashi mai kyau.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;blain08&quot; /&gt; Ya lura cewa wannan shine karo na tara cikin shekaru goma da 'yan majalisar suka rage farashin harajin da Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Gundumar ta gabatar, yana mai cewa &quot;Wannan kasafin kuɗi yana nuna cewa muna cimma burin manufofinmu na samar da tabbas kan kasafin kuɗi daga shekara zuwa shekara.&quot;  Duk da haka, ƙaruwar harajin kadarori na dindindin ya haifar da wasu ce-ce-ku-ce yanzu da Kamfanin Pepsi Bottling Group, wanda ke cikin garin Somers na Kaplowitz, ya sanar da cewa yana ƙalubalantar kimanta harajinsa a kotu kuma yana tunanin ƙaura daga Westchester.  Tun daga 2000, harajin kadarori a Westchester ya ƙaru da kashi 54%.

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Majalisar Dattawan Jihar New York ===
Kaplowitz sau biyu yana ƙaddamar da kamfen don wakiltar gunduma ta 40 a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar New York, kujerar Hudson Valley wadda a al'ada ta dogara ga 'yan Republican. A wannan ƙoƙarin, ya nemi sake mayar da kansa a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na harkokin kuɗi.

==== 2006 ====
A shekara ta 2006, Kaplowitz ya ƙaddamar da takarar neman mukamai mafi girma a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar New York, Gundumar 40, inda ya yi ƙoƙarin kawar da Vinnie Leibell, ɗan Republican mai ci a yanzu. Kaplowitz ya sami kwarin gwiwar tsayawa takarar kujerar ne sakamakon shekarar zaɓe da ta ga yankin ya samu ci gaba a fannin 'yan Democrat. Duk da manyan matsaloli kamar rashin nasarar da aka samu a hannun 'yar majalisar wakilai ta Republican mai ci Sue Kelly, Kaplowitz bai yi nasara ba. Ya sami kashi 45.6% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa.

==== 2010 ====
A watan Afrilun 2010, Kaplowitz ya ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗinsa na neman kujerar Sanatan Jihar New York, Gundumar 40. Sanata mai ci Vincent Leibell ya tsaya takarar Shugaban Gundumar a Gundumar Putnam, wanda hakan ya sa Gundumar 40 ta zama wurin zama a buɗe.

Ɗan majalisar dokoki na jam'iyyar Republican Greg Ball, wanda ya yi wa'adi biyu a majalisar dokoki ta jiha, wanda ke wakiltar gundumar majalisar dokoki ta 99, ya yi adawa da Kaplowitz. Ball ya kayar da mai kula da garin Somers Mary Beth Murphy cikin sauƙi a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, sannan ya kayar da Kaplowitz a babban zaɓen.

=== Tarihin zaɓe ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[Westchester County Board of Legislators|Westchester County Legislator - District 4]], 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;Election6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news
 |url=http://www.westchestergov.com/pdfs/BOE_2007GeneralCanvassBook.pdf 
 |publisher=Westchester County Board of Elections 
 |title=2007 General Canvass Election Results 
 |year=2007 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911155454/http://www.westchestergov.com/pdfs/BOE_2007GeneralCanvassBook.pdf 
 |archivedate=2008-09-11 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin|title=[[New York State Senate|New York State Senate, 40th District]], 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;Election7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news
 |url=http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2006/general/2006_sen.pdf 
 |publisher=New York State Board of Elections 
 |title=2006 State Senate Election Results 
 |year=2006 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822221238/http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2006/general/2006_sen.pdf 
 |archivedate=2012-08-22 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin|title=[[Westchester County Board of Legislators|Westchester County Legislator - District 4]], 2005&lt;ref name=&quot;Election5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news
 |url=http://www.westchestergov.com/boe/images/2005%20Gen%20Canvass%20Bk.pdf 
 |publisher=Westchester County Board of Elections 
 |title=2005 General Canvass Election Results 
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 |archivedate=2008-09-11 
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{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Democratic Party (US)|candidate=Michael B. Kaplowitz (I)|votes=10069|percentage=66.1|change=Democrat '''hold'''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party (US)|candidate=Rand Neveloff|votes=5154|percentage=33.9|change=}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin|title=[[Westchester County Board of Legislators|Westchester County Legislator - District 4]], 2003&lt;ref name=&quot;Election4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news
 |url=http://www.westchestergov.com/boe/images/2003%20Gen%20Canvass%20Bk.pdf 
 |publisher=Westchester County Board of Elections 
 |title=2003 General Canvass Election Results 
 |year=2003 
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}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Democratic Party (US)|candidate=Michael B. Kaplowitz (I)|votes=6662|percentage=54.4|change=Democrat '''hold'''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party (US)|candidate=Mark C. Fang|votes=5580|percentage=45.6|change=}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin|title=[[Westchester County Board of Legislators|Westchester County Legislator - District 4]], 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;Election3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news
 |url=http://www.westchestergov.com/boe/images/2001%20Gen%20Canvass%20Bk.pdf 
 |publisher=Westchester County Board of Elections 
 |title=2001 General Canvass Election Results 
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}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Democratic Party (US)|candidate=Michael B. Kaplowitz (I)|votes=7460|percentage=57.1|change=Democrat '''hold'''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party (US)|candidate=Mark C. Fang|votes=5601|percentage=42.9|change=}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin|title=[[Westchester County Board of Legislators|Westchester County Legislator - District 4]], 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;Election2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news
 |url=http://www.westchestergov.com/boe/images/1999%20Gen%20Canvass%20Bk.pdf 
 |publisher=Westchester County Board of Elections 
 |title=1999 General Canvass Election Results 
 |year=1999 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181438/http://www.westchestergov.com/boe/images/1999%20Gen%20Canvass%20Bk.pdf 
 |archivedate=2007-09-30 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|}}
{{End}}

* Gundumar Westchester, New York

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iskandari Kontostavlos</title>
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Alexandros Kontostavlos (Girkanci: ; c. 1789, Chios - 1865, [[Athens]]) ya kasance ɗan banki na Girka, mai daraja kuma ɗan siyasa.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Konstavlos a tsibirin Chios a cikin kimanin shekara ta 1789 kuma ya fito ne daga dangin mai daraja wanda ya samo asali ne daga Daular Byzantine . Bayan karatunsa a Italiya, ya zama memba na Filiki Etaireia kuma a lokacin ƙarshen Juyin Juya Halin Girka ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka don siyan jiragen yaki.

A cikin 1828, Gwamna Ioannis Kapodistrias ya sanya shi memba na kwamitin kudi kuma ya tura shi Malta, inda ya sayi mint wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samar da kuɗin Girka na zamani na farko, ''Phoenix'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bimetallic Coin, the Phoenix of 1828 |url=https://www.svcollector.com/en/world-coins/bimetallic-coin-the-phoenix-of-1828.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=svcollector.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Silver phoenix of Kapodistrias |url=https://www.alphapolitismos.gr/en/numismatic-collection/our-coins-and-banknotes/silver-phoenix-of-kapodistrias/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Alpha Bank Politismos}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A karkashin Sarki Otto na Girka, an zabe shi sau da yawa a majalisar dokoki don Karystos, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudi a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1855 - 2 ga Yuli 1856. Daga Disamba 1856 zuwa Yuli 1856, ya kasance Kakakin Majalisar Hellenic .

Gidansa shine shafin yanar gizon Tsohon Majalisar, Athens, yanzu Gidan Tarihi na Kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bimetallic Coin, the Phoenix of 1828 |url=https://www.svcollector.com/en/world-coins/bimetallic-coin-the-phoenix-of-1828.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=svcollector.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mutuwa==
Ya mutu a Athens a shekara ta 1865. Ɗansa, [[Alexandros A. Kontostavlos]], ɗan diflomasiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael F. Farashin</title>
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      <text bytes="3840" sha1="oir7pdkw905cav6hxqkqcooly2q4sjh" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Michael F. Price (3 ga Yuli, 1951 - 14 ga Maris, 2022) wani mai saka hannun jari ne na Amurka kuma manajan asusun wanda ke gudanar da asusun hedge MFP Investors LLC.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Price a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1951, ga wani iyali Yahudawa  a Glen Cove, New York .  Mahaifinsa yana gudanar da shagunan sayar da tufafi iri-iri.  A shekarar 1973, ya sami digirin BA daga Jami'ar Oklahoma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Serwer |first=Andrew |date=9 December 1996 |title=MR. PRICE IS ON THE LINE |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/12/09/219361/index.htm |access-date=20 January 2019 |website=Fortune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A shekarar 1974, ya karɓi aiki tare da [[Max Heine]]  a Mutual Series. A shekarar 1982, ya zama cikakken abokin tarayya  kuma lokacin da Heine ya mutu a shekarar 1988, ya zama shugaban ƙasa kuma shugaban kamfanin. A shekarar 1995, tare da asusun haɗin gwiwarsa, ya sami matsayi a Chase Manhattan Bank na hannun jari miliyan 11 ko kuma kashi 6.1% na hannun jarinsu don tilasta musu &quot;su sayar da rassa ko ɗaukar wasu matakai&quot; don nemo mai siye don ɗaga darajar hannun jarinsu. Daga ƙarshe an sayar da Chase ga Chemical Banking Corp. a ranar 28 ga Agusta, a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai sama da dala biliyan 10 kuma ta fi kashi 70% fiye da sayayyarsa ta farko.  A shekarar 1996, an haɗa Mutual Series zuwa Franklin Templeton Investments . A shekarar 1998, Price ya sauka daga ayyukan gudanar da asusun yau da kullun amma ya ci gaba da zama shugaban kamfanin, kuma a shekarar 2001, ya bar kamfanin don fara kamfanin asusunsa, MFP Partners, LP.  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=The Forbes 400 The Richest People in America |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/54/7GJH.html |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon jama'a ==
Price ya bayar da dubban miliyoyin daloli ga ɗalibansa, Jami'ar Oklahoma .  Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta OU, ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginenta, da kuma babban tallafin kuɗi mai ɗauke da sunansa.  [https://www.flickr.com/photos/mcammer/sets/72157604451342209/ CGTM], wanda aka buɗe a hukumance a watan Yunin 2008 a Kwalejin Magunguna ta Albert Einstein da ke Bronx, shi ma yana ɗauke da sunansa.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Price ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya shida.  Ya kasance mazaunin bazara a Bay Head, New Jersey . 

Sau da yawa ana saka shi a cikin Forbes 400, Price ya musanta wannan ikirarin har ya kai ga dukiyarsa, yana mai cewa &quot;Ku mutane kuna ƙirƙira abubuwa game da mutane kowace shekara, don haka za ku iya ci gaba da ƙirƙira abubuwa game da ni.&quot; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=The Forbes 400 The Richest People in America |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/54/7GJH.html |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/54/7GJH.html &quot;The Forbes 400 The Richest People in America&quot;]. ''[[Forbes]]''. September 2008&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 February&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forbes.co.il/rating/list.aspx?en6v0tVq=FK Forbes Israel: Jewish Billionaires - Profile of Michael Price] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220162922/http://www.forbes.co.il/rating/list.aspx?en6v0tVq=FK |date=2020-02-20 }} April 14, 2013 (''in Hebrew'')&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya rasu bayan doguwar rashin lafiya a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2022, yana da shekaru 70. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forbes.co.il/rating/list.aspx?en6v0tVq=FK Forbes Israel: Jewish Billionaires - Profile of Michael Price] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220162922/http://www.forbes.co.il/rating/list.aspx?en6v0tVq=FK |date=2020-02-20 }} April 14, 2013 (''in Hebrew'')&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sia Anagnostopoulou</title>
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'''Athanasia &quot;Sia&quot; Anagnostopoulou''' (Girkanci:  Αναγνωστοπούλου; an haife shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 1959 ) ɗan siyasan Girka ne kuma masanin kimiyya wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje a cikin Ma'aikatar Biyu ta Alexis Tsipras . hagu 18 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Agusta 2015, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Turai a cikin Ma'aikatar farko ta Alexis Tsipras .

Anagnostopoulou mataimakiyar farfesa ce a fannin tarihi a Jami'ar Panteion (tun daga shekara ta 2004), kuma ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'an New York, Jami'ar Cyprus da Makarantar Nazarin Ci gaba a Kimiyya ta Jama'a.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Anagnostopoulou a Patras a shekara ta 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;curvit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alternate Foreign Minister for European Affairs |url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/leadership/the-deputy-ministers/alternate-foreign-minister-for-european-affairs.html |access-date=13 August 2015 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci Lyceum na 4 na Patras kafin ta koma [[Athens]].

Anagnostopoulou ya yi karatu a Sashen Nazarin Byzantine da Girkanci na zamani, na Faculty of Philosophy a Jami'ar Athens.  Ta ci gaba da karatunta a birnin [[Faris|Paris]], inda ta sami digiri biyu. Da farko, digiri a cikin [[Turkanci|Harshen Turkiyya]] da al'adu daga Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), kuma na biyu DEA a ''Tarihi da wayewa'' daga Jami'ar Pantheon-Sorbonne.&lt;ref name=&quot;curvit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alternate Foreign Minister for European Affairs |url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/leadership/the-deputy-ministers/alternate-foreign-minister-for-european-affairs.html |access-date=13 August 2015 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.mfa.gr/en/leadership/the-deputy-ministers/alternate-foreign-minister-for-european-affairs.html &quot;Alternate Foreign Minister for European Affairs&quot;]. ''[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 August&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kammala digirinta na PhD a tarihi a Makarantar Nazarin Ci gaba a Kimiyya ta Jama'a (EHESS) a 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;depcv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Athanasia Anagnostopoulou |url=http://keni.panteion.gr/index.php/en/people-en?id=53 |access-date=24 May 2016 |website=Department of Political Science and History, Panteion University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Hountis_Anagnostopoulou.jpg|right|thumb|Anagnostopoulou tare da wanda ya riga ta a matsayin Mataimakin Minista, Nikolaos Chountis .]]
Anagnostopoulou ta koyar da shekaru tara, daga 1995 zuwa 2004, a Sashen Nazarin Turkiyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya na Jami'ar Cyprus, kuma tun daga shekara ta 2004 ta koyar a Sashen Kimiyya da Tarihi na Siyasa na Jami'an Panteion. A halin yanzu ita ce farfesa a fannin tarihi a Panteion . &lt;ref name=&quot;depcv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Athanasia Anagnostopoulou |url=http://keni.panteion.gr/index.php/en/people-en?id=53 |access-date=24 May 2016 |website=Department of Political Science and History, Panteion University}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://keni.panteion.gr/index.php/en/people-en?id=53 &quot;Athanasia Anagnostopoulou&quot;]. ''Department of Political Science and History, Panteion University''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta koyar a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'i da yawa a Turai da Amurka, kuma ta wallafa da yawa.[1] Ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar New York a shekara ta 2000, a Jami'an Cyprus daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2009, kuma a Makarantar Nazarin Ci gaba a Kimiyya ta Jama'a a shekara ta 2011. [2] Babban sha'awar bincikenta shine kishin kasa a Girka, Turkiyya da Cyprus, da mulkin mallaka a Cyprus.[3]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>g7moqm1yiudjzlzqlrnwblv20s35ny3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mary Akrivopoulou</title>
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Mary Akrivopoulou (an haife ta a shekara ta 1975 a Thessaloniki) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Girka. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a kan Ton Ilio Tou Aiyaiou da Erotas . A lokacin zaɓen ƴan majalisa na watan Satumbar 2007, ta kasance dan takarar jam'iyyar PASOK a yankin Thessaloniki .

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|1480513}}
* [http://www.mary-a.gr/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730164307/http://www.mary-a.gr/ |date=2019-07-30 }}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eddie Peng</title>
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'''Edward Peng Yu-Yan''' ( Chinese       ; an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Maris 1982) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Taiwan, mawaƙi kuma mai tallan kayan kawa. Ya fi shahara da fitowa a fina-finan ''Hear Me'' (2009), ''Unbeatable'' (2013), ''Fleet of Time'' (2014), ''Operation Mekong'' (2016), ''Duckweed'' (2017), ''Wu Kong'' (2017), da ''Hidden Man'' (2018). A shekarar 2024, Peng ya fito a cikin fim ''ɗin Black Dog'', wanda ya fara fitowa a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 77 kuma ya lashe kyautar ''Un Certain Regard'' . 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Peng a Penghu, Taiwan. Ya kuma koma [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]], Kanada yana da shekaru goma sha uku. A shekara ta 2000, ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Sir Winston Churchill . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2007 |title=SWC Biography |url=http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102109/http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 29, 2015 |website=Tribes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, an shigar da shi Jami'ar British Columbia kuma ya yi karatun tattalin arziki, amma daga baya ya daina zuwa ya fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo.

== Sana'a ==
Peng ya fara aikinsa ne lokacin da darakta Yang Daqing ya fito a matsayin jarumi a ''shirin Tomorrow'' a lokacin hutun bazara a Taiwan. An daidaita wasan kwaikwayon ne daga shirin manga na Japan ''mai suna Asunaro Hakusho'', wanda Fumi Saimon ya rubuta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2007 |title=SWC Biography |url=http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102109/http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 29, 2015 |website=Tribes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peng ya gina wani matashi mai goyon bayan fim bayan barkwancin soyayya ya samu karbuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;actor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2017 |title=Why Eddie Peng is one of Asia's most prolific performers |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people-events/article/2114089/why-eddie-peng-one-asias-most-prolific-performers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419033809/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people-events/article/2114089/why-eddie-peng-one-asias-most-prolific-performers |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |access-date=November 28, 2017 |website=South China Morning Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2003, ya fara taka rawarsa ta farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Taiwan ''mai suna Scent of Love'', wanda ke ba da labarin masoya biyu masu taurari waɗanda suka wuce rayuwa da mutuwa don samun juna a cikin sake zagayowar rayuwarsu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A shekara ta 2005, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gumaka ''When Dolphin Met Cat'', inda ya nuna wani matashi mai fama da autism. Domin shirya kansa don yin fim ɗin, Peng ya ɗauki wata ɗaya kafin ya koyi yadda ake mu'amala da dolphins daga wani malami mai horo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2007 |title=SWC Biography |url=http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102109/http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 29, 2015 |website=Tribes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Xianxia na kasar Sin ''na Chinese Paladin'' da wasan kwaikwayo na wuxia ''The Young Warriors'', waɗanda suka shahara sosai a lokacin tserensu kuma suka haifar da ƙarin yabo a gare shi a Babban Ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2007 |title=SWC Biography |url=http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102109/http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 29, 2015 |website=Tribes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan haka, Peng ya fara fitowa a babban fim ɗinsa a fim ɗin ''Exit No.6'' (2006), wanda Yu-Hsien Lin ya bada umarni. &lt;sup&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|an buƙaci ambato]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Fim ɗin ya sanya shi a sahun gaba a cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai da dama, ciki har da [[Tsui Hark]] wanda ya fito a cikin barkwancin soyayyarsa na 2008, ''[[All About Women]]'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;actor2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2017 |title=Why Eddie Peng is one of Asia's most prolific performers |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people-events/article/2114089/why-eddie-peng-one-asias-most-prolific-performers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419033809/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people-events/article/2114089/why-eddie-peng-one-asias-most-prolific-performers |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |access-date=November 28, 2017 |website=South China Morning Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2007, an zaɓi Peng a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Sabon Jarumi a [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards|bikin Fina-finan Doki na Golden Horse da Kyauta]] saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin ''fim ɗin My DNA Says I Love You'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2007 |title=SWC Biography |url=http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102109/http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 29, 2015 |website=Tribes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]

==manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>rums142xk2wy1m67nsiexs2lk3ogjhg</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>816148</id>
      <parentid>816145</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:33:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Salisu</username>
        <id>14655</id>
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      <text bytes="5854" sha1="lxi2yddzen12p1sy1vbjm7owb915gz1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Edward Peng Yu-Yan''' ( Chinese       ; an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Maris 1982) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Taiwan, mawaƙi kuma mai tallan kayan kawa. Ya fi shahara da fitowa a fina-finan ''Hear Me'' (2009), ''Unbeatable'' (2013), ''Fleet of Time'' (2014), ''Operation Mekong'' (2016), ''Duckweed'' (2017), ''Wu Kong'' (2017), da ''Hidden Man'' (2018). A shekarar 2024, Peng ya fito a cikin fim ''ɗin Black Dog'', wanda ya fara fitowa a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 77 kuma ya lashe kyautar ''Un Certain Regard'' . 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Peng a Penghu, Taiwan. Ya kuma koma [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]], Kanada yana da shekaru goma sha uku. A shekara ta 2000, ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Sir Winston Churchill . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2007 |title=SWC Biography |url=http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102109/http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 29, 2015 |website=Tribes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, an shigar da shi Jami'ar British Columbia kuma ya yi karatun tattalin arziki, amma daga baya ya daina zuwa ya fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo.

== Sana'a ==
Peng ya fara aikinsa ne lokacin da darakta Yang Daqing ya fito a matsayin jarumi a ''shirin Tomorrow'' a lokacin hutun bazara a Taiwan. An dai-daita wasan kwaikwayon ne daga shirin manga na Japan ''mai suna Asunaro Hakusho'', wanda Fumi Saimon ya rubuta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2007 |title=SWC Biography |url=http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102109/http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 29, 2015 |website=Tribes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peng ya gina wani matashi mai goyon bayan fim bayan barkwancin soyayya ya samu karbuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;actor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2017 |title=Why Eddie Peng is one of Asia's most prolific performers |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people-events/article/2114089/why-eddie-peng-one-asias-most-prolific-performers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419033809/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people-events/article/2114089/why-eddie-peng-one-asias-most-prolific-performers |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |access-date=November 28, 2017 |website=South China Morning Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2003, ya fara taka rawarsa ta farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Taiwan ''mai suna Scent of Love'', wanda ke ba da labarin masoya biyu masu taurari waɗanda suka wuce rayuwa da mutuwa don samun juna a cikin sake zagayowar rayuwarsu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A shekara ta 2005, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gumaka ''When Dolphin Met Cat'', inda ya nuna wani matashi mai fama da autism. Domin shirya kansa don yin fim ɗin, Peng ya ɗauki wata ɗaya kafin ya koyi yadda ake mu'amala da dolphins daga wani malami mai horo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2007 |title=SWC Biography |url=http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102109/http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 29, 2015 |website=Tribes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Xianxia na kasar Sin ''na Chinese Paladin'' da wasan kwaikwayo na wuxia ''The Young Warriors'', waɗanda suka shahara sosai a lokacin tserensu kuma suka haifar da ƙarin yabo a gare shi a Babban Ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2007 |title=SWC Biography |url=http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102109/http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 29, 2015 |website=Tribes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan haka, Peng ya fara fitowa a babban fim ɗinsa a fim ɗin ''Exit No.6'' (2006), wanda Yu-Hsien Lin ya bada umarni. &lt;sup&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|an buƙaci ambato]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Fim ɗin ya sanya shi a sahun gaba a cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai da dama, ciki har da [[Tsui Hark]] wanda ya fito a cikin barkwancin soyayyarsa na 2008, ''[[All About Women]]'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;actor2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2017 |title=Why Eddie Peng is one of Asia's most prolific performers |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people-events/article/2114089/why-eddie-peng-one-asias-most-prolific-performers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419033809/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people-events/article/2114089/why-eddie-peng-one-asias-most-prolific-performers |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |access-date=November 28, 2017 |website=South China Morning Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2007, an zaɓi Peng a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Sabon Jarumi a [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards|bikin Fina-finan Doki na Golden Horse da Kyauta]] saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin ''fim ɗin My DNA Says I Love You'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2007 |title=SWC Biography |url=http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102109/http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 29, 2015 |website=Tribes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]

==manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioannis Kefalogiannis</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:17:07Z</timestamp>
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'''Ioannis Kefalogiannis''' (Girkanci: ; 6 ga Disamba 1933 - 20 ga Janairu 2012) ɗan siyasan Girka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar daga 1958 zuwa 1964, kuma daga 1974 zuwa 2004. A wannan lokacin ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Jama'a, Ministan yawon bude ido, da Ministan cikin gida na ɗan lokaci. 'Yarsa ita ce Ministan majalisar Olga Kefalogianni .

== Matsalolin shari'a ==


Wannan shari'ar ta faru ne a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003, lokacin da Kefalogiannis har yanzu mataimakin jam'iyyar New Democracy mai mulki ne.

=== Shari'a da hukunci ===
A ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2008, an sami Kefalogiannis da laifi a kotun birnin Rethymno na yunkurin karbar wani mai laifi da kuma sa wasu su yi ƙarya; Kefalogians ya sami hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na shekara guda. Kefalogiannis ya musanta duk zarge-zargen kuma ya ce zai daukaka kara. Ya zargi mai gabatar da kara da yunkurin ɓata sunansa kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa shari'ar ta kasance ta siyasa.

Ofishin Firayim Minista ya sanar da cewa Kefalogiannis zai guje wa aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Firayim Ministan har sai an kammala binciken. Duk da haka, shari'ar Kefalogiannis ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga gwamnatin Costas Karamanlis.[undefined] A ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, an saurari karar kuma an yanke wa Kefalogiannis hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na 5mοnth.[1]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>94bxkgt60lprnb8r51koxguca6xlgkf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maxine B. Baker</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816246</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:34:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1805" sha1="hcoct0xc0rbf8dxrduhn8jzhzhrdjqo" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Maxine B. Baker''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 1952) 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Amurka. Ita babbar mataimakiyar shugaba ce a shirye-shiryen Impact a AARP . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AARP Foundation Leadership Profile Maxine B. Baker |url=http://www.aarp.org/aarp-foundation/info-2012/Maxine-B-Baker.html |access-date=May 27, 2017 |publisher=[[AARP]] |archive-date=April 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402082057/http://www.aarp.org/aarp-foundation/info-2012/Maxine-B-Baker.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baker ta taba yin aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar hulda da kamfanoni na Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) da kuma shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa (1997–2012) na Freddie Mac Foundation . &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2017 |title=Maxine B. Baker |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=6022290&amp;privcapId=6012827 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidauniyar Freddie Mac ==
Baker ta fara aikinta a matsayin shugabar Gidauniyar Freddie Mac a shekarar 1997. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2017 |title=Maxine B. Baker |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=6022290&amp;privcapId=6012827 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=6022290&amp;privcapId=6012827 &quot;Maxine B. Baker&quot;]. [[Bloomberg L.P.]] May 27, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1997 zuwa 2003 kadarorin gidauniyar sun karu daga dala miliyan 22 zuwa dala miliyan 235. Baker ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen hulda da al'umma na Freddie Mac.

Gidauniyar Freddie Mac ta ƙare aiki a shekarar 2016.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Huey (mai zane)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816355</id>
      <parentid>780111</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:33:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>816355</origin>
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      <text bytes="7125" sha1="r8zpo7gq2vea5tflngi48s9g89s4u4k" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Huey''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1964) wani ɗan fasaha ne na Amurka wanda ke zaune a [[Vienna]], [[Austriya|Austria]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;HueyBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2011 |title=Biography |url=http://michaelhuey.com/biography/ |access-date=April 12, 2014 |website=www.michaelhuey.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa yana amfani da kayan aikin daukar hoto da adana bayanai don ƙirƙirar sabbin hotuna, abubuwa, shigarwa, da bidiyo.   An nuna ayyukansa a [[Vienna]], [[Berlin]], [[Rum|Rome]], [[Landan|London]], [[Lisbon]], [[Sofiya|Sofia]], [[Cleveland]], da [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], kuma an rubuta game da su a cikin ''Art in America'', ''Artforum'', ''The Wall Street Journal'', da ''The New Yorker'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ArtAmerica&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;TNY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2011 |title=Goings On About Town: Art |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/events/art/2011/02/14/110214goar_GOAT_art?currentPage=3 |website=www.newyorker.com |publisher=Condé Nast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
An haifi Huey a Traverse City, Michigan . Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Amherst a shekarar 1987 tare da digiri a fannin Nazarin Jamusanci. Ya zauna a Vienna tun daga shekarar 1989, kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Vienna a shekarar 1999.  Yana auren masanin tarihin fasaha na Vienna Christian Witt-Dörring.  An nuna ayyukan Huey a Kunsthalle Wien, Gidan Tarihi na Sigmund Freud da ke Vienna, [[:de:Museum der Moderne Salzburg|Gidan Tarihi na Moderne Salzburg]], Gidan Tarihi na Mead Art da ke Amherst, Massachusetts, da Gidan Tarihi na Cleveland Art .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=March 5, 2013 |title=Curator Conversation: The Last Days of Pompeii |url=http://www.clevelandart.org/blog/2013/03/05/curator-conversation-last-days-pompeii |website=www.clevelandart.org |publisher=The Cleveland Museum of Art |access-date=January 12, 2026 |archive-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715122053/http://www.clevelandart.org/blog/2013/03/05/curator-conversation-last-days-pompeii |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2014 ya shiga Secession, ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Viennese da Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, da Joseph Maria Olbrich suka kafa a shekarar 1897. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Association of Visual Artists Vienna Secession |url=http://www.secession.at/kuenstlerinnenvereinigung/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529144647/http://www.secession.at/kuenstlerinnenvereinigung/index.html |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |access-date=June 3, 2014 |website=secession.at/e.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;TNY&quot;/&gt;     &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Esterhazy NOW |url=https://www.esterhazy-now.at/ausstellungen/weisser-saal/labor-bestiarium-wunderkammer |access-date=February 8, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Aikin fasaha na Huey ya shafi kayan tarihi, takardu, da al'adun daukar hoto. Ayyukansa galibi suna nazarin jigogi na rashin zuwa, asara, da adanawa, suna amfani da tarihinsa a fannin fasaha da rubutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Neal |first=Sarah Bearup- |date=2016-08-15 |title=Loss and longing: the art of Michael Huey |url=https://glenarborsun.com/loss-and-longing-the-art-of-michael-huey/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Glen Arbor Sun |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudummawar rubuce-rubuce da editoci ===
Baya ga aikinsa na mai zane, Huey ya kuma yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa, da farko a matsayin ma'aikacin The Christian Science Monitor, kuma kwanan nan a matsayin mai rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa yana rubuta game da asalin iyalinsa a Chicago da Leelanau County, Michigan . Shi mai ba da gudummawa ne akai-akai ga mujallar The World of Interiors da ke Landan kuma ya yi rubutu game da fasaha da ƙira don kasidodin baje kolin, jaridu, da mujallu a Turai da Amurka.

=== Nunin Nunin ===
Huey ya gabatar da aikinsa sosai a nune-nunen shi kaɗai, tandem, da uku a faɗin Turai da Amurka. A Vienna, ya yi ta nunawa akai-akai a Galerie Reinthaler, ciki har da ''Piggyback'' (tare da Florian Nährer, 2023), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=March 5, 2013 |title=Curator Conversation: The Last Days of Pompeii |url=http://www.clevelandart.org/blog/2013/03/05/curator-conversation-last-days-pompeii |website=www.clevelandart.org |publisher=The Cleveland Museum of Art |access-date=January 12, 2026 |archive-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715122053/http://www.clevelandart.org/blog/2013/03/05/curator-conversation-last-days-pompeii |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Family Tree'' (2017), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Association of Visual Artists Vienna Secession |url=http://www.secession.at/kuenstlerinnenvereinigung/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529144647/http://www.secession.at/kuenstlerinnenvereinigung/index.html |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |access-date=June 3, 2014 |website=secession.at/e.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Boy's Room'' (2017), da ''The Darling of Decay'' (2014). An kuma nuna dangantakarsa ta dogon lokaci da tambayoyin tunawa da kiyayewa a cikin ''Proof'' at the Austrian Frederick and Lillian Kiesler Private Foundation (2015) da ''Ghost Stories'' at Schikanedergasse 2 (2022). &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nunin da aka gabatar a baya sun haɗa da ''Archivaria'' a Sigmund Freud Museum da ke Vienna (2012), &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Don't Say Things'' at Kunsthalle Wien (2009), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma nunin farko na shi kaɗai ''Full Death'' a Galerie Ruyter (2005). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Ossian |date=2010-07-20 |title=Michael Huey: Out of the Past |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/michael-huey-62850/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasashen duniya, Huey ya yi baje kolin a Newman Popiashvili Gallery da ke New York ( ''China Cupboard'', 2011; ''Keep in Safe Place'', 2007), Josh Lilley Gallery da ke London ( ''Story Problems'', 2010), Song Song a Vienna ( ''ASH, inc.'', 2009), da Charim Galerie ( ''Betsy and I Killed the Bear'', 2007). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Esterhazy NOW |url=https://www.esterhazy-now.at/ausstellungen/weisser-saal/labor-bestiarium-wunderkammer |access-date=February 8, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma shiga cikin shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa guda uku kamar ''Labor Bestiarium Wunderkammer'' (Eisenstadt, 2019), ''Absolute Duration'' (Lisbon, 2017), da ''A Place in the East'' (Lisbon, 2017), yana nuna iyakokin ayyukansa da kuma iyakokin ƙasashen duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Salo da jigogi ==
Aikin Huey sau da yawa yana ɗauko daga tarihin kansa da kuma wanda aka samo yana sake tsara hotuna da abubuwa don magance ra'ayoyin adanawa, labarin, da kuma ɓangarorin gogewa da ba a gani ba.  Yana ɗaukar tsarinsa a matsayin wani nau'i na &quot;gyara&quot;, yana kawo kayan da aka yi watsi da su ko waɗanda ba a yi la'akari da su ba zuwa ganuwa mai sabuntawa. Shigarwarsa tana haifar da wani yanayi mai ban tsoro na kasancewa a tsakanin rashinsa, yana mai da hankali kan jigogi na wargajewa, tunawa, da juriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Littattafai da aka zaɓa ==

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  <page>
    <title>Hector Barreto Jr.</title>
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'''Hector Vincent Barreto Jr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1961) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na 21 na Hukumar Kula da Ƙananan Kasuwanci ta Amurka, an tabbatar da shi a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2001. [[George W. Bush]] ya zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Former Small Business Administrator |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/hbarreto-bio.html |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi murabus a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2006.

== Shugaban SBA ==
[[Fayil:President_George_W._Bush_leads_the_discussion_during_a_forum_with_small_business_owners_and_employees_at_Dagher_Printing_in_Jacksonville.jpg|left|thumb|Barreto da Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] a wani taro da masu ƙananan 'yan kasuwa da ma'aikata a watan Fabrairun 2003]]
[[Fayil:President_Trump_at_the_Latino_Coalition_Legislative_Summit_(49619040391).jpg|left|thumb|Barreto ya gana da Shugaba [[Donald Trump]] a watan Maris na 2020]]
A watan Yulin 2001, Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta amince da Hector Barreto a matsayin shugaba na 21 a Hukumar Kula da Ƙananan Kasuwanci ta Amurka. A wannan matsayin, ya kula da isar da kayan aikin kuɗi da haɓaka kasuwanci ga 'yan kasuwan Amurka. Tare da tarin rancen kasuwanci kai tsaye da garanti da rancen bala'i da ya kai sama da dala biliyan 45, SBA ita ce babbar mai tallafawa kuɗi kuma mai sauƙaƙe tallafin fasaha da damar kwangila ga ƙananan kasuwancin ƙasar. Barreto ya kuma zauna a matsayin tsohon memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Shugaban Ƙasa kan Inganta Ilimi ga 'Yan Asalin Hispanic .

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Muhammad Ali Jan Ahmad</title>
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'''[[Mawlawi|Maulvi]] Muhammad Ali Jan Ahmad''' (Pashto) ɗan siyasan [[Taliban]] ne na Afghanistan wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin Gwamna Lardin Paktia tun daga 7 ga Nuwamba 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2021 |title=Our Main Goal is to Ensure Security and Development of the Country: Logar Governor |url=https://bakhtarnews.af/our-main-goal-is-to-ensure-security-and-development-of-the-country-logar-governor/ |website=Bakhtar News Agency |access-date=January 12, 2026 |archive-date=January 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114153757/https://bakhtarnews.af/our-main-goal-is-to-ensure-security-and-development-of-the-country-logar-governor/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadzai |first=Asif |date=November 8, 2021 |title=New governors named for 17 provinces |url=https://pajhwok.com/2021/11/08/new-governors-named-for-17-provinces/ |via=pajhwok.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Gwamna na lardin Logar daga watan Agusta 2021 zuwa 6 ga Nuwamba 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=افغانستان د ټولو ولسونو او مېشتو قومونو ګډ کور دی |url=https://bakhtarnews.af/ps/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF-%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86/ |website=باختر خبری آژانس |access-date=January 12, 2026 |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224043240/https://bakhtarnews.af/ps/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF-%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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'''[[Mawlawi|Maulvi]] Mohammadullah Idris''' (Pashto) ɗan siyasan [[Taliban]] ne na Afghanistan wanda ya zama Gwamna Lardin Kapisa a watan Satumbar 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=په کاپیسا ولایت کې له واش پروژې څخه د افغاني سرې میاشتې ټولنې د رئیس لیدنه! &amp;#124; ARCS |url=https://arcs.af/ps/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DA%A9%DB%90-%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%DB%90-%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87-%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%90-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%90-%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%90-%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87 |website=arcs.af}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2021 |title=د کوهستان د لومړۍ برخې ولسوالۍ خلکو د کاپيسا له والي سره وکتل |url=https://bakhtarnews.af/ps/%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%90-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8D-%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88-%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D8%A7/ |website=باختر خبری آژانس |access-date=January 12, 2026 |archive-date=December 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220051506/https://bakhtarnews.af/ps/%d8%af-%da%a9%d9%88%d9%87%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%af-%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%da%93%db%8d-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%ae%db%90-%d9%88%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%db%8d-%d8%ae%d9%84%da%a9%d9%88-%d8%af-%da%a9%d8%a7/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2021 |title=250 Deserved Families Received Assistance |url=https://bakhtarnews.af/250-deserved-families-received-assistance/ |website=Bakhtar News Agency |access-date=January 12, 2026 |archive-date=January 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114131951/https://bakhtarnews.af/250-deserved-families-received-assistance/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=One Hundred and Fifty Power Stations Installed in Kapisa |url=https://bakhtarnews.af/one-hundred-and-fifty-power-stations-installed-in-kapisa/ |access-date=2022-01-29 |website=Bakhtar News Agency |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129120134/https://bakhtarnews.af/one-hundred-and-fifty-power-stations-installed-in-kapisa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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'''[[Mullah]] Mohammad Farid Omar''' (Pashto: ملا محمد فرید عمر) ɗan siyasan [[Taliban]] ne na Afghanistan wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin Gwamna Lardin Parwan tun daga 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=مقام محلی ط‌البان در پروان خلاف فیصله ها و مقرره های کابینه موقت ط‌البان در این ولایت دست به تعیین بستی ها می‌زنند! |url=https://asvakanews.com/afghanistan/3313/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221103618/https://asvakanews.com/afghanistan/3313/ |archive-date=December 21, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2021 |title=جمع آوری عواید در پروان ادامه دارد |url=https://bakhtarnews.af/dr/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF/ |website=آژانس خبری باختر |access-date=January 12, 2026 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408211044/https://bakhtarnews.af/dr/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2021 |title=رییس جدید استخبارات پروان آغاز به کرد |url=https://bakhtarnews.af/dr/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF/ |website=آژانس خبری باختر |access-date=January 12, 2026 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210012937/https://bakhtarnews.af/dr/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Abdullah Bukhari''' ({{Transl|ur|''Sayyid ʿAbdu l-Lāh Buxārī''}}; 1922-2009) shi ne Shahi Imam na 12 na [[Jama Masjid|Jama Masjid, Delhi]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2009 |title=Abdullah Bukhari, the legend of JAMA Masjid, is dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/abdullah-bukhari-the-legend-of-jama-masjid-is-dead/story-Y1sX434JtEGwt3reLQ4kQP.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2009 |title=Shahi Imam Abdullah Bukhari passes away |url=https://zeenews.india.com/videos/shahi-imam-abdullah-bukhari-passes-away_3005.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
An haife shi a [[Rajasthan]] kuma ya kammala ''Babban Cambridge'' daga New Delhi kuma an nada shi ''Naib-''Shahi Imam'''' a 1946. An nada shi a ofishin Shahi Imam a ranar Lahadi, 8 ga Yuli 1973 AD bayan Shahi Imam na goma sha ɗaya Maulana ''Syed Hameed Bukhari'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2009 |title=Abdullah Bukhari, the legend of JAMA Masjid, is dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/abdullah-bukhari-the-legend-of-jama-masjid-is-dead/story-Y1sX434JtEGwt3reLQ4kQP.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin kai da siyasa ==
[[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] Indiya Morarji Desai ya ba shi matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Indiya bayan ya lashe zaben 1977 inda ya doke [[Indira Gandhi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2009 |title=Abdullah Bukhari, the legend of JAMA Masjid, is dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/abdullah-bukhari-the-legend-of-jama-masjid-is-dead/story-Y1sX434JtEGwt3reLQ4kQP.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Ya kasance daya daga cikin muryoyi masu karfi da suka yi adawa da gaggawa a shekara ta 1975. Ya yi zanga-zanga game da yin niyya ga Musulmai lokacin da aka nemi su yi 'nasbandi' (vasectomy). &quot;

== Mutuwa ==
Syed Abdullah Bukhari an kwantar da shi a asibiti tare da matsalolin numfashi, da kuma matsalolin zuciya da koda, a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2009. Ya mutu wata daya bayan haka, a ranar 8 ga Yuli, daga ciwon zuciya kuma an binne shi a wannan rana a cikin jana'izar iyali a cikin garin Wall na Delhi. Ya bar 'ya'ya maza hudu da mata biyu.

''Hindu'' ya ce &quot;An yi imanin cewa ya yi barazanar rayuwarsa don ceto Musulmai daga masu tayar da kayar baya kuma ya yi shirye-shirye don taimakon su da farfadowa. Ya kuma ƙarfafa su su kasance a cikin ƙasar&quot;.

== Manazarta ==
.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]]</text>
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'''Abdullah Bukhari''' ({{Transl|ur|''Sayyid ʿAbdu l-Lāh Buxārī''}}; 1922-2009) shi ne Shahi Imam na 12 na [[Jama Masjid|Jama Masjid, Delhi]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2009 |title=Abdullah Bukhari, the legend of JAMA Masjid, is dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/abdullah-bukhari-the-legend-of-jama-masjid-is-dead/story-Y1sX434JtEGwt3reLQ4kQP.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2009 |title=Shahi Imam Abdullah Bukhari passes away |url=https://zeenews.india.com/videos/shahi-imam-abdullah-bukhari-passes-away_3005.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
An haife shi a [[Rajasthan]] kuma ya kammala ''Babban Cambridge'' daga New Delhi kuma an nada shi ''Naib-''Shahi Imam'''' a 1946. An nada shi a ofishin Shahi Imam a ranar Lahadi, 8 ga Yuli 1973 AD bayan Shahi Imam na goma sha ɗaya Maulana ''Syed Hameed Bukhari'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2009 |title=Abdullah Bukhari, the legend of JAMA Masjid, is dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/abdullah-bukhari-the-legend-of-jama-masjid-is-dead/story-Y1sX434JtEGwt3reLQ4kQP.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin kai da siyasa ==
[[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] Indiya Morarji Desai ya ba shi matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Indiya bayan ya lashe zaben 1977 inda ya doke [[Indira Gandhi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2009 |title=Abdullah Bukhari, the legend of JAMA Masjid, is dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/abdullah-bukhari-the-legend-of-jama-masjid-is-dead/story-Y1sX434JtEGwt3reLQ4kQP.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Ya kasance daya daga cikin muryoyi masu karfi da suka yi adawa da gaggawa a shekara ta 1975. Ya yi zanga-zanga game da yin niyya ga Musulmai lokacin da aka nemi su yi 'nasbandi' (vasectomy). &quot;

== Mutuwa ==
Syed Abdullah Bukhari an kwantar da shi a asibiti tare da matsalolin numfashi, da kuma matsalolin zuciya da koda, a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2009. Ya mutu wata daya bayan haka, a ranar 8 ga Yuli, daga ciwon zuciya kuma an binne shi a wannan rana a cikin jana'izar iyali a cikin garin Wall na Delhi. Ya bar 'ya'ya maza hudu da mata biyu.

''Hindu'' ya ce &quot;An yi imanin cewa ya yi barazanar rayuwarsa don ceto Musulmai daga masu tayar da kayar baya kuma ya yi shirye-shirye don taimakon su da farfadowa. Ya kuma ƙarfafa su su kasance a cikin ƙasar&quot;.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mullah Ghani</title>
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'''Mullah Ghani''' ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin gwamnan lardin Nimruz, [[Afghanistan]] wanda [[Taliban]] ta naɗa a matsayin gwamnan lardin Nimruz a shekarar 1995. Ghani ya yi kama da wanda ya gada, Hamidullah Niyazmand a al'ada. An cire Ghani daga mulki lokacin da sojojin Jama'a suka kai hari kan babban birnin [[Zaranj]] daga baya a shekarar 1995. &lt;ref&gt;Robert D. Crews, Amin Tarzi.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=R4ahq-05YuQC&amp;pg=PA185 ''The Taliban and the crisis of Afghanistan''].  Harvard University Press, 2008.  {{ISBN|0-674-02690-X}}, 9780674026902. Pg 185-187&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aichan Kara Giousouf</title>
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'''Aichan Kara Giousouf''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]: , Turkiyya: , an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 1963 a Amaranta, Komotini, Girka) ɗan siyasan Girka ne daga ƙarancin musulmi na Girka.

==Farkon rayuwa==
An haife shi a cikin iyalin manoma, ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1988 a fannin ilimin hakora na Jami'ar Istanbul, sannan ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a Jamus kafin ya dawo Girka don aikin soja. A shekara ta 1995, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Yammacin Thrace, kuma tsakanin 1996 da 1999 a matsayin memba na kwamitin Ƙungiyar Dentists ta Rhodope . 

Ya zama memba na Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) a cikin 1994, kuma ya shiga majalisar birni ta Maroneia-Sapes. An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Girka don SYRIZA a zaben majalisar dokokin Girika na Mayu 2012. [1] Ya kasance mai musun wanzuwar Allah kuma a cikin 2015 ya yi rantsuwa da farar hula a matsayin sabon memba na majalisar dokokin Girka.[2][3]

== Haɗin waje ==

* Terms of office of Aichan Kara Giousoufa cikinMajalisar dokokin Helena  (a Turanci) 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mike Byster</title>
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'''Michael Byster''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1959) ƙwararren mai lissafin tunani ne na Amurka, kuma mai koyar da lissafi. Ya yi aiki a fannin kuɗi har sai da ya bar aikinsa don ya sadaukar da kansa ga koyar da yara hanyoyinsa. Ya yi magana da azuzuwa sama da 10,000 kyauta kuma ya ci gaba da ba da jagoranci ga yara. Mike yana iya yin matsalolin lissafi da yawa a cikin kansa cikin sauri. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;Mikes Math&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pisarcik, Kristin |date=September 7, 2007 |title=Mike's Math |url=https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2690724&amp;page=1 |access-date=March 27, 2007 |publisher=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin wani bincike da aka yi shekaru da suka gabata, an yi iƙirarin cewa Byster yana da ɗaya daga cikin masu ilimin lissafi mafi sauri a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;Mikes Math&quot; &lt;/reef&gt; &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;WGN Interview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=One of the Fastest Brains in the World, Mike Byster Blows Anchors Away with Brainetics! |url=http://wgntv.com/2017/08/30/one-of-the-fastest-brains-in-the-world-mike-byster-blows-anchors-away-with-brainetics/ |access-date=2018-05-13 |publisher=WGN-TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An rene Byster tare da babbar 'yar'uwarsa a unguwar Chicago da ke Skokie, Illinois . Iyayensa Gloria da Dave sun ƙarfafa shi ya yi amfani da gajerun hanyoyin lissafi tun yana ƙarami. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Niles North sannan ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois da ke Urbana–Champaign, inda ya kammala karatunsa da digirin farko a fannin kuɗi a shekarar 1981.

=== Sana'a ===
Byster ya yi aiki a Chicago Mercantile Exchange, amma bayan ɗan uwansa, malamin lissafi a wata makarantar sakandare a yankin Chicago, ya gayyace shi ya nuna wa ajin gajerun hanyoyinsa na yin lissafi na tushe 10, Byster ya bar aikinsa don ya sadaukar da kansa ga koyar da yara hanyoyinsa. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Who is Mike Byster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who Is Mike Byster, The Brainetics Pioneer |url=http://ledlightsdesign.info/articles/who-is-mike-byster-the-brainetics-279.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218025853/http://ledlightsdesign.info/articles/who-is-mike-byster-the-brainetics-279.htm |archive-date=February 18, 2013 |access-date=March 29, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da yin nunin kyauta ga makarantu a faɗin Amurka. A watan Disamba na 2003, ya fitar da gidan yanar gizon Mike's Math, amma an daina amfani da wannan a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mikes Math Wayback Archive&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Mike |url=http://mikesmath.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031225215805/http://mikesmath.com/ |archive-date=December 25, 2003 |access-date=March 27, 2012 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2008, Byster ya samar da tsarin lissafi da ƙwaƙwalwa na Brainetics. Byster ya yi iƙirarin cewa Brainetics yana amfani da ɓangarorin kwakwalwa biyu don sarrafawa da adana bayanai, wanda ke ba kowa damar tunawa da bayanan cikin sauri.

=== Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai ===
Mike ya bayyana a shirin [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] 's ''20/20'' a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;Mikes Math&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pisarcik, Kristin |date=September 7, 2007 |title=Mike's Math |url=https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2690724&amp;page=1 |access-date=March 27, 2007 |publisher=ABC News}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPisarcik,_Kristin2007&quot;&gt;Pisarcik, Kristin (September 7, 2007). [https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2690724&amp;page=1 &quot;Mike's Math&quot;]. ABC News&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 27,&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga shekarar 2007 zuwa gaba, ya bayyana a shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo da dama. A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2010, Mike ya bayyana a shirin Oprah Radio na ''The Gayle King Show'' .  Mike ya bayyana a shirin The Siyayya a [[Kanada]] da QVC a Amurka sau da yawa. Ya bayyana a shirin Fox News a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2011. Ya kuma bayyana a shirin WGN a watan Yuli na 2011, shirin Good Day New York a watan Agusta na 2011 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-23 |title=Brainetics - New York News |url=http://www.myfoxny.com/story/17401456/brainetics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202111/http://www.myfoxny.com/story/17401456/brainetics |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-06-21 |publisher=Fox Television Stations, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma a shirin Fox News Boston a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2011. Ya kasance a shirin WBEZ 's ''Afternoon Shift'' a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2013.  A watan Nuwamba na 2016, Mike ya yi jawabi na TEDx mai taken &quot;Yadda ake Tunani Kamar Haziki&quot;.  A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2017, Mike ya fafata a shirin gasar [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]] TV mai ''suna Superhuman'' . Byster ya lashe gasar wannan makon kuma da hakan ya sami dala 50,000 da kuma taken &quot;Superhuman&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Skokie math whiz Mike Byster shows off his skills on Fox's 'Superhuman' |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/chicagoinc/ct-superhuman-mike-byster-20170609-story.html |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-06-07 |title=Local brainiac Mike Byster competes on 'Superhuman' |url=http://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/local-brainiac-mike-byster-competes-on-superhuman/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-06-27 |title=Is 'Superhuman' too predictable? How Fox TV show spoils the ending of each episode |url=https://hiddenremote.com/2017/06/27/superhuman-predictable-spoils-ending-episode/ }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baƙo ne na wata-wata a shirin WOCM na ''The Rude Awakening Show'' .

=== Rayuwa ta sirri ===
Byster ya yi aure a farkon shekarun 1990 kuma yana da ɗa, Josh, wanda ya koya masa hanyoyinsa. A halin yanzu yana zaune a yankunan arewacin Chicago. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Mikes Math&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pisarcik, Kristin |date=September 7, 2007 |title=Mike's Math |url=https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2690724&amp;page=1 |access-date=March 27, 2007 |publisher=ABC News}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPisarcik,_Kristin2007&quot;&gt;Pisarcik, Kristin (September 7, 2007). [https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2690724&amp;page=1 &quot;Mike's Math&quot;]. ABC News&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 27,&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nymphodorus na Abdera</title>
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Nymphodorus na Abdera (Girkanci: ; c. 450- c. 400 BC) ɗan ƙasar Abdera ne, Thrace wanda 'yar'uwarsa ta auri Sitalces, sarkin Thrace . Atheniyawa, waɗanda a baya suka ɗauki Nymphodorus a matsayin abokin gaba, sun sanya shi Proxenos a cikin 431 BC, kuma, ta hanyar sulhu, sun sami haɗin gwiwar Sitalces, wanda suke damuwa, kuma sun ba da 'yancin birninsu ga Sadocus, ɗan Sitalces. Nymphodorus ya kuma kawo sulhu tsakanin Atheniyawa da Perdiccas II, sarkin Makidoniya, kuma ya shawo kansu su mayar masa da garin Therma, wanda suka karbe shi a 432 BC. A cikin 430 KZ, Nymphodorus ya taimaka wajen kwace, a Bisanthe, na Koranti Aristeus da sauran jakadun, waɗanda ke kan hanyarsu don neman taimako daga sarkin Farisa a kan Atina. [1]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Marianna Franken</title>
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'''Marianna Virginia Franken''' (2 ga Fabrairu 1928 - 15 ga Fabrairu 2025), wacce aka fi sani da '''MV Franken''', ƙwararriyar mai yin yumbu ce kuma mai tukwane ta ƙasar Holland. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Franken, Marianna |url=https://https//aow.degruyter.com/artist/_00648677 |url-access=registration |website=Artists of the World de Gruyter |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Catalogus 19 |url=https://www.vanachterbergh.nl/index.php/collectie/43-catalogus-19?search= |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=Van Achterbergh Foundation |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki tukuru daga 1955 zuwa 2017 tana yin yumbu.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Marianna Virginia Franken a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1928, a [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands. &lt;ref name=&quot;Capriolus Contemporary Ceramics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Franken, Marianna |url=http://www.capriolus.nl/nl/content/franken-marianna |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=Capriolus Contemporary Ceramics |archive-date=2025-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217071253/http://www.capriolus.nl/nl/content/franken-marianna |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tsakanin 1946 da 1955, ta yi karatun kimiyyar rediyo a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . &lt;ref name=&quot;Capriolus Contemporary Ceramics&quot;/&gt;  A lokacin da take zaune a California, ɗan'uwanta Gerard wanda shi ma ya zauna a California, ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin Amurka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . 

Lokacin da ta koma Amsterdam bayan 1955, Franken ta mayar da hankali kan karatunta kan yumbu tare da Emmy van Deventer . [1] [2] Franken tana da ɗakin studio na yumbu a Amsterdam daga 1958 zuwa 1960, kuma daga baya ta ƙaura da ɗakin studio ɗinta zuwa Hoogland da ke Utrecht, Netherlands. [1] Franken ta yi karatu na ɗan lokaci a Makarantar Fasaha ta Farnham da ke Ingila a 1964. [1] Ta ƙaura zuwa Voorthuizen da ke Gelderland, Netherlands daga 1969 zuwa 1992, sannan ta koma Blaricum da ke Arewacin Holland, Netherlands. [1]

Ta rasu tana da shekaru 97, a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2025 a gidan ritaya na Rosa Spier Huis da ke Laren, Arewacin Holland, Netherlands. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Franken, Marianna |url=https://https//aow.degruyter.com/artist/_00648677 |url-access=registration |website=Artists of the World de Gruyter |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan yumbu na Franken suna cikin tarin kayan tarihi, gami da a Museum Arnhem, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Franken, Marianna |url=https://https//aow.degruyter.com/artist/_00648677 |url-access=registration |website=Artists of the World de Gruyter |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Catalogus 19 |url=https://www.vanachterbergh.nl/index.php/collectie/43-catalogus-19?search= |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=Van Achterbergh Foundation |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Gidan Tarihi na Centraal .

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]]
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    <title>Nadine Chandrawinata</title>
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'''Nadine Chandrawinata '''' yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indonesiya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai taken kyakkyawa wacce ta kasance rawani a matsayin Puteri Indonesia 2005. Ta wakilci Indonesia a Miss Universe 2006 .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Chandrawinata ga Andy Chandrawinata (ɗan China da Javanese ) da kuma Elfriede Fortmann (ɗan Jamus). Tana da ƙannen tagwaye, Marcel da Mischa, waɗanda dukkansu ƙwararru ne kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. [1] Chandrawinata ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Hulɗa da Jama'a ta London da ke Jakarta . Ta auri jarumi Dimas Anggara a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2018, a Lombok . [2] Sun taɓa yin aure a wani bikin addinin Buddha a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2018 a Bhutan. [3] An yi bikin aure na biyu a Jakarta a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2018. [4] [5] Tana da girman 1.75 m (5) ƙafa 9 a) tsayi da kuma 60 kilograms (130 lb) a cikin nauyi. [6] [ madaidaitan hanyar haɗi ]

== Sana'a ==
Fim ɗin Chandrawinata ya fara fitowa ne a shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka fito da ita a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Upi Avianto, ''[[:id:Reality, Love, and Rock'n Roll|Gaskiya, Soyayya, da Rock'n Roll]]'' (2006), &lt;ref name=&quot;Realita&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nadine Chandrawinata Berbisnis untuk Keseimbangan Hidup |url=https://mediaindonesia.com/hiburan/243701/nadine-chandrawinata-berbisnis-untuk-keseimbangan-hidup |access-date=June 28, 2019 |publisher=[[Media Indonesia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da [[:id:Herjunot Ali|Herjunot Ali]] . Ta kasance jakadiyar F1 a gasar 2006 ta Petronas Malaysian F1 Grand Prix . Haka kuma ta fito a cikin tallace-tallacen Kiranti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kisah Inspirasi Nadine Chandrawinata! Dari Puteri Kecantikan, Kini Sukses Berbisnis |url=https://www.cermati.com/artikel/kisah-inspirasi-nadine-chandrawinata-dari-puteri-kecantikan-kini-sukses-berbisnis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001231911/https://www.cermati.com/artikel/kisah-inspirasi-nadine-chandrawinata-dari-puteri-kecantikan-kini-sukses-berbisnis |archive-date=October 1, 2019 |access-date=September 27, 2019 |publisher=cermati.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chandrawinata ya wakilci Indonesia a Miss Universe 2006 . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Miss Indonesia under fire |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2006-07/25/content_649318.htm |access-date=July 25, 2006 |publisher=[[China Daily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kisah Inspirasi Nadine Chandrawinata! Dari Puteri Kecantikan, Kini Sukses Berbisnis |url=https://www.cermati.com/artikel/kisah-inspirasi-nadine-chandrawinata-dari-puteri-kecantikan-kini-sukses-berbisnis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001231911/https://www.cermati.com/artikel/kisah-inspirasi-nadine-chandrawinata-dari-puteri-kecantikan-kini-sukses-berbisnis |archive-date=October 1, 2019 |access-date=September 27, 2019 |publisher=cermati.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tourism-2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2017 |title=Former Miss Universe Indonesia promotes New Zealand in tourism campaign |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/former-miss-universe-indonesia-promotes-new-zealand-in-tourism-campaign/RTAGFGP4C4MU32AAYUSVAVTG4I/ |access-date=July 11, 2017 |publisher=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123073724/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/former-miss-universe-indonesia-promotes-new-zealand-in-tourism-campaign/RTAGFGP4C4MU32AAYUSVAVTG4I/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tourism-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indonesian travel show can't get enough of New Zealand |url=https://www.tourismnewzealand.com/news/indonesian-travel-show-can-t-get-enough-of-new-zealand/ |access-date=July 11, 2017 |publisher=[[Tourism New Zealand]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2006, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin Musulunci (Front Pembela Islam) ta kai ƙarar Chandrawinata ga 'yan sanda saboda hannunta a gasar kyau ta Miss Universe ta 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kisah Inspirasi Nadine Chandrawinata! Dari Puteri Kecantikan, Kini Sukses Berbisnis |url=https://www.cermati.com/artikel/kisah-inspirasi-nadine-chandrawinata-dari-puteri-kecantikan-kini-sukses-berbisnis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001231911/https://www.cermati.com/artikel/kisah-inspirasi-nadine-chandrawinata-dari-puteri-kecantikan-kini-sukses-berbisnis |archive-date=October 1, 2019 |access-date=September 27, 2019 |publisher=cermati.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zarge ta da karya Dokar Doka ta 281, doka mai lamba 02/U/1984, game da ɗabi'un Al'adu da Ilimi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arie Puji Waluyo |date=July 7, 2018 |title=Dimas Anggara-Nadine Chandra Winata Gelar Pernikahan di Tepi Pantai di Lombok |url=http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2018/07/07/dimas-anggara-nadine-chandra-winata-gelar-pernikahan-di-tepi-pantai-di-lombok}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Indonesiya ta hana duk wani nau'in shiga gasar kyau kuma tana ɗaukar hakan a matsayin rashin kunya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2020 |title=Nadine Chandrawinata Bocorkan Alasan Menikah dengan Dimas Anggara di Bhutan |url=https://www.kompas.com/hype/read/2020/05/03/050900766/nadine-chandrawinata-bocorkan-alasan-menikah-dengan-dimas-anggara-di-bhutan?page=all |access-date=May 3, 2020 |publisher=[[Kompas]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Delta Lidina Putri |date=July 9, 2018 |title=Pengakuan Desainer Soal Pernikahan Dimas &amp; Nadine Chandrawinata yang Digelar di Bhutan |url=http://www.tribunnews.com/seleb/2018/07/09/pengakuan-desianer-soal-pernikahan-dimas-nadine-chandrawinata-secara-budha-yang-digelar-di-bhutan}}{{Dead link}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chandrawinata ta kasance jakadiyar murjani a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa da Kamun Kifi ta Indonesiya, tun daga shekarar 2008. [undefined] A shekarar 2015, ta fara aikin soja a Seasoldier, domin wayar da kan jama'a game da gurɓatar robobi da ake samu a ƙasar a cikin teku, da kuma wasu batutuwa kamar sare dazuzzukan mangrove da kuma kama dolphin ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [2] [3] Sojan teku ya kafa sansani a wurare 15 a faɗin Indonesia, ciki har da Bali, Lombok, Medan da Bandung . [4] [5] A matsayin wani ɓangare na Ranar Muhalli ta EU ta 2021, Tarayyar Turai ta haɗu da Nadine don tunawa da Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya . [1]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Michelle Clayman</title>
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'''Michelle R. Clayman''' babbar jami'ar saka hannun jari ce ta New Amsterdam Partners, LLC,  wani kamfani da ta kafa a shekarar 1986. New Amsterdam Partners tana ba da manyan dabarun saka hannun jari na tsakiya da na tsakiya ga masu zuba jari na cibiyoyi. Clayman tana cikin Boards of the Society of Quantitative Analysts  (wanda ita ce tsohuwar Shugaba), da kuma The Institute for Quantitative Research.  Ita ce mai yawan yin sharhi a CNBC, Bloomberg, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai na kuɗi.

== Ilimi ==
Clayman, wacce ta kammala karatun digiri a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Stanford, ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami kyautar Jagoranci ta Makarantar a shekarar 2008. 

== Taimakon Jama'a &amp; Dalilai ==
Tana goyon bayan manufofin mata sosai, musamman a matsayinta na shugabar Cibiyar Binciken Jinsi ta Michelle R. Clayman a Jami'ar Stanford. A shekarar 2010, Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Mata ta ba Clayman kyautar &quot;Yin Bambanci ga Mata  &quot; bisa la'akari da jagorancin Clayman wajen tallafawa bincike kan mata. A shekarar 2018 an naɗa ta a kwamitin amintattu na Jami'ar Stanford. 

Clayman ya kasance shugaban rundunar 'yan mata na tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma tun daga shekarar 2022 yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Majalisar 'yan mata na Greater New York . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.napllc.com/ |title=New Amsterdam Partners, LLC |access-date=2026-01-12 |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204152157/https://napllc.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarar 2015 tana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na [[Sustainable Health Enterprises]] (SHE). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.napllc.com/ |title=New Amsterdam Partners, LLC |access-date=2026-01-12 |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204152157/https://napllc.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;acronym for SHE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wise |first=Cat |date=November 28, 2012 &lt;!-- at 10:30 AM EDT --&gt; |title=Profile: Scharpf Seeks Affordable Solutions to Women's Hygiene |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/11/elizabeth-scharpf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415135415/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/11/elizabeth-scharpf.html |archive-date=April 15, 2013 |access-date=28 November 2012 |publisher=PBS NewsHour}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san ta a matsayin abin koyi ga mata a fannin kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sqa-us.org/ Society of Quantitative Analysts]&lt;/ref&gt;

Clayman ta ce ta na bin mahaifiyarta bashin karatunta, wacce aka kwashe daga Ingila zuwa Amurka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] kuma ta sami karatun kwaleji a can. Daga nan mahaifiyarta ta tabbatar da cewa 'ya'yanta sun amfana ta wannan hanyar. Clayman ta sami digiri a fannin Falsafa, Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki daga Jami'ar Oxford, Ingila (MA Oxon).

Sauran ayyukan sa-kai na Clayman sun haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin Darakta na Yara na Bellevue, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.napllc.com/ |title=New Amsterdam Partners, LLC |access-date=2026-01-12 |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204152157/https://napllc.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wata ƙungiyar agaji da ke ba da ayyuka ga yara a Asibitin Bellevue da ke New York. Ita ma memba ce a Majalisar Dean a Makarantar Allahntaka ta Harvard . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Zaɓi wallafe-wallafe ==
An buga Clayman a cikin mujallun gudanar da saka hannun jari kan batutuwa da suka fi mayar da hankali kan gina fayil da kuma kula da kadarori. Wasu daga cikin wallafe-wallafen an jera su a ƙasa.

=== Littattafai ===

* Clayman, MR, Fridson, MS da Troughton, GH, 2012. [http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118217284.html Littafin Aiki na Kuɗin Kamfanoni: Hanya Mai Amfani (Juzu'i na 43)]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} . John Wiley &amp;amp;amp; Sons .

=== Labarai na mujallu ===

* Clayman, M., 1987. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4479032 Neman Kyau: Ra'ayin Mai Zuba Jari] . Mujallar Masu Nazarin Kuɗi, 43(3), shafi na&amp;nbsp;54–63.
* Clayman, M., 1994. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4479748 An sake duba ingancin aiki] . Mujallar Masu Nazarin Kuɗi, 50(3), shafi na&amp;nbsp;61–65.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari</title>
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'''Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1976) masanin addinin [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] ne na Birtaniya, lauya, Mufti, mai bincike, wanda ya kafa kuma Babban Mufti na '''Darul Ifta Leicester''' kuma malami a Jamiah Uloom-ul-Qur'ani Leicester . Ya wallafa littattafai da yawa ciki har da Jagoran Musulunci ga Dangantaka da Kula da Haihuwa da zubar da ciki a Islama. Ya rubuta sharhi ga littafin Deobandi ''Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad'' a cikin harshen Larabci.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Mahaifin Al-Kawthari Mawlana Adam yana daya daga cikin manyan malamai a Ingila. Shaykh Adam Square a [[Leicester]] an sanya masa suna. An haife shi a Leicester, Al-Kawthari ya kammala karatu daga Darul Uloom Bury kuma daga baya ya yi karatu tare da Taqi Usmani a Darul U loom Karachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;white&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2011 |title=Muhammad ibn Adam al-Kawthari |url=https://www.whitethreadpress.com/muhammad-ibn-adam-al-kawthari/ |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=whitethreadpress |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818100433/https://www.whitethreadpress.com/muhammad-ibn-adam-al-kawthari/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran malamansa sun hada da mahaifinsa Mawlana Adam da Yusuf Motala . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Ebrahim Desai]] |title=Fatwa on Al-Kawthari's Reliability |url=http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/40089 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=askimam.org |publisher=[[Askimam]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2000, ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Abd al-Razzaq al-Halabi da Abd al-Latif Farfur al-Hasani a Siriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;white&quot; /&gt;

Al-Kawthari shine wanda ya kafa kuma Cif-Mufti na Darul Ifta Leicester kuma malami a Jamiah Uloom-ul-Qur'an Leicester . &lt;ref name=&quot;afshan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Afshan Mohiuddin |last2=Mehrunisha Suleman |last3=Shoaib Rasheed |last4=Aasim I. Padela |date=2020 |title=When can Muslims withdraw or withhold life support? A narrative review of Islamic juridical rulings |journal=Global Bioethics |volume=31 |issue=1 |page=34 |doi=10.1080/11287462.2020.1736243 |issn=1128-7462 |pmc=7144300 |pmid=32284707}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma koyar da kimiyyar gargajiya ta Islama a London.&lt;ref name=&quot;afshan&quot; /&gt; Shi lauyan Musulunci ne kuma mai bincike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nadia Halib |last2=Nik Salida Suhaila Nik Salleh |last3=Wan Abdul Fattah Wan Ismail |last4=Haslinda Ramli |last5=Nur Akilah |last6=Abdul Ghaffar |last7=Shofian Ahmad |date=2016 |title=Islam and technological development in Malaysia's health care: An Islamic legal basis analysis of dental materials used in periodontal therapy |url=http://ejournals.ukm.my/gmjss/article/view/17593 |journal=Malaysian Journal of Society and Space |publisher=[[National University of Malaysia]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=91–92 |issn=2180-2491 |access-date=4 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Muhammad Mansur |date=20 August 2019 |title=Three British Muftis understanding of organ transplantation |url=https://jbima.com/article/three-british-muftis-understanding-of-organ-transplantation/ |journal=Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association |volume=2 |pages=3, 6 |via=orca.cf.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sabine Damir-Geilsdorf |last2=Leslie Tramontini |title=Renegotiating shariʿa-based Normative Guidelines in Cyberspace: The Case of Women's ʿawra |url=https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/download/23531/17263 |journal=Online: Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet |publisher=[[Heidelberg University]] |volume=9 |page=19 |access-date=4 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Al-Kawthari ya rubuta Jagoran Musulunci ga Dangantaka ta Jima'i &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Ebrahim Desai]] |title=Fatwa on Al-Kawthari's Reliability |url=http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/40089 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=askimam.org |publisher=[[Askimam]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Mabahith fi 'Aqa'id Ahl al-Sunna'', marginalia a cikin harshen Larabci ga ''Al-Muhannad alal Mufannad'', littafin imani na Deobandis, wanda Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri ya rubuta.  Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Ebrahim Desai]] |title=Fatwa on Al-Kawthari's Reliability |url=http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/40089 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=askimam.org |publisher=[[Askimam]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Kula da haihuwa da zubar da ciki a cikin Islama''
* ''Al-Arbaʿin: Bayyana Hadisai arba'in akan Aure''
* ''Batun Kasuwanci da Ka'idojin Sauƙaƙe na Zakat''

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]]
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  <page>
    <title>Misali G20</title>
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[[Fayil:Model_G20_award.png|thumb|Ɗalibai a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka bayan taron Model G20]]
'''Tsarin G20''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Tsarin Taron G20''', wani kwaikwaiyo ne na ilimi ga ɗaliban makarantun sakandare da kwaleji. Dalibai suna taka rawar gani a matsayin ministocin gwamnati daga ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen G20 ko baƙi kuma suna tattaunawa kan hanyoyin magance matsaloli da aka ayyana. A lokacin taron G20, ɗalibai suna koyo game da [[Diflomasiya|diflomasiyya]], hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa, G20, da sauran batutuwa da suka shafi jigon taron. Wasu makarantu suna da ƙungiyoyin G20 na Model ga ɗaliban da ke sha'awar waɗannan batutuwa.

Yana kama da Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . A ƙarshen taron koli, ana ba wa wakilai da dukkan wakilai kyaututtuka saboda aikinsu.

== Jami'ar Amurka ==
A Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington, DC, Makarantar Hidima ta Ƙasashen Duniya ta ɗauki nauyin shirya taron G20 tun daga shekarar 2017 [1] ga ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. [2] Cecilia Nahón, tsohuwar jakadiyar Argentina a Amurka kuma mai halarta a ainihin taron G20 ce ta kafa shi. [1]

== Taron kolin G20 na samfurin Mayo ==
Taron kolin Mayo Model G20, wanda Kwalejin Mayo ta shirya, wata babbar makaranta ta yara maza masu zaman kansu, a Indiya, wani babban taro ne da ke tattaro masu hazaka daga manyan cibiyoyi a duk fadin duniya don magance matsalolin siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki na gaggawa yayin da suke koyon hadin gwiwa a fannin diflomasiyya, kirkire-kirkire, da kuma hanyoyin da za su dore. A matsayinsu na shugabannin gobe, mahalarta suna shiga manyan tattaunawa, tattaunawa, da kuma atisayen warware matsaloli wadanda ke kama da ainihin taron G20. Yana da jigo daban-daban kowace shekara kuma wani taron farko ne na irinsa, wanda ke samar da cikakken kwaikwayon ainihin taron G20 a kasar tare da tsari na musamman wanda aka tsara ba tare da wani tunani ba. An tsara wannan taron ne ga shugabannin da za su yi fatan yin tasiri mai kyau ga duniya.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;bailey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Eleanor |date=April 17, 2019 |title=Seton LaSalle swimmer dives into China |url=https://thealmanac.net/news/seton-lasalle-swimmer-dives-into-china/article_b92cd3d8-612b-11e9-af54-63f8864bd3c4.html |access-date=May 13, 2019 |publisher=The Almanac |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510162815/https://thealmanac.net/news/seton-lasalle-swimmer-dives-into-china/article_b92cd3d8-612b-11e9-af54-63f8864bd3c4.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;beijing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2019 Model G20 Beijing Summit |url=https://www.knovva.com/summits/beijing/ |access-date=May 13, 2019 |publisher=Knovva Academy |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112183844/https://www.knovva.com/summits/beijing/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;boston&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2019 Model G20 Boston Summit |url=https://www.knovva.com/summits/boston/ |access-date=May 13, 2019 |publisher=Knovva Academy |archive-date=July 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719232255/https://knovva.com/summits/boston/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2019 Model G20 Cambridge Summit |url=https://www.knovva.com/summits/cambridge/ |access-date=May 13, 2019 |publisher=Knovva Academy |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511175126/https://www.knovva.com/summits/cambridge/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;difference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Model UN vs. Model G20: What's the difference? |url=https://www.knovva.com/library/Model-G20-vs-Model-UN.pdf |access-date=May 13, 2019 |publisher=Knovva Academy |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513153011/https://www.knovva.com/library/Model-G20-vs-Model-UN.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;first&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Calitri |first=Lydia |date=March 20, 2017 |title=AU hosts first ever Model G20 Summit |url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2017/03/au-hosts-first-ever-model-g20-summit |accessdate=May 13, 2019 |publisher=The Eagle}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Hakkımızda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hakkımızda |trans-title=About us |url=http://modelg20.com/hakkimizda/ |access-date=May 13, 2018 |language=Turkish |archive-date=August 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822193054/http://modelg20.com/hakkimizda/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsuno&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Doi |first=Masami |date=April 19, 2019 |title=情報さえあれば世界は拓ける…松野知紀さんに聞く「地方公立でも勝つ法則」 |trans-title=The world can be opened only if there is information: An interview with Tomoki Matsuno about public relations |url=https://resemom.jp/article/2019/04/19/50211.html |accessdate=May 13, 2019 |language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Milliyet&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=June 5, 2018 |title=Liseliler &quot;Model G20 Zirvesi&quot; İle Dünya Sorunlarına Çözüm Arayacak |url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/liseliler-model-g20-zirvesi-ile-dunya-istanbul-yerelhaber-2846472/ |accessdate=May 10, 2019 |publisher=[[Milliyet]] |language=Turkish}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;outstanding&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Davidson |first=Tom |date=April 17, 2019 |title=Outstanding Young Citizens honored at Trib Total Media banquet |url=https://triblive.com/local/valley-news-dispatch/outstanding-young-citizens-honored-at-trib-total-media-banquet/ |accessdate=May 13, 2019 |publisher=The Tribune-Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;revere&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Lynds |first=John |date=February 22, 2019 |title=Revere High Speech and Debate Team, Model UN Club Making Waves |url=http://reverejournal.com/2019/02/22/revere-high-speech-and-debate-team-model-un-club-making-waves/ |accessdate=May 13, 2019 |publisher=Revere Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;strandberg&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Strandberg |first=Diane |date=February 11, 2019 |title=Student heads to Peru as junior trade ambassador |url=https://www.tricitynews.com/news/student-heads-to-peru-as-junior-trade-ambassador-1.23630133 |accessdate=May 13, 2019 |publisher=TriCity News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;umd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GC at the First Annual Model G20 Summit! |url=https://globalcommunities.umd.edu/feature/gc-first-annual-model-g20-summit |access-date=May 13, 2019 |publisher=University of Maryland |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513171721/https://globalcommunities.umd.edu/feature/gc-first-annual-model-g20-summit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ward&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Ward |first=Jillian |date=April 10, 2019 |title=Two Marshfield High School students participate in Model G20 Summit |url=https://theworldlink.com/news/local/education/two-marshfield-high-school-students-participate-in-model-g-summit/article_85d4cc0c-26f2-5877-9586-11358b51df89.html |accessdate=May 13, 2019 |publisher=The World}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moeko Matsushita</title>
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Moeko Matsushita (松下 ン, Matsushita Moeko) mawaƙiya ce kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Japan daga [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]], Japan . A halin yanzu, ita mai zane ce.

Matsayinta mafi shahara a talabijin har zuwa yau shine a kan Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon a matsayin Hina Kusaka . Ta shiga cikin hasken wuta tana da shekaru 15 lokacin da ta lashe kyautar multimedia na Gasar Bishōjo ta Japan, gasar kyakkyawa. A shekara ta 2001, Moeko ta fitar da waƙarta ta farko &quot;Natsu Iro&quot; a kan lakabin Avex Trax . A wannan shekarar, ta saki wasu waƙoƙi biyu. Bayan da aka saki waƙarta, &quot;Sotsugyō&quot;, ta sauya babban abin da ta mayar da hankali ga yin wasan kwaikwayo.

Manyan rawar talabijin sun hada da Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon; ta kuma bayyana a kan mataki a matsayin Sleeping Beauty a 2006 da 2007.

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

* (2001.06.13) &quot;Natsu Iro&quot;
* (2001.08.29) &quot;Ame Agari&quot; (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jigogi na ƙarshe don jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Battle Doll Angelic Layer) 
* (2001.11.21) &quot;Sannu&quot;
* (2002.02.14) &quot;Sotsugyō&quot; (&quot;Gabatarwa&quot;; murfin Yuki Saito na farko na shekarar 1985) 
* (2003.01.08) &quot;Ame&quot; (a murfin Chisato Moritaka ta 1990 guda) 

=== DVD ===

* (2002.03.13) &quot;Moeco TV&quot;

== Masu ba da labari ==

=== Talabijin ===

* 2002: ''NBA Mania'' - babban mutum na yau da kullun
* 2002: ''Beat BOX!!'' - Litinin, Laraba na yau da kullun
* 2003: ''Otakara Eizō Kuizu Mireba Nattoku!'' - Masu baƙi
* 2003: ''Yankī Bokōnikaeru'' - Tezuka Mayumi
* 2003-2004: Mai kula da jirgin ruwa Moon - Hina Kusaka
* 2004: Ai no Sorea - Tadokoro Rinko (yaro) 
* 2005: ''Sanryūdaigakuōendan'' - Sasamoto Junko / bayyanar baƙo
* 2005: Yukemuri u~ōzu ~ Okami ni narimasu ~ - Kawamura Naoko
* 2005: ''Satō 4 shimai'' - Nishikawa Noriko
* 2005: ''Taga kokoro nimo ryu wa nemuru''

* [http://www.avexnet.or.jp/moeco/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624192916/http://www.avexnet.or.jp/moeco/ |date=2007-06-24 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090209070647/http://moecopage.seesaa.net/ moeco* shafi] na hukuma
* Moeko MatsushitaaCibiyar Labaran Animeencyclopedia
* [http://www.soul-hunter.com/sailormoon/pgsm/actors/moecomatsushita.php Moeko Matsushita] a cikin Oracle
* {{IMDb name|1556538}}
* [http://www.jdorama.com/artiste.2754.htm Matsushita Moeko] Jdorama.com
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muhammad Hafizullah</title>
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      <text bytes="11359" sha1="bejludhngg8y7jpn1b0lrtxdjxcdf88" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 100%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;Muhammad Hafizullah&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;&quot; |Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Khyber&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:none&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;skin-nightmode-reset-color&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender&quot;&gt;'''Mai mulki'''&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:none&quot; |Ya hau mulki a shekara ta 2007&amp;#x20;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: #202122; background:lavender&quot; |Bayani na sirri
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Gidan zama
| class=&quot;infobox-data label&quot; |Peshawar
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Alma Matar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kwalejin Cadet Hasan Abdal
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ayyuka
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Masanin ilimin zuciya / Likita likita
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Shafin yanar gizo
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[http://www.kmu.edu.pk www.kmu.edu.pk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926123326/http://www.kmu.edu.pk/ |date=2021-09-26 }}&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid right;&quot; |&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|}
{{Reflist}}
{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 100%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;Muhammad Hafizullah&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;&quot; |Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Khyber&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:none&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;skin-nightmode-reset-color&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender&quot;&gt;'''Mai mulki'''&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:none&quot; |Ya hau mulki a shekara ta 2007&amp;#x20;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: #202122; background:lavender&quot; |Bayani na sirri
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Gidan zama
| class=&quot;infobox-data label&quot; |Peshawar
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Alma Matar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kwalejin Cadet Hasan Abdal
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ayyuka
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Masanin ilimin zuciya / Likita likita
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Shafin yanar gizo
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[http://www.kmu.edu.pk www.kmu.edu.pk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926123326/http://www.kmu.edu.pk/ |date=2021-09-26 }}&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid right;&quot; |&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|}
'''Muhammad Hafizullah''' (Urdu) Farfesa ne na ilimin zuciya na Pakistan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Khyber (KMU) a Peshawar Babban Darakta na Asibitin Lady Reading da Shugaban Sashen Cardiology na Asibitar Lady Reading . Shi ne Daraktan Aikin kuma Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Cardiology ta Peshawar &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=Board of Governors |url=https://pic.edu.pk/governors-board |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=Peshawar Institute of Cardiology |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725121707/https://pic.edu.pk/governors-board |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga jagororin kasa kan thrombolysis, ciwon zuciya mai tsanani, da kuma [[Ciwon zuciya|Ciwon zuciya na ST]] wanda Pakistan Cardiac Society ta kirkira.

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Hafizullah ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Cadet Hasan Abdal, ya sami digiri na likita daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Khyber a 1979, kuma ya sami tallafin karatu na kasashen waje don Mafi kyawun Graduates don karatun sakandare a Ingila.

Ya shiga sashen ilimin zuciya na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Postgraduate a Asibitin Lady Reading a Peshawar a shekarar 1984. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya rike mukamai daban-daban: &lt;ref name=&quot;Hafiz 01&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Mohammad Hafizullah |url=http://www.kmu.edu.pk/content/prof-dr-mohammad-hafizullah |publisher=KMU |access-date=2026-01-13 |archive-date=2019-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913093812/http://www.kmu.edu.pk/content/prof-dr-mohammad-hafizullah |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Khyber, Peshawar
* Dean, Faculty of Cardiology, Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci, Pakistan
* Babban Darakta, Asibitin Lady Reading, Peshawar (2006-2008) 
* Mai jarrabawar ilimin zuciya don Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci Pakistan (CPSP) 
* Gwamna da aka zaba, Pakistan reshe na Kwalejin Cardiology ta Amurka
* Edita a Babban Jaridar Zuciya ta Pakistan
* memba na Faculty of Cardiology, CPSP
* Mai kula da masu horo da ke shirin jarrabawar CPSP
* Shugaban Sashen Cardiology, Asibitin Lady Reading
* Shugaban Sashen Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar
* Mataimakin shugaban bincike, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Postgraduate, Asibitin Lady Reading
* Daraktan aikin, Cibiyar Nazarin Zuciya ta Peshawar

A karkashin laima na Pakistan Cardiac Society, Hafizullah ya ba da gudummawa ga jagororin ƙasa game da thrombolysis, ciwon zuciya mai tsanani, ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa, angina mai ɗorewa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Hafiz 01&quot;/&gt; [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], da kuma maganin rigakafin zuciya. Yana ba da laccoci game da maganin rigakafin zuciya kuma ya rubuta daruruwan labarai a cikin manyan jaridu da mujallu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=Board of Governors |url=https://pic.edu.pk/governors-board |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=Peshawar Institute of Cardiology |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725121707/https://pic.edu.pk/governors-board |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==
Hafizullah shine marubucin littattafai goma sha ɗaya a [[Turanci]]:

* ''Sanin Zuciyarka'' (2007, Ferozsons) 
* ''Ka warkar da Zuciyarka'' (2007, Ferozsons) 
* ''Zuciya zuwa Zuciya'' (2005, Ferozsons) 
* ''Zuciyata, Mirrorina'' (2010, Ferozsons) 
* Musings na Zuciya (2011, Ferozsons) 
* ''Dukiyoyin Zuciya'' (2013, Ferozsons) 
* ''Zuciya ta Zuciya'' (2005, Jahangir Book Depot) 
* Sagas of Heart (2008, Jahangir) 
* Raunin Zuciya (2013 Ferozsons) 
* Ruminations na Zuciya (2015 Ferozsons) 
* ''Matsalar Zuciya'' (2018 Ferozsons Ltd

Ya kuma rubuta littattafai uku a cikin [[Urdu]]:

* ''Dil Ki Dunya'' (2012, Ferozsons) 
* ''Dil Ki Batain'' (2012, Ferozsons) 
* ''Dil Kai Khaenaize'' (2013, Ferozsons) 

Bugu da kari, ya wallafa fiye da labarai 450 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ginshiƙan jarida na yau da kullun: &quot;Ku san Zuciyarka&quot; a cikin The Frontier Post, &quot;Daga Core of My Heart&quot; a cikin News International, &quot;Zuciya zuwa Zuciya&quot; a cikin Statesman, &quot;Dil ka Maamla&quot; a cikin Daily Mashriq, da kuma &quot;Dil ki Batain&quot; a cikin daily Aaj.

== Haɗin kai ==
Hafizullah ya zama memba na Royal College of Physicians a 1983, na Royal Colleges of Physictors na Edinburgh da Glasgow a 1995, da kuma Kwalejin Cardiology ta Amurka a 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hafiz 01&quot; /&gt; Ya kuma sami tallafi daga Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions, Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology, European Society of Carbiology, Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci Pakistan, da Kwalejin Likitoci ta Amurka.

Sauran alaƙa da matsayi sun haɗa da:

* Shugaba, Pakistan Cardiac Society 
* Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Pakistan Hypertension League &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=Board of Governors |url=https://pic.edu.pk/governors-board |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=Peshawar Institute of Cardiology |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725121707/https://pic.edu.pk/governors-board |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gwamna, Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Magungunan Zuciya 
* Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban, Asian Pacific Cardiac Society 
* memba na kungiyar kwadago ta Jami'ar Peshawar &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UoP |first=CITS |title=University of Peshawar |url=http://www.upesh.edu.pk/administration/statutory/?q=2 |access-date=2016-01-28 |website=University of Peshawar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* memba na kungiyar kwadago ta Jami'ar Malakand &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Malakand - Homepage |url=http://www.uom.edu.pk/ |access-date=2016-01-28 |website=www.uom.edu.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* memba na Majalisar Dattijai, Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences - PIMS |url=http://www.pims.gov.pk/ |access-date=2016-01-28 |website=www.pims.gov.pk }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* memba na kungiyar kwadago ta Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kohat &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kust.edu.pk |access-date=2016-01-28 |website=www.kust.edu.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* memba na Kwamitin Gwamnoni, Jami'ar CECOS 
* memba na Kwamitin Gwamnoni, Cibiyar Paraplegic, Peshawar &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Governors (BoG) |url=http://paraplegiccenter.org/ja/index.php/about/board-of-governors |access-date=2016-01-28 |website=paraplegiccenter.org |archive-date=2016-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203090740/http://paraplegiccenter.org/ja/index.php/about/board-of-governors |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* memba na Hukumar Da'a ta Kasa, Majalisar Binciken Lafiya ta Pakistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Members |url=http://nbcpakistan.org.pk/members.html |access-date=2016-01-28 |website=nbcpakistan.org.pk |archive-date=2016-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123073539/http://nbcpakistan.org.pk/members.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Babban Edita, Pakistan Heart Journal, Pakistan Cardiac Society (tun 2011) 
* Babban Edita, ''Jaridar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Postgraduate'', Asibitin Lady Reading (1993-2009) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Editor:PJMI |url=http://www.pakmedinet.com/JPMI(hafizullah) }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Patron, KMU Journal, Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Khyber &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Khyber Medical University Journal |url=http://kmuj.kmu.edu.pk/ |access-date=2016-01-28 |website=kmuj.kmu.edu.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shugaban, Majalisar kan rigakafin zuciya, Pakistan Cardiac Society &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=hafizullah President,Preventive Cardiology |url=http://www.pulsepakistan.com/archives/15_03_2011/news1.htm |access-date=16 February 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041138/http://www.pulsepakistan.com/archives/15_03_2011/news1.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa, Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya da Dental na Pakistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medical &amp; Dental Council &gt; PM&amp;DC Members |url=http://www.pmdc.org.pk/PMDCMembers/tabid/162/Default.aspx |access-date=2026-01-13 |archive-date=2010-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206131321/http://www.pmdc.org.pk/PMDCMembers/tabid/162/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* memba na Kwamitin Gwamnoni, Jami'ar Air, Islamabad
* memba na Syndicate na Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sarki Edward

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Khyber

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Melissa Deckman</title>
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'''Melissa Deckman''' [[Kimiyyar siyasa|ƙwararriyar masaniyar siyasa]] ce ta Amurka. Ita ce Farfesa Louis L. Goldstein ta Harkokin Jama'a a Kwalejin Washington, inda ta kuma kasance Shugabar Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa. Tana nazarin addini, jinsi, da siyasar Amurka. Bincikenta ya haɗa da littattafai kan mata da siyasa, ayyukan siyasa na membobin limamai a Amurka, da kuma rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin ƙungiyar Tea Party . Ita ce Shugabar Cibiyar Binciken Addinin Jama'a . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-30 |title=Our Team {{!}} PRRI |url=https://www.prri.org/about/our-team/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=PRRI {{!}} At the intersection of religion, values, and public life. |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324070712/https://www.prri.org/about/our-team/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi da aikin farko ==
Deckman ta halarci Kwalejin St. Mary ta Maryland, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a shekarar 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melissa Deckman |url=https://www.washcoll.edu/live/profiles/1914-melissa-deckman |access-date=4 May 2020 |publisher=Washington College |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603164041/https://www.washcoll.edu/live/profiles/1914-melissa-deckman |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Deckman ta kasance ƙwararriyar ƙwararriya a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Kwalejin St. Mary ta 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Amurka a shekarar 1997, sannan ta sami digiri na uku a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a shekarar 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1999, Deckman ta shiga sashen kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Amurka a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa mai ziyara. &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 2000, ta koma Kwalejin Washington, inda ta kasance shugabar sashen kimiyyar siyasa daga 2007 zuwa 2008 da kuma tun 2009, kuma a shekarar 2012 ta zama Farfesa Louis L. Goldstein na Harkokin Jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A shekara ta 2004, Deckman ta buga littafin &quot;School board wars: The Christian right in the local politics . [1] A cikin &quot;School board wars&quot;, Deckman ta yi nazarin ƙungiyar 'yancin Kirista da ta tsayar da 'yan takarar hukumar makarantar gida a yunƙurin yaƙi da abin da ta gani a matsayin son zuciya ta siyasa ta hagu a gundumomin makarantun gwamnati na Amurka. [2] Ta yi amfani da wani bincike na ƙasa na 'yan takarar hukumar makarantar 671 [3], waɗanda 127 [4] suka yi alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yancin Kirista, da kuma nazarin shari'o'i a Gundumar Garrett, Maryland, da Gundumar Fairfax, Virginia, don nazarin bambance-bambance tsakanin 'yan takarar haƙƙin Kirista da sauran 'yan takara. [5] Duk da cewa binciken Deckman ya tabbatar da wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin 'yan takarar da ba su da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yancin Kirista da waɗanda suke, ya kuma saba wa hikimar gargajiya cewa 'yan takarar haƙƙin Kirista sun bambanta sosai da sauran 'yan takara, [3] musamman dangane da kuɗaɗen da kuma kwarin gwiwar kamfen ɗinsu. [4]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mitch Hunt</title>
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'''Mitchell James Hunt''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na New Zealand wanda a halin yanzu ke taka leda a matsayin na farko na biyar-na takwas ko fullback na Honda Heat . &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Hunt itsrugby.co.uk Player Statistics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mitchell Hunt itsrugby.co.uk Player Statistics |url=http://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player_35003.html |access-date=22 December 2016 |website=itsrugby.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Former Nelson College star Mitchell Hunt returning home to Tasman Makos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2015 |title=Former Nelson College star Mitchell Hunt returning home to Tasman Makos |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/sport/72796804/mitch-hunt-returning-home-to-tasman-makos |access-date=8 October 2015 |website=Nelson Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon aiki ==
An haife shi kuma ya girma a garin Nelson a Tsibirin Kudancin New Zealand, Hunt ya halarci Kwalejin Nelson a garinsu inda ya ji daɗin samun nasara, ya buga sau 51 a saman su. Ya koma arewa don karatun injiniya a Jami'ar Auckland bayan kammala karatunsa na kwaleji kuma ya fara buga wasan rugby na gida a yankin Auckland. A lokacin da yake Auckland, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ci gaban Blues da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Auckland. &lt;ref name=&quot;Former Nelson College star Mitchell Hunt returning home to Tasman Makos&quot;/&gt;

== Babban aiki ==
Hunt ya shiga tawagar Auckland don gasar cin Kofin ITM na 2015 kuma ya zira kwallaye 10 a wasanni 7 yayin da kungiyarsa ta kai wasan karshe kafin ta sauka zuwa Canterbury. Ya koma gida ga Nelson a 2016 kuma ya fito ga Tasman Mako . Da yake wasa galibi a cikin jersey na 15, Hunt ya fara dukkan wasanni 12 na Mako a lokacin kakar wanda ya sake ganinsa ya gama a gefen da ya ci nasara a wasan karshe, tare da Canterbury sau ɗaya ya fito a saman.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Hunt itsrugby.co.uk Player Statistics&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Former Nelson College star Mitchell Hunt returning home to Tasman Makos&quot;/&gt; Hunt ya kasance daga cikin kungiyar Tasman wacce ta lashe Kofin Mitre 10 a karon farko a shekarar 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mitchell Hunt |url=http://www.mako.nz/mitchell-hunt |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=Mako.nz |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702232336/https://www.mako.nz/mitchell-hunt |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaba shi a cikin tawagar Arewacin tsibirin don Wasan kungiyar rugby ta Arewa da ta Kudu a shekarar 2020 yana fitowa daga benci a cikin asarar 35-38 ga Arewa. A zagaye na 6 na 2020 Mitre 10 Cup Hunt ya buga wasan sa na 50 ga Mako a kan Auckland a Eden Park a [[Auckland]] . Mako ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta biyu a jere tare da Hunt ya fara dukkan wasanni 12 a cikin lambar 10 kuma ya zira kwallaye 97 a kakar 2020. An kira Hunt a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Tasman Mako na 2021 Bunnings NPC tare da Quinten Strange tare da rashin kyaftin din David Havili na yau da kullun saboda ayyukan All Blacks. Tasman ya ci gaba da yin wasan karshe tare da Hunt yana da wani yanayi mai ban mamaki kafin ya rasa 23-20 ga Waikato.

== Super Rugby ==
Wasanni 7 ne kawai a kakar wasa ta farko ta rugby ta lardin duk abin da ya ɗauka don shawo kan Crusaders na Christchurch cewa ya cancanci kwangilar Super Rugby. Ya sanya manyan 'yan wasan su a karo na farko a shekarar 2016 kuma ya yi wasanni 2 a lokacin yakin neman zabe na farko. An riƙe shi don kakar Super Rugby ta 2017.[1] Hunt ya koma kudu zuwa Highlanders a shekarar 2020.[2] Hunt yana da karfi sosai a kakar Super Rugby ta 2021 inda ya kafa kansa a matsayin Highlanders na farko da aka zaba 10 yayin da kungiyar ta yi wasan karshe na Super Rugby Trans-Tasman inda suka rasa 23-15 ga Blues.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Hunt ya kasance memba na kungiyar New Zealand wacce ta lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta Rugby ta kasa da shekaru 20 a [[Italiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ Under 20 squad named for World Champs in Italy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=NZ Under 20 squad named for World Champs in Italy |url=http://www.allblacks.com/news/27229/nz-under-20-squad-named-for-world-champs-in-italy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203123335/http://www.allblacks.com/news/27229/nz-under-20-squad-named-for-world-champs-in-italy |archive-date=3 December 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016 |website=All Blacks}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Roy Toney</title>
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      <text bytes="9121" sha1="f11pgycgztno71s7vtfr9hkal2pcr68" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Roy Toney''' (29 Disamba, 1965 – 3 Oktoba, 2009) an tuhume shi kuma an yanke masa hukunci ba bisa ƙa’ida ba a shekarar 1999 kan wani harin bam da ya kashe mutane uku tare da jikkata wasu biyu a Lake Worth, Texas a shekarar 1985.&lt;ref&gt;Texas Department of Criminal Justice. “Michael Roy Toney.” http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/toneymichael.htm&lt;/ref&gt; An yankewa Toney hukuncin [[Capital punishment|kisa]] kuma ya shafe shekaru goma a jerin masu jiran kisa. A ranar 17 Disamba, 2008, [[Texas Court of Criminal Appeals]] ta soke hukuncinsa saboda rashin ɗa’a da cin zarafin doka daga ɓangaren masu gabatar da ƙara.&lt;ref&gt;Death Penalty Information Center. “Michael Toney: Recently Exonerated Death Row Inmate.” http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/michael-toney-recently-exonerated-death-row-texas-dies-car-crash {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512173234/http://deathpenaltyinfo.org/michael-toney-recently-exonerated-death-row-texas-dies-car-crash |date=2015-05-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake shi daga tsarewa a watan Satumba 2009, kuma ya rasu a hatsarin mota kimanin wata guda bayan haka.

==Rayuwa==
Toney ya taso a [[Cottonwood, California]], wani ƙaramin gari a [[Shasta County, California|Shasta County]] kimanin {{convert|90|mi}} arewa da [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]. Mahaifinsa ya bar iyali tun yana ƙarami, mahaifiyarsa kuma tana aiki a gidajen giya na gari. Takan dawo gida da maza da dama waɗanda ke dukan ta da ’ya’yanta. Don guje wa wannan hali, Toney yakan ɓuya a wani ɗaki. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 9 ko 10, ɗaya daga cikin saurayin mahaifiyarsa ya ɗaure shi a kujera, ya nannade wuyan hannuwansa da [[duct-tape]] sannan ya kunna wuta ya ƙona masa hannaye. Yana da shekaru 15, wani saurayin mahaifiyarsa ya kai masa hari da [[fishing gaff]] ya huda masa babban rami a kugunsa. Ya bar makaranta kafin ajin goma, ya tafi Texas, inda ya zauna a [[Hurst-Euless]], a yankin [[Bedford, Texas|Bedford]] na [[Tarrant County, Texas|Tarrant County]]. Ya auri wata mata mai suna Kim yana da shekaru 38.&lt;ref&gt;The Case Story. “Michael Toney Case.” http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181454/http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm |date=2010-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Shari'a da hukunci==
A daren [[Thanksgiving Day]] na ranar 28 Nuwamba, 1985, a Hilltop Mobile Home Park tsakanin [[Lake Worth, Texas|Lake Worth]] da [[Azle, Texas]], wasu mambobin iyalan Blount suna bikin hutu tare a cikin tirelar su. Iyalin sun haɗa da Joe Blount, mai shekaru 44 ƙwararren mai gyaran injina; matarsa Susan; ’yarsu Angela mai shekaru 15; ɗansu Robert; ɗan’uwan Joe mai suna Carl; da Michael Columbus, ɗan Carl.

Bayan sun kammala cin abincin Thanksgiving, Carl Blount ya koma gida da misalin ƙarfe 5:00 na yamma. Da misalin 9:00 na dare, Susan Blount ta kwanta domin ɗan hutawa. Joe Blount ya kai Robert, Angela da Michael wani [[convenience store]] kimanin rabin mil daga wurin shakatawar inda suka sayi kayan ciye-ciye da giya. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Susan ta ji ana ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar gaba. Ta duba ta taga amma ba ta ga kowa ba, sai ta koma hutawa. Da sauran iyalin suka dawo daga shagon, sai suka tarar da wani [[briefcase]] a bakin ƙofa. Matasa ukun sun yi farin ciki saboda sun yi zaton kuɗi ko kayan ado ne a ciki. Bayan shigar da briefcase ɗin cikin gida, Angela ta buɗe makullansa, nan take ya fashe.&lt;ref&gt;The Case Story. “Michael Toney Case.” http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181454/http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm |date=2010-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Joe Blount, Angela Blount da Michael Columbus sun mutu sakamakon fashewar bam ɗin da ke cikin briefcase ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;The Case Story. “Michael Toney Case.” http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181454/http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm |date=2010-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Soke hukunci==
A watan Yuni 1997, Toney yana tsare a kurkuku yana jiran sauraron shari’ar [[burglary]] da ta faru a shekarar 1993. A nan ne yake tattaunawa da Charles “Jack” Ferris a kurkukun [[Parker County, Texas|Parker County]] da ke [[Weatherford, Texas]]. Mutanen biyu sun fara magana game da harin bam ɗin. Daga bisani an sake Ferris daga kurkuku bayan ya sanar da hukumomin Parker County cewa Toney ya amsa masa laifin aikata harin. Bayan wannan, masu bincike suka tambayi tsohuwar matar Toney. A farko, ta ce wa masu gabatar da ƙara: “Michael ya kashe mutane da bam? Kun haukace.” Amma daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin bincike kan shari’ar, sannan ta kira jami’an tarayya ta ba da labarinta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka gurfanar da Toney kan laifin [[capital punishment|kisan gilla]].&lt;ref&gt;The Case Story. “Michael Toney Case.” http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181454/http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm |date=2010-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Watanni bayan haka, Ferris ya sauya labarinsa game da ikirarin amsar laifin. Ya bayyana cewa Toney ne ya ƙirƙiri labarin domin ya taimaka masa fita daga kurkuku da wuri. Ya ce wa masu bincike: “Ni da Toney mun ƙirƙiri duk labarin gaba ɗaya.”&lt;ref&gt;The Case Story. “Michael Toney Case.” http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181454/http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm |date=2010-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Trial==
An fara shari’ar a watan Mayu 1999 a Fort Worth, Texas. Susan Blount da Robert Blount sun bayar da [[testimony]] kan abin da ya faru a ranar. Bayan haka aka ji shaidar tsohuwar matar Toney, tsohon abokinsa na ƙut da ƙut, da wani abokin kurkuku.

Tsohuwar matar Toney ta ce ita, Toney da abokinsa Chris Meeks sun je wani shagon [[propane]] da ke kusa da Hilltop Mobile Home Park. Ta ce Toney ya sauka daga motar dauke da briefcase ya ɓace. Daga baya ya dawo ba tare da briefcase ɗin ba, sannan suka tafi [[Nature Center]] inda suka kwashe sa’o’i da dama. Ta kuma ce yayin da suke a Nature Center, Toney ya harbi wani [[beaver]] da bindiga.&lt;ref&gt;The Case Story. “Michael Toney Case.” http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181454/http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm |date=2010-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani abokin kurkuku, Finis Blankenship, ya shaida cewa Toney ya gaya masa cewa an biya shi $5,000 domin kisan. Ya ƙara da cewa kisan yana da alaƙa da harkar miyagun ƙwayoyi, amma an ajiye bam ɗin a ƙofar da ba daidai ba. Wannan shaidar ta zo ne a mataki na biyu na shari’ar, inda alkalai ke yanke hukuncin ko Toney ya cancanci kisa. A wancan lokaci, Blankenship yana fuskantar tuhuma biyu na lalata da yaro da kuma laifin maimaitawa, kuma ya ce ya amince ya shaida ne domin a soke masa tuhumar. Daga baya Blankenship ya bayyana cewa shaidarsa ƙarya ce. Shaidar Chris Meeks ma ba ta yi daidai da ta tsohuwar matar Toney ba. Meeks ya sauya labarinsa sau huɗu. Da farko ya ce bai san komai game da harin ba a gaban masu bincike da [[grand jury]] ba, sannan ya kasa cin jarabawar [[polygraph]]. A shekarar 2001, ya sanya hannu kan [[affidavit]] yana janye kalaman da ya faɗa a shari’a, yana cewa: “Shaidarta game da abubuwan da suka faru a ranar Thanksgiving ta shekarar 1985, ƙila ba a wannan ranar suka faru ba.”&lt;ref&gt;The Case Story. “Michael Toney Case.” http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181454/http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm |date=2010-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toney ya ce bai ji labarin laifin ba sai a shekarar 1997. Ya kuma ce bai taɓa zuwa Hilltop Mobile Home Park ba, kuma bai ma san wurin yana wanzuwa ba sai kusa da lokacin shari’arsa. Tsohuwar matarsa da Meeks sun ce Toney yana tuƙa mota a daren harin bam. Sai dai Toney ya ce bai sayi motar ba sai 13 Disamba, 1985, wata guda bayan faruwar lamarin.&lt;ref&gt;The Case Story. “Michael Toney Case.” http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181454/http://www.michaeltoney.com/case.htm |date=2010-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Conviction overturned==
Ofishin Lauyan Gwamnati na Tarrant County ya ɓoye shaidu guda 14 masu muhimmanci da suka dace su taimaka wajen kare kansa. Bayan wannan, masu gabatar da ƙara na Tarrant County sun miƙa shari’ar ga [[Attorney General]] na Texas.&lt;ref&gt;Dallas Justice. “Michael Toney Dies Weeks After Being Freed from Death Row.” http://www.dallasjustice.com/dallascriminallawyerblog/crime-news-michael-toney-dies-within-weeks-after-being-freed-from-texas-death-row&lt;/ref&gt; Daga bisani Jihar Texas ta janye dukkan tuhumar da ake masa, aka sake shi a ranar 2 Satumba, 2009. Ya rasu a hatsarin mota kusa da [[Rusk, Texas]] a ranar 3 Oktoba, 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Innocent Cowboy in Texas. “Michael Toney.” http://www.michaeltoney.com&lt;/ref&gt;


==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1965 haihuwa]]
[[Category:2009 mutuwa]]
[[Category:Mutanen Amurka]]
[[Category:Mutanen Texas]]
[[Category:Mutanen da aka yankewa hukuncin kisa]]
[[Category:Mutanen da aka soke musu hukunci]]
[[Category:Shari’o’in kisan gilla a Amurka]]
[[Category:Kuskuren hukunci a shari’a]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Margery Anneberg</title>
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'''Margery Channing Anneberg''' (1921–2003) ta kasance wacce ta kafa gidan tarihi na Amurka kuma daraktan gidan tarihi, mai kula da gidan tarihi, mai zane-zane, mai ƙera zinare, da kuma mai yin kayan ado. Ta kafa gidan tarihi na Anneberg (1966–1981) a San Francisco, wacce aka yi la'akari da ita a matsayin gidan tarihi na farko na ƙwararrun fasahar zamani; kuma ta haɗu da kafa Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Al'adu na San Francisco (1983–2012).  Majalisar Sana'o'in Amurka (ACC) ta naɗa ta a matsayin abokiyar girmamawa a shekarar 1979.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=College of Fellows |url=https://www.craftcouncil.org/programs/acc-awards/college-fellows/2024 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=[[American Craft Council]] |archive-date=2024-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229015220/https://www.craftcouncil.org/programs/acc-awards/college-fellows/2024 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Margery Anneberg a shekarar 1921 a Carroll, Iowa ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=College of Fellows |url=https://www.craftcouncil.org/programs/acc-awards/college-fellows/2024 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=[[American Craft Council]] |archive-date=2024-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229015220/https://www.craftcouncil.org/programs/acc-awards/college-fellows/2024 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta girma a Longview, Washington .  Ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Rasha (yanzu Makarantar Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Henry M. Jackson ) a Jami'ar Washington . A shekarar 1957, ta ƙaura zuwa California. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Obit&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Anneberg ta lashe kyautar sana'o'i saboda sarƙar zinare da azurfa da ta saka a lokacin bikin &quot;Fasaha a Civic Center Plaza &quot; na Hukumar Fasaha ta San Francisco a shekarar 1966; kuma an ba Ruth Asawa babbar kyautar saboda sassaka bishiyar ƙarfe.  Anneberg memba ce ta ƙungiyar Metal Arts Guild of San Francisco . 

=== Hotunan Anneberg ===
Anneberg ta kafa wani gidan tarihi da ke sayar da kayan fasaha da kuma nuna masu fasaha na gida a shekarar 1966, wanda aka fara sanya masa suna ''The Jewelry Shop and Gallery'' a kan titin Hyde ; shekara guda bayan haka aka sake masa suna zuwa ''Anneberg Gallery'' . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;AAA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2021 |title=A Finding Aid to the Anneberg Gallery Records, 1945-1992, bulk 1966-1981, in the Archives of American Art |url=https://sirismm.si.edu/EADpdfs/AAA.annegall.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531001749/https://sirismm.si.edu/EADpdfs/AAA.annegall.pdf |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |website=Archives of American Art |publisher=Smithsonian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan tarihinta ya kuma sayar da fasahar zamani ta duniya (kamar yadi, abin rufe fuska, kwanduna, aikin ƙarfe, da sassaka), tare da wasu zane-zane na tarihi na tarihi. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;AAA&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;  Shi ne gidan tarihi na farko na ƙwararru don sana'o'in zamani.  Gidan tarihin ya rufe a shekarar 1981. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Koplos&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cibiyar Fasahar Jama'a da Sana'o'in Zamani ===
A shekarar 1972, Anneberg ta kafa Cibiyar Fasahar Jama'a da Sana'o'in Zamani, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta mayar da hankali kan sana'o'i da al'adu, wadda ba ta taɓa samun gini ba.

=== Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Fasahar Jama'a ===
A watan Oktoban 1983, Anneberg da Gertrud V. Parker sun kafa Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Fasaha na San Francisco a kan titin Balboa a titin 6th a cikin gundumar Richmond ; ya mamaye faɗin 2,400 square feet (220 m2) ginin da a da yake da gidan kula da masu tabin hankali. An dakatar da tarin kayan tarihi a shekarar 1991, inda aka sanya kashi uku cikin huɗu na aikin a cibiyoyin ilimi. Daga baya aka san Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Fasaha na San Francisco da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Fasaha na Jama'a (MOCFA), kuma aka mayar da shi Cibiyar Fort Mason .  Gidan Tarihi ya gudanar da nune-nunen sama da 200, kuma an rufe shi a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta makara da mutuwa ==
A rayuwarta ta baya an gano tana da [[Sclerosis da yawa|cutar sclerosis mai yawa]], wanda hakan ya ci gaba har ya tilasta mata yin ritaya da wuri a shekarar 1986.  Ta mutu a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2003 a asibiti, sakamakon matsalolin da suka shafi sclerosis mai yawa. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Obit&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya samun ayyukanta a cikin tarin a Hukumar Fasaha ta San Francisco . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=College of Fellows |url=https://www.craftcouncil.org/programs/acc-awards/college-fellows/2024 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=[[American Craft Council]] |archive-date=2024-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229015220/https://www.craftcouncil.org/programs/acc-awards/college-fellows/2024 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

*  
*  

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nancy Lee Bass</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Nancy Lee Bass''' (an haife shi a watan Maris 7, 1917 &amp;#x2013; Fabrairu 28, 2013) 'Yar Amurka ce mai taimakon jama'a. An san ta da &quot; First Lady of [[Fort Worth, Texas]] .&quot; 
&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;stevecampbell&quot;&gt;Steve Campbell, [http://www.star-telegram.com/2013/03/01/4653160/bass-family-matriarch-dies-at.html Nancy Lee Bass was the &quot;first lady of Fort Worth&quot;], ''[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]'', March 1, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Nancy Lee Muse a ranar 7 ga Maris, 1917, a [[Fort Worth, Texas]] . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;startelegram&quot;&gt;[http://www.star-telegram.com/2013/03/16/4707353/nancy-lee-bass-95-eulogized-as.html Nancy Lee Bass, 95, eulogized as philanthropic 'queen' of Fort Worth], ''Fort Worth Star-Telegram'', March 16, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;alanpeppard&quot;&gt;Alan Peppard, [http://www.dallasnews.com/obituary-headlines/20130301-obituary-nancy-lee-bass-fort-worth-matriarch-dies-at-95.ece Obituary: Nancy Lee Bass, Fort Worth matriarch, dies at 95], ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'', March 1, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;   Mahaifinta shine Ewell H. Muse da mahaifiyarta, Roberta Maddox Muse. &lt;ref name=&quot;startelegram&quot; /&gt; Ta girma a Fort Worth, inda ta koyi buga piano tun tana ƙarama. &lt;ref name=&quot;alanpeppard&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;trailoffame&quot;&gt;[http://www.texastrailoffame.org/inductees/perry-nancy-lee-bass/ Texas Trail of Fame: Perry and Nancy Lee Bass] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216043527/https://texastrailoffame.org/inductees/perry-nancy-lee-bass/ |date=2020-02-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Tsakiya, wacce daga baya aka sani da Makarantar Sakandare ta Paschal, a Fort Worth. &lt;ref name=&quot;alanpeppard&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;trailoffame&quot; /&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin tare da digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a Turanci a shekarar 1937. &lt;ref name=&quot;trailoffame&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wfaa&quot;&gt;[http://www.wfaa.com/story/news/local/2014/08/18/14048444/ Nancy Lee Bass dies at 95] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108121945/http://www.wfaa.com/story/news/local/2014/08/18/14048444/ |date=2014-11-08 }}, ''[[WFAA]]'', March 1, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;startelegram&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;trailoffame&quot; /&gt;

== Taimakon jama'a ==
Ta bayar da gudummawa ga Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da Tarihi na Fort Worth, da Gidan Tarihi na Cowgirl na Ƙasa da Hall of Fame, waɗanda duk suna a Fort Worth.  Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Amintattu na Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Fort Worth, Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin da kuma Cibiyar Smithsonian .  Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaba ta Gidauniyar Sid W. Richardson, wacce aka sanya wa suna saboda kawun mijinta.  An sanya wa Nancy Lee da Perry R. Bass Performance Hall suna ne bayan mijinta da ita, bayan abokinta, mai buga piano Van Cliburn, ya ba da shawarar hakan. Gidan Wasan Bass ya gudanar da Gasar Piano ta Duniya ta Van Cliburn inda Bass ya ba da gudummawa kuma ya shiga cikin kwamitin ba da shawara. &lt;ref name=&quot;wfaa&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;stevecampbell&quot; /&gt;  Bugu da ƙari, ta kasance memba na Junior League, [[Jewel Charity Ball]], da Fort Worth Garden Club. &lt;ref name=&quot;stevecampbell&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma kasance tsohuwar Shugabar Majalisar . &lt;ref name=&quot;stevecampbell&quot; /&gt; Ta zama memba na [[First United Methodist Church of Fort Worth|Cocin Methodist na Farko na Fort Worth]] a shekarar 1925.  A shekarar 1993, ta bayar da sabbin kararrawar coci, waɗanda aka sanya a hasumiyar gabas. &lt;ref name=&quot;businesswire&quot; /&gt;

Tare da mijinta, ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 1 ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban guda hamsin a shekarar 1991, don cika shekaru hamsin da suka yi suna aiki.   Sun kuma ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 8 ga Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra .  Sun kuma ba da gudummawar fasaha ga Kimbell Art Museum da ke Fort Worth.  Tarin ya haɗa da ''Street in Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer'' da ''Enclosed Field with Plowman'' na [[Vincent van Gogh]] da kuma ''Fruit Dish, Bottle, da Guitar'' na [[Pablo Picasso]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;kimbell&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ya haɗa da zane-zane na [[Claude Monet]], Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Édouard Vuillard, Pierre Bonnard, [[Henri Matisse]], Joan Miró, Fernand Léger, Marc Chagall da Mark Rothko da kuma sassaka na Auguste Rodin, Aristide Maillol da Simon Segal . &lt;ref name=&quot;kimbell&quot; /&gt;

Ta sami kyautar National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame Gloria Lupton Tennison Pioneer Award da kuma lambar yabo ta Distinguished Tlumnus Award daga ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta Jami'ar Texas da kuma lambar yabo ta Golden Deeds Award daga ƙungiyar Exchange Club of Fort Worth.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ta auri Perry Richardson Bass a Cocin Methodist na Farko na Fort Worth a shekarar 1941.    Sun haɗu a wani ɗakin rawa a Fort Worth. &lt;ref name=&quot;alanpeppard&quot; /&gt; Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza huɗu:

* Lee Bass.
* Ed Bass.&lt;ref name=&quot;wfaa&quot; /&gt;
* Robert Bass.&lt;ref name=&quot;wfaa&quot; /&gt;
* Sid Bass.&lt;ref name=&quot;wfaa&quot; /&gt;

Mrs. Bass kuma tana da jikoki goma da jikoki bakwai. &lt;ref name=&quot;dallasnews.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-03-01 |title=Obituary: Nancy Lee Bass, Fort Worth matriarch, dies at 95 |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/obituaries/obituaries/2013/03/01/obituary-nancy-lee-bass-fort-worth-matriarch-dies-at-95 |access-date=2019-05-02 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tsawon rayuwarta, ta kasance 'yar ƙasa mai himma a garinsu na Fort Worth, Texas. Gwamna Rick Perry ya bayyana ayyukanta na jama'a a matsayin, &quot;wanda ya shafi rayuwar mutane da yawa a Fort Worth, Texas da ƙasar, amma ya fi son kasancewa cikin tawali'u maimakon a haskaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;dallasnews.com&quot; /&gt;

Ta zama bazawara bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekara ta 2006. 

== Mutuwa ==
Ta rasu a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2013, a Fort Worth, Texas.  Tana da shekaru casa'in da biyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;wfaa&quot; /&gt; An yi bikin tunawa da ita a Nancy Lee da Perry R. Bass Performance Hall da ke [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]] a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2013, tare da yin waka daga ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marta Permuy</title>
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'''Marta Cazañas Permuy''' (Satumba 22, 1938 - Oktoba 4, 2017) ta kasance mai tallata zane-zane na Cuba-Amurkawa, mai tattara zane-zane, mai kula da zane-zane, dillalin zane-zane, kuma mai tallata zane-zane da ke Coral Gables, Florida . Ta kasance mai tasiri a kafa kasuwar zane-zane ta Latin Amurka ta Kudancin Florida . Ta jagoranci kuma ta kafa Permuy Gallery, ɗaya daga cikin wurare na farko da aka keɓe don zane-zane na Cuba a Amurka. Ta kuma shirya wani gidan kayan fasaha na dogon lokaci inda zane-zane, adabi, kasuwanci, da siyasa na Kudancin Florida za su taru don tattauna zane-zane da al'adu.

== Rayuwar farko ==

=== Bayani da tarbiyya ===
[[Fayil:1957_La_Escuela_de_Escolapias_en_Cárdenas-1.jpg|thumb|Makarantar Madres Escolapias na Cárdenas, inda Marta Permuy daliba ce, kamar yadda aka yi hoto a 1957.]]
An haifi Marta Teresita Cazañas y Díaz a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1938, a Havana, ɗa na biyu na alkali na Cuban Pedro Pablo Cazañas da matarsa, Raquel María Díaz y Teresa. Iyayenta na fitattun iyalai ne na yankin Matanza . Marta da 'yan uwanta, Raquel da Eduardo, za a girma a gidan Buena Vista na dangin Cazañas a Cárdenas da ke iyaka da Varadero .

Ita da babbar 'yar uwarta Raquel sun halarci makarantar Katolika ta Las Madres Escolapias de Cárdenas. Bayan kammala karatunsu, sun yi rajista a Jami'ar Havana suna nazarin shari'a da sinadarai. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&amp;pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon shekarunta na matashiya a Cuba, Marta ta fara haɗuwa da fasahar Cuba ta hanyar zane-zane da fasahar gargajiya. Waɗannan haɗuwa sun haɓaka sha'awar farko na abin da daga ƙarshe zai zama babban aikinta a lokacin rayuwarta a gudun hijira. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Marta Permuy Legacy Collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=nsuworks.nova.edu |publisher=NSU Alvin Sherman Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juyin Juya Halin Cuba ==
Da barkewar juyin juya halin Cuba da kuma yadda gwamnatin Castro ta ƙara samun daidaito da koyarwar Kwaminisanci da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] ke goyon baya, Marta ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar kare dimokuraɗiyya mai rajin kare dimokuraɗiyya. Ta fara aiki sosai a cikin MRR (Movement to Recuperate the Revolution, ko Movement for Revolution Recovery), wani babban ɓangare na babban juriyar Castro wanda ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwar ɗaliban Jami'ar Havana, manyan jami'an gwamnatin Castro, da kuma membobin ƙungiyar ƙwararrun Kiristoci masu tasiri ta Agrupación Católica Universitaria (ACU). &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&amp;pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&amp;pid=196272287 &quot;Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary&quot;]. ''Legacy.com''. 29 May 2020.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da shigarta cikin MRR ke ƙara zurfafa, Marta ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata kaɗan da aka bai wa manyan mukamai a cikin jagorancin ƙungiyar kuma za ta kuma ɗauki wasu manyan jami'ai. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=City Commission Meeting - August 24, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=qC5yAqnA-WU |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=Coral Gables Television}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;Congressional Record page&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rep. Maria Elvira Salazar |date=20 September 2022 |title=Congressional Record — Extension of Remarks |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/pdf/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.pdf |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=www.infogov.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |page=E955}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, babbar 'yar'uwar Marta Raquel da mijinta, fitacciyar likitan tabin hankali kuma mai ra'ayin juyin juya hali na dimokuraɗiyya René de la Huerta, suma sun shiga cikin lamarin.  De la Huerta, babban memba na ACU, a baya ya shiga cikin ƙoƙarin korar Fulgencio Batista tare da Jorge Agostini da sauran manyan masu adawa da Batista. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Agostini Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agostini Bio |url=http://www.cubarte.cult.cu/periodico-cubarte/jorge-agostini-combatiente-de-la-libertad/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Agostini Bio 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2015 |title=Agostini Bio 2 |url=https://lahistoriabiencontada.wordpress.com/2015/06/10/jorge-agostini-cayo-por-la-dignidad-de-cuba/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za su taka rawa mai tasiri a cikin ƙungiyar a lokacin da aka kai ga mamaye da tsare-tsare na Bay of Pigs . A shekarar 1960 De La Huerta ya zama Sakataren Leken Asiri na MRR kuma Marta sau da yawa yakan zauna a gidansa na El Vedado tare da 'yar'uwarta a lokacin ayyukanta na MRR yayin da gidan ya kasance muhimmin sansanin jagorancin MRR na ɓoye. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&amp;pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&amp;pid=196272287 &quot;Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary&quot;]. ''Legacy.com''. 29 May 2020.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta hanyar waɗannan ayyukan Marta ta haɗu da Jesús Permuy, Sakataren Tsaro na MRR a lokacin.  Za a ba Marta aiki don taimaka masa a ayyukansa a matsayin hannun damansa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗaga shi zuwa Mai Gudanar da Farar Hula kuma a ƙarshe Mai Gudanar da Ƙungiyar MRR ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Landmark Designation Report&quot; /&gt;    Ayyukan Marta sun haɗa da shirya tarurruka, ɓoye hulɗa, da kuma daidaita tsakanin ƙwayoyin MRR tare da sunayen laƙabi don guje wa gano Castro da wakilan leƙen asiri na Soviet da masu kutse. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;/&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;Landmark Designation Report&quot; /&gt;

Da gazawar mamayar Bay of Pigs a watan Afrilun 1961 da kuma hare-haren da 'yan adawa suka kai, kamawa, da kuma kisa, Castro ya bayyana ga mutane da yawa a cikin adawar cewa babu wata dama ta samun nasara wajen kifar da gwamnatin Castro ko kuma tabbatar da [['Yancin Dan Adam a Cuba|kariyar dimokuradiyya]] .   Daga nan Marta da Jesús suka yi amfani da huldar diflomasiyya don tserewa zuwa Venezuela a shekarar 1962 ta hanyar ofishin jakadancin Cuba na Venezuela.  Sun zauna a Venezuela na tsawon watanni da dama kafin su koma Amurka daga baya a wannan shekarar don shiga cikin al'ummar 'yan Cuba da ke zaune a can suna gudun hijira. &lt;ref name=&quot;Landmark Designation Report&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta Permuy Legacy Collection&quot;/&gt;

=== Matsar zuwa Amurka ===
Marta da Jesús sun yi aure a shekarar 1962 jim kaɗan bayan sun sake zama a [[Miami|Miami, Florida]] .  Daga baya sun ƙaura zuwa Washington DC a shekarar 1966 inda Jesús Permuy ya sami digirinsa na biyu a fannin Tsarin Yanki da Birni (MRCP) daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai tsara shirye-shirye na gundumar Anne Arundel . &lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Permuy Architecture Profile – About Permuy Architecture |url=http://permuyarchitecture.com/profile/ |access-date=November 30, 2019 |publisher=Permuy Architecture}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan iyalan Permuy suka koma Kudancin Florida na dindindin a shekarar 1969 lokacin da aka naɗa Jesús Permuy a matsayin Mai Kula da Tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Gundumar Dade (HUD). 

== Gidan Tarihi na Permuy ==
A farkon shekarun 1970, Permuys sun fara aiki a cikin al'ummar fasaha ta Cuba ta farko a Kudancin Florida. Shigansu na farko ya samo asali ne daga dangantakar da Jesús Permuy ya yi da masu fasaha a Cuba kamar José Mijares da Amelia Peláez, da kuma ta hanyar aikinsa na ƙwararru yayin da wasu masu fasaha na Cuba da dama suka yi aiki ko suka yi nazarin gine-gine, ciki har da Baruj Salinas, Miguel Jorge, da Rafael Consuegra . &lt;ref name=&quot;Arts Coast Journal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Margo |title=The Permuys — A Legacy in Art |url=https://creativepinellas.org/magazine-items/the-permuys-a-legacy-in-art/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329114650/https://creativepinellas.org/magazine-items/the-permuys-a-legacy-in-art/ |archive-date=2020-03-29 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=www.creativepinellas.org |publisher=Arts Coast Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani muhimmin yanki na al'adu shi ne shigarsa cikin ACU, wanda yanzu ya koma Miami kuma ya haɗa da masu fasaha da yawa, masu gine-gine, da shugabannin kasuwanci. A cikin shekarun 1960, al'ummar fasaha ta Cuba da ke gudun hijira ta fuskanci matsaloli da dama, ciki har da rashin wuraren da za a nuna fasahar Cuba, da kuma rashin kuɗin shiga tsakanin masu tarawa don siyan fasahar fasaha a farashin da zai tallafa wa kasuwar fasaha ta Cuba da Latin Amurka mai dorewa. 

A shekarar 1969, Baruj Salinas ya gabatar da Permuys ga Juan González . &lt;ref name=&quot;Baruj Salinas website&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Art Reviews |url=https://barujsalinas.com/art-reviews/ |website=www.barujsalinas.com |publisher=Baruj Salinas |access-date=2026-02-03 |archive-date=2025-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422130259/https://www.barujsalinas.com/art-reviews/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta Permuy Legacy Collection&quot;/&gt; Ba da daɗewa ba, González, wanda a lokacin ya kammala karatunsa a fannin fasaha a Jami'ar Miami, ya kusaci Marta, wadda ita ma ta zama mai goyon bayan aikinsa na fasaha. A shekarar 1971, ta taimaka masa wajen samar masa da wurin studio a wani gida mai suna Coral Gables a titin Le Jeune Road na 1901, inda ya samar da ayyuka da yawa da suka kai ga nasarar aikinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta Permuy Legacy Collection&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1972, González ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Miami kuma yana shirin ƙaura zuwa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] bayan an yi nasarar baje kolin kayan tarihi a Gidan Tarihi na Whitney da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Allan Stone .    Sakamakon buƙatarsa ta ƙaura, Permuys ya yi shiri tare da González don ɗaukar hayar ɗakin zane-zanensa sannan daga baya ya mayar da shi wani gidan zane-zane mai kyau da aka keɓe don zane-zanen Cuba, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin na farko a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;GC Magazine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=The Best Commercial Architects in Coral Gables, Florida |url=https://www.generalcontractors.org/the-best-commercial-architects-in-coral-gables-florida/ |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=www.generalcontractors.org |publisher=2022 General Contractors Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Permuy House Designation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=City of Coral Gables designates the Permuy House a landmark |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/featured/city-of-coral-gables-designates-the-permuy-house-a-landmark/ |website=www.communitynewspapers.com |publisher=Miami's Community Newspapers}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Baruj Salinas website&quot; /&gt; Wurin yana kusa da Miracle Mile, cibiyar Coral Gables ta tsakiyar gari, don haka baƙi suna iya isa gare shi cikin sauƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;GC Magazine&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Permuy House Designation&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot; /&gt; González ya kasance kusa da Marta bayan ƙaura zuwa New York kuma ya halarci nune-nunen gama gari a Permuy Gallery. &lt;ref name=&quot;UDRB article&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=Ignacio Permuy elected new chair of Miami Development Review Board |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/featured/ignacio-permuy-elected-new-chair-of-miami-development-review-board/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=www.communitynewspapers.com |publisher=Miami's Community News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan zane-zanen yana kusa da gidan mai zane na Cuban Miguel Jorge, wanda yake kusa da sauran masu fasaha na Cuban Lourdes Gomez Franca da Dionisio Perkins, kuma ya gabatar da su ga Permuys. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot; /&gt; Su ukun sun kafa ƙungiyar masu fasaha masu tasiri a Kudancin Florida waɗanda ke da himma sosai a cikin yankin Permuy Gallery.  Da zarar an buɗe gidan tarihi, Marta ta zama manaja kuma ta kula da ayyukanta, ta shirya abubuwan da suka faru, kuma ta tsara abubuwan da ta shirya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Permuy House Designation&quot; /&gt; Saboda haka, gidan tarihi ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ita kuma ta ƙulla dangantaka mai ɗorewa da masu fasaha da masu tattarawa da ke da alaƙa da ita. Duk da cewa ana gudanar da shi a matsayin gidan tarihi na fasaha na yau da kullun, Gidan Tarihi na Permuy shi ma ya shahara saboda bambancinsa da ƙa'idodin gidajen tarihi na fasaha na Amurka. Duk da yake yana da bango na gargajiya na fari, yana kuma haifar da wasu tasirin da ba a saba gani ba kamar tsire-tsire na cikin gida na wurare masu zafi da labulen tagogi masu kauri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot; /&gt; An kuma tsara Gidan Tarihi na Permuy a cikin mako-mako maimakon juyawa na baje kolin kowane wata don ba da damar ci gaba da canzawa a cikin zane-zane da kuma don a nuna ƙarin masu fasaha.

Manyan abubuwan da suka shafi Permuy Gallery sune Juma'a Gallery Nights (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;los viernes&quot; a cikin Sifaniyanci). &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta Permuy Legacy Collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=nsuworks.nova.edu |publisher=NSU Alvin Sherman Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/ &quot;Marta Permuy Legacy Collection&quot;]. ''nsuworks.nova.edu''. NSU Alvin Sherman Library&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 October&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan sun haɗa da buɗewar baje kolin giya da cuku don bayyana saitin baje kolin mako mai zuwa. Da yamma waɗannan za su rikide zuwa tarukan salon fasaha na Permuys waɗanda za su tattara shugabanni da fitattun mutane daga cikin al'ummar Kudancin Florida don tattauna fasaha, adabi, ruhaniya, siyasa, da sauran batutuwa a cikin wani yanayi wanda ya sauƙaƙa haɗin gwiwa da kuma ƙarfafa tunani.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Congressional Record text&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Maria Elvira |date=20 September 2022 |title=Honoring The Life of Marta Permuy |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/html/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.htm |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=www.govinfo.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |page=E955}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci ga masu fasaha da yawa don haɗuwa da masu tarawa na gaba kuma wasu sassan al'umma waɗanda ba su da hannu a cikin fasaha sun san su. Hakanan muhimmin wurin taron al'adu ne a cikin al'ummar 'yan gudun hijira ta Cuba a Miami da biranen da ke kewaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cuban-American Art in Miami&quot; /&gt; Wani ɓangaren al'adun gallery shine ƙirƙirar fasaha ta asali da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da wurin da kanta. Waɗannan sun haɗa da zane-zane da Jorge ya ƙirƙira wanda zai zama alamar &quot;Rufe&quot; ta gallery da kuma hoton Marta Permuy mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda Gomez Franca ya zana a gallery. &lt;ref name=&quot;Arts Coast Journal&quot;/&gt;

A cikin kimanin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, Permuy Gallery ta nuna fitattun mawakan Cuba da Latin Amurka da dama a cikin nunin mutane da rukuni. Fitattun mawakan sun hada da Lourdes Gomez Franca, Miguel (&quot;Mickey&quot;) Jorge, Dionisio (&quot;Dennis&quot;) Perkins da Juan González, Rafael Consuegra, Emilio Falero, Margarita Cano, da Gabriel Sorzano. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=City Commission Meeting - August 24, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=qC5yAqnA-WU |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=Coral Gables Television}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=qC5yAqnA-WU &quot;City Commission Meeting - August 24, 2022&quot;]. ''www.youtube.com''. Coral Gables, Florida: Coral Gables Television. 24 August 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 August&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Permuy Gallery Designated&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Permuy |first=Antonio |last2=Martinez Carbonell |first2=Karelia |date=8 December 2022 |title=Great Things Often Come From Humble Beginnings- Permuy Gallery Site Declared A Landmark |url=https://gablesinsider.com/opinion-great-things-often-come-from-humble-beginnings-permuy-gallery-site-declared-a-landmark/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=www.gablesinsider.com |publisher=Gables Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata muhimmiyar ƙungiyar mawakan da suka saba nunawa a cikin gallery kuma suka halarci bikin Juma'a ita ce Grupo GALA (GALA Group), ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙwararru ta nuna mawakan Latin a Kudancin Florida. &lt;ref name=&quot;Enrique Riveron&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Patricia |title=Patricia Lee: &quot;Enrique Riveron&quot; |url=http://www.wichitabeats.com/wichitabeats-2/memories-of-the-50s-wichita-beat-scene/patricia-lee-enrique-riveron/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124163008/https://www.wichitabeats.com/wichitabeats-2/memories-of-the-50s-wichita-beat-scene/patricia-lee-enrique-riveron/ |archive-date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=www.wichitabeats.com |publisher=Wichita Beats}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot; /&gt; GALA, wani taƙaitaccen bayani na Grupo de Artistas Latino Americanos (Rukunin Masu Fasaha na Latin Amurka) ya ƙunshi mawakan shida Baruj Salinas, Enrique Riverón, Rosana McAllister, José Mijares, Rafael Soriano, da Osvaldo Gutierrez, waɗanda yawancinsu sun riga sun shahara a Cuba. McAllister ita ce mace ɗaya tilo kuma ita ce kaɗai ba ’yar Cuba ba a cikin ƙungiyar, kasancewarta ’yar [[Argentina]] kuma ’yar asalin Ireland .  Za ta zama wata abokiyar hulɗa ta dogon lokaci ta Marta Permuy wadda Permuy za ta riƙa wakilta a wajen gidan adana kayan tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;/&gt;

Wani babban rukuni na masu fasahar Cuba da aka nuna a cikin hoton shine shahararrun masu fasahar Cuban Vanguardia, ciki har da Víctor Manuel, [[René Portocarrero]], Amelia Peláez, Wifredo Lam da kuma shahararrun masu fasahar zamani a wajen Miami kamar Cundo Bermudez . &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot;/&gt; Duk da cewa yawancin masu fasahar Vanguardia ko dai sun mutu ko kuma sun ci gaba da zama a Cuba bayan juyin juya halin Cuba, fitattun masu fasahar Cuba da yawa sun kawo ayyukansu daga Cuba zuwa Amurka kuma za su sayar da su ta hanyar gidan kayan tarihi ta hanyar ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki . &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;/&gt; Ayyukan waɗannan manyan masu fasahar tarihi za su zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu tarawa waɗanda a wannan lokacin ke neman sake kafa alaƙa da gadon al'adunsu yayin da ya bayyana a kan lokaci cewa komawa Cuba ba zai yiwu ba yayin da gwamnatin Cuba ke da wadata sosai. 

Manyan mahalarta a cikin ayyukan Marta a Permuy Gallery sun haɗa da magajin garin Miami na lokacin Maurice Ferre, mai sukar fasaha kuma mawakin Cuba Mauricio Fernández, mai kula da fasaha kuma malami na gaba Ricardo Pau-Llosa, da kuma mai tattara fasaha kuma mai kula da Latin Amurka Marcos Pinedo da matarsa ta gaba Josefina Camacho. &lt;ref name=&quot;Permuy House Designation&quot;/&gt; Duk da cewa Permuy Gallery ya kasance abin lura a matsayin wani abu mai tarihi tun farkon kafa fasahar Latin Amurka a Kudancin Florida, za a sami wasu gidajen tarihi masu mayar da hankali kan Cuba da Latin Amurka waɗanda suka fara bayyana. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980, an kafa wani gidan tarihi mai bunƙasa na gidajen tarihi da dama na Cuba a kusa da cibiyar Coral Gables da sauran aljihunan da ke girma a yankin wanda ya ba da damar kasuwar fasaha ta Latin Amurka mai dorewa ta bunƙasa a Kudancin Florida a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. 

A lokacin Permuy Gallery, Permuys sun kuma shiga cikin wasu ayyuka a cikin ƙira da haɓaka al'umma waɗanda aka haɗa da hanyar sadarwar su a gallery. A cikin 1973 sun ƙaddamar da kamfanin Permuy &amp; Associates Inc. wanda zai zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan gine-gine na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Jesús Permuy, tsare-tsaren birane, haɓakawa da ba da shawara. Marta ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin na farko yayin da lauyanta kuma wakilinta mai rijista ya kasance fitaccen mai tattara fasaha kuma Magajin Garin Coral Gables na gaba Raul Valdes-Fauli. &lt;ref name=&quot;Permuy &amp; Associates Inc.&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PERMUY &amp; ASSOCIATES INC |url=http://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResultDetail?inquirytype=EntityName&amp;directionType=Initial&amp;searchNameOrder=PERMUYASSOCIATES%204329670&amp;aggregateId=domp-432967-706c5aab-2612-4680-b868-4375f8f4dc83&amp;searchTerm=Permuy&amp;listNameOrder=PERMUY%20P010000224980 |website=www.sunbiz.org |publisher=Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidan Permuy ==
A shekarar 1976, Permuys ta sayi wani gida mai tarihi mai salon Farfaɗo da Bahar Rum a Coral Gables. An gina shi kusa da Otal ɗin Biltmore da Filin Golf a farkon zamanin Merrick na kafa birnin, an san kadarar da Alfred F. Schimek ya tsara ta kuma tana da wani ƙarin gini daga Alfred Browning Parker .  Gidan ya zama sananne a matsayin Gidan Permuy saboda alaƙarsa da ayyukan fasaha na Marta Permuy a can. &lt;ref name=&quot;Landmark Designation Report&quot; /&gt;

Ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980 sun nuna wani lokaci mai cike da rudani a rayuwar Permuy. A shekarar 1977, an rufe gidan adana kayan tarihi na Permuy yayin da iyalin suka koma gidan Permuy kuma Marta ta ba da fifiko ga renon 'ya'yanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Congressional Record text&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1978, mahaifinta, Pedro Pablo Cazañas, ya mutu a Miami.  A shekarar 1981, Jesús da Marta sun sake aure. 
[[Fayil:ThePermuyHouse2020.jpg|thumb|Gidan Permuy, babban wurin da aka gudanar da ayyukan fasaha na Marta Permuy daga baya kuma wani wuri mai tarihi na Coral Gables, Florida, kamar yadda aka gani a shekarar 2020.]]
A cikin shekarun 1980, Marta ta sake fara aikinta na fasaha gaba ɗaya, yanzu tana amfani da Gidan Permuy a matsayin tushen ayyukanta. Za ta ci gaba da ɗaukar nauyin tarurrukan salon da ta daɗe tana yi, ta gudanar da tarurruka da nune-nunen fasaha na sirri, da kuma kula da jadawalin tarurrukan zamantakewa na mako-mako tare da masu fasaha, kamar Perkins da Mijares, da masu tattarawa. Permuy kuma za ta wakilci wasu daga cikin masu fasaha da aka nuna a cikin Permuy Gallery, kamar Lourdes Gomez Franca, Perkins, da McAllister, da kuma tallafawa sabbin masu fasaha. An ambaci ayyukanta a Gidan Permuy a matsayin muhimmin wuri ga fasaha a Miami a cikin littafin Cuban-American Art in Miami: Exile, Identity and the Neo-Baroque .

Ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga Marcos Pinedo, inda ta taimaka masa wajen gina babban tarin Pinedo . Pinedo da matarsa Josefina yanzu sun yi soyayya ta farko a Permuy Gallery a watan Agusta na 1973, inda Pinedo ta fara haɗuwa da Permuy kuma ta fara haɗa shi da hanyar sadarwar masu fasaha. Tare da jagorancin Permuy, Pinedo ta zama fitacciyar mai tattara zane-zane ta Kudancin Florida a shekarun 1980 da 1990, sannan kuma mai kula da cibiyoyin tallafawa fasaha kamar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Fort Lauderdale da Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Florida . &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Salinas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Salinas |url=https://collection.nsuartmuseum.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=18411;type=101}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Lam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Lam |url=https://collection.nsuartmuseum.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=9056;type=101}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarunta na baya, Permuy ta ci gaba da tallafawa masu fasaha da aka ware, waɗanda aka kafa, da kuma waɗanda suka fito daga Gidan Permuy da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a Kudancin Florida. Masu fasaha da Permuy ta tallafa wa a shekarunta na baya sun haɗa da Neith Nevelson, Ramon Unzueta, Carlos Navarro, Josevelio Rodriguez, da Carlos Acostaneyra. &lt;ref name=&quot;Permuy Gallery Designated&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta Permuy Legacy Collection: Horses&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nevelson |first=Neith |date=20 September 2024 |title=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection: &quot;Horses&quot; |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/7/ |journal=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection |publisher=NSU Alvin Sherman Library |access-date=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya wa gidan suna a matsayin wurin tarihi na Coral Gables a shekarar 2021 saboda muhimmancinsa na al'adu da tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Permuy Gallery Designated&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Marta Permuy ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2017, a Coral Gables. Taron tunawa da ita, wanda aka gudanar a Coral Gables' Church of the Little Flower, ya haɗa da manyan manyan fasaha na Kudancin Florida da kuma al'umma, ciki har da Emilio Falero, Marcos da Josefina Pinedo . &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;/&gt; Guillermo García-Tuñón SJ, Shugaban Belen Jesuit da Darakta na Agrupación Católica Universitaria ne ya jagoranci bikin, kuma ɗanta Pedro Pablo Permuy ya gabatar da yabon ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot; /&gt;

Bayan rasuwarta, mutane da ƙungiyoyi da dama sun fahimci tasirin Permuy a fannin fasaha a Kudancin Florida da kuma fasahar da aka yi a ƙasar Cuba. A shekarar 2017, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (FL-27) wadda ta daɗe tana wakiltar Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Florida ta fitar da wata sanarwa a shafukanta na sada zumunta, inda ta ce Permuy &quot;ta yi yaƙi da Castro da jarumtaka kuma ta kasance babbar jaruma a fannin Fasahar Cuban ta Miami&quot; dangane da aikinta a gwagwarmayar Castro a lokacin juyin juya halin Cuba da kuma aikinta a fannin fasaha a Kudancin Florida. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Twitter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement on Marta Permuy's Passing |url=https://twitter.com/roslehtinen/status/915678046794993664 |website=www.twitter.com |publisher=The Office of Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Facebook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement on Marta Permuy's Passing |url=https://www.facebook.com/286546974761109/posts/1528117210604073/ |website=www.facebook.com |publisher=Office of Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara mai zuwa, Lynette Bosch, ƙwararriyar masaniyar fasaha kuma masaniyar tarihi ta Cuba ta ce &quot;Wannan duniyar fasaha ta farko ba za ta faru ba tare da su ba (Marta da Jesús Permuy).&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Arts Coast Journal&quot;/&gt;

Baya ga rawar da ta taka a matsayinta na mai zane-zane na Latin Amurka na farko da kuma dillalin zane-zane, Permuy ta bambanta da falsafar da ayyukanta na tallafawa ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot;/&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da tallafawa masu fasaha masu gwagwarmaya da tasowa ta hanyar ba su ɗakuna a cikin Gidan Permuy a matsayin wurin yin zane lokacin da ba su da damar shiga ɗakunan zane-zane, da kuma rage ko yafe kuɗin kwamishina daga tallace-tallacen zane-zane don ba wa masu fasaha mafi yawan riba.  A cikin littafinta na ''Cuban-American Art in Miami'', Bosch ya rubuta &quot;Gidan Permuy ya samar da wurin mafaka inda za su iya samun yanayi na ilimi wanda ke rage ƙishin motsin rai, tunani da al'adu.&quot;  A cikin 2020 Marcos Pinedo, mamallakin Pinedo Collection, ya ce &quot;Marta mutum ce mai ban mamaki kuma mai hankali, mai ilimi. Tana […] koyaushe tana taimaka wa wasu duk yadda za ta iya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;/&gt; An yaba wa daren Juma'a na gidan adana kayan tarihi na Permuy Gallery da kafa misali na farko na al'adar Gables Gallery Night da ke ci gaba da gudana a birnin (wanda yanzu ake gudanarwa a ranar Juma'a ta farko ta kowane wata), &lt;ref name=&quot;Gables Gallery Night&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gables Gallery Night |url=https://www.coralgables.com/events/gables-gallery-night |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=www.coralgables.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma taimakawa wajen fara haɓaka Coral Gables a matsayin babbar cibiyar gidajen adana kayan tarihi na Latin Amurka a Amurka a shekarun 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga shekarar 2018, shekara guda bayan rasuwarta, kamfanin Permuy Architecture na Coral Gables, karkashin jagorancin babban ɗan Marta Ignacio Permuy, ya fara ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin &quot;Art + Architecture&quot; na shekara-shekara don girmama gadon Permuy Gallery da tasirinsa ga fasahar Kudancin Florida. Waɗannan baje kolin sun ƙunshi ayyukan da wasu fitattun mawakan Permuy Gallery Marta ta kasance kusa da su, ciki har da Rafael Consuegra, Falero, Baruj Salinas, da Jose Mijares . &lt;ref name=&quot;Art + Architecture Exhibition&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Releases |first=Community News |date=January 20, 2020 |title=Gables architecture firm combines holiday party with art exhibition |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/featured/gables-architecture-firm-combines-holiday-party-with-art-exhibition/ |website=Miami's Community News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Permuy Architecture The Arts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Arts |url=https://permuyarchitecture.com/the-arts/ |website=www.PermuyArchitecture.com |publisher=Permuy Architecture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An rufe ayyukan Permuy Gallery da Marta Permuy da suka yi fice a fannin fasaha ta hanyar wallafe-wallafe da dama, ciki har da mujallar fasaha ta Latin American ''Resumen'', ''mujallar Arts Coast'' da ''Coral Gables News'', da kuma a cikin littattafai kamar ''Outside Cuba: Contemporary Cuban Visual Artists'', (1989) ''Breaking Barriers'', (1997) da kuma ''Cuban-American Art in Miami: Exile, Identity, da Neo-Baroque'' (2004) inda aka haɗa ta cikin waɗanda suka kafa al'ummar fasaha ta Cuban ta Miami.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Arts Coast Journal&quot;/&gt;  

A shekarar 2021, an sanya Gidan Permuy a matsayin wurin tarihi na Birnin Coral Gables kuma an saka shi a cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Coral Gables &lt;ref name=&quot;Coral Gables Historic Registry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=City of Coral Gables Locally Designated Properties: Coral Gables Register of Historic Places |url=https://www.coralgables.com/media/Historical%20Resources/Landmarks/CGRegister-thru%2012-01-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227070047/https://www.coralgables.com/media/Historical%20Resources/Landmarks/CGRegister-thru%2012-01-2021.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-27 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=www.coralgables.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables}}&lt;/ref&gt; bisa ga al'adu da tarihi saboda kusancinsa da aikin Marta Permuy a matsayin babban tushen ayyukanta na fasaha tsawon sama da shekaru arba'in. &lt;ref name=&quot;Historic Preservation Board Vote&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HP04212021 |url=https://coralgables.granicus.com/player/clip/1570?view_id=4&amp;redirect=true |website=www.coralgables.granicus.com.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Rahoton Alamar Alamar Gida na kadarar, Sashen Albarkatun Tarihi da Al'adu na Coral Gables ya ce &quot;Marta ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa [...] ƙaddamar da tallafawa masu fasaha na Cuba. Gidan wani muhimmin abu ne da zai taimaka mana wajen tunawa da girmama ƙoƙarinta.&quot;  Daga baya ''Coral Gables News'' ta rufe wannan sunan inda aka nuna shi a matsayin labarin farko na wannan fitowar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coral Gables News&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coral Gables Designates Permuy House |url=https://en.calameo.com/read/002791721687c5956bf25?language=en&amp;page=1&amp;view=slide |website=www.en.calameo.com |publisher=Coral Gables News |access-date=2026-02-03 |archive-date=2022-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107200724/https://en.calameo.com/read/002791721687c5956bf25?language=en&amp;page=1&amp;view=slide |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin Coral Gables ya kuma fitar da wata sanarwa ta hukuma wacce ke bayyana mahimmancin Gidan Permuy ta hanyar gudummawar al'adu na Marta da Jesús Permuy. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gables Insider July 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 July 2022 |title=The Permuy House At 1544 Sopera Earns Historic Designation: Official City of Coral Gables Press Release |url=https://gablesinsider.com/the-permuy-house-at-1544-sopera-earns-historic-designation/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=www.gablesinsider.com |publisher=© 2022 Gables Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan an sanya masa suna mai muhimmanci, an yi amfani da gidan don nuna shirin adana tarihi na birnin kuma an buga shi a ''Gables Insider'' da kuma sashin eNews na birnin Coral Gables mai suna &quot;Kiyaye Tarihinmu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coral Gables E-News July 20, 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=E-NEWS: July 20, 2022: Preserving our history |url=https://myemail.constantcontact.com/The-latest-news-for-you--The-hunt-for-air-potatoes--Volunteers-needed-for-a-restoration-project-at-Camp-Mahachee--and-more-.html?soid=1119517809358&amp;aid=Fb4aoT-YXGM |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=www.myemail.constantcontact.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2022, an yi bukukuwa da dama da suka nuna cika shekaru 50 da kaddamar da Permuy Gallery da kuma cika shekaru biyar da mutuwarta. A ranar 24 ga Agusta, Magajin Garin Coral Gables Vince Lago da Hukumar Birnin sun gabatar da sanarwar Birni da ta ayyana ranar haihuwarta ta 22 ga Satumba a matsayin &quot;Ranar Marta T. Permuy&quot; a Coral Gables domin girmama tasirin al'adunta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot;/&gt; A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 'Yar Majalisa Maria Elvira Salazar (FL-27) ta gabatar da wata sanarwa a cikin kundin tarihin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka mai taken &quot;Girmama Rayuwar Marta Permuy,&quot; don girmama fafutukarta da gadonta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Congressional Record page&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rep. Maria Elvira Salazar |date=20 September 2022 |title=Congressional Record — Extension of Remarks |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/pdf/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.pdf |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=www.infogov.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |page=E955}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRep._Maria_Elvira_Salazar2022&quot;&gt;Rep. Maria Elvira Salazar (20 September 2022). [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/pdf/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.pdf &quot;Congressional Record — Extension of Remarks&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''www.infogov.gov''. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office. p.&amp;nbsp;E955&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 September&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, Hukumar Kare Tarihi ta Coral Gables ta kada kuri'a baki daya don ayyana tsohon wurin da aka gina Permuy Gallery a matsayin wurin tarihi na Coral Gables saboda muhimmancinsa na Tarihi na Al'adu wajen girmama alaƙar fasaha da al'adu da ke da alaƙa da kadarori, musamman gudummawar da Permuy Gallery da ayyukan fasaha na Miguel Jorge da Marta Permuy suka bayar. &lt;ref name=&quot;CG Historic Preservation Board 11-16-22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 November 2022 |title=Historic Preservation Board Meeting November 16, 2022 |url=https://coralgables.granicus.com/player/clip/1811?view_id=4&amp;redirect=true&amp;h=28e90e25b7ccd795720a77c4b4d4f103 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=www.coralgables.granicus.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables |format=Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Mayun 2022, Ricardo Pau-Llosa ya yi magana game da gadon Permuy Gallery da tasirinsa, yana mai cewa &quot;tashar farko ta farko ta abin da daga baya zai zama alamar Coral Gables: cibiyar fasahar Latin Amurka,&quot; da kuma &quot;farkon, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin […] Miami a matsayin 'birni mai fadin hemispheric' - inda fasahar Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Latin Amurka, da Afirka suka haɗu a kan daidaito.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;SFMN 1972&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Permuy |first=Antonio |last2=Cosio |first2=Leo |date=27 December 2022 |title=Revisiting 1972: the year that made modern Miami |url=https://sfmn.fiu.edu/dolphins-democratic-convention-1972-nixon-miami/ |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=www.sfmn.fiu.edu |publisher=South Florida Media Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, Shirin Vasari ya ƙirƙiri wani rumbun adana bayanai ga Marta Permuy saboda muhimmancin aikinta na fasaha ga Kudancin Florida da kuma al'ummar Cuba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vasari Project archives&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Permuy, Marta |url=https://mdpls.na.iiivega.com/search/card?id=375d73c4-487c-11ee-a464-c7945de0a4cc&amp;entityType=Agent |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=www.mdpls.na.iiivega.com |publisher=Miami-Dade Public Library System}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin Laburaren Jama'a na Miami-Dade ne ke kula da Shirin Vasari don tattara bayanai masu mahimmanci game da yankin Gundumar Miami-Dade daga zamanin Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] zuwa yanzu don bincike, tallafin karatu, da kuma dalilai na kiyayewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vasari Project&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Vasari Project: A Compendium of Collections and Collecting in Miami |url=https://mdpls.org/vasari |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=www.mdpls.org |publisher=Miami-Dade Public Library System}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2024, An kafa Tarin Marta Permuy Legacy a cikin Laburaren Alvin Sherman, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin jihar Florida da wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Nova Southeast University, tare da gudummawar jikanta, Antonio Permuy . &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta Permuy Legacy Collection&quot;/&gt; Tarin fasaha ya haɗa da ayyukan asali na Neith Nevelson, Pedro Hernandez, Mario Torroella, Margarita Cano, Edel Alvarez Galban, Adriano Nicot, Miguel Fleitas da sauransu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta Permuy Legacy Collection&quot; /&gt;

== Iyali da zuri'a ==
An haifi Marta Cazañas Permuy a cikin wasu fitattun iyalai 'yan Cuba. Mahaifiyarta, Raquel M. Díaz y Teresa de Cazañas, an haife ta ne a San Jose de los Ramos kuma 'yar José Lorenzo Díaz ce, memba na hukumar shari'a ta Cuba. Iyalinta kuma an san su a yankin da bayar da kuɗi don gina coci a babban yankin Colón don maye gurbin ƙaramin cocin da ya kasance wurin taron addini na al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&amp;pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&amp;pid=196272287 &quot;Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary&quot;]. ''Legacy.com''. 29 May 2020.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot;/&gt; Marta ta kula da mahaifiyarta a Gidan Permuy a shekarunta na ƙarshe har zuwa rasuwarta a 1992.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation&quot; /&gt;

Mahaifinta alkali ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Cuba Pedro Pablo Cazañas daga cikin attajiran dangin Cazañas na masu filaye na yankin Matanzas. Kakar Marta ita ce mai son jama'a kuma mai arziki Enriqueta García Martín de Cazañas . Yawancin tarbiyyar Marta da 'yan'uwanta sun faru ne a gidajen iyalan Buena Vista da Dos Rosas a yankin Cárdenas ta hannun Varadero . Dangane da zuriyar mahaifinta, Marta ta fito ne daga dangin Peraza da Bobadilla na ƙasar Spain.

Ɗan'uwan Marta, Eduardo Enrique Cazañas Díaz, shi ne mutum na farko a cikin danginsu da ya isa Amurka a shekarar 1959, inda ya zauna a Rhode Island da Florida. Yayin da Yaƙin Vietnam ya tsananta a cikin shekarun 1960, ya shiga rundunar sojojin Amurka da son rai tare da matsayin SP-4, ƙwararren mai binciken makamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vietnam Memorial&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE WALL OF FACES |url=http://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/8544/EDWARDO-E-CAZANAS-DIAZ/ |website=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mutu a yaƙi a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1967, yana da shekaru 22. A matsayinsa na ɗan gudun hijira ɗan ƙasar Cuba kuma ɗan Pedro Pablo Cazañas, an ba da labarin mutuwarsa a kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ingilishi da Sifaniya, ciki har da ''Diario Las Americas'' .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Eduardo Cazanas article&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=For adopted country: Cuban Gives Life |url=https://www.vvmf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cazanas-Diasz-Edwardo-obit.jpg |website=www.vvmf.org |publisher=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya karɓi Purple Heart bayan mutuwarsa saboda ayyukansa kuma an haɗa shi cikin Taron Tunawa da Tsoffin Sojojin Vietnam a Washington DC &lt;ref name=&quot;Vietnam Memorial&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=March 14, 1973 |title=Housing Official Quits And Joins Miami Firm |url=https://miamiherald.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:114CF48AE24B9638@NGPA-FLMH-15FAA3F448E80B99@2441756-15F95C85C0915E01@27-15F95C85C0915E01@?search_terms=Jesus+Permuy&amp;text=Jesus_Permuy&amp;pub%5B0%5D=114CF48AE24B9638&amp;page=1 |accessdate=October 8, 2018 |work=The Miami Herald |page=12BW}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake renon 'ya'yanta, Marta za ta shirya tafiye-tafiyen iyali na Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwa ta shekara-shekara zuwa wurin tunawa da shi a Fort Lauderdale, Florida . &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;/&gt;

Marta ta kasance surukar sanannen likitan kwakwalwa, marubuci, kuma shugaban Agrupación Católica Universitaria René de la Huerta (1920-2003) ta hanyar aurensa da 'yar'uwarta Raquel.[1] Saboda haka Marta mahaifiyar marubuciya ce kuma jagoran ruhaniya Christian de la Huerta, ɗansu.

Marta ta haifi 'ya'ya bakwai a lokacin aurenta da Jesús Permuy . Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansu maza shine Pedro Pablo Permuy, tsohon babban mai ba da shawara ga [[Madeleine Albright]] kuma daga baya [[Bill Clinton|Shugaba Bill Clinton]] ya naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu . &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=March 14, 1973 |title=Housing Official Quits And Joins Miami Firm |url=https://miamiherald.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:114CF48AE24B9638@NGPA-FLMH-15FAA3F448E80B99@2441756-15F95C85C0915E01@27-15F95C85C0915E01@?search_terms=Jesus+Permuy&amp;text=Jesus_Permuy&amp;pub%5B0%5D=114CF48AE24B9638&amp;page=1 |accessdate=October 8, 2018 |work=The Miami Herald |page=12BW}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita kuma goggon mama ce ga wanda ya kafa MasTec Jorge Mas Canosa ta hanyar auren 'yarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Miami's Community Newspapers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2018 |title=Ros-Lehtinen, other community leaders salute Jesús Permuy |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/coral-gables-news/ros-lehtinen-other-community-leaders-salute-jesus-permuy/ |website=www.communitynewspapers.com |publisher=Miami's Community News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Ya'yanta sun ci gaba da himma a fannin fasaha a matsayin masu tattara fasaha da masu tallafawa kuma jikokinta sun haɗa da masu fasaha, masu kula da fasaha, da masu suka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Congressional Record page&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Crow's Nest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moore Jr |first=Michael |date=May 2, 2019 |title=Student leaves colorful legacy on campus – The Crow's Nest at USF St. Petersburg |url=https://crowsneststpete.com/2019/05/02/student-leaves-colorful-legacy-on-campus/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Florida State University&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Sculpture 1 Students Show New Work at MoFA |url=https://art.fsu.edu/sculpture-1-students-show-new-work-at-mofa/ |website=www.art.fsu.edu |publisher=Florida State University Department of Art |access-date=3 February 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114123938/https://art.fsu.edu/sculpture-1-students-show-new-work-at-mofa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CAI Salinas review&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Permuy |first=Antonio |date=3 August 2022 |title=Baruj Salinas: A Focus on the Infinite |url=https://www.contemporaryartissue.com/baruj-salinas-a-focus-on-the-infinite/ |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=www.contemporaryartissue.com |publisher=Contemporary Art Issue, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Fasahar Cuba
* Fasaha ta Latin Amurka
* 'Yan Cuba a Miami

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naj Austin</title>
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Najla Austin babbar jami'ar kasuwanci ce ta Amurka. Ita ce ta kafa kuma babbar jami'ar kula da lafiyar jama'a ta Ethel's Club da kuma dandalin sada zumunta na Somewhere Good.

== Sana'a ==
Austin ta fara aikinta a fannin gidaje. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=Naj Austin Centers People of Color Through Tech Platforms Focused on Wellness and Community |url=https://www.wellandgood.com/naj-austin-ethels-club-somewhere-good/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Well+Good |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yanke shawarar neman ƙungiyar zamantakewa da kuma wurin aiki tare ga mutanen da ba su da launin fata da ke zaune a Williamsburg, Brooklyn, bayan da ta sami matsala wajen neman mai baƙar fata mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali . A watan Janairun 2019, ta wallafa a shafin Instagram don tantance masu sha'awar ƙungiyar zamantakewa kuma ta sami jerin mutane 4,000 da ke jira. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lagorio-Chafkin |first=Christine |title=Ethel's Club xxx is on Inc.'s 2019 Female Founders 100 list |url=https://www.inc.com/profile/najla-austin |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Inc.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kafa Ethel's Club jim kaɗan bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stengel |first=Geri |title=A Black Female Founder Pivots To Meet The Challenges Of Coronavirus |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/geristengel/2020/03/23/a-black-female-founder-pivots-to-meet-the-challenges-of-coronavirus/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi amfani da gidan yanar gizon iFundWomen don tara dala 26,000 don biyan kuɗin fara kasuwanci kuma ta buɗe ƙungiyar a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019 a Brooklyn . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Marguerite |last2=Hadden |first2=Joey |date=12 March 2020 |title=I toured a Brooklyn 'social club' for people of color that has its own theater and offers group therapy sessions. Here's what it was like inside the trendy offices that could be the future of coworking spaces. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/look-inside-ethels-club-social-club-for-people-of-color-brooklyn#its-in-brooklyns-east-williamsburg-neighborhood-2 |website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya wa kasuwancin suna ne bayan kakar Austin, Ethel Lucas, wacce ta kasance mai shirya al'umma mai himma wacce aka san ta da tarurrukan zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lansat |first=Myelle |date=2021-03-17 |title=An interview with Naj Austin |url=https://www.policygenius.com/blog/an-interview-with-naj-austin/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Policygenius |language=English |archive-date=2021-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015224433/https://www.policygenius.com/blog/an-interview-with-naj-austin/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar, wacce yanzu take da dandamali na dijital, tana da mambobi kusan 1,500 a watan Disamba na 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liu |first=Jennifer |date=24 December 2020 |title=In a devastating year for people of color, founder Naj Austin built community across time and space |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/24/naj-austin-built-two-inclusive-communities-for-people-of-color-when-they-needed-it-most-ho.html |access-date=14 October 2021 |website=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biggs |first=Caroline |date=2021-02-02 |title=Naj Austin Is Building a Healing, More Inclusive Space for People of Color |url=https://www.marthastewart.com/8052507/naj-austin-of-ethels-club |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Martha Stewart |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoban 2020, an zaɓi Austin don yin jawabi a shirin [[Time 100|Time100]] Talks wanda [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|Meghan Markle]] da Prince Harry suka shirya. 

Austin ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sigar dandamalin sada zumunta na Somewhere Good a watan Janairun 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc&quot;/&gt; Ta sami tallafin dala miliyan 3.75 don gina manhajar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Marguerite |last2=Hadden |first2=Joey |date=12 March 2020 |title=I toured a Brooklyn 'social club' for people of color that has its own theater and offers group therapy sessions. Here's what it was like inside the trendy offices that could be the future of coworking spaces. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/look-inside-ethels-club-social-club-for-people-of-color-brooklyn#its-in-brooklyns-east-williamsburg-neighborhood-2 |website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma an tsara ta ne ga mutanen da ba su da launin fata kuma za ta sami masu gudanarwa da kuma ƙa'idar ɗabi'a ta membobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lansat |first=Myelle |date=2021-03-17 |title=An interview with Naj Austin |url=https://www.policygenius.com/blog/an-interview-with-naj-austin/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Policygenius |language=English |archive-date=2021-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015224433/https://www.policygenius.com/blog/an-interview-with-naj-austin/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Austin ta kuma ƙaddamar da alamar Form No Form, wani dandamalin fina-finai na awanni 24. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biggs |first=Caroline |date=2021-02-02 |title=Naj Austin Is Building a Healing, More Inclusive Space for People of Color |url=https://www.marthastewart.com/8052507/naj-austin-of-ethels-club |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Martha Stewart |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Austin yana zaune a Brooklyn . Austin yana da 'yan'uwa biyar ciki har da Mujai Austin. &lt;ref name=&quot;aptherapy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=My Healthy Home: How Ethel's Club's Naj Austin Designed Her Brownstone Apartment to Promote Rest |url=https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/ethels-club-founder-naj-austin-house-tour-photos-36945007 |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Apartment Therapy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Accolades ==

* 2019 – [[Inc. (mujallar)|''Inc.'']], Mata Masu Kafa Gida 100 &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lagorio-Chafkin |first=Christine |title=Ethel's Club xxx is on Inc.'s 2019 Female Founders 100 list |url=https://www.inc.com/profile/najla-austin |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Inc.com |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLagorio-Chafkin&quot;&gt;Lagorio-Chafkin, Christine. [https://www.inc.com/profile/najla-austin &quot;Ethel's Club xxx is on Inc.'s 2019 Female Founders 100 list&quot;]. ''Inc.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-10-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 – &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwZA&quot;&gt;Lokaci Ya Fito Matan Shekara na New York&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;timeoutny&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Feldman |first=Adam |date=2020-02-18 |title=Toast Time Out New York's Women of the Year |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/things-to-do/women-of-the-year-new-yorkers-making-the-city-even-better |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Time Out New York |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Matilene Berryman</title>
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'''Matilene Spencer Berryman''' (Disamba 8, 1920 &amp;#x2013; Mayu 6, 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United States Social Security Death Index |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JT1Q-X2Q |access-date=17 July 2016 |website=FamilySearch}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) ƙwararren masanin teku ne kuma lauya. Asalinsa daga gundumar Prince Edward, Virginia . 

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Berryman a Darlington Heights, Prince Edward County, Virginia, ga iyayensa Mary da Charles Spencer. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Staff |first=MSRC |date=2021 |title=Berryman, Matilene Spencer |url=https://dh.howard.edu/finaid_manu/272/ |journal=Manuscript Division Finding Aids |language= |access-date=2023-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta biyar cikin 'ya'ya tara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Berryman ta sami digirin farko a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar Amurka da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin harkokin ruwa, inda ta mai da hankali kan nazarin teku da injiniyan sonar  daga Jami'ar Rhode Island .  Berryman sau da yawa tana samun kanta a matsayin mace ɗaya tilo a makarantarta ko wurin aikinta, inda masu lura suka lura cewa Berryman &quot;ita ce kaɗai ke wakiltar jinsinta a cikin ajin injiniyan sonar na ɗalibai 46 a Jami'ar Penn State.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African-American leaders made history at DLA predecessor agency |url=https://www.dla.mil/About-DLA/News/News-Article-View/Article/1728890/african-american-leaders-made-history-at-dla-predecessor-agency/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dla.mil%2FAbout-DLA%2FNews%2FNews-Article-View%2FArticle%2F1728890%2Fafrican-american-leaders-made-history-at-dla-predecessor-agency%2F |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Defense Logistics Agency |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1957, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Staff |first=MSRC |date=2021 |title=Berryman, Matilene Spencer |url=https://dh.howard.edu/finaid_manu/272/ |journal=Manuscript Division Finding Aids |language= |access-date=2023-10-16}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStaff2021&quot;&gt;Staff, MSRC (2021). [https://dh.howard.edu/finaid_manu/272/ &quot;Berryman, Matilene Spencer&quot;]. ''Manuscript Division Finding Aids''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ta shiga Ofishin Navy Oceanographic na Amurka da ke Maryland kuma ta koyar da darussa kan kididdiga da yanayin teku da sautin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa ga jami'an ajiyar jiragen ruwa na Amurka da na ƙasashen waje.  Berryman farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar ruwa a Jami'ar Gundumar Columbia da ke Washington, DC, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Kimiyyar Muhalli daga 1970 zuwa 1981.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Berryman babbar mai fafutukar kare ilimi ce, wanda hakan ya sa aka naɗa ta a matsayin Manajan Kimiyyar Jiki a Ofishin Zartarwa na Shugaban Majalisar Ƙasa kan Bincike da Ci Gaban Ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ta hanyar wannan naɗin, ta yi aiki a kwamitin wucin gadi don haɓaka damar aiki ga tsiraru a fannin kimiyyar ruwa da nazarin teku. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An kuma naɗa Berryman a matsayin mamba a Cibiyar Takardun Tsaro (DDC) inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mace tilo a majalisar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=DSA News African American History |url=https://www.dla.mil/About-DLA/Images/igphoto/2002078403/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.dla.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt; Berryman ta shahara da ɗabi'ar aikinta a tsakanin takwarorinta, tare da bayanan da ke cewa, &quot;ba ta da lokacin shirya teburinta, ta lashe matsayi na farko a fannin aikin allura a Cibiyar Nunin Gida, da kuma gabatar da shawararta ta farko mai amfani lokacin da wasiƙar ta iso&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Naɗin Berryman babban ɓangare ne na ƙoƙarinta na ɗaga darajar matasa da tsiraru a fannin nazarin teku da kimiyya, fannoni da take sha'awarsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Ɗaya daga cikin sukar da Berryman ya yi wa cibiyoyin kimiyyar teku, musamman jami'o'i na shekaru 2 da 4, shine raguwar ilimin jama'a da ake da shi a fannonin nazarin teku dangane da faɗaɗar fannin cikin sauri. An ambato Berryman a cikin ɗaya daga cikin takardunta tana cewa, &quot;A cikin damuwarmu game da fa'idodin duniya mai kyau da kuma E-s guda uku na Muhalli, Makamashi, da Tattalin Arziki, mun rage mahimmancin babbar matsala - E-s na Ilimi&quot;. Berryman ta yi imanin cewa ilimi &quot;shine mabuɗin da zai iya haifar da bambanci tsakanin talauci mai tsanani da kuma yawan dukiyar wannan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na al'umma&quot;, kuma tana da sha'awar faɗaɗa damammaki don ilimin jama'a. Ta ci gaba da karatunta ta hanyar samun digirin shari'a daga Jami'ar Howard . 

=== Aikin shari'a ===
An shigar da Berryman a Kotun Shari'a ta Gundumar Columbia a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1975. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta kafa wata cibiyar shari'a a fannin shari'a ta farar hula, muhalli, da kuma shari'ar ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A cewar Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Rauni ta Ƙasa, ta fara aiki na cikakken lokaci a matsayin mai aikin lauya ita kaɗai a 1983. Ta ƙware a fannin shari'a amma kuma ta yi aiki a fannin shari'ar rauni . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An hana Berryman yin aikin lauya a 2000 saboda haɗa kuɗaɗen gidaje da nata da kuma gaza cika ayyukan shari'a da ya rataya a wuyanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United States Social Security Death Index |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JT1Q-X2Q |access-date=17 July 2016 |website=FamilySearch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Littattafai ===
Berryman ya rubuta ''Lakca Mai Bayani kan Sautin Ruwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa'' a shekarar 1965 da ''Takaitaccen Bayani game da Tides da Currents'' a shekarar 1967 '','' waɗanda Ofishin Naval Oceanographic na Amurka ya buga duka biyun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Staff |first=MSRC |date=2021 |title=Berryman, Matilene Spencer |url=https://dh.howard.edu/finaid_manu/272/ |journal=Manuscript Division Finding Aids |language= |access-date=2023-10-16}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStaff2021&quot;&gt;Staff, MSRC (2021). [https://dh.howard.edu/finaid_manu/272/ &quot;Berryman, Matilene Spencer&quot;]. ''Manuscript Division Finding Aids''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Berryman ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna ''Science of Man's Environment: principles of science and technology for environmental, marine, engineering, and ocean science technology'', wanda aka buga a shekarar 1986.  Haka kuma a shekarar 1986, Berryman ya sake tsara wani ɓangare na ''Science of Man's Environment'' don buga ''Impact of Man on the Environment: Pollution and Radiation'', wanda ke game da dokar muhalli. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1978, Berryman ya buga ''Education--The Bridge to Ocean Exploration'' wanda ke bayani dalla-dalla kan shirin Fasahar Kimiyyar Ruwa a Jami'ar Gundumar Columbia.  Berryman ya rubuta wata takarda mai suna ''Tidal Energy and the Energy Crisis--An Assessment of Technology and the Interrelationship'' a shekarar 1979, inda ya tattauna rikicin makamashi tare da mai da hankali kan makamashin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African-American leaders made history at DLA predecessor agency |url=https://www.dla.mil/About-DLA/News/News-Article-View/Article/1728890/african-american-leaders-made-history-at-dla-predecessor-agency/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dla.mil%2FAbout-DLA%2FNews%2FNews-Article-View%2FArticle%2F1728890%2Fafrican-american-leaders-made-history-at-dla-predecessor-agency%2F |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Defense Logistics Agency |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Berryman ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu tare da Samuel T. Berryman, Dr. Sherrill Berryman Johnson da D'Michelle Berryman. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Dr. Sherrill Berryman Johnson (1947–2010) ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Howard tana koyar da rawa, ta kafa shirin digiri na farko na Jami'ar Howard a fannin rawa, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fafutukar kare al'adu ta hanyar koyarwa da bincike kan rawa ta duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United States Social Security Death Index |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JT1Q-X2Q |access-date=17 July 2016 |website=FamilySearch}}&lt;/ref&gt; D'Michelle Berryman (1957–1995) ta yi aiki a fannin ruwa, lauya ce, kuma injiniya. Berryman ta shiga cikin ayyukan 'ya'yanta biyu kuma ta shiga cikin al'umma ta hanyar Cocin Shiloh Baptist na Washington, DC. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Ta rasu a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2003, a Washington DC &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; An ba da takardunta na sirri ga Cibiyar Bincike ta Moorland-Spingarn a shekarar 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United States Social Security Death Index |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JT1Q-X2Q |access-date=17 July 2016 |website=FamilySearch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marie Bernard</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="11778" sha1="16i1zu0yk7u1has4mt2gfcynjjs9v0t" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Marie A. Bernard, MD''' likita ce 'yar Amurka. Ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Kimiyyar Bambancin Ma'aikata a Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa (NIH). Kafin wannan, ita ce mataimakiyar darakta ta Cibiyar Kula da Tsufa ta Ƙasa a NIH, da kuma babbar likitan tsofaffi na cibiyoyin, inda ta kula da kimanin dala biliyan 3.1 a cikin binciken da ya mayar da hankali kan tsufa da [[cutar Alzheimer]] . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NIH |first=Office of Research for Women's Health |date=2025-02-03 |title=Biography for Marie A. Bernard, M.D. |url=https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405235630/https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bernard ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Ba da Shawara ga Daraktan Ƙungiyar Aiki ta NIH kan Bambancin Ra'ayi, Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Kwamitin Gudanarwa ta NIH kan DEIA, da kuma shirin NIH UNITE da aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2021 don gano da magance duk wani wariyar launin fata da ka iya wanzuwa a cikin NIH da kuma a duk faɗin ma'aikatan likitanci da ɗabi'a. Ta kuma jagoranci haɓaka ''Tsarin Dabaru na NIH na Shekarar Kuɗi na 2023 - 2027 don Bambancin Ra'ayi, Daidaito, Haɗawa, da Samun Dama (DEIA)'' kuma ta yi aiki a kan aiwatar da shi.

Ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gudanar da Hadaka, wanda ke haɓaka shiga cikin binciken asibiti ta hanyar jinsi/jinsi, launin fata/ƙabila, da shekaru. Ta kuma jagoranci maƙasudai biyu na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam na Lafiyar Mutane 2020: 1) Tsofaffi, da 2) [[Dementia|Hauka]], gami da [[cutar Alzheimer]] . Kafin ta isa NIH a 2008, Bernard ya yi aiki a matsayin Donald W. Reynolds Shugaba a fannin Magungunan Gari da kuma shugaban da ya kafa Sashen Magungunan Gari na Donald W. Reynolds a Kwalejin Magunguna ta Jami'ar Oklahoma, da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Kula da Gari da Tsawaita Kulawa a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tsofaffin Sojoji ta Oklahoma.

Abubuwan da Bernard ke sha'awa a bincike sun haɗa da [[abinci mai gina jiki]] da aiki a cikin [[Ageing|tsofaffi]], musamman ma ga ƙananan kabilu .

Bernard ta sami kyaututtuka biyu na ƙasa saboda jagorancinta a fannin likitancin tsofaffi: kyautar Kent ta 2014 ta ƙungiyar Gerontological Society of America ; da kyautar Clark Tibbits ta 2013 ta ƙungiyar Gerontology in Higher Education. Dr. Bernard ta yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2024.

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Bernard ta sami horon digirinta na farko a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr a shekarar 1972, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Bryn-Mawr-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Campeggio |first=Diana |title=Marie Bernard '72 receives Gerontological Society of America Award |url=http://alumnews.blogs.brynmawr.edu/2014/08/14/marie-bernard-72-receives-award-by-gerontological-society-of-america/ |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=Bryn Mawr College}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta kammala karatun ''digiri na biyu'' da girmamawa a fannin sinadarai sannan ta sami digirin MD daga Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar 1976.  Ta yi horo a fannin likitancin ciki a Asibitin Jami'ar Temple da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, inda ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban mazauninta . Bayan zamanta, Bernard ta ci gaba da aikinta a Makarantar Magunguna ta Temple, ta fara koyarwa a fannin likitanci, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin likitanci a Sashen Magungunan Cikin Gida na Gabaɗaya, Daraktan Asibitocin Lafiya, da Mataimakin Shugaba na Shiga Jami'a. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;AGS-profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The American Geriatrics Society |title=Marie A. Bernard, MD |url=http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112939/http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=The American Geriatrics Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1990, Bernard ta shiga Jami'ar Oklahoma don gina shirye-shiryenta na ilimi da bincike kan tsofaffi . Har zuwa lokacin da ta koma NIA, Bernard ita ce daraktar da ta kafa Sashen Kula da Lafiyar Gari na Reynolds na Oklahoma, Sashen Kula da Lafiyar Gari na uku a Amurka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Q&amp;A with Marie A. Bernard, deputy director of the National Institute on Aging {{!}} medicine.duke.edu |url=https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=medicine.duke.edu |archive-date=2020-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818141521/https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga kafa da kuma jagorantar sashen, Dr. Bernard ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Kula da Lafiyar Gari da Tsawaita Kulawa a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tsoffin Sojoji ta Oklahoma City.  &lt;ref name=&quot;AGS-profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The American Geriatrics Society |title=Marie A. Bernard, MD |url=http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112939/http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=The American Geriatrics Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFThe_American_Geriatrics_Society&quot;&gt;The American Geriatrics Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112939/http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ &quot;Marie A. Bernard, MD&quot;]. The American Geriatrics Society. Archived from [http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112939/http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ |date=2015-04-02 }} on 2015-04-02&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bernard ya sami ƙarin horo ta hanyar Cibiyar Bincike kan Ayyukan Lafiya ta Ƙungiyar Kwalejojin Likitanci ta Amurka, Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gariatric ta Pennsylvania, da kuma shirin Ci gaban Zartarwa na Makarantar Wharton.  &lt;ref name=&quot;GSA-press-release&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The Gerontological Society of America |title=Bernard selected for GSA's 2014 Donald P. Kent Award |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/tgso-bsf071714.php |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=EurekAlert |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010928/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/tgso-bsf071714.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bernard ta jagoranci ci gaban Tsarin Binciken Bambancin Lafiya na Cibiyar Kasa kan Tsufa, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2015, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan tantance ci gaba da damammaki a cikin bincike kan bambance-bambancen lafiya tsakanin kabilu da kabilu da suka shafi tsufa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Q&amp;A with Marie A. Bernard, deputy director of the National Institute on Aging {{!}} medicine.duke.edu |url=https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=medicine.duke.edu |archive-date=2020-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818141521/https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2021, an nada ta a matsayin Babbar Jami'a don Bambancin Ma'aikata a Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2021 |title=NIH names Dr. Marie A. Bernard as Chief Officer for Scientific Workforce Diversity |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-names-dr-marie-bernard-chief-officer-scientific-workforce-diversity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bernard ta kuma jagoranci kwamitin mace mai launin fata na Ƙungiyar Aiki ta NIH kan Mata a Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NIH |first=Office of Research for Women's Health |date=2025-02-03 |title=Biography for Marie A. Bernard, M.D. |url=https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405235630/https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2024}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNIH2025&quot;&gt;NIH, Office of Research for Women's Health (2025-02-03). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240405235630/https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf &quot;Biography for Marie A. Bernard, M.D.&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Archived from [https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on April 5, 2024.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarorin da aka samu a fannin likitanci da bincike ==

* Wanda ya lashe kyautar 2023 a cikin Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society
* Kyautar Amintaccen Gidauniyar John A. Hartford ta 2022
* Lakca ta 2020 Barbara Payne a fannin Gerontology, Jami'ar Jihar Georgia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Q&amp;A with Marie A. Bernard, deputy director of the National Institute on Aging {{!}} medicine.duke.edu |url=https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=medicine.duke.edu |archive-date=2020-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818141521/https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Kent ta 2014, Gerontological Society of America (wanda ake bayarwa kowace shekara ga memba na Ƙungiyar &quot;wanda ya fi misalta mafi girman ƙa'idodi na jagoranci na ƙwararru a fannin ilimin gerontology&quot;) &lt;ref name=&quot;GSA-press-release&quot;/&gt;
* Kyautar Clark Tibbits ta 2013, Ƙungiyar Ilimin Gerontology a Ilimi Mai Girma (saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga ilimin gerontology da ilimin tsofaffi) &lt;ref name=&quot;Tibbits&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Association for Gerontology in Higher Education |title=Clark Tibbits Award |url=https://www.aghe.org/membership/awards/clark-tibbits-award |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=Association for Gerontology in Higher Education (AGHE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar 2008 50 sama da 50, AARP, Babi na Oklahoma &lt;ref name=&quot;Muskegee-Phoenix&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muskegee Phoenix |date=14 September 2008 |title=AARP honors 50 Oklahomans at anniversary celebration |url=http://www.muskogeephoenix.com/archives/aarp-honors-oklahomans-at-anniversary-celebration/article_b8449c95-7905-561a-a854-1084175b1f47.html |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=Muskegee Phoenix}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Pathmakers ta 2007, Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Oklahoma City/County &lt;ref name=&quot;Edmond Sun&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=10-9 Local News |date=Oct 9, 2007 |title=Oklahoma City/County Historical Society honors Bernard |url=http://www.edmondsun.com/news/local_news/local-news/article_81cf3d56-0c7a-567a-b915-f446c9452835.html?TNNoMobile |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=The Edmond Sun |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212132023/http://www.edmondsun.com/news/local_news/local-news/article_81cf3d56-0c7a-567a-b915-f446c9452835.html?TNNoMobile |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2007-2010 Babban Malamin Jagoranci na Hartford &lt;ref name=&quot;ADGAP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Association of Directors of Geriatric Academic Programs |title=Leadership |url=http://adgap.americangeriatrics.org/adgap-programs/leadership/ |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=Association of Directors of Geriatric Academic Programs (ADGAP)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Monica Baskin</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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Monica Baskin ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam 'yar Amurka ce, farfesa ce a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Alabama da ke Birmingham . Bincikenta ya yi la'akari da bambance-bambancen lafiya a yankin Deep South . Tana aiki a matsayin Darakta a fannin wayar da kan jama'a da kuma hulɗa da jama'a a Cibiyar Cutar Kansa ta O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Baskin ta girma a Kudu maso Yammacin Atlanta . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Coulter |first=Laura |title=Profile: Monica Baskin, PhD - School of Medicine - Diversity and Inclusion {{!}} UAB |url=https://www.uab.edu/medicine/diversity/profile-monica-baskin |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=www.uab.edu |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta da mahaifinta sun fito ne daga yankunan karkara [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|na Georgia]] da [[Alabama]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An gano mahaifinta yana da cutar ido tun tana ƙarama, kuma daga ƙarshe ya rasa idonsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Baskin ta ce ta tuna an gaya mata cewa &quot;tana buƙatar zama 'mai kyau' sau biyu fiye da takwarorinta fararen fata domin ta yi nasara.&quot; [ &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta yi karatun [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] da [[Kimiyar al'umma|zamantakewa]] a Jami'ar Emory . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta koma Jami'ar Jihar Georgia don karatun digiri na biyu, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ba da shawara kan al'umma. Ta ci gaba da zama a Jihar Georgia don binciken digirin digirgir, inda ta yi nazarin ayyukan kula da lafiyar jama'a ga matasa da aka gano suna da [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|cutar sikila]] . Bayan ta rasa mahaifinta sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da take makarantar sakandare, Baskin ta fara sha'awar dalilin da ya sa damuwa ta jiki da ta tunani har yanzu haramun ne a cikin al'ummomin launin fata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kamar sauran 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa da yawa, an gano mahaifinta yana da cutar kansa ne kawai lokacin da yake [[Matakan Ciwon daji|mataki na 4]], wanda ke nufin cewa mutuwa ba makawa ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta ce ta sami kwarin gwiwar yin aiki kan bambance-bambancen lafiya saboda ta fahimci cewa babu mutane da yawa da suka yi kama da ita a wannan fanni. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=NIMHD's Conversations with Pioneers in Minority Health and Health Disparities |url=https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/news-events/features/training-workforce-dev/baskin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430093753/https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/news-events/features/training-workforce-dev/baskin.html |archive-date=April 30, 2020 |access-date= |website=NIHMD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Ƙananan Yara da Shirin Biyan Lamuni na Bambance-bambancen Lafiya ta Ƙasa ce ta dauki nauyinta, wanda ke ba wa masana kimiyya da ke nazarin bambance-bambancen lafiya damar fara aikin bincike mai zaman kansa ba tare da bashin lamunin ɗalibai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bayan kammala karatunta, Baskin ta koma Jami'ar Emory, inda aka ba ta tallafin karatu kan ilimin halayyar yara. A shekarar 1997 aka naɗa Baskin a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Ƙananan Yara ta Amurka . 

== Bincike da aiki ==
Baskin kwararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ce wacce ke binciken lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa na 'yan tsiraru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Changing Direction in Urban Schools |url=http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |access-date= |website=University of Pittsburgh |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033824/http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincikenta ya yi la'akari da yadda salon rayuwa ke shafar sakamakon likita, da kuma yadda hanyoyin magance matsalolin ɗabi'a za su iya taimakawa wajen rage bambancin lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monica Baskin to provide keynote address at third annual Gerry Sue and Norman J. Arnold Childhood Obesity Lecture - My Arnold School {{!}} University of South Carolina |url=https://www.sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/public_health/internal/announcements_and_events/2018/childhood_obesity_lecture.php |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=www.sc.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2013, Baskin ta shirya rahoton ''&quot;PLACE MUHIMMANCI GA LAFIYA a Jefferson County, Alabama: Matsayin Daidaiton Lafiya a bikin cika shekaru 50 na Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama a Birmingham, Alabama&quot;.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schwaiger |first=Lisa |title=Baskin's leadership role regarding Health Equity on the 50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Movement - Division of Preventive Medicine {{!}} UAB |url=https://www.uab.edu/medicine/dopm/baskin-s-leadership-role-regarding-health-equity-on-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-civil-rights-movement |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=www.uab.edu |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fitar da rahoton shekaru hamsin bayan zanga-zangar da aka yi a Birmingham lokacin da aka soke [[dokokin Jim Crow]] . Rahoton ya tattara bayanai game da tsawon rai, mace-macen jarirai da kuma samun abinci mai kyau a yankuna daban-daban a fadin gundumar, kuma ya yi nazarin yadda suka dogara da alƙaluman al'ummomin (gami da ƙabila da matsayin tattalin arziki). Ta gano cewa iyaye mata bakar fata a Jefferson County sun fi fuskantar yiwuwar mutuwa sau 2.5 a lokacin haihuwa a matsayin uwaye fararen fata, kuma cewa iyalai bakar fata a Jefferson County suna da kudin shiga na shekara-shekara na dala $22,000 ƙasa da ka'idar talauci ta tarayya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Rahoton ya gabatar da jerin shawarwari, ciki har da bayar da kuɗaɗen shirye-shiryen ilimin yara ƙanana, aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kuɗi don samar da abinci mai kyau a unguwannin talakawa da faɗaɗa Medicaid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Changing Direction in Urban Schools |url=http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |access-date= |website=University of Pittsburgh |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033824/http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2015, an ba Baskin tallafin Cibiyar Ciwon Daji ta Ƙasa don haɓaka dabarun hana kiba ga mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-05-15 |title=Grantee Spotlight: Monica Baskin, Ph.D. - Studying Weight Loss for Cancer Prevention - National Cancer Institute |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/crchd/blog/2015/baskin-spotlight |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=www.cancer.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincikenta ya nuna kusancin dangantaka tsakanin cutar kansa da kiba, kuma ya gano cewa mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka ne suka fi fuskantar haɗari. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Baskin ita ce Shugabar Jefferson County Collaborative for Health Equity, wata ƙungiya da ke neman kawar da bambance-bambancen lafiya ta hanyar manufofin jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Changing Direction in Urban Schools |url=http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |access-date= |website=University of Pittsburgh |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033824/http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020 an zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar Ƙungiyar Magungunan Ɗabi'a . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monica Baskin to provide keynote address at third annual Gerry Sue and Norman J. Arnold Childhood Obesity Lecture - My Arnold School {{!}} University of South Carolina |url=https://www.sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/public_health/internal/announcements_and_events/2018/childhood_obesity_lecture.php |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=www.sc.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai da aka zaɓa ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Baskin |first=M. L. |last2=Ard |first2=J. |last3=Franklin |first3=F. |last4=Allison |first4=D. B. |date=2005 |title=Prevalence of obesity in the United States |journal=Obesity Reviews |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=5–7 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2005.00165.x |issn=1467-7881 |pmid=15655032 |s2cid=41526232}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Marci Kramish |last2=Hudson |first2=Marlyn Allicock |last3=Resnicow |first3=Ken |last4=Blakeney |first4=Natasha |last5=Paxton |first5=Amy |last6=Baskin |first6=Monica |date=2007-03-16 |title=Church-Based Health Promotion Interventions: Evidence and Lessons Learned |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=213–234 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144016 |issn=0163-7525 |pmid=17155879 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Keith |first=S. W. |last2=Redden |first2=D. T. |last3=Katzmarzyk |first3=P. T. |last4=Boggiano |first4=M. M. |last5=Hanlon |first5=E. C. |last6=Benca |first6=R. M. |last7=Ruden |first7=D. |last8=Pietrobelli |first8=A. |last9=Barger |first9=J. L. |last10=Fontaine |first10=K. R. |last11=Wang |first11=C. |date=2006 |title=Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: exploring the roads less traveled |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/0803326 |journal=International Journal of Obesity |language=en |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=1585–1594 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803326 |issn=1476-5497 |pmid=16801930 |s2cid=342831 |url-access=subscription |via=}}

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==

* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ta 1997 
* Kyautar Jaruman Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jefferson County ta 2007 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Changing Direction in Urban Schools |url=http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |access-date= |website=University of Pittsburgh |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033824/http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Jaruman Lafiyar Karkara ta Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiyar Karkara ta Jami'ar Alabama ta 2013 &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Southeastern Psychological Association |url=http://www.sepaonline.com/annualmeeting-speakers.htm#deblaere |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=www.sepaonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Max Cooper ta 2016 don Ingantaccen Bincike &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* Shugaban Al'adun Lafiya na Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) na 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monica Baskin to provide keynote address at third annual Gerry Sue and Norman J. Arnold Childhood Obesity Lecture - My Arnold School {{!}} University of South Carolina |url=https://www.sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/public_health/internal/announcements_and_events/2018/childhood_obesity_lecture.php |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=www.sc.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017 Abokin Hulɗa na Ƙungiyar Magungunan Halayya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Changing Direction in Urban Schools |url=http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |access-date= |website=University of Pittsburgh |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033824/http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Baskin tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Coulter |first=Laura |title=Profile: Monica Baskin, PhD - School of Medicine - Diversity and Inclusion {{!}} UAB |url=https://www.uab.edu/medicine/diversity/profile-monica-baskin |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=www.uab.edu |language=en-gb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCoulter&quot;&gt;Coulter, Laura. [https://www.uab.edu/medicine/diversity/profile-monica-baskin &quot;Profile: Monica Baskin, PhD - School of Medicine - Diversity and Inclusion | UAB&quot;]. ''www.uab.edu''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-07-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata, Kennedy, ta yi karatun ilimin halittar kwakwalwa a Jami'ar Emory . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Changing Direction in Urban Schools |url=http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |access-date= |website=University of Pittsburgh |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033824/http://www.crsp.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/87571%20RIA.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Maxima (software)</title>
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'''Maxima''' (/ˈmæksɪmə/) kunshin software ne don yin lissafin algebra na kwamfuta a cikin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta.   An rubuta shi a cikin Common Lisp kuma yana gudana a duk dandamali na POSIX kamar macOS, Unix, BSD, da Linux, da kuma ƙarƙashin [[Microsoft Windows]] da Android. Software ne na kyauta wanda aka saki a ƙarƙashin sharuddan GNU General Public License (GPL).

== Tarihi ==
Maxima ya dogara ne akan sigar 1982 na Macsyma, wanda aka haɓaka a MIT tare da tallafi daga [[Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka]] da sauran hukumomin gwamnati. Bill Schelter ya ci gaba da amfani da sigar Macsyma daga 1982 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2001. A shekarar 1998, Schelter ya sami izini daga Ma'aikatar Makamashi don fitar da sigarsa a ƙarƙashin GPL. Wannan sigar, wacce yanzu ake kira Maxima, ƙungiyar masu amfani da masu haɓakawa ce ke kula da ita. Maxima ba ta haɗa da duk wani gyare-gyare da haɓakawa da aka yi wa sigar kasuwanci ta Macsyma a lokacin 1982-1999 ba. Kodayake aikin babban aikin ya kasance iri ɗaya, lambar da ta dogara da waɗannan haɓakawa na iya yin aiki ba akan Maxima ba, kuma kurakurai da aka gyara a Macsyma na iya kasancewa har yanzu suna nan a Maxima, kuma akasin haka. Maxima ya shiga cikin Google Summer of Code a 2019 a ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Haɗin Kan Neuroinformatics ta Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GSOC 2019 completed successfully » Belgian Neuroinformatics |url=http://neuroinformatics.be/gsoc2019-completed/ |access-date=2026-02-08 |archive-date=2021-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724064145/http://neuroinformatics.be/gsoc2019-completed/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lissafi na alama ==
Kamar yawancin tsarin algebra na kwamfuta, Maxima tana tallafawa hanyoyi daban-daban na sake tsara maganganun algebra masu alama, kamar factorization na polynomial, lissafin polynomial mafi girma na rabawa, faɗaɗawa, rabuwa zuwa sassan gaske da na tunani, da kuma canza ayyukan trigonometric zuwa exponential da akasin haka. Yana da hanyoyi daban-daban don sauƙaƙe maganganun algebra da suka haɗa da ayyukan trigonometric, tushen, da ayyukan exponential. Yana iya ƙididdige alamun antiderivatives (&quot;indefinite intelligent intelligent intelligent&quot;), takamaiman haɗin kai, da iyakoki. Yana iya samo faɗaɗa jerin tsare-tsare masu tsari da kuma sharuɗɗan jerin Taylor-Maclaurin-Laurent. Yana iya yin matrix manipulations tare da shigarwar alama.

Maxima tsarin manufa ne na gaba ɗaya, kuma lissafi na musamman kamar Factorization na manyan lambobi, sarrafa manyan polynomials, da dai sauransu wani lokacin ana yin su da kyau a cikin tsarin na musamman.

=== Lissafin lambobi ===
Maxima ta ƙware a cikin ayyukan alama, amma kuma tana ba da ƙwarewar lambobi &lt;ref name=&quot;MaximaSpringer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar ƙididdiga ƙididdiga, lambar da ke da ma'ana, da lambobin da ke iyo kawai, an iyakance su da ƙuntatawa na sarari da lokaci.

=== Shirye-shiryen ===
Maxima ya haɗa da cikakken harshe na shirye-shirye tare da haɗin kai kamar ALGOL amma Lisp-like semantics. An rubuta shi a cikin Common Lisp kuma ana iya samun damar yin amfani da shi ta hanyar shirye-shirye da faɗaɗa, kamar yadda za'a iya kiran Lisp na asali daga Maxima. Yana amfani da gnuplot don zanawa.

Don lissafi ta amfani da ma'anar ruwa da tsararru sosai, Maxima yana da masu fassara daga harshen Maxima zuwa wasu harsunan shirye-shirye (musamman Fortran), wanda zai iya aiwatar da kyau.

== Hanyar sadarwa ==
[[Fayil:WxMaxima_0.7.1_screenshot.png|thumb|Hoton allo na wxMaxima don Maxima]]
Hanyoyin masu amfani daban-daban (GUIs) don Maxima sune:

* wxMaxima &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GSOC 2019 completed successfully » Belgian Neuroinformatics |url=http://neuroinformatics.be/gsoc2019-completed/ |access-date=2026-02-08 |archive-date=2021-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724064145/http://neuroinformatics.be/gsoc2019-completed/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; yana da ingancin hoto na gaba ta amfani da tsarin wxWidgets. wxMaxima yana ba da tsarin tantanin halitta mai kama da littafin lissafi na Mathematica kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi a dama. Za'a iya adana tarurruka a cikin wxMaxima a cikin tsarin fayil daban-daban don amfani daga baya.
* Akwai ƙwayoyin don Project Jupyter, mai sassauƙa, GUI mai salon littafin rubutu da aka rubuta a [[Python programming language|Python]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2021 |title=Maxima-Jupyter |url=https://github.com/robert-dodier/maxima-jupyter |website=[[GitHub]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[R (programming language)|R]]=&quot;./Cantor_(mathematics_software)&quot; id=&quot;mwWw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Cantor (mathematics software)&quot;&gt;Cantor, ta amfani da Qt, na iya hulɗa tare da Maxima (tare da SageMath, R, da KAlgebra) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cantor |url=https://cantor.kde.org/ |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=cantor.kde.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ana iya amfani da shirye-shiryen editan lissafi na GNU TeXmacs da LyX don samar da GUI mai ma'amala don Maxima, kamar yadda SageMath zai iya. Sauran zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da ƙarshen gaba na Imaxima, da kuma yanayin hulɗa na Emacs da XEmacs wanda Imaxima ke kunnawa.
* CLIM  shine ƙarshen gaba na CLIM.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flathub—An app store and build service for Linux |url=https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.dhsdevelopments.Climaxima |access-date=2019-09-27 |website=flathub.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Misalan lambar Maxima ==

=== Ayyuka na asali ===

==== Arithmetic na daidaito ====
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
bfloat(sqrt(2)), fpprec=40;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
f(x):=x^3$
f(4);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;64&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
expand((a-b)^3);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;-b^3+3 ab^2-3a^2b+a^3&lt;/math&gt;

==== Dalili ====
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
factor(x^2-1);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;(x-1)(x+1)&lt;/math&gt;

=== Warware daidaitattun ===
&lt;math&gt;x^2+a \ x + 1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
solve(x^2 + a*x + 1, x);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;[x=-\Biggl(\frac{\sqrt{a^2-4}+a}{2}\Biggr),x=\frac{\sqrt{a^2-4}-a}{2}]&lt;/math&gt;

=== Warware ma'auni da lambobi ===
&lt;math&gt;\cos x = x&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
find_root(cos(x) = x, x, 0, 1);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.7390851332151607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
bf_find_root(cos(x) = x, x, 0, 1), fpprec = 50;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.3908513321516064165531208767387340401341175890076 \cdot 10^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Cikakken ƙayyadaddun ===
&lt;math&gt;\int x^2+\cos x\ d x&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
integrate(x^2 + cos(x), x);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sin x + \frac{x^3}{3}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Cikakken ƙididdiga ===
&lt;math&gt;\int_{0}^{1}\frac{1}{x^3+1}\, dx&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
integrate(1/(x^3 + 1), x, 0, 1), ratsimp;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt3 \log2+\pi}{3^{\frac{3}{2}}}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ===
&lt;math&gt;\int_{0}^{2} \sin(\sin (x)) \, dx&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
quad_qags(sin(sin(x)), x, 0, 2)[1];
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.247056058244003&lt;/math&gt;

=== Rashin daidaituwa ===
&lt;math&gt;{d^3 \over d x^3} \cos^2 x&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
diff(cos(x)^2, x, 3);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;8 \cos{x}\sin{x}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Ƙayyadadden ===
&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1+\sinh{x}}{e^{x}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
limit((1+sinh(x))/exp(x), x, inf);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
primes(10, 20);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;[11,13,17,19]&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
fib(10);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;55&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\sum_{x=1}^\infty \frac{1}{x^2} &lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
sum(1/x^2, x, 1, inf), simpsum;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\pi^2}{6}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Yaduwar jerin ===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
taylor(sin(x), x, 0, 9);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;x-\frac{x^3}{6}+\frac{x^5}{120}-\frac{x^7}{5040}+\frac{x^9}{362880}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
niceindices(powerseries(cos(x), x, 0));
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^ix^{2i}}{(2i)!}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Ayyuka na musamman ===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
bessel_j(0, 4.5);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;math&gt;-0.3205425089851214&lt;/math&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
airy_ai(1.5);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* Kwatanta tsarin algebra na kwamfuta
* SageMath, software na lissafi kyauta wanda ke karɓar ɗakunan karatu da yawa daga Maxima
{{Clear}}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

*  
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mildred Hemmons Carter</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Mildred Louise Hemmons Carter''' (1921–2011) ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka sami lasisin tuƙi ta hanyar Shirin Horar da Matukin Jirgin Sama na Farar Hula, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta fara tuƙi a [[Alabama]] . Duk da cewa an hana ta shiga Tuskegee Airmen da Women Air Force Service Pilots, an ayyana ta a matsayin memba a hukumance a cikin duka biyun a rayuwa.

== Yarinta ==
An haifi Carter Mildred Louise Hemmons a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1921 ga Mamie da Luther Hemmons. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Col. Roosevelt J. |title=Mildred Carter takes final flight |url=http://www.thetuskegeenews.com/news/mildred-carter-takes-final-flight/article_baf22fc9-1afd-50fa-a397-df902d82c59b.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901002719/http://www.thetuskegeenews.com/news/mildred-carter-takes-final-flight/article_baf22fc9-1afd-50fa-a397-df902d82c59b.html |archive-date=2019-09-01 |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=The Tuskegee News via. Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta ita ce mai kula da gidan waya na garin, yayin da mahaifinta shi ne shugaban injin yanka katako. An haife ta a Benson, Alabama, ta zauna a Tuskegee na ɗan lokaci kafin iyalinta su koma Enfield, North Carolina . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brick Rural Life School (Bricks, N. Car.) {{!}} Amistad Research Center |url=http://amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu/archon/?p=creators/creator&amp;id=67 |access-date=2019-08-31 |website=amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu |archive-date=2020-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021015226/http://amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu/archon/?p=creators/creator&amp;id=67 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A can, mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kasuwanci na Kwalejin Bricks Junior mai launin baƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bayan an rufe makarantar a lokacin [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci]], dangin Hemmons sun ƙaura zuwa Holly Springs, Mississippi . Carter ya kammala makarantar sakandare a Holly Springs yana da shekaru goma sha biyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Aiki da aure ==

=== Ilimi da horon matukan jirgi ===
Bayan iyalinta suka koma Tuskegee, Carter ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Tuskegee, inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin kasuwanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ta yi aiki a wani ofishi da ke sarrafa aikace-aikacen neman shiga Jami'ar Tuskegee na Shirin Horar da Matukin Jirgi na Farar Hula (CPTP) . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mildred Carter: Tuskegee Airwoman |url=http://www.alabamaheritage.com/8/post/2019/06/mildred-carter-tuskegee-airwoman.html |access-date=2019-08-31 |website=Alabama Heritage |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Carter ta nemi shiga shirin da kanta, amma da farko an ƙi ta saboda ba ta cika shekara goma sha takwas ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Dream of Wings :: World War II :: Tuskegee Airmen :: Lest We Forget |url=http://lestweforget.hamptonu.edu/page.cfm?uuid=9FEC435D-A1F8-161B-AEA75C6150D147D7 |access-date=2019-08-31 |website=lestweforget.hamptonu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara mai zuwa, ta sake neman shiga kuma aka karɓe ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Carter ta kammala karatunta da ajin farko na Tuskegee na horar da CPTP. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=And There Were Women – Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/tuai/and-there-were-women.htm |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1941, ta sami takardar shaidar matukin jirginta na sirri, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko bakar fata matukin jirgi a Alabama. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ta fara tuka jirgin Piper J-3 Cub da ta yi haya a makarantar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Watan bayan ta sami takardar shaidarta, Carter ta haɗu da Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], wacce ke ziyartar Tuskegee don nuna goyon baya ga matukan jirgin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Drash |first=Wayne |date=22 January 2012 |title=A midair courtship: Tuskegee's historic love story |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/22/us/tuskegee-airmen-first-couple/index.html |access-date=2019-08-31 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carter ya tuna cewa &quot;Mrs. Roosevelt tana da kirki sosai; na yi magana da mutane.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

=== Hulɗa da Herbert Carter ===
Mildred ta fara haɗuwa da Herbert Carter a shekarar 1939 lokacin da suka haɗu a harabar Tuskegee. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Daga baya Herbert ya ce nan take ya yi sha'awarta, amma ba shi da kwarin gwiwar tambayarta ranar da za ta yi soyayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Daga ƙarshe ya nemi ta yi rawa a harabar jami'a bayan ya ji cewa, kamar shi, an yi mata rajista a CPTP. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Ba a bar Herbert, ɗan kadet a aji 42-F na Tuskegee Airmen, [1] ya bar sansanin sojojin sama ko kuma ya yi soyayya da wasu ɗaliban Tuskegee a lokacin horonsa ba. [2] A ƙarshen mako, zai shirya ya hau jirgin sama don &quot;duba jirgin sama&quot; ya kuma haɗu da Mildred, tana tashi da jirginta da ta yi haya, a kan Tafkin Martin. [2] Ma'auratan za su yi ta hannu da sumba yayin da suke wucewa ta gaban juna. [3] Bayan Herbert ya kammala horonsa na ɗan kadet, an yi aure a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 1942 a cocin Sojojin Sama na Tuskegee . [3]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]]</text>
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    <title>Mbende Jerusarema dance</title>
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'''Rawar Mbende Jerusarema''' sanannen salon rawa ne a tsakanin [[Yaren Shona|Zezuru]] Shona na gabashin [[Zimbabwe]], musamman a gundumomin Murewa da Uzumba-Maramba-Pfungwe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Mbende Jerusarema dance |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mbende-jerusarema-dance-00169 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newsday |date=2021-08-29 |title=Mbende: symbolic dance that refuses to die despite the odds |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/08/mbende-symbolic-dance-that-refuses-to-die-despite-the-odds/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=NewsDay Zimbabwe |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519054330/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/08/mbende-symbolic-dance-that-refuses-to-die-despite-the-odds/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rawar gargajiya da wasan kwaikwayo, kamar Jerusarema, har yanzu muhimman al'adu ne na rayuwa a Zimbabwe, ana yin su a wurare daban-daban kuma al'ummomin yankin suna girmama su. Ana yin rawa na gargajiya saboda dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da nishaɗi, al'ada, bukukuwa, da kuma tunawa da biki. 'Yan Shona sun yi amfani da Jerusarema a matsayin rawa ta yaƙi da kuma wata dabara ta daban yayin fafatawar sojoji, bisa ga ra'ayin jama'a.  Bikin aure, bukukuwa, gasa ta nishaɗi, jana'iza, da tarurrukan siyasa duk lokutan ne da za a yi Jerusarema. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newsday |date=2021-08-29 |title=Mbende: symbolic dance that refuses to die despite the odds |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/08/mbende-symbolic-dance-that-refuses-to-die-despite-the-odds/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=NewsDay Zimbabwe |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519054330/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/08/mbende-symbolic-dance-that-refuses-to-die-despite-the-odds/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
An fara kiran wannan rawa da Mbende, wanda ke nufin &quot;linzamin gudu mai sauri&quot;. An samo sunansa ne daga motsin da masu rawa suka yi lokacin da suka ji waƙar Jerusarema. 

== Tarihi ==
Mutanen [[Yaren Shona|Zezuru]] na gundumar Murehwa da Uzumba-Maramba-Pfungwe (UPM) sun ƙirƙiri rawar Jerusarema/Mbende. Mutanen Zezuru, waɗanda suka ƙunshi kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na dukkan masu magana da Shona, a al'adance 'yan rawa ne na Jerusarema/Mbende, a cewar waɗannan gundumomi na lardin Mashonaland ta Gabas ta Zimbabwe. An yi rawar a cikin zamani uku na al'adun Zimbabwe: kafin mulkin mallaka kafin 1890, mulkin mallaka daga 1890 zuwa 1980, da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka daga 1980 zuwa yanzu. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Jerusarema/Mbende ya fara ne a matsayin rawar soja, rawar haihuwa, rawar farauta, da kuma rawar mutuwa. Wannan ya nuna cewa al'ummar Zezuru sun yi amfani da rawar Jerusarema don dalilai na al'ada. Sunanta na asali shine Mbende, wanda shine sunan linzamin kwamfuta mai gudu da sauri. Mbende yana nufin kwaikwayon da masu rawa ke yi da kuma kwafi na motsin beraye masu gudu. Mbende suna ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ya bayyana abubuwa da yawa game da juyin halittar rawa tsawon shekaru. 

An canza sunan rawa zuwa Jerusarema, wanda aka samo daga yadda Shona ta yi amfani da sunan birnin Urushalima, don ba ta ma'anar addini, a ƙarƙashin tasirin masu wa'azin Kirista waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da wannan rawar da aka yi ta hanyar jima'i. A yau, ana amfani da sunayen biyu akai-akai. Duk da sukar masu wa'azin, rawa ta ci gaba da shahara kuma ta zama tushen alfahari da asali a cikin adawa da mulkin mallaka.

Tarihi na biyu ya bayyana cewa sarakunan ƙauye sun sanar da masu wa'azin bishara cewa dole ne mutanensu su tuna da duk wani muhimmin abu a yankinsu ta hanyar amfani da raye-rayen gargajiya na Zezuru. Sarakunan sun buƙaci a bar rawa ta Mbende a bikin haihuwar Yesu Kiristi, kuma a sake masa suna zuwa Jerusarema. An san rawa ta Mbende da suna Jerusarema lokacin da aka amince da buƙatar. Bayan buƙatar da sarakunan suka yi na a canza sunan rawa daga Mbende zuwa Jerusarema, rawan ta dawo da matsayinta mai tsarki da tarihi a cikin al'adar Zezuru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Mbende Jerusarema dance |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mbende-jerusarema-dance-00169 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Rawar tana da alaƙa da girgiza kugu da kuma motsin kugu daga mata masu jituwa da maza, inda duka masu rawa suka ƙare da matsin lamba mai ƙarfi zuwa ga juna, wanda ke haifar da farin ciki ga masu kallo. Waɗannan motsin sun sa rawan ta zama mai kawo cece-kuce a tsakanin masu wa'azin bishara, waɗanda suka yi kuskuren ɗaukar su a matsayin motsin jima'i da na batsa. Wani ƙwararren mai buga ganga yana yin kiɗan, wanda ke tare da masu buga ganga, masu ƙara, da kayan sawa. Rawar ganga, waƙa, tafa, da kuma wasan ƙara suna haɗuwa don ƙirƙirar sautin da ke motsa masu rawa gaba. A lokacin rawa, akwai manyan fannoni guda biyu na aiki: jerin mawaƙa waɗanda ke ci gaba da buga bugun, da kuma ƙungiyar mata da maza waɗanda ke yin rawa daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Mbende Jerusarema dance |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mbende-jerusarema-dance-00169 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kimantawar [[Mutanen Ashanti|Asante]] (1985) game da Jerusarema a matsayin 'rawa ta hoto,' ta yadda take kwaikwayon dabba, tana haskaka rawa. Duk da haka, a cikin misalin mbende (linzami/mole), manufar ita ce a yi amfani da linzamin kwamfuta a matsayin alamar sauri, haihuwa, jima'i, da iyali, maimakon kawai yin koyi da shi. Yayin da ake nuna hoton linzamin kwamfuta da halayensa, akwai ƙarancin kwaikwayon linzamin kwamfuta ko zane-zane. Mazan, a gefe guda, suna durƙusawa akai-akai yayin da suke girgiza hannuwa biyu suna bugun ƙasa da ƙarfi da ƙafar dama, kamar suna kwaikwayon mole mai rami yana harba ƙasa zuwa saman, a duk tsawon rawar.

== Mbende Jerusarema gwagwarmaya da tsira ==
Kasancewar Jerusarema ta musamman, da kuma tasirinta da ma'anarta mai ban mamaki, sun sa ta buɗe ga fassarori daban-daban, waɗanda har yanzu suke nan. Manufar da ma'anarta sau da yawa ana fassara su da kuskure; ana sukarta da cewa tana da jan hankali da kuma sha'awa, kuma shahararta ta yaɗu an ɗauke ta a matsayin barazana ga ƙoƙarin Cocin Kirista na samun almajirai. An fara tallata rawa a cikin birni, kuma sabbin nau'ikan da aka karkata sun bunƙasa, waɗanda aka yi suka sosai. Gwamnatin bayan mulkin mallaka ta gyara rawan kwanan nan kuma ta daidaita ta don kafa siffa 'mai karɓuwa' don amfani a lokacin al'amuran siyasa na hukuma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Mbende Jerusarema dance |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mbende-jerusarema-dance-00169 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rawar gargajiya ta Mbende, wacce yanzu aka sani da sunan Kirista, Jerusarema, ta bambanta ba kawai ga mutanen Murehwa ba, har ma ga dukkan al'umma, kamar yadda ake nuna ta a duk lokutan ƙasa. Sunan gargajiya na Jerusarema shine Mbende, tare da na farko ya samo asali ne daga birnin Urushalima mai tsarki na Isra'ila, wanda aka ruwaito don sa rawan ta zama mai daɗi ga masu wa'azin Kirista. Gundumomin karkara da birane suna ci gaba da yin Jerusarema. Akwai ƙungiyoyin rawa na Jerusarema da yawa a Murehwa da ma wasu wurare, kuma ana ci gaba da yin rawar a lokutan bukukuwa, jana'iza, tarurrukan siyasa, da kuma bukukuwan aure, inda Jerusarema ke ɗaya daga cikin manyan wasannin da suke yi.

== Kayan al'adu da aka yi amfani da su ==
Rawar da kuma muhimmancin al'adunta na kayan tarihi suna da alaƙa da tarihi, al'adu, da kuma asalin mutanen asali. Yawancin kayan tarihi da masu rawa ke amfani da su sun faɗi cikin rukuni biyu: tufafi da kayan kida. Mafi shaharar kayan tarihi na Jerusarema shine nau'ikan kayan kida da kayan rawa. Kayan kida mafi shahara shine &quot;mutumba&quot;, ko ganga. Ana amfani da itacen &quot;mutiti&quot; (erythrina abyssinia ) ko itacen &quot;mutsvanzwa&quot; (pseodolanchnostylisis maprouneifolia) don yin sa saboda girmansa. Wannan itace ne na asali wanda ba kasafai ake samun kariya ba amma an zaɓe shi saboda ingancin itacensa mai kyau, ƙarfi da tauri, da kuma kyakkyawan ƙarfin sauti. Masu tafa katako (maja/manja) wani kayan kida ne da ake amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar bugun da aka tsara tare da waƙa da buga ganguna. An zaɓi ƙarfin bishiyoyin itace masu tauri kamar itacen mutara (Gardenia spaturiflora). Wannan ya zama dole don jure tasirin tafawa a kan itacen akai-akai.

Kayan rawa su ne na biyu mafi muhimmanci na kayan Mbende Jerusarema. An yi su ne da fatar dabbobi a al'ada, amma saboda tasirin kayan yamma, an sabunta su, kuma masu rawa na yau da kullun suna sanya kayan ado na yadi tare da fatar dabbobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Mbende Jerusarema dance |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mbende-jerusarema-dance-00169 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi amfani da [[Damisa|fatar damisa]], [[biri]], cheetah, da kuma fatar kyanwa ta daji, saboda fatarsu tana da sassauƙa, mai daɗi a saka, kuma tana da sauƙin amfani da ita. Ana amfani da sauran fatar dabbobin gida, kamar [[Saniya|shanu]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], da [[Rago|tumaki]], a wasu lokutan, amma ingancin waɗannan tufafin ya yi ƙasa da na waɗanda aka samar daga fatar dabbobin daji. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Mary Cecelia Curtis''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1953) 'yar jarida ce 'yar Amurka wacce ta kasance 'yar jarida kuma edita a manyan wallafe-wallafe ciki har da ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', ''Baltimore Sun'', da kuma ''Arizona Daily Star'' . An shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame of the Region IV National Association of Black Journalists a 2004. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;historymakers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary C. Curtis |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/mary-c-curtis |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=The History Makers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Curtis yanzu marubuciya ce a cikin ''Roll Call'' &lt;ref name=&quot;rollcall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Curtis - Roll Call |url=https://www.rollcall.com/author/mary-curtis/ |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=Roll Call}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma babbar mai gudanarwa ga [[The OpEd Project]] . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;opedproject&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Curtis — The OpEd Project |url=https://www.theopedproject.org/bio/mary-curtis |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=The OpEd Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san ta da labaran siyasa yayin da take hulɗa da launin fata da al'adu, da kuma kasancewa jagora da kuma mai fafutukar kare bambancin ra'ayi a kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Curtis a Baltimore, Maryland, ga Thomas da Evelyn Curtis. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;historymakers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary C. Curtis |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/mary-c-curtis |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=The History Makers}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/mary-c-curtis &quot;Mary C. Curtis&quot;]. ''The History Makers''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 February&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya mata suna ne saboda kakarta, Mary Cecelia, kuma tana amfani da harafin tsakiyarta don girmama ta. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;jaws&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Meet a CAMPer: Mary C. Curtis |url=https://www.jaws.org/training-and-mentorship/jaws-camp-2017/meet-camper-mary-c-curtis/ |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=Journalism and Women Symposium |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216023515/https://www.jaws.org/training-and-mentorship/jaws-camp-2017/meet-camper-mary-c-curtis/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da yawa daga cikin 'yan uwanta da mahaifiyarta suna da sha'awar siyasa. Ta danganta farkon aikinta na jarida da kasancewa tare da wannan fafutukar: &quot;Domin ina kusa da duk wannan aikin lokacin da nake ƙarami kuma an ƙarfafa ni sosai in shiga cikin waɗannan tattaunawar, ina jin kamar koyaushe ni mai lura ne kuma ɗan jarida ne, a wata hanya. Ina son lura,&quot; in ji Curtis.

Ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Seton a shekarar 1971 inda ta kasance editan jaridar makarantarta. Ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Fordham, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin sadarwa a shekarar 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;historymakers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary C. Curtis |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/mary-c-curtis |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=The History Makers}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/mary-c-curtis &quot;Mary C. Curtis&quot;]. ''The History Makers''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 February&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Curtis ta yi aiki a manyan jaridu da gidajen yanar gizo a Amurka Daga 1985 zuwa 1994, ta yi aiki a matsayin edita a sassa da dama na ''jaridar The New York Times,'' ciki har da taimakawa wajen haɓaka sashin &quot;The Living Arts&quot;. Ta gyara fasali a sashin fasaha da nishaɗi na ''Baltimore Sun'', ta kasance mai rahoto kuma edita tare da Associated Press a New York da Hartford, Connecticut da kuma [[Arizona]] a Tucson. &lt;ref name=&quot;historymakers&quot;/&gt; Ta ba da gudummawa ga ''NBC News'', ''NPR'', ''Washington Post'', ''The Root'', ESPN 's The Undefeated kuma tana magana game da siyasa a WCCB-TV a Charlotte, North Carolina.

Curtis wakiliya ce ta ƙasa a jaridar AOL 's Politics Daily kuma ta yi rahoto kan yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2008, 2012 da 2016. A shekarar 2011, ta shiga jaridar Washington Post a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga shafin yanar gizo mai suna &quot;She the People.&quot; Ta yi rahoto kan taron jam'iyyar Democrat na 2012 ga ''Charlotte Observer'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;grubstreet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2019 |title=Countdown to Muse 2019: Impossible Writing by Mary C. Curtis |url=https://grubstreet.org/blog/countdown-to-muse-2019-impossible-writing-by-mary-c-curtis/ |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=GrubStreet }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rahoto kan siyasa da iyalan shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] da uwargidan shugaban ƙasa Michelle Obama, da kuma yadda dangantakarsu ta tsara siyasarsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lamb |first=Yanick Rice |title=Mary C. Curtis |url=https://fierceforblackwomen.com/2012/09/01/mary-c-curtis/ |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=Fierce}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2013, Curtis ya yi hira da The History Makers, wani &quot;ma'ajiyar dijital don ƙwarewar baƙar fata.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary C. Curtis's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/mary-c-curtis |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mata ce kuma uwa, kuma tana zaune a [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte, North Carolina]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;jaws&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Meet a CAMPer: Mary C. Curtis |url=https://www.jaws.org/training-and-mentorship/jaws-camp-2017/meet-camper-mary-c-curtis/ |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=Journalism and Women Symposium |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216023515/https://www.jaws.org/training-and-mentorship/jaws-camp-2017/meet-camper-mary-c-curtis/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.jaws.org/training-and-mentorship/jaws-camp-2017/meet-camper-mary-c-curtis/ &quot;Meet a CAMPer: Mary C. Curtis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216023515/https://www.jaws.org/training-and-mentorship/jaws-camp-2017/meet-camper-mary-c-curtis/ |date=2020-02-16 }}. ''Journalism and Women Symposium''. September 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 February&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Curtis [[Cocin katolika|Katolika ne]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Mary C. |date=2017-10-18 |title=Catholics of color are keeping the U.S. Catholic Church alive |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2017/10/18/catholics-color-are-keeping-us-catholic-church-alive |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=America Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==

* Kyautar Green Eyeshade ta 2004 daga Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida Masu Ƙwararru &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SPJ Announces the 2004 Green Eyeshade Award Recipients |url=https://www.spj.org/news.asp?ref=426 |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=Society of Professional Journalists |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018055959/https://www.spj.org/news.asp?ref=426 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Carmage Walls ta 2005 saboda sharhi daga Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Jaridu ta Kudu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary C. Curtis, executive features editor/columnist at The Charlotte (N.C.) Observer, is a first-place winner of the 2005 Carmage Walls Prize for Commentary given out by the Southern Newspaper Publishers Association (SNPA). |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mary+C.+Curtis%2C+executive+features+editor%2Fcolumnist+at+The+Charlotte...-a0141213704 |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=The Free Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2006 Nieman Fellowship a Jami'ar Harvard &lt;ref name=&quot;nieman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dori J. Maynard Believed 'Journalism and Life Demand All Voices' |url=https://nieman.harvard.edu/authors/mary-c-curtis/ |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=Nieman}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ɗan Kiplinger na 2011 a Makarantar Aikin Jarida ta Scripps &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2011 Kiplinger Fellows |url=http://kiplingerprogram.scrippsjschool.org/kiplinger-fellowship/2016-kiplinger-fellows/2011-kiplinger-fellows/ |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=Kiplinger Program |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216023515/http://kiplingerprogram.scrippsjschool.org/kiplinger-fellowship/2016-kiplinger-fellows/2011-kiplinger-fellows/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lambobin yabo da dama daga lambar yabo ta Clarion daga Ƙungiyar Mata a Sadarwa, kwanan nan don shekarar 2018 saboda shafinta a cikin Roll Call &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2018 Winners - The Association for Women in Communications |url=https://www.womcom.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&amp;club_id=903060&amp;module_id=305156 |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=The Association for Women in Communications |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930165816/https://www.womcom.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&amp;club_id=903060&amp;module_id=305156 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An shigar da Curtis cikin Zauren Shahararrun Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida Baƙaƙe ta Yankin IV a shekara ta 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;historymakers&quot;/&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Mai Ba da Gudummawa ga ''Ƙaunar Ta, Ba Ƙaunar Ta Ba: Ra'ayin Hillary'' (She Writes Press, 2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Love Her, Love Her Not |url=https://shewritespress.com/product/love-love-not/ |access-date=16 February 2020 |website=She Writes Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Mary Hunter Austin</title>
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'''Mary Hunter Austin''' (Satumba 9, 1868 - Agusta 13, 1934) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin marubutan yanayi na farko na Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka, littafinta mai suna ''The Land of Little Rain'' (1903) ya bayyana dabbobi, flora, da mutanen yankin da ke tsakanin High Sierra da Hamadar Mojave ta kudancin California .

== Shekarun farko da ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Graduation_photograph_of_American_author_Mary_Hunter_Austin,_1888.jpg|thumb|Hoton kammala karatun Mary Hunter Austin, 1888]]
An haifi Mary Hunter Austin a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1868, a Carlinville, Illinois ('ya'ya na huɗu cikin shida) ga Susannah ('yar Graham) da George Hunter. Ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Blackburn a 1888. Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa California a wannan shekarar kuma suka kafa gida a San Joaquin Valley . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;NM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography of Mary Hunter Austin |url=http://newmexicohistory.org/people/biography-of-mary-hunter-austin |access-date=December 31, 2018 |website=New Mexico History}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aure ==
[[Fayil:Mary-Hunter-and-Stafford-Wallace-Austin.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton auren Stafford Wallace Austin da Mary Hunter Austin, 1891. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Austin |url=https://mojavedesert.net/people/mary-austin.html |website=mojavedesert.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ta auri Stafford Wallace Austin a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1891, a Bakersfield, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-11 |title=Searching for Mary Austin |url=https://www.altaonline.com/dispatches/a8713/searching-for-mary-austin-joy-lanzendorfer/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Alta Online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Loneliest Land |url=https://www.npca.org/articles/942-the-loneliest-land |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=National Parks Conservation Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fito ne daga Hawaii, ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, &lt;ref name=&quot;NM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography of Mary Hunter Austin |url=http://newmexicohistory.org/people/biography-of-mary-hunter-austin |access-date=December 31, 2018 |website=New Mexico History}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://newmexicohistory.org/people/biography-of-mary-hunter-austin &quot;Biography of Mary Hunter Austin&quot;]. ''New Mexico History''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 31,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ma'aikacin Ofishin Filaye na Amurka, sannan daga baya ya zama lauya a Yaƙin Potash . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2013 |title=Stafford Wallace Austin &amp;#124; Trona on the Web |url=https://www.trona-ca.com/s-w-austin/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Tsawon shekaru 17, Austin ta yi nazari na musamman kan rayuwar mutanen asali na Hamadar Mojave . Littattafanta sun bayyana ilimin da ta samu sosai. Ta kasance marubuciya mai hazaka, mawaƙi, mai suka, kuma marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo, haka kuma tsohuwar [[Feminism|mai]] rajin kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin Amurka da kuma 'yan asalin Spain-Amurkawa.

Austin ta fi shahara da girmamawa ga hamadar California, ''The Land of Little Rain'' (1903).  An shirya wasan kwaikwayo nata ''mai suna The Arrow Maker'', wanda ke magana game da rayuwar Indiya, a New Theatre ( [[New York (birni)|New York]] ) a shekarar 1911, a wannan shekarar ta buga wani yabo mai ban mamaki ga wanda ta sani HG Wells a matsayin mai shirya &quot;littattafai masu ba da labari, masu rai, da mahimmanci&quot; a cikin ''Mujallar Amurka'' .

Austin da mijinta sun shiga cikin Yaƙin Ruwa na California na gida, daga baya aka zubar da ruwan Owens Valley don samar da abinci ga Los Angeles.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Forget it, Jake, it's Chinatown: Owens Lake Dust Mitigation Program Near Keeler, California |url=https://noehill.com/inyo/poi_owens_lake_dust_mitigation.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan girgizar ƙasa ta San Francisco ta 1906, Stafford ya ƙaura &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who's in a Name: Penstemon floridus var. Austinii |url=https://www.cpp.edu/~larryblakely/whoname/who_aust.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818113521/https://www.cpp.edu/~larryblakely/whoname/who_aust.htm |archive-date=August 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa Death Valley kuma Mary ta ƙaura &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California Historical Landmark #229: Mary Austin Home in Inyo County |url=https://noehill.com/inyo/cal0229.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa yankin fasaha da ke Carmel-by-the-Sea, California .   A can Austin yana cikin da'irar al'adu waɗanda suka haɗa da Jack London, Ambrose Bierce, Harry Leon Wilson, George Sterling, Nora May French, Arnold Genthe, James Hopper, Alice MacGowan, Joaquin Miller, Gelett Burgess, Sinclair Lewis, da Xavier Martinez . Shekaru biyu bayan ƙulla abota da Austin a 1904, Sterling ya ja hankalinta ta haɗu da shi a Carmel. &lt;ref name=&quot;edwards&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|p49}}

A shekarar 1906, ta gina gidan bishiya, wanda ta kira &quot; Wick-i-up &quot;,  wanda MJ Murphy ya gina, bisa ga zane da mai zane na San Francisco Louis Christian Mullgardt ya yi. Ta rubuta yawancin rubuce-rubucenta daga wannan gidan bishiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cottages&quot; /&gt; Austin ta ɗauki Murphy aiki a shekarar 1907 don ƙirƙirar gida mai kama da na sana'a wadda ta kira &quot;Rose Cottage.&quot; Gidan yana mahadar titin 4th da titin Monte Verde. Gidan yana da lambuna da ƙofofi biyu tare da hanyoyi da ke kaiwa gare shi. A wannan gidan, ta nishadantar da abokanta, ciki har da London, Sterling, da Lewis.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=Homes of Famous Carmelites |url=https://ci.carmel.ca.us/sites/main/files/file-attachments/homes_of_famous_carmelites_0.pdf?1564762654 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=ci.carmel.ca.us |place=Carmel-by-the-Sea, California |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yau, gidan an jera shi a matsayin ''Gidan Mary Austin'' tare da Carmel Inventory Of Historic Resources, &lt;ref name=&quot;Inventory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carmel Inventory Of Historic Resources Database |url=https://ci.carmel.ca.us/sites/main/files/carmel_inventory_of_historic_resources_v2022.pdf |access-date=April 9, 2023 |website=The City of Carmel |place=Carmel-by-the-Sea, California}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an rubuta shi tare da Ma'aikatar Wuraren Shakatawa da Nishaɗi a matsayin muhimmin abu a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar rajista ta California a matsayin gidan ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa masarautar bohemian a Carmel. &lt;ref name=&quot;DPR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2001-10-14 |title=DPR 523 Forms Volume I A-69 |url=https://ci.carmel.ca.us/sites/main/files/file-attachments/carmel_historic_survey_volume_i_blocks_a-69.pdf?1647898074 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Department of Parks and recreation |place=Carmel-by-the-Sea, California}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Austin tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Forest Theatre na gida, inda a shekarar 1913 ta fara kuma ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Fire' mai ayyuka uku.'' A watan Yulin 1914, ta haɗu da William Merritt Chase, fitaccen mai zane na New York wanda ke koyar da darasin bazara na ƙarshe a Carmel, a wasu &quot;teas&quot; na al'umma da kuma a sirdiyon sa, inda ya kammala hotonta. Shahararriyar mai zane Jennie V. Cannon ta ba da rahoton cewa ya fara zanen ne a matsayin zanga-zangar aji bayan da Austin ya yi iƙirarin cewa an riga an karɓi hotunanta guda biyu, waɗanda shahararrun masu fasaha suka yi a Latin Quarter na Paris, zuwa Salon.  A bayyane yake, Chase bai hana ta jin daɗin &quot;nuna himma da iƙirarin Austin game da fahimtar da ba ta dace ba&quot;, amma ta fi sha'awar naɗinta a matsayin darektan tallata Gabashin Tekun don Nunin Duniya na Panama–Pacific na San Francisco. &lt;ref name=&quot;edwards&quot; /&gt;  A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1914, Chase ta halarci wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Forest Theater, ''The Arrow Maker'', kuma ta shaida wa Cannon cewa ya ga wasan yana da ban tsoro. A bayyane yake cewa, Dr. Daniel MacDougal, shugaban Cibiyar Carnegie ta yankin, ya biya mafi yawan kuɗin shirya ta, saboda soyayyar da ba ta ɓoye ba da ya yi da marubucin. &lt;ref name=&quot;edwards&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;fink&quot; /&gt; A watan Agusta na 1914, ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Chase, Helena Wood Smith, an shaƙe ta aka binne ta a bakin teku ta hanyar masoyinta, mai ɗaukar hoto mai zane-zane George Kodani, &lt;ref name=&quot;edwards&quot; /&gt;  Austin ya shiga cikin taron jama'a waɗanda suka raina hukumomin yankin saboda zargin rashin iya aikinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;edwards&quot; /&gt; Bayan 1914 ziyararta zuwa Carmel ta kasance taƙaice.

Bayan ya ziyarci Santa Fe a shekarar 1918, Austin ya taimaka wajen kafa The Santa Fe Little Theatre  (har yanzu yana aiki a yau a matsayin The Santa Fe Playhouse &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mission + History |url=http://www.santafeplayhouse.org/about |access-date=April 18, 2016 |website=Santa Fe Playhouse .org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ) kuma ya jagoranci shirin farko na ƙungiyar da aka gudanar a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1919, a ɗakin taro na St. Francis da ke gidan adana kayan fasaha.  Austin kuma ya kasance mai himma wajen kiyaye al'adun yankin New Mexico, inda ya kafa ƙungiyar Spanish Colonial Arts Society a shekarar 1925 tare da mai zane Frank Applegate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewthwaite |first=Stephanie |year=2010 |title=Modernity, Mestizaje, and Hispano Art: Patrocinio Barela and the Federal Art Project |journal=Journal of the Southwest |volume=52 |issue=1 |page=42 |doi=10.1353/jsw.2010.0002 |jstor=27920208 |s2cid=109908580}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1929, lokacin da yake zaune a New Mexico, Austin ya rubuta littafi tare da mai ɗaukar hoto [[Ansel Adams]] . An buga shekara guda bayan haka, littafin, ''Taos Pueblo'', an buga shi a cikin ƙaramin bugu na kwafi 108 kawai. Yanzu ba kasafai yake faruwa ba domin, maimakon kwafi, ya haɗa da hotunan da Adams ya yi. 

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Austin ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1934, a Santa Fe.

An sanya wa Dutsen Mary Austin, da ke cikin Sierra Nevada, suna don girmama ta.  Yana da nisan mil 8.5 yamma da gidanta na dogon lokaci a Independence, California .
[[Fayil:Mary_Austin_Home.JPG|alt=photo of Mary Hunter Austin's home in Independence, California|thumb|Mary Hunter Austin ta rubuta game da gidanta na Independence, California, a cikin ''The Land of Little Rain'']]
Gidan Austin da ke Independence, California, wanda ma'auratan suka tsara kuma suka gina, ya zama wani wuri mai tarihi a California. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Austin's Home (No. 229 California Historical Landmark) &amp;#124; Sierra Nevada Geotourism |url=https://sierranevadageotourism.org/entries/mary-austins-home-no-229-california-historical-landmark/44cb827b-88ed-4461-99e4-9db5f2c6adb5 |website=sierranevadageotourism.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Taswirar Tarihi ta California ta ce:

:: CHL Lamba 229 Austin Home - Inyo Lamba 229 GIDAN MARY AUSTIN - Mary Austin, marubuciyar The Land of Little Rain da sauran kundin littattafai waɗanda ke nuna kyawun Owens Valley, ta rayu a Independence. &quot;Amma idan ka wuce iyakokin har zuwa garin da ke cikin wani tsaunin tudu a gindin Kearsarge, kada ka taɓa barinsa har sai ka buga ƙofar gidan launin ruwan kasa a ƙarƙashin itacen willow a ƙarshen titin ƙauyen, kuma a can za ka sami irin wannan labarin ƙasar, hanyoyinta da abin da ke cikinta, kamar yadda wani mai sonta zai iya ba wa wani ...&quot; ɗan bayani daga The Land of Little Rain. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CHL # 229 Austin Home Inyo |url=https://www.californiahistoricallandmarks.com/landmarks/chl-229 |website=www.californiahistoricallandmarks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidanta da ke Santa Fe, a lamba 439 Camino del Monte Sol, an jera shi a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa a matsayin ginin bayar da gudummawa a Gundumar Tarihi ta Camino del Monte Sol .

An buga tarihin rayuwa a shekarar 1939. Bugun 1950 na littafin The Land of Little Rain da kuma bugu na Taos Pueblo na shekarar 1977 kowannensu ya haɗa da hotunan Ansel Adams. Doris Baizley ce ta rubuta wani shirin talabijin na The Land of Little Rain kuma aka gabatar da shi a American Playhouse a shekarar 1989; Helen Hunt ce ta fito a fim ɗin.

== Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka ==
 

== Waƙa (jerin da ba a cika ba) ==

:: &quot;Sunansa Pedro-Pablo-Ignacio-Juan-Francesco Garcia y Gabaldon, Amma masu kisan suna kiransa Pete;&quot;

* ''San Francisco'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poem: San Francisco by Mary Austin |url=https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/san-francisco-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Mai Kiran Buffalo'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poem: Caller of the Buffalo by Mary Austin |url=https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/caller-buffalo}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Hasken Haske da Busa-Buoy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Austin - Poems by the Famous Poet - All Poetry |url=https://allpoetry.com/Mary-Austin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙarin karatu ==

* http://npshistory.com/publications/deva/mis-v18n11-1965.pdf
* https://www.npca.org/articles/942-the-loneliest-land
* https://web.archive.org/web/20020405154410/https://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/mary_austin/page49.html
* 
* Alaimo, Stacy. &quot;Yanayin da ba a taɓa mantawa da shi ba na ra'ayin mata: Mary Austin da mata masu ra'ayin kare muhalli masu ci gaba.&quot; ''Nazarin Almarar Amurka'' 26, lamba 1 (Bazara ta 98 1998): 73–96.
* Baer, Morley, ''Ɗaki da Lokaci Mai Isa, Ƙasar Mary Austin'', Northland Press, Flagstaff, Arizona 1979, 
* Becher, Anne da Richey, Joseph. ''Shugabannin Muhalli na Amurka: Daga Zamanin Mulkin Mallaka zuwa Yanzu'' (2 juzu'i, bugu na 2. 2008) [[iarchive:americanenvironm0001bech|juzu'i na 1 shafi na kan layi]] na 33–36.
* Hoffman, Abraham. &quot;Mary Austin, Stafford Austin, da kuma Owens Valley.&quot; ''Mujallar Kudu maso Yamma,'' 53 (Kaka-Hutu 2011): 305–322.
* Pearce, Thomas Matthews. ''Mary Hunter Austin'' New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1965. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780891978374|&lt;bdi&gt;9780891978374&lt;/bdi&gt;]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wynn |first=Dudley |date=1966 |title=Mary Hunter Austin by T. M. Pearce (review) |journal=Western American Literature |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=130–133 |doi=10.1353/wal.1966.0001 |s2cid=165474363 |id={{Project MUSE|528587}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stout |first=Janis P. |date=1998 |title=Mary Austin's Feminism: A Reassessment |journal=Studies in the Novel |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=77–101 |jstor=29533250}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=22. Pearce, T.M.. Mary Austin. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc.,, 1965. &amp;#124; New Mexico Archives Online |url=https://nmarchives.unm.edu/repositories/22/archival_objects/379831}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pearce |first=Thomas Matthews |date=February 23, 1966 |title=Mary Hunter Austin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BbVgwgEACAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [https://content.ucpress.edu/chapters/10520.ch01.pdf ''Mary Austin da Yammacin Amurka'' - Babi na 1] [[Jami'ar California Press]]
* [https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/mary-austin-mojave-nature-writer/ Mary Hunter Austin] @ Mujallar Waje
* 
* 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mesle Mah</title>
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        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="5931" sha1="di9yfx3t97081bf7tnpea3es4rcyhkl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

(Persian) wani shiri ne na musamman na [[IRIB TV3]], wanda Resalat Bouzari ya shirya, wanda ke watsawa kowace rana tare da kyakkyawar hanyar, alheri da bege kuma yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa kamar sadaukar da kai da gafara a lokacin watan [[Ramadan]] daga 19:00 har zuwa kusa da Maghrib [[Kiran Sallah|Adhan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=مثل ماه |url=https://tv3.ir/program/144396 |website=شبکه سه}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=مثل ماه |url=https://www.telewebion.com/program/66890 |website=تلوبیون |access-date=2026-02-20 |archive-date=2021-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115153724/https://www.telewebion.com/program/66890 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2020 |title=افطار پای تلویزیون؛ از ادعای تهیه‌کننده دعوت تا رهاشدگان از دست ملک‌الموت |url=https://plus.irna.ir/news/83775755/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%87-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811063316/https://plus.irna.ir/news/83775755/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%87-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=ایرنا}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shirin ya maye gurbin [[Mah-e Asal (TV series)|Mah-e Asal]] a cikin Ramadan 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 May 2020 |title=قدم‌های اول برای &quot;مثل ماه&quot; شدن |url=https://snn.ir/fa/news/845502/قدم‌های-اول-برای-مثل-ماه-شدن |website=دانشجو}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shirin yana ba da labarin rayuwar baƙi da aka gayyata zuwa shirin; Baƙi daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar sun halarci taron kuma suna magana game da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 April 2020 |title=جزییات برنامه افطاری شبکه سه/ رسالت بوذری و روایت‌های &quot;مثل ماه&quot; |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4903379/جزییات-برنامه-افطاری-شبکه-سه-رسالت-بوذری-و-روایت-های-مثل-ماه |website=خبرگزاری مهر}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baƙi na shirin yawanci waɗanda ke da labarin da za su fada. Wani abin da ya faru wanda ya shafi rayuwarsu kuma ya ɗauki launi da ƙanshin Allah kuma ta wata hanya ya kawo su kusa da Allah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 April 2020 |title=&quot;مثل ماه&quot; و روایت داستان‌هایی که رنگ و بویی خدایی دارند |url=http://www.qudsonline.ir/news/701368/مثل-ماه-و-روایت-داستان-هایی-که-رنگ-و-بویی-خدایی-دارند |website=قدس}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gayyatar mutane daban-daban, yin abubuwa na zamantakewa da na ruhaniya, da kuma gabatar da kyawawan halaye na [[Ali ar-Ridha|Ali al-Ridha]], tare da kunna ɗan gajeren fim na waɗannan kyawawan halayi, wasu sassa ne na wannan shirin na musamman na IRIB TV3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2022 |title=تدارک ویژه &quot;مثل ماه&quot; برای رمضان ۱۴۰۱ |url=https://www.borna.news/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1-6/1314739-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9-%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86 |website=برنا نیوز}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Waƙoƙin taken ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekarar watsa shirye-shirye
!Sunan mawaƙi
!Sunan waƙa
!Irin taken
!Bayani na musamman
|-
|2022
|Mohammad Motamedi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=محمد معتمدی تیتراژ &quot;مثل ماه&quot; را خواند/ بشنوید |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1619992/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%98-%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF |website=خبر آنلاین}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Mesle Mah
|Bayyanawa na buɗewa
|Kalmomin da Waƙoƙi: Milad Erfanpour Road An shirya shi ta hanyar: Amir Hossein Akbarshahi Mix: Saeed Shayan
|-
|2022
|[[Amir Haghighat]]
|Diroozo Bargardoun
|Takaddun shaida na ƙarshe
|Kalmomin da Melody: Milad Erfanpour Road An shirya shi kuma an haɗa shi da: Amir Hossein Akbarshahi
|-
|2021
|Garsha Rezaei
|Mesle Mah
|Bayyanawa na buɗewa
|Kalmomin: Ali Bahraini Wayar: Garsha Rezaei
|-
|2021
|Mohsen Chavoshi
|Taghe Soraya
|Takaddun shaida na ƙarshe
|Waƙar, abun da ke ciki da tsari: Mohsen Chavoshi
|-
|2020
|Mohsen Chavoshi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2020 |title=&quot;محسن چاوشی&quot; خواننده تیتراژ &quot;مثل ماه&quot; شد |url=https://www.asriran.com/fa/news/725241/محسن-چاوشی-خواننده-تیتراژ-مثل-ماه-شد |website=عصر ایران}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2020 |title=محسن چاوشی برای &quot;مثل ماه&quot; خواند |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1381136/محسن-چاوشی-برای-مثل-ماه-خواند |website=خبر آنلاین}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Zamire Khodsar
|Bayyanawa na buɗewa
|Waƙar, abun da ke ciki da tsari: Mohsen Chavoshi
|-
|2020
|[[Amir Teymouri]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=تیتراژ پایانی مثل ماه با صدای امیر تیموری |url=http://tv3.ir/clip/144642 |website=شبکه سه}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Mesle Mah
|Takaddun shaida na ƙarshe
|Waƙar: Amir Teymouri Wayar: Hossein Nejabat Wayar: Ali Vahid
|-
|2020
|Mohsen Chavoshi
|Taghe Soraya
|Bayyanawa na Ghadr Nights
|Waƙar, abun da ke ciki da tsari: Mohsen Chavoshi
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mawil Izzi Dien</title>
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'''Mawil Y. Izzi Dien''' masanin addinin Islama ne kuma sanannen masanin ilimin muhalli na Islama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouis pp. 113–116&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ouis |first=Soumaya Pernilla |date=2002-04-01 |title=The Environmental Dimensions of Islam |journal=American Journal of Islam and Society |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=113–116 |doi=10.35632/ajis.v19i2.1945 |issn=2690-3741 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi farfesa ne na Nazarin [[Musulunci]] a Jami'ar Wales Trinity Saint David kuma farfesa ne mai ziyara na Nazarin Islama a Jami'an Qatar . &lt;ref name=&quot;Research Center for Islamic Legislation and Ethics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mawil Izzi Dien - CILE |url=https://www.cilecenter.org/about-us/our-team/dr-mawil-izzi-dien |access-date=2021-01-17 |website=Research Center for Islamic Legislation and Ethics |language=la |archive-date=2022-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152639/https://www.cilecenter.org/about-us/our-team/dr-mawil-izzi-dien |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Mawil Izzi Dien a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]] . Ya yi karatun [[Doka|shari'a]] Musulunci a Bagadaza da Jami'o'in Manchester. A shekara ta 1983, lokacin da yake a Kwalejin Shari'a a [[Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz|Jami'ar Sarki Abdul Aziz]] da ke [[Jeddah|Jedda]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], Izzi Dien ya taimaka wajen shirya sanarwar zamani ta farko game da kiyayewa daga ra'ayi na Islama. Daga baya kungiyar International Union for the Conservation of Nature ta buga shi a [[Turanci]], [[Faransanci]], da [[Larabci]]. Izzi Dien ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Saudiyya. A cikin shekarun 1980s, ya taimaka wajen gina tsarin shari'a da [[Falsafa|falsafar]] don Kula da Yanayi da Kula da Muhalli a Saudi Arabia. 

A sakamakon sake bugawa a cikin litattafai daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1990, labarin Izzi Dien na 1990, &quot;Idanci na Muhalli na Musulunci, Shari'a da Al'umma,&quot; ya zama ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nuna matsayin Islama na al'ada ta yawancin masu kula da muhalli na Yamma. Izzi Dien ya jaddada nauyin ɗabi'a da Islama ke sanyawa ga mutane a cikin wannan labarin, yana mai da hankali kan mahimman abubuwan al'adun shari'ar Islama na gargajiya da tushe a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da [[Hadisi|hadith]] waɗanda ke nufin adanawa da kare albarkatun halitta. Labarin daga baya ya sami magani na tsawon littafi kuma an buga shi a cikin 2000 a matsayin Environmental Dimensions of Islam . 

== Ayyuka ==

* ''Ka'idar da Ayyukan Dokar Kasuwanci a cikin Islama ta Tsakiya: Nazarin Kitāb Niṣāb Al-Iḥtisāb na 'Umar B. Muḥammad Al-Sunāmī'' (1998) 
* Yanayin Muhalli na Islama (2000) 
* ''Dokar Musulunci: Daga Tushen Tarihi zuwa Ayyukan Zamani'' (2004) 
* Ilimin tauhidin Musulunci a cikin Duniya ta Zamani: Gabatarwa (2014) 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Seyyed Hossein Nasr
* Ibrahim Özdemir

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Mustafa Abu Sway</title>
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'''Mustafa Abu Sway''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) masanin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne na [[Falasdinu|Palasdinawa]] kuma shine mai riƙe da kujerar farko don Nazarin Ayyukan [[Al-Ghazali|Al Ghazali]] a [[Dutsen Haikali|al-Masjid al-Aqsa]] da Jami'ar al-Quds a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-06-28 |title=At Jerusalem’s holy sites, Prince William talks about importance of peace to all communities |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1329701/middle-east |access-date=2019-12-05 |website=Arab News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AsiaNews.it |title=Israel wants to limit access to al-Aqsa mosque |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Israel-wants-to-limit-access-to-al-Aqsa-mosque-1686.html |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=www.asianews.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Mustafa Abu Sway a [[Amman]] a shekara ta 1958. Ya sami karatunsa a Jami'ar Baitalami da Kwalejin Boston a Amurka. Abu Sway ya koyar a [[Malaysia]]&quot; id=&quot;mwHQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;International Islamic University Malaysia&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Musulunci ta Duniya a Malaysia kuma ya kasance malamin Fulbright mai ziyara a Kwalejin girmamawa ta Wilkes na Jami'ar Atlantic ta Florida . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=report |first=Tal Abbady Staff WriterStaff Writer Jennifer Peltz contributed to this |title=PROFESSOR HEARTENED BY SUPPORT |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2003-11-05-0311050127-story.html |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=Sun-Sentinel.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara na Nazarin Musulunci a Kwalejin Bard da ke New York kuma a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na Falsafa da Nazarin Musulmi da Darakta na Cibiyar Binciken Musulunci a Jami'ar al-Quds . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ledger |url=https://www.theledger.com/article/20031027/News/608121461 |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=www.theledger.com |language=en |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=2019-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216092707/https://www.theledger.com/article/20031027/News/608121461 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban Fellow na Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, Mustafa Abu Sway an jera shi cikin Musulmai 500 mafi tasiri a duniya a cikin 2012 da 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mustafa Abu Sway |url=https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/mustafa-abu-sway/ |access-date=2019-12-05 |website=The Muslim 500 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

* ''Masanin ilimin Islama: Shari'ar Al-Ghazali'' (Kuala Lumpur, 1995) 
* ''Fatawa Al-Ghazali'' (ISTAC, 1996) 
* Ibrahim a cikin Addinai Uku na Allah (Usarmushi, 1998) 
* ''Kitab Al-Tarbiyah Al-Islamiyyah'' (2001) 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://scholar.google.co.il/citations?user=trxPx30AAAAJ&amp;hl=en Shafin masanin Google]
* [https://www.alquds.edu/en/staff-profiles/faculty-of-arts-staff/116-department-of-philosophy/465-mustafa-abu-sway.html Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma a Jami'ar Al-Quds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825070408/https://www.alquds.edu/en/staff-profiles/faculty-of-arts-staff/116-department-of-philosophy/465-mustafa-abu-sway.html |date=2019-08-25 }}
{{Authority control}}
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    <title>Medeni Mehmet Nuri Efendi</title>
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'''Seyyid Medeni Mehmed Nuri Efendi''' (24 Nuwamba 1859 - 29 Yuli 1927) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.kacyasindayim.com |title=Medeni Mehmet Nuri Efendi Doğum Tarihi Ne Zaman, Medeni Mehmet Nuri Efendi Kaç Yaşında |url=https://www.kacyasindayim.com/medeni-mehmet-nuri-efendi-dogum-gunu-tarihi-ne-zaman.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Kaç Yaşındayım |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masanin addinin Musulunci ne, qadi (alƙali), kuma Sheikh al-Islam na ƙarshe na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TDV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MEHMED NÛRİ EFENDİ |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mehmed-nuri-efendi |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;[3][4]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ŞEYHÜLİSLAM İSTANBULLU MEHMET NURİ MEDENİ EFENDİ NEDİR? {{!}} Antoloji.com |url=https://www.antoloji.com/nedir/seyhulislam-istanbullu-mehmet-nuri-medeni-efendi/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=antoloji.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Medeni Mehmed Nuri a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1859, a unguwar Sultantepe ta gundumar Üsküdar, [[Istanbul]] . Mahaifinsa shi ne [[Alhaji|el-Hajji]] [[Sayyid|es-Seyyid]] Tarsusizade Osman Kamil Efendi na Istanbul kuma ya zauna a cikin birni tsakanin 1821 da 1896. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ya kasance shugaban &quot;Tetkikat-ı Shar'iyye Council&quot; lokacin da ya mutu kuma yana da matsayi na soja a Anatolia da Anatolia. [2] Mahaifiy&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Türkçe Bilgi: Medeni Mehmet Nuri Efendi |url=https://www.turkcebilgi.com/medeni_mehmet_nuri_efendi |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Türkçe Bilgi |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mehmed Nuri ita ce Fındıkzade (Fındıkgil) Sherife Hatija Hanım . Nuri Efendi ya girma a gundumar Vefa ta IstaVefa, ya fara karatun firamare tare da mahaifinsa, ya kammala karatu daga madrasas na [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasas]] Fatih Masallacin da &quot;Mekteb-i Nüvvab&quot;, kuma ya zama farfesa a Istanbul. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [3] Ya tashi&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Işık |first=Ayhan |date=2009 |title=ŞEYHÜLİSLÂMLIK BELGELERİ IŞIĞINDA OSMANLI DEVLETİ'NİN SON ŞEYHÜLİSLÂMI MEHMET NURİ MEDENÎ EFENDİ |url=http://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D03292/2009/2009_3/2009_3_ISIKA.pdf |journal=DİN ve HAYAT |pages=114–116}}&lt;/ref&gt; lokaci kuma ya sami matsayin Mahreç.[4]&lt;ref name=&quot;TDV&quot;/&gt;

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 22, ya fara aiki tare da albashi na ru'us kuma a hankali ya tashi a cibiyoyi daban-daban na tsarin shari'ar Ottoman ya zama qadi (alƙali) na Masar a 1912. Tsakanin Maris 1912 da Agusta 1915, ya zauna a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na Masar. Daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin babban qadi na lardin [[Adana]] . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Evkaf . &lt;ref name=&quot;TDV&quot;/&gt; [2][3]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Osmanlı'nın son Şeyhulislâm'ı Medenî Mehmed Nuri Efendi kimdir? |url=https://www.kafakalem.com/osmanli-nin-son-seyhulisl-m-i-meden-mehmed-nuri-efendi-kimdir/9546/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=kafakalem.com |language=tr |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010122218/https://www.kafakalem.com/osmanli-nin-son-seyhulisl-m-i-meden-mehmed-nuri-efendi-kimdir/9546/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada Nuri Efendi a matsayin Shaykh al-Islam a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1920, lokacin da gwamnati ta yi murabus, kuma an sake nada shi a matsayin Sheik al-Islam ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1920, lokacin leken asirin Ottoman na karshe. Ya yi tsayayya da rarraba ofishin KHalifa kuma ya nace cewa ofishin ba kawai ya wakilci Ottomans ba amma na dukkan Musulmai a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=YURDAKUL |first=Ilhami |date=January 1999 |title=Şeyhülislam Dürrizâde Abdullah Beyefendi ile Şeyhülislam Medenî Mehmet Nuri Efendi'nin Hilafet hakkında muhtıraları |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/254338 |journal=Divan |pages=235–248}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da Babban Majalisar Tarayyar Turkiyya An soke Sultanate a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1922, ya yi murabus tare da gwamnatin Ottoman ta ƙarshe kuma ofishin Shaykh al-Islam ya ƙare a cikin tsarin Ottoman. Wannan mukamin ya ci gaba a matsayin shugaban Diyanet (Directorate of Religious Affairs)  a sabuwar [[Turkiyya|Jamhuriyar Turkiyya]]. Ba a ƙidaya shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane 150 da ba a yarda da su ba na Turkiyya, amma ba a biya fansho ba saboda ya kasance a cikin majalisar Damat Ferit Pasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Shi ne mahaifin 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa tare da matarsa Şerife Hatice Fehime Hanım . Medeni Mehmet Nuri Efendi ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1927 a Ihsaniye, Üsküdar, Istanbul.&lt;ref name=&quot;TDV&quot; /&gt;[2][3]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire}}{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Myrtle Scharrer Betz</title>
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'''Myrtle Catherine Scharrer Betz''' (Fabrairu)&amp;nbsp;22, 1895&amp;nbsp;– Janairu&amp;nbsp;3, 1992) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka kuma mai rajin kare muhalli wadda ta rubuta game da rayuwa a Tsibirin Caladesi a farkon karni na 20.  An san Betz da kasancewa mutum ɗaya tilo da ya fito daga zuriyar Turai da aka haifa a Tsibirin Caladesi,  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Floridian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Great Floridians 2000 Program |url=https://files.floridados.gov/media/693491/great_floridians_pdf.pdf |website=Florida Division of Historical Resources |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma yin kwale-kwale a kan St. Joseph Sound kowace rana don halartar makaranta a Dunedin tun tana ƙarama.  A rayuwarta ta baya, Betz ta yi tasiri a Tsibirin Caladesi ta zama wurin shakatawa na gwamnati .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
[[Fayil:ScharrerFamilyHome.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan dangin Scharrer a Tsibirin Hog.]]
An haifi Myrtle Scharrer a watan Fabrairu&amp;nbsp;A ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, 1895, a Tsibirin Caladesi, wanda a lokacin ake kira Hog Island, ga Henry Scharrer, wani baƙo ɗan ƙasar Switzerland wanda ya fara zama a tsibirin a ƙarshen shekarun 1880, da Catherine &quot;Kate&quot; McNally, wata baƙuwa 'yar ƙasar Ireland wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida ga wani iyali a Dunedin . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Kirby&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kirby |first=Sharon |date=1982-08-29 |title=Myrtle Betz tells of 35 years of life amid Caladesi's beauties |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-myrtle-betz-tells-of-35/158291263/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Tampa Bay Times; St. Petersburg, Florida |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times/158291305/] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Washington&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=Ray |date=1984-03-25 |title=Outsider from the island |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-pierce-tribune-outsider-from-the-is/158292097/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Fort Pierce Tribune; Fort Pierce, Florida |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta ta mutu a shekarar 1902, lokacin da Scharrer ke da shekaru bakwai.

A lokacin da take zaune a tsibirin, Scharrer da mahaifinta suna kamun kifi. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Washington&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=Ray |date=1984-03-25 |title=Outsider from the island |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-pierce-tribune-outsider-from-the-is/158292097/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Fort Pierce Tribune; Fort Pierce, Florida |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWashington1984&quot;&gt;Washington, Ray (1984-03-25). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta kuma yana noma amfanin gona kuma yana kiwon zuma a tsibirin, yayin da yake koya wa Scharrer farauta da kamun kifi. Tun tana da shekaru takwas, Scharrer ta halarci makaranta akai-akai a babban yankin, inda ta kasance mai halartar kusan shekaru huɗu; daga baya ta tuna da yin kwale-kwale a fadin St. Joseph Sound . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Brenner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brenner |first=L.C. |date=1944-06-02 |title=American Pageant |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-american-pagean/158292184/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram; Fort Worth, Texas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da mahaifinta ke sayar da sabbin amfanin gona, kifi, zuma, da alade, Scharrer - wacce ta kira kanta &quot; tomboy &quot; - ta sami kuɗi a matsayin mai farautar gashi. Ta taimaka mata wajen karatunta da ayyukan &quot;kimiyya&quot; na mahaifinta daga Bern, [[Switzerland]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Kirby&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kirby |first=Sharon |date=1982-08-29 |title=Myrtle Betz tells of 35 years of life amid Caladesi's beauties |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-myrtle-betz-tells-of-35/158291263/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Tampa Bay Times; St. Petersburg, Florida |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times/158291305/] |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKirby1982&quot;&gt;Kirby, Sharon (1982-08-29). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Washington&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1915, tana da shekaru 20, ta auri Herman Betz; sun zauna tare shekaru uku a [[Miami]] kafin su koma St. Petersburg a shekarar 1918. Iyalan Betz sun koma Caladesi a shekarar 1919, kuma a shekarar 1928 sun haifi 'ya mace ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Washington&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=Ray |date=1984-03-25 |title=Outsider from the island |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-pierce-tribune-outsider-from-the-is/158292097/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Fort Pierce Tribune; Fort Pierce, Florida |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWashington1984&quot;&gt;Washington, Ray (1984-03-25). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|Betz|2023}} A watan Yunin 1934, watanni shida kafin mutuwar Henry Scharrer, Betz da mijinta sun ƙaura zuwa babban yankin ƙasar don 'yarsu ta sami damar zuwa makaranta a Dunedin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brenner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brenner |first=L.C. |date=1944-06-02 |title=American Pageant |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-american-pagean/158292184/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram; Fort Worth, Texas |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrenner1944&quot;&gt;Brenner, L.C. (1944-06-02). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|Betz|2023}}

Betz yana kan Tsibirin Hog lokacin da guguwar Tampa Bay ta afkawa a shekarar 1921. Guguwar ta raba tsibirin gida biyu, inda ta samar da Tsibirin Honeymoon a arewa da Tsibirin Caladesi a kudu. Betz yana cikin wadanda suka fara kallon sabuwar hanyar da ta raba tsibiran, wato Hurricane Pass. An ruwaito cewa gidan Scharrer bai samu wata barna ta dindindin ba.

Betz, wacce ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar National Audubon Society tsawon rai, ta kasance mai fafutukar kare tsuntsaye a [[Muhallin Kifi da muhallin namun daji na Amurk|Ofishin Binciken Halittu]] daga 1919 zuwa 1934. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lamm1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lamm |first=Sharon Kirby |date=1992-01-04 |title=Myrtle Scharrer Betz, 96, writer of book about Caladesi Island |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-obituary-for-myrtle-scha/158290991/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Tampa Bay Times; St. Petersburg, Florida |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|Betz|2023}} A shekarar 1932, ta buga wani labari a cikin ''The Auk'' game da mujiyoyin da ke tono a tsibirin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Betz |first=Myrtle Scharrer |year=1932 |title=Florida Burrowing Owl in Pinellas Co., Fla. |url=https://sora.unm.edu/node/15898 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Searchable Ornithological Research Archive |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Betz ta yi tafiye-tafiye da dama tare da masanin kimiyyar halitta WS Blatchley, wanda mazaunin Dunedin ne na hunturu. {{Sfn|Betz|2023}} An ambace ta a cikin littafinsa na 1932 ''mai suna In Days Agone'' a matsayin &quot;mai lura da rayuwar tsuntsaye sosai.&quot; 
[[Fayil:Waterfront_scene_-_Dunedin,_Florida.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin Kifi na Dunedin a Dunedin Marina inda Betz ya yi aiki a shekarun 1940.]]
A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Kamfanin Kifi na Dunedin ya ɗauki Betz aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lamm1992&quot;/&gt;  Daga 1944 zuwa 1946, ta rubuta ba tare da an ambaci sunanta ba a cikin wani shafi na mako-mako a cikin Jaridar ''Dunedin Times'' mai suna &quot;Pinch-Hitting for the Old Gishiri,&quot; sunan yana nufin kalmar wasan baseball don maye gurbin batter . {{Sfn|Betz|2023}} {{Sfn|Betz|2012}} Shafin yakan nuna girke-girke da labarai game da Dunedin Marina. {{Sfn|Betz|2012}}

Daga 1946 zuwa 1954, iyalan Betz sun yi lokacin bazara a wani lambun 'ya'yan itace da suka mallaka a Bent, New Mexico . {{Sfn|Betz|2023}} {{Sfn|Betz|2012}}

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Betz ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta ta ƙarshe a Palm Harbor, ta yi ritaya a can a shekarar 1954. {{Sfn|Betz|2023}} Bisa ga burin mahaifinta, Betz ta shafe shekaru tana neman mayar da kadarar Scharrer da ke Caladesi zuwa mafakar namun daji, ba tare da ta sami goyon bayan gwamnati ba; kafin shekarun 1960 ba a yi mata kallon mai kyau ba. {{Sfn|Betz|2023}} Bayan an sayar da ita ga Kwamishinan Birnin Dunedin Francis L. Skinner a shekarar 1946, gidan Scharrer mai fadin eka 156, tare da sauran kadarori a tsibirin, jihar ta saya, kuma ta gina wurin shakatawa na gwamnati a shekarar 1967, kodayake gidaje da ɗakunan ajiya na asali da ke wurin sun ƙone a shekarun 1950. {{Sfn|Betz|2023}} Betz ta yi aiki a majalisar ba da shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi Caladesi daga 1967 zuwa 1971.  {{Sfn|Betz|2023}}

Tana da shekaru 87, Betz ta rubuta littafin, ''Yesteryear I Lived in Paradise'', tana ba da labarin rayuwarta a tsibirin shinge .   An fara buga littafin ''Yesteryear I Lived In Paradise'' a shekarar 1985 a cikin wani tsari mai sassauƙa wanda ya samu damar ta hanyar sha'awa da karimcin abokai 105 na Myrtle Betz. An gabatar da wannan bugu ga Myrtle a matsayin kyauta mai ban mamaki don cika shekaru 90 da haihuwa, tare da rubutun farko da Vivien Skinner Grant, 'yar'uwar Francis L. Skinner da aka ambata a baya kuma tsohon Kwamishinan Birnin Dunedin da kanta ya rubuta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-07-24 |title=The Story Behind Yesteryear |url=https://caladesimemories.com/about-yesteryear-i-lived-in-paradise/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Caladesi Memories |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1990, Honeymoon Island State Park ta yi bikin Ranar Myrtle Scharrer Betz a tsibirin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1990-11-16 |title=Author to receive honor at park |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-author-to-receive-honor/158291490/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Tampa Bay Times; St. Petersburg, Florida |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Landry |first=Sue |date=1990-11-18 |title=Island living subject of celebration |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-island-living-subject-of/158291550/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Tampa Bay Times; St. Petersburg, Florida |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times/158291561/] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa da gado ==
[[Fayil:Myrtle_Scharrer_Betz_Great_Floridians_2000_Plaque.jpg|thumb|An yi wa ado da babban allo na Betz's Great Floridians 2000 a Dunedin Marina.]]
Betz ta mutu a shekarar 1992 a Asibitin Sun Coast bayan ta sha fama da bugun jini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lamm1992&quot;/&gt; Daga baya iyalanta suka watsar da tokarta a Caladesi Island State Park. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lamm1992&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1994, an gabatar da wani wasan kwaikwayo da ya dogara da littafinta game da Tsibirin Caladesi, ''The Islander'', a cibiyar al'adu da ke Tarpon Springs, Florida . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lamm |first=Sharon Kirby |date=1994-10-21 |title=Woman's island life comes to the stage |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-womans-island-life-come/158291055/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Tampa Bay Times; St. Petersburg, Florida |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuriyar Betz sun kuma gabatar da labarin rayuwarta a cikin kayan kwalliya na lokacin al'ada ga mutanen da ke sha'awar rayuwa a tsibirin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Robert |date=2001-02-16 |title=A homesteader's tale of perseverance and survival |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kingston-whig-standard-a-homesteader/158291888/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=The Kingston Whig-Standard; Kingston, Ontario, Canada |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000, an karrama ta a matsayin babbar 'yar Florida, ɗaya daga cikin mutane biyu da aka karrama daga Dunedin (ɗayan kuma shine babban mai sayar da ruwan lemu Bronson Cushing Skinner, wanda ɗan'uwan Francis L. Skinner ne). &lt;ref name=&quot;Floridian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Great Floridians 2000 Program |url=https://files.floridados.gov/media/693491/great_floridians_pdf.pdf |website=Florida Division of Historical Resources |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://files.floridados.gov/media/693491/great_floridians_pdf.pdf &quot;The Great Floridians 2000 Program&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Allon Betz yana nan a Dunedin Marina, inda ta yi aiki a Kamfanin Kifi na Dunedin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dunedin Marina History |url=https://www.oldebaycafe.com/dunedin-marina/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Olde Bay Cafe |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310232720/https://www.oldebaycafe.com/dunedin-marina/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sake buga littafin ''Yesteryear I Lived in Paradise'' a shekarar 1991, 2009, da kuma 2023. An ba da kyautar Florida Trust for Historic Preservation a bugun 2009, kuma murfin littafin ya ƙunshi ''Caladesi Sunset'', wani zane da mai zane na Tarpon Springs Christopher M. Still ya zana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caladesi Island Memoir Wins Preservation Award |url=https://tampareview.blogspot.com/2009/06/caladesi-island-history-book-wins-award.html |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Tampa Review and University of Tampa Press |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310234551/https://tampareview.blogspot.com/2009/06/caladesi-island-history-book-wins-award.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Books&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caladesi Island Books |url=https://caladesimemories.com/caladesi-island-books/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Caladesi Memories |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310235100/https://caladesimemories.com/caladesi-island-books/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012, jikokin Betz Terry Fortner da Suzanne Thorp sun buga ''littafin Caladesi Cookbook: Recipes from a Florida Lifetime, 1895-1992'', wani littafi na girke-girke na Betz tare da bayanan da ke ba da bayanai game da rayuwarta da kuma abubuwan tunawa da iyalinta, tare da gabatarwar da farfesa Gary R. Mormino na tarihi na Jami'ar Kudancin Florida ya rubuta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Books&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2008, an bayyana Betz a cikin littafin Linda Taylor game da matan Florida da ke binciken yanayi, kuma a shekarar 2016, an nuna tarihin rayuwarta a wani baje koli, &quot;Our Women, Our Places,&quot; a Gidan Tarihi na Palm Harbor, wanda kuma aka sake yin wani karatun wasan kwaikwayo na The Islander . Daga baya, ƙungiyar tarihi ta Clearwater ta naɗa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata masu ban sha'awa na 2025 Trailblazing, wani baje koli na shekara-shekara a lokacin Watan Tarihin Mata wanda ke girmama manyan mata daga yankin Gundumar Pinellas .

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohammad Tabrani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>141075</id>
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      <id>816416</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T03:10:56Z</timestamp>
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'''Mohammad Tabrani Soerjowitjitro''' (10 ga Oktoba 1904 - 12 ga Janairu 1984) ɗan jaridar Indonesia ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya samo asali ne daga tsibirin Madura kuma ya sami ilimin jarida a Turai. A farkon aikinsa na jarida, Tabrani ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan Harshen Indonesian a matsayin harshen ƙasa. Daga baya, ya zama editan jaridar Pemandangan kuma ya inganta 'yancin Indonesia ta hanyar majalisa.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Tabrani a Pamekasan, Madura, a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1904 kuma ya fara karatunsa a MULO a [[Surabaya]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa AMS a [[Bandung]] . Daga nan sai ya shiga makarantar ma'aikatan gwamnati don 'yan asalin Indonesiya (Opleiding School Voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren), har yanzu a Bandung.{{Sfn|''Tempo''|2008}} A wannan lokacin, ya kasance mai aiki a cikin kungiyoyin matasa masu kishin kasa kamar Jong Java . {{Sfn|''Tempo''|2008}}

== Ayyuka ==
Tabrani ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a jaridar Agus Salim ta ''Hindu Baroe'', inda ya kasance babban ɗan jarida tun daga shekara ta 1926. {{Sfn|''Tempo''|2008}} A ''Hindu Baroe'', Tabrani ya rubuta edita a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1926, inda ya fara gabatar da kalmar &quot;''Bahasa Indonesia''&quot; (harshe na Indonesiya) don komawa ga yaren da mutane a Indiya ke amfani da shi.{{Sfn|Maryanto|2019}} A cikin wani edita mai taken &quot;Bahasa Indonesia&quot; wanda aka buga wata daya bayan haka a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, ya kasance mai kishin kasa a bayyane: {{Sfn|Maryanto|2019}}

Daga baya ya shirya kuma ya shirya &quot;Taron Matasa&quot; na farko a 1926, wanda ya haɗu da kungiyoyin matasa da yawa na Indonesia. Tabrani ya jagoranci kwamitin shiryawa don taron kanta. A lokacin taron a ranar 30 ga Afrilu - 2 ga Mayu 1926, masu halarta sun amince da amfani da [[Harshen Malay]] a matsayin harshen ƙasa biyo bayan shawarar da [[Mohammad Yamin]] ya yi, amma Tabrani ya yi adawa, yana kira ga yaren da ake kira &quot;harshen Indonesian ba harshen Malay ba, duk da cewa yana dauke da abubuwa na Malay. &quot; {{Sfn|''Tempo''|2008}}

== Kyauta ==
Tabrani sau da yawa ana yaba da shi tare da kirkirar Harshen Indonesian, {{Sfn|''Tempo''|2008}} {{Sfn|Maryanto|2019}} kuma Hukumar Raya Harshe ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Al'adu ta ba da shawarar a cikin 2019 cewa Tabrani ya zama Jarumi na kasa na Indonesia.{{Sfn|Indriani|2019}} Kabarinsa a Kabarin Tanah Kusir a Jakarta shafin tunawa ne da aikinsa.{{Sfn|Maryanto|2019}} A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, [[Joko Widodo]] ya ba da taken Jarumi na Kasa ga Tabrani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Safitri |first=Eva |title=Jokowi Resmi Beri Gelar Pahlawan Nasional ke 6 Tokoh |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7028956/jokowi-resmi-beri-gelar-pahlawan-nasional-ke-6-tokoh |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=detik.com |publisher=Detik |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114004058/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7028956/jokowi-resmi-beri-gelar-pahlawan-nasional-ke-6-tokoh |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1984]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michele Carlo</title>
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'''Michele Carlo''' marubuciya ce, mai wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai fasaha da ke zaune a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . Aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da suka faru a matsayinta na ' yar Latin Amurka kuma mai kiran kanta Nuyorican wadda ta girma kuma take zaune a cikin birnin New York.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
Michele Carlo, 'yar iyayenta biyu 'yan Puerto Rico daga Harlem na Sipaniya, ta girma tare da iyalinta a unguwannin Italiya da Irish da ke Gabashin Bronx . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-02 |title=Author Michele Carlo on the Transformation of NYC |url=http://ny.curbed.com/2016/3/2/11136842/new-york-narratives-michele-carlo-brooklyn |access-date=2017-03-08 |website=Curbed NY |archive-date=2017-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071631/http://ny.curbed.com/2016/3/2/11136842/new-york-narratives-michele-carlo-brooklyn |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin ayyukanta na fasaha daga baya sun mayar da hankali kan batutuwan asali da suka samo asali daga abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yarinta a Bronx.

=== Sana'a ===
Carlo ta halarci Kwalejin Al'umma ta Birnin New York na tsawon shekara guda kafin a karɓe ta a Makarantar Fasaha ta Kayayyaki. Ta sami matsayin mataimakiyar darakta a wata hukumar talla, amma bayan ta shiga wani shiri na ''Guys &amp; Dolls'', Carlo ta yanke shawarar dakatar da neman aikinta na zane-zane don fifita ɗaya a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 1995, ta fito a cikin fim mai zaman kansa ''mai suna Living in Oblivion'' . Daga 1995 zuwa kusan 2004, Carlo ta kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin shirye-shiryen Surf Reality, wani wuri a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Lower East Side na Manhattan. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000, ta fara fitowa a shirye-shiryen bayar da labarai na wasan kwaikwayo wanda The Moth, [[The Liar Show]], da [[Literary Deathmatch]] suka shirya. Carlo ta buga tarihin rayuwarta, ''Fish Out of Agua: My Life on Neither Side of the (Subway) Tracks'',  a shekarar 2010. An kuma buga kasidu da labaranta a cikin mujallun ''Huffington Post'' da ''SMITH'', ''Chicken Soup for the Latino Soul'' da ''Lost &amp; Found: Stories from New York'' .

== Ayyuka ==

=== Littattafai ===

* ''Kifi Daga Agua: Rayuwata a Bangaren Biyu na Hanyar Jirgin Ƙasa (Subway)'' (2010)

=== Nunin/Wasanni ===

* ''Akwai Unguwa'' (2016)
* Buga na Super Storytellers (2013–yanzu)
* ''Kifi Daga Agua:'' ''Rayuwata a Bangaren Waƙoƙin Jirgin Ƙasa (Subway) (wanda aka daidaita shi zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na kaɗaici)''
* ''Ya fito daga New York'' (2005-yanzu)

=== Sharhi/Hira ===

* ''Curbed New York'' (2016)
* ''La Cosmopolatina'' (2011)
* ''Mujallar Wall Street'' (2010)
* ''Labaran Yau da Kullum'' (2010)
* ''Mujallar Latina'' (2010)
* ''Kat ɗin Galley'' (2010)
* ''Lokaci a New York'' (2010)
* ''Travalanche'' (2010)
* ''Blog Talk Radio'' (2010)
* ''Mujallar SMITH'' (2009)

* ''Wanda Ya Lashe Gasar &quot;Maƙwabcin Gari Na Gaba&quot;'' (2009)

== Salo da Jigogi na Adabi ==
Yawancin ayyukan Michele Carlo sun yi tasiri sosai a kan yadda aka rera ta a unguwar da galibin 'yan Italiya da Irish ke zaune a East Bronx, da kuma abubuwan da ta fuskanta a birnin New York a matsayin mai zane-zanen Latina daga asalin Puerto Rican tun daga lokacin. A cikin littafin tarihin Carlo na 2010, Fish Out of Agua, ta kira kanta &quot;mai son zama ɗan ƙasar waje biyu:&quot; Maƙarƙashiyar gashinta da gashinta mai launin ja sun sa mutane sau da yawa suna ɗaukarta a matsayin farar fata, abin da ya ɓata wa danginta masu jin Sifaniyanci rai, duk da haka ta ga cewa ba ta isa ga abokai da abokan makarantarta ba. A wani lokaci ta tuna mahaifinta yana gaya wa sauran mazauna unguwarsu cewa kodayake suna iya zama Puerto Rico, danginsu sun fito ne daga &quot;ɓangaren Italiya&quot; na Puerto Rico, a yunƙurin guje wa wariya da wariya. Daga baya, ta tuna lokacin da ta ɓace a wani faretin Ranar Puerto Rican da wata murya a kan lasifika tana cewa, &quot;'Iyalin da suka kawo ƙaramar yarinya farar fata mai ja za su zo su ɗauke ta?&quot; Na duba ko'ina. Ina kan teburin rawa! Ni ce yarinyar da ta ɓace!&quot; A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, bayanin Carlo game da irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa yana amfani da tunanin mutum da kuma barkwanci don yin tarihin rayuwarta ta yarinta ta ƙoƙarin neman daidaito a cikin asalinta.

&quot;New York kamar kifin shark ce,&quot; in ji ta a cikin wani labarin ''Curbed New York'' . &quot;Idan ta daina motsi, sai ta mutu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Zoe |date=March 2, 2016 |title=Author Michele Carlo on the Transformation of NYC |url=http://ny.curbed.com/2016/3/2/11136842/new-york-narratives-michele-carlo-brooklyn |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Curbed NY |archive-date=March 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071631/http://ny.curbed.com/2016/3/2/11136842/new-york-narratives-michele-carlo-brooklyn |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin sabon aikinta, ''There Goes the Neighborhood'', Carlo ta ci gaba da amfani da abubuwan da ta fuskanta don nuna yanayin birnin New York da ke ci gaba da canzawa. Wasan kwaikwayo na mintuna 55 na kaɗaici ya ta'allaka ne akan gwagwarmayarta ta neman sabon gida bayan an tilasta mata fita daga wanda take zaune a ciki tsawon shekaru ashirin, kuma ta hanyar yin hakan ta shafi batutuwan gentrification a Brooklyn. A wani lokaci a cikin shirin, ta bayyana hawa a cikin mota tare da mai siyar da gidaje wanda, ba tare da sanin cewa Carlo kanta Puerto Rico ba, ya gaya mata, &quot;Ba na ba da shawarar ki ɗauki gida a sama da titin 10, masoyiya... A nan ne duk mutanen Puerto Rica ke zaune.&quot; Wannan labarin na sirri ya ba da shaida na iyakokin zahiri da na zamantakewa waɗanda a bayyane yake har yanzu suna nan a cikin unguwannin New York da yawa, kuma yin hakan yana magana kai tsaye ga masu sauraron Carlo Latinx (musamman waɗanda ƙila suna da fararen fata).

A cikin labarin da ''Curbed New York'' ta rubuta, ta kuma ambaci kafa Prospect Park Alliance da kuma nasarar da ta samu wajen tsaftace wurin shakatawa da kewaye a matsayin wani wuri mai kyau ga Brooklyn. &quot;Babu wanda yake son a bi shi sama da matakala biyar yana ihu, 'Buɗe ƙofa' saboda za a yi maka tsalle. Amma me yasa ba za a sami wani irin haɗin kai da ke girmama tsofaffi da mazauna da suka daɗe ba waɗanda ba su da sha'awar ƙaura? Ta yaya ya dace a gaya wa iyali, 'To yanzu da unguwa ta fi aminci, kuma wurin shakatawa ya tsabta kuma makarantu sun fi kyau, ba za ku sake zama a nan ba.'&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A cikin lura da wannan sauyi, Carlo ta yi tambaya game da dalilan waɗanda suka jagoranci ƙoƙarin mayar da wannan yanki &quot;kyakkyawan wuri da yake a yau.&quot; A cikin tsaftace yankin da ke kewaye da Prospect Park, shin irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna fatan share mazauna da suka daɗe da zama da tsirarun kabilu, da kuma al'adun da suka ƙirƙira? Gabaɗaya, tunani kan abubuwan da suka gabata a cikin ''littafin There Goes the Neighborhood'' da sauran ayyukan Carlo sun ba da fiye da lokutan tunawa ga 'yan asalin New York. Suna ba da tarihin juyin halittar birni gaba ɗaya, da kuma yadda waɗannan canje-canjen ke shafar ƙungiyoyin mutane gaba ɗaya da kuma al'ummar Latinx gaba ɗaya.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masallacin El-Badr</title>
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      <text bytes="1968" sha1="i71vl1hdx0c9z0zfecn68c642bgeir8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

 
'''Masallacin El-Badr''' [[masallaci]] ne da ke a gundumar farko ta [[Marseille]], [[Faransa]] . Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Al Badr ta mallaka shi a shekarar 2016, ginin tsohon majami'ar [[Yahudanci|Yahudawa]] ne da ake kira '''Majami'ar Or Thora''', wadda kuma ake kira '''Majami'ar Or Torah''' ('Hasken Attaura'),&lt;ref name=&quot;OT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meotti, Giulio |date=June 18, 2017 |title=Allah takes over churches, synagogues |url=https://egretnews.com/index.php/2017/page/256/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Egret News}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda pieds-noirs suka kafa a shekarar 1962.

Kafin samun tsohon majami'a a 14 rue Saint Dominique, masallacin yana a 206 Chemin Saint-Joseph à Sainte-Marthe.

== Tarihi ==

=== A matsayin majami'a ===
An kafa majami'ar ne ta hannun pieds-noirs daga [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|Faransa Algeria]] a shekarar 1962.   Tana kan Rue Saint Dominique, kusa da [[Boulevard d'Athènes]], tsakanin [[Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles]] da [[Canebière]], a cikin gundumar Marseille ta farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;consistoirelesynagogues&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les Synagogues |url=http://consistoiredemarseille.com/index.php/Les-Synagogues-a-Marseille/42-les-synagogues/id-menu-19.html |access-date=April 27, 2016 |website=Consistoire de Marseille |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon kyamar Yahudawa a Marseille, majami'ar Yahudawa ta daina aiki.

=== A matsayin masallaci ===
A halin yanzu, masallacin da ke kusa, wanda ƙungiyar musulmi ta Al Badr ke gudanarwa, bai iya jure cunkoson da ake yi a kowane mako ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;OT&quot;/&gt; An sayar da ginin majami'ar a shekarar 2016 kan Yuro 400,000 ga ƙungiyar musulmi ta Al Badr, wata ƙungiya [[Musulmi|ta musulmi]]. Ƙungiyar ta yi shirin mayar da shi masallaci don ɗaukar wasu daga cikin, {{As of|2016}}, kimanin Musulmai 220,000 ne ke zaune a Marseille. 

An kammala mayar da ginin zuwa masallaci a cikin {{Circa|2020s}} .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Monzur Hossain</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Monzur Hossain''' (1928-1968) ya kasance mai fafutukar yaren Bangladesh kuma likita. An ba shi tare da Ekushey Padak bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2002 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga Harshen Harshe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=একুশে পদকপ্রাপ্ত সুধীবৃন্দ |url=https://moca.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/moca.portal.gov.bd/page/7e22de29_5250_4bed_bd62_a032ea740a55/Ekushe%20Padak%20list%20up%20to%2018.pdf |access-date=16 January 2020 |website=Ministry of Cultural Affairs |language=bn |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200105102005/https://moca.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/moca.portal.gov.bd/page/7e22de29_5250_4bed_bd62_a032ea740a55/Ekushe%20Padak%20list%20up%20to%2018.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Hossain a 1928 a Naogaon ga Mobarok Ali da Nurun Nahar . &lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2017 |title=শহীদ মিনারের কারিগর নওগাঁর ডা. মঞ্জুর হোসেন |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/country/news/217591 |access-date=16 January 2020 |website=Jagonews24.com |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala karatun sakandare daga makarantar sakandare ta Naogaon K.D. a shekarar 1943. Daga nan, ya kammala karatun sakandare daga [[Kolkata]] a shekarar 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt; Daga baya, an shigar da shi a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Dhaka. Ya sami digiri na MBBS daga can.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt;

Hossain ya shiga cikin Harshen Harshe . A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1952 Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod ya yi kira ga zanga-zangar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Harshe a ranar 21 ga watan Fabira. An kafa [[Taro ba bisa ka'ida ba|Sashe na 144]] a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1952 na wata daya don sarrafa yanayin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 February 2019 |title=১৪৪ ধারা ভঙ্গ |url=https://m.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/1577216/১৪৪-ধারা-ভঙ্গ |access-date=16 January 2020 |language=bn }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 February 2015 |title=ক্ষুব্ধ চেতনায় একুশের স্মৃতি |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/omor-akushe/2015/02/21/190239 |access-date=16 January 2020 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hossain ya goyi bayan karya [[Taro ba bisa ka'ida ba|sashi na 144]]. Ya gabatar da jawabi game da kin amincewa da [[Taro ba bisa ka'ida ba|sashi na 144]].&lt;ref name=&quot;a2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2017 |title=শহীদ মিনারের কারিগর নওগাঁর ডা. মঞ্জুর হোসেন |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/country/news/217591 |access-date=16 January 2020 |website=Jagonews24.com |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Negudar</title>
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Negudar (wanda aka fi sani da ''Nikudar'' ko ''Neguder'') ya kasance janar na Mongol a karkashin Berke, kuma Golden Horde Noyan . Tare da wasu janar-janar na Golden Horde da yawa, ya rungumi Islama a ƙarshen karni na 13. Daga baya ya ɗauki sunan musulmi na '''Ahmad Khan''' . 

Kafin [[Hulagu]]_war&quot; id=&quot;mwEg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Berke–Hulagu war&quot;&gt;rikice-rikice tsakanin Berke da Hulagu, Negudar ta inganta zaman lafiya a Gabashin Khorasan da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a Asiya ta Tsakiya. Neguder tare da wasu janar na [[Masarautar Mongol|Daular Mongol]] sun mamaye sassan arewa maso yammacin Delhi Sultanate a cikin 1230s. Lokacin da yaƙi ya ɓarke tsakanin Berke da Hulagu a cikin 1260, Negudar ya ɗauki iko a kan wani ɓangare mai yawa na sojojin Berke  da farko a [[Ghazni]] da gabashin [[Afghanistan]].

Negudar da sojojinsa sun zauna a sassa daban-daban na Afghanistan ta zamani  ciki har da [[Kabul]]  da [[Herat]] . Mongols a Afghanistan sun karɓi sunansa daga baya yayin da suka haɗu da Chagatai Khanate a lokacin mulkin Alghu . A yau, [[Harshen Moghol|Nikudari]], wani nau'i na tsohuwar yaren Mongoliya wanda ya ƙare a Mongolia, an kiyaye shi a Afghanistan kuma an sanya masa suna bayan Negudar.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{High-ranking ministers and commanders of the Mongol Empire}}</text>
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Negudar (wanda aka fi sani da ''Nikudar'' ko ''Neguder'') ya kasance janar na Mongol a karkashin Berke, kuma Golden Horde Noyan . Tare da wasu janar-janar na Golden Horde da yawa, ya rungumi Islama a ƙarshen karni na 13. Daga baya ya ɗauki sunan musulmi na '''Ahmad Khan''' . 

Kafin rikice-rikice tsakanin Berke da Hulagu, Negudar ta inganta zaman lafiya a Gabashin Khorasan da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a Asiya ta Tsakiya. Neguder tare da wasu janar na [[Masarautar Mongol|Daular Mongol]] sun mamaye sassan arewa maso yammacin Delhi Sultanate a cikin 1230s. Lokacin da yaƙi ya ɓarke tsakanin Berke da Hulagu a cikin 1260, Negudar ya ɗauki iko a kan wani ɓangare mai yawa na sojojin Berke  da farko a [[Ghazni]] da gabashin [[Afghanistan]].

Negudar da sojojinsa sun zauna a sassa daban-daban na Afghanistan ta zamani  ciki har da [[Kabul]]  da [[Herat]] . Mongols a Afghanistan sun karɓi sunansa daga baya yayin da suka haɗu da Chagatai Khanate a lokacin mulkin Alghu . A yau, [[Harshen Moghol|Nikudari]], wani nau'i na tsohuwar yaren Mongoliya wanda ya ƙare a Mongolia, an kiyaye shi a Afghanistan kuma an sanya masa suna bayan Negudar.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masallacin Mutanen Espanya</title>
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'''[[Masallaci]] Mutanen Espanya''', wanda aka fi sani da '''''Masjid Iqbal Ud Daula''''' da Jam e Masjid &quot;Aiwan-E-Begumpet&quot;, masallaci ne a cikin Fadar Paigah, a unguwar Begumpet ta [[Hyderabad]], a cikin Gundumar Hyderabad ta jihar [[Telangana]], Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Spanish Mosque, Begumpet, Hyderabad |url=https://hydpost.in/the-spanish-mosque-hyderabad/ |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=Hyderabad Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, an san shi da '''Masallacin Moors''', saboda salon gine-ginen Moorish Revival na musamman kuma an ce yana da nau'i ɗaya a Indiya. 

== Gine-gine ==
Ginin masallacin ya fara ne daga Paigah Amir na biyar, H.E. Nawab Mohammed Fazaluddin Khan, Iqbal Ud Daula, Sir Viqar-ul-Umra a cikin 1900 (saboda mutuwarsa kwatsam a cikin 1902) kuma magajinsa da babban ɗansa H.E Nawab Sultan Ul Mulk Bahadur, VI Amir na Pai ta hanyar Princess Jahandarunissa Begum, Lady Vicar Ul Umra ya kammala shi. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Viqar-ul-Umra ya yi wahayi sosai daga Cathedral-Mosque na Córdoba. A waje da ciki na Masallacin Mutanen Espanya galibi suna kama da Cathedral-Mosque da Jama Masjid Gulbarga, a [[Karnataka]], Indiya. Masallacin yana nuna kayan ciki da gine-gine na zamani. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa sune ƙuƙwalwar maimakon minarets ko dome na yau da kullun; suna ba wannan masallaci kamannin coci.

Masallacin yana kula da kuma sarrafa shi ta hanyar magada na Paigah Amir Sir Viqar-ul-Umra . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ANDHRA PRADESH TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION OFFICIAL WEBSITE |url=http://www.tourisminap.com/hyderabad/sight_see.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926081536/http://tourisminap.com/hyderabad/sight_see.php |archive-date=2008-09-26 |website=www.tourisminap.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-20 |title=The Spanish Mosque in Hyderabad |url=https://www.joinpaperplanes.com/the-spanish-mosque-in-hyderabad/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Paper Planes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masallacin na iya ɗaukar masu bauta 3,000 a lokaci guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Grand Spanish mosque is Hyderabad's lesser known icon |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/culture-news/spanish-mosque-is-hyderabad-s-grandiose-yet-lesser-known-icon-7914.html |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masallacin Mutanen Espanya sananne ne sosai kuma an dauke shi a matsayin masallaci mai mahimmanci ga al'ummar [[Musulmi]] ta Secunderabad. 

Masallacin Mutanen Espanya wani wuri ne na al'adun da ASI ta ayyana kuma ana tattaunawa ne don la'akari da [[UNESCO]] Asia Pacific Merit .  

== Dubi kuma ==
 
[[Fayil:BegumpetPalaceMosque_c1906_Viqar-ul-Umara.jpeg|thumb|200x200px|Masallacin a farkon shekarun 1940]]

* [[Musulunci a Indiya]]
* Jerin masallatai a Telangana
* [[Jerin masallatai da suka bar hannun musulmai|Jerin tsoffin masallatai a Spain]]
* Tsarin tarihi a Hyderabad

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-wondrous-spanish-mosque-of-hyderabad/ Masallacin Mutanen Espanya mai ban mamaki na Hyderabad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120110625/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-wondrous-spanish-mosque-of-hyderabad |date=2025-01-20 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Archive |date=2010-08-19 |title=Archive News |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/19/stories/2010081966130400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823225717/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/19/stories/2010081966130400.htm |archive-date=2010-08-23 |access-date=2017-04-28 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}
* {{Cite web |last=Archive |date=2010-08-21 |title=Archive News |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/21/stories/2010082163290300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825152015/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/21/stories/2010082163290300.htm |archive-date=2010-08-25 |access-date=2017-04-28 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}
[[Category: Masallatai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masallacin Toli</title>
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Toli Masjid, wanda aka fi sani da Damri Masjid, [[Masallaci]] ne a [[Hyderabad]], a cikin Gundumar Hyderabad ta jihar [[Telangana]], Indiya . An gina shi a lokacin _dynasty&quot; id=&quot;mwIw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Qutb Shahi dynasty&quot;&gt;Qutb Shahi kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1082  AH  AZ). {{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927}}

An gina shi a cikin salon Qutb Shahi na musamman, masallacin yana nuna tasirin Hindu. Babban fasalinsa shine kayan ado masu yawa, wanda ya kunshi allo, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwLg&quot;&gt;chajjas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, aikin stucco, da sauran abubuwa daban-daban.  {{Sfn|Yazdani|1918}} Tana kan hanyar Karwan mai muhimmanci a tarihi, kuma an kafa ta ne a cikin lambu.{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927}} Masallacin abin tunawa ne mai kariya ga jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Telangana Heritage (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Maintenance) Act, 2017 |url=https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/31-Districts-Protected-Monuments-ListHeritage-Act-2017.pdf |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=The Telangana Gazette |archive-date=2021-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809153806/https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/31-Districts-Protected-Monuments-ListHeritage-Act-2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Musa Khan ne ya ba da izinin masallacin a lokacin mulkin Abdullah Qutb Shah, kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 1671 AZ. Musa Khan shi ne ''mahaldar'' (chamberlain) na Abdullah, da kuma minista da janar. A cewar tarihin ''Gulzar-e-Asafiyah'', lokacin da Musa Khan ya gudanar da cajin gini na Masjid na Makka, an ba shi rangwamen damri daya a kowace rupee daga kuɗin ginin. Ya yi amfani da wannan adadin don gina Masjid na Toli, saboda haka sunan. {{Efn|Both ''damri'' and ''toli'' refer to the [[Dam (Indian coin)|dam]], which amounts to one-fortieth of a rupee.{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=67}}}}

Masallacin yana Karwan, a kan hanyar da ke haɗa Golconda Fort zuwa Purana Pul . {{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927}} Wannan hanyar tana da muhimmancin tarihi yayin da ta haɗa birni na Golconda zuwa sabon birnin da aka kafa na Hyderabad . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Veluri Venkata Krishna Sastry}}&lt;/ref&gt; An jera shi a matsayin abin tunawa da aka kare a jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Yankunan da aka ba masallacin an mamaye su,  kuma masallacin yana cikin yanayin da ba a kula da shi ba. 

== Gine-gine ==
[[Fayil:Architecture_of_Toli_Masjid_1.jpg|thumb|An yi wa shinge ado da windows masu tsayi tare da allon jali da ƙananan minarets.]]
[[Fayil:Entrance_arches_of_Toli_Masjid_5.jpg|thumb|Kayan ado da baƙar fata a sama da kowane ƙofar ƙofar]]
Masjid na Toli misali ne na gine-ginen Qutb Shahi. An gina shi a cikin salon Qutb Shahi na yau da kullun, babban fasalinsa shine kayan ado mai ban sha'awa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin ƙarshen abubuwan ado da aka gani a masallatai na Qutb shahi na baya.

Masallacin yana nuna tasirin Hindu a cikin salon sa. Wadannan sun hada da amfani da kayan ado masu yawa, da kuma abubuwa kamar su giwa-ƙuƙwalwa da tushe mai kama da tukunya don [[Hasumiya|minaret]] guda biyu. Niches a cikin post da lintel style suna kama da waɗanda ke cikin temples da aka yi amfani da su don saukar da hotuna. Bugu da ƙari, an yi wa bango ado da ƙananan minarets kamar yadda ake ganin ƙananan shikharas a cikin temples.{{Sfn|Yazdani|1918}}

=== Na waje ===
[[Fayil:Plan_of_the_Toli_Masjid,_Hyderabad.png|thumb|Shirin Masjid na Toli (yamma). Masallacin yana gefen yammacin farfajiyar. Ana kuma ganin tashi da matakai a bangarori uku, tankin wanka a tsakiya, da kabarin Musa Khan a kudu maso gabas.]]
An gina Masjid na Toli a kan wani dandamali mai tsawo tare da babban tushe, wanda ya zama [[Limestone|lime]]&quot; data-linkid=&quot;171&quot; href=&quot;./Sahn&quot; id=&quot;mwjA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Sahn&quot;&gt;farfajiyar masallacin. Wannan farfajiyar, kimanin mita 6 (1.8) tsawo, ana iya isa ta hanyar tashi daga arewa, kudu, da gabas. Kabarin Musa Khan yana kusa da ƙarshen kudu maso gabashin farfajiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toli Masjid |url=https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/monuments/toli-masjid/ |website=Department of Heritage, Telangana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginin masallacin, {{Convert|4|ft|m}}  mafi girma, yana a ƙarshen yamma. An gina ƙananan ɓangaren ginin daga masonry na Ashlar, yayin da aka gina ɓangaren sama daga tubali da laka, mai yiwuwa don ɗaukar kayan ado na gilashi. Ana amfani da dutse da baƙar fata don ƙawata.{{Sfn|Yazdani|1918}}

Gidan yana da ramuka guda biyar, tsakiya na tsakiya yana da ɗan faɗi kuma ya fi kyau fiye da sauran huɗu. Gidan da ke da ginshiƙai guda biyar sun zama ruwan dare a masallatai na Qutb Shahi, tare da lambar biyar da ke nuna alamar Panjtan. Ginshiƙan dutse masu ado suna farawa a kowane baka kuma suna kaiwa rufin. Wannan kayan ado ya kunshi lambobin basalt a kowane bangare na bakan, da kayan ado na stucco. Wannan yana biye da rufi a cikin nau'in ''chajja'', wanda katako da ƙuƙwalwa ke tallafawa. A ƙarshe, bangon shinge guda biyu ya tashi sama da ginin, wanda ya ƙunshi jerin windows masu tsayi, waɗanda aka yi wa ado da aikin ''jali''. Ƙananan minarets sun tashi sama da bango.{{Sfn|Yazdani|1918}}

Gidan yana kewaye da minarets guda biyu masu tsayi 18 (60 . Ginshiƙai a kusurwoyi sun ƙunshi tushe masu kama da tukunya, waɗanda ke tallafawa shafuka na octagonal wanda minarets ke tashi. Minarets suna da saiti uku na tashoshi, kuma tashar tsakiya tana da balcony, an yi wa ado da abubuwa masu laushi. Kowane minaret yana da dome da finial. Rufin da ke sama da zauren ciki yana da ɗakunan da aka ɗora su uku. {{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

Masallacin an kafa shi ne a cikin babban lambu, wanda kaɗan ya rage. Har ila yau, akwai wani stepwell a cikin ɗakin.

=== Cikin gida ===
Masallacin ya kasu kashi biyu - zauren waje yana da ramuka biyar, kuma na ciki yana da uku kawai. A bangon yammacin zauren ciki, ɗakin [[Mihrab|Addu'a]] yana cikin nau'in rabin goma.{{Sfn|Yazdani|1918}} An zana rubutun [[Farisawa|Farisa]] a cikin Rubutun Naskh a kan ɗakin addu'a. Rubutun, wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci, ya karanta:
 

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* [[Musulunci a Indiya]]
* Jerin masallatai a Telangana
* Jerin wuraren tarihi da aka kare a Telangana

== Bayani ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bayanan littattafai ===

*  
* {{Cite book|last3=Ghulam Yazdani}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Commons category-inline|Toli Masjid}}{{Mosques in India}}{{Qutb Shahi monuments}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''[[Masallaci]] Pathar''', wanda aka fi sani da '''''Naev Masheed''''' ([[Harshen Kashmiri|Kashmiri]]: / ˈnəw ˌməʃiːd̪ /), masallaci ne na [[Duwatsu (geology)|dutse]] na zamanin [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] wanda ke cikin tsohon garin Srinagar, a cikin yankin Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]] . Tana a gefen hagu na Kogin Jhelum, a gaban masallacin Khanqah-e-Moula .  Tsarin masallacin abin tunawa ne na muhimmancin kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Jammu &amp; Kashmir |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507130954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp |archive-date=2012-05-07 |access-date=2016-11-18 |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Masallacin ya gina ta Mughal Empress [[Nur Jahan|Noor Jehan]], matar sarki Jehangir, a cikin 1623. &lt;ref name=&quot;KT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Pathar Masjid |url=http://www.kashmirtourism.org/attractions/mosques/pathar-masjid-in-srinagar/ |access-date= |website=Kashmir Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an gina shi, an ayyana masallacin bai dace da addu'o'i ba kuma an yi amfani da shi a maimakon haka don dalilai marasa addini. An sake mayar da tsarin zuwa masallaci a farkon shekarun 1930. {{Efn|The reconversion happened in the aftermath of communal riots in 1931, though earlier attempts were made in the 1910s.&lt;ref name=rai-archaeology/&gt;}}

== Gine-gine ==
Masallacin yana da wasu siffofi daban-daban waɗanda suka raba shi daga sauran masallatai a cikin [[Kwarin Kashmir]]. Ba kamar sauran masallatai ba, ba shi da rufin pyramidal na gargajiya. Bugu da ƙari, masallacin yana da ''[[Mihrab|mehraabs]]'' tara (arches), tare da tsakiya ya fi sauran girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;A Desecrate Mosque - Pathar Masjid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2016 |title=A Desecrate Mosque |url=http://www.bongblogger.com/kashmir-diary-story-of-a-desecrate-mosque-pathar-masjid-srinagar/ |access-date= |website=Bong Blogger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* [[Musulunci a Indiya]]
* Jerin masallatai a Indiya
* Jerin abubuwan tunawa na muhimmancin kasa a Jammu da Kashmir

== Bayani ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Pathar Masjid, Srinagar}}
{{Mosques in India}}</text>
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    <title>Máire Nic an Bhaird</title>
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'''Máire Nic an Bhaird''' (pronunciation Irish: [ˈmɣaːɾjə n̠jəc ə ˈwaːɾɣdj]; Turanci: ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1982) malamin makarantar sakandare ne kuma mai fafutukar yaren Irish daga Dunmurry, County Antrim a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] .{{IPA|ga|ˈmˠaːɾʲə n̠ʲəc ə ˈwaːɾˠdʲ}}{{IPA|ga|ˈmˠaːɾʲə n̠ʲəc ə ˈwaːɾˠdʲ}}{{IPA|ga|ˈmˠaːɾʲə n̠ʲəc ə ˈwaːɾˠdʲ}}

A ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007 an same ta da laifin aikata laifuka kuma an ci tarar £ 100, &lt;ref name=&quot;convicted&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 2007 |title=Irish language teacher in Belfast guilty of disorderly behaviour |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=CWSNSNQLCWSN |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=5 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305011259/http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=CWSNSNQLCWSN |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya samo asali ne daga wani abin da ya faru a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006 a kudancin Belfast. Ta ci gaba da cewa an kama ta ne saboda yin magana a cikin Irish ga wani jami'in 'yan sanda na Arewacin Ireland (PSNI),  kuma an wanke ta a kan roko a watan Satumbar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 July 2006 |title=Court protest at teacher hearing |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/5194744.stm |access-date=17 December 2006 |website=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;acquitted&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2007 |title=Woman acquitted in Irish language row |url=http://www.irishnews.com/access/daily/current.asp?SID=567570&amp;catid=540 |access-date=19 September 2007 |publisher=[[The Irish News]] |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118171755/http://www.irishnews.com/access/daily/current.asp?SID=567570&amp;catid=540 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'ar kotu ==
An kama Nic an Bhaird bayan ya bar Gidan jama'a a kan Hanyar Malone a kudancin Belfast tare da abokai bayan dare.&lt;ref name=&quot;convicted&quot;/&gt; Ta shiga cikin rikici tare da jami'an 'yan sanda, wadanda suka yi zargin cewa ta ce ta yi Ti Dream ár lá, Irish don &quot;ranarmu za ta zo&quot;, wata magana da ke da alaƙa da goyon bayan jamhuriya ga Sojojin Jamhuriyar Irish na wucin gadi. Nic an Bhaird ta ci gaba da cewa ta ce Ti Dream bhur lá, &quot;ranarku za ta zo&quot;, ma'ana &quot;za ku sami damarku&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;convicted&quot; /&gt;

An dakatar da shari'ar kotu sau da yawa tsakanin Yuni 2006 da Janairu 2007. A bayyanarta ta farko a kotu lauyanta ya bayyana a fili cewa zai yi magana da abokin ciniki a cikin Irish kuma ya gabatar da cewa ya kamata ta sami damar kare shari'arta gaba ɗaya a cikin Irish.&lt;ref name=&quot;CARN1352&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=Autumn 2006 |title=''The Case of Máire Nic an Bhaird, the Irish Language and the PSNI'' |journal=Carn |location=[[County Dublin]] |issue=135 |page=13 |issn=0257-7860}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lauyanta yana la'akari a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2006 ko za a nemi sake dubawa na shari'ar. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, babban majistare ya yanke hukuncin cewa Nic an Bhaird ya sha &quot;babban adadin&quot; barasa, kuma &quot;ya ci gaba da yin magana da jami'an 'yan sanda cikin babbar murya da tashin hankali&quot;, kuma yana da laifi na halayyar rikici.&lt;ref name=&quot;convicted2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 2007 |title=Irish language teacher in Belfast guilty of disorderly behaviour |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=CWSNSNQLCWSN |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=5 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305011259/http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=CWSNSNQLCWSN |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An wanke ta ne a kan roko a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;acquitted2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2007 |title=Woman acquitted in Irish language row |url=http://www.irishnews.com/access/daily/current.asp?SID=567570&amp;catid=540 |access-date=19 September 2007 |publisher=[[The Irish News]] |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118171755/http://www.irishnews.com/access/daily/current.asp?SID=567570&amp;catid=540 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Girman yaren Irish ==
Nic an Bhaird 'yar asalin yaren Irish ce kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta yaren Irish ta Belfast, Coláiste Feirste, inda Sinn Féin MEP Bairbre de Brún ta koya mata. Kungiyoyin yaren Irish, ciki har da Na Gaeil Óga (&quot;Young Gaels&quot;) wanda Nic an Bhaird memba ne, sun yi Allah wadai da shari'arta a matsayin cin zarafi bisa ga harshe, kuma sun zargi cewa jami'in PSNI da ya kama ta ya kai mata hari.&lt;ref name=&quot;CARN135&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=Autumn 2006 |title=''The Case of Máire Nic an Bhaird, the Irish Language and the PSNI'' |journal=Carn |location=[[County Dublin]] |issue=135 |page=13 |issn=0257-7860}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan sanda sun bukaci ta yi magana da Turanci kafin ta sake ta daga tsare bayan an kama ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;convicted&quot;/&gt; Yarjejeniyar Jumma'a Mai Kyau ta samar da wasu masauki na hukuma don harshen Irish a Arewacin Ireland, amma ba a ƙayyade matakin tallafin da ake buƙata ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 1998 |title=Agreement reached in the multi-party negotiations |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/docs/agreement.htm#equalopp |series=CAIN: Events |publisher=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet|CAIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Siyasa ta harshe
* Kungiyar Celtic

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masallacin Juma'a na Ahmedabad</title>
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'''Masallacin Juma''' ('''Masallacin Juma'a''' a zahiri), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Masallacin Juma'a)''' [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|masallaci ne na Juma'a]], wanda ke a [[Ahmedabad]], a jihar [[Gujarat]], [[Indiya]]. An gina shi a shekara ta 1424 a zamanin mulkin Ahmad Shah na ɗaya . Rubutun da ke kan babban mihrab yana tunawa da buɗe masallacin a shekara ta 827, a ranar 1 ga Sarar, ko Janairu 4, ta Sultan Ahmad Shah I.  Masallacin yana cikin [[Birnin Tarihi na Ahmadabad|tsohon birnin da aka gina da katanga]], kuma yana wajen yankin Bhadra Fort.  Tsohon birnin da aka gina da katanga an raba shi zuwa sassa daban-daban ko kuma yankuna daban-daban, kuma Masallacin Jami' yana kan titin Gandhi. A gefen kudu na hanyar, masallacin yana da ɗan nisa daga Teen Darwaza ko Ƙofar Tripolia. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ginin wani abin tunawa ne na Muhimmancin Ƙasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Gujarat |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_gujarat.asp |access-date=2016-11-18 |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masallacin Jama shine ginin masallaci na biyar da aka gina a zamanin mulkin Ahmed Shah na ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Masallatai na baya ko dai suna da girman da ya dace ko kuma an yi su ne don amfanin kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Masallacin Jama ya kasance akasin magabatansa gaba ɗaya domin babban gini ne mai girma. Ginin masallacin yana da babban farfajiyar da aka shimfida wadda za a iya shiga ta hanyoyi uku daban-daban.  Filin yana da tankin alwala a tsakiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Gefen yamma na ginin shine gidan sallah. Duk masallacin yana da alamar abin da aka sani da tsarin gine-gine na Gujarat .

== Wuri ==
Masallacin Juma'a na Ahmedabad wataƙila shine babban masallaci a [[Geology na yankin Indiya|yankin Indiya]] da aka gina a wannan lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jami' Masjid of Ahmadabad |url=https://archnet.org/sites/1560 |access-date=2021-05-03 |website=Archnet |archive-date=2021-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504155046/https://archnet.org/sites/1560 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yana tsakiyar [[Birnin Tarihi na Ahmadabad|tsohon birnin da aka gina da katanga]] .  Bangon arewa na masallacin yana kan hanyar tafiya. An tsara shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban shiri da Sultan Ahmed Shah I ke so, masallacin yana arewacin titin tafiya wanda ke gudana daga Maidan-i Shah a ƙofar da baka uku, [[Teen Darwaza]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Mutum yana shiga masallacin daga arewa ta amfani da matakala. A gabashin masallacin akwai [[Ahmad Shah's Tomb|Badshah-ka-Hazira]], wanda aka fi sani da [[Ahmad Shah's Tomb|Kabarin Ahmad Shah]] . Wannan shine kabarin [[Ahmad Shah I]], ɗansa, da jikansa. Kabarin ya yi amfani da salon gine-gine iri ɗaya kamar Masallacin Jama duk da cewa an fara shi bayan kammala masallacin.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wasu fasalulluka na gine-gine iri ɗaya sun haɗa da amfani da kusurwoyi da yawa, kotunan da aka rufe da ginshiƙai, da bangon allo da aka huda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa kabarin bai yi amfani da wani sabon fasalin gine-gine ba, shi ne irinsa na farko a Ahmedabad. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Kusa akwai kaburburan sarauniya da sauran matan Sultan Ahmad Shah na I, wanda ake kira [[Rani no Hajiro|Rani no Hajiro ko Hazira]] . Wannan kabarin ya yi amfani da salon gine-gine iri ɗaya da [[Ahmad Shah's Tomb|Kabarin Ahmad Shah]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Shakingminarets.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Jama da minarets, wanda Robert Melville Grindlay ya zana a shekarar 1809]]
A cikin 'yan kwanan nan Shekaru , jami'an yankin sun sha wahala wajen daidaita yanayin asalin masallacin, yayin da kuma kula da tsarin don haka har yanzu yana da amfani ga jama'a.  Kwamitin Waqf na Musulmin Sunni ya maye gurbin benen dutse na farko na farfajiyar masallacin da benen marmara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; An sake gyara hawaj (tanki) da ke tsakiyar farfajiyar masallacin, wanda masu ibada ke amfani da shi don yin aikin [[Alwala|Wudu]] kafin sallah. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; An sanya firam ɗin ƙarfe a kan tagogi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ƙungiyar Kula da Kayan Tarihi ta Indiya ta shigar da ƙararraki da yawa a kotu kan membobin Kwamitin Waqf na Musulmin Sunni da mazauna yankin saboda karya Dokar Kayayyakin Tarihi da Gawawwakin Wuraren Tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Kwamitin Waqf na Musulmin Sunni ya ce, &quot;'ASI ba ta da albarkatu ko niyyar da za ta iya dakatar da rugujewar. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan tarihi, musamman masallatai, har yanzu ana amfani da su. Idan ASI ta kasa gyara wani abin tarihi da ya ruguje, nauyin yin aikin ya hau kanmu. Ba za mu iya guje wa samar da kayan more rayuwa na yau da kullun ga mutanen da suka zo yin addu'a ba&quot; game da ikirarin da ASI ta yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Gine-gine ==
An kafa Ahmedabad a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1411, nesa da mulkin Musulmi a [[Delhi]] . Wannan ya ba Ahmedabad damar haɓaka salon gine-ginen lardinta.  Tsarin gine-ginen lardin Ahmedabad ana kiransa salon Gujarat, daidai da sunan lardin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsarin gine-ginen Gujarat, don haka salon gine-ginen Ahmedabad, cakuda abubuwan gine-ginen haikalin Indo-Islamic da na Hindu na gargajiya ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa salon Gujarat ya bunƙasa a ƙarni na 15 da kuma bayan haka, salon Māru-Gurjara, daga ƙarni na 11 zuwa 13, ya kasance misali ga salon gine-ginen Musulunci na Gujarat tun lokacin da Musulunci ya kasance a Gujarat ƙarni ɗaya kafin Ahmed Shah na I ya hau mulki ya kafa Ahmedabad.  Masallatai na farko a Gujarat a lokacin zamanin kafin Ahmed Shah an ƙirƙira su ne daga kayan haikalin da aka kwace waɗanda aka mayar da su gine-gine masu kama da masallaci.
[[Fayil:Jumma_Jami_Mosque_Ahmedabad_Plan.jpg|thumb|252x252px|Tsarin masallacin. Wannan kallon tsaye ne don haka zauren addu'a yana fuskantar yamma yana kallon arewa.]]
Masallacin Jama yana ɗaya daga cikin misalan gine-gine da yawa na salon Gujarat a Ahmedabad. Abubuwan tarihi a cikin tsohon birnin da kewaye sun faɗi cikin rukuni biyu. Nau'i na farko yana da alaƙa da Ahmad Shah na ɗaya a rabin farko na ƙarni na 15, na biyu kuma yana da alaƙa da Mahmud Begada a rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 15 da kuma bayan haka.  An gina shi da dutse mai launin rawaya, ginin masallacin yana kan babban farfajiya mai kusurwa huɗu {{Convert|75|m}} tsayi da {{Convert|66|m}}Faɗin  . Ɗaya yana shiga farfajiyar ta hanyar shiga uku: kudu, gabas, da arewa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ɗaya a tsakiyar kowane gefe. Babban ƙofar shiga ita ce ƙofar shiga da ke fuskantar kudu; ƙofar shiga mai baranda ta gabas tana kaiwa ga wani shinge, kabarin Sultan Ahmad Shah I. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An yi wa farfajiyar ado da wani katanga a ɓangarori uku, ɗakin addu'a yana gefen yamma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A tsakiyar farfajiyar akwai kwano mai kusurwa huɗu don yin wanka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Porch_and_entrance_to_the_court_of_the_Jami_Masjid,_Ahmadabad.jpg|thumb|Baranda ta Kudu da ƙofar shiga Masallacin Jama]]
Shigar ƙofar shiga masallacin kudu tana da girma kuma ginshiƙai ne da aka gina a kanta, waɗanda aka sake amfani da su daga haikalin Hindu ko Jain. An gina barandar da matakai goma sha biyu a kowane gefe. An gina ta da rufin da a da yake da kumfa wanda ya ruguje tun daga lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=James Burgess (archaeologist)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Jumma_Jama_Mosque_Ahmedabad_Elevation_1866.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Tsayin masallacin. Mai kallo zai iya ganin matakai uku daban-daban na rufin.]]
A cikin gine-ginensa na Indo-Musulmi, masallacin ya kuma ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa masu alaƙa waɗanda ba lallai ne su bayyana ga mai kallo ba: wasu daga cikin tsakiyar kumbon an sassaka su kamar furannin lotus, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kumbon da aka saba da su na gidajen ibada na Jain ; kuma wasu daga cikin ginshiƙan an sassaka su da siffar kararrawa da aka rataye a kan sarka, dangane da kararrawa da galibi ake rataye su a gidajen ibada na Hindu.  

=== Zauren addu'a ===
[[Fayil:Niche_between_Arches_Jama_Mosque_Ahmedabad_1866.jpg|thumb|Niche tsakanin baka-gefe]]
Ɗakin addu'ar yana da kusurwa huɗu kuma an rufe shi da kumbo goma sha biyar.  Rufin ɗakin addu'ar an shirya shi a matakai uku.  Babban ɗakin addu'ar yana da ginshiƙai kusan 260 da aka saita sosai waɗanda ke tallafawa rufin, tare da kumbonsa 15, wanda hakan ya sa yawo a cikin zauren ya zama kyakkyawan tsari na haske da inuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Farfajiyar da aka buɗe, wacce aka yi da farin marmara, an yi mata fenti da babban labule da aka zana da rubutun Larabci, kuma tana da tanki don yin wanka a tsakiya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Masallacin da katangar an gina su ne da dutse mai launin rawaya kuma an sassaka su da cikakkun bayanai masu rikitarwa waɗanda masallatan wannan lokacin suka san da su. Babban ɗakin addu'ar an raba shi zuwa kumbo goma sha biyar, ko layuka uku na kumbon murabba'i biyar, kowannensu yana da kumbo don haka jimlar kumbon 15 ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Kumbon cupola da ke tsakiya ya fi sauran tsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Babban ɗakin addu'ar yana da tsayin hawa uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Masallacin yana da jimillar [[Mihrab|mihrabi]] guda biyar waɗanda suka yi daidai da manyan wuraren ibada guda biyar da aka ambata a sama na babban zauren addu'a. Mihrabi guda biyar suna gudana a gefen bangon [[Alƙibila|Qibla]] . Bangon Qibla yana fuskantar yamma  kuma an yi masa ado da marmara mai launi tare da mihrabinsa.  Farin wata mai launin marmara yana nuna wurin da [[Liman|limamin]] ya jagoranci addu'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An sanya allon dutse da aka huda ('Jalis') tsakanin ginshiƙai biyu na manyan hanyoyin.

=== Minarets ===
Babban ƙofar shiga an yi mata tsari da ginshiƙai biyu. Su ne ragowar minarets guda biyu ('minarets masu girgiza') waɗanda girgizar ƙasa ta lalata a shekarun 1819 da 1956.   A cikin girgizar ƙasa ta 1819, an rage manyan minarets zuwa rabin tsayinsu kuma an san su da &quot;minarets masu girgiza&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Girgizar ƙasa ta 1956 ta lalata sauran &quot;minarets masu girgiza&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Gidan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Prayer_Hall_at_Jama_Mosque,_Ahmedabad_-_Gujarat_DSC001.jpg|alt=The prayer room| Ɗakin addu'a
Fayil:Jama_Masjid,_Ahmedabad_04.jpg|alt=Detail of a minaret| Cikakkun bayanai game da minaret
Fayil:Jama_Masjid,_Ahmedabad_13.jpg|alt=A mihrab in the mosque| Mihrab a cikin masallaci
Fayil:Jama_Masjid,Ahmedabad_1.JPG|alt=Pillars in periphery of Jama Masjid| Ginshiƙai a gefen Masallacin Jama
Fayil:Jama_Masjid,_Ahmedabad_14.jpg|alt=The basin for ablutions| Kwano don yin wanka
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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      <comment>Nihonjoe moved page [[Tattaunawar user:George Athor]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Brown caterpillar12]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/George Athor|George Athor]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Brown caterpillar12|Brown caterpillar12]]&quot;</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, George Athor! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/George Athor|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 24 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marjorie Lee Browne</title>
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'''Marjorie Lee Browne''' (Satumba 9, 1914 - Oktoba 19, 1979) malamar lissafi ce. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan [[Afirkawan Amurka|asalin Afirka]] ta farko da suka sami digirin digirgir a [[Lissafi|fannin lissafi]] .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Marjorie Lee Browne 'yar Mary Taylor Lee ce da Lawrence Johnson Lee, amma mahaifinta da '''Lottie Lee''' sun rene ta, saboda mahaifiyarta ta rasu tana da shekaru ''biyu'' . Mahaifinta yana da hazaka a fannin lissafin hankali kuma ya kammala karatun jami'a na shekaru biyu, wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba a lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marjorie Lee Browne - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Browne/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Maths History |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta halarci [[Jami'ar Howard]], inda ta yi digiri a fannin lissafi sannan ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a shekarar 1935.  Bayan ta sami digiri na farko, ta koyar da makarantar sakandare da kwaleji na ɗan gajeren lokaci, ciki har da a Gilbert Academy da ke [[New Orleans]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Krapp&quot; /&gt;

Daga nan ta nemi shiga shirin digiri na uku a fannin lissafi na Jami'ar Michigan . Michigan ta karɓi Baƙar fata 'Yan Amurka, yayin da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi na Amurka da yawa ba su yi ba a lokacin. Bayan ta yi aiki na cikakken lokaci a Kwalejin Wiley [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|ta baƙar fata]] da ke Marshall, Texas, kuma ta halarci Michigan kawai a lokacin bazara, aikin Browne ya biya ta kuma ta sami gurbin karatu na koyarwa a Michigan, ta halarci cikakken lokaci kuma ta kammala digirinta na biyu a 1949. George Yuri Rainich ne ya kula da rubutun digirinta na farko, &quot;Nazarin Ƙananan Ƙungiyoyin Siffofi Ɗaya na Wasu Topological da Matrix Groups.&quot;  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan Afirka ta farko a Amurka da suka sami digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi, tare da Evelyn Boyd Granville, wacce ita ma ta sami digirin digirgir a 1949.  Euphemia Haynes ita ce mace 'yar Afirka ta farko a Amurka da ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi, bayan ta sami digirin digirgir a 1943. 

== Rayuwa da aiki daga baya ==
Bayan ta sami digirin digirgir, Browne ba ta iya ci gaba da aikin koyarwa a wata cibiyar bincike ba. Sakamakon haka, ta yi aiki tare da malaman lissafi na makarantun sakandare, tana koyar da su &quot;lissafin zamani.&quot; Ta mayar da hankali musamman kan ƙarfafa ilimin lissafi ga tsiraru da mata. 

Daga nan Browne ta shiga jami'a a Kwalejin North Carolina (wanda yanzu ita ce Jami'ar Tsakiya ta North Carolina (NCCU)), inda ta koyar da bincike tsawon shekaru talatin. Ta kuma kasance shugabar sashen tsawon mafi yawan lokacinta a NCCU, daga 1951 zuwa 1970. A can ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mai bincike, mai kula da sashen lissafi, kuma malamar Cibiyar bazara ta Malaman Kimiyya da Lissafi ta Makarantun Sakandare. 

Marjorie Lee Browne ta mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a Durham, North Carolina, a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1979. Bayan rasuwarta, ɗalibanta huɗu sun kafa Asusun Tallafawa Marjorie Lee Brown a Jami'ar Tsakiya ta North Carolina wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin tallafin karatu na Marjorie Lee Browne da kuma jerin laccoci na tsofaffin ɗalibai na Marjorie Lee Browne.  Tun daga shekarar 1999, Sashen Lissafi a Jami'ar Michigan ya ɗauki nauyin Marjorie Lee Browne Colloquium, wanda kowace shekara ke kawo mai jawabi &quot;don gabatar da jawabi wanda ke nuna bincikensu amma kuma yana magance matsalar bambancin ra'ayi a fannin kimiyya.&quot; 

== Gudummawa ==
Aikin Browne akan ƙungiyoyin gargajiya ya nuna hujjoji masu sauƙi na muhimman halaye na yanayin ƙasa da alaƙa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gargajiya.  Aikinta gabaɗaya ya mayar da hankali kan algebra mai layi da matrix .

Browne ya ga muhimmancin kimiyyar kwamfuta tun da wuri, inda ya rubuta tallafin dala 60,000 ga IBM don kawo kwamfuta zuwa NCCU a shekarar 1960—ɗaya daga cikin kwamfutocin farko a fannin kwamfuta na ilimi, kuma wataƙila na farko a wata [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|makarantar baƙar fata ta tarihi]] . 

A tsawon aikinta, Browne ta yi aiki don taimaka wa ɗaliban lissafi masu hazaka, tana ilmantar da su da kuma ba su tallafin kuɗi don neman ilimi mai zurfi. Fitattun ɗalibai sun haɗa da Joseph Battle, William Fletcher, Asamoah Nkwanta, da Nathan Simms. Ta kafa cibiyoyin bazara don samar da ci gaba da ilimi a fannin lissafi ga malaman makarantar sakandare. A shekarar 1974 an ba ta lambar yabo ta tunawa ta WW Rankin ta farko daga Majalisar Malaman Lissafi ta North Carolina saboda aikinta da ilimin lissafi.

Ta kasance memba a Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Mata, Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka, da kuma Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Masana Lissafi . 

== Littattafai ==

* &quot;Bayani kan ƙungiyoyin gargajiya&quot;, ''Amer.'' ''Lissafi. Wata-wata'' 62 (1955), 424–27.

=== Aikin ilimin lissafi ===

* ''Saiti, Manhaja, da Tunanin Lissafi'' (1957)
* ''Gabatarwa ga Algebra Mai Layi'' (1959)
* ''Aljibra ta Farko ta Matrix'' (1969)
* ''Tsarin Algebraic'' (1974)

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==
Duk da cewa nuna wariya ga 'yan Afirka da mata yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a farkon aikin Browne, an yaba mata saboda nasarorin da ta samu a fannin ilimi da lissafi.

* An zaɓe shi zuwa Sigma Xi, 1948
* Wanda aka zaɓa a Jami'ar Michigan, American Lissafi Society
* Gidauniyar Ford Foundation za ta yi karatu a fannin ilimin hade-haden halittu (Combinatorial topology) a Jami'ar Cambridge
* Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Ƙasa da ke nazarin kwamfuta da nazarin lambobi a UCLA
* Fellowship don nazarin yanayin bambancin yanayi a Jami'ar Columbia, 1965–66
* Wanda ya fara samun [[W. W. Rankin Memorial Award for Excellence in Mathematics Education|kyautar tunawa da WW Rankin don ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin lissafi]], wanda Majalisar Malamai ta North Carolina ta bayar, wanda ya yaba mata kan &quot;taimakawa wajen share fagen ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin gwiwa&quot;.
* Sashen Lissafi na Jami'ar Michigan ya kafa [http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/ Kwalejin Dr. Marjorie Lee Browne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311021001/http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/ |date=2021-03-11 }} a shekarar 1999. Ana gabatar da taron tattaunawa kowace shekara a lokacin ayyukan Ranar Martin Luther King na Jami'ar Michigan. 
* Marjorie Lee Browne Scholarship, wacce ke ba da cikakken tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban da suka ƙware a fannin lissafi a NCCU.

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==

* Patricia Clark Kenschaft, &quot;Baƙar fata maza da mata a cikin bincike na lissafi,&quot; ''Journal of Black Studies'', vol. 18, ba. 2 (Disamba 1987), shafi.&amp;nbsp;170–190.
* Scott W. Williams, &quot;Mata Baƙaƙe a Kimiyyar Lissafi,&quot; [http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/wmad0.html (Sashen Lissafi na SUNY Buffalo)]
* E. Fogg, C. Davis, da J. Sutton, &quot;Bayanin Marjorie Lee Browne.&quot; An ɗauko daga Duniyar Yanar Gizo, Shafin Yanar Gizo na Kwalejin Agnes Scott mai suna &quot;Tarihin Rayuwar Mata Masana Lissafi&quot; a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2004.
* &quot;Kakannin Kimiyya na MiSciNet, Marjorie Lee Browne,&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201523/http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_development/previous_issues/articles/3220/miscinet_s_ancestors_of_science_marjorie_lee_browne ''Kimiyya''], Satumba 10, 2004.
* Charlene Morrow da Teri Perl (eds), ''Mata Masu Shahara a Lissafi, Ƙamus na Tarihin Rayuwa'', Greenwood Press, 1998. shafi na&amp;nbsp;17–21.
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]]
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'''Masallacin Al-Mash'ar al-Haram''' yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wurare na aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], wanda ke cikin Muzdalifah, [[Hijaz|yammacin]] [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=مسجد المشعر الحرام |url=https://saudipedia.com/article/14089/%D8%B4%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85 |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=سعوديبيديا |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Burton1857&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Richard Francis Burton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes1885&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Thomas Patrick Hughes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BadawiSardar1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Ziauddin Sardar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masallacin ya mamaye fadinsa kimanin {{Convert|5,040|m²|sqft}}  , mai tsawon kusan {{Convert|90|m|ft}} da faɗin {{Convert|56|m|ft}} . Ya haɗa da babban farfajiyar addu'a wadda za ta iya ɗaukar masu ibada sama da 12,000, kuma tana da minarets guda biyu waɗanda tsayinsu ya kai kimanin {{Convert|32|m|ft}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=مشعر مزدلفة |url=https://kidana.com.sa/historicals/muzdalefa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=كدانة للتنمية والتطوير |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Masallaci|Masallacin]] yana tsakiyar Muzdalifah, tsakanin [[Dutsen Arfa|Dutsen Arafat]] da Mina, tare da hanyar da ta haɗa wurare biyu. Yana zama babban wurin taruwa ga mahajjata bayan sun tashi daga Arafat a ƙarshen [[Ranar Arafa|Ranar Arafah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=imtiaz |date=2017-04-04 |title=Masjid al-Mashar al-Haram |url=https://hajjumrahplanner.com/masjid-al-mashar-al-haram/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Hajj and Umrah Planner |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tarihin masallacin yana da alaƙa da ayyukan [[Annabi|Annabin Musulunci]] [[Muhammad]] a lokacin [[Hajjin bankwana|Aikin Hajjin Ban Kwana]], da kuma umarnin Alƙur'ani na tunawa da Allah a nan lokacin da ake ƙaura daga Arafat zuwa Muzdalifah. An gina masallacin a ƙarni na 3 bayan Hijira a wurin da Muhammadu ya kwana a Muzdalifah, ya yi sallar Asuba, ya kuma tuna da [[Allah]] har zuwa wayewar gari. Tun lokacin da aka fara gina masallacin, an yi faɗaɗa shi da gyara shi da dama a tarihin Musulunci, wanda daga ƙarshe ya kai ga yanayinsa na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Landmarks |first=Islamic |date=2014-04-24 |title=Masjid Mashar al-Haram |url=https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/makkah-hajj-places/masjid-mashar-al-haram |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=IslamicLandmarks.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muhimmancin masallacin ya samo asali ne daga ambatonsa a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] ( [[Al-Bakara|2]] :198) &lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|198|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{Cite Quran|2|198}}&lt;/ref&gt; a matsayin {{Interlanguage link|المشعر الحرام|ar|lt=the Sacred Grove}} :

{{Blockquote|text={{lang|ar|لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَبْتَغُوا فَضْلًا مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ۚ فَإِذَا أَفَضْتُم مِّنْ عَرَفَاتٍ فَاذْكُرُوا اللهَ عِندَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ ۖ وَاذْكُرُوهُ كَمَا هَدَاكُمْ وَإِن كُنتُم مِّن قَبْلِهِ لَمِنَ الضَّالِّينَ}}&lt;br&gt;Bãbu laifi a kanku idan kun nẽmi falalar [[Allah a cikin Musulunci|Ubangijinku]]. Sa'an nan idan kun fita Arafat, to, ku ambaci (Allah) a wurin Aljannah Tsararre. Kuma ku ambaci Shi kamar yadda Ya shiryar da ku, kuma lalle ne, kã kasance a gabãninsa, daga ɓatattu.|source=&lt;ref name=&quot;Burton1857&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Da'ud and Ashraf, 1984&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes1885&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Long1979&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Danarto1989&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2005&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BadawiSardar1978&quot;/&gt;}}

Wannan wuri ne da Annabi ya yi salla ya kwana a Muzdalifah, wanda hakan ya sanya shi wuri na halitta da ma'ana ga mahajjata bayan sun tsaya a Arafat. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-17 |title=Masjid al-Mashar al-Haram: The Sacred Mosque in Makkah al-Haram - Alfalah Journey |url=https://alfalahjourney.com/makkah/ziyarats/masjid-al-mashar-al-haram/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112072756/https://alfalahjourney.com/makkah/ziyarats/masjid-al-mashar-al-haram/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Masallacin yana aiki a matsayin wurin tunawa da Allah, yin sallar Maghrib da Isha tare, da kuma kwana a Muzdalifah kafin a tafi Mina a safiyar Idi. Kowace shekara, miliyoyin mahajjata suna ziyartar masallacin a matsayin wurin addu'a da ibada mai albarka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=المشعر الحرام .. نزل النبي عند قبلته في حجة الوداع |url=https://makkawi.azurewebsites.net/Article/831/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9 |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=makkawi.azurewebsites.net |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Masy'aril_Haram_Mosque_in_Muzdalifah;_January_2015.jpg|alt=The mosque in 2015| Masallacin a shekarar 2015
Fayil:مسجد_المشعر_الحرام.jpg|alt=The mosque in 2018| Masallacin a shekarar 2018
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Masallacin '''Al-Aman Bahela Khatun''' [[masallaci]] ne da ke Belkuchi, {{Convert|20|km}} kudu maso gabashin Sirajganj a cikin Sashen Rajshahi na [[Bangladesh]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2021 |title=আজ বেলকুচিতে দৃষ্টিনন্দন মসজিদের উদ্বোধন |trans-title= |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/religion/233741/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8 |access-date= |website=The Daily Ittefaq |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masallacin masallaci ne na gargajiya wanda aka gina a kan {{Convert|50160|m2}}, ko kuma 20 da rabi bighas, na ƙasa a gefen yamma na titin Sirajganj-Enayetpur a Mukandganti mahalla na unguwa ta 8 na yankin birnin Belkuchi. &lt;ref name=&quot;jugantor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2021 |title=দৃষ্টিনন্দন নির্মাণশৈলী বাহেলা খাতুন জামে মসজিদ |trans-title= |url=https://www.jugantor.com/country-news/407528/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6 |access-date= |website=Jugantor |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2021 |title=আড়াই বিঘা জমির ওপর যে মসজিদ |trans-title= |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/others/religion/678261/%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93 |access-date= |website=Bangla Tribune |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala masallacin a salon [[Islamic architecture|Musulunci]] [[Postmodern architecture|na Postmodern]], wanda aka bayyana a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyau da kuma babban masallaci a Bangladesh. A watan Satumba na 2016, Mohammad Ali Sarkar na ƙauyen Mukundagati ya aza harsashin ginin Masallacin Al-Aman Bahela Khatun Jame da ke Belkuchi da sunan ɗansa Al-Aman da mahaifiyarsa Bahela Khatun. Ya gina masallacin da kansa, inda ya kashe sama da [[Crore|tiriliyan]] 30. Ya ɗauki shekaru huɗu yana ginawa. Matsakaicin ma'aikata 45 ne ke aiki kowace rana a ginin. 

== Tarihi ==
A watan Satumba na shekarar 2016, Mohammad Ali Sarkar, daga ƙauyen Mukundagati, ya aza harsashin ginin Masallacin Al-Aman Bahela Khatun Jame da sunan ɗansa Al-Aman da mahaifiyarsa Bahela Khatun a kan fili mai girman 2.5 a kudancin gundumar Belkuchi. Ya gina masallacin da kansa a kan kuɗin da ya kai sama da tiriliyan 30. Ya ɗauki shekaru huɗu yana ginawa. Tun daga farko, matsakaicin ma'aikata 45 ne ke aiki kowace rana. &lt;ref name=&quot;jugantor&quot;/&gt;

== Gine-gine ==
Masallacin yana da babban kumbo mai launin toka. Bugu da ƙari, benen an lulluɓe shi da fararen tayal kuma an lulluɓe ginshiƙai da marmara. A hawa na uku na masallacin akwai kumbo, a wasu wurare kuma akwai wasu fitilu masu haske. Akwai guda biyu {{Convert|110|ft|m|-high}} [[Hasumiya|minarets]] a kowane gefe. Masallacin yana kewaye da ginshiƙai fari, manyan tagogi, fararen tayal da ciyawa kore a farfajiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2021 |title=বেলকুচিতে জুমার নামাজের মধ্যে দিয়ে উদ্বোধন দৃষ্টিনন্দন মসজিদের |trans-title= |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/rajshahi/573363/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0 |access-date= |website=Daily Naya Diganta |language=bn |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425235140/https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/rajshahi/573363/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Musulunci a Bangladesh
* Jerin Masallatai a Bangladesh

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moe Anderson</title>
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'''Monica &quot;Dr. Moe&quot; Frazier Anderson''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1962) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, [[Ɗan jarida|'yar jarida]], mai magana mai ƙarfafa gwiwa, kuma Likita a fannin tiyatar hakori . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-22 |title=Texas Dentist, Monica &quot;Dr. Moe&quot; Anderson, Says Success Is A Side Effect |url=https://www.blacknews.com/news/texas-dentist-monica-anderson-dr-moe-success-is-a-side-effect/ |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=BlackNews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shekarun farko ==
An haifi Anderson a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] . Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa [[Fort Worth, Texas]] lokacin tana da shekara uku. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta OD Wyatt, ta halarci Jami'ar Baylor, inda ta sami digirin farko a [[Biology|fannin ilmin halittu]] a shekarar 1984. Wani abokin karatunta a Baylor ya ba ta laƙabi &quot;Moe&quot; saboda bai iya tuna yadda take furta mo-nee-ka ba.

A lokacin da take Baylor, ta bi bayan gadon kakarta ta uba da mahaifiyarta ta hanyar zama memba na ƙungiyar Zeta Phi Beta . Daga nan ta shiga makarantar koyon aikin haƙori ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Ilimin Haƙori ta Jami'ar Minnesota a shekarar 1988 tare da digirin digirgir a fannin tiyatar haƙori. Abokanta suka fara kiranta da &quot;Dr. Moe.&quot;

== Sana'a ==
Anderson ta zama mataimakiya a wani asibitin hakori a Minnetonka, Minnesota, a shekarar 1988. A shekara mai zuwa aka ɗauke ta aiki don rubuta wani shafi a mujallar wasanni, Minnesota Vikings Update .

Littafin Anderson na farko, ''Black English Vernacular: From Ain't to Yo Mama'', [[ƙamus]] na [[Turanci na Afirka da Amurka|African American Vernacular English]], Rainbow Books ne ya buga shi a shekarar 1994.  Ta kasance marubuciya a mako-mako ga ''Star-Telegram'', wata babbar jaridar yau da kullum a Texas daga 1996 zuwa 2004.  Littafinta na biyu, ''Mom, Are We There Yet?,'' tarin wasu daga cikin waɗannan ginshiƙai ne.  Bayyanar da ta yi a matsayinta na ' [[Ɗan jarida|yar jarida]] ya haifar da damar daukar nauyin wani shirin talabijin na USB, ''Perpetual Moe-tion'', ga AT&amp;amp;amp;T .  kuma ta ƙaddamar da aikinta na magana. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 June 2020 |title=Meet local podcaster, author and community activist &quot;Dr. Moe&quot; |url=https://www.wfaa.com/video/entertainment/television/programs/good-morning-texas/meet-local-podcaster-author-and-community-activist-dr-moe/287-ab8bf35a-c6f4-4f41-aeca-110225797037}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anderson ta kafa kamfanin buga littattafai, TyMAC Books, kuma ta buga littafin ''When A Sistah's FED UP'' a shekarar 2005 &lt;ref name=&quot;24-7pressrelease&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Secrets, Lies, and Politics Collides in Monica Frazier Anderson's New Novel, When a Sistah's Fed Up |url=http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release.php?rID=10559+rel= |access-date=2015-08-22 |publisher=24-7pressrelease.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya zama ''mujallar Essence''  da kuma littafin ''Dallas Morning News''  . Littafinta na gaba, ''I Stand Accused'', ya shiga jerin littattafan ''Dallas Morning News'' da suka fi sayarwa jim kaɗan bayan an buga shi a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;pressexposure&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Texas Dentist Writes Romance Novel |url=http://pressexposure.com/Texas_Dentist_Writes_Romance_Novel-13645.html |access-date=2015-08-22 |publisher=pressexposure.com }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafinta na uku kuma na biyar, ''Sinphony'', an buga shi a shekarar 2011. Success Is A Side Effect littafi ne na taimakon kai wanda Dr. Anderson ya fitar a shekarar 2014. &quot;Never Close Your Heart,&quot; littafin Anderson na huɗu kuma na bakwai an fitar da shi a shekarar 2020.

Anderson babban mai jawabi ne a tarurrukan ƙasa da tarurrukan kamfanoni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |title=Book Launch: Never Close Your Heart by Monica F. Anderson |url=https://www.blogtalkradio.com/black-author-network/2021/01/19/book-launch-never-close-your-heart-by-monica-f-anderson |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=BlogTalkRadio}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana gabatar da wani shiri na podcast wanda ake iya watsawa a duk manyan dandamali na Zamani tare da Dr. mOe Anderson. Shirye-shiryen sun mayar da hankali kan iyali, abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu, lafiya da walwala, da kuma inganta kai. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 June 2020 |title=Meet local podcaster, author and community activist &quot;Dr. Moe&quot; |url=https://www.wfaa.com/video/entertainment/television/programs/good-morning-texas/meet-local-podcaster-author-and-community-activist-dr-moe/287-ab8bf35a-c6f4-4f41-aeca-110225797037}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.wfaa.com/video/entertainment/television/programs/good-morning-texas/meet-local-podcaster-author-and-community-activist-dr-moe/287-ab8bf35a-c6f4-4f41-aeca-110225797037 &quot;Meet local podcaster, author and community activist &quot;Dr. Moe&quot;&quot;]. 23 June 2020.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
Ƙungiyoyin farar hula, hukumomin gwamnati da cibiyoyin ilimi sun karrama Anderson saboda jagorancin al'umma.   Mai Zaman Kanta ta Fort Worth ta ba ta kyautar &quot; Mafi Kyawun Tsoffin &lt;ref name=&quot;baylor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2001 |title=Baylor University &amp;#124;&amp;#124; Media Communications &amp;#124;&amp;#124; News |url=http://www.baylor.edu/pr/news.php?action=story&amp;story=3770 |access-date=2015-08-22 |publisher=baylor.edu }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi Anderson don shiga cikin Shirin Jagoranci na Bambancin Jagoranci na Ƙungiyar Hakoran Amurka. Bayan ta shafe shekara guda tana nazarin harkokin kasuwanci tare da manyan farfesoshi na makarantun kasuwanci, an ƙarfafa waɗanda suka kammala karatun su koma al'ummominsu su fara wani shiri na hidimar al'umma. Dr. Anderson ta ƙaddamar da Drop the Drugs &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://new.dropthedrugs.org/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=Drop The Drugs |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518190107/https://new.dropthedrugs.org/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ilimi don yaƙi da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da rashin amfani da su, musamman game da opioids. Drop the Drugs ta yi aiki tare da jami'an tsaro na gida da ɗaliban sa kai don wayar da kan jama'a a wurare daban-daban game da adana magunguna lafiya da zubar da su a tarurrukan al'umma a faɗin Amurka. Birnin Grand Prairie, TX ta amince da ƙungiyar, wadda ta ayyana ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2019 a matsayin &quot;Drop the Drugs Day&quot;.  Tana da tarihin aikin sa kai a jiharta ta asali. Yayin da take zaune cikakken lokaci a Austin, Texas, Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ta bai wa Anderson kyautar 2011 ta 'Yan Majalisa Baƙar fata Caucus Outstanding Community Volunteer a taron 'yan majalisa na shekara-shekara. A halin yanzu tana ci gaba da rubutu, magana, da aiki a matsayin ƙwararren mai ba da shawara kan harkokin hakori. Tana raba lokacinta tsakanin Austin, Texas, da DFW.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
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    <title>Masallacin Jameh na Amol</title>
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'''Masallacin Jāmeh na Amol'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Jameh Mosque of Amol |url=http://www.arthut.co/mosque/item/517-amol-jame-mosque |access-date= |website=ArtHut}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|masallacin Juma'a]] ne [[Shi'a|na 'yan Shi'a]] (Jāmeh), wanda ke cikin Amol, a lardin Mazandaran, [[Iran]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Jame Mosque of Amol |url=http://www.masjed.ir/en/article/1815/Jam-e-Mosque-of-Amol |access-date= |website=Masjed portal}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Amol attractions |url=http://english.irib.ir/radioculture/iran/tourism/item/146474-amol-attractions-historical-natural |access-date= |website=English.irib}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Mosque of Mazandaran |url=http://www..org/Results.aspx?PageIndex=1&amp;SearchEverything=Populated+Places+in+Amol+County |access-date= |website=Worldjournals}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; kusa da Amol Sassanid Bazaar. Babban gininsa ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni na farko [[Hijira kalanda|bayan hijira]] da kuma lokacin mulkin daular Qajar da kuma gyaran daular Safavid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Jame Mosque of Amol |url=http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=279 |access-date= |website=Iran Tourist and Touring Organization |archive-date=2017-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220015634/http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=279 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ƙara masallacin a cikin [[Iran National Heritage List|Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Iran]] a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2008, wanda [[Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran|Hukumar Al'adu, Sana'o'i da Yawon Bude Ido ta Iran]] ta gudanar.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Masallacin Khoja Marjanli</title>
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'''[[Masallaci]] Khoja Marjanli''' ([[Azerbaijan]]_language&quot; id=&quot;mwHQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Azerbaijani language&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;Azerbaijani) tsohon masallacin [[Shi'a|Shia]] Islam ne, yanzu a cikin rushewa, wanda ke cikin Shusha, a cikin gundumar Karabakh ta Azerbaijan . Tana kan titin Mirza Alakbar Sabir na unguwar Khoja Marjanli na Shusha, kimanin kilomita {{Cvt|350|km}} (220  daga [[Baku]], babban birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Khoja Marjanli mosque |url=http://www.mct.gov.az/?/az/abide/view/6147/&amp;PHPSESSID=qhiso1nctac720jvc2a5qmosu4 |access-date=6 August 2010 |website=Ministry of Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shusha na daga cikin Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, kuma ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon sojojin [[Armeniya]] na gida a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1992 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Karabakh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shusha State Historical &amp; Architectural Reserve |url=http://karabakhfoundation.org/regions/shusha/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004182205/http://www.karabakhfoundation.org/regions/shusha |archive-date=4 October 2010 |access-date=6 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Şuşa qalalar şəhəri, muzeylər məskəni idi |url=http://www.azerbaijan-news.az/index.php?Lng=aze&amp;year=2010&amp;Pid=4132 |access-date=9 August 2010 |language=az}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin mamayewa, an watsar da masallacin kuma an lalata shi. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2020, sojojin Azerbaijan sun sake karbar birnin a lokacin yakin Nagorno-Karabakh na 2020 bayan yakin kwana uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;confirmation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=10 November 2020 |title=Azerbaijan, Armenia and Russia sign peace deal over Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/09/europe/nagorno-karabakh-shusha-armenia-azerbaijan-russia-intl/index.html |website=CNN |publisher=[[CNN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Президент Арцаха прокомментировал мир с Азербайджаном |url=https://www.mk.ru/politics/2020/11/10/prezident-arcakha-prokommentiroval-mir-s-azerbaydzhanom.html |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=www.mk.ru |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* [[Muslumci a Azerbaijan|Musulunci na Shia a Azerbaijan]]
* Jerin masallatai a Azerbaijan
* Ruwan Khoja Marjanly
* Caravansary na 'yan uwan Safarov

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Commons category-inline}}

* [http://www.karabakhmonuments.com Abubuwan tunawa na Karabakh]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 
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    <title>Masallacin Chukhur Mahalla</title>
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Masallacin Chukhur Mahalla (Azerbaijani: Çuhur məhəllə məscidi, kuma aka sani da Azerbaijan: Shefa Ojagi, lit. 'Wurin Cure'),[1] tsohon masallacin Shi'a Islama ne, yanzu ya zama kango, wanda ke Shusha, a gundumar Karabakh ta Azerbaijan.

Shusha ta kasance ƙarƙashin mamayewar sojojin [[Armeniya]] tun lokacin da aka kama birnin a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1992, har zuwa lokacin da Azerbaijan ta sake kamawa shi a ranar 8 ta Nuwamba, 2020, a lokacin yakin Nagorno-Karabakh na 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Karabakh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Shusha State Historical &amp; Architectural Reserve |url=http://karabakhfoundation.org/regions/shusha/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004182205/http://www.karabakhfoundation.org/regions/shusha |archive-date=4 October 2010 |access-date=19 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masallacin ya kasance a gabashin Shusha, a kan titin N.B. Vazirov a cikin unguwar Chukhur Mahalla, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Шуша – боль моя |url=http://www.anl.az/shusha_ru.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164344/http://www.anl.az/shusha_ru.html |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=19 August 2010 |language=az}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Chukhur Mahalla mosque |url=http://www.mct.gov.az/?/ru/abide/view/6057/&amp;PHPSESSID=a17fc2dfe96835dd7815d692a5b05067 |access-date=19 August 2010 |website=Ministry of Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan unguwanni tara na Shusha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Şuşanın məhəllələri |url=http://bakitebriz.azeriblog.com/2010/05/07/shusha |access-date=19 August 2010 |website= |language=az}}{{Dead link|date=September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masallacin Chukhur Mahalla na ɗaya daga cikin masallatai goma sha bakwai a Shusha a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Şuşanın tarixi |url=http://www.chanaq-qala.az/shusha_tarix.html |access-date=19 August 2010 |website= |language=az |archive-date=6 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706130733/http://www.chanaq-qala.az/shusha_tarix.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Masallacin yana da [[Hasumiya|minaret]] guda biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;shefa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Краткая история |url=http://www.azconsulate.spb.ru/index.php?type=page&amp;id=191 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904202117/http://www.azconsulate.spb.ru/index.php?type=page&amp;id=191 |archive-date=4 September 2011 |access-date=19 August 2010 |language=az}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa Shusha a cikin shekarun 1750, kuma an cika unguwar Chukur har ma kafin a kammala ginin ganuwar gidan sarauta na Shusha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Город муз и ремесел: История Шуши с XVIII века до XX века |url=http://www.anl.az/down/meqale/exo/exo_oktyabr2009/94105.htm |access-date=19 August 2010 |website= |language=az}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chukhur Gala da ke kusa ya samar da unguwar da ruwan ma'adinai. Masallacin yana daga cikin abubuwan tunawa masu mahimmanci na Tarihin Tarihi da Gine-gine na Jihar Shusha da aka jera a [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=ШУША |url=http://www.karabakhmonuments.az/print_preview.php?id=56 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706130806/http://www.karabakhmonuments.az/print_preview.php?id=56 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=19 August 2010 |website= |language=az}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==
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    <title>Masu adawa da Sunnanci</title>
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[[Fayil:Medine.jpg|thumb|222x222px|[[Masallacin Annabi|Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] a [[Madinah|Madina]], inda aka binne annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] da Khalifanci [[Abubakar|Abu Bakr]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], yana daya daga cikin Wuraren Sunni mafi tsarki.]]
Anti-Sunnism, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin Anti-Sunni, ko '''Sunniphobia'''; &quot;tsoro ko [[Kiyayya|ƙiyayya]] ga Sunnism da Sunnites&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meaning of Sunniphobia |url=https://www.wordslook.com/Sunniphobia/meaning |website=Words Look}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙiyayya ce, nuna bambanci, tsanantawa, ko tashin hankali ga [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulmai Sunni]]. 

== Yakin da ake yi a kan maganganun ta'addanci ==
[[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab|Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi Musulmi ne mai gyarawa na Sunni na karni na 18 na Arabiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791) |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916 |archive-date=12 July 2016 |website=Oxford Islamic Studies online}}&lt;/ref&gt; malamai addini na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] sun dauke shi da magoya bayansa masu ridda da 'yan ridda. An lakafta su da kalmar ''Wahhabi'' . A cikin karni na 19, Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya a Indiya ta sanya malaman Sunni masu adawa da mulkin mallaka a shari'a a cikin abin da aka sani da &quot;Babban Gwajin Wahhabi&quot; don murkushe tunanin &quot;maƙaryacin Wahhabi&quot;  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Julia |date=January 5, 2009 |title=The &quot;Great Wahabi Trial&quot;: The Legal Construction and Deconstruction of the Muslim Jihadi in British India, 1869–71 |url=https://aha.confex.com/aha/2009/webprogram/Paper2018.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005074636/https://aha.confex.com/aha/2009/webprogram/Paper2018.html |archive-date=5 October 2020 |website=American Historical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stephens |first=Julia |date=January 2013 |title=The Phantom Wahhabi: Liberalism and the Muslim fanatic in mid-Victorian India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23359778 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=22–52 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X12000649 |jstor=23359778 |s2cid=145092951 |url-access=subscription |quote=Abstract:  In the late 1860s and early 1870s the British colonial government in India suppressed an imagined Wahhabi conspiracy, which it portrayed as a profound threat to imperial security.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasancewa [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] a hukumance laifi ne a [[Rasha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2018 |title=Совет муфтиев России выступил против запрета ваххабизма |url=http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&amp;div=69566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405015606/http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&amp;div=69566 |archive-date=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Attack on Wahhabi Islam divides Russian Muslims: Council of Muftis of Russia Speaks Out Against Ban of Wahhabism - &quot;While deeply aware of the vital importance of combating the ideology of intolerance and devoting great efforts in this direction, we nevertheless consider that the introduction of the principle of prosecution of believers for their convictions and not for specific illegal actions will have a most harmful effect both on the Muslim community of Russia and inter-ethnic harmony and on the legal culture of the Russia state,&quot; the statement of the Council of Muftis says, which was posted on Monday on its website. |url=https://www2.stetson.edu/religious-news/180402a.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126092545/https://www2.stetson.edu/religious-news/180402a.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |website=stetson.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mulkin kama-karya na Asiya ta Tsakiya na Rasha, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;Wahhabi&quot; don nuna duk wani aikin addini da ba a ba da izini ba. A sakamakon haka, kowane Musulmi na Sunni, ko na zamani, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, siyasa ko rashin siyasa, mai yuwuwa ne.

A mayar da martani ga 9/11 World Trade Center Bombings, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da abokanta sun kaddamar da wata manufa mai rikitarwa game da yunkurin yaki da ta'addanci da ba a taɓa gani ba a kan sikelin duniya da ake kira yaki da ta ta'addance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=H. Daddler; M Lindsay |first=Ivo, James |date=Dec 1, 2001 |title=Nasty, Brutish and Long: America's War on Terrorism |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/nasty-brutish-and-long-americas-war-on-terrorism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119055502/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/nasty-brutish-and-long-americas-war-on-terrorism/amp/ |archive-date=19 November 2020 |website=BROOKINGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi da kalmomin da ba a sani ba &quot;Kana tare da mu ko kuma a kan mu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2001 |title='You are either with us or against us' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/11/06/gen.attack.on.terror/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124171339/https://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/11/06/gen.attack.on.terror/ |archive-date=24 January 2016 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin wannan hanyar, da kuma manufar yaki da ta'addanci an yi tambaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Odom |first=William |date=27 February 2014 |title=American Hegemony: How to Use It, How to Lose It |url=http://www.middlebury.edu/media/view/214721/original/OdomPaper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121220557/http://www.middlebury.edu/media/view/214721/original/OdomPaper.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=K Albright |first=Madeleine |date=June 2, 2009 |title=Obama's Muslim Speech &quot;According to Muslim speakers at such events, one fact stands out: When the cold war ended, America needed an enemy to replace Communism and chose Islam...Mr. Obama's dilemma is that no speech, however eloquent, can disentangle U.S.-Muslim relations from the treacherous terrain of current events in places such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran and the Middle East...Muslims desire respect and respect demands frankness. We cannot pretend that American soldiers and aircraft are not attacking Muslims.&quot; |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/opinion/03iht-edalbright.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719111308/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/opinion/03iht-edalbright.html?_r=1 |archive-date=19 July 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma zarge shi da tayar da nau'o'i daban-daban na Islamophobia a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=A. Beydoun |first=Khalid |date=2020 |title=Exporting Islamophobia in the Global &quot;War On Terror&quot; |url=https://www.nyulawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/NYULawReviewOnline-95-Beydoun.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426212708/https://www.nyulawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/NYULawReviewOnline-95-Beydoun.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2020 |website=NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW ONLINE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka sun karɓi maganganun &quot;yaƙi da ta'addanci&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=A Beydoun |first=Khaled |date=2020 |title=Exporting Islamophobia inf the Global 'War on Terror' |url=https://www.nyulawreview.org/online-features/exporting-islamophobia-in-the-global-war-on-terror/ |journal=New York University Law Review Online |volume=95 |issue=81 |pages=84 |quote=Beyond genuine national security threats, countries across the world  capitalized on the conflation of Islam with terrorism to serve discrete  national interests. This American War on Terror furnished nations with  license, and more importantly, a policing template and language to profile  and persecute their Muslim minority populations. American Islamophobia, buoyed by swift state action including the War in Afghanistan and the USA  PATRIOT Act, manifested in a surge of vigilante violence against Muslims  and &quot;Muslim-looking&quot; groups and had global impact}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rasha ta yi amfani da lakabin &quot;Wahhabi&quot; akai-akai don yin niyya ga Musulmai Sunni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atkin |first=Muriel |title=The Rhetoric of Islamophobia |url=https://www.ca-c.org/journal/eng-01-2000/16.atkin.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125164917/http://www.ca-c.org/journal/eng-01-2000/16.atkin.shtml |archive-date=2012-01-25 |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=CA&amp;C Press AB |quote=In political, as well as religious matters, any Muslim who challenges the status quo is at risk of being labeled a Wahhabi. This is how the KGB and its post-Soviet successors have used the term. In fact, the KGB may have played a large role in promoting its use}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rasha ta yi amfani da nata &quot;yaƙin ta'addanci&quot; a Yaƙin Chechen na Biyu, a cikin tawaye a Arewacin Caucasus, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin a cikin sa hannun Rasha a yakin basasar Siriya.

A cikin karkatar da ɗarika, yaƙi a kan maganganun ta'addanci ya kuma kasance makamai daga sarakunan Shi'a na [[Iran]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zammit |first=Wael |date=30 August 2015 |title=US–Iran &quot;Special&quot; Relations Between 2001 and 2003: Friends or Foes? &quot;The &quot;war on terror&quot; created a rare opportunity for Iran and U.S. to come together. |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2015/08/30/us-iran-special-relations-between-2001-and-2003-friends-or-foes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420023235/https://www.e-ir.info/2015/08/30/us-iran-special-relations-between-2001-and-2003-friends-or-foes/ |archive-date=20 April 2017 |website=E-International Relations |page=14 |quote=In one of their meetings, the member of the Iranian delegation had a message for the American government: &quot;Iran was prepared to work unconditionally with the United States in the &quot;war on terror&quot; and if they could work with [the Americans] on this issue, it had the potential to fundamentally transform U.S.-Iranian relations.&quot; Commenting on this, reporter John Richardson said that such a statement had &quot;seismic diplomatic implications&quot; ... Hilary Mann, who had just joined the National Security Council staff as its resident Iran expert and Ryan Crocker, a senior State Department official, sit with Iranian officials who expressed their will to cooperate with the Americans and re-establish diplomatic relations.&quot; Pg.16 &quot;I an interview with Barbara Slavin in 2005, former Iran Revolutionary Guards Corps' chief commander, Mohsen Rezaie, stated that the Islamic Republic played an &quot;important role&quot; in capturing Kabul as members of IRGC &quot;fought alongside and advised the Afghan rebels who helped U.S. forces topple Afghanistan's Taliban regime&quot; in the months after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Such a stance is further emphasized by Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld who discussed the war on Afghanistan on CBS on November 11, 2001, two days before the fall of Kabul and asserted that &quot;there [were] some Iranian liaison people, as well as some American liaison people working with the same Afghan forces.&quot; Besides, Slavin confirms the Iranian role and argues that members of the IRG Qods Brigade were on the field when the Alliance, with U.S. air support, took control of Kabul.&quot;... &quot;The American-Iranian cooperation did not end after the successful overthrow of the Taliban regime. The rapprochement between the two arch-foes was further illustrated in their collaboration to create an interim post-Taliban government in Afghanistan. Whereas, Iran's role in the &quot;war on terror&quot; was largely secret, its role in forming a &quot;broad-based, multiethnic, politically balanced, freely chosen&quot; government was rather direct as the American and Iranian diplomats met and collaborated via the Six plus Two group.}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda ke bin Khomeinism, har ma da sau da yawa suna ba da hadin kai tare da Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sebnem Oruc |first=Merve |date=25 February 2020 |title=How did the world buy Assad's 'war on terror' narrative? |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/columns/how-did-the-world-buy-assads-war-on-terror-narrative/amp |website=Daily Sabah |page=While the Assad regime and its most loyal backer Iran provided an opportunity for the rise of al-Qaida and Daesh in Syria, Damascus also allowed the radicals to travel abroad freely to confuse the Westerners. The extremists went abroad and recruited sympathizers, brought them to Syria for training and then sent them back. Assad's clerics had already threatened the West; they kept their promise and made Daesh bombings happen in the Western countries. It was a &quot;shock and awe&quot; tactic that actually worked. The Western leaders who were against Assad's rule became the targets of far-right and leftist political groups in Europe. And finally, Islamophobia – Sunniphobia is the right word actually – started to rise in the West as every Sunni was seen as a threat by the white supremacists and their circles of influence}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=N. (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Katz))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) |first=Mark |date=4 January 2011 |title=Iran and the &quot;War on Terror&quot; |url=https://mepc.org/commentary/iran-and-war-terror |website=Middle East Policy Council}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'an Iran galibi suna kiran lakabin &quot;Wahhabi&quot; don ci gaba da siyasar ɗarika a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |date=30 November 2016 |title=Sectarian Dilemmas in Iranian Foreign Policy: When Strategy and Identity Politics Collide |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2016/11/sectarian-dilemmas-in-iranian-foreign-policy-when-strategy-and-identity-politics-collide?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425021304/https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/11/30/sectarian-dilemmas-in-iranian-foreign-policy-when-strategy-and-identity-politics-collide-pub-66288 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |quote=&quot;However, by equating takfirism and Wahhabism, Iran further muddies the water of identity politics. It is a way of confusing the sectarian dynamic in Iraq and Syria, by asserting that the other side is not actually Sunni, but rather an extreme ideological movement (takfirism) that is beyond the pale of Islam and, therefore, not even Islamic. Like the case of the Saudi grand mufti, such rhetoric allows Iranian officials to indulge in their own game of takfir—articulating who is and who is not a Muslim and justifying actions accordingly. To neutral observers of Wahhabism, such accusations might touch on truth, but as a foreign policy tool, they only beget further acrimony from Iran's Sunni neighbors.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da kafin yaƙin ta'addanci, shugabannin Iran kamar [[Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]] da [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani|Rafsanjani]] sun yi kira ga lakabin Wahhabi wanda ke kwatanta Sunnis a matsayin &quot;masu ridda&quot; don tayar da Sunniphobia da manufofin Iran na fitar da juyin juya halin Khomanist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Martin |date=11 October 2010 |title=Khomeini's Messengers in Mecca |url=https://martinkramer.org/reader/archives/khomeinis-messengers-in-mecca/ |website=MartinKramer.org |quote=Khomeini declared that the Saudi rulers, &quot;these vile and ungodly Wahhabis, are like daggers which have always pierced the heart of the Muslims from the back,&quot; and announced that Mecca was in the hands of &quot;a band of heretics.&quot;32 Once more, the Saudis were transformed into what the speaker of the parliament, Ali Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani, called &quot;Wahhabi hooligans.&quot; Rafsanjani recalled the nineteenth-century Wahhabi massacres (of Shi'ites) in Najaf and Karbala, the Wahhabi destruction of Islamic monuments in Medina (venerated by Shi'ites), and the Wahhabi burning of libraries (containing Shi'ite works). The Wahhabis &quot;will commit any kind of crime. I ask you to pay more attention to the history of that evil clique so that you can see what kind of creatures they have been in the course of their history.&quot;33 This represented a deliberate attempt to fuel a present crisis with the memory of past sectarian hatreds.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin karatun sakandare na Khomeinist a Iran an san su da nuna ɗarika game da [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulmai Sunni]], sau da yawa suna nuna Sunnis da masu daraja a tarihin Sunni a matsayin &quot;Wahhabis&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luz |first=Anwar |date=28 February 2023 |title=How Two Months at an Iranian Seminary Changed My Life |url=https://newlinesmag.com/first-person/how-two-months-at-an-iranian-seminary-changed-my-life/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309041925/https://newlinesmag.com/first-person/how-two-months-at-an-iranian-seminary-changed-my-life/ |archive-date=9 March 2023 |website=New Lines Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omair Anas ya yi jayayya cewa bayan yakin da aka yi da ta'addanci, wani makircin Wahhabi ya maye gurbin Amurka a matsayin &quot;Babban Shaidan&quot; na Iran. A cikin wannan hanyar, [[Qaseim Suleimani|Qassem Soleimani]], tsohon shugaban [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|IRGC]] na Iran, ya ce Wahhabism yana da tushen Yahudawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 February 2019 |title=Soleimani: Wahhabism Has Jewish Roots |url=https://iranintl.com/en/iran-in-brief/soleimani-wahhabism-has-jewish-roots?page=77 |website=Iran International |access-date=28 February 2026 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629094515/https://iranintl.com/en/iran-in-brief/soleimani-wahhabism-has-jewish-roots?page=77 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=J. Frantzman |first=Seth |date=February 22, 2019 |title=IRGC General Soleimani says roots of Wahhabism are Jewish, linked to ISIS |url=https://m.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/the-roots-of-wahhabism-are-jewish-linked-to-isis-soleimani-581388/amp |website=The Jerusalem Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hassan Nasrallah]], Sakatare Janar na [[Hezbollah]] ya lakafta &quot;Wahhabism&quot; a matsayin &quot;mafi muni fiye da Isra'ila&quot;.  A cikin 2016, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Iran Javad Zarif ya rubuta wata kasida a cikin The New York Times mai taken &quot;Bari mu Rid the World of Wahhabism&quot;, inda ya bayyana Wahhabism a matsayin &quot;rashin jituwa na tauhidi&quot; da &quot;karin mutuwa&quot; wanda ya &quot;yi rikici&quot;, kuma ya yi jayayya cewa &quot;kusan kowane rukuni na ta'addanci da ke cin zarafin sunan Islama&quot; Wahhabism ne ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=OSTOVAR |first=AFSHON PAPER Source: Getty Summary |date=30 November 2016 |title=Sectarian Dilemmas in Iranian Foreign Policy: When Strategy and Identity Politics Collide |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2016/11/sectarian-dilemmas-in-iranian-foreign-policy-when-strategy-and-identity-politics-collide?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809151316/https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/11/30/sectarian-dilemmas-in-iranian-foreign-policy-when-strategy-and-identity-politics-collide-pub-66288 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |quote=&quot;In September, the New York Times published an op-ed by Iran's foreign minister, Mohammad Javad Zarif, entitled &quot;Let Us Rid the World of Wahhabism.&quot; Zarif contends that Wahhabist Islam has become a plague, unleashing terrorism and murderous tumult across the Middle East and throughout the world. He calls Wahhabism a &quot;theological perversion&quot; that has &quot;wrought havoc&quot; and had a &quot;devastating&quot; impact in Islamic communities. The violence committed by jihadist groups such as al-Qaeda is a direct result of &quot;Riyadh's persistent sponsorship of extremism,&quot; he argues, and this violence is at the root of the current conflicts in the Middle East. He accuses Saudi Arabia of &quot;playing the 'Iran card'&quot; to induce its allies to take part in the Syrian and Yemeni wars, and he concludes that &quot;concrete action against extremism is needed.&quot; Even though Riyadh caused the mess, Zarif &quot;invite[s]&quot; Saudi Arabia to be part of the solution. That gesture rings hollow given the accusatory tone of the piece. It is clearly a polemic against Iran's neighbor and archrival, another salvo in their ongoing cold war.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsanantawa ta tarihi ==

=== Lokacin Safavid ===
A mayar da martani ga ci gaban addinin Sunni, Daular Safavid ta kashe Sunnis da yawa, ta yi ƙoƙari ta canza su zuwa Shi'a, yawancin kaburbura na tsarkakan Sunni sun ƙone ta hanyar umarnin Safavid shahs, jihohin Sunni suma sun mamaye. Sun kuma la'anta Khalifa uku na farko na Musulmai Sunni, da kuma [[Aisha]] da [[Hafsa (sunan)|Hafsa]], 'ya'ya mata na Khalifa biyu na farko da matan annabin Musulunci.

[[Ismail I]] yi sabbin dokoki ga Iran da ƙasashen da yake sarrafawa:

* Shi'a a matsayin jiha da addini mai tilas ga dukan al'ummar da kuma tilasta juyowa na Sunni na Sufi na Iran zuwa Shi'a.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=MziRd4ddZz4C&amp;dq=safavid+persia+conversion&amp;pg=PA360 The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern]{{Dead link|date=September 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}.  Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, p. 360.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ya sake gabatar da sadr (Larabci, jagora) - ofishin da ke da alhakin kula da cibiyoyin addini da kyauta. Tare da ra'ayi na canza Iran zuwa jihar [[Shi'a]], an kuma ba sadr aikin yada koyarwar Twelver.
* Ya lalata masallatai na [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] kuma ya kashe fararen hula da yawa na Sunni a [[Iran]] da [[Iraƙi|Iraki]]. Har ma Tomé Pires, jakadan Portugal a kasar Sin wanda ya ziyarci Iran a cikin 1511-12, wanda lokacin da yake magana game da Ismail ya lura: &quot;Shi (watau Ismail) ya sake fasalin majami'unmu, ya lalata gidajen dukkan [[Moors]] da suka biyo baya ([[Sunnah]] na) Muhammad ...&quot; 
* Ya tilasta al'ada da la'anar tilas na Khalifancin Sunni guda uku na farko ([[Abubakar|Abu Bakr]], [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], da [[Usman Ibn Affan|Uthman]]) a matsayin masu satar, daga dukkan masallatai, sun rushe Tariqahs kuma sun kwace dukiyoyinsu, sun yi amfani da tallafin gwamnati don bunkasa wuraren ibada na Shia, cibiyoyi da fasaha na addini da kuma shigo da malaman Shia don maye gurbin malaman Sunni.   
* Ya kashe Sunnis kuma ya lalata kuma ya ƙazantar da kaburbura da masallatai. Wannan ya sa Sultan Bayezid II na Ottoman (wanda da farko ya taya Ismail murna game da nasarorin da ya samu) ya ba da shawara da kuma neman saurayi mai mulki (a hanyar &quot;mahaifi&quot;) don dakatar da ayyukan adawa da Sunni. Koyaya, Ismail ya kasance mai tsayayya da Sunni sosai, ya yi watsi da gargadi na Sultan, kuma ya ci gaba da yada bangaskiyar Shia da takobi.
* Ya tsananta, ya ɗaure shi, ya yi gudun hijira, kuma ya kashe Sunni masu tsayayya da taurin kai. Lokacin da suka yi tsayayya, galibi bai kashe su kai tsaye ba, amma ya kama su kuma ya tilasta wa iyalansu su yarda da Islama ta Shi'a a gaban idanunsu, kuma a ƙarshe, ko sun yi ko a'a, an kashe su kuma an yanke kawunansu kuma an sanya su a ƙofofin don nunawa.
* Tare da kafa mulkin Safavid, akwai hutu mai ban sha'awa da launi, kusan hutu mai kama da carnival a ranar 26 [[Zulhajji|Dhu al-Hijjah]] (ko kuma a madadin haka, 9 [[Rabi' al-awwal]]) suna murna da kisan Khalifa Omer. Babban abin da ya faru a ranar shi ne yin siffar Umar don a la'anta shi, a zagi shi, kuma a ƙarshe a ƙone shi. Koyaya, yayin da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Iran da ƙasashen Sunni ta inganta, ba a sake kiyaye hutun ba (akalla a hukumance). 
* A cikin 1501, Ismail ya gayyaci duk Shia da ke zaune a waje da Iran su zo Iran kuma su sami tabbacin kariya daga mafi yawan Sunni.

== Lokaci na zamani ==

=== Iraki ===
 
Gwamnatin bayan Saddam da aka kafa bayan mamayar [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ta 2003 tana da alhakin nuna bambanci ga [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulmai Sunni]] a cikin tsarin mulki, siyasa, soja, 'yan sanda, da kuma zargin kashe fursunonin Musulmai Sunmi a cikin hanyar ɗarika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2014 |title=Human Rights Watch says Iraq forces killed 250 Sunni prisoners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/human-rights-watch-says-iraq-forces-killed-250-sunni-prisoners/story-SKQlfY8t54X0WMW5WIIE1I_amp.html |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufofin De-Ba'athification da aka aiwatar bayan hambarar da mulkin Baathist galibi ana yin niyya ne ga ma'aikatan gwamnati na Sunni, 'yan siyasa da jami'an soja; wanda ke haifar da nuna bambanci ga Sunni a cikin tsarin mulki da kuma kara tabarbarewar halin da ake ciki a Iraki. An kashe Sunni da yawa bayan fashewar bam a masallacin al-Askari a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Iraki.

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar Human Rights Watch sun yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Iraqi da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka da ke goyon bayan Iran na aikata kisan kiyashi a kan 'yan tsiraru Sunni a Iraki, suna mai cewa wadannan ta'addanci sun zama &quot;laifuka a kan bil'adama&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2014 |title=Iraq: Pro-Government Militias' Trail of Death |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/31/iraq-pro-government-militias-trail-death |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222235811/https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/31/iraq-pro-government-militias-trail-death |archive-date=22 December 2014 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kisan kiyashi na Barwana ====
An yi zargin cewa 'yan bindiga na Shia ne suka aikata kisan kiyashi, a matsayin fansa ga muguntar ISIS, a ƙauyen Sunni na Barwana, wanda ake zargin ya kashe yara maza da maza 70. 

==== Kisan kiyashi na Jihad ====
A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, a yankin Hay al-Jihad na Baghdad, babban birnin [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], an kashe kimanin fararen hula 40 na Sunni a hare-haren fansa da mayakan Shia daga Sojojin Mahdi suka yi.&lt;ref&gt;Urban, Mark, ''Task Force Black: The Explosive True Story of the Secret Special Forces War in Iraq '', St. Martin's Griffin, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1250006967}}, pp.&amp;nbsp;163–164.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kisan kiyashi na Masallacin Musab bin Umair ====
A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, 'yan bindigar Shia sun kashe akalla mutane 73 a wani hari da aka kai masallacin Sunni a kauyen Imam Wais na [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], harin ya faru ne a lokacin Addu'o'in Jumma'a, inda yawancin Sunnis ke halartar addu'o-tallace. A lokacin harin, akwai kimanin masu bautar 150 a masallacin. Kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Asaib Ahl al-Haq da ke goyon bayan Iran, wata kungiya ce ta Imam Ali Brigades, ana zargin su ne masu aikata laifin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq |url=https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/asaib-ahl-al-haq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428170716/https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/asaib-ahl-al-haq |archive-date=28 April 2019 |website=Stanford: CISAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iran ===
Gwamnati ta yi watsi da lardunan Sunni mafi rinjaye a Iran, wanda ke haifar da rashin 'yancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma yawan talauci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hamidi |first=Lara |date=27 April 2023 |title=Riyadh and Tehran – Does the promotion of religious tolerance truly respect the rights of citizens at home and aboard? |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/5614 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503053432/https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/5614 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |website=euromedmonitor.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 April 2023 |title=If the &quot;Republic&quot; Preserved, there would be no Protests for a Centaury&lt;!--sic--&gt; |url=https://abdolhamid.net/english/2023/04/2923/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403224351/https://abdolhamid.net/english/2023/04/2923/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |website=abdolhamid.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban Jagoran Iran na farko [[Khomeini]] ya gudanar da ra'ayoyin addinin adawa da Sunni, wanda kuma ya nuna a cikin dabarun siyasa da ya tsara a cikin &quot;''Ƙaunar Ƙarshe da Alkawari''&quot;. A lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya halin 1979, biranen Sunni da suka fi yawa a lardunan Khuzestan, Yammacin Azerbaijan da Golestan sun kasance makasudin hare-haren ɗarika da mayakan Khomeinist suka yi. Yawancin shugabannin addinin Sunni da masu ilimi waɗanda suka fara tallafawa juyin juya halin an ɗaure su a cikin shekarun 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boroujerdi |first=Mehrzad |date=21 November 2022 |title=Sunnis in Iran: Protesting Against Decades of Discrimination and Repression |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/sunnis-iran-protesting-against-decades-discrimination-and-repression |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121225132/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/sunnis-iran-protesting-against-decades-discrimination-and-repression |archive-date=21 November 2022 |website=The Washington Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga wannan lokacin an daidaita nuna bambanci na siyasa, tare da Sunnis da aka hana wakilci a cikin hukumomin gwamnati kamar ''Majalisun'' masu tsaro da Majalisar Expediency waɗanda aka tanada wa Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hamidi |first=Lara |date=Apr 27, 2023 |title=Riyadh and Tehran – Does the promotion of religious tolerance truly respect the rights of citizens at home and aboard? |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/5614 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503053432/https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/5614 |archive-date=May 3, 2023 |website=Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor |quote=12 out of the 277 members of the Assembly of Religious Experts are Sunni}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, an yi jayayya cewa Majalisar Dattijai ta Iran ta ware Sunnis, tare da kasa da kashi 6% na kujerun da aka ba da izini ga Sunnis tun lokacin da aka kafa majalisar dokoki a 1980;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boroujerdi |first=Mehrzad |date=21 November 2022 |title=Sunnis in Iran: Protesting Against Decades of Discrimination and Repression |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/sunnis-iran-protesting-against-decades-discrimination-and-repression |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121225132/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/sunnis-iran-protesting-against-decades-discrimination-and-repression |archive-date=21 November 2022 |website=The Washington Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; yawan Sunnis a Iran yawanci ana kiyasta 5-10%, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hamidi |first=Lara |date=27 April 2023 |title=Riyadh and Tehran – Does the promotion of religious tolerance truly respect the rights of citizens at home and aboard? |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/5614 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503053432/https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/5614 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |website=euromedmonitor.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma wasu shugabannin Sunni sun yi iƙirarin cewa &quot;tsakanin kashi 12 da 25 cikin dari&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Faramarzi-AC-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faramarzi |first=Scheherezade |date=6 April 2018 |title=Iran's Sunnis resist extremism, but for how long? |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/irans-sunnis-resist-extremism-but-for-how-long/ |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=Atlantic Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rasuwar Khomeini a shekara ta 1989, [[Iran]] ta fara fitar da maganganun Anti-Sunni ta hanyar farfaganda da kafofin watsa labarai na Khomanist a duk faɗin duniyar Musulunci, a cikin karuwa musamman tun daga shekarun 2000. 'Yan tsiraru na kabilanci waɗanda galibi Sunni ne, kamar Kurds, Balochs, da Turkmen suna fama da tsanantawa ta addini kuma yawancin Masajid (''[[Masallaci]]'') na waɗannan al'ummomin suna lalacewa ta hanyar jami'an tsaro.

A shekara ta 2007, gwamnati ta karfafa takunkumi a makarantun addinin Sunni da jami'o'i; kuma ta tilasta wa ɗaliban addinin Sunnis suyi karatu a cibiyoyin Khomeinist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boroujerdi |first=Mehrzad |date=21 November 2022 |title=Sunnis in Iran: Protesting Against Decades of Discrimination and Repression |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/sunnis-iran-protesting-against-decades-discrimination-and-repression |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121225132/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/sunnis-iran-protesting-against-decades-discrimination-and-repression |archive-date=21 November 2022 |website=The Washington Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2011, Iran ta sanya takunkumi wanda ya hana Musulmai Sunni gudanar da nasu [[Sallar Eid|Addu'o'in Eid]] daban-daban a birnin [[Tehran]]. Nuna bambanci ga Sunnis ya karu tun 2021, saboda manufofi masu tsauri na tsohon shugaban kasar [[Ebrahim Raisi|Ibrahim Raisi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hamidi |first=Lara |date=27 April 2023 |title=Riyadh and Tehran – Does the promotion of religious tolerance truly respect the rights of citizens at home and aboard? |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/5614 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503053432/https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/5614 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |website=euromedmonitor.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin mummunan kisan kiyashi da aka sani da &quot;Jinin Jumma'a&quot; da aka gudanar a watan Satumbar 2022, sojojin IRGC da Basij sun bude harbe su kuma sun kashe masu zanga-zangar Sunni sama da 90 yayin addu'o'in Jumu'ah kusa da Masallacin Jameh na Makki a Sistan-Balochistan, masallacin Sunni mafi girma a Iran. Wasu masu bautar sun fita daga masallacin kuma sun yi tafiya a kan ofishin 'yan sanda a fadin titin don nuna rashin amincewa da zargin da wani dan sanda ya yi wa yarinyar Baloch fyade, yana jefa duwatsu da kwalliya; jami'an tsaro sun amsa da wuta kuma sun ci gaba da harbi masu bautar yayin da wasu daga cikinsu suka koma cikin masallacin. Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, kisan kiyashi shine mafi munin abin da ya faru a matsayin wani ɓangare na murkushewar soja a kan zanga-zangar Iran ta 2022. Molwi Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi, sanannen Masanin addinin Musulunci na Baloch kuma jagoran ruhaniya na 'yan tsiraru Musulmi Sunni na Iran, wanda ya jagoranci addu'o'in, ya yi tir da mulkin don kisan kiyashi da kuma &quot;cikakken ƙarya&quot; yana nuna masu bautar Sunni na yau da kullun a matsayin masu rabuwa da Baloch. A cikin wani jawabi mai ban mamaki da ya yi Allah wadai da Ali Khamenei da Sojojin Iran saboda tashin hankali da zubar da jini, Abdul Hamid ya bayyana cewa:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;babban shugaba Jamhuriyar Musulunci, a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin, da sauran jami'ai duk suna da alhakin, kuma babu wanda zai iya kauce wa wannan alhakin..&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=Iran maintains silence on 'massacre' in Sunni-majority city |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/10/iran-maintains-silence-massacre-sunni-majority-city |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026165731/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/10/iran-maintains-silence-massacre-sunni-majority-city |archive-date=26 October 2022 |website=Al-Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;A watan Mayu 2023 kadai, Iran ta kashe akalla mutane 142 (78, ko 55% daga cikinsu, a kan cajin da ya shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi), mafi girman adadin kowane wata tun 2015. Akalla 30 daga cikin wadanda aka kashe sun fito ne daga 'yan tsirarun [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] Baluch.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Nancy Edberg</title>
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{{databox}}
'''Nancy Fredrika Augusta Edberg''' (12 Nuwamba 1832 - 11 Disamba 1892 a [[Stockholm]])&lt;ref&gt;svar.ra.se, SCB, Stockholm Maria döda, [http://www.svar.ra.se/image.asp?imageid=A0036532_00643 Andresén, Nancy Fredrika Augusta Edberg]{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kasance 'yar wasan iyo ta Sweden, malama na koyar da iyo sannan kuma darekta ta gidan wanka, mace ta farko yar Sweden da ta yi aiki a waɗannan fannoni. Edberg ta kasance majagaba wajen kirkirar fasahar iyo da wasan kankara a matsayin harkokin mata a Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Idun 1890: Nr 15 1212&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Idun (1890): Nr 15 (121) |url=http://www.ub.gu.se/fasta/laban/erez/kvinnohistoriska/tidskrifter/idun/1890/pdf/1890_15.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032836/http://www.ub.gu.se/fasta/laban/erez/kvinnohistoriska/tidskrifter/idun/1890/pdf/1890_15.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2010-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuruciya ==
An haifi Nancy Edberg a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1832 a [[Ytterjärna]], Södermanland, ga Johanna Ulrica Edberg da Theodor Berg, mai tara tikiti.&lt;ref&gt;svar.ra.se, [http://www.svar.ra.se/image.asp?imageid=C0049464_00015 Ytterjärna födda]{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was taught to swim by her father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bergvall |first=Camilla |title=Nancy Fredrika Augusta Edberg |url=https://skbl.se/en/article/NancyFredrikaAugustaEdberg |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=[[Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta ne ya koya mata yin iyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bergvall |first=Camilla |title=Nancy Fredrika Augusta Edberg |url=https://skbl.se/en/article/NancyFredrikaAugustaEdberg |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=[[Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, akwai karancin ilimin motsa jiki ga mata, daya daga cikin kadan daga cikin mata sanannu sun hada da Gustafva Lindskog, wadda ta zama malamar Sweden ta farko a ilimin motsa jiki a shekarar alif 1818. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lindskog, släkt - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=10658 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=sok.riksarkivet.se}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Nancy Edberg ta yi aiki a matsayin malama mai koyar da iyo a sabon gidan wanka da aka kafa don mata a [[Stockholm]] a 184. Wannan shi ne gidan wanka na farko da aka bude wa mata a kasar: na farko da ke Riddarhuset, an gusar da shi zuwa birnin Kastellholmen a shekara mai zuwa. A shekara ta 1851, an sanya ta mai kula da iyo a ''[[Åbomska simskolan]]'' (Makarantar Koyar da Iyo a Åbom), kuma daga shekara ta 1853, ta gudanar da darussan yin iyo a Djurgården. Ra'ayoyinta sun fuskanci koma-baya da dama tare da tsagumi ciki har da &quot;shin mademoiselle tana niyyar nutsar da mutane ne?&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Sarki Oscar I na Sweden ya ba ta lasisin don buɗe gidan wankar ta a 1856, kuma a tsakanin 1856-1858, ta gudanar da nune-nunen yin iyo na jama'a a ''[[Gjörckes simskola]]'' (Makarantar Koyon Iyo na Gjörcke) tare da ɗalibanta don tallafawa buɗe gidan wankan ta. Wadannan ana daukar su a matsayin nune-nunen yin iyo na farko na mata a Sweden kuma, mai yiwuwa, har ma da Turai. Ta bude gidan wankanta a watan Yulin 1859, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da iyo har zuwa 1866.

[[Louise of Sweden|Louise]] ta Netherlands, a lokacin Sarauniyar Sweden, da 'yarta Louise (daga baya Sarauniyar Denmark) suna daga cikin ɗaliban Edberg tsakanin 1862 da 1864, tare da taimakon Hilda Petrini. Da farko ba a dauki fasahar yin iyo a matsayin cikakkiyar abunda ta dace ga mata ba, amma lokacin da Sarauniya da 'yarta suka goyi bayan ta ta hanyar halartar darussan yin iyo da sauri ya zama abin sha'awa kuma ya samu karɓuwa daga mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Idun 1890: Nr 15 121&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Idun (1890): Nr 15 (121) |url=http://www.ub.gu.se/fasta/laban/erez/kvinnohistoriska/tidskrifter/idun/1890/pdf/1890_15.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032836/http://www.ub.gu.se/fasta/laban/erez/kvinnohistoriska/tidskrifter/idun/1890/pdf/1890_15.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2010-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Irin wannan canjin halin ya sake faruwa a lokacin da Edberg ta gabatar da darussan da ke koyar da mata wasan kankara (1864). Da farko an yi la'akari da wannan ba daidai ba ne cewa an sanya shinge mai rufi a kusa da wurin da ake gudanar da darussan don ɓoye mata daga kallon jama'a. Lokacin da sarauniya da 'yarta da kansu suka shiga makarantar, wasan kankara da sauri ya zama abin sha'awa kuma aka yarda da shi ga mata, kuma an ja shinge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Idun 1890: Nr 15 121&quot;/&gt; Daga cikin sauran ɗalibanta na koyon iyo akwai Gimbiyar Wales, Alexandra ta Denmark, da Sarauniyar Rasha, Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar ta Denmark). &lt;ref name=&quot;Idun 1890: Nr 15 121&quot; /&gt;

A yayin baje kolin yin iyon [[Gjörckes simskola]] a Stockholm a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 1864 &quot;Mamsell Nancy Edberg ta nuna kwarewarta a fasahar wasan iyo&quot;.

A shekarar 1865, ta gabatar da wasan iyo ga mata a [[Oslo]] a [[Norway]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Idun 1890: Nr 15 121&quot;/&gt; sannan ta yi tafiya zuwa Saint Petersburg a Rasha a kan tallafin karatu da shawarwari daga ma'aurata na sarauta ga Sarkin sarakuna da Sarauniya na Rasha. Edberg ya gabatar da yin iyo ga mata a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], [[Trondheim|Trondhjem]] da kuma yawancin biranen Sweden &quot;daga Ystad zuwa Östersund&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Idun 1890: Nr 15 121&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Idun 1890: Nr 15 121&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwar ta ==
Ta auri dan kasar Denmark mai suna Carl Andrésen a shekara ta 1867 (ya mutu a shekara ta 1873). An ba Edberg tarihin rayuwarta a shafi na gaba a matsayin haraji ga aikinta na majagaba a littafin mata Idun a cikin 1890. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Nancy Edberg ta mutu tana da shekaru 60 a Stockholm a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1892. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* Wilhelmina Stålberg:[https://runeberg.org/sqvinnor/0143.html Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor]
* Ossian Edmund Borg: [https://runeberg.org/simsallska/0050.html Stockholms simsällskaps femtioårsfest 1877]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807132034/http://www.sjogard.se/omrade/skeppskastellh.htm Stockholms Sjögård Maritim kultur: Skepps- och Kastellholmarna]
* Claës Lundin:[https://runeberg.org/nyasthlm/0144.html Nya Stockholm.] [https://runeberg.org/nyasthlm/0144.html (1890)]
* [http://www.ub.gu.se/fasta/laban/erez/kvinnohistoriska/tidskrifter/idun/1890/pdf/1890_15.pdf Idun (1890): Nr 15 (121)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032836/http://www.ub.gu.se/fasta/laban/erez/kvinnohistoriska/tidskrifter/idun/1890/pdf/1890_15.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} An adana shi 2016-03-04 a 
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&amp;dat=18930127&amp;id=sxYcAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=0VUEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=7070,50696 https://news.google.com/ jaridu?nid=336&amp;dat=18930127&amp;id=sxYcAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=0VUEAAAAIBJ&amp;pg=7070,50696]

== Hoton ==

* [http://www.ub.gu.se/fasta/laban/erez/kvinnohistoriska/tidskrifter/idun/1890/pdf/1890_15.pdf Hoton Nancy Edberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032836/http://www.ub.gu.se/fasta/laban/erez/kvinnohistoriska/tidskrifter/idun/1890/pdf/1890_15.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} An adana shi 2016-03-04 a 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Edberg, Nancy}}
[[Rukuni:Mata daga Swedn]]
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    <title>Meghann Burke</title>
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'''Meghann Kay Burke''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1980) lauya ce kuma babban darakta na Ƙungiyar 'Yan wasan Kwallon ƙafa na mata ta Kasa (NWSL), Kungiyar kwadago ta' yan wasa a cikin NWSL, babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Amurka. Burke ya jagoranci NWSLPA zuwa yarjejeniyar ciniki ta farko a cikin 2022.

Burke kuma 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce mai ritaya kuma koci. A matsayinta na 'yar wasa, Burke ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyoyi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata (WPS), kuma kwanan nan ta kasance 'yar wasa kuma koci a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Asheville City SC .

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Burke ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mehlville kuma an nada ta a matsayin Mai Tsaron Shekara ta Metro a 1998. &lt;ref name=&quot;slu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Player Bio:Meghann Burke |url=http://www.slubillikens.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/burke_meghann00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100447/http://www.slubillikens.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/burke_meghann00.html |archive-date=July 28, 2011 |access-date=2010-09-22 |publisher=SLBillikens.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta Amurka a 1996–97. &lt;ref name=&quot;int&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekaru huɗu a Jami'ar Saint Louis, Burke ta kasance mai fara wasa a ƙungiyar farko kuma an sanya mata suna a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da aka zaɓa. &lt;ref name=&quot;slu&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma sami laƙabin &quot;Mai Shiryawa&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;int&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2000-11-13 |title=Profile with Meghann Burke |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SoccerAmerica/2000/sa1480s.pdf |access-date=2010-09-22 |publisher=Soccer America |archive-date=2012-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808034229/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SoccerAmerica/2000/sa1480s.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an ayyana ta a matsayin 'Yar Wasa ta Shekara Goma ta Jami'ar. &lt;ref name=&quot;wps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meghann Burke |url=http://www.womensprosoccer.com/ny/players/bios/burke-meghann |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022042556/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/ny/players/bios/burke-meghann |archive-date=October 22, 2010 |access-date=2010-09-22 |publisher=WomensProSoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Mai son sha'awa ===
Bayan shekara ta 2000, Burke ya buga wasa a ƙungiyoyin W-League da WPSL da dama. &lt;ref name=&quot;wps&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pdf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=W-League Combine 2008 |url=http://wleague.uslsoccer.com/docs/home/W-League%20Combine%202008%20No%20Contact.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045550/http://wleague.uslsoccer.com/docs/home/W-League%20Combine%202008%20No%20Contact.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=2010-09-22 |publisher=USLsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta buga wa Bristol Rovers wasa a 2004–05, inda ta taimaka wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon [[Ingila|ƙafa ta Ingila]] ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin mata ta FA . &lt;ref name=&quot;pdf&quot;/&gt;

=== Ƙwararren ===
Bayan kammala karatunta daga SLU, Carolina Courage ta WUSA ta ɗauki Burke aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;wps&quot;/&gt; Ta koma matsayin ƙwararru a matsayin ƴar wasan ci gaba tare da Chicago Red Stars of Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) a 2010 &lt;ref name=&quot;wps&quot; /&gt; kafin ta koma Sky Blue FC a matsayin ƴar wasa a watan Agusta na 2010. 

== Aikin shari'a ==
Burke ta karanci dokar aiki yayin da take wasa a WPS.  Ta kammala karatunta da ''likitan shari'a'' daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Northeastern . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maria L. Martinez</title>
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'''Maria L. Martinez''' ƙwararriyar mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin al'umma. An fi saninta da jagorantar yajin aikin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na daji a masana'antar sarrafa naman shanu ta Iowa Beef Processors (daga baya Tyson Foods ) a Wallula, Washington a shekarar 1999, da kuma rawar da ta taka wajen gyara Teamsters Local 556. Daga baya ta zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin waɗanda suka tsira daga [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankalin gida]] a gundumomin Benton da Franklin, [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Martinez a [[California]] a cikin babban iyali mai aikin gona na ƙaura, ɗaya daga cikin yara 19.  Ta girma tana aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gona na ƙaura kafin a ɗauke ta aiki a Iowa Beef Processors Wallula, masana'antar Washington a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Ta yi aiki a can tsawon kimanin shekaru goma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nation2000&quot; /&gt; Martinez ta zama ƙaramar uwa kuma ta bar makarantar sakandare kafin ta kammala difloma, daga baya ta sami GED da digiri na biyu daga Kwalejin Columbia Basin . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== 1998: Takarar neman sauyi da kuma ɗaukar fansa ==
A watan Maris na shekarar 1998, ƙungiyar Teamsters Local 556 ta canza dokokinta don ba wa membobi damar zaɓar masu kula da shaguna . Martinez ya lashe zaɓen shugaban masu kula da shaguna a watan Afrilun 1998 da ƙuri'u 547 zuwa 84. &lt;ref name=&quot;ATC2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January–February 2000 |title=The Battle of Iowa Beef: IBP Teamsters Lose a Strike But Build a Union |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/atc/1691.html |website=Against the Current}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan bazarar, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar takarar Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa na IBT Western Region a kan &quot;Matsayin Matsayi da Fayil&quot; na Tom Leedham. &lt;ref name=&quot;Election1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 27, 1998 |title=In re: Election Office Case Nos. PR-173-LU556-PNW, PR-184-LU556-PNW |url=https://www.ibtvote.org/Protest-Decisions/1998/PR-173-LU556-PNW-PR-184-LU556-PNW |publisher=IBT Election Officer }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Iowa Beef Processors ta soke aikin da aka daɗe ana yi na naɗa babban mai kula da kamfanin inshora, wanda ke ɗauke da ƙarin albashi, kuma ya tilasta wa Martinez komawa kan aikin samar da kayayyaki. Jami'in Zaɓe na IBT ya lura cewa IBP ba ta bayar da wani takardu na zargin matsalolin aiki ba kuma lokacin ya yi daidai da takararta da kuma rawar da ta taka wajen shigar da ƙarar albashi da sa'a a kan IBP. [1]

== Yajin aikin Wallula na 1999 ==
A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1999, ɗaruruwan ma'aikata a masana'antar sarrafa naman sa ta Iowa (IBP) da ke Wallula, Washington, sun bar aikinsu a wani yajin aikin Wildcat . Wannan matakin, wanda aka fi sani da [[1999 IBP Wildcat Strike (Wallula, Washington)|yajin aikin Wallula na 1999]], ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan takaddamar aiki a masana'antar shirya nama ta Amurka a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;ATC2000&quot;/&gt;

Ma'aikatan—wadanda galibinsu suka ƙunshi ma'aikatan baƙi daga Mexico, Amurka ta Tsakiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Bosnia—sun nuna rashin amincewa da yanayin aiki mara kyau, saurin layukan da ya wuce kima, ƙarancin albashi, da kuma abin da suka ɗauka a matsayin rashin isasshen tallafi daga shugabannin ƙungiyoyin kwadago. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mary Haas</title>
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'''Mary Rosamond Haas''' (/hɑːs/ HAHSS; 23 ga Janairu, 1910 - 17 ga Mayu, 1996) masanin harshe ne na Amurka wanda ya kware a harsunan asalin Arewacin Amurka, [[Yaren Thai|Thai]], da ilimin harshe na tarihi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar Linguistic Society of America . An zabe ta a matsayin abokiyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka kuma memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Haas a Richmond, Indiana .  Ta halarci makarantar sakandare da Kwalejin Earlham a Richmond . &lt;ref name=&quot;Golla 1997 826–837&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Golla |first=Victor |last2=Matisoff |first2=James A. |last3=Munro |first3=Pamela |date=1997 |title=Mary R. Haas |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/452986/summary |journal=Language |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=826–837 |doi=10.1353/lan.1997.0056 |issn=1535-0665 |s2cid=143928705 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kammala digirinta na PhD a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Yale a 1935 tana da shekaru 25, tare da rubutun da ake kira A Grammar of the [[Harshen Tunica|Tunica]] Language .  A cikin shekarun 1930, Haas ya yi aiki tare da mai magana da harshen Tunica na ƙarshe, Sesostrie Youchigant, yana samar da matani da ƙamus masu yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mclendonBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McLendon |first=S. |year=1997 |title=Mary R. Haas: A Life in Linguistics |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=522–543 |jstor=30028484}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka da bincike ==

=== Ayyuka na farko a cikin ilimin harshe ===
Haas ya gudanar da aikin digiri na biyu a kan ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Chicago . Ta yi karatu a karkashin [[Edward Sapir]], wanda daga baya ta bi shi zuwa Yale. Ta fara aiki na dogon lokaci a fannin ilimin harshe ta hanyar nazarin harsuna daban-daban a lokacin watanni na rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golla 1997 826–837&quot;/&gt;

A cikin shekaru goma daga 1931 zuwa 1941, Haas ya yi nazarin yaren [[Harsunan Wakashan|Wakashan]] Nitinat (Ditidaht), da kuma harsuna da yawa waɗanda aka fi Magana da su a kudu maso gabashin Amurka: [[Harshen Tunica|Tunica]], Natchez, [[Harshen muscogee|Muskogee]] (Creek), [[Harshen Koasati|Koasati]], Choctaw, Alabama, Cherokee da Hichiti. Takardar farko da ta buga, A Visit to the Other World, a Nitinat Text, wanda aka rubuta tare da Morris Swadesh, an buga shi a cikin 1933. &lt;ref name=&quot;turner1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Katherine |date=Winter 1997 |title=Mary R. Haas: Teacher |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=544–549 |jstor=30028485}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Swadesh |first=Mary Haas |last2=Swadesh |first2=Morris |date=1933 |title=A Visit to the Other World, a Nitinat Text (With Translation and Grammatical Analysis) |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=7 |issue=3/4 |pages=195–208 |doi=10.1086/463803 |jstor=1262949 |s2cid=145763774}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba da daɗewa ba, Haas ya gudanar da aikin gona tare da Watt Sam da Nancy Raven, masu magana da Harshen Natchez na ƙarshe a [[Oklahoma]]. Bayanan da ba a buga ba sun zama tushen tushen bayanai mafi mahimmanci game da harshen da ya mutu yanzu. Ta gudanar da aiki mai zurfi a kan [[Harshen muscogee|Harshen Muskogee]], kuma ita ce masanin harshe na zamani na farko da ya tattara matani masu yawa a cikin harshen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haas |first=Mary R. |title=Mary Rosamond Haas papers, ca. 1910-1996 |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.Ms.Coll.94-ead.xml;query=Mary%20Haas;brand=default |access-date=December 21, 2017 |archive-date=September 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924141614/https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.Ms.Coll.94-ead.xml;query=Mary%20Haas;brand=default |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An buga matani na Muskogee bayan mutuwarta a cikin wani kundin da Jack B. Martin, Margaret McKane Mauldin, da Juanita McGirt suka gyara kuma suka fassara.

=== Ayyuka a Jami'ar California, Berkeley ===
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, gwamnatin Amurka ta kalli nazarin da koyar da harsunan kudu maso gabashin Asiya a matsayin mahimmanci ga kokarin yaki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=James A. Matisoff |title=Remembering Mary Haas' s Work on Thai |url=http://sealang.net/thai/matisoff.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a karkashin jagorancin [[Army Specialized Training Program|Shirin Horar da Sojoji na Musamman]] a [[University of California at Berkeley|Jami'ar California a Berkeley]], Haas ya kirkiro shirin don koyar da [[Yaren Thai|Harshen Thai]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shipley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=William Shipley (linguist)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ana amfani da ƙamus na Thai-English Students' Dictionary, wanda aka buga a 1964, .

A shekara ta 1948, an nada ta mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin Thai da Harshe a Jami'ar California, Berkeley Department of Oriental Languages, wani alƙawari da ta danganta ga Peter A. Boodberg, wanda ta bayyana a matsayin &quot;kafin lokacinsa a hanyar da ya bi da mata masu ilimi - masanin ya kasance masanin a cikin littafinsa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mclendonBio&quot;/&gt; Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Sashen Harshe na UC-Berkeley lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1953. Ta kasance shugabar sashen na dogon lokaci, kuma ta kasance Darakta na Binciken Harsunan Indiya na California a Berkeley daga 1953 zuwa 1977. Ta yi ritaya daga Berkeley a 1977 kuma a 1984 an zabe ta a matsayin Berkeley Fellow . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Emeneau |first=M. B. |title=Mary Haas and Berkeley Linguistics |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/survey-reports/survey-report-10.08-emeneau.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]]

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marianne Mithun</title>
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'''Marianne Mithun''' (/mɪˈθuːn/ mih-THOON; an haife ta a shekara ta 1946) masanin harshe ne na Amurka wanda ya kware a Harsunan Indiyawan Amurka da kuma nau'ikan harshe. Ita farfesa ce a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, inda ta rike mukamin ilimi tun 1986.

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara aikinta tare da aiki mai zurfi a kan [[Iroquoian languages|Harsunan Iroquoian]], musamman [[Harshen Mohawk|Mohawk]], Cayuga, da [[Yaren Tuscarora|Tuscarora]], inda ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin ilimin harshe daga Yale a 1974 tare da rubutun da ake kira &quot;A Grammar of Tuscarora&quot; (Floyd Lounsbury, mai kula da rubutun). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 November 2012 |title=Ph.D. Alumni {{!}} Linguistics |url=https://ling.yale.edu/people/alumni/phd-alumni |access-date=2019-07-16 |website=ling.yale.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta sun kunshi fannoni da yawa na harshe, gami da morphology, syntax, Magana, prosody, hulɗar harshe da canji, typology, takardun harshe, da kuma alaƙa tsakanin waɗannan fannoni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marianne Mithun Google Scholar citations |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;q=marianne+mithun&amp;btnG= |access-date=2019-07-16 |website=scholar.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a kan harsuna iri-iri daga iyalai daban-daban na harsuna, amma ta ƙware a cikin harsunan 'yan asalin Amurka. Baya ga harsunan Iroquoian, ta kuma yi aiki a California a kan Central Pomo da Harsunan Chumashan, a kan Central Alaskan Yup'ik, da kuma kan Harshen Austronesian Kapampangan .

Mithun ya tattara cikakken bayyani game da harsunan 'yan asalin Amurka a cikin Harsunan' yan asalin Arewacin Amurka.  Bincike a kan Linguist List ya bayyana aikin a matsayin &quot;wani littafi mai kyau da za a samu a matsayin tunani&quot; kuma yana dauke da &quot;bayani mai yawa na bayanai da bayanai masu ban sha'awa. &quot;Aikin yana da tushe na bangarori biyu da aka shirya da farko ta hanyar nau'ikan nahawu (gami da nau'ikan da suka fi yaduwa a Arewacin Amurka, kamar polysynthesis), kuma na biyu ta iyali.&lt;ref name=&quot;linguistListReview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2001 |title=LINGUIST List 12.707: Mithun, Languages of Native North America |url=https://linguistlist.org/issues/12/12-707/ |access-date=2009-06-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mithun da mijinta, masanin harshe Wallace Chafe, sun kafa kuma sun ba da umarnin Asusun Wallace Chafe da Marianne Mithun don Bincike kan Harsunan da ba a Nazarin ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wallace Chafe and Marianne Mithun Fund |url=https://giving.ucsb.edu/Funds/Give?id=234 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005172823/https://giving.ucsb.edu/Funds/Give?id=234 |archive-date=2023-10-05 |access-date=2019-09-27 |website=giving.ucsb.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asusun yana ba da tallafi ga ɗaliban digiri don rufe kuɗin da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan rubuce-rubucen harshe don harsunan da ba a yi nazari sosai ba.

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
Mithun ita ce shugabar kafa Society for Linguistic Anthropology daga 1983 zuwa 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Officers |url=http://linguisticanthropology.org/about/officers/ |access-date=2019-07-16 |website=Society for Linguistic Anthropology |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1999 zuwa 2003 ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Association for Linguistic Typology . &lt;ref name=&quot;altPastOfficers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=www.linguistic-typology.org: List of officers |url=http://www.linguistic-typology.org/ALTofficersJune2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731092259/http://www.linguistic-typology.org/ALTofficersJune2008.pdf |archive-date=2009-07-31 |access-date=2009-06-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 2014 zuwa 2015 ta kasance shugabar The [http://www.societaslinguistica.eu/ Societas Linguistica Europaea] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Societas Linguistica Europaea |url=http://www.societaslinguistica.eu/about/history.html |access-date=2016-06-29 |website=www.societaslinguistica.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita memba ce ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Harafi ta Norway . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gruppe 5: Filologi og språkvitenskap |url=http://www.dnva.no/c26849/artikkel/vis.html?tid=40108 |access-date=10 January 2011 |publisher=[[Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2002 The Languages of Native North America ya lashe lambar yabo ta Leonard Bloomfield Book Award, wanda kungiyar Linguistic Society of America ke bayarwa kowace shekara don littafi mafi kyau a ilimin harshe.  A shekara ta 2008, an gabatar da Mithun a matsayin Fellow na Linguistic Society of America . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LSA Fellows By Name {{!}} Linguistic Society of America |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/lsa-fellows-name |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.linguisticsociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, Mithun ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin [[List of presidents of the Linguistic Society of America|Shugaban LSA]] / zaɓaɓɓen shugaban kungiyar Linguistic Society of America (LSA),  kuma a cikin 2020 ta yi aiki ne a matsayin Shugaba na 95 na LSA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Three Elected to LSA Executive Committee {{!}} Linguistic Society of America |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/news/2018/11/05/three-elected-lsa-executive-committee |access-date=2019-07-16 |website=www.linguisticsociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;linguisticsociety.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Executive Committees {{!}} Linguistic Society of America |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/past_executive_committees |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=www.linguisticsociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2021, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Neil da Saras Smith don ilimin harshe ta Kwalejin Burtaniya &quot;don bincikenta game da yarukan 'yan asalin Amurka da Austronesian waɗanda ke wakiltar muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ilimin harshe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leading slavery scholar wins prestigious British Academy prize for contributions to humanities and social sciences |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/news/leading-slavery-scholar-wins-prestigious-british-academy-prize-for-contributions-to-humanities-and-social-sciences/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=The British Academy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mithun ya koyar a cibiyoyi da yawa a duniya, ciki har da Georgetown, La Trobe, Rice, [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], SUNY Albany, Amsterdam, Cagliari, Berkeley, Hamburg, UIUC, UNM, Wake Forest, da Yale.&lt;ref name=&quot;mithunCV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marianne Mithun: Curriculum Vitae |url=http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/mithun/pdfs/mithun_cv.pdf |access-date=2017-10-13 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185405/http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/mithun/pdfs/mithun_cv.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]]</text>
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    <title>Martha Karua</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Martha''' Wangari Karua (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba 1957) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Kenya. Ta kasance tsohuwar 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazaɓar Gichugu kuma mai kare babbar kotun Kenya. Ta kasance Ministar Shari'a har sai da ta yi murabus daga wannan muƙamin a watan Afrilun 2009. Ta ci gaba da fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|haƙƙin mata]] da inganta tsarin Dimokuraɗiyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brownsell, James |title=Profile: Martha Karua |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/02/2013222164629316425.html |access-date=19 February 2017 |publisher=Aljazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karua ta tsaya takarar shugabar ƙasa a shekarar 2013 a ƙarƙashin tikitin Narc-Kenya wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace ta uku da ta tsaya takarar mafi girma, bayan [[Charity Ngilu]] da [[Wangarĩ Maathai|Wangari Maathai]] a zaɓen shekara ta 1997. Ta fito ta shida a zaɓen. An zaɓe ta don tsayawa takarar mataimakiyar shugaban ƙasa bayan an zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa [[Raila A Odinga|Raila Odinga]] a babban zaɓen Kenya na shekarar 2022. 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Martha Karua, 'yar Jackson Karua da matarsa Josephine Wanjiru, a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, 1957 a babban gundumar Embu (daga baya gundumar Kirinyaga) a lardin tsakiya na Kenya. An haife ta a ƙauyen Kimunye a mazabar Gichugu,  ita ce 'ya ta biyu a cikin iyali mai 'ya'ya takwas, 'ya'ya mata huɗu da maza huɗu. &lt;ref name=&quot;sk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Martha Karua Biography, Family, Husband and Children |url=https://softkenya.com/kenyans/martha-karua/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216064238/https://softkenya.com/kenyans/martha-karua/ |archive-date=16 February 2017 |access-date=15 February 2017 |website=softkenya.com |publisher=SoftKenya}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;foundry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karua, Martha |title=Profile |url=http://marthakarua.wikifoundry.com/page/Profile |access-date=15 February 2017 |publisher=Wikifoundry }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Mugumo, Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Kabare, Makarantar kwana ta St Michael's Keroguya. Daga baya ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Kiburia, Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Ngiriambu, da Makarantar Sakandare ta Karoti Girls inda ta yi nasarar kammala karatunta na Makarantar Gabashin Afirka a Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Karoti da ke Gundumar Kirinyaga. Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Nairobi a matakin A.  Ta yi karatun lauya a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] daga shekarun 1977 zuwa 1980. Tsakanin shekarun 1980 da 1981 an yi mata rajista a [[Kenya School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya]] don kwas ɗin shari'a na digiri na biyu wanda ya zama sharaɗin shiga cikin jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata na Kenya da kuma lasisin yin aikin lauya a Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;foundry&quot;/&gt;

== Aikin shari'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunta, daga shekarun 1981 zuwa 1987, Karua ta yi aiki a matsayin alkaliya a kotuna daban-daban, ciki har da na Makadara, Nakuru da Kibera, inda ta sami yabo saboda fahimtar da ta yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;sk&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1987, ta tafi ta kafa kamfanin lauyoyinta, '''Martha Karua &amp; Co. Advocates''', wanda ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2002. Shari'o'in sun haɗa da shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa ta Koigi Wamwere da kuma ta ɗan majalisar Kenya Mirugi Kariuki. &lt;ref name=&quot;foundry&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Press, Robert M. |date=12 August 2002 |title=Interview conducted and recorded by Robert M. Press |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/pdf/Kenyan%20Human%20Rights%20Interviews/Mirugi%20Kariuki%20Interview.pdf |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake fuskantar barazanar sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen 'yan siyasa, gwamnatin Moi ta kare wasu masu fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin ɗan adam]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;sk&quot; /&gt; Ayyukanta sun taimaka wajen kiyaye dokokin iyali, musamman ma game da kadarorin aure. &lt;ref name=&quot;sk&quot; /&gt;

Karua ta kuma wakilci 'yan adawa a wasu ƙasashen Afirka, ciki har da Kizza Besigye a Uganda, da Tundu Lissu a Tanzania. A ranar 18 ga watan Mayu 2025, an kama Karua aka kuma kore ta daga ƙasar bayan ta isa filin jirgin saman Julius Nyerere da ke [[Dar es Salaam]] don wakiltar Tundu Lissu a kotu. 

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== 1990–2002 ===
Karua memba ce ta ƙungiyoyin siyasa na adawa waɗanda suka yi nasarar tayar da zaune tsaye don sake gabatar da dimokuraɗiyya mai jam'iyyu da yawa a [[Kenya]] a farkon shekarun 1990. A lokacin Kenya tana ƙarƙashin mulkin kama-karya na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kenya (KANU), jam'iyyar siyasa ɗaya tilo da aka amince da ita bisa doka a Kenya kuma wacce marigayi shugaban ƙasa Daniel arap Moi ya jagoranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nyström, Christina |year=2000 |title=Kenya:The party system from 1963-2000 |url=http://www.janda.org/ICPP/ICPP2000/Countries/9-CentralEastAfrica/96-Kenya/96-Kenya63-00.htm |access-date=19 February 2017 |publisher=International Comparative Political Parties Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karua ta shiga jam'iyyar Ford-Asili ta Kenneth Matiba. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1992, ta fice daga zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar wanda ta ɗauka a matsayin wanda aka yi wa kutse, wanda hakan ya sa aka ayyana abokin hamayyarta Geoffrey Karekia Kariithi a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen. Ta shiga jam'iyyar Democrat (DP) inda ta lashe tikitin jam'iyyar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1992, ta ci gaba da lashe zaɓen a matsayin 'yar majalisar mazaɓar Gichugu a watan Disamba na shekarar 1992, inda ta yi nasara a kan Kareithi mai ci, inda ta 'yantar da mazaɓar Gichugu daga fafatawar Kareithi-Nahashon Njuno. Karua ta zama 'yar majalisar mazaɓar Gichugu kuma lauya mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a majalisar. An zaɓe ta a matsayin sakatariyar harkokin shari'a ta jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 1993. 

A shekarar 1998, Karua ta ƙi amincewa da matsayin Ministar Al'adu da Ayyukan Jin Daɗi ta Inuwa, wanda ya saɓa wa matsayinta na Sakatare na Ƙasa kan Harkokin Kundin Tsarin Mulki (wani mukami da aka zaɓa) wanda ya sanya ta zama mai magana da yawun jam'iyyar a hukumance kan harkokin shari'a. Ta zaɓi yin murabus daga muƙaminta a matsayin Sakatariya ta Ƙasa kan Harkokin Shari'a da Tsarin Mulki. 

A shekara ta 2001, lokacin da aka gabatar da Dokar Bitar Kundin Tsarin Mulki a gaban Majalisa, dukkan 'yan adawa ban da Karua sun fice daga Majalisa. 'Yan adawa da kuma ƙungiyoyin farar hula sun yi watsi da Dokar, amma Karua ta yi imanin cewa a matsayinta na wakilai da aka zaɓa, maimakon fita waje, zai fi kyau a ci gaba da zama a Majalisar a rubuta ƙin amincewa. Saboda haka ta zaɓi ta ci gaba da zama a Majalisar kuma an rubuta ƙin amincewarta ga Dokar a Hansard. 

Daga baya tana cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar siyasa ta NARC wacce ta lashe [[Zaben kasa na shekarar 2002 a kasar kenya|babban zaɓen Kenya a shekarar 2002,]] wanda ya kawo ƙarshen kusan shekaru arba'in na shugabancin KANU a siyasar Kenya, bayan ta shiga cikin fafutukar faɗaɗa sararin dimokuraɗiyya da girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayinta na memba kuma daga baya ta zama shugaba a Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera&quot;/&gt;

=== 2003–2009 ===
Har zuwa ranar 6 ga Afrilun 2009, ta kasance Ministar Shari'a, Haɗin kai na Ƙasa da Harkokin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Ta kuma taɓa yin aiki a matsayin Ministar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Ci Gaba, kuma ita ce ke da hannu a aiwatar da Dokar Ruwa ta 2002, wadda tun daga lokacin ta hanzarta saurin gyare-gyaren ruwa da samar da ayyuka a Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;sk&quot;/&gt;

Karua ta ci gaba da zama Ministan Shari'a da Harkokin Kundin Tsarin Mulki a Majalisar Ministocin da Kibaki ya naɗa a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, 2008, bayan zaɓen Disamba na 2007 mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce.  A wata hira da BBC ''HARDtalk'' a watan Janairun 2008, Karua ta ce, game da rikicin da ya taso sakamakon sakamakon zaɓen, yayin da gwamnati ta yi tsammanin cewa ƙungiyar adawa ta Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) ta [[Raila A Odinga|Raila Odinga]] za ta iya &quot;shirya tashin hankali idan suka sha kaye&quot;, ta yi mamakin &quot;girman&quot; tashin hankalin, inda ta kira tashin hankalin &quot;tsarkake ƙabilanci&quot;. Da aka tambaye ta ta yi bayani, Karua ta ce tana &quot;faɗi&quot; cewa ODM ta shirya tsarkake ƙabilanci. Daga baya Odinga ya kira zargin Karua &quot;abin ƙyama&quot;.  Karua ta jagoranci tawagar gwamnati a tattaunawar da ta yi da 'yan adawa game da takaddamar siyasa da ta samo asali daga zaɓen.  Rikicin siyasa a ƙarshe ya haifar da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba iko tsakanin Kibaki da Odinga. A cikin babban majalisar ministocin haɗin gwiwa da aka sanar a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu 2008, Karua ta ci gaba da riƙe muƙaminta na Ministar Shari'a, Haɗin kai na Ƙasa da Harkokin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. &lt;ref&gt;Anthony Kariuki, [http://politics.nationmedia.com/inner.asp?pcat=NEWS&amp;cat=TOP&amp;sid=1787 &quot;Kibaki names Raila PM in new Cabinet&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}, nationmedia.com, 13 April 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

An amince da ita a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar siyasa ta NARC-Kenya a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, 2008. Babu wani zaɓen da aka yi a lokacin babban taron wakilan jam'iyyar a Bomas na Kenya da ke Nairobi, domin an amince da dukkan jami'ai, ciki har da Ms Karua. Bayan amincewarta, nan take ta bayyana cewa za ta tsaya takarar kujerar siyasa mafi girma a matsayin Shugaba a zaɓen Kenya na 2012. 

Karua ta yi murabus daga muƙamin Ministar Shari'a da Harkokin Kundin Tsarin Mulki a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, 2009, tana mai cewa ba ta gamsu da yadda take gudanar da ayyukanta ba. Misali bayyananne na takaicinta shi ne lokacin da Shugaba Mwai Kibaki ya naɗa Alƙalai ba tare da saninta ba 'yan kwanaki kafin ta yi murabus.  Ita ce Minista ta farko da ta yi murabus da son rai tun daga shekarar 2003.

=== 2013 - yanzu ===
Karua ta tsaya takarar shugabancin Kenya a shekarar 2013, a ƙarƙashin tikitin jam'iyyar NARC ta Kenya. Sabuwar dokar Kenya ta hana masu neman kujerar shugaban ƙasa neman kujerar majalisar dokoki a lokaci guda, don haka dole ta daina sha'awarta ga kujerar Gichugu mai aminci, tare da yuwuwar a kore ta daga siyasa gaba daya (idan ta rasa takarar shugabancin ƙasarta). Ta zo ta shida da kuri'u 43,881 a sakamakon zaɓen da aka yi jayayya a kai. 

Martha Karua za ta dawo fagen siyasar Kenya a babban zaɓen 2017 tana neman kujerar gwamna a gundumar Kirinyaga. Ta sha kaye a hannun [[Anne Waiguru]] a zaɓen da aka yi ta cece-kuce a kai bayan ta sami ƙuri'u 122,091 yayin da Waiguru ta samu ƙuri'u 161,373. Karua ta yi takara a zaɓen bisa zargin rashin bin ƙa'ida a zaɓen kuma ta shigar da ƙara a Babbar Kotun tana neman a soke zaɓen Waiguru, inda ta sha kaye a Kotun Koli ta hanyar Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara sannan kuma a Kotun Koli. Karua ta ci gaba da shigar da ƙara a Kotun Shari'a ta Gabashin Afirka, tana ƙarar gwamnatin Kenya kan gazawar sashin shari'a na bayar da adalci a cikin ƙarar.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kabugi, James |date=11 February 2017 |title=To Murgor and Aukot: Save face, leave before it's too late |url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/02/11/to-murgor-and-aukot-save-face-leave-before-its-too-late_c1504614 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220012653/http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/02/11/to-murgor-and-aukot-save-face-leave-before-its-too-late_c1504614 |archive-date=20 February 2017 |access-date=19 February 2017 |website=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin shugabannin 'yan adawa da Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya gana da su lokacin da Uhuru Kenyatta ya karɓi baƙuncinsa a shekarar 2015 a ziyarar shugaban ƙasa ɗaya tilo da Obama ya kai Kenya.  A siyasance, da alama ta karkata ga CORD, babbar ƙungiyar siyasa ta 'yan adawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Raila A Odinga|Raila Odinga]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 June 2016 |title=Martha Karua Speaks about her Relationship with Raila Odinga |url=http://busialeo.co.ke/2016/06/10/martha-karua-speaks-about-her-relationship-with-raila-odinga/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092719/http://busialeo.co.ke/2016/06/10/martha-karua-speaks-about-her-relationship-with-raila-odinga/ |archive-date=20 February 2017 |access-date=19 February 2017 |publisher=Busualeo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya Karua ta yi watsi da dangantakarta ta siyasa da Raila ta kuma goyi bayan Jam'iyyar Jubilee kafin babban zaɓen Kenya na 2017. 

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2015, Karua ta amince ta karɓi gudummawar dala miliyan 2 na Ksh 2 ga kuɗin kamfen ɗinta na shugaban ƙasa daga kamfanin British American Tobacco. Karua ta ce ta yi tunanin gudummawar da Paul Hopkins, ma'aikaciyar BAT, ta bayar, gudummawa ce ta kashin kanta. An biya kuɗin ta hannun Mary M'Mukindia wacce ke gudanar da kamfen ɗin Karua. Karua tana da suna na rashin cin hanci da rashawa sai dai wannan rahoton bayar da gudummawar da aka yi zargin an yi mata. Ba a tabbatar da wani laifi ba kuma binciken Birtaniya ya kammala ba tare da wani tuhuma a kan Paul Hopkins ba. Karua ta dage cewa ba za a iya cin hanci da rashawa ba kuma ta gayyaci hukumomin Kenya su binciki duk wani laifi da ake zargin ta aikata.

A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, 2021, wani ɓangare na shugabannin daga Tsakiyar Kenya ya zaɓi Karua a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai ta Mount Kenya Unity Forum.
{{Blockquote|We have chosen Martha Karua to be our official convener and our spokesperson|[[Gatundu South]] MP [[Moses Kuria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/politics/article/2001424004/martha-karua-elected-interim-spokesperson-of-mt-kenya-unity-forum|title = Martha Karua elected interim spokesperson by section of Mt Kenya leaders}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== Babban zaɓen 2022 ===
A ranar 3 ga watan Yunin 2022, ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa [[Raila A Odinga|Raila Odinga]] ya naɗa Karua a matsayin mataimakiyarsa, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko a tarihin Kenya da ta tsaya takarar neman tikitin siyasa a wata babbar jam'iyyar siyasa. Wannan yana nufin cewa nasarar da Azimio la Umoja–One Kenya Coalition Party ta Odinga ta samu a watan Agustan 2022 zai sa ta zama mace ta farko a Kenya da ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban ƙasa, kuma mace mafi matsayi a Kenya a tarihi. 

=== Suna ===
A wani lokaci a gundumar Kirinyaga lokacin da KANU ke kan mulki, Karua ta fita daga hannun Shugaba Moi wanda a lokacin yake jawabi ga taron jama'a a filin wasa na gundumar. Wannan wani abu ne da ba a saba gani ba na nuna adawa da Moi, wanda a lokacin ake jin tsoronsa kuma yake mulkin ƙasar a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kabeira, Judie |date=16 April 2009 |title=The other side of Martha Karua |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2009/04/the-other-side-of-martha-karua/ |access-date=19 February 2017 |publisher=CapitalNews}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kasance mai fafutukar faɗaɗa sararin dimokuraɗiyya da batutuwan jinsi a Kenya. Ta shiga cikin fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata ta hanyar shari'o'in muradun jama'a, yin fafutuka da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata. Wannan ya faru ne ta hanyar aikinta da ƙungiyoyin mata daban-daban, musamman Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Mata ta Duniya (FIDA-Kenya) da Ƙungiyar Masu Zaɓen Mata ta Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nzomo, Maria |title=Impacts of Women in Political Leadership in Kenya: Struggle for Participation in Governance through Affirmative Action |url=https://ke.boell.org/sites/default/files/uploads/2014/01/affirmative_action-impacts_of_women_in_political_leadership_in_kenya_by_prof_maria_nzomo.pdf |access-date=19 February 2017 |publisher=University of Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==
A shekarar 1991, [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta amince da Karua a matsayin mai sa ido kan kare hakkin ɗan adam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Priest recalls night of terror |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/1056-273360-lr1mxtz/index.html |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Daily Nation |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICJ Kenya to Award 2019 Jurist of the Year |url=https://www.icj-kenya.org/news/latest-news/286-icj-kenya-to-award-2019-jurist-of-the-year |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801115712/https://icj-kenya.org/news/latest-news/286-icj-kenya-to-award-2019-jurist-of-the-year |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=www.icj-kenya.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1995, ƙungiyar lauyoyi mata ta Kenya (FIDA) ta ba ta kyautar saboda ci gaban mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasami, Dickens |date=6 July 2016 |title=Martha Karua is fit to be next chief justice - MP |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/150006-here-is-the-job-offer-that-can-change-martha-karuas-political-career.html |access-date=19 February 2017 |publisher=TUKO}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1999, Sashen Kenya na Hukumar Lauyoyi ta Duniya ya ba ta lambar yabo ta alkalan Kenya ta shekarar 1999, kuma a wannan shekarar a wannan watan, ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Kenya (LSK) ta ba ta lambar yabo ta lauyoyi masu himma. &lt;ref name=&quot;foundry&quot;/&gt;

== Wallafe-wallafe ==
[https://kibangabooks.com/product/against-the-tide-by-martha-karua-hardcover/ A kan Tide] &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9789966690845&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Marcelina Bautista</title>
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'''Marcelina Bautista Bautista''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1966) ƙwararriyar mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ce a ƙasar Mexico kuma mai shirya ƙungiyar ƙwadago. Ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida tsawon shekaru 22, tun tana da shekaru 14. Ta kammala karatunta, ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Ibero-American kuma ta fara shirya abokan aikinta. Ta kafa ƙungiyoyin ''Centro de Apoyo y Capacitación para Empleadas del Hogar'' a shekarar 2000 da Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores y Trabajadoras del Hogar (SINACTRAHO) a shekarar 2015.

== Rayuwa ta farko da aikin gida ==
An haifi Marcelina Bautista Bautista a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1966 ga dangin manoma na Mixtec a Tierra Colorada Apasco, Nochixtlán, Oaxaca, wani gari da ke da kusan mutane 500. Ta girma tare da 'yan uwan 11  suna magana da Mixtec, &lt;ref name=&quot;CONAPRED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bautista Bautista, Marcelina - Biografías Trabajadoras del Hogar |url=https://www.conapred.org.mx/index.php?contenido=pagina&amp;id=488&amp;id_opcion=473&amp;op=476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105182803/https://www.conapred.org.mx/index.php?contenido=pagina&amp;id=488&amp;id_opcion=473&amp;op=476 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |publisher=National Council to Prevent Discrimination}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UN2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title=Gracias a nuestra labor, nuestros empleadores pueden trabajar para el desarrollo económico de los países |url=https://news.un.org/es/story/2019/03/1452821 |website=Noticias ONU |language=es |access-date=4 March 2026 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807151344/https://news.un.org/es/story/2019/03/1452821 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da burin zama lauya.  Ta ƙaura daga Oaxaca zuwa Birnin Mexico tana da shekaru 14.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marcelina Bautista, founder of the Center for Support and Training of Domestic Workers in Mexico {{!}} WIEGO |url=https://www.wiego.org/marcelina-bautista-founder-center-support-and-training-domestic-workers-mexico |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423005014/https://www.wiego.org/marcelina-bautista-founder-center-support-and-training-domestic-workers-mexico |archive-date=23 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=www.wiego.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da take da shekaru 14, bayan ta kammala makarantar firamare, an tilasta mata tafiya zuwa [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]] don aiki da tallafa wa iyalinta. Ta san ƙananan Mutanen Espanya kuma ta yi yawo a kan tituna har sai da ta sami alamar da ke karantawa &quot;neman bawa&quot;. Ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida na tsawon shekaru 22, tana kula da yara da aikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=Marcelina Bautista: &quot;Trabajar por y con las trabajadoras del hogar hizo sentirme útil, sobre todo cuando una compañera transforma su historia y exige sus derechos&quot; |url=https://lac.unwomen.org/es/stories/noticia/2022/03/marcelina-bautista-trabajar-por-y-con-las-trabajadoras-del-hogar-hizo-sentirme-util |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105182802/https://lac.unwomen.org/es/stories/noticia/2022/03/marcelina-bautista-trabajar-por-y-con-las-trabajadoras-del-hogar-hizo-sentirme-util |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=ONU Mujeres – América Latina y el Caribe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na ma'aikaciyar gida, ta fuskanci nuna bambanci da cin zarafi. Ma'aikatarta ta biya ta kuɗi kaɗan kuma ta buge ta saboda ba ta san yadda za a yi amfani da na'urar wanki ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;LATimes&quot; /&gt;

== Ilimi da gwagwarmayar zamantakewa ==
Bautista ya kammala karatu yayin aiki na cikakken lokaci. Ta shafe shekaru uku tana koyo game da Dokokin aiki na Mexico da Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Ta sami difloma a Sadarwa da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Ibero-Amurka .  A shekara ta 1988, ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Bogotá]], Colombia kuma ta kasance mai halarta a taron farko na Latin Amurka da Caribbean na Ma'aikatan Gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;CONAPRED&quot;/&gt; Ta fara shirya ma'aikatan gida a lokaci guda, tana haɗuwa a wani wurin shakatawa na arewa a Birnin Mexico.

Bautista ya kafa kungiyar Cibiyar Taimako da Capacitación don Ma'aikatan Gida (CACEH) a cikin 2000. Ta hanyar kungiyar, ta inganta haƙƙin ma'aikatan cikin gida kuma ta fara aiwatar da ƙungiyar kwadago.&lt;ref name=&quot;CONAPRED&quot;/&gt; Ita ce ƙungiyar farar hula ta farko ta Mexico da aka sadaukar don kare haƙƙin ma'aikatan gida. Ta hanyar CACEH, Bautista ya bi gyare-gyaren shari'a wanda ke buƙatar ma'aikata su yi rajistar ma'aikatansu a cikin tsaron jama'a.

Bautista ya ci gaba da shirya ma'aikatan cikin gida kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fafutuka da ke gwagwarmaya don hakkinsu a Mexico.[1] Daga 2006 zuwa 2012, ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Confederación Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Trabajadoras del Hogar (CONLACTRAHO). Ta kasance mai kula da yanki na Red Internacional de Trabajadoras del Hogar daga 2009 zuwa 2013. Bautista ya shiga cikin kirkirar da amincewa da Yarjejeniyar kan Ma'aikatan Cikin Gida, wanda ya kafa ka'idojin aiki ga ma'aikatan cikin gida kuma Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta karɓa a cikin 2011. Ta kasance mai kula da yanki na Latin Amurka don Federación Internacional de Trabajadoras del Hogar (FITH) daga 2013 zuwa 2016. [2] Ta kafa kungiyar kwadago ta kasa ta ma'aikata da ma'aikatan gida (SINACTRAHO) a shekarar 2015. [1]

A cikin 2019, an gayyaci Bautista don halartar lambar yabo ta 91 ta Kwalejin ta [[Alfonso Cuarón]], darektan fim din ''Roma'' na 2018, wanda ya biyo bayan rayuwar mai kula da gida.

== Kyaututtuka ==

* Kyautar Hermila Galindo ta Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Gundumar Tarayya (2006) 
* Kyautar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (2010) 
* Kyautar Kasa don Daidaitawa da Rashin Nuna Bambanci da Majalisar Kasa ta bayar don hana Nuna Bambanci (2013) 
* Medalla Omecíhuatl (2017) 
* Mata 100 na BBC (2021) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]</text>
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    <title>Monica Juma</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Monica Kathina Juma''' CBS, EGH , MBS (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1963) jami'ar diflomasiyya ce ta Kenya wacce a halin yanzu take aiki a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara Kan Tsaron Ƙasa ga Shugaba [[William Ruto]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=President Ruto Retains Monica Juma In New Cabinet Appointments |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2022/09/president-ruto-retains-monica-juma-in-new-cabinet-appointments/ |publisher=Capital News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tsaro na Majalisar Ministoci a majalisar ministocin Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UoN Digital Repository Home |url=http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=erepository.uonbi.ac.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Juma ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Nairobi da digirinta na farko a fannin Fasaha a Gwamnati da Gudanar da Jama'a da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha a fannin Gwamnati da Gudanar da Jama'a a kuma [[Jami'ar Oxford]], inda ta samu takardar shaidar digirinta a fannin Nazarin 'Yan Gudun Hijira, inda ta kuma sami digirinta na uku a fannin Falsafa a Siyasa.

== Aikin diflomasiyya ==
Juma ta daɗe tana aiki a fannin diflomasiyya, bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin jakadiyar ƙasar Kenya a [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Hukumar raya kasashe masu tasowa ta kasa da kasa|Hukumar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Waje]] da kuma [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Afirka]], wacce ke da hedikwata a [[Addis Ababa]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kenya Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=2016 |title=Ambassador Monica Juma, DPhil, CBS, Principal Secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.mfa.go.ke/dr-monica-juma/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113000100/http://www.mfa.go.ke/dr-monica-juma/ |archive-date=13 November 2018 |access-date=1 February 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kenya)|Kenya Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 27 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2013, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Babbar Sakatariya, a Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ƙasar Kenya, tana aiki a wannan matsayin har sai da aka mayar da ita Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Kenya, a matsayin Babbar Sakatariya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kenya Ministry of Defence |date=2014 |title=Ambassador Dr. Monica Juma, MBS, Principal Secretary Ministry of Defence, Kenya |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/?page_id=372 |access-date=1 February 2018 |publisher=Kenya Ministry of Defence}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Juma ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Majalisar Ministoci a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje tsakanin watannin Janairu 2016 da Fabrairu 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FORMER MINISTERS – FOREIGN AFFAIRS {{!}} KENYA |url=https://mfa.go.ke/former-ministers/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102105942/https://mfa.go.ke/former-ministers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Sakatariya a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Jiha, Ma'aikatu ta Cikin Gida da Gudanar da Gwamnatin Ƙasa.

Kafin ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Juma ta yi aiki ne a matsayin Sakatariyar Ma'aikatu a Ma'aikatar Tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our History – Ministry of Defence – Kenya |url=https://mod.go.ke/history-and-evolution-of-the-ministry-of-defence/#1634448198688-0f368f32-cb98 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=mod.go.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 2024, Juma na daga cikin baƙi da aka gayyata zuwa cin Abincin dare na jihar da Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] ya shirya don girmama Shugaba [[William Ruto]] a [[White House|Fadar White House]]. 
[[Fayil:Monica_Juma_with_Mike_Pompeo_in_Washington_-_2018_(44174292342).jpg|thumb|Juma and Mike Pompeo in Washington, D.C., 2018]]

== Sauran ayyukan ==
Juma babbar jami'in bincike ce a Sashen Kimiyya na Siyasa, a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na malamai a Cibiyar Nazarin dabarun Afirka ta Jami'ar Tsaro ta Kasa, a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Ta rubuta kuma ta buga da yawa a kan batutuwan da ta ƙware.&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Amina Mohamed]]
* Raychelle Omamo
* Judy Wakhungu

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Mawine G. Diggs</title>
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'''Mawine G. Diggs''' (an haife ta a shekarar {{Circa|1982}}) shugaba ce kuma minista a ƙasar Liberia. A shekarar 2020 aka naɗa ta a matsayin ministar kasuwanci da masana'antu ta Liberia. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, 2022 ta yi bikin cika shekaru 175 na ranar 'yancin kai ta ƙasarta.

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Diggs a kusan shekarar 1982. Tana da shekaru bakwai, sai ta koma Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-17 |title=Going Home: Detroit Campus President Gets Top Ed Post in Liberia |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/home/article/15103462/going-home-detroit-campus-president-gets-top-ed-post-in-liberia |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta ya mutu a Yaƙin Basasa na Liberia. Ta yi makarantar sakandare a Liberiya amma ta koma Amurka don karatunta na gaba da sakandare. Digirinta na farko yana cikin Manufofin Muhalli wanda ta samu daga Kwalejin Roanoke da ke Virginia. Digirinta na biyu kuma yana a fannin Ilimi daga Jami'ar Clemson ta South Carolina. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2021 |title=HON. MAWINE G. DIGGS |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/t4p21/01_mawine_diggs.pdf |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=World Trade Organisation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018 tana aiki a Gundumar Kwalejin Al'umma ta Wayne County da ke Michigan, tana jagorantar harabar jami'arsu ta gabas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ita ce ke da alhakin ma'aikata 750 da kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 15, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; lokacin da sabon Shugaban Liberia George Weah ya naɗa ta ta jagoranci Hukumar Ilimi Mai Zurfi ta Liberia a matsayin babban darakta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci hukumar tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1989. Hukumar tana kula da cibiyoyin ƙasar da ke ba da digiri kuma suna buga jagororin waɗannan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roanoke College alumna serving in top higher-ed post in Liberia |url=https://www.roanoke.edu/about/news/mawine_diggs_06_heads_nche |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.roanoke.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An naɗa ta a matsayin Mukaddashiya kuma Mataimakiyar Minista kuma Wakili ta Musamman ta Shugaban Ƙasa har zuwa lokacin da aka ɗaukaka ta zuwa ministar gwamnati a shekarar 2020. Shugaban Ƙasa ne ya naɗa ta don jagorantar ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta ƙasar Laberiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, 2022 ta yi wa'azin Ranar 'Yancin Kai ta Ƙasa karo na 175 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=Womenvoices |date=2022-07-14 |title=Minister Mawine G. Diggs becomes July 26 Orator |url=https://womenvoicesnewspaper.org/minister-mawine-g-diggs-becomes-july-26-orator/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Womenvoices Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; taken karfafa haɗin kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=175th National Independence Day Oration By Honorable Mawine G. Diggs Minister Of Commerce |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/front-slider/175th-national-independence-day-oration-by-honorable-mawine-g-diggs-minister-of-commerce/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=FrontPageAfrica |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta karfafa masu suka da su goyi bayan gwamnatin da ke kan mulki a yanzu. Liberia ta dogara ne da tallafin masu bayar da gudummawa kuma ta karfafa wa waɗanda ke samar da waɗannan kuɗaɗe don rage yawan takunkumin da ke tattare da irin waɗannan kyaututtuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menjor |first=David S. |title=Liberia: Independence Day Orator Chides Weah’s Critics |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/liberia-independence-day-orator-chides-weahs-critics |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.liberianobserver.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707172644/https://www.liberianobserver.com/liberia-independence-day-orator-chides-weahs-critics |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Marjon Vashti Kamara''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 1949) jami'in diflomasiyya ce kuma 'yar siyasar ƙasar [[Laberiya|Liberia]] wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekarun 2016 zuwa 2018.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Kamara a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 1949 a [[Monrovia]] ɗiya ce ga Jacob da Edith Kamara. &lt;ref name=&quot;challenge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2016 |title=Liberia: Foreign Minister Marjon Kamara's Challenges |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601112430.html |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=Daily Observer |publisher=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Saint Theresa's Convent High School kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1970 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a shekarar 1973. &lt;ref name=&quot;washington&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Her Excellency Marjon V. Kamara |url=http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2717%3Aher-excellency-marjon-v-kamara&amp;catid=1184&amp;Itemid=136 |publisher=Washington Diplomat}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;meet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Wade C. L. |date=7 January 2016 |title=Meet Liberia's New Foreign Minister |url=http://www.myafricanwoman.com/2016/01/meet-liberias-new-foreign-minister/ |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=LibPolitices}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Kamara ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Laberiya a shekarar 1974, inda ta yi aiki kafaɗa da kafaɗa da Cecil Dennis, kafin ta yi aiki a ofisoshin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNHCR) a [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Uganda]] da [[Geneva]] daga shekarun 1983 zuwa 1994.  Ta kasance Wakilin UNHCR a [[Angola]] daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1998 da kuma [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2001. Daga nan ta zama Darakta a Sashen Tallafin Ayyuka a shekarar 2001, kafin a naɗa ta Daraktar UNHCR na Afirka a watan Oktoban 2005.

An naɗa Kamara jakadiyar Liberia a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] a [[New York (birni)|New York]] a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;washington&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2009 |title=New Permanent Representative of Liberia Presents Credentials |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2009/bio4134.doc.htm |access-date=9 April 2017 |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta jagoranci zaman kwamitin kula da matsayin mata na hamsin da shida, kuma an zaɓe ta don ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar taron [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|babban taron Majalisar na]] sittin da shida.&lt;ref name=washington/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2009/bio4134.doc.htm|publisher=United Nations|title=New Permanent Representative of Liberia Presents Credentials|date=8 October 2009|accessdate=9 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=meet/&gt;

Shugaba [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] ta naɗa Kamara a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambassador Marjon Kamara Appointed New Foreign Minister |url=http://www.mofa.gov.lr/public2/2press.php?news_id=1914&amp;related=7&amp;pg=sp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023133459/http://www.mofa.gov.lr/public2/2press.php?news_id=1914&amp;related=7&amp;pg=sp |archive-date=2016-10-23 |access-date=2017-04-09 |publisher=Government of the Republic of Liberia Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=washington/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2009/bio4134.doc.htm|publisher=United Nations|title=New Permanent Representative of Liberia Presents Credentials|date=8 October 2009|accessdate=9 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=meet/&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==
A shekarar 2016, an naɗa Kamara a matsayin babbar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Dame kuma shugabar ƙungiyar Orders in the Humane Order of African Redemption. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2016 |title=Amb. Marjon Kamara Admitted into Humane Order of African Redemption |url=http://frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/politics/384-amb-marjon-kamara-admitted-into-humane-order-of-african-redemption |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=Front Page Africa |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409203422/http://frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/politics/384-amb-marjon-kamara-admitted-into-humane-order-of-african-redemption |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wallafe-wallafe ==

* Kamara, Marjon Vashti; Plano, Jack C. (1974). United Nations Capital Development Fund: poor and rich worlds in collision. Western Michigan University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780932826145&lt;/nowiki&gt;. 
* {{Cite journal |last=Kamara |first=Marjon |date=September 2009 |title=Daring to dream of an end to exile in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Forced Migration Review |volume=33 |pages=30–32}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Mary Shawa''' tsohuwar jami'ar gwamnati ce 'yar [[Malawi|ƙasar Malawi]]. Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2012, ta kasance Babbar Sakatare a fannin Abinci Mai Gina Jiki, Kanjamau da Kanjamau a Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Yawan Jama'a, sannan kuma ta kasance Babbar Sakatare a Ma'aikatar Jinsi, Yara, Nakasassu da Jin Dadin Jama'a kafin ta yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a shekarar 2018.

== Ilimi ==
Shawa tana da digiri na biyu a fannin abinci mai gina jiki, difloma a fannin noma, digirin digirgir a fannin abinci mai gina jiki da ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma difloma ta gaba a fannin ci gaban al'umma da albarkatu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Mary Shawa {{!}} Chanasa Chifundo Malawi |url=https://chanasachifundomalawi.org/content/dr-mary-shawa |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=chanasachifundomalawi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Daily Life interview 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2010-02-24 |title=A Day in the Life of Mary Shawa - Sight and Life sight_life_admin |url=https://sightandlife.org/article/a-day-in-the-life-of-mary-shawa/ |language=en-US |doi=10.52439/MWST8493 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-04-27 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115550/https://sightandlife.org/article/a-day-in-the-life-of-mary-shawa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2004, Shawa ta zama Babbar Sakatariya a fannin Abinci Mai Gina Jiki, HIV da AIDS a Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Yawan Jama'a a [[Malawi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Daily Life interview 2010&quot;/&gt;   A shekarar 2005, ta shiga cikin muhawarar jama'a game da shirye-shiryen sauye-sauye ga doka don sanya yaɗuwar cutar HIV da gangan a matsayin laifi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gondwe |first1=Gregory |title=Malawi: The Deliberate Spread of HIV to Be Criminalised |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200501311258.html |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=The Chronicle (Lilongwe) |publisher=[[AllAfrica]] |date=January 31, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, she announced the government decision to replace financial support with food for Malawian civil servants with HIV.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Malawi drops HIV cash hand-outs |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7667363.stm |access-date=29 April 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2008, ta sanar da shawarar gwamnati na maye gurbin tallafin kuɗi da abinci ga ma'aikatan gwamnati na Malawi da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV.  A watan Yuli na shekarar 2010, ta shiga wani gangamin kiwon lafiyar jama'a tare da sauran shugabannin siyasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Karan |first=Abraar |last2=Hartford |first2=Emily |last3=Coates |first3=Thomas J. |date=2017 |title=The potential for political leadership in HIV/AIDS communication campaigns in Sub-Saharan Africa |journal=[[Global Health Action]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=2 |doi=10.1080/16549716.2017.1270525 |pmc=5328337 |pmid=28156196}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilun 2012, bayan [[Joyce banda|Joyce Banda]] ta zama shugabar [[Malawi]], an naɗa Shawa a matsayin Babbar Sakatare ta Ma'aikatar Jinsi, Yara, Nakasassu da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Shawa deployed to Ministry of Gender &amp;#124; Malawi news, Malawi - NyasaTimes breaking online news source from Malawi |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/11/mary-shawa-deployed-to-ministry-of-gender/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413134455/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/11/mary-shawa-deployed-to-ministry-of-gender/ |archive-date=2012-04-13 |access-date=2012-05-27 |publisher=Nyasatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2014, ta raba ra'ayinta game da musabbabin [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankalin cikin gida]] ga ''[[Muryan Amurka|Muryar Amurka]]'', &quot;Fiye da cin zarafin mata da ake yi wa maza shine hana su haƙƙin aurensu. Wannan tashin hankalin da ake yawan samu ne kuma wannan tashin hankalin shine abin da ke haifar da cin zarafin mata da sauransu.&quot;  A shekarar 2016, ta yi kira da a ƙara mai da hankali kan abinci mai gina jiki ga yara.  A lokacin mulkinta, ita ma tana da alhakin lafiya da amincin mutanen da ke fama da [[Zabaya|cutar zabiya]].   Duk da shaidar kasuwar sassan jiki da ke haifar da kisan 'yan Malawi masu cutar zabiya, Shawa ta ce binciken ma'aikatar ya nuna cewa babu kasuwa, kuma mutanen da ke ƙoƙarin neman kasuwa za su sami jami'an 'yan sanda na ɓoye. 

Bayan ta yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni 2018,  ta ci gaba da zama shugabar girmamawa ta ƙungiyar agaji ta Chifundo &amp; Chinasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mary Shawa deployed to Ministry of Gender &amp;#124; Malawi news, Malawi - NyasaTimes breaking online news source from Malawi |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/11/mary-shawa-deployed-to-ministry-of-gender/ |url-status=dead |publisher=Nyasatimes.com |accessdate=2012-05-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413134455/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/11/mary-shawa-deployed-to-ministry-of-gender/ |archivedate=2012-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Alex Duval |title=Malawi shifts focus to nutrition and new crops to tackle food crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/sep/20/malawi-focus-nutrition-crops-food-crisis |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=20 September 2012 |access-date=28 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Shawa ya yi kira ga 'yan Malawi da su zaɓi ɗan takara mai tsoron Allah a babban zaɓen Malawi na shekarar 2019. 

A shekarar 2021 tana aiki a matsayin babbar ƙwararriyar a fannin lafiyar jama'a a Plan International Malawi. 

=== Littattafai da aka zaɓa ===

* [https://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140-6736(10)62303-3/fulltext ''Rigakafin yaɗuwar cutar HIV daga uwa zuwa jariri da kuma manufofin ci gaban ƙarni da suka shafi lafiya: lokaci ya yi da za a ɗauki matakin kula da lafiyar jama'a''], The Lancet, 16 ga watan Yuli, 2011, DOI: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62303-3&lt;/nowiki&gt; (marubucin tare da wasu mutane 17)
* ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4584766/ Yaɗuwar Cin Zarafin Jima'i a Kan Yara da Amfani da Ayyukan Jin Daɗi—Ƙasashe Bakwai, 2007–2013]'', Rahoton Mako-mako na Cututtuka da Mutuwa, 2015 Yuni 5 (marubucin tare da wasu 18)

== Manazarta ==
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'''Melissa Chessington Leo''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1960) &lt;ref name=&quot;TCM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melissa Leo |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/1142358%7C0/Melissa-Leo#biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413164413/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/1142358%7C0/Melissa-Leo/#biography |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=April 22, 2022 |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ita ce mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Kwalejin, Kyautar Emmy ta Primetime, Kyautar Golden Globe, Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, da Kyautar Zaɓin Masu sukar guda biyu.

Bayan ta bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai da yawa a cikin shekarun 1980, Leo ta zama na yau da kullun a cikin shirye'shiryen talabjin na All My Children, wanda aka zaba ta don lambar yabo ta Daytime Emmy, da The Young Riders . Matsayinta na gagarumin ya zo ne a 1993 a matsayin mai bincike kuma daga baya sajan Kay Howard a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Homicide: Life on the Street (1993-1997).

Leo ta sami yabo mai mahimmanci saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Ray Eddy a fim din Frozen River na 2008, inda ta sami gabatarwa da kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da gabatarwa ta kyautar Kwalejin don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau. A shekara ta 2010, Leo ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Alice Eklund-Ward a fim din The Fighter, gami da Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin .

A shekara ta 2013, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy don rawar da ta taka a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Louie . Ta fito a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru na Fox na 2015 ''Wayward Pines'' a matsayin Nurse Pam . Daga nan sai ta fito a fim din [[Netflix]] na 2017 The Most Hated Woman in America a matsayin wanda ya kafa American Atheists Madalyn Murray O'Hair .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Leo a Manhattan kuma ya girma a Lower East Side .  Ita 'yar Margaret (née Chessington), malamin da aka haifa a [[California]], da Arnold Leo III, edita a Grove Press, masunta, kuma tsohon mai magana da yawun kungiyar East Hampton Baymen. Tana da babban ɗan'uwa, Erik Leo .  Kakan mahaifinta shine masanin tarihin fasaha Christine Leo Roussel .  Iyayen Leo sun sake aure, kuma mahaifiyarta ta tura su zuwa Red Clover Commune, a Putney, Vermont . &lt;ref name=&quot;TCM&quot;/&gt;

Leo ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tun yana yaro tare da Kamfanin Gishiri da Gishiri. Ta halarci [[Bellows Falls High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Bellows Falls]] a Bellows Fall, Vermont, kuma ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts a London da SUNY Purchase, amma ba ta kammala karatu ba, ta zaɓi barin makaranta ta koma Birnin New York don fara sauraro don ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo. Leo ta yi bazara a gidan mahaifinta a Springs, wani bangare na East Hampton, New York.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2009 |title=Vermonter Nominated |url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=200990122055 |website=Burlington Free Press }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Leo ta fara wasan kwaikwayo ne a shekarar 1984, wanda aka zaba ta don Daytime Emmy a 12th Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Ingenue / Woman in a Drama Series for All My Children . Bayan wannan, Leo ya bayyana a fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Streetwalkin', A Time of Destiny, Last Summer in the Hamptons, da Venice / Venice. Ta kuma fito da yawa a talabijin, musamman rawar da ta taka a matsayin Det. Sgt. Kay Howard a kan Kisan kai: Rayuwa a kan titi har zuwa shekara ta 1997. Shekaru uku bayan haka ta sake taka rawar da ta taka a fim din talabijin na Homicide: The Movie . Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu daga wasan kwaikwayo, nasarar Leo ta zo shekaru uku bayan haka a fim din Alejandro González Iñárritu, 21 Grams da aka saki zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci. Leo ya bayyana a matsayin goyon baya tare da Sean Penn, Naomi Watts, Benicio del Toro, da Clea DuVall . Leo ya raba lambar yabo ta Best Ensemble Acting daga Phoenix Film Critics Society a shekara ta 2003 da kuma wanda ya zo na biyu ga Los Angeles Film Critics Association for Best Supporting Actress.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Martha Chanjo Lunji</title>
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'''Martha Chanjo Lunji''' 'yar siyasa ce ta jam'iyyar Democrat Progressive Party [[Malawi|ta Malawi]] wadda ta kasance 'yar majalisar dokoki (MP) a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Nkhotakota daga shekarar 2014 har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Account Suspended |url=http://www.parliament.gov.mw/#/legislators |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318111252/https://www.parliament.gov.mw/#/legislators |archive-date=2020-03-18 |access-date=2021-12-15 |publisher=Parliament.gov.mw}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance Babbar Mai tsawatarwa na jam'iyyar DPP a lokacin adawa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Kwadago, Kwarewa da Kirkire-kirkire a gwamnatin Peter Mutharika. &lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=14 July 2021 |title=MP Martha Lunji's remains taken to Nkhota Kota for burial on Wednesday, Nankhumwa regrets her passing |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/__trashed-8/ |journal=Nyasa Times |access-date=16 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
Lunji ta yi digirin farko a fannin Injiniyanci na Lantarki. Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokokin Malawi ta Mata a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PWC Home – PWC Malawi |url=https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231001239/https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rasu sakamakon matsalolin da suka shafi [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a daren 13 ga watan Yuli, 2021 a Asibitin Kamuzu Central. &lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Siyasar Malawi

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Muriel Craigie</title>
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'''Muriel Craigie,''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (1889-1971)  ta kasance babbar 'yar Scotland ce, wacce kasashe biyu suka girmama ta a matsayin babban mai shirya masu sa kai a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Duniya guda biyu, kuma 'sanannen malami' a lokacin sake fasalin ilimi na hukuma. 

Ita ce ta shirya hedikwatar taron Asibitocin Mata na Scotland don Ayyukan Ƙasashen Waje na Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, wanda aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Red Cross ta Serbia .  Saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Mai Kula da Daukar Ma'aikata na Scotland don Ƙungiyar Taimakon Sojojin Mata, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Order of the British Empire a 1919. 

A Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta jagoranci Ayyukan Jinƙai na Mata don Tsaron Farar Hula a Montrose da gundumar, kuma ta shirya kayan jin daɗi ga sojoji da kuma kwashe yara da sauran mutane masu rauni daga biranen masana'antu. Ita kaɗai ce mace a Kwamitin Mamayar da ke ɗauke da mutane 7.  

Craigie ya zama mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Birtaniyya ta ƙasa (1951-1954), kuma jimilla ya yi shekaru 25, tun daga ƙaddamar da reshen Montrose zuwa jagorantar ƙungiyar North East Scotland Federation. 

Craigie ita ce mace ta farko da ta kira kowace ƙaramin kwamiti na ilimi na gundumar Angus . Kafin da kuma bayan Dokar Ilimi, ta yi aikin manufofin ilimi tsawon shekaru ashirin a matsayin 'ƙwararriyar mai ilimi.' 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi '''Catherine Muriel Craigie''' a shekarar 1889, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Craigie |first=Catherine Muriel |date=1889 |title=Scotland's People - Births |url=https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=Scotland's People |series=312/44 Montrose}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka fi sani da Muriel; mahaifinta William Craigie shine mai kashe gobara na garin, kuma tana da 'yar'uwa Rhoda Craigie. Suna zaune a lamba 5 Erskine Street, Montrose . 

Mahaifinta ya yi aiki tare da ɗan'uwansa a harkar sayar da katako da kayan aikin ƙarfe kafin hakan, amma lokacin da ya mutu a shekarar 1936, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kashe gobara na tsawon shekaru 37; jana'izarsa ta hanyar injin kashe gobara, inda Muriel da 'yar uwarta suka ɗauki kayan aikin, tare da goyon bayan ma'aikatan kashe gobara da manyan mutane na yankin. 
[[Fayil:Montrose_Academy_front.jpg|thumb|Kwalejin Montrose]]
Craigie ta halarci Kwalejin Montrose, inda ta yi fice, inda ta lashe kyaututtukan aji a tarihi, [1] Turanci da dinki, [2] [3] da kuma motsa jiki. [4] A rayuwarta ta baya, ita ce ta zama mace ta farko da ta jagoranci bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Kwalejin. [5] A wasanni, ta lashe lambar yabo ta gasar yara ta nakasassu a golf (lambar Luiskill), [6] kuma ta buga wa ƙungiyar wasan hockey ta Academy Girls. [7] Ta halarci kuma ta yi karatun littafi mai tsarki a Cocin St. George's United Free. [8]

A lokacin da ta girma, ta zauna tare da 'yar uwarta a wuri ɗaya, kuma ta halarci Cocin St. George's da Trinity;  ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabanni a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, da kuma a cikin al'ummar Montrose, don dalilan zaɓen mata, agaji ga sojoji da walwalar yara da kwamitocin ilimi na gunduma, kuma ta ɗauki nauyin ƙasa a cikin Ƙungiyar Matan Garin.

Ta rasu a Asibitin Stracathro, a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1971, tana da shekaru 82 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Craigie |first=Catherine Muriel |date=1971 |title=Scotland's People - Deaths -1971 |url=https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/record-results |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=ScotlandsPeople |series=312/217 - Montrose |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121173828/https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/record-results |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Fafutukar 'Yancin Zaɓe ==
[[Fayil:Suffrage_Campaigning-_National_Union_of_Women's_Suffrage_Societies_(NUWSS)1908-1918_(23070340306).jpg|thumb|100x100px|Tambarin NUWSS 1908-1918]]
Zuwa shekarar 1913, Craigie tana jagorantar ko yin jawabi a tarurrukan Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙungiyoyin Yaƙin Neman Zaɓe ta Mata (NUWSS) da kuma shirya taruka a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. A watan Maris na 1913, tana magana da Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Mata a Dundee,  a watan Mayu, tare da [[Alice Compton]] a Frenchie da Falkland .  Kuma ta shirya rangadin masu jawabi na NUWSS 'Franchise Fortnight' ga shugabanni, ciki har da Muriel Matters, Louisa Lumsden, Margaret Aldersley, Geraldine Cooke, Margaret Robertson da Bessie MacNicol, a aƙalla garuruwa goma sha biyu a masarautar Fife (wani lokacin tana karɓar taruka uku ko fiye a rana), da kuma gabatar da wurare daban-daban. Misali, Craigie da sauran masu jawabi sun yi jawabi ga al'ummar manoma masu rai a Cupar Cross daga bayan mota a wurin cinkoson kasuwa; sun shirya taron mata 'a gida' don tattaunawa ta addini; da kuma jawabi ga ma'aikata mata, a fili a ƙofar masana'antar linoleum da niƙa. An ruwaito cikakkun bayanai game da rangadin da kuma hujjojin da aka gabatar don ikon mallakar kamfanin a cikin manema labarai, waɗanda suka lura cewa NUWSS ba masu tayar da zaune tsaye ba ne, ba sa cikin jam'iyya. Rahotanni sun bayyana yadda matan suka gudanar da ayyukansu da kuma mu'amala da masu zagi; wani manomi ya sayi kwafin jaridar ''The Common Cause'' ta NUWSS, yana cewa ' ''Abin da muke son' ken, za mu karanta a kai''', wanda ya haifar da sayar da dukkan kwafin da kuma tayin sake ganawa a ranar kasuwa ta mako mai zuwa. Shugaban Ladybank ya ce ya goyi bayan manufarsu a cikin gabatarwarsa, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta, masu sauraro sun kaɗa ƙuri'a baki ɗaya don goyon bayan shawarar Craigie na neman [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista]] ta gabatar da Dokar Ba da 'yancin mata. An yi maraba da gudummawar Miss Matters da kuma magance tambayoyi saboda ta fito daga Ostiraliya, inda mata suka riga suka zama 'yan majalisar dokoki, ba tare da fuskantar mata suna son 'cin zarafin maza' ba, kamar yadda ta faɗa. 

A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Craigie ta yi rangadin West Lothian tare da shugabannin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya waɗanda suka ziyarci garuruwa bakwai, kuma sun sami masu goyon baya. Craigie ta yi magana a Bathgate tare da Miss Foggo, inda ta bayyana cewa lokacin da ƙungiyar mata ta fara, sun gabatar da ƙarar cewa an hana 'masu laifi da mahaukata' kuri'a da kuma mata, amma bayan lokaci ma'aikata kamar ma'aikatan noma sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar, don haka me zai sa a ci gaba da ware mata, kamar yadda mata masu aiki suma ke biyan harajinsu, amma ba su da 'yancin zaɓen 'yan majalisar da suka yanke waɗannan haraji. Ta kuma yi magana game da 'matsalolin' zamantakewa da hangen nesa na mace zai iya matsa wa wakilai su magance, kuma ta yi jayayya kan albashi mai kyau. Hujjojinta ta shawo kan 'da yawa daga cikin mazan' da suka halarci taron su yi rajista don goyon bayan kuri'un mata.  A Blackburn, inda Foggo da Craigie suka kafa hedikwatar ƙungiyar na ɗan lokaci, sun tattara sa hannun 'Abokan Mata', sun sayar da kayayyaki da kuma 'kwafi 24 na jaridar NUWSS ''The Common Cause''' . Sun kuma jawo hankalin masu sauraro da suka zo don jin Dr. Elsie Inglis tana magana don goyon bayan kuri'ar.  Kuma a watan Nuwamba na 1913, a Whitburn, West Lothian, Craigie ya kira wani taron inda mai magana da yawun Alice Low ta yi jawabi ga dimbin masu sauraro masu goyon baya, tana bayyana shingayen majalisa da kuma shari'ar da ake da ita ga mata su sami kuri'a. 

A watan Yunin 1914, an nemi Craigie ya yi magana game da 'Glasgow Demonstration' a taron kasuwanci na membobin NUWSS na shekara biyu a Edinburgh, kuma ya sake raba dandamalin tare da Muriel Matters da Alice Low. 

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Maria Helena Taipo</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Maria Helena Taipo''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 1961) 'yar siyasa ce '[[Mozambik|yar ƙasar Mozambique]] wacce ta kasance Ministar Aiki tsawon shekaru goma kuma ta kasance gwamnar lardin Sofala tun daga shekarar 2015.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Taipo a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, 1961 a ƙauyen Chihilo, gundumar Malema, Lardin Nampula. Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1979 sannan ta kammala digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar ilimi a Jami'ar Katolika ta Mozambique a shekarar 2000. A shekarar 2004, ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da ilimi.

== Aiki ==
Taipo memba ce ta [[FRELIMO|ƙungiyar 'Yantar da Mozambique]] kuma Shugaba Armando Guebuza ya naɗa ta Ministar Kwadago a shekarar 2005, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 February 2005 |title=Mozambique Minister spying on lazy workers |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/24451 |access-date=12 March 2017 |publisher=Afrol News}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an sake naɗa ta bayan zaɓen shekara ta 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 January 2010 |title=Mozambique: President Guebuza keeps most ministers |url=http://www.africafiles.org/article.asp?ID=22798 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928030625/http://www.africafiles.org/article.asp?ID=22798 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=Mozambican News Agency |publisher=Africa Files}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukuka |first=Jonathan |date=19 May 2013 |title=Draft SADC Protocol on Employment and Labour adopted in Maputo |url=http://lusakavoice.com/2013/05/19/draft-sadc-protocol-on-employment-and-labour-adopted-in-maputo/ |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=Lusaka Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2014, Filipe Nyusi bai ci gaba da riƙe Taipo a cikin majalisar ministoci ba, amma a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu 2015 ya naɗa ta gwamna a lardin Sofala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 January 2015 |title=Mozambique: President Nyusi Appoints Provincial Governors |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201501200312.html |access-date=12 March 2017 |publisher=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2015 |title=Investors interested in recovering Companhia do Buzi in Mozambique |url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2015/09/11/investors-interested-in-recovering-companhia-do-buzi-in-mozambique/ |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=Macau Hub}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=Breaking the silence: Mozambique debates on national reconciliation |url=https://www.kirkonulkomaanapu.fi/en/latest-news/articles/breaking-the-silence-mozambique-debates-on-national-reconciliation/ |access-date=12 March 2017 |publisher=Finn Church Aid |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714030721/https://www.kirkonulkomaanapu.fi/en/latest-news/articles/breaking-the-silence-mozambique-debates-on-national-reconciliation/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2015, a lokacin wani [[Tawayen RENAMO (2013-2021)|rikici]] tsakanin 'yan sanda da ƙungiyoyin 'yan adawa na ƙasar Mozambique a [[Beira]], Taipo ta shiga tsakani don tabbatar da cewa tashin hankali ba zai haifar da rikici da makamai ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.sofala.gov.mz/o-governo/membros-do-governo-provincial/ Shafin gwamnati na Sofala]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]
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  <page>
    <title>Natalia ǀGoagoses</title>
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'''Natalia ǀGoagoses''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu 1962) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar [[Namibiya|ƙasar Namibia]] kuma a yanzu haka ita ce Gwamnar Yankin Erongo. Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta [[SWAPO]] tun daga shekarar 2020. A watan Afrilun 2021, an naɗa Goagoses a matsayin mataimakiyar Ministan Ci gaban Birane da Karkara, kuma a watan Satumba na 2023, an mayar da ita Ministar Ilimi Mai Girma, Horarwa da Kirkire-kirkire, kuma a matsayin mataimakiyar minista.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Goagoses a Outjo a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu 1962. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goagoses, Natalia |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/goagoses-natalia/ |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=Namibian Parliament |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da digirin farko a fannin ilimi (B. Ed.) da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi (M. Ed.). Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta, mai duba ilimi, daraktar ilimi, kuma, daga shekarun 2013, shugabar Majalisar Yankin Erongo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-01-23 |title=Nathalia /Goagoses heads Erongo Regional Council |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&amp;id=104517 |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2020, an naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Shugabar Majalisar Gado ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeri Ngutjinazo |date=2020-01-24 |title=New Heritage Council board announced |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&amp;id=197267 |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na shekarar 2020, Shugaba Hage Geingob ya naɗa Goagoses a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa wanda ba ya jefa ƙuri'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hage Geingob |date=2020-03-22 |title=President Hage G. Geingob appoints the following persons as members of the National Assembly (Press release) |url=https://www.gov.na/documents/10181/985403/PRESIDENT+HAGE+G.+GEINGOB+APPOINTS+THE+FOLLOWING+PERSONS+AS+MEMBERS+OF+THE+NATIONAL+ASSEMBLY+%282020+03+22%29/46902d01-af3c-481d-92e2-f114a6e92e41 |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=The Presidency |archive-date=2021-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117071645/https://www.gov.na/documents/10181/985403/PRESIDENT+HAGE+G.+GEINGOB+APPOINTS+THE+FOLLOWING+PERSONS+AS+MEMBERS+OF+THE+NATIONAL+ASSEMBLY+(2020+03+22)/46902d01-af3c-481d-92e2-f114a6e92e41 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 2021, an naɗa ta mataimakiyar minista a Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Birane da Karkara lokacin da magajin ta Derek Klazen ya koma Ma'aikatar Kifi a matsayin minista. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kuzeeko Tjitemisa |date=2021-04-22 |title=Geingob shuffles his pack … Kapofi gets defence, Klazen promoted |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/geingob-shuffles-his-pack |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=New Era |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga watan Satumba 2023, a cikin wani sauye-sauye a majalisar ministoci, ǀGoagoses an naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Ministan Ilimi Mai Girma, Horarwa da Kirkire-kirkire.&lt;ref name=sacks&gt;{{Cite news | title=Geingob reshuffles deputy ministers, sacks Kashikola | last=Petersen | first=Shelleygan | date=12 September 2023 | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/geingob-reshuffles-deputy-ministers-sacks-kashikola | at=Only online edition}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An rushe Ministan Ilimi Mai Girma lokacin da shugaba [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]] ya hau mulki a watan Maris na 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=NNN ushers Namibia into new era | last=Shikololo | first=Aletta | newspaper=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]] | date=24 March 2025 | url=https://neweralive.na/nnn-ushers-namibia-into-new-era}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli na 2025, an naɗa Goagoses Gwamnar Yankin Erongo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | last=Endjala | first=Martin | title=I Will Be Watching You, President Tells New Governors | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | date=1 July 2025 | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/i-will-be-watching-you-president-tells-new-governors/ |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Leah Goldberg</title>
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[[Fayil:Memorial_plaque_on_the_poetess_Lea_Goldberg_house_in_Tel_Aviv.JPG|right|thumb|Alamar tunawa a gidan Leah Goldberg a Tel Aviv]]
'''Leah Goldberg''' or '''Lea Goldberg''' (Hebrew: לאה גולדברג; May 29, 1911, Königsberg – January 15, 1970, [[Jerusalem]]) was a prolific [[Ibrananci|Hebrew-language]] poet, author, playwright, literary translator, illustrator and painter,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leah Goldberg {{!}} 8 Artworks at Auction {{!}} MutualArt |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Leah-Goldberg/10E7322477C98A18 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and comparative literary researcher. 

Ana ɗaukar rubuce-rubucenta a matsayin al'adun gargajiya na wallafe-wallafen Isra'ila.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Leah Goldberg an haife ta ne ga dangin Yahudawa na Lithuania daga Kaunas, duk da haka mahaifiyarta ta yi tafiya zuwa garin Königsberg na Jamus da ke kusa (a yau, [[Kaliningrad]] na Rasha) don haihuwa a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya mafi kyau. Lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da wurin haihuwarta, Goldberg sau da yawa ta ce &quot;Kaunas&quot; maimakon Königsberg.

Lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] ya ɓarke, Goldberg mai shekaru uku ya tsere tare da iyayenta zuwa Daular Rasha, inda suka kwashe shekara guda a cikin mawuyacin hali. A Rasha, mahaifiyarta ta haifi jariri, Immanuel, wanda ya mutu kafin ya kai ranar haihuwarsa ta farko.

A cewar labarin rayuwar Goldberg, lokacin da iyalin suka koma Kaunas a 1919, wani jami'in tsaro na kan iyakar Lithuania ya dakatar da su kuma ya zargi mahaifinta da zama &quot;Bolshevik&quot;. Sun kulle mahaifin a cikin wani bargo da aka watsar da shi kusa, kuma sun wulakanta shi ta hanyar shirya kisansa kowace safiya na kimanin mako guda kuma sun soke shi a lokacin ƙarshe. Lokacin da masu tsaron iyaka suka bar iyalin su tafi, mahaifin Goldberg yana cikin mummunan yanayin tunani. Daga ƙarshe ya rasa ikonsa na aiki yadda ya kamata kuma ya bar Kaunas da iyalinsa don samun magani, kodayake ba a san abin da ya faru da shi ba kuma dalilin da ya sa bai sake komawa ga iyalinsa ba. Goldberg da mahaifiyarta sun kasance kusa sosai kuma sun zauna tare har zuwa mutuwar Leah Goldberg.

Iyayen Goldberg suna magana da harsuna da yawa, kodayake [[Ibrananci]] ba ɗaya daga cikinsu ba ne. Koyaya, Goldberg ta koyi Ibrananci tun tana ƙarama, yayin da ta sami karatun firamare a makarantar Ibrananci ta Yahudawa. Ta fara adana jarida a cikin Ibrananci lokacin da take da shekaru 10. Rubuce-rubucen ta na farko har yanzu suna nuna iyakantaccen ƙwarewa a cikin Ibrananci da tasirin harshen Rasha, amma ta ƙuduri aniyar rubuta a cikin Ibraaniya kuma ta iya yaren a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;book&quot;&gt;Leah Goldberg's Diaries, edited by Rachel and Arie Aharoni, Sifriat Poalim – Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House Ltd. Bnei Brak/Tel Aviv 2005, {{ISBN|965-02-0299-4}} (in Hebrew), p. 9, &quot;About the Diaries&quot; (preface by Arie Aharoni)&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da yake tana da ƙwarewa kuma tana iya karatu da rubutu a cikin harsuna daban-daban na Turai, Goldberg ta rubuta ayyukanta da aka buga, da kuma bayanan sirri, kawai a cikin Ibrananci. A shekara ta 1926, lokacin da take 'yar shekara 15, ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta, &quot;Matsayin maras kyau na marubucin Ibrananci ba sirri bane a gare ni [...] Rubuta a cikin harshe daban da Ibrananci iri ɗaya ne a gare ni da ba rubutawa ba. Kuma duk da haka ina so in zama marubuci [...] Wannan shine kawai burina. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;book&quot; /&gt;

Goldberg ya baƙi PhD daga Jami'o'in Berlin da Bonn a cikin harsunan Semitic da Jamusanci. Paul E. Kahle ne ya kula da rubutun ta game da Targum na Samariya. Ilimi da shahara sun kasance Alamar yadda wata jarida mai jagora a Falasdinu ta ba da rahoton shirye-shiryenta na ƙaura zuwa ƙasar.[1] A shekara ta 1935, ta zauna a Tel Aviv, inda ta shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Ibrananci na Zionist na asalin Gabashin Turai da aka sani da Yachdav (Ibraniyawa). Wannan rukuni ya jagoranci Avraham Shlonsky kuma an nuna shi ta hanyar bin Symbolism musamman a cikin tsarin Acmeist na Rasha, da kuma ƙin salon shayari na Ibrananci wanda ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin tsofaffi, musamman na Haim Nachman Bialik.

Ba ta taɓa yin aure ba kuma ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta, da farko a Tel Aviv kuma daga baya a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]]. Goldberg ta kasance mai shan sigari sosai, kuma a ƙarshen shekarunta ta fahimci lalacewar wannan al'ada, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin waka &quot;About the Damage of Smoking&quot;. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1969, an gano ta da ciwon nono. Bayan cire ɗaya daga cikin ƙirjinta, likitocinta suna da kyakkyawan fata. Goldberg ta tafi ɗan gajeren ziyara zuwa Switzerland, amma ta dawo cikin mummunan yanayin jiki, yayin da ciwon daji ya bazu ta jikinta. Ta mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1970.  Goldberg ta karbi Kyautar Isra'ila bayan mutuwarta, mahaifiyarta ta karbi kyautar da sunanta.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1911]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mayu Gibney</title>
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'''May Bridget Gibney''' (2 Oktoba 1893 - 1984) &lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Irish Genealogy |url=https://churchrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/details/e14a7c0493518 |access-date=22 October 2016}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan ƙasar Ireland ne kuma ɗan jam'iyyar Republican, mai aiki a lokacin tashin Ista na 1916 da kuma Yaƙin 'Yanci da Yaƙin Basasa na Ireland .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Mary Bridget Gibney a shekarar 1893 ga Thomas Gibney da Mary O'Reilly a Tralee, County Kerry . &lt;ref name=&quot;irishexaminer&quot;/&gt;  Ita ce babba a cikin 'ya'ya uku. Mahaifinta yana cikin Royal Irish Constabulary kuma dangin ba masu kishin ƙasa ba ne; ita kaɗai ce memba mai aiki. Tana da kusan shekara 5 lokacin da mahaifinta ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1898 a [[Dublin]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Death cert&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Registration of death |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/deaths_returns/deaths_1898/05822/4648576.pdf |access-date=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma iyalin suka tafi suka zauna tare da goggo. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Model da ke Marlborough Street daga baya kuma a Makarantar Kings Inns.

== Tashi daga Ista ==
Lokacin da aka fara tashin Ista na 1916, Gibney ta je wurin sojojin da ke Ofishin Wasiku ta nemi ta shiga tare da su. Ta san ɗaya daga cikin masu aikin sa kai da ke aiki kuma an bar ta ta shiga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Connell |first=Joe |title=Women imprisoned in Kilmainham gaol after the easter rising |url=http://kilmainhamtales.ie/women-prisoners-of-1916.php |access-date=9 April 2018 |publisher=Kilmainham Tales }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da zama a GPO har tsawon sauran makon. Tana cikin ayyukan gama gari, ciki har da girki da taimakon gaggawa, amma kuma tana isar da saƙonni ga wasu rundunonin sojoji kamar wanda aka bai wa Michael Mallin a Kwalejin Sarauta ta Likitoci. &lt;ref name=&quot;irishexaminer&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Smyth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=May Gibney (1893 - 1987) |url=http://www.sallysmyth.com/may_gibney.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Lokacin da aka gaya mata ta tafi, ita da Bridget Connolly suna kan hanyarsu ta komawa gida sai aka kama su aka tura su zuwa tashar Broadstone. Duk da haka, a wannan lokacin ba a tsare ta ba na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;irishexaminer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sinead McCoole |date=22 February 2016 |title=Seven women who played a key part in 1916 and beyond, impacting on society |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/analysis/seven-women-who-played-a-key-part-in-1916-and-beyond-impacting-on-society-383228.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan Tashin Hankali ==
Da zarar an gama tashin jirgin, Gibney ta ci gaba da aiki tare da ƙungiyar ƙabilanci kuma ta shiga Cumann na mBan a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar (1916). Ta haɗu da saurayinta Dick McKee, wanda Kwamandan ' Yan Agaji na Irish sannan daga baya ya kasance Sojojin Republican na Ireland a Dublin, a shekarar 1915. A lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci ta yi aiki a matsayin mai aika saƙo ga IRA, tana ɗauke da saƙonni, tana ɓoyewa da kuma ɗaukar makamai, kuma ta ɓoye Victor Murphy, wani memba na rundunar sojojin Jacob wanda ya guji kama shi tare da sauran. Bayan kisan kimanin wakilan Birtaniya 13 a Dublin, an kama McKee da wasu biyu, an yi musu tambayoyi, an azabtar da su sannan aka harbe su har lahira a ranar Lahadi ta Bloody a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1920 a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci . &lt;ref name=&quot;irishexaminer&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Smyth&quot;/&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dublin Castle: Chapter 16: The End of British Rule |url=http://www.dublincastle.ie/HistoryEducation/History/Chapter16TheEndofBritishRule/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123091708/http://www.dublincastle.ie/HistoryEducation/History/Chapter16TheEndofBritishRule/ |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gibney ta ci gaba da neman mafaka ga maza a lokacin yaƙin da kuma shiga cikin zaɓen. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai aika saƙo tsakanin umarnin Dublin da sauran sassan ƙasar. A lokacin waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen ne ta haɗu da mutumin da zai zama mijinta, Laurence O'Neill, Kwamandan Carlow Brigade, IRA. Ayyukanta a lokacin yaƙin sun haɗa da tattara bayanai da bayar da agajin gaggawa, yin aiki a matsayin mai leƙen asiri da ɓoye makamai. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish a shekarar 1921 kuma raba ƙasar Ireland ta fara aiki a shekarar 1922. Gibney ta yi adawa da yarjejeniyar kuma ta yi yaƙi a ɓangaren adawa da yarjejeniyar a yakin basasar da ya biyo baya. An kama ta a shekarar 1922 kuma an tsare ta a Kilmainham Gaol na tsawon watanni tara. [1] [2] [3] [4]

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Bayan yaƙin, a shekarar 1929, ta auri Laurence O'Neill a Dublin, inda suka haifi 'ya'ya huɗu, 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marriage cert&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Irish Genealogy |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/details-civil/54c2316712611 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609065854/https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/captcha.jsp |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a Asibitin Sweeps Stakes na ɗan lokaci. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata ta zama mai fasaha Sally Smyth wadda ta ƙirƙiri jerin zane-zane da aka nuna a Kilmainham da kuma gidan yarin da aka tsare. &lt;ref name=&quot;Smyth&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kilmainham Gaol |url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlcar2/Kilmainham_Gaol.htm |publisher=Carlow County - Ireland Genealogical Projects (IGP TM)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gibney ta mutu a shekarar 1984 kuma an binne ta da girmamawa ta soja. &lt;ref name=&quot;RTE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=RTÉ Archives |url=http://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1993-easter-1916/ireland-a-tv-history-interviews/799223-ireland-a-television-history-maura-oneill/ |access-date=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1984]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>María Fernanda Espinosa</title>
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'''María Fernanda Espinosa Garcés''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1964) masanin harshe ne na [[Ecuador]], mawaki, [[ɗan siyasa]], kuma diflomasiyya. A halin yanzu, shi ne Babban Darakta na GWL Voices, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sadaukar don cimma tsarin daidaito tsakanin jinsi.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=Members - GWL Voices |url=https://gwlvoices.com/members/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209192112/https://gwlvoices.com/members/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan bambancin halittu da 'yan asalin ƙasar (1999-2005) kuma ta kasance darakta na yanki na [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] (2005-2007) a Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN). Espinosa Garcés ta kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje na Ecuador sau biyu, daga 2007 zuwa 2008 sannan daga 2017 zuwa 2018. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin jakada da Wakilin dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York (2008-2009) da Geneva (2014-2017), kuma a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na Ecuador (2012-2014). A watan Yunin 2018, an zabe ta a matsayin Shugabar Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zaman na 73 ta hanyar kuri'u biyu bisa uku na kasashe mambobin.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2018 |title=Ecuadorian politician and poet becomes fourth woman to preside over UN General Assembly |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1011431 |access-date=8 March 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114031850/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1011431 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Espinosa Garcés ta zama mace ta huɗu a cikin tarihin shekaru saba'in da uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka zaba Shugaban Majalisar Dinkinobho. Baya ga aikinta na siyasa, ita ma mawaki ce kuma marubuciya.

== Ilimi ==
Tafiyar ilimi ta María Fernanda Espinosa ta fara ne a makarantar Lycée La Condamine ta Faransa da Ecuador a Quito, inda ta sami Baccalaureate daga 1978 zuwa 1982. Daga nan sai ta bi digiri na farko a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Katolika ta Pontifical ta Ecuador (PUCE), ta kammala a shekarar 1988.

A shekara ta 1991, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Anthropology da [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Kimiyya ta Siyasa]] a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Latin Amurka (FLACSO) a Quito . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a cikin 1993, Espinosa ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa da nazarin Amazon daga FLACSO . Rubutun ta ya mayar da hankali kan manufofin kiyayewa da kuma kula da wuraren da aka kiyaye a arewacin yankin Amazon na Ecuador.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CV María Fernanda Espinosa Garcés |url=https://www.defensa.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/11/hoja-de-vida3.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 1994 zuwa 1996, María Fernanda ta bi karatun digiri a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Jami'ar Rutgers da ke New Jersey, kodayake ba ta kammala digiri ba. A wannan lokacin, ta kuma zama Fellow a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta zamani a Jami'ar Rutgers daga 1996 zuwa 1997.

Ayyukan ilimi da bincike na Espinosa sun kai ta ga zama Mataimakin Farfesa da Mai Bincike a FLACSO, inda ta kafa kuma ta daidaita Shirin kan Nazarin Jama'a da Muhalli. Ayyukanta a wannan lokacin sun mayar da hankali kan Amazon, ci gaba mai ɗorewa, da canjin yanayi.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2005, Espinosa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan bambancin halittu, [[Canjin yanayi]], da manufofin 'Yan asalin ƙasar. Daga baya aka nada ta a matsayin Darakta na Yankin Kudancin Amurka a Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN), matsayin da ta rike daga 2005 zuwa 2007 kafin ta shiga cikin aikin siyasa da diflomasiyya.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=María Fernanda Espinosa – Debt Relief for Green and Inclusive Recovery |url=https://drgr.org/about-us-1/maria-fernanda-espinosa/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Espinosa kuma marubuci ne mai yawa, bayan ya wallafa ayyukan waka da litattafai da yawa. A shekara ta 1990, ta sami lambar yabo ta kasa ta Ecuador saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a rubuce-rubuce.

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
María Fernanda Espinosa ta fara aikinta tana aiki tare da al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amazon na Ecuador, tana mai da hankali kan kula da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Ayyukanta na farko sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin farar hula da cibiyoyin ilimi, daga ƙarshe ya kai ta ga zama mai ba da shawara kan bambancin halittu da [[Siyasa na canjin yanayi|Manufofin canjin yanayi]]. Daga 1989 zuwa 1990, ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'in aikin Gidauniyar Natura ta Ecuador, inda ta haɗa kiyaye halittu masu yawa tare da rayuwar gida. A cikin 1994, Espinosa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na [[UNICEF]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] a kan aikin gwaji don inganta ilimin muhalli da haɓaka shirye-shiryen kula da muhalli na farko tare da mata na karkara. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan dazuzzuka a New York a shekarar 1995, tana mai da hankali kan ilimin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma shiga cikin jama'a game da gandun daji da haƙƙin mallaka.

Espinosa ta kafa kuma ta ba da umarnin Shirin Nazarin Jama'a da Muhalli a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Latin Amurka (FLACSO) a Quito daga 1996 zuwa 1999, ta kara karfafa matsayinta na jagora a batutuwan muhalli. Tsakanin 1999 da 2005, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan bambancin halittu da 'yan asalin ƙasar ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN), ta shiga cikin tattaunawar muhalli ta duniya da ta shafi bambancin halittukan halittu, albarkatun kwayoyin halitta, ilimin gargajiya, da haƙƙin mallaka na ilimi.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=María Fernanda Espinosa – Debt Relief for Green and Inclusive Recovery |url=https://drgr.org/about-us-1/maria-fernanda-espinosa/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2005, an nada Espinosa a matsayin Darakta na Yankin Kudancin Amurka a IUCN, wanda ke zaune a Quito. A cikin wannan rawar, ta jagoranci kafawa da aiwatar da Shirin Yankin Kudancin Amurka, wanda ya inganta ƙwarewar fasaha da kuɗi na kungiyar don ba da shawara da tallafawa gwamnatoci a cikin shirin ci gaba mai ɗorewa, shirye-shirye, da kuma yin manufofi. Ayyukanta sun jaddada alaƙar da ke tsakanin kawar da talauci da kiyaye halittu masu yawa, suna ƙarfafa ikon Ofishin Yankin don tallafawa gwamnatoci a tattaunawar da ta shafi halittu masu ban sha'awa, canjin yanayi, kula da gandun daji, da wuraren da aka kiyaye.

A lokacin da take IUCN, María Fernanda ta haɓaka shirin yanki wanda ya dace da fifiko na gwamnatocin Kudancin Amurka don magance ƙalubalen muhalli da suka shafi Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium, yana mai da hankali kan Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, kawar da talauci, da [[Daidaiton zamantakewa|daidaito na zamantakewa]]. Ta sanya IUCN a matsayin mai mahimmanci mai ruwa da tsaki na yanki, wanda aka gane shi a matsayin ƙwararren masani, mai ba da taimako na fasaha, da kuma jagoran bayar da shawarwari kan batutuwan muhalli. Espinosa ya daidaita dabarun muhalli na yau da kullun tsakanin jihohin yankin, ya tattara albarkatu, ya sauƙaƙa hadin gwiwar masu ba da gudummawa, kuma ya ba da shawara ta fasaha, kimiyya, da siyasa ga gwamnatoci kan batutuwan muhalli da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Ta kuma kafa dabarun bayar da shawarwari don kiyaye halittu masu yawa tsakanin shugabannin siyasa kuma ta shiga cikin Taron Jam'iyyun da suka halarci Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity da Yarjejeniyar Canjin Yanayi. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=María Fernanda Espinosa CV ENG |url=https://scm.oas.org/pdfs/2019/AG07997ECVESPINOSA.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin aikinta na farko, Espinosa ta ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan haɗa kiyaye halittu masu yawa tare da ci gaba mai ɗorewa da kuma karfafa al'ummomin asali. Ta ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen kungiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da UNICEF, Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa ta Amazon, Babban Bankin Ecuador, da Fundación Futuro Latinoamericano . Ayyukanta sun kafa tushe mai karfi ga matsayinta na baya a cikin gwamnati da diflomasiyyar kasa da kasa.

=== Gwamnatin Rafael Correa ===
A karkashin Shugaba Rafael Correa, María Fernanda Espinosa ta rike manyan matsayi da yawa a cikin gwamnatin Ecuador, tana nuna kwarewarta da ƙwarewarta a fannoni daban-daban. Daga Janairu zuwa Disamba 2007, ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Kasuwanci, da Haɗin kai, inda ta kafa Sabon Manufofin Harkokin Wajen Ecuador na 2007-2010. A lokacin da take aiki, ta sake tsara Ma'aikatar don haɗawa da nauyin cinikayya na ƙasashen waje da kuma inganta shirye-shiryen haɗin siyasa da kasuwanci na yanki. Musamman, ta fara ma'aikatun daidaitawa tsakanin Ecuador da [[Peru]] don magance batutuwan da suka shafi ci gaban iyaka, tsaro, tsaro, da hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki, wanda ya ci gaba da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da aka sanya hannu tare da Peru a shekarar 1998.

Bayan rawar da ta taka a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje, an nada Espinosa a matsayin Mai ba da shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki, Alberto Acosta, daga Disamba 2007 zuwa Fabrairu 2008. A wannan matsayi, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin mulki wanda ya haifar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ecuador na 2008, musamman a cikin tsara sassan kan haƙƙin yanayi, 'yan asalin ƙasar, da kuma jihohi masu yawa, da kuma yankunan da suka shafi tsaro, tsaro, da harkokin duniya. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2018 |title=Ecuadorian politician and poet becomes fourth woman to preside over UN General Assembly |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1011431 |access-date=8 March 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114031850/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1011431 |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1011431 &quot;Ecuadorian politician and poet becomes fourth woman to preside over UN General Assembly&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114031850/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1011431 |date=2020-01-14 }}. 5 June 2018.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, María Fernanda ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama Wakilin Dindindin na Ecuador a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a New York, matsayin da ta rike har zuwa watan Satumbar shekara ta 2009. A lokacin da take jakada, Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya nada ta a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga Kungiyar Aiki ta Musamman kan Sabunta Ayyukan Majalisar Dinkinobho. Espinosa ya kuma jagoranci shiga Ecuador a cikin tattaunawar kasa da kasa game da Rikicin kudi na 2008, wanda ya ƙare a Taron 2009 kan Rikicin Kudi da Tattalin Arziki na Duniya da Tasirinsa akan Ci gaba. Ta ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawar muhalli da canjin yanayi, kuma ta shiga tattaunawa sosai kan Haɗin gwiwar Kudu da Kudu da kuma tsarin tsarin, gami da kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Daga Oktoba 2009 har zuwa Nuwamba 2012 ta kasance Ministan Al'adu da Al'adu, inda ta jagoranci Yasuní-ITT Initiative . A matsayinta na shugabar wannan majalisar ministocin, ta kula da Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Ma'aikatu ta Al'adu, Ma'aikatan Wasanni, Ma'ar Gudanarwa, da Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Tsibirin Galapagos. A wannan matsayin, ta aiwatar da manufofi don dawowa da kare al'adun al'adu da al'adun Ecuador, ta jagoranci shirin kasa na yaki da wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci, kuma ta wakilci Ecuador a cikin hanyoyin tattaunawar kasa da kasa kan canjin yanayi da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Jagoranta a cikin Yasuní ITT Initiative, wanda ya nemi kauce wa hayakin carbon dioxide ta hanyar barin tanadin mai ba a yi amfani da shi ba don musayar diyya ta duniya, ya nuna muhimmiyar gudummawa ga tattaunawar muhalli ta duniya.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, an nada Espinosa a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na Kasa, ta zama mace ta uku da ta rike wannan mukamin a Ecuador. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Redacción |date=2012-11-28 |title=María Fernanda Espinoza es la nueva ministra de Defensa |url=https://www.ecuavisa.com/noticias/ecuador/maria-fernanda-espinoza-es-la-nueva-ministra-de-defensa-CPEC20127 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=www.ecuavisa.com |language=es-EC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kula da Sojojin a lokacin wani lokaci mai rikitarwa wanda aka nuna ta rikice-rikicen cikin gida a makwabciyar [[Kolombiya|Colombia]]. Espinosa ta jagoranci sauye-sauye a cikin kula da tsaro na jama'a, ilimi, horo, da manufofin kiwon lafiya ga sojojin soja, kuma ta taimaka wajen kirkirar Tsarin Siyasa na Tsaro na Kasa na 2014-2017. Har ila yau, lokacin da ta yi aiki ya ga kafa manufofin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a cikin Sojoji da kuma taron cibiyar hadin gwiwar mata da shugabannin tsaro ta farko. Kokarin Espinosa ya sabunta Sojojin, ya daidaita su da sabon tsarin mulki da kuma magance barazanar tsaro ta zamani kamar tsaro na yanar gizo, aikata laifuka, da bala'o'i na halitta.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, an nada María Fernanda Espinosa a matsayin Wakilin Dindindin na Ecuador a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa a Geneva, Switzerland, matsayin da ta rike har zuwa Mayu 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CV María Fernanda Espinosa Garcés |url=https://www.defensa.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/11/hoja-de-vida3.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.defensa.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/11/hoja-de-vida3.pdf &quot;CV María Fernanda Espinosa Garcés&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar kungiyar aiki ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam kan tattaunawar kayan aiki na doka kan kamfanoni na kasa da kasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ayyukanta sun kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin tattaunawar Majalisar, saboda shi ne karo na farko da aka tattauna tasirin kamfanoni na kasa da kasa akan haƙƙin ɗan adam don la'akari da shi a cikin kayan aiki na doka. A matsayinta na Wakilin Dindindin, ta kare shawarar da Gwamnatin Ecuador ta yanke na ba da mafaka ta siyasa ga [[Julian Assange]] a cikin tattaunawar da aka yi game da tsare-tsare a watan Satumbar 2016 a matsayin batun dokar kasa da kasa da 'yancin dan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=María Fernanda Espinosa – Debt Relief for Green and Inclusive Recovery |url=https://drgr.org/about-us-1/maria-fernanda-espinosa/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://drgr.org/about-us-1/maria-fernanda-espinosa/ &quot;María Fernanda Espinosa – Debt Relief for Green and Inclusive Recovery&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 September&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Espinosa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar ILO, WHO, UNCTAD, da sauransu, yana ba da gudummawa ga sake fasalin ma'aikata na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Shige da Fice (IOM) da kuma bayyana aikin Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam tare da Manufofin Ci Gaban Daida da Agenda na 2030. Ta daidaita shiga Ecuador a cikin mahimman hanyoyin kasa da kasa da tarurruka, gami da waɗanda suka shafi kawar da makamai, ƙaura, da kare muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=María Fernanda Espinosa – Debt Relief for Green and Inclusive Recovery |url=https://drgr.org/about-us-1/maria-fernanda-espinosa/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://drgr.org/about-us-1/maria-fernanda-espinosa/ &quot;María Fernanda Espinosa – Debt Relief for Green and Inclusive Recovery&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 September&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora mai tattaunawa ga Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ci gaba mai dorewa (Rio+20), da Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkinobho a Copenhagen ([[Taron sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen|COP 15]]), Cancun ([[Taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2010|COP 16]]), Paris ([[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015|COP 21]]), da Bonn ([[2017 taron canjin yanayi na zamani|COP 23]]), inda ta jagoranci matsayi na yau da kullun na mambobi 34 na Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=María Fernanda Espinosa CV ENG |url=https://scm.oas.org/pdfs/2019/AG07997ECVESPINOSA.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://scm.oas.org/pdfs/2019/AG07997ECVESPINOSA.pdf &quot;María Fernanda Espinosa CV ENG&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Gwamnatin Lenin Moreno'''
[[Fayil:2017-09-18_Canciller_María_Fernanda_Espinosa_mantuvo_reunión_con_su_homóloga_de_Indonesia,_Retno_Masurdi.png|thumb|Fernanda Espinosa ta sadu da wani mutum mai daraja a shekarar 2017]]
A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2017 aka nada Espinosa a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje a gwamnatin Shugaba Lenín Moreno . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2017 |title=María Fernanda Espinosa fue posesionada como Canciller del Ecuador |url=http://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/maria-fernanda-espinosa-fue-posesionada-como-canciller-del-ecuador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531202846/http://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/maria-fernanda-espinosa-fue-posesionada-como-canciller-del-ecuador/ |archive-date=31 May 2017 |publisher=Cancilleria.gob.ec}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ===
A ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2018, an zabi Espinosa a matsayin mace ta huɗu shugabar [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma mace ta farko daga Latin Amurka da Caribbean da ta jagoranci wannan kungiya, tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1945. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 March 2003 |title=Woman elected as head of UN General Assembly for fourth time in 73 years |url=https://news.un.org/en/gallery/534371 |website=UN News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2018 |title=Estas son las apuestas de María Fernanda Espinosa, la nueva presidenta de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas |url=https://www.france24.com/es/20180606-maria-fernanda-espinosa-asamblea-onu |website=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jimlar kasashe mambobi 128, daga cikin 193 da suka hada da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], sun jefa kuri'a don takarar Espinosa wanda ya gudu don matsayi a kan wakilin dindindin na [[Honduras]] a Majalisar Dinkinobho, Mary Elizabeth Flores . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nunez |first=Vivian |title=Meet The First Latina (And Fourth Woman) To Ever Lead The United Nations General Assembly |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/viviannunez/2019/02/28/meet-the-first-latina-and-fourth-woman-to-ever-lead-the-united-nations-general-assembly/ |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da take shugaban majalisa na 73 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Espinosa ta tara wata kungiya ta mata shugabannin don inganta wayar da kan jama'a da kuma jajircewar kasa da kasa don bunkasa shiga siyasa na mata. Ta gudanar da manyan abubuwan da suka faru game da karfafa mata da shiga siyasa kuma ta tara mata Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati da sauran manyan mata don ci gaba da ajanda na daidaito tsakanin jinsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women in Power &amp;#124; General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/pga/73/event/women-in-power/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Informal High-Level Event on Women in Power &amp;#124; General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/pga/73/2019/09/12/informal-high-level-event-on-women-in-power-call-to/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin shugabancinta ta jagoranci amincewa da [[Zartarwar Majalisar dinkin duniya akan hakkin kananan manoma|Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Manoma]] a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Duniya don Tsaro, Hanyar Gudun Hijira a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Global Compact on Refugees |url=https://globalcompactrefugees.org/article/global-compact-refugees}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President of the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly |url=https://www.un.org/pga/73/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Espinosa ta kaddamar da Shekarar Kasa da Kasa ta Harsunan 'Yan asalin ƙasar a watan Fabrairun 2019 kuma ta jagoranci babban taron kan al'adu da ci gaba mai ɗorewa a watan Mayu 2019.

A matsayinta na shugabar Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta inganta kamfen din duniya game da amfani da filastik guda ɗaya kuma ta sami cikakkiyar kawar da filastic guda ɗaya a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkinobho a New York da Geneva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN official: The world wants to eliminate single-use plastics |url=http://www.efe.com/efe/english/technology/un-official-the-world-wants-to-eliminate-single-use-plastics/50000267-3990494 |website=www.efe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Play It Out &amp;#124; General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/pga/73/playitout/ |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Andrea |title=U.N. General Assembly President Sets Her Sights on Plastic Pollution |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/u-n-general-assembly-president-sets-her-sights-on-plastic-pollution/ |website=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Candela |first=Kacie |date=27 August 2019 |title=The UN Headquarters Says Adiós to Single-Use Plastic |url=https://www.passblue.com/2019/08/27/the-un-headquarters-says-adios-to-single-use-plastic/ |website=PassBlue}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shugabancin UNGA ===
[[Fayil:María_Fernanda_Espinosa_High-level_meeting_on_the_Baku_Initiative_for_Climate_Finance,_Investment_and_Trade_(BICFIT_Dialogue)_UNCTAD_at_COP29_(54139328190).jpg|thumb|Fernanda Espinosa (hagu) yayin taron yanayi na Baku a 2024]]
A cikin 2020, shugabannin gwamnati na [[Antigua da Barbuda]] da Sant Vincent da Grenadines ne suka zabi Espinosa a matsayin sakatare janar na Kungiyar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Understand what the OAS requires, here and now |url=https://www.caribbeannewsglobal.com/understand-what-the-oas-requires-here-and-now/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Excanciller ecuatoriana: Toca que una mujer lidere la OEA |url=https://apnews.com/article/5d763afbe6254d43a414c18ad0e39205 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi tsere da Luis Almagro, wanda Colombia ta zaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=Colombia impulsa candidatura de Almagro a reelección en OEA |url=https://apnews.com/article/90f1d396e272498f80b314ab3237afbc |website=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Almagro ya sake lashe nadin sa da kuri'u 23 da 10 a zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 20 ga Maris a wannan shekarar. Kasarta ta Ecuador ba ta goyi bayan takarar ta ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2009 |title=OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development |url=https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-026/20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ta fara aikinta na siyasa da diflomasiyya, Espinosa ta kasance Mataimakin Farfesa kuma Mai Bincike a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta Latin Amurka FLACSO, inda ta kafa kuma ta tsara Shirin kan Nazarin Jama'a da Muhalli. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin bambancin halittu, Canjin yanayi, da manufofin 'Yan asalin ƙasar (1999-2005), kuma daga baya a matsayin darektan yanki na Kudancin Amurka na Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kula da Yanayi UICN (2005-2007).

== Sauran ayyukan ==

* [[Kungiyar Ganin Karshen Rikice-Rikice Ta Duniya|International Crisis Group]] (ICG), Board of Trustees (since 2023)
* International Gender Champions (IGC). Member
* [[Majalisar Nan Gaba Ta Duniya|World Future Council]], Member
* World Academy of Art and Science, Fellow&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fernanda Espinosa |first=Maria |title=Maria Fernanda Espinosa |url=http://www.worldacademy.org/users/mespinosa |website=worldacademy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fellow at the Bosch Academy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=María Fernanda Espinosa |url=https://www.robertboschacademy.de/en/fellow/maria-fernanda-espinosa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (December 2021)&quot;&gt;circular reference&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* Commissioner to the Lancet COVID-19 Commission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Lancet COVID-19 Commission |url=https://covid19commission.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515154100/https://covid19commission.org/ |archive-date=15 May 2022 |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=Lancet Commission on COVID-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Member of the High-Level Advisory Council for the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations, UNAOC.
* Member of the Multi-Stakeholder Steering Committee of the Generation Equality Forum and the Beijing + 25.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Generation Equality Forum |url=https://forum.generationequality.org/ |website=Generation Equality Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Member of the Political Advisory Panel of the Universal Health Coverage 2030 Movement, UHC2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.uhc2030.org/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Executive Director and Member of GWL Voices.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=Members - GWL Voices |url=https://gwlvoices.com/members/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209192112/https://gwlvoices.com/members/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://gwlvoices.com/members/ &quot;Members - GWL Voices&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209192112/https://gwlvoices.com/members/ |date=2024-12-09 }}. 1 July 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 December&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Member of the Strategic Committee of the SDSN Science Panel for the Amazon, SPA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2019 |title=The Science Panel for the Amazon (SPA) convened to organize its work for 2020 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/post-title}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Member of the UNDP Human Development Report Advisory Panel on Human Security.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2022 |title=&amp;#124; Human Development Reports |url=http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/new-gen-human-security}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Founding Member of the Centre for UN Studies at the University of Buckingham.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Centre for United Nations Studies |url=https://www.buckingham.ac.uk/economics-international/the-centre-for-united-nations-studies/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Espinosa tana aiki a matsayin Jakadan Goodwill ga Asusun Latin Amurka da Caribbean don Ci gaban 'yan asalin ƙasar, FILAC, da kuma Gidan Jama'a na Jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=Los Pueblos Indígenas son actores fundamentales para construir sociedades más igualitarias, pacíficas y sostenibles en el escenario Post-COVID |url=https://indigenascovid19.red/archivos/13965 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112234117/https://indigenascovid19.red/archivos/13965 |archive-date=12 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fondo para el desarrollo de los pueblos indigenas FILAC |url=https://www.filac.org/ |website=Fondo para el desarrollo de los pueblos indigenas FILAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Common Home of Humanity |url=https://www.commonhomeofhumanity.org/ |website=Commonhomeofhumanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 October 2020 |title=CHC 2nd ep. Maria Espinosa |url=https://www.commonhomeofhumanity.org/post/second-episode-common-home-conversations-with-maria-fernanda-espinosa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
- An ba da kyautar tare da bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2020 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women Leaders Honored at Sundance Film Festival Event |url=https://www.zionsbank.com/community/articles/2020/february/women-leaders-honored-at-sundance-film-festival-event/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707080732/https://www.zionsbank.com/community/articles/2020/february/women-leaders-honored-at-sundance-film-festival-event/ |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taron shekara-shekara na 7, wanda Zions Bank ya shirya, Janairu 2020.

- Kyautar Rehabilitation International ta 2019 don nasarori masu ban sha'awa a cikin kirkire-kirkire &quot;don aikinta na kirkire-kire wajen inganta haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa a duniya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laureates of the Rehabilitation International Award for Outstanding Achievements 2019 &amp;#124; RI Global |url=http://www.riglobal.org/laureates-of-the-rehabilitation-international-award-for-outstanding-achievements-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

- An ayyana mata 100 na BBC a matsayin daya daga cikin mata 100 masu ban sha'awa da tasiri daga ko'ina cikin duniya don 2019.

-	The Atahualpa Medal for Merit, Gran Cruz (Grand Cross) class, September 24, 2014, delivered by the Armed Forces of Ecuador. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;circular reference&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

- The Order &quot;El Sol del Perú&quot; (The Order of the Sun of Peru), Gran Cruz (Grand Cross) aji, Fabrairu 23, 2007.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naomi Polani</title>
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'''Naomi Polani''' (Ibraniyawa; 4 ga watan Agustan 1927 - 15 ga watan Afrilu 2024) ta kasance Daraktan kiɗa na Isra'ila, darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa, furodusa, [[Ɗan wasa|'yar wasan kwaikwayo]] da kuma [[Rawa|mai rawa]].

An san ta da farko a matsayin darektan ƙungiyar soja ta Isra'ila a farkon matakan su, kuma a matsayin wanda ya kafa kuma darektan rukunin &quot;HaTarnegolim&quot; (The Roosters) da &quot;{{Interlanguage link|HaHamtzitzim|he|החמציצים}} &quot; (The Sorrels).[he] An ba ta lambar yabo ta Isra'ila a fagen wasan kwaikwayo: Wasan kwaikwayo da Dance, 2019. 

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Polani a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] a cikin 1927 ga 'el Polani (Hebraization na Polskin) da Ada née Chissin . A gefen mahaifiyarta, ita ce jikokin Dokta {{Interlanguage link|Chaim Chissin|he|חיים חיסין}} , ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Tel Aviv, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu daga [[Belarus]] (a lokacin wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha) kuma ya ƙirƙiri maganin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].[he]

Polani ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na &quot;Ha'Ohel&quot;, kuma ta yi rawa tare da [[Gertrud Kraus]] . Bayan kammala karatunta daga Gymnasia Herzliya, tana da shekaru 18, ta shiga Palmach, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar horar da 'yan wasa (''Hakhshara Meguyeset'') a Kibbutz Hatzerim, kuma ta shiga cikin raka motocin zuwa [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]].

Tare da barkewar [[Yakin Falasdinu na 1948|Yakin Independence]], ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar nishaɗin Palmach, HaChizbatron, kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun taurari. Polani ta shiga ƙungiyar bisa ga shawarar Shaike Ophir, wanda ya saba da baiwarta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na &quot;Ha'Ohel&quot;. Ayyukanta na solo na waƙar &quot;Hayu Zmanim&quot; (There Were Times) da duet dinta tare da Ophir a cikin waƙar &quot;Hey Ha'Jeep&quot; suna da ban mamaki. A ɗan gajeren lokaci a lokacin yaƙin, ta kuma yi tare da Ƙungiyar Sojojin Kasa (''HaLahaka HaTzva'it HaArtzit''), inda ta yi fice a ayyukan kwaikwayon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.caspitweb.com |first=caspit כספית |title=שרים במדים {{!}} הלהקות הצבאיות |url=http://army-bands.co.il/member.asp?type=1&amp;id=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223025516/http://army-bands.co.il/member.asp?type=1&amp;id=51 |archive-date=2024-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.army-bands.co.il |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan an rushe HaChizbatron bayan yakin, ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kamari (a cikin wasan &quot;The Queen of Sheba&quot; a 1951). Daga baya, ta yi karatun kiɗa tare da Herbert Brin da rawa tare da mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo Noa Eshkol, kuma a cikin 1955, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar rawa ta Eshkol a cikin wasan kwaikwayon &quot;Chamber Dance&quot;.
[[Fayil:Chizbatron_1949.jpg|thumb|CHIZBATRON, 1949]]

=== Daraktan ƙungiyar soja ===
A cikin shekarun 1950, ta kasance darakta na ƙungiyar soja ta Isra'ila, waɗanda a lokacin suke cikin jariri. Tsakanin 1958 da 1961, ta yi aiki tare da {{Interlanguage link|Northern Command Band|he|להקת פיקוד הצפון}} , {{Interlanguage link|Armored Corps Band|he|להקת גייסות השריון}} [shi), da Nahal Brigade Band . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;[he] Polani ne ke da alhakin jagora, shirya, da shirye-shiryen kiɗa, yana mai da hankali ga shirye-shirye akan tsarin wasan kwaikwayo na HaChizbatron, wanda ya kunshi waƙoƙi da wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kuma ba da umarnin mawaƙa don motsi na jikinsu ya bayyana ma'anar kalmomin waƙoƙin ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo da pantomime. Wannan salon shirya ya zama misali ga ƙungiyoyin soja na shekaru da yawa. Polani kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga inganta shirye-shiryen kiɗa na ƙungiyar da ta yi aiki tare da ita, gami da inganta shirye-aikacen murya don muryoyi  ko fiye da haka da kuma fara sabon abu na yin waƙoƙi na maza kawai ko mata. Ta kuma kirkiro waƙar &quot;Al Gadot HaYarkon&quot; (A kan Banks of the Yarkon) don Armored Corps Band, bisa ga kalmomin Haim Hefer . 

=== Ayyukan fasaha a rayuwar farar hula ===
[[Fayil:Naomi_Polani._VIII.jpg|thumb|Polani da Ophir]]
A cikin 1960, da dama daga cikin mambobin Nahal Band, ciki har da Yehoram Gaon, Yisrael Poliakov, Lior Yeini, da Hanan Goldblatt, sun nemi Polani ya ci gaba da aiki tare. Polani ta tara wasu mambobin kungiyar soji da ta yi aiki tare da ita kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar &quot;HaTarnegolim&quot; (The Roosters). Ta jagoranci ƙungiyar a cikin salon wasan kwaikwayon iri ɗaya a matsayin ƙungiyar soja, kuma an haɗa waƙoƙin ƙungiyar soja da sauran sanannun waƙoƙi. Tare da wannan, ta nemi sabon abu na asali daga mafi kyawun masu kirkirar lokacin (kamar Haim Hefer, Oded Hillel, da Sasha Argov) kuma ta shiga cikin zabar waƙoƙi, ba da umarni ga mawaƙa, da shirya su. HaTarnegolim ya rushe a 1963 bayan ya gabatar da shirye-shirye biyu.  

Bayan rushewar &quot;HaTarnegolim,&quot; Polani ya kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yara &quot;Parpar&quot; a 1966, wanda ya shirya wasan &quot;HaTayara,&quot; amma ya rufe jim kadan bayan haka. A ƙarshen wannan shekarar, Polani ya kafa ƙungiyar &quot;HaHamtzitzim&quot; (The Sorrels), wanda ya ƙunshi tsoffin mambobi huɗu na &quot;HaTarnegolim&quot;, amma ƙungiyar ba ta sami babban nasara ba kuma ta rabu bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci. A shekara ta 1968, an gayyaci Polani don komawa aiki tare da Nahal Band don shirya wasan kwaikwayon a cikin salon &quot;HaTarnegolim&quot; da &quot;HaHamtzitzim. &quot; Duk da babban kokarinta, wannan shirin bai yi nasara ba kuma an saukar da shi bayan wasan kwaikwayo biyu kawai. 

Bayan haka, Polani ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shirya kiɗa don shirye-shiryen rediyo da yawa a kan Kol Yisrael (ciki har da shirin &quot;Daga Waƙoƙin Motsa Matasa,&quot; wanda ya zama kundin da aka saki a 1974), kuma ta koyar da kiɗa kuma ta ba da umarni ga abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban a yankin zama a cikin kwarin Urdun . 

A shekara ta 1998, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Bikin Isra'ila, ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon &quot;HaTarnegolim Re'union,&quot; wanda ya kasance farfado da waƙoƙin HaTarnegolem da matasa mawaƙa suka yi, gami da ɗanta Yotam Yeini da Yaron Eldama . 

A shekara ta 2006, Polani ta fito a fim din Oded Davidoff, &quot;Wani ya gudu tare da shi,&quot; wanda ya buɗe bikin fina-finai na Urushalima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=תיאטרון - &quot;מישהו לרוץ איתו&quot; יפתח את פסטיבל הקולנוע בי-ם |url=https://www.habama.co.il/Pages/Description.aspx?ArticleId=3329&amp;Subj=1&amp;Area=1 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.habama.co.il}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2009, ta yi aiki a wasan &quot;Little Eyolf&quot; na Henrik Ibsen a gidan wasan Habima . A shekara ta 2015, ta fito a fim din Elad Keidan, &quot;Hill Start&quot;.

A cikin 2017, ta rubuta waƙar &quot;Kach Et Libi&quot; (Ka ɗauki Zuciyata) wanda ta kirkiro kuma ta raira waƙa ga kalmomin Haim Hefer. A cikin wannan shekarar, tana da rawar baƙo a cikin jerin &quot;Ron&quot; wanda aka watsa akan a'a. 

A cikin 2020, ta fito a cikin gajeren fim din &quot;Playing Weakness&quot; na darektan Maayan Schwartz, wanda ya lashe matsayi na farko a bikin fina-finai na Kudu. Dalilin alƙalai: &quot;Halin da ya dace, cikakke, kuma mai motsawa sosai, wanda ya haɗu da kayan aiki na almara da na takardun shaida, wanda ya yi nasara wajen faɗar godiya sosai ga rawar da ta dace da mai gabatarwa, Naomi Polani. Labari game da tsufa da rauni, tare da sha'awar rayuwa&quot;.

A cikin 2019, Naomi Polani ta kasance mai karɓar Kyautar Isra'ila don shekara ta Ibrananci ta 5779 a fagen wasan kwaikwayo da rawa: &quot;Aikin al'adu mai arziki ya ba mu yawancin rawa, wasan kwaikwayo da ayyukan kiɗa. Naomi, wacce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin taurari na ƙungiyar Palmach a lokacin Yaƙin Independence, jarumi ne na al'adu na gaskiya&quot;.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marcella Cosgrave</title>
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'''Marcella Cosgrave''' (30 Afrilu 1873 - 31 Janairu 1938) ɗan ƙasar Ireland ne. Ta kasance memba ce ta Inghinidhe na hÉireann da Cumann na mBan kuma ta shiga cikin tashin Ista na 1916 da Yaƙin Independence na Irish .

== Bayani ==
An haifi Cosgrave a lamba 4 Georges Quay, Dublin, ga Patrick Cosgrave, wani mai kera jiragen ruwa, da Mary Whittaker. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Registrar's Office |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/details-civil/6938f40836142 |access-date=31 January 2017 |website=IrishGenealogy.ie }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1901 tana zaune tare da ƙanenta da ƙanwarta, Thomas da (Mary) Anne, a Georges Quay kuma tana kula da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Census of Ireland, 1901 |url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1901/Dublin/Trinity/Georges_Quay/1310333/ |access-date=2016-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1911 Cosgrave, wacce yanzu take aikin soja, tana zaune a Titin Tara kuma ta cike fom ɗin ƙidayar jama'a da harshen Irish. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Census of Ireland, 1911 |url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Dublin/Trinity_Ward/Tara_Street/83506/ |access-date=2016-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harkokin siyasa ==
Cosgrave ya kasance a wurin kafuwar Inghinidhe na hÉireann a ranar Ista Lahadi, 15 Afrilu 1900. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bureau of Military history |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0909.pdf#page=64 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316202734/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0909.pdf#page=64 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=2016-03-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da aka narkar da Inghinidhe aka haɗa ta zuwa Cumann na mBan a shekarar 1914, Cosgrave ta shiga ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe, tana aiki a reshenta na Inghinidhe har zuwa mutuwarta. 

== Shiga cikin 1916 ==
Tare da wasu mata 23, Cosgrave ta yi aiki a lokacin Easter Rising a sansanin soja na Marrowbone Lane, wanda ke da hedikwata a Jameson's Distillery, a matsayin shugaban sansanin sojoji na Cumann na mBan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Henry S. |date=16 June 1949 |title=Statement of witness |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0300.pdf#page=27 |access-date=31 January 2017 |website=Bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie |publisher=Bureau of Military History |page=27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rundunar sojojin tana da alhakin kare bayan South Dublin Union . A matsayinta na mai kula da sansanin sojoji, Cosgrave ta yi nasarar samun saniya da 'yan maruƙanta, waɗanda suka shayar don taimakawa wajen ciyar da sansanin sojoji. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Da zarar masu aikin sa kai sun mika wuya, an kama Cosgrave kuma da farko an kai shi Barikin Richmond . Daga nan aka mayar da su Kilmainham Gaol . An tsare ta a can na tsawon kwanaki 10.  An sake ta a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1916. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Barracks details 1916 |url=http://www.richmondbarracks.ie/women-1916/women-detainees-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103142319/http://www.richmondbarracks.ie/women-1916/women-detainees-list/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=2016-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bayan Tashin Hankali ==
Tsakanin Tashi da Yaƙin 'Yanci, membobin reshen Inghinidhe da yawa na Cumann na mBan suma sun shiga cikin tallafawa iyalan mutanen da suka ci gaba da zama a kurkuku ko kuma aka kashe su. Cosgrave memba ne na Ƙungiyar Agajin Ƙasa ta Ireland da Asusun Masu Taimakon Sa-kai. Sauran ayyukan Cumann na mBan sun haɗa da taimakon gaggawa da horar da sojoji. Sun kuma tattara kuɗi, da farko don asusun masu dogaro sannan daga baya don ba da damar siyan makamai ga Rundunar 'Yan Republican ta Ireland . [1]

Ta kuma yi aiki a Yaƙin 'Yanci amma akwai ƙarancin bayanai game da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, lambar yabo ta wannan yaƙin tana cikin tarin Kilmainham Gaol. 

Cosgrave ta mutu a ranar 31 ga Janairun 1938 a lamba 3 Georges Street, Dublin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Registrar's Office |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/details-civil/78478b8884826 |access-date=30 January 2017 |website=IrishGenealogy.ie }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An binne ta a makabartar Glasnevin .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zhou Zuoren</title>
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'''Zhou Zuoren''' (16 ga Janairu 1885 - 6 ga Mayu 1967) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Sin, wanda aka fi sani da mai rubutun makala kuma mai fassara. Shi ne ƙanin Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren, 周树人), ɗan'uwa na biyu cikin 'yan'uwa uku.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
=== Rayuwa ta farko ===
An haife shi a Shaoxing, Zhejiang, Zhou Zuoren ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Jiangnan tun yana matashi kafin ya koma Japan a 1906, yana bin sawun ɗan'uwansa. A lokacin da yake Japan, ya fara karatun Tsohon Girkanci, tare da manufar fassara ''Linjila'' zuwa Sinanci na gargajiya, kuma ya halarci laccoci kan ilimin Sinanci ta masanin juyin juya hali Zhang Binglin a Jami'ar Rikkyo, kodayake ya kamata ya yi karatun injiniyan farar hula a can. Ya koma China a 1911, tare da matarsa ta Japan, kuma ya fara koyarwa a cibiyoyi daban-daban.

=== A lokacin Yunkurin Mayu na Hudu ===
Rubuta rubuce-rubuce a cikin harshen Sinanci don mujallar La Jeunesse, Zhou ya kasance adadi a cikin Motsi na Hudu na Mayu da kuma Sabon Al'adu. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da sake fasalin wallafe-wallafen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PKU Today in History - May 6: Passing of Zhou Zuoren |url=https://english.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/campus/1605.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=english.pku.edu.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1918, Zhou Zuoren, a lokacin farfesa ne a fannin adabi a Jami'ar Peking, ya wallafa wata kasida mai taken &quot;Littafin Dan Adam&quot;, yana dagewa kan fahimtar juna da tausayi tsakanin juna, kuma yana buƙatar &quot;sanin wanzuwar iri ɗaya&quot;. A cikin labarin, ya kai farmaki musamman ga irin waɗannan batutuwa a cikin wallafe-wallafen kamar yadda yara ke sadaukar da kansu saboda iyayensu da ''Matasa'' da aka binne su da rai don su bi mazajen da suka mutu. A halin yanzu, Zhou ya nuna bambanci tsakanin wallafe-wallafen &quot;dimokuradiyya&quot; da &quot;masu mashahuri&quot; ta hanyar gano tsohon a matsayin wallafe-wallo da ke nazarin rayuwar ɗan adam maimakon rubuce-rubuce don mutane su karanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Feng&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=Liping |date=April 1996 |title=Democracy and Elitism: The May Fourth Ideal of Literature |journal=Modern China |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=170–196 |issn=0097-7004 |jstor=189342}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zhou ya yi Allah wadai da wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya kamar wasan kwaikwayo na Beijing. Ya kira shi &quot;mai banƙyama,&quot; &quot;mai ƙyama,&quot; &quot;&quot;mai girman kai&quot; kuma ya kira waƙar a matsayin &quot;sauti mai banƙyama&quot;. 

=== Rayuwa ta baya ===
A lokacin Yaƙin Sin da Jafananci na Biyu, an ga Zhou a matsayin mai hadin gwiwa tare da mamayar Jafananci, kuma wasu Jafananci sun ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Sinanci uku a zamanin yau waɗanda &quot;gaskiya sun fahimta&quot;.  Japan A shekara ta 1945, gwamnatin Nationalist ta [[Chiang Kai-shek]] ta kama Zhou saboda cin amana, wanda ya samo asali ne daga zarginsa da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatin Wang Jingwei a lokacin da Japan ta mamaye arewacin China. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10 a kurkuku a shekarar 1947. A watan Janairun 1949, gwamnatin Nationalist a karkashin mukaddashin shugaban kasar Li Zongren ta saki Zhou Zuoren a kan beli, kuma ya koma Beijing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PKU Today in History - May 6: Passing of Zhou Zuoren |url=https://english.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/campus/1605.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=english.pku.edu.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kira karatunsa &quot;miscellanies&quot; kuma ya rubuta wani rubutun da ake kira &quot;My Miscellaneous Studies&quot; (我的雜學). A Tokyo, Zhou ya ci gaba da sha'awar tatsuniyoyi, ilimin ɗan adam, da abin da ya kira ertongxue (兒童學; nazarin ci gaban yara).  Daga baya ya zama mai fassara, yana samar da fassarorin litattafan Helenanci na gargajiya da na Jafananci na gargajiya, gami da tarin mimes na Helenanci, kalmomin Sappho, bala'in [[Euriphedes Alcestis|Euripides]], ''[[Kojiki]]'', [[Shikitei Sanba]]'s ''[[Ukiyoburo]]'', [[Sei Shōnagon]]'s ''Makura no Sōshi'' da tarin ''[[Kyogen]]''. Ya yi la'akari da fassarar [[Lucian]]'s Dialogues, wanda ya gama a ƙarshen rayuwarsa, a matsayin babban nasarorin da ya [[Sappho|Safo]] a rubuce-rubuce. An kuma fassara shi (daga Turanci) labarin ''[[Ali Baba]]'' zuwa Sinanci (wanda aka sani da ''Xianü Nu'' São 奴). A cikin shekarun 1930 ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga mujallar [[Lin Yutang]] mai [[Humor|ban dariya]] The Analects Fortnightly kuma ya rubuta da yawa game da al'adun kasar Sin na ban dariya, [[satire]], [[parody]], da ban dariya, har ma da tattara tarin Jokes daga Bitter Tea Studio (''Kucha'an xiaohua ji'').  Ya zama shugaban [[Beijing University|Jami'ar Beijing]] a 1939.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Mutuwan 1967]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mary Jarvis Yak</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Mary Jarvis Yak''', wacce wani lokacin ake kira Mary Jarvase Yak, 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce [[Sudan ta Kudu|ta Kudancin Sudan]]. A shekarar 2016, ita ce mataimakiyar ministar kuɗi da tsare-tsare a gwamnatin riƙon kwarya ta haɗin kan ƙasa (TGoNU) ta Jamhuriyar Kudancin Sudan, wacce shugaban Jamhuriyar Kudancin Sudan-HE Salva Kiir-ya naɗa a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, 2016.

== Ilimi ==
Yak ta sami digirin farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga [[Jami'ar Khartoum]]. Tana kuma da digiri na biyu a fannin jinsi da ci gaba daga Jami'ar Sussex. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Deputy Ministers {{!}} Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning |url=http://grss-mof.org/ministry/deputy-minister/ |access-date=2016-11-12 |website=grss-mof.org |archive-date=2019-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324092801/http://grss-mof.org/ministry/deputy-minister/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Yak ta kasance 'yar majalisar dokoki ta Kudancin Sudan, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Sudan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Mary Jarvis Yak ta kasance Ministar Ci Gaban Albarkatun Bil Adama a Majalisar Ministocin Sudan ta Kudu, wacce aka naɗa a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111108235215/http://sosanews.com/2011/07/13/the-newly-appointed-ministers-or-caretakers/ The Newly Appointed Ministers, 10 July 2011]&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2012, Yak ta riƙe muƙamin Mataimakiyar Ministan Tsare-tsare. A matsayinta na Mataimakiyar Ministan Tsare-tsare, Yak ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya da [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Ƙungiyar Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]], wanda hakan ya ba Sudan ta Kudu damar zama memba na Ƙungiyar Bankin. Yak ta yi kira ga Sudan ta Kudu ta shiga Ƙungiyar Bankin a matsayin hanyar haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki da rage talauci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/an-interview-with-south-sudan-deputy-minister-for-planning-mary-jervase-yak-9358/|title=An Interview with South Sudan Deputy Minister for Planning, Mary Jervase Yak|date=6 January 2012|access-date=2016-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2013, Yak ta riƙe muƙamin Mataimakiyar Ministan Kuɗi da Tsare-tsare na Tattalin Arziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ss.undp.org/content/south_sudan/en/home/presscenter/articles/2016/02/07/first-diagnostic-trade-integration-study-of-south-sudan-is-out-now.html|title=First Diagnostic Trade Integration Study of South Sudan released|date=16 February 2016|website=UNDP in South Sudan|access-date=2016-11-12|archive-date=2019-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324092800/http://www.ss.undp.org/content/south_sudan/en/home/presscenter/articles/2016/02/07/first-diagnostic-trade-integration-study-of-south-sudan-is-out-now.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na Mataimakiyar Ministan Kuɗi da Tsare-tsare na Tattalin Arziki, Yak ta sanar da cewa gwamnati ba ta da kuɗin da za ta biya dukkan albashi akai-akai, amma gwamnati za ta iya biyan albashin watanni 2 ga ma'aikatan gwamnati. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 April 2013 |title=S. Sudan says will pay employees two months salaries after uncertainty |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46298 |access-date=2016-11-12 |website=www.sudantribune.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Kuɗi da Tsare-tsare a Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi ta Haɗin Kan Ƙasa (TGoNU) ta Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu, wacce Shugaban Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu HE Salva Kiir ya naɗa a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TGONU Cabinet Formed In South Sudan |url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/19144/TGONU-Cabinet-Formed-In-South-Sudan.aspx |access-date=2016-11-12 |website=www.gurtong.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2016, Yak da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya suka ƙaddamar da Nazarin Haɗakar Ciniki don ƙirƙirar ci gaban tattalin arziki a Sudan ta Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 February 2016 |title=First Diagnostic Trade Integration Study of South Sudan released |url=http://www.ss.undp.org/content/south_sudan/en/home/presscenter/articles/2016/02/07/first-diagnostic-trade-integration-study-of-south-sudan-is-out-now.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324092800/http://www.ss.undp.org/content/south_sudan/en/home/presscenter/articles/2016/02/07/first-diagnostic-trade-integration-study-of-south-sudan-is-out-now.html |archive-date=2019-03-24 |access-date=2016-11-12 |website=UNDP in South Sudan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217130656/http://goss.org/ Yanar Gizo na Gwamnatin Sudan ta Kudu]

== Duba kuma ==

* SPLM
* SPLA
* Majalisar ministocin Sudan ta Kudu
* Jarvis Yak, mahaifin Mary Jarvis Yak

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Myriam Dossou D'Almeida</title>
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'''Myriam Dossou de Souza-D'Almeida''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, 1967, a [[Lomé]]) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Togo wacce ta kasance Ministar Ci gaban Grassroots, Matasa, da Aikin Yi wa Matasa Aiki tun daga watan Oktoban 2020 a [[Government of Victoire Tomegah Dogbé|Gwamnatin Victoire Tomegah Dogbé]]. Ta ƙware a fannin inshora da sake inshora.

=== Ilimi ===
Myriam Dossou D'Almeida ta fara karatunta a Kwalejin Furotesta ta Lomé kuma ta sami digirinta na farko a shekarar 1985 a Makarantar Sakandare ta Tokoin da ke [[Lomé]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;alome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Myriam DOSSOU-D`ALMEIDA |url=http://www.alome.com/qui/profil.asp?id=122 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=alome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara karatun fannin harhaɗa magunguna a [[University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne|Jami'ar Reims-Champagne-Ardenne]] amma ba ta kammala karatun digirinta ba. Daga nan ta koma harkar inshora ta shiga École nationale d'assurances (Paris), inda ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) a shekarar 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;matin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edem Pedanou |date=20 June 2019 |title=Myriam DOSSOU-D’ALMEIDA, the female face of Togolese dynamism |url=https://www.societecivilemedias.com/2019/06/20/togo-portrait-myriam-dossou-dalmeida-visage-feminin-dynamisme-togolais/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Togo Matin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta koyar a can daga shekarun 2008 zuwa 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;alome&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma kammala karatunta a Cibiyar Inshorar Afirka da ke [[Tunis]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;first&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Myriam DOSSOU-D’ALMEIDA |url=https://www.togofirst.com/fr/trombinoscope/1510-6484-myriam-dossou-d-almeida |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=togofirst.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin inshora ===
A tsawon aikinta, De Souza-D'Almeida ta yi aiki a kamfanonin inshora da dama, ciki har da GTA-C2A [[IARD (company)|IARD]], dillalin Marsh France &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2020 |title=Myriam DOSSOU-d’ALMEIDA, the new face of Grassroots Development |url=https://focusinfos.tg/myriam-dossou-dalmeida-le-nouveau-visage-du-developpement-a-la-base/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=focusinfo.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma [[New Inter-African Insurance Company|Sabon Kamfanin Inshorar Ƙasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;first&quot;/&gt; Daga nan ta koma sake inshora, musamman a AXA &lt;ref name=&quot;matin&quot;/&gt; a sassan Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara da Maghreb. &lt;ref name=&quot;alome&quot;/&gt;

Daga baya ta zama Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa (INAM) daga shekarun 2012 &lt;ref name=&quot;breaking&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government: Myriam Dossou d’Almeida in charge of Grassroots Development |url=https://togobreakingnews.info/gouvernement-myriam-dossou-d-almeida-au-developpement-a-la-base/?print=print |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=togobreakingnews.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko 2013 &lt;ref name=&quot;graph&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |title=Togo: Myriam Dossou d’Almeida officially takes over Grassroots Development |url=https://lomegraph.com/myriam-dossou-dalmeida-prend-officiellement/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=lomegraph.com |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605213003/https://lomegraph.com/myriam-dossou-dalmeida-prend-officiellement/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa 2020. A cikin waɗannan shekaru takwas, ta aiwatar da ayyuka da dama, ciki har da jami'o'i ga tsofaffi da kuma faɗaɗa inshorar lafiya ga mata, ɗalibai, da 'yan jarida. &lt;ref name=&quot;breaking&quot; /&gt; An soki yadda take tafiyar da tattalin arzikin cibiyar bayan wani bincike da babban sufeton jihar ya yi, wanda ya tabbatar da rahotannin da aka samu daga binciken cikin gida a watan Disamba na shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 August 2021 |title=Togo, Public Finance Control: State Inspector General scrutinizes INAM management |url=https://www.27avril.com/blog/affaires/economie/togo-controle-des-finances-publiques-les-projecteurs-de-linspection-generale-detat-sur-la-gestion-de-linam |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=27avril.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma zarge ta da kashe kuɗi sau biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2021 |title=Revelation: Minister Myriam Dossou d’Almeida embroiled in double spending scandal |url=https://togotribune.com/news/revelation-la-ministre-myriam-dossou-dalmeida-au-coeur-dun-scandale-de-double-depense/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=togotribune.com |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103003602/https://togotribune.com/news/revelation-la-ministre-myriam-dossou-dalmeida-au-coeur-dun-scandale-de-double-depense/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin siyasa ===
Ta maye gurbin [[Victoire Tomegah Dogbé]] a matsayin Ministar Ci Gaba da Matasa ta Grassroots lokacin da ta zama firayim minista. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |title=Service handover at grassroots, crafts, and youth ministries |url=https://www.republiquetogolaise.com/politique/0210-4690-passation-de-services-a-la-base-l-artisanat-et-la-jeunesse |website=republiquetogolaise.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Togo: Who is Myriam Dossou-d'Almeida, the new Minister of Grassroots Development? |url=https://l-frii.com/togo-qui-est-myriam-dossou-d-almeida-le-nouveau-ministre-du-developpement-a-la-base/ |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=L-FRII}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta bar INAM &lt;ref name=&quot;graph&quot;/&gt; ta kuma mai da hankali kan haɓaka kasuwancin matasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2022 |title=Togo: Enhanced visibility for young entrepreneurs by public media |url=https://matinlibre.com/togo/amp/2022/09/21/togo-visibilite-renforcee-des-jeunes-entrepreneurs-par-les-medias-publics/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=matinlibre.com |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103050858/https://matinlibre.com/togo/amp/2022/09/21/togo-visibilite-renforcee-des-jeunes-entrepreneurs-par-les-medias-publics/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=International Youth Day: Call for projects launched |url=https://www.lenouveaureporter.com/journee-internationale-de-la-jeunesse-un-appel-a-projet-lance/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |publisher=Le nouveau Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=Togo: Myriam Dossou d'Almeida offers a 1 million FCFA grant to the young creator of RAFX |url=https://togoreveil.com/singlepost-togo---myriam-dossou-d-almeida-offre-une-enveloppe-d-1-million-fcfa-au-jeune-concepteur-de-la-rafx-31-4931 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=togoreveil.com}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma yaƙi da shan muggan kwayoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biscone Adzoyi |date=12 January 2023 |title=Combating drug and substance abuse: Government steps up efforts |url=https://elitedafrique.com/societe/lutte-contre-la-consommation-de-la-drogue-et-des-stupefiants-le-gouvernement-veut-intensifier-la-lutte/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=elitedafrique.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wa'adinta ya ga ƙaruwa sosai a ƙirƙirar ƙananan kamfanoni a tsakanin matasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 February 2022 |title=Togo: A record in micro-enterprise creation by young people in 2021 |url=https://www.atlanticinfos.com/index.php/economie/item/3715-togo-un-record-dans-la-creation-des-micro-entreprises-de-jeunes-en-2021 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=atlanticinfos.com |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202124718/https://www.atlanticinfos.com/index.php/economie/item/3715-togo-un-record-dans-la-creation-des-micro-entreprises-de-jeunes-en-2021 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]]</text>
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'''Nancy Joan Johnstone''' (wacce aka haifa a '''Thomas-Peter''' ; 1906–1951) marubuciya ce 'yar Ingila, mai kula da otal-otal kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Mijinta na farko shi ne Archie Johnstone, ɗan jarida wanda ya koma [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Johnstone a Bath, a shekarar 1906, ga George Franklen Thomas-Peter (1882-1941) da Mary Margaret (wanda aka fi sani da Dot) Thomas-Peter (wanda aka haifa da Baldwin) (1882-1919). An yi mata baftisma a St Paul's, Bath a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1906. Aikin mahaifinta an ba shi a matsayin mutum mai kirki, kuma adireshinsu shine Butt Ash, Lyncombe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Church of England Baptisms: St Paul, Bath, 1904-1914, via Ancestry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/60857/images/42886_1831115184_0632-00017?pId=2603856 |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta jami'i ne a Bataliya ta 4, Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Duke na Cornwall a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] .  Mahaifiyarta ta mutu a shekarar 1919, sakamakon harbin zuma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Margaret Baldwin via Ancestry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/family-tree/person/tree/86973193/person/36552151977/facts |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta ya sake yin aure, a shekarar 1923, ga Agnes Priestley Pearman (1900-1949). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''London Gazette'', Issue No 35684, 28 August 1942, p 3787 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35684/page/3787 |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin yarintarta tana zaune a Oak Cottage a Perranarworthal, kusa da Falmouth, Cornwall. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1911 census for Nancy Joan Thomas-Peter, Perranarworthal, via Ancestry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/2352/images/rg14_13885_0185_03?pId=54943868 |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta auri ɗan jarida Archie Johnstone (1896-1963) a shekarar 1931.  A shekarar 1933, mutanen Johnstones sun zauna a gidaje 8 na Tudor, Gondar Gardens, Hampstead . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=London Electoral Register, Hampstead, 1933, via Ancestry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1795/images/40020_190633-00725?pId=43373005 |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1938, duk da cewa sun zauna a Spain tsawon shekaru huɗu a wancan lokacin, an yi musu rijista a matsayin waɗanda ke zaune a gidaje 59 na Elm Park Mansions a Chelsea, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=London Electoral Register, Chelsea, 1938, via Ancestry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1795/images/40020_190503-00670?treeid=&amp;personid=&amp;usePUB=true&amp;_phsrc=drj50&amp;_phstart=successSource&amp;pId=17231093 |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da suka shafe watanni uku a Ingila a lokacin bazara na 1938. 

== Tossa de Mar ==
A shekarar 1934, 'yan Johnstones suka ƙaura zuwa Costa Brava . Archie ya zaɓi wurin da zai je saboda bai san kowa ba a da.  Nancy ta shawo kan Archie ya yi murabus daga aikinsa na ƙaramin edita a jaridar ''News Chronicle'', sannan ya gina otal. Da isowarsu Tossa de Mar, sun sami wata al'umma mai tasowa ta fasaha, ciki har da mai zane-zanen Jamus Fritz Marcus, wanda suka nemi ya tsara otal ɗinsu, da kuma masu zane-zane Marc Chagall, Oskar Zügel da Dora Maar .  Ana kiran otal ɗin da Casa Johnstone, kuma an buɗe shi a shekarar 1935. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Spain ya ɓarke a shekara mai zuwa, jirgin ruwan yaƙi na Royal Navy HMS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwVw&quot;&gt;Hunter&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ya bayyana a bakin teku don ceton mazauna Birtaniya. Johnstones sun ƙi barin.  Archie ya yi wasu rahotannin yaƙi lokaci-lokaci ga jaridar ''News Chronicle'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nancy ta sami wasu kuɗaɗen shiga a wannan lokacin ta hanyar rubuta tarihin rayuwa guda biyu: ''Hotel in Spain'' (1937) da ''Hotel in Flight'' (1939), duka Faber &amp;amp;amp; Faber ne suka buga kuma kwanan nan The Clapton Press ta sake buga su.   Ɗan majalisar jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta John McGovern ne ya miƙa wa Faber littafin farko, wanda ke kan ziyarar bincike a Barcelona don bincika yanayin da ya haifar da ɓacewar Andrés Nin, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa POUM, Ma'aikatan Jam'iyyar Marxist Unification. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berga, Miquel, &quot;From 'Blue Paradise' to the French Camps: Nancy Johnstone's Narratives of the Catalan Costa Brave at War&quot;, January 2011, ''Catalan Review'' 25:119-129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279272632 |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafi na biyu ya ƙunshi ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasa, yayin da otal ɗin ya zama wurin yara 'yan gudun hijira 50. Kwana ɗaya kafin Tossa ta faɗa hannun Nationalists, Johnstones sun tara yara 70 a cikin babbar mota, suka tuka su zuwa mafaka a Faransa, sojojin Francisco Franco suka bi su ko'ina. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berga, Miquel, &quot;From 'Blue Paradise' to the French Camps: Nancy Johnstone's Narratives of the Catalan Costa Brave at War&quot;, January 2011, ''Catalan Review'' 25:119-129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279272632 |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Har sai da aka buɗe kan iyaka da Faransa, Johnstones da yaran sun yi kwana uku a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Edison da ke sansanin 'yan Republican na [[Figueres]] . Washegari bayan buɗe iyakar ga 'yan gudun hijira, an jefa bam a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berga, Miquel, &quot;From 'Blue Paradise' to the French Camps: Nancy Johnstone's Narratives of the Catalan Costa Brave at War&quot;, January 2011, ''Catalan Review'' 25:119-129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279272632 |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da zarar sun ketare kan iyaka, an tsare yaran a sansanin fursunoni na Faransa, amma daga ƙarshe aka mayar da su ga iyalansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai Johnstones suka tafi Provence, sannan suka tafi Paris. Sun yi shirin tafiya zuwa Mexico, suka kuma yi tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwan Jamus ''mai suna Iberia'' daga Cherbourg zuwa Veracruz .

== Meziko ==
Mexico ta kasance zaɓi a bayyane, yayin da gwamnatin Republican ta Spain da ke gudun hijira da kuma 'yan Republican na Spain da yawa suka zauna a can a shekarar 1940 bayan faduwar Faransa. A Mexico, Johnstones sun zauna a Cuernavaca . Archie ya koyar a Makarantar Turanci; Nancy ta rubuta wani tarihin tafiye-tafiye, Sombreros are Becoming (1941) [1] da kuma wani labari, Temperate Zone (1941) wanda aka shirya a Mexico. Faber ne ya buga duka biyun.

Bayan wani lokaci, Johnstones suka rabu, Archie ya koma Birtaniya ya sake aiki a jaridar ''News Chronicle'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berga, Miquel, &quot;From 'Blue Paradise' to the French Camps: Nancy Johnstone's Narratives of the Catalan Costa Brave at War&quot;, January 2011, ''Catalan Review'' 25:119-129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279272632 |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya yi aiki a ofishin jakadancin Birtaniya da ke Moscow yana gyara mujallar ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'yan Burtaniya'', har sai da ya koma Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1949. 

== Shekarun da suka gabata ==
Johnstone ya koma Tossa a shekarar 1947 kuma a shekarar 1951, amma, bayan da Franco ta Spain ta damu da shi, ta sayar da otal ɗin, ta koma zama a [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] . A lokacin ta sake yin aure a karo na biyu, ga wani Bafaranshe, Fernand Caron. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Cuernavaca, Johnstone ya zama abokiyar Constancia de la Mora da aka kora, wacce aka naɗa ta Shugaban Ofishin Yaɗa Labarai na Ƙasashen Waje na Jamhuriyar Spain a shekarar 1938, kuma ita ce matar Hidalgo de Cisneros, Kwamandan rundunar sojojin sama ta Republican. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2021 |title=de la Mora, Constancia, ''In Place of Splendour: The Autobiography of a Spanish Woman'' |url=https://theclaptonpress.com/in-place-of-splendour-by-constancia-de-la-mora/ |access-date=20 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; De la Mora ya ziyarci Johnstone a Guatemala a shekarar 1950. A ranar 26 ga Janairu, matan biyu sun shiga hatsarin mota, wanda ya kashe de la Mora kuma ya ji wa Johnstone rauni sosai. Duk da cewa ta tsira, akwai wani karin bayani game da ita: wata wasiƙa da ta rubuta wa masu buga littattafanta a shekarar 1951. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berga, Miquel, &quot;From 'Blue Paradise' to the French Camps: Nancy Johnstone's Narratives of the Catalan Costa Brave at War&quot;, January 2011, ''Catalan Review'' 25:119-129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279272632 |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin rani na shekarar 1951, Johnstone ya rubuta daga Tossa zuwa Faber &amp; Faber tare da adireshin tura wa goggon ta, Miss Edith Thomas-Peter, a Bath. Daga nan ta ɓace daga tarihi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Casa Johnstone har yanzu tana nan, kodayake yanzu tana cikin wani babban rukunin otal, Otal Don Juan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hotel Don Juan Photos |url=https://www.donjuantossa.com/uploads/galeriahoteles/tenis.jpg |access-date=20 December 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An manta Johnstone har zuwa nunin da littafin daga Glòria Bosch da Susanna Portell, &quot;Berlín&gt; Londres&gt; Paris&gt; Tossa ... La tranquil.litat perduda&quot; (2007, Fundación La Caixa), tare da takardun shaida, hotuna da haruffa. Bayan haka, Miquel Berga, masanin ilimi a Jami'ar Pompeu Fabra a [[Barcelona]] ya fassara littattafan otel guda biyu zuwa Catalan (ƙara ɗaya, mai suna ''Un Hotel a la Costa'', wanda aka buga a 2011). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, an sanar da cewa mai shirya fina-finan Catalan Isona Passola za ta yi fim game da lokacin da Johnstones ya yi a Tossa. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Mary Pickford (masanin ilimin lissafi)</title>
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'''Lillian Mary Pickford''' FRS FRSE (14 ga watan Agustan 1902 - 14 ga watan Agusta 2002) ta kasance likitan neuroendocrinologist na Burtaniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WWW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PICKFORD, Prof. (Lillian) Mary |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U30834 |access-date=22 October 2012 |website=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a cikin Pharmacological Society kuma mace ta farko ce da aka nada a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Edinburgh.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianObit&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TelegraphObit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 August 2002 |title=Professor Mary Pickford |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1405118/Professor-Mary-Pickford.html |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Pickford a Jubbulpore, [[Indiya]] a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1902 'yar Herbert Arthur Pickford, mai shuka shayi da indigo, da matarsa, Lillian Alice Minnie Wintle . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lillian Mary Pickford (1902-2002) - Our History |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Lillian_Mary_Pickford_(1902-2002) |website=ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An tura ta zama tare da kawunta da kawunta a Surrey, Ingila tana da shekaru biyar.[1] Abokin iyali, Sir Cooper Perry ya ƙarfafa ta ta zama likita amma ya hana ta zama mai bincike, yana cewa, 'Kada ku yi tunani game da shi. Mata ba su da amfani ga irin wannan abu.[2] Ta yi karatu a makarantar Wycombe Abbey . A shekara ta 1925 ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Bedford, London, bayan ta karanta ilimin lissafi, ilimin dabbobi, da ilmin sunadarai. [1] [2] Bayan kammala karatunta karancin aiki ga mata masana kimiyya ya nuna tana da wahalar samun ko ɗaya, amma ta sami aikin koyarwa na ɗan lokaci kafin a karɓa a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. [1][3] Kyauta daga mahaifiyarta ta £ 120 a shekara tana nufin za ta iya karatun likitancin asibiti na ɗan lokaci a Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar kuma an shigar da ita MRCS da LRCP a 1933 [2][3] A shekara ta 1935 ta zama likitan gida a Babban Asibitin Stafford .

A cikin 1936 an ba Pickford kyautar Beit Memorial Fellowship kuma a cikin 1939 ya ba da rahoton tasirin antidiuretic na yin allurar acetylcholine a cikin kwakwalwa.

A shekara ta 1939 ta zama malama a sashen ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ta kasance har sai da ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1972. Ta kammala karatun DSc a shekara ta 1951, an inganta ta zuwa Reader a shekara ta 1952 kuma a 1966 ta zama Farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi  &lt;ref name=&quot;TelegraphObit&quot;/&gt;

=== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ===
A shekara ta 1954 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society na Edinburgh (FRSE). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professor Lillian Mary Pickford FRS FRSE – Royal Society of Edinburgh |url=https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/lillian-mary-pickford/ |access-date=2021-11-03 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207190859/https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/lillian-mary-pickford/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu gabatar da ita sune David Whitteridge, John Gaddum, [[Reginald Passmore]] da Philip Eggleton . A shekara ta 1966 ta zama Farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Edinburgh . An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society a shekarar 1966.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pickford |first=Lillian Mary |date=2019 |title=Lillian Mary Pickford. 14 August 1902—14 August 2002 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=67 |pages=371–400 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2019.0008 |s2cid=201101657 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Fayil:Plaque_to_Mary_Pickford,_Physiologist,_at_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Alamar Mary Pickford, Physiologist, a Jami'ar Edinburgh]]
Baya ga takardu sama da 60 da surori 13 na littafi, Pickford ya buga wani sanannen littafi The Central Role of Hormones (1969). &lt;ref name=&quot;TelegraphObit&quot;/&gt;

Pickford ta sami digiri na girmamawa (DSc) daga Jami'ar Heriot-Watt a shekarar 1991. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates |url=http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm |access-date=2016-04-04 |website=www1.hw.ac.uk |archive-date=2016-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418163907/http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farfesa Pickford ta mutu a ranar haihuwarta ta cika shekaru 100 a shekara ta 2002. A cikin 2021, The Physiological Society ta kafa takardar tunawa mai launin shudi, a Jami'ar Edinburgh Old Medicine Quad don girmama ta, ta farko ga mace, ta fahimci cewa ita masanin kimiyya ce wacce 'ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban horo ta hanyar abubuwan da suka gano, ta bar gado fiye da rayuwarsu.'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='She worked when women faced considerable obstacles pursuing academics' - First female psychologist has plaque erected |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/education/first-woman-appointed-to-professorship-at-edinburgh-universitys-medical-school-has-plaque-erected-3438680 |access-date=2021-11-03 |website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* ''Matsayin Tsakiya na Hormones'' (1969) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2002]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Margaret Keita</title>
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'''Margaret Keita''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Gambiya. Ta kasance Sakatariyar Harkokin Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki a ƙasar [[Gambiya]] ta Yammacin Afirka.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Ta fara aiki a ma'aikatar gwamnati a shekarar 1980 kuma an naɗa ta Babbar Akanta a shekarar 1991. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2005 |title=TWO NEW SECRETARIES OF STATE SWORN-IN |url=https://op.gov.gm/sos-sworn-march10-05.htm }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga shekarar 1994 ta kasance Mataimakiyar Babban Akanta kuma ta karɓi ragamar shugabancin Babbar Akanta a shekarar 1996. Shugaba [[Yahya Jammeh]] ya rantsar da ita a ranar 10 ga watan Maris 2005, inda ta maye gurbin Musa Gibril Bala Gaye, wanda ya karɓi ragamar shugabancin Ministan Harkokin Waje.

Bayan watanni uku kacal a ofis, an maye gurbinta da {{Interlanguage link|Alieu N’gum|de}} a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni., wanda a da ya kasance shugaban ma'aikatan gwamnati, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓen yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Update (March 28, 2013) |url=http://www.moot.org.uk/pdf/update_382.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328174718/http://www.moot.org.uk/pdf/update_382.pdf |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=May 2, 2025}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta riƙe muƙamin minista, ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktar Kuɗi da Gudanarwa a Cibiyar Ba da Lamuni ta Yammacin Afirka (WAMI). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Principal Officers of the West African Monetary Institute (WAMI) |url=http://www.wami-imao.org/english/welcome.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901061308/http://www.wami-imao.org/english/welcome.htm |archive-date=September 1, 2009 |access-date=May 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Molly Shoichet</title>
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      <text bytes="7545" sha1="3m4w67plvuq3wy2lr6am1ww2x54cvj9" xml:space="preserve">'''Molly S. Shoichet''' FRS farfesa ce a fannin kimiyyar Kanada a Jami'ar Toronto wacce ke da ƙwarewa a fannin ilmin sunadarai, kayan aiki da injiniyan kimiyyar halittu. Ita ce Babban Masanin Kimiyya na farko na Ontario.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Molly Shoichet named Ontario's first Chief Scientist |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/molly-shoichet-named-ontario-s-first-chief-scientist |access-date=19 April 2019 |website=University of Toronto News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shoichet injiniya ce ta kiwon lafiya da aka sani da aikinta a aikin injiniya, kuma ita ce kadai mutumin da ya kasance ɗan'uwa daga cikin Kwalejin Kasa guda uku a Kanada.

Shoichet ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts kuma ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilmin sunadarai a shekarar 1987. Ta halarci Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst don karatun digirin digirin ta kuma ta sami digirin digirgir a kimiyyar polymer da injiniya a shekarar 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Shoichet Lab {{!}} Molly's Bio |url=http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~molly/molly_bio.html |access-date=4 August 2015 |website=www.ecf.utoronto.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan ta sami digirin digirin digirinta, Shoichet ta shiga bangaren Jami'ar Brown a matsayin farfesa, yayin da take aiki a masana'antu. Shoichet ta shiga Jami'ar Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering a shekarar 1995, inda ta kasance har zuwa shekara ta 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Molly Shoichet |url=https://bme.utoronto.ca/faculty-research/core-faculty/molly-shoichet/ |access-date=January 14, 2026 |website=University of Toronto |publisher=Institue of Biomedical Engineering {{!}} Faculty of Applied Science &amp; Engineering}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin halitta da aikin injiniya na polymer, suna mai da hankali kan isar da magani da sake farfado da ƙwayoyi. Da farko a cikin aikinta, ta yi nazarin shingen jini da kwakwalwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje sun haɗa da amfani da gel don isar da kwayoyi zuwa takamaiman wuri a cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya da kuma wucewa ga shingen jini da kwakwalwa. Magungunan da aka kawo ta wannan hanyar sun haɗa da magungunan maganin chemotherapy da wakilai don jinkirta ko juyawa lalacewa daga bugun jini. Hakanan ana gwada wannan hanyar isar da ƙwayoyin halitta,  kuma sun haɗa da karatu kan amfani da hydrogels wanda ke isar da kwayoyin halitta zuwa retinas marasa aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canadian researcher Molly Shoichet wins L'Oreal/UNESCO For Women in Science Award |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/canadian-researcher-molly-shoichet-wins-l-oreal-unesco-for-women-in-science-award-1.2979938 |access-date=4 August 2015 |publisher=CBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan hydrogels an tsara su ne don su kasance masu sauƙin allura a cikin nama sannan su samar da ma'auni don sel su girma a cikin siffar uku mai dacewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Molly Shoichet Receives TERMIS Senior Scientist Award |url=http://www.chem-eng.utoronto.ca/news/feature/Molly_Shoichet_Receives_TERMIS_Senior_Scientist_Award.htm |access-date=4 August 2015 |website=chem-eng.utoronto.ca |archive-date=23 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923053304/http://www.chem-eng.utoronto.ca/news/feature/Molly_Shoichet_Receives_TERMIS_Senior_Scientist_Award.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Shoichet ya kafa Research2Reality don nuna binciken kimiyya a Kanada ta hanyar haɗuwa da sakonnin yanar gizo da gajerun bidiyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2019 |title=Molly Shoichet, science's symphony conductor |url=https://www.universityaffairs.ca/features/feature-article/molly-shoichet-sciences-symphony-conductor/ |access-date=5 February 2019 |website=University Affairs |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma shirya baje kolin &quot;Artful Science&quot; a Filin jirgin saman Toronto Pearson . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Metro Morning {{!}} New art and science exhibit at Pearson Airport |url=https://www.cbc.ca/listen/shows/metro-morning/segment/15612504 |access-date=5 February 2019 |website=CBC Listen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 September 2018 |title=Artful Science exhibit takes off at Toronto Pearson Airport |url=https://thevarsity.ca/2018/09/30/artful-science-exhibit-takes-off-at-toronto-pearson-airport/ |access-date=5 February 2019 |website=The Varsity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, an kira Shoichet a matsayin Babban Masanin Kimiyya na farko na Ontario ta Firayim Minista Kathleen Wynne na lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Tana jagorantar ƙungiyar mutane shida don gina haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya, kimiyya da bangarorin kasuwanci, da kuma inganta amfani da shaidu a ci gaban manufofi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 2018, sabuwar gwamnatin Conservative ta Ontario ta sallami Shoichet daga matsayinta  lokacin da aka kawar da ofishin babban masanin kimiyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Semeniuk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Semeniuk |first=Ivan |date=11 November 2020 |title=University of Toronto researcher awarded Canada's top science prize |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-university-of-toronto-researcher-awarded-canadas-top-science-prize/ |access-date=31 January 2021 |publisher=The Globe and Mail (Canada)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
A shekara ta 2010, Shoichet na ɗaya daga cikin mutane 30 da za a ba su lambar yabo ta Order of Ontario . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 January 2011 |title=30 Appointees Named To Ontario's Highest Honour |url=http://www.news.ontario.ca/mci/en/2011/01/29-appointees-named-to-ontarios-highest-honour-1.html |access-date=10 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shoichet ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta L'Oréal-UNESCO ta Arewacin Amurka don Mata a Kimiyya a cikin 2015 don aikinta na sake farfado da ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi, da kuma haɓaka hanyoyin isar da magunguna kai tsaye don ƙwaƙwalwar baya da kwakwalwa ta amfani da kayan aiki. Ta yi kira ga mata a kimiyya da farfesa mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/priority-areas/gender-and-science/for-women-in-science-programme/2015-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320212520/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/priority-areas/gender-and-science/for-women-in-science-programme/2015-awards/ |archive-date=20 March 2015 |access-date=20 March 2015 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jami'ar Toronto ta sanya ta a matsayin &quot;Farfesa na Jami'ar&quot; a shekarar 2014. Ita ce kadai mutumin da ya kasance abokiyar Kwalejin Kasa guda uku a Kanada.[1] Jami'ar Toronto ta kuma girmama ta a shekarar 2013 a matsayin &quot;Mai kirkiro na Shekara&quot;.[2] Ita ce ta lashe lambar yabo ta Kalev Pugi ta 2017 na Cibiyar Chemical ta Kanada . [3] Tana riƙe da Shugaban Bincike na Kanada a Injiniyan Tissue . [4]

A cikin 2017, an kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Killam don aikin injiniya.  An ba ta lambar yabo ta Ofishin Order of Canada (OC) kamar yadda Gidan Gwamnati na 29 ga Disamba 2017.

A cikin 2020, ita ce ta lashe lambar yabo ta Gerhard Herzberg Kanada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Kanada (NSERC) ta bayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Molly Shoichet |url=https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/Prizes-Prix/Herzberg-Herzberg/Profiles-Profils/Shoichet-Shoichet_eng.asp |access-date=31 January 2021 |website=NSERC Prizes. Gerhard Herzberg. Winners. |publisher=Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Semeniuk&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Michelle Simmons</title>
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'''Michelle Yvonne Simmons''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1967) [[Kimiyyar kwantom|masanin kimiyyar lissafi]] ne na Australiya, an san ta da gudummawar da ta bayar  ga fannin lantarki na atomatik. 

Ita ce darakta mai kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewa ta Majalisar Bincike ta Australiya don Kwarewar Kwarewa da Fasahar Sadarwa, kuma tun daga 2023 ita ce Farfesa ta Kimiyya a Kwalejin Kimiyya a Jami'ar New South Wales.

Ta kasance sau biyu Fellow na Hukumar Bincike ta Australiya, kuma memba ne na Laureate Fellow na Majalisar Bincike na Australiya. A watan Janairun 2018, an ba Simmons suna Australiya na Shekara saboda aikinta da sadaukarwa ga kimiyyar bayanai, kuma a watan Yunin 2019, an nada ta Jami'in Order of Australia a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya don nuna godiya ga &quot;babban hidima ga ilimin kimiyya a matsayin jagora a cikin kayan lantarki na atomatik, kuma a matsayin abin koyi&quot;.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Michelle Yvonne Simmons a ranar 14 ga Yulin 1967 a [[Landan]], ga mahaifiyar da ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan banki &lt;ref name=&quot;qce20/michelle-simmons&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2020 |title=Biography of Michelle Simmons |url=https://qce20.quantum.ieee.org/keynotes/michelle-simmons/ |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=IEEE Quantum Week 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma mahaifin da ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na ɗan sanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;eoas&quot;/&gt; Simmons ya girma a kudu maso gabashin London tare da babban ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;britishcouncil/simmons-ao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simmons |first=Michelle |title=Quantum Revolution |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org.au/michelle-simmons-ao-quantum-revolution |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=[[British Council]] |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721005242/https://www.britishcouncil.org.au/michelle-simmons-ao-quantum-revolution |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 1985 da 1988 ta sami digiri na farko a Kwalejin Trevelyan, Jami'ar Durham, inda ta yi karatun kimiyyar lissafi da [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] na kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;dunelm&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2019 |title=Class Notes |journal=Dunelm |issue=5 |page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinta na digiri na biyu a Kwalejin St Aidan, Durham an ba ta PhD a shekarar 1992 don rubutunta &quot;The characterisation of CdTe-based epitaxial solar cell structures created by MOVPE&quot;, tare da bincike wanda Andrew W. Brinkman ke kula da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;dunelm&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka da bincike ==
Daga 1992 zuwa 1998 &lt;ref name=&quot;eoas&quot;/&gt; Simmons ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike a cikin lantarki mai yawa tare da Michael Pepper a Laboratory na Cavendish a Burtaniya, inda ta sami suna na duniya saboda aikinta a gano fasalin 0.7 da ci gaban 'rami'. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=K. J. |last2=Nicholls |first2=J. T. |last3=Simmons |first3=M. Y. |last4=Pepper |first4=M. |last5=Mace |first5=D. R. |last6=Ritchie |first6=D. A. |date=1996-07-01 |title=Possible Spin Polarization in a One-Dimensional Electron Gas |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |publisher=[[American Physical Society]] (APS) |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=135–138 |arxiv=cond-mat/9606004 |bibcode=1996PhRvL..77..135T |doi=10.1103/physrevlett.77.135 |issn=0031-9007 |pmid=10061790 |s2cid=8903637}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1999, she was awarded an Australian Research Council (ARC) QEII Fellowship and went to Australia, conducting research for four years under this fellowship.&lt;ref name=&quot;eoas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Simmons, Michelle Yvonne (1967–) |url=https://www.eoas.info/biogs/P006232b.htm |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Encyclopedia of Australian Science and Innovation}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was a founding member of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology, and {{As of|2023}} remains director of the centre.&lt;ref name=&quot;arcprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Quantum Computing |url=https://www.cqc2t.org/prof-michelle-y-simmons-ac/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Centre for Quantum Computation &amp; Communication Technology |publisher=[[Australian Research Council]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Simmons ya kafa Silicon Quantum Computing, kamfanin lissafin lissafi na [[Sydney]], a cikin 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Australia gets quantum computing company |url=https://ia.acs.org.au/article/2017/australia-gets-quantum-computing-company.html |archive-date= |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Information Age, Australian Computer Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma shine Shugaba na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scientia Professor Michelle Simmons |url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/staff/michelle-simmons |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=UNSW Sites |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta rike wasu mukamai da yawa a cikin aikinta, ciki har da:&lt;ref name=&quot;eoas&quot;/&gt;

* 2000: Darakta, Cibiyar Samar da Atomic, UNSW
* 2000: Manajan, Shirin Samar da Atom da Shirin Girma na Crystal, Cibiyar Fasahar Kwamfuta, Makarantar Physics, UNSW
* 2003: Shugaban, reshen New South Wales, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Australiya
* 2003: memba, Hukumar C8, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Physics Mai Tsarki da Aikace-aikace
* 2003: Wakilin Australiya na Nanotechnology, Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kimiyya, Fasaha da Aikace-aikaceƘungiyar Duniya don Kimiyya, Fasaha da Aikace-aikacen Vacuum
* 2005: memba, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kwararru na Physics, Chemistry da Geosciences, Majalisar Bincike ta Australiya
* 2007: Mataimakin edita, IEEE Journal of Nanotechnology''Jaridar IEEE ta Nanotechnology''
* 2007: Shugaban, Kwamitin Kasa na Physics, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Australia

Ya zuwa 2023 Simmons shine Farfesa na Kimiyya na Kimiyya a [[UNSW Faculty of Science|Kwalejin Kimiyya]] a [[University of New South Wales|Jami'ar New South Wales]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;UNSW Research l136&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scientia Professor Michelle Yvonne Simmons |url=https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/scientia-professor-michelle-yvonne-simmons |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=UNSW Research}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2025 an zabi Simmons a cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na Majalisar Fasaha ta Ostiraliya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elliott |first=Kobe |date=2025-06-04 |title=TCA strengthens Board with appointment of Professor Simmons |url=https://techcouncil.com.au/newsroom/tca-strengthens-board-with-appointment-of-professor-simmons/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Tech Council of Australia |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nasarorin da aka samu ===
Simmons sananne ne a duniya don ƙirƙirar filin lantarki na atomatik, &lt;ref name=&quot;abc2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 February 2012 |title=Quantum physicist - Michelle Simmons |url=https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2012/02/28/3441521.htm |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=[[ABC Science]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato, gina na'urorin lantarki a sikelin atomatik. Kungiyar bincikenta a ARC ta kirkiro na farko mai daidaito atomatik mai sauƙi da kuma mafi ƙanƙantaccen waya a cikin silicon, a tsakanin sauran nasarorin.&lt;ref name=&quot;arcprofile&quot;/&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2000 ta kafa babban rukuni na bincike wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga kirkirar na'urorin sikelin atom a cikin silicon da germanium ta amfani da daidaitattun atom na binciken microscopy. Kungiyar bincikenta ita ce kawai rukuni a duk duniya da za ta iya ƙirƙirar na'urori masu inganci a cikin silicon - su ma ƙungiya ce ta farko a duniya don haɓaka &quot;cikakken&quot; Transistor guda ɗaya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fuechsle |first=Martin |last2=Miwa |first2=Jill A. |last3=Mahapatra |first3=Suddhasatta |last4=Ryu |first4=Hoon |last5=Lee |first5=Sunhee |last6=Warschkow |first6=Oliver |last7=Hollenberg |first7=Lloyd C. L. |last8=Klimeck |first8=Gerhard |last9=Simmons |first9=Michelle Y. |date=2012-02-19 |title=A single-atom transistor |journal=[[Nature Nanotechnology]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=242–246 |bibcode=2012NatNa...7..242F |doi=10.1038/nnano.2012.21 |issn=1748-3387 |pmid=22343383 |s2cid=14952278}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma mafi ƙanƙanta da ke gudanar da wayoyin doped a cikin silicone. 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Dame Molly Morag Stevens''' ita ce Farfesa John Black na Bionanoscience a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ta Sashen Physiology, Anatomy &amp; Genetics . Ita ce Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Kavli don Binciken Nanoscience kuma memba ne na Sashen Kimiyya na Injiniya da Cibiyar Injiniya ta Biomedical .

Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Bath, inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na BPharm . Daga baya ta sami digiri na PhD daga Jami'ar Nottingham don bincike ta amfani da microscopy na atomatik don bincika mannewa da injiniya.

== Ayyuka da bincike ==
Bayan bincikenta na digiri, ta koma Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike na postdoctoral kafin ta shiga Kwalejin Imperial ta London a 2004 sannan kuma [[Jami'ar Oxford]] a 2023 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Molly Stevens -  People - Engineering Science Department |url=https://eng.ox.ac.uk/people/molly-stevens |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=eng.ox.ac.uk |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004 Stevens ta kafa The Stevens Group, ƙungiyar bincike ta fannoni da yawa na injiniyoyin halittu, masana kimiyya na kayan aiki, masana sunadarai, masana kimiyyar halittu, masanan kimiyyar lissafi da likitoci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=The Stevens Group |url=https://www.stevensgroup.org/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The Stevens Group |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daraja da kyaututtuka ===
2010: A shekara ta 2010 ta sami lambar yabo ta International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) don kerawa a kimiyyar polymer, [1] Cibiyar Kayayyaki, Ma'adanai da Ma'adinai Rosenhain Medal [2] da kuma lambar yabo ta Norman Heatley don bincike tsakanin fannoni daga Royal Society of Chemistry.[3] Tana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Edita na ACS Nano . [4]

'''2013:''' A cikin 2013 ta gabatar da Woolmer Lecture na Cibiyar Physics da Injiniya a Medicine . A shekara ta 2013 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Karen Burt Memorial Award daga Kungiyar Injiniyan Mata, wanda aka ba wa sabuwar mace a aikin injiniya, kimiyya mai amfani ko IT.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Previous Karen Burt Award Winners {{!}} Women's Engineering Society |url=https://www.wes.org.uk/content/previous-karen-burt-award-winners |access-date=2018-12-16 |website=www.wes.org.uk |archive-date=2020-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923230147/https://www.wes.org.uk/content/previous-karen-burt-award-winners/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''2018:''' An nada ta a matsayin mai kula da National Gallery of the United Kingdom a shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister Appoints 2 Trustees to the National Gallery |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-appoints-2-trustees-to-the-national-gallery |website=GOV.UK}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe lambar yabo da lambar yabo ta Rosalind Franklin ta Cibiyar Kimiyya ta 2018 (IOP). A cikin 2019 an zabi Stevens a matsayin memba na kasashen waje na Kwalejin Injiniya ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]  kuma ta sami [[Kabiller Prize in Nanoscience and Nanomedicine|Kyautar Kabiller Young Investigator]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Academy of Engineering Elects 86 Members and 18 Foreign Members |url=https://www.nae.edu/204037.aspx?hootPostID=f7e2b4d72f0f1b577c6a242a109548a3 |access-date=5 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Molly Stevens of Imperial College London receives Kabiller Young Investigator Award |url=https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2019/07/nanotechnology-pioneer-chad-mirkin-wins-kabiller-prize-in-nanoscience-and-nanomedicine |publisher=Northwestern University}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Outstanding scientists elected as Fellows and Foreign Members of the Royal Society &amp;#124; Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2020/04/outstanding-scientists-elected-as-fellows-and-foreign-members-of-the-royal-society/ |website=royalsociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''2019:''' Jami'ar Bath ta ba Stevens lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science (DSc). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Molly Morag Stevens:oration |url=https://www.bath.ac.uk/corporate-information/molly-morag-stevens-oration/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=www.bath.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''2021:''' A cikin 2021 Stevens ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Tarayyar Tarayyar Turai ta Biochemical Societies (FEBS) EMBO Women in Science . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Molly Stevens receives the FEBS {{!}} EMBO Women in Science Award 2021 – Press releases – EMBO |url=https://www.embo.org/press-releases/molly-stevens-receives-the-febs-embo-women-in-science-award-2021/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''2023:''' A cikin 2023 an ba Stevens lambar yabo ta Novo Nordisk saboda aikinta na farko a cikin sababbin hanyoyin injiniyan halittu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Professor Molly Stevens wins 2023 Novo Nordisk Prize {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/243312/professor-molly-stevens-wins-2023-novo/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Imperial News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professor Dame Molly Stevens receives the Novo Nordisk Prize |url=https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/news/professor-dame-molly-stevens-receives-the-novo-nordisk-prize |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.dpag.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''2024:''' A cikin 2024 an nada Stevens a matsayin Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) a cikin Girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2024 don hidimomi ga magani.

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Marguerite Bukuru</title>
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'''Marguerite Bukuru''' (12 ga watan Fabrairu 1955 - 26 ga watan Agusta 2023) 'Yar siyasa ce kuma ma'aikaciyar gwamnati ta Burundi wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Minister of Social Action, Human Rights and Women's Empowerment|Ministar Ayyukan Jama'a, 'Yancin Ɗan Adam da Ƙarfafa Mata]] da kuma [[Minister of Public Service|Ministar Ayyukan Jama'a]]. Ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], da kuma alkaliyar kotun ɗaukaka ƙara.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Bukuru a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu, 1955, a [[Gisagara-Gasunu]] a cikin Commune of Giheta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mizero |first=Mireille |date=2023-09-01 |title=Hommages à Madame Bukuru Marguerite (Maggy) |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/hommages-a-madame-bukuru-marguerite-maggy/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=IWACU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayenta sun ƙarfafa ta ta sami ilimi wanda ya saba wa ƙa'idodin zamantakewa na Burundi, har ma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliya a aji a makaranta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ta halarci [[Jami'ar Burundi]] a Faculty of Law kuma ta gabatar da takardar digirinta ''mai taken Hakkoki da Wajibcin Aure a Dokokin Farar Hula na Burundi''. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshen shekarun 1970, ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a makarantun firamare da sakandare. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot; /&gt;

Bukuru ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga Ministar Tambayoyin Mata [[Euphrasie Kandeke]], inda ta yi aiki don nemo dokoki masu nuna wariya da za a gyara kuma ta sami kwarin gwiwa wajen shiga cikin hakkokin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot;/&gt;  Bayan an naɗa ta darakta-janar na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata, daga ƙarshe aka naɗa ta [[Minister of Social Action, Human Rights and Women's Empowerment|Ministar Ayyukan Jin Daɗi, 'Yancin Ɗan Adam da Ƙarfafa Mata]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mizero |first=Mireille |date=2023-09-01 |title=Hommages à Madame Bukuru Marguerite (Maggy) |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/hommages-a-madame-bukuru-marguerite-maggy/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=IWACU}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMizero2023&quot;&gt;Mizero, Mireille (1 September 2023). [https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/hommages-a-madame-bukuru-marguerite-maggy/ &quot;Hommages à Madame Bukuru Marguerite (Maggy)&quot;]. ''IWACU''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 January&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin [[Minister of Public Service|Ministar Ayyukan Jama'a]], kuma ta kasance alkaliya kafin ta yi aiki a Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Ngozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bukuru 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite interview |first=Marguerite |last=Bukuru |title=My take, your take: Women's rights in Burundi, then and now |url=https://africa.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2021/03/youth-take---womens-rights-in-burundi-then-and-now |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917232741/https://africa.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2021/03/youth-take---womens-rights-in-burundi-then-and-now |archive-date=2025-09-17 |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=UN Women – Africa |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bukuru ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin jami'in Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, ciki har da jami'ar kare hakkin ɗan adam a wasu ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, ciki har da [[MINUSCA]], rundunar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Côte d'Ivoire, da kuma tawagar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Tarayyar Afirka a Darfur. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot;/&gt; Sauran ayyukan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ta yi sun haɗa da ba da shawara a fannoni da suka shafi shari'a kamar [[Hukumar gaskiya|kwamitocin]] [[Adalci Mai juyawa|adalci na wucin gadi]] da na gaskiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot; /&gt; Ta himmatu ga kare hakkin mata kuma ta jagoranci tarurrukan ƙarawa juna sani da dama a taron duniya kan mata, 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot; /&gt; Mireille Misero ta kira ta &quot;ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan [Burundi] mafi shahara&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot; /&gt;

Bukuru ta yi aure da mijinta fiye da shekaru 42, kuma suna da 'ya'ya huɗu da jikoki biyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot;/&gt; An san ta a cikin danginta da Mama Nadège. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot; /&gt;

Bukuru ta rasu a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, 2023 a Asibitin Aga Khan da ke [[Nairobi]]. Tana da shekaru 68. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mizero 2023&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Marie-Thérèse Abena Ondoa</title>
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'''Marie-Thérèse Abena Ondoa''' (née '''aka''' haife a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, 1942 a Douala) ƙwararriyar masaniya ce kuma 'yar siyasa '[[Kamaru|yar ƙasar Kamaru]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government Officials Marie Thérèse Abena Ondoa |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/person/Marie-Th-r-se-Abena-Ondoa-1384}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta kasance Ministar Ƙarfafa Mata da Iyali tun daga shekarar 2009. Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar sashen likitanci na [[Jami'ar Yaoundé|Jami'ar Yaounde]] kafin naɗinta a matsayin Minista. &lt;ref name=&quot;CPL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elvis |first=Tah |title=Profiling The New Cabinet Ministers |url=http://www.cameroonpostline.com/profiling-the-new-cabinet-ministers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603034330/https://cameroonpostline.com/profiling-the-new-cabinet-ministers/ |archive-date=3 June 2019 |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Cameroon Post Line}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Marie-Thérèse Abena Ondoa : une pédiatre au chevet de la famille |url=http://www.camerounlink.net/news/?SessionID=U3BA5OEX3KDXS5OHKWP6AZQGYC0HOF&amp;cl1=8&amp;cl2=69&amp;bnid=84&amp;wid=2&amp;kid=46905 |website=camerounlink.net}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan ilimi da na likitanci ==
Ondoa farfesa ce a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Yaoundé, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013–2014 |title=Faculté de Médecine de Yaoundé |url=http://www.fmsb.uninet.cm/?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=54&amp;Itemid=69 |website=fmsb.uninet.cm |access-date=2026-03-12 |archive-date=2018-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927005350/http://www.fmsb.uninet.cm/?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=54&amp;Itemid=69 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakiyar Shugabar wannan malamar, mai kula da [[bincike]] da haɗin gwiwa; &lt;ref name=&quot;CL&quot;/&gt; kuma shugabar Sashen Yara na Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar (CHU) ta [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Cameroun: Marie-Thérèse Abena Ondoa née Obama, ministre de la Promotion de la Femme et de la Famille |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200907010349.html |website=fr.allafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An naɗa ta darakta a asibitin yankin Yaoundé a ranar 17 ga watan Maris, 2009, inda ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Kamaru da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Hôpital central de Yaoundé : le Pr. Obama, nouveau médecin traitant |url=http://www.santetropicale.com/cameroun/actus.asp?id=8367 |website=santetropicale.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
A shekarar 2009, watanni huɗu bayan naɗinta a matsayin shugabar asibitin yankin da ke Yaounde, an naɗa ta Ministar Ƙarfafa Mata da Iyali, inda ta maye gurbin [[Suzanne Mbomback]] wacce ta riƙe wannan muƙamin daga shekarar 2004. 

An sake naɗa ta don ta gudanar da waɗannan ayyukan a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministocin da aka yi a ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba, 2015, a majalisar ministocin Philemon Yang. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Abena Ondoa née Obama Marie Thérèse |url=http://www.spm.gov.cm/gouvernement/composition/abena-ondoa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20101214000000/http://www.spm.gov.cm/gouvernement/composition/abena-ondoa.html |archive-date=14 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da kasafin kuɗi na kusan biliyan 7 [[CFA franc na Tsakiyar Afrika|na CFA francs]] (fiye da Yuro miliyan 10 kacal), ƙarin kashi 21% idan aka kwatanta da adadin shekarar da ta gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=2016 Budget-Ministry of Women's Empowerment and the Family |url=http://sisterspeak237.com/2016-budget-ministry-of-womens-empowerment-and-the-family/ |website=sisterspeak237.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A [[International Day of Children's Rights|ranar kare hakkin yara ta duniya]] ta uku a shekarar 2016, ta yi Allah wadai da auren yara ƙanana, wanda ke shafar 'yan mata musamman ta hanyar hana su ilimi da kuma hana su samun ƙarfi. Ta yi kira ga shugabannin al'umma da na addini, da kuma 'yan jarida da shugabannin gidaje, da su yaƙi wannan al'ada da &quot;sauran munanan al'adu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Cameroun : la 3e édition de la préservation des droits des enfants célébrée à Yaound |url=http://camer.be/47404/11:1/cameroun-la-3e-edition-de-la-preservation-des-droits-des-enfants-celebree-a-yaounde-cameroon.html |website=camer.be}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin bikin tunawa da ranar kare hakkin yara ta duniya ta 14 a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, 2025, ta ambaci mafi munin shari'o'i, ciki har da kisan wani yaro ɗan shekara 11 Ndzie Karl Olivier Ethan, wanda aka kashe a gidansa da ke unguwar Minkan a Yaounde watanni da suka gabata. Lamarin ya faru ne kwanaki kaɗan bayan kisan wata yarinya 'yar shekara uku a Manjo a yankin Littoral. Ta yi nadama, wanda aka yaɗa a shafukan sada zumunta da na gargajiya, ya haifar da fushi mai yawa. Farfesa Abena Ondoa, a cikin sanarwar ta yi Allah wadai da duk wani nau'in tashin hankali da keta haƙƙin yara, tana mai jaddada cewa waɗannan ayyukan suna da alaƙa da haƙƙin duk wani abu da yaro ke da shi wanda shine haƙƙin rayuwa. Ministan ya kuma yi kira ga iyaye da masu kula da yara da su yi taka-tsantsan sosai don kare yara da kuma hana sake afkuwar irin wannan bala'i. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women’s empowerment minister decries surge in crimes against children |url=https://theguardianpostcameroon.com/post/6132/en/homewomens-empowerment-minister-decries-surge-in-crimes-against-children-home |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=Women’s empowerment minister decries surge in crimes against children |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Myma Belo-Osagie</title>
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'''Myma Adwowa Belo-Osagie''' (wacce aka fi sani da Bentsi-Enchill), abokiyar hulɗa ce ta gudanarwa a kamfanin lauyoyi ''na Udo Udoma &amp; Belo-Osagie'' da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. Ta kammala karatun digiri a [[Jami'ar Ghana]] da kuma Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stocks |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=45719877&amp;privcapId=35854150 |website=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana aiki a Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Duniya a Ofishin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Harvard]], kuma memba ce a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Afirka ta Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Jami'ar Harvard. 

Tana cikin tawagar da ta tsara ''Dokar Sadarwa ta Najeriya ta 2003'', kuma Gwamnatin Najeriya ta riƙe ta don taimakawa wajen tsara ''dokokin iskar gas na ƙasa'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2016 Alumni Lecture by Dr. (Mrs.) Myma Belo Osagie {{!}} University of Ghana |url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/events/2016-alumni-lecture-dr-mrs-myma-belo-osagie |access-date=2018-07-15 |website=www.ug.edu.gh |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Myma Belo-Osagie ta yi karatun sakandare a makarantar Achimota mai daraja kafin ta kammala karatun digiri na LL.B daga [[Jami'ar Ghana]] a shekarar 1975. Ta ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana kuma an kira ta zuwa aikin lauya a shekarar 1977. Ta kammala karatun digiri na LL.M daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard a shekarar 1978 sannan ta ci jarrabawar [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] a shekarar 1984, inda ta ba ta damar yin aiki a Najeriya da Ghana. Ta kammala karatun digiri na SL.D daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard a shekarar 1985. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MYMA BELO-OSAGIE |url=http://www.uubo.org/people/myma-belo-osagie/ |website=www.uubo.org |access-date=2026-03-12 |archive-date=2022-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519154244/https://www.uubo.org/people/myma-belo-osagie/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ta fara aikinta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare a Rijistar Kotun Koli ta Accra, Ghana a shekarar 1973. A lokacin da take karatun digirin digirgir, ta kasance Mataimakiyar Bincike ga Shugaban Nazarin Shari'a na Duniya, Dean David Smith. A shekarar 1985, ta kafa kamfanin lauyoyi Udo Udoma &amp; Belo-Osagie. [1]

Ita mamba ce mai rijista a New York, Ghana, da Najeriya, kuma memba ce a Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Myma Belo-Osagie – African Leadership Academy |url=http://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/profiles/dr-myma-belo-osagie/ |access-date=2018-07-15 |website=African Leadership Academy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Myma Belo-Osagie tana auren Hakeem Belo-Osagie kuma suna da 'ya'ya huɗu tare, ciki har da [[Yasmin Belo-Osagie]] . Asalinta 'yar Ghana ce.  

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==
An zaɓi Belo-Osagie a matsayin memba na girmamawa na duniya na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a watan Afrilun 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Newly Elected Fellows |url=https://www.amacad.org/content/members/newfellows.aspx?s=a |website=www.amacad.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Afirka ta Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka suna ɗaukar nauyin ''shirin lacca na Hakeem &amp; Myma Belo-Osagie mai daraja a fannin Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci na Afirka'' kowace shekara tun daga shekarar 2015.  

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Mariam Eniola Bolaji</title>
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Mariam Eniola Bolaji (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2005) [1] 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya. Ta kasance ta 1 a duniya a cikin SL3 Category ta Para Badminton World Federation . [2] Ta yi gasa a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2024, inda ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar SL3 ta mata.

Ita ce 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta sami lambar yabo a wasanni a ko dai wasannin Olympics ko Paralympics, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paris 2024: Nigeria's Mariam Eniola Bolaji makes her mark |url=https://www.paralympic.org/paris-2024/feature/nigeria-mariam-eniola-bolaji-makes-her-mark |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta lashe tagulla a cikin mata na SL3 a wasannin da aka yi a Paris. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Popoola |first=Oluwadare |date=2024-09-02 |title=Bolaji makes history with Bronze medal win for Nigeria at the Paralympic Games |url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2024/09/02/bolaji-makes-history-with-bronze-medal-win-for-nigeria-at-the-paralympic-games/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nasararta ta nuna lambar yabo ta farko ta Najeriya a wasannin Paralympics na Paris . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leaks |first=The Daily |date=2024-09-02 |title=Mariam Bolaji becomes first African to win badminton medal |url=https://thedailyleaks.com/mariam-bolaji-becomes-first-african-to-win-badminton-medal/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=The Daily Leaks |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Mariam_Eniola_Bolaji.jpg|center|thumb|354x354px|Eniola a cikin Vitoria-Gasteiz]]

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Mories Atoki</title>
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'''Mories Atoki''' lauya ce kuma babbar jami'ar kasuwanci ta Najeriya. An naɗa ta a matsayin Shugaba a African Business Coalition For Health (ABC Health) a watan Mayun 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-19 |title=ABCHealth appoints Atoki new Chief Executive Officer |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/05/abchealth-appoints-atoki-new-chief-executive-officer/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-18 |title=ABCHealth appoints Mories Atoki as the new Chief Executive Officer {{!}} CEO Business Africa |url=https://ceobusinessafrica.com/abchealth-appoints-mories-atoki-as-the-new-chief-executive-officer/,%20https://ceobusinessafrica.com/abchealth-appoints-mories-atoki-as-the-new-chief-executive-officer/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atoki tana da takardar shaidar Innovating for Sustainability daga Harvard Business School, kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a Makarantar Kasuwanci da Kuɗi ta London. Kafin naɗinta a ABC Health, ta yi aiki a PricewaterhouseCoopers, inda ta jagoranci ƙungiyar Dorewa da Sauyin Yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mories Atoki |url=https://www.propakwestafrica.com/about/conference/speakers/speaker-detail/mories-atoki |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.propakwestafrica.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207224132/https://www.propakwestafrica.com/about/conference/speakers/speaker-detail/mories-atoki |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Atoki ta ce rashin ɗa da ta yi ya sa ta koma harkar kasuwanci. [1]

== Manazarta ==

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'''Marguerite Ramadan''' (née '''Nzapaoko'''; an haife ta a ranar 19 ga 5 Yuli 1953) 'yar siyasa ce ta Afirka ta Tsakiya kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Nzapaoko a ranar 19 ga watan Yuli, 1953. Ta yi karatun aikin zamantakewa a Cibiyar Sabis da Bincike ta Montrouge daga watan Oktoba, 1977 zuwa watan Yuni, 1980. Bugu da ƙari, ta kuma yi rajista a Jami'ar Paris II, inda ta yi karatun shari'a da ilimin zamantakewa daga watan Oktoba, 1978 zuwa watan Yuni, 1980. {{Sfn|Prime Minister's Office of Central African Republic|2015}}

== Aiki ==
Ramadan ta shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a a cikin shekara guda da ba a sani ba. Daga shekarun 1996 zuwa 2003, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Tallafawa Mata. A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin darakta janar, ta kuma zama Jami'ar Jakadancin Tallafawa Mata (2000-2003) da kuma Shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa na Yaƙi da Ayyuka Masu Cutarwa da Cin Zarafin Mata da 'Yan Mata (1996-2004). A shekarar 2004, an naɗa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Harkokin Jama'a da Tallafawa Jinsi ga Firayim Minista. A halin yanzu, ta kuma riƙe wasu muƙamai kamar Memba ta Ƙungiyar Kammalawa don Tsarin Dabaru na Ƙasa don Yaƙi da HIV/AIDS (2006), memba ta Kwamitin Edita don Tsarin Aiki na Ƙasa don Yaƙi da Cin Zarafin Jinsi (2006), memba ta Kwamitin Edita da Rahoton Farko kan Aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Kawar da Duk Wani Nau'in Wariya ga Mata (CEDEF; 2007). {{Sfn|Prime Minister's Office of Central African Republic|2015}} A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu 2023, Djotodia ta naɗa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Sashen Ilimi, Lafiya, Harkokin Jama'a, da Tallafawa Jinsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ACAP |first=ACAP |title=Le Président Michel Djotodja Am Nondroko nomme des fonctionnaires à des postes de responsabilités |url=https://www.acap.cf/Le-President-Michel-Djotodja-Am-Nondroko-nomme-des-fonctionnaires-a-des-postes-de-responsabilites_a5228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104082529/http://www.acap.cf/Le-President-Michel-Djotodja-Am-Nondroko-nomme-des-fonctionnaires-a-des-postes-de-responsabilites_a5228.html |archive-date=4 November 2017 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=acap.cf |publisher=Agence Presse Centrafrique}}&lt;/ref&gt; Touadera ta naɗa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Harkokin Jama'a, Tallafawa Jinsi da Sulhu a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centrafrique Libre |first=Centrafrique Libre |title=La primature a de nouveaux membres du cabinet |url=http://news.abangui.com/h/52989.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305233856/http://news.abangui.com/h/52989.html |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=news.abangui.com |publisher=Centrafrique Libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ramadan ta kafa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar IAC ta Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. {{Sfn|Prime Minister's Office of Central African Republic|2015}} A matsayinta na shugabar IAC ta Afirka, ta Tsakiya IAC ta kafa tallafi ga waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu bisa ga jinsi a lokacin rikicin tare da taimakon Mata na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kuma ta shirya wani bita kan illolin da ke tattare da yanke kaciya da sauran cin zarafin da suka shafi jinsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bissanguim |first=Jonas |title=L'ONG CIAF sensibilise les populations de Bégoua sur les violences basées sur le genre et les droits humains |url=https://www.acap.cf/L-ONG-CIAF-sensibilise-les-populations-de-Begoua-sur-les-violences-basees-sur-le-genre-et-les-droits-humains_a6966.html |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=acap.cf |publisher=Agence Centrafrique Presse }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gbagbo |first=Nina |title=Centrafrique: Les pairs éducateurs en formation sur les violences basées sur le genre |url=https://www.acap.cf/Centrafrique-Les-pairs-educateurs-en-formation-sur-les-violences-basees-sur-le-genre_a1984.html |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=acap.cf |publisher=Agence Centrafrique Presse }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga haka, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Mata ta Kasa ta Yankin Manyan Tafkuna. An zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta  Afirka ta Tsakiya (OFCA) a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli, 2017 na wa'adin shekaru huɗu, inda ta maye gurbin Marguerite Kofio bayan ta kayar da Cécile Nguéret. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=RJDH |first=RJDH |title=Centrafrique : Un nouveau bureau pour la relance de l'OFCA |url=http://news.abangui.com/h/59111.html |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=news.abangui.com |publisher=RJDH}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan zaɓen, ta yi alƙawarin cewa OFCA za ta tsara da aiwatar da shirin aiki ga dukkan ayyukanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biongo |first=François |title=Marguerite Ramadan élue Présidente de l'Organisation des Femmes Centrafricaines |url=https://www.acap.cf/Marguerite-Ramadan-elue-Presidente-de-l-Organisation-des-Femmes-Centrafricaines_a7845.html |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=acap.cf |publisher=Agence Centrafrique Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt; A da, ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na OFCA. A lokacin da take shugabantar OFCA, ta tsara shirin dabarun kungiyar na shekaru biyar da taswirar hanya don magance matsalolin mata kuma ta roƙi Touadera da ta samar da ƙarin sarari ga mata da kuma aiwatar da dokar daidaiton jinsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UN Women Africa |first=UN Women Africa |title=My Take, Your Take: Ushering in a new generation of women leaders in Central African Republic |url=https://africa.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2020/02/my-take-your-take-new-generation-of-women-leaders-in-central-african-republic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924024330/https://africa.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2020/02/my-take-your-take-new-generation-of-women-leaders-in-central-african-republic |archive-date=24 September 2023 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=africa.unwomen.org |publisher=UN Women Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ACAP |first=ACAP |title=Journée internationale de la femme : l'Organisation des femmes centrafricaines remet un mémorandum au Président Faustin-Archange Touadéra |url=https://www.acap.cf/Journee-internationale-de-la-femme-l-Organisation-des-femmes-centrafricaines-remet-un-memorandum-au-President-Faustin_a8409.html |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=acap.cf |publisher=Agence Centrafrique Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radio Ndeke Luka |first=Radio Ndeke Luka |title=Marche et un mémorandum des femmes pour exiger l'application du décret sur la loi de parité |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/31166-marche-et-un-memorandum-des-femmes-pour-exiger-l-application-du-decret-sur-la-loi-de-parite |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Henri-Marie Dondra ta naɗa Ramadan a matsayin Ministar Tallafawa Jinsi, Kare Mata, Iyali da Yara a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ndeke Luka |first=Ndeke Luka |title=Centrafrique: 32 ministres dont 7 femmes forment le nouveau gouvernement |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/37098-centrafrique-32-ministres-dont-7-femmes-forment-le-nouveau-gouvernement |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2023, ta zama ministar lafiya mai riƙon kwarya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ndeke Luka |first=Ndeke Luka |title=Vaccination contre polio et Covid-19 : plus d'un million et demi de personnes visées en Centrafrique |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/40576-vaccination-contre-polio-et-covid-19-plus-d-un-million-et-demi-de-personnes-visees-en-centrafrique |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408160911/https://www.radiondekeluka.org/40576-vaccination-contre-polio-et-covid-19-plus-d-un-million-et-demi-de-personnes-visees-en-centrafrique |archive-date=8 April 2025 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sauka daga muƙamin minista a ranar 5 ga watan Janairu 2024 kuma Marthe Kirimat ta maye gurbinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radio Ndeke Luka |first=Radio Ndeke Luka |title=Centrafrique : remaniement technique du gouvernement Moloua |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/62463-centrafrique-remaniement-technique-du-gouvernement-moloua |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910165651/https://www.radiondekeluka.org/62463-centrafrique-remaniement-technique-du-gouvernement-moloua |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na ministar Tallafawa Jinsi, ta nemi Touadera da ta kafa wata hukumar sa ido kan hakkokin mata, National Observatory for Gender Parity. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ACAP |first=ACAP |title=Célébration de la Journée internationale des droits des femmes Edition 2022 en RCA |url=https://www.acap.cf/Celebration-de-la-Journee-internationale-des-droits-des-femmes-Edition-2022-en-RCA_a11515.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331084453/https://www.acap.cf/Celebration-de-la-Journee-internationale-des-droits-des-femmes-Edition-2022-en-RCA_a11515.html |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=acap.cf |publisher=Agence Centrafrique Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ta auri Gaston Ramadan Mamata (?-2014) kuma ta zama matarsa ta biyu. A shekarar 2021, 'ya'yanta biyu sun zargi Ramadan da zamba a takardar shaidar aure ta hanyar ikirarin cewa ita ce matar Mamata ta farko kuma ta tsara cewa ta kwace duk kadarorin Mamata ba tare da bin ka'ida ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikicin gado. Sakamakon haka, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta biyu ya shigar da ƙara a kotu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saramalet |first=Brice Ledoux |title=Centrafrique: Affaire héritage : Marie-Laure et Nathalie Ramadan réclament justice |url=https://oubanguimedias.com/2021/08/19/centrafrique-affaire-heritage-marie-laure-et-nathalie-ramadan-reclament-justice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617212645/https://oubanguimedias.com/2021/08/19/centrafrique-affaire-heritage-marie-laure-et-nathalie-ramadan-reclament-justice/ |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=oubanguimedias.com |publisher=Oubangui Medias}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==

* [[Fayil:Order_of_Merit_-_Knight_(Central_African_Republic).png|70x70px]], Kyautar Kwararrun Jarumai na Afirka ta Tsakiya. {{Sfn|Prime Minister's Office of Central African Republic|2015}}
* Kwamandan Rundunar Amincewa da Afirka ta Tsakiya. {{Sfn|Prime Minister's Office of Central African Republic|2015}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
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'''Marie Solange Pagonendji-Ndakala''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 1962) 'yar siyasa ce [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|ta Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] wacce ita ce Ministar Iyali, Harkokin Jama'a da Haɗin Kan Ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Department of State Archive - Central African Republic (08/05) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/centralafricanrepublic/51018.htm |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=2009-2017.state.gov |publisher=U.S. State Department}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2011, ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Jinsi da 'Yancin Ɗan Adam, a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lamba |first=Sébastien |date=October 19, 2011 |title=MP Marie Solange Ndakala Pagonendji notes the collapse of a bridge and the flooding of the districts of the 6th District |url=https://www.acap.cf/La-depute-Marie-Solange-Ndakala-Pagonendji-constate-l-effondrement-d-un-pont-et-l-inondation-des-quartiers-du-6eme_a4426.html |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=acap.cf |format=In French }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
An haife ta a Bangui a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 1962, Ndakala Banda ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSPN&quot;/&gt; Ta yi karatu kuma ta kammala a {{Interlanguage link|École nationale d'administration et de magistrature|fr|École nationale d'administration et de magistrature (République centrafricaine)}}. Daga nan ta yi aiki a Ofishin Centrafricain de la sécurité sociale a shekarar 1991 da kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida. Daga watan Satumba zuwa watan Oktoba 2003, ta halarci Dialogue national.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSPN&quot;/&gt; 

A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, 2004, Bozizé ya naɗa Ndakala a matsayin ministar iyali da harkokin zamantakewa. Daga nan ta zama ministar ci gaban yawon buɗe ido da sana'o'i daga shekarun 2009 zuwa 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSPN&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Richard |title=Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |location=Lanham, Maryland |page=587}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin zaɓen shekara ta 2011, ta lashe kujera a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa da ke wakiltar Gundumar Farko ta Bambari. Ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisa har zuwa shekara ta 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSPN&quot;/&gt; 

Jami'an tsaro sun kama Ndakala a Bangui a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, 2025 saboda karya katangar gidan ASCENA da kuma lalata kadarorin wasu mutane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ndeke Luka |first=Ndeke Luka |date=16 June 2025 |title=L'ancienne ministre Pagonendji Ndakala arrêtée en lien avec l'affaire de la cité Asecna |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/86516-lancienne-ministre-pagonendji-ndakala-arretee-en-lien-avec-laffaire-de-la-cite-asecna |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Morenike Molehin''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1989) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan jarida a Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mix |first=Pulse |date=2023-08-10 |title=Next Generation of Female Leaders: Junior Achievement Nigeria, Union Bank host 22nd LEAD Camp featuring Morenike Molehin, Vanessa Ojekwe, Simi and others |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/events/next-generation-of-female-leaders-junior-achievement-nigeria-union-bank-host-22nd/j86mdxg |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akinyemi |first=Bioluwatife |date=2023-11-02 |title=The RoundTable event with Morenike Molehin gears up for its second edition |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/the-roundtable-event-gears-up-for-its-second-edition/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta kafa Oak da Teak kuma ita ce ta shirya taron GWR. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Every Woman in business needs a support system'' 5 Things we learnt from Morenike Molehin's Lady Boss Interview. – Leading Ladies Africa |url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/every-woman-business-needs-support-system-5-things-learnt-morenike-molehins-lady-boss-interview/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2023, ta lashe [[Kyautar ELOY|kyaututtukan ELOY]] don 'Yan kasuwa na Shekara.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Morenike Molehin a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1989, a Ijebu-Ode, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya, ga Bolajoko Abiodun da Olubunmi Ganiat Odutola, a matsayin babbar 'yar'uwa a cikin 'yan'uwa uku. Molehin ta fara karatunta na asali a Makarantar Nursery and Primary School ta St. Anthony, sannan ta sami karatun sakandare daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Dansol. [1]

A shekarar 2009, ta sami digirin farko a fannin Lissafin Masana'antu daga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Covenant]], Ota, Najeriya, daga baya kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Lissafin Kuɗi da Lissafi daga Jami'ar Leicester, Burtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoja |first=Simeon |date=2021-06-08 |title=Meet Morenike Molehin, Nigeria's fast-rising Interior Design Queen |url=https://businesselitesafrica.com/2021/06/08/morenike-molehin-founder-and-ceo-of-oak-and-teak/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Business Elites Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2023-05-27 |title=Morenike Molehin joins Omon Odike on “Omon's Couch” |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/05/morenike-molehin-on-omons-couch/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website= |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 2009 da 2010, Morenike Molehin ta yi aiki a Exxon Mobil. A shekarar 2012, ta zama Manajan Darakta a Kamfanin Newer Heights Limited a shekarar 2013, inda ta yi aiki har zuwa 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I Have Been Inspired To Do More By The Things That Made Me Fail - Morenike Molehin |url=https://www.spreaker.com/episode/i-have-been-inspired-to-do-more-by-the-things-that-made-me-fail-morenike-molehin--36375456 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website= |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2013, Molehin ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da sha'awarta ta kuma kafa kamfanin ƙirar cikin gida nata mai suna &quot;Oak and Teak&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-12-23 |title=Biography of Morenike Molehin |url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/morenike-molehin/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2017, ta bar aikinta na Manajan Darakta don mai da hankali kan kamfaninta na cikakken lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
A shekarar 2024, Mujallar Gabi ta ambaci Molehin a cikin Manyan Mata 100 na Afirka, Masu Aiki a Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=GABI RELEASES 2024 LIST OF THE TOP 100 WOMEN IN AFRICA • GABI |url=https://gabimag.com/gabi-releases-2024-list-of-the-top-100-women-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=gabimag.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519003257/https://gabimag.com/gabi-releases-2024-list-of-the-top-100-women-in-africa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2023, ta lashe kyautar [[Kyautar ELOY|Eloy Awards]] ga 'Yan Kasuwa na shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Enyinnia |first=Chigozirim |date=2023-12-03 |title=Meet women who cliched the 2023 ELOY Awards |url=https://businessday.ng/bd-weekender/article/meet-women-who-cliched-the-2023-eloy-awards/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-12-30 |title=ELOY Awards honours resilient women across sectors |url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/eloy-awards-honours-resilient-women-across-sectors/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar, an saka ta cikin Manyan Mata 100 da suka fi kwarin gwiwa a Najeriya kan Jagorancin Mata a Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#IWD2023: Ibukun Awosika, Mary Njoku, Morenike Molehin, Yewande Zaccheaus, and more! Nigeria’s 100 Most Inspiring Women 2023! |url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/nigerias-100-most-inspiring-women-2023/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Leading Ladies Africa |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Morenike Molehin ta auri Abayomi Oluwaseun Molehin a watan Agusta 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sesan |date=2019-07-12 |title=My marriage...MORENIKE MOLEHIN |url=https://punchng.com/my-marriage-morenike-molehin/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare, suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu: Oluwashindara Adaora, wanda aka haifa a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2012, da Oluwadabira Somtochukwu, an haife shi ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-07-09 |title=Morenike Molehin: 'Endeavour to marry a man that will allow you fulfill your aspirations' |url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/morenike-molehin-endeavour-to-marry-a-man-that-will-allow-you-fulfill-your-aspirations/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Morayo Afolabi-Brown</title>
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'''Morayo Afolabi-Brown''' ( wacce '''aka''' haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1980) mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na Najeriya kuma babban darakta na TVC Entertainment Channel. 

Ita ce mataimakiyar darakta a shirye-shirye a [[TVC News]] kuma mai gabatar da shirin karin kumallo, ''Your View'', wanda shirin tattaunawa na Amurka mai ''suna The View ya zaburar da shi.''  

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Afolabi-Brown a matsayin Morayo Aka-Bashorun kuma ita ce 'yar [[Alao Aka-Bashorun]], tsohon shugaban [[Kungiyar Layoyi ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Najeriya]] .  Ta yi karatun kimiyyar siyasa a Rutgers, Jami'ar Jihar New Jersey .  Tun tana ƙarama, mahaifiyarta da kuma littattafai da jawaban [[Abike Dabiri]], [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]], [[Ibukun Awosika]], Oprah Winfrey, da [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] sun yi mata tasiri.  Bayan kimanin shekaru 10 a ƙasashen waje, ta dawo Najeriya a 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morayo Reveals Why She Prefers Withdrawal Method (TVC) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oR91_7vFFrc&amp;ab_channel=TVC |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231118221419/https://tvcentertainment.tv/2019/11/morayo-reveals-why-she-prefers-withdrawal-method/ |archive-date=18 November 2023 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Afolabi-Brown ta fara aikinta a fannin watsa labarai a shekarar 2005 a matsayin manajan sabis na abokan ciniki a CMC Connect, wani kamfanin hulda da jama'a. Daga baya ta koma CUE Media, wani kamfanin haɓaka abun ciki a matsayin shugabar abun ciki da haɓakawa, sannan daga baya ta zama babbar jami'a, tallatawa da bincike. Tana da ra'ayoyi da yawa ciki har da 'Yan Mata (jerin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin), Canjin Rayuwa (Talk Show), da Shop Easy . Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin manajan haɓaka kasuwanci kuma daga baya ta zama shugabar siyan abun ciki da tashoshi a HiTV, kamfanin farko na samar da tashar kebul na asali a Najeriya, kafin a ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta na shirye-shirye a TVC. [1] [2] [3]

A watan Yunin 2023, Afolabi-Brown ta ƙaddamar da littafinta mai taken ''[[Becoming The Queen of Talk TV]]'', kuma ta yi bikin cika shekaru 10 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shirye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2023 |title=TV host Morayo celebrates 10 years broadcast experience, launches book |url=https://mediacareerng.org/2023/06/22/tv-host-morayo-celebrates-10-years-broadcast-experience-launches-book/ }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okonjo |first=Jide |title=Morayo and Husband Discuss Sex Tape Leaks |url=https://vocal.media/humans/morayo-and-husband-discuss-sex-tape-leaks |website=vocal.media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na 2023, an naɗa ta a matsayin manajan darakta na TVC Entertainment Channel a ƙarƙashin TVC Communications. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Afolabi-Brown appointed TVC's Entertainment MD |url=https://mediacareerng.org/2023/12/04/afolabi-brown-appointed-tvcs-entertainment-md/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Media Career Services |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103194516/https://mediacareerng.org/2023/12/04/afolabi-brown-appointed-tvcs-entertainment-md/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ganewa ==
A shekarar 2020, Afolabi-Brown ta kasance ta 18 a cikin mata 25 mafi ƙarfi a fannin aikin jarida a Najeriya a cikin jerin da Mata a fannin aikin jarida a Afirka suka tattara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=30 May 2020 |title=WIJAFRICA presents Nigeria's 25 Most Powerful Women in Journalism |url=https://www.reubenabati.com.ng/index.php/component/k2/item/14937-wijafrica-presents-nigeria-s-25-most-powerful-women-in-journalism |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=Reuben Abati |language=en-gb |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201193926/https://www.reubenabati.com.ng/index.php/component/k2/item/14937-wijafrica-presents-nigeria-s-25-most-powerful-women-in-journalism |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Afolabi-Brown ta auri lauya [[Femi Afolabi-Brown]] a watan Fabrairun 2011.  Suna da 'ya'ya huɗu: 'ya mace (an haife ta a 2012), tagwaye, 'ya mace da ɗa ɗaya (an haife ta a 2014), da kuma ɗa ɗaya (an haife ta a 2019). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 January 2019 |title=TVC's Morayo Afolabi-Brown Welcomes Son |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/01/21/tvc-morayo-brown-welcomes-son/ |website=PM News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Morley Muse</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Morley Muse''' injiniya ce a [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|fannin makamashi mai sabuntawa]] a Ostiraliya, kuma wacce ta kafa iSTEM, wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke tallafawa mata a STEM wajen ilimin STEM, aiki, jagoranci da kuma kasuwanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VU hosts career fair to champion women of colour in STEM &amp;#124; Victoria University |url=https://www.vu.edu.au/about-vu/news-events/news/vu-hosts-career-fair-to-champion-women-of-colour-in-stem}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe kyautar Jagora Mai tasowa ta STEM ta 2022 daga Agenda na Mata, kuma tsohuwar mamba ce a kungiyar ATSE Elevate Advisory. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=Dr Morley Muse - renewable energy engineering |url=https://careerswithstem.com.au/mix-engineering-with-energy-for-a-bright-career/dr-morley-muse-renewable-energy-engineering/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Careers with STEM |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elevate Advisory Group |url=https://www.atse.org.au/career-pathways/elevate/elevate-advisory-group/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=ATSE |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flattley |first=Mike |date=2023-03-10 |title=Cracking the Code - The Royal Society of Victoria |url=https://rsv.org.au/cracking-the-code/,%20https://rsv.org.au/cracking-the-code/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=rsv.org.au |language=en-AU }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Muse ta sami digirin farko a fannin Injiniya a Jami'ar Nottingham, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasahar Wutar Lantarki Mai Dorewa, a Jami'ar South Wales, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morley Muse &amp; Ruwangi Fernando |url=https://bis.amsi.org.au/speakers/morley-muse-ruwangi-fernando/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=BIS 2022 |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan sha'awarta ga makamashi mai dorewa ta fara tun tana 'yar shekara 14, a Najeriya, zuwa ziyara tare da Ƙungiyar Masu Fasaha da Masana Kimiyya ta Ƙananan Injiniyoyi. A ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ziyarar, an nuna muhimmancin rage zubewar ɗanyen mai, da kuma neman hanyoyin samar da makamashi daban-daban. Ta ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Hijira Mai Ƙwarewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beating the bias |url=https://probonoaustralia.com.au/news/2022/11/beating-the-bias/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Pro Bono Australia |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020042801/https://probonoaustralia.com.au/news/2022/11/beating-the-bias/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan Muse ta kammala digirin PhD a fannin makamashi mai sabuntawa a Jami'ar Victoria . 

== Sana'a ==
Muse ta haɗu ta kafa ƙungiyar Mata a Kimiyya da Injiniyanci a Jami'ar Victoria, da nufin ƙarfafa ɗalibai da 'yan mata su bi sahun aiki a STEM. [1] Muse daraktan hukumar Women in STEMM Australia ce, kuma memba ce a kwamitin ba da shawara na shirin Elevate Women in STEM, a cikin Kwalejin Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Australiya . [2]

Muse shine wanda ya kafa iSTEM tare da Dr. Ruwangi Fernando, wani kamfanin bincike da ke ba da damar samar da ayyukan yi ga mata a STEM, tare da mata masu launin fata da kuma mutanen da ba su da bambancin al'adu da harshe. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet: Dr Morley Muse &amp;#124; University of South Wales |url=https://www.southwales.ac.uk/alumni/alumni-stories/meet-dr-morley-muse/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muse ta kuma kasance jakadiyar CSIRO 's Innovation Catalyst Global, wacce ke daukar nauyin kayan aikin Find Her don haɗa mata malamai da abokan hulɗar masana'antu. Muse kuma tana da 'ya'ya maza uku, kuma tana farkawa da ƙarfe 5:00 na safe don yin bimbini. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; Bincikenta ya mayar da hankali kan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɗauke da sinadarin hydrolosis, da kuma amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta da enzymes masu yuwuwar narkewar abinci. Juyawar sharar ƙwayoyin cuta daga ruwan shara zuwa biodiesel, ta amfani da transesterification, zai ba da damar samun makamashi mai ɗorewa, kuma yana iya haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wheeler |first=Michelle |date=2023-03-08 |title=This engineer developed a power source from wastewater |url=https://createdigital.org.au/this-engineer-developed-a-power-source-from-wastewater/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Create |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muse ta wallafa labarai da dama kan yanayin STEMM, wakilci a kimiyyar bayan digiri a Medium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morley Muse |url=https://medium.com/@morleymuse |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Medium |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muse ta lissafa ɗaya daga cikin lokutan da ta fi alfahari da su kamar haka:

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 2022 – Jagora Mai Tasowa a Kyautar STEM, Ajandar Mata &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tu |first=Jessie |date=2023-10-11 |title=Break barriers and create opportunities: Dr Morley Muse on transforming STEM |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/leadership/leadership-awards/break-barriers-and-create-opportunities-dr-morley-muse-on-transforming-stem/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022 – Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Jami'a, Kyautar Tsoffin Daliban Jami'ar Victoria a ƙarƙashin rukunin Rising Star &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Partnership (IAP) |first=the InterAcademy |title=Morley Muse |url=https://www.interacademies.org/person/morley-muse |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=www.interacademies.org |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022 – Kyautar tasirin zamantakewa ta Lift Women ga iSTEM &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title=Your incredible 2022 Female Founder Grant Challenge Winners Announced |url=https://www.liftwomen.com/your-incredible-2022-female-founder-grant-challenge-winners-announced/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Lift Women |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022 – Mai Karshe, Ma'aikatan Dijital: Ƙwarewa don Makomar da Gwamnatin Queensland ke bayarwa (Ma'aikatar Al'umma, Gidaje &amp; Tattalin Arzikin Dijital) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biofuels Researcher: Dr Morley Muse |url=https://www.franc.world/a-franc-chat/dr-morley-muse |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Franc.World |language=en-AU |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021051624/https://www.franc.world/a-franc-chat/dr-morley-muse |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 – Wanda ya yi nasara a gasar cin kofin shugabanni/hukumar gudanarwa a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan daidaito tsakanin jinsi da mata na Australia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=gender equity award finalists |url=https://businessinheels.com/v3-gender-equity-award-finalists/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Business in Heels |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 – Wanda ya lashe kyautar Equity in Innovation Award a Startup Burning Heroes don dandalin DEIR.AI Recruit-Tech na mata a STEM &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richards |first=Will |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Inaugural Burning Heroes Australia Award Winners Provides Diverse Watchlist for VCs |url=https://www.overnightsuccess.vc/startup-news/inaugural-burning-heroes-australia-award-winners |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.overnightsuccess.vc |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024 – Wanda ya lashe kyautar AusMumpreneur ta 2024 a cikin rukunin kyawun harkokin kasuwanci na zamantakewa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 AusMumPreneur Awards Winners {{!}} AusMumpreneur |url=https://ausmumpreneur.com/2024-winners/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo''' Lowumba (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba, 1943) an naɗa ta jakadiyar [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Congo]] a Amurka a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, 2022, ta hannun shugaban Congo [[Félix Tshisekedi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 January 2022 |title=Marie-Helene Mathey Boo nommée ambassadeure extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la RDC auprès des USA |url=https://www.politico.cd/encontinu/2022/01/12/marie-helene-mathey-boo-nommee-ambassadeure-extraordinaire-et-plenipotentiaire-de-la-rdc-aupres-des-usa.html/101910/ |access-date=13 March 2026 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121113914/https://www.politico.cd/encontinu/2022/01/12/marie-helene-mathey-boo-nommee-ambassadeure-extraordinaire-et-plenipotentiaire-de-la-rdc-aupres-des-usa.html/101910/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jakadiya François Nkuna Balumuene ta gabace ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2022 |title=State Department bids farewell to 9 departing foreign ambassadors |url=https://washdiplomat.com/state-department-bids-farewell-to-9-departing-foreign-ambassadors/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin naɗinta, ta yi aiki a matsayin Jakadiyar [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]] a [[Gabon]], Ministar Masana'antu, Kasuwanci, da Nauyi da Ma'auni a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Congo]], da kuma Daraktar Hulɗa da Harkokin Waje da Gudanar da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO)]] da sauran muƙamai. A matsayinta na zuriyar Koko Mwato I, Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo ita ce Shugaba na 12 na Bokoli (Kabilar Ngemoboku) a lardin Mai-Ndombe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Congo.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo a [[Kinshasa]] ga Marie Mpisomi Yamba da Reverend Pierre Boo Nsuba Lokwankosi. Ta hanyar International Christian Youth Exchange, ta sami Difloma ta Makarantar Sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Woodside da ke California sannan daga baya ta yi karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Kwalejin Beaver (wanda yanzu Jami'ar Arcadia ce) da ke Glenside, Pennsylvania. A Jami'ar Free Brussels da ke Belgium (ULB), Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a tare da mai da hankali kan dokokin duniya, wanda hakan ya nuna farkon aikin diflomasiyya da ba da shawara. A nan ne ta haɗu da mijinta René Mathey, wanda ya fito daga maƙwabciyar [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]] kuma 'yar'uwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2022 |title=Félix Tshisekedi nomme Marie Helene Mathey Boo comme ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la RDC auprès des USA |url=https://actualite.cd/2022/01/11/felix-tshisekedi-nomme-marie-helene-mathey-boo-comme-ambassadeur-extraordinaire-et}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ta hanyar dogon aikinta na diflomasiyya a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo]], [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]], [[Najeriya]], da [[Gabon]], Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo ta yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da diflomasiyya tsakanin ƙasashen biyu da kuma ta ɓangarori daban-daban, [[Yanke hukunci|ikon shari'a]], tattalin arziki, tattara albarkatu, hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa, da kuma ci gaban al'umma.

Bayan kammala karatunsu a Belgium, Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo da mijinta René Mathey sun ƙaura zuwa Brazzaville, inda suka fara aikinsu a fannin diflomasiyya. Daga shekarun 1972 zuwa 1973, Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo ta kasance Mai Ba da Shawara ga Ministan Harkokin Waje a [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]]. A wannan matsayin, ta yi shawarwari kan sabbin yarjejeniyoyi na haɗin gwiwa da yarjejeniyoyin Dokar Teku tsakanin Faransa da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]]. Tsakanin shekarun 1973 da 1975, ta yi aiki a wasu muƙamai da dama a Jamhuriyar Congo, ciki har da diflomasiyya da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga majalisar ministocin shugaban ƙasa, mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ga ofishin jakadancin, da kuma farfesa a fannin Dokokin Ƙasa da Diflomasiyya a Jami'ar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa da ke [[Brazzaville]].

A shekarar 1977, Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Jami'ar Cibiyar Ci Gaban Masana'antu da ke Brussels. A wannan lokacin, ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen taron masana'antu na farko a Afirka. A Gabon, ta kafa Institut Sous-Régional de Technologie Appliquée, yayin da take [[Najeriya]], ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktar Ƙasa ta Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Masana'antu ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNIDO).

A matsayinta na Ministar Ciniki, Matsakaici da Ƙananan Masana'antu, da Sana'o'i, tun daga watan Afrilun 2001, ta yi aiki don faɗaɗa ababen more rayuwa da haɓaka saka hannun jari. An naɗa Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo jakadiyar [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] a [[Gabon|Jamhuriyar Gabon]], kuma ta yi wa'adin shekaru biyu daga shekarun 2003 zuwa 2005. Saboda aikinta mai tsawo a Jamhuriyar Gabon, an ba ta lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Commandeur de L'Étoile Équatoriale. Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin babbar darekta ta [[Cibiyar International des Civilizations Bantu|Centre International des Civilizations Bantu]] (CICIBA) daga  shekarun 2005 zuwa 2009. Daga shekarun 2010 zuwa 2021, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara a fannin shari'a, sulhu, da kuma tattara albarkatu.

A ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, 2022, an naɗa Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo a matsayin jakadiya a Amurka a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]], inda ta maye gurbin Jakada François Nkuna Balumuene. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 January 2022 |title=RDC-USA : Hammer disposé à collaborer avec Marie-Hélène Mathey Boo, nouvelle ambassadrice aux USA |url=https://vac-radio.com/2022/01/13/rdc-usa-hammer-dispose-a-collaborer-avec-marie-helene-mathey-boo-nouvelle-ambassadrice-aux-usa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819192346/https://vac-radio.com/2022/01/13/rdc-usa-hammer-dispose-a-collaborer-avec-marie-helene-mathey-boo-nouvelle-ambassadrice-aux-usa/ |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=26 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mirabelle Morah</title>
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'''Mirabelle Morah''' Listenⓘ 'yar kasuwa ce ta zamantakewa kuma ta kafa BlankPaperz Media, dandalin wallafe-wallafen dijital. Morah ta kasance memba a taron 2019 da 2020 Social Enterprise World Forum inda ta yi magana a kan &quot;Innovation in Youth Engagement,&quot; da &quot;Building Youth Movements&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=::: SEWF - Social Enterprise World Forum ::: |url=https://sewfonline.com/home/digital/speakers/#mirabella-morah |website=sewfonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ma mai karɓar Kyautar Ta Network Woman of the Future. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Her |date=October 2, 2019 |title=Meet Mirabelle Morah &amp; Wadi Ben-Hirki; Two Young Women Paving the Path and Shaping the Future. |url=https://www.hernetwork.co/meet-mirabelle-morah-two-young-women-paving-the-path-and-shaping-the-future/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Morah ya girma ne a Calabar, [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]] ta [[Najeriya]] . Bayan makarantar sakandare, ta shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Kirista wacce ta jaddada jagoranci, ci gaban mutum da kuma amfanin jama'a. Ta fara aikin sa kai don hidimar al'umma daga wannan lokacin kuma ta ci gaba da aikin sa kai ta hanyar jami'arta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#LeadYoung &amp;#124; The Story of Mirabelle Morah &amp;#124; Ashoka Africa Youth |url=https://africachangemakers.ashoka.org/en/story/leadyoung-story-mirabelle-morah |website=africachangemakers.ashoka.org |access-date=2026-03-14 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204115223/https://africachangemakers.ashoka.org/en/story/leadyoung-story-mirabelle-morah |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2020 |title=19-Year Old Mirabelle Morah Is Building A Strong Community Of Young African Writers |url=https://womenafrica.com/19-year-old-mirabelle-morah-is-building-a-strong-community-of-young-african-writers/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A watan Afrilun 2016 ta kafa BlankPaperz Media, dandalin bugawa na kan layi. Ya zuwa 2020, dandalin yana da masu ba da gudummawa sama da 170 daga ƙasashe 12 waɗanda suka buga ayyukansu ko kuma an nuna su a kan wallafe-wallafen BlankPaperz na kan layi.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thanks to you writer and storyteller, Mirabelle Morah &amp;#124; British Council |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org.ng/blog/thanks-you-mirabelle-morah |website=www.britishcouncil.org.ng |access-date=2026-03-14 |archive-date=2024-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311190240/https://www.britishcouncil.org.ng/blog/thanks-you-mirabelle-morah |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma amfani da dandalin don shirya horo, bita da irin wannan taron ga matasa, a matakin al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mirabelle Morah |url=https://www.wearefamilyfoundation.org/mirabelle-morah |website=We Are Family Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mirabelle Morah |url=https://changemakerxchange.org/changemaker/mirabelle-morah/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC Sounds - Rethink, Mirabelle Morah: Rethinking Ourselves |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p08j41v4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce babban edita na BlankPaperz . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A watan Janairun 2017, an sanya ta Shugabar Operations of the Calabar Youth Council for Women Rights (CYCWR), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a Calabar, Cross River State, Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mirabelle Morah |url=https://www.f6s.com/mirabellemorah |website=F6S}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ba ta tallafin karatu don shiga cikin Nazarin Cibiyoyin Amurka (SUSI) don Shirin Shugabannin Dalibai na 2017. An gudanar da shirin ne a Jami'ar Jihar California kuma ta yi karatun kasuwanci na zamantakewa, shiga cikin jama'a da ƙwarewar jagoranci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2020 |title=Women should have access to opportunities they deserve – Morah |url=https://punchng.com/women-should-have-access-to-opportunities-they-deserve-morah/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mirabelle Morah – SEWF 2019 |url=https://www.sewf2019.org/speakers-list/mirabelle-morah/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929050448/https://www.sewf2019.org/speakers-list/mirabelle-morah/ |archive-date=September 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga cikin Nazarin Burtaniya na Burtaniya na 2018 Video Challenge kuma ta lashe. Saboda haka an ba ta tafiyar karatu zuwa Jami'ar Gloucestershire a Burtaniya, a kan Media &amp; Journalism . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2018 an zaba ta a matsayin daya daga cikin 33 Global Teen Leaders by We Are Family Foundation saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga zaman lafiya da ilimi.[1][2] An kuma girmama ta a matsayin Ashoka Changemaker da Ashoka Africa Youth Champion . [3] Morah ta yi karatun Turanci da Nazarin Littattafai a Jami'ar Calabar, Najeriya . Lokacin da ta kammala karatu a shekarar 2019, ta yi tafiya zuwa Austria a lokacin rani na 2019, don yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar tallace-tallace da sadarwa na Salzburg Global Seminar a matsayin mai shiga tsakani.[4] An kuma sanya ta wakilin kasar Najeriya don Chatham House (The Royal Institute of International Affairs) Common Futures Conversations Platform wanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta mahimman tattaunawar manufofi tsakanin matasa a Afirka da Turai.[5][6]

== Kyautar ==

* Kyautar Mace ta Cibiyar Nazarin Nan gaba ta 2018 &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

== Littattafan littafi ==

* Ya Kyakkyawan Afirka! &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Beautiful Africa - Mirabelle Morah - Wattpad |url=https://www.wattpad.com/story/9041960-our-beautiful-africa |website=www.wattpad.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mfoniso Udofia</title>
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'''Mfoniso Udofia''' ɗan Najeriya ne mai ba da labari, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma malami wanda aikinsa ke kan rayuwar baƙi na Najeriya a cikin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Interview: Mfoniso Udofia, &quot;The Ufot Family Cycle&quot; |url=https://kpfa.org/area941/episode/interview-mfoniso-udofia-the-ufot-family-cycle/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=KPFA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan da aka fi sani da su daga Udofia sun haɗa da: Sojourners,  Her Portmanteau,   ''runboyrun'' da In Old Age &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-03-02 |title=Review: Exquisitely awkward family reunion onstage at ACT |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/02/review-exquisitely-awkward-family-reunion-onstage-at-act/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Mercury News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; --- duk suna wasa daga cikin wasanta na tara Ufot Cycle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-03-07 |title='Her Portmanteau' Is a Moving, Complicated Intergenerational Portrait |url=https://sfist.com/2019/03/07/her-portmanteau-is-a-moving-complicated-inter-generational-portrait/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=SFist - San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, &amp; Sports |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928012851/https://sfist.com/2019/03/07/her-portmanteau-is-a-moving-complicated-inter-generational-portrait/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Janiak |first=Lily |date=April 4, 2019 |title=Review: 'In Old Age' looks young again at Magic Theatre |url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/theater/review-in-old-age-looks-young-again-at-magic-theatre |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Datebook |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a fim / talabijin a matsayin marubuciya-mai gabatarwa a kan shirye-shirye kamar Little America, Pachinko, A League of Their Own da Showtime's, Let the Right One In .

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
A cikin shekarun 1970s, iyayen Udofia sun yi hijira daga Najeriya zuwa Houston, Texas, a ƙarshe sun zauna a Worcester, MA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Playwright Mfoniso Udofia '06 Reflects on Failing Forward |url=http://www.wellesley.edu/news/2017/stories/node/119416 |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=Wellesley College |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Udofia ta ci gaba da kammala karatun digiri a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Kwalejin Wellesley . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wellesley College |url=http://www.wellesley.edu/ |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=Wellesley College |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Udofia daga nan ta ci gaba da karatunta a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Conservatory na Amurka . Bayan kammala karatunta tare da MA a cikin Acting Udofia ta koma New York don aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Udofia ta fara rubuta wasannin da suka shafi kwarewar baƙi na Najeriya a Amurka. Ta kuma ba da shawara ga rapper Marcus Orelias, yayin da ya halarci gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Conservatory na Amurka.

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan kammala karatunta na Masters a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Conservatory na Amurka, Udofia ta koma Birnin New York kuma ta fara rubuta wasan kwaikwayo. Wasan farko da ta rubuta shi ne The Grove, wasan da zai ci gaba da zama shigarwa ta biyu a cikin sake zagayowar wasanni tara mai suna, The Ufot Cycle . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; ''''Tsarin Ufot'''' ya biyo bayan dangin baƙi na Najeriya a cikin tsararraki da ke kewaya rayuwarsu da asalin su a Amurka. Wasanni ta yi karatu da / ko samarwa a: New York Theatre Workshop, American Conservatory Theater, Magic Theater, The Playwrights Realm, Boston Court, Denver Center Stage, Berkeley Rep, The National Black Theater, Manhattan Theatre Club, MCC da McCarter Theatre. An haɓaka aikinta a: Hedgebrook, Sundance Theatre Lab, Space on Ryder Farm, New Black Fest da sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mfonisoudofia.com/ |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=Mfoniso Udofia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


A cikin 2018 ta fara rubutu don talabijin, ta fara ne a matsayin marubucin ma'aikata don kakar wasa ta 3 ta Netflix, 13 Reasons Why . Ta ci gaba da rubutawa don shirye-shiryen talabijin sama da takwas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mfoniso Udofia |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm4466705/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Justin |first=Neal |date=16 September 2022 |title=Minnesota's Playwrights' Center gets kudos from TV's hottest writers |url=https://www.startribune.com/tvs-hottest-writers-share-how-minnesotas-playwrights-center-gave-them-a-boost/600207338/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Star Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasanni na Ufot ==
Ya zuwa Oktoba 2025, an samar da bakwai daga cikin jerin wasanni tara da suka hada da Ufot Cycle Plays kuma / ko shirya su: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ufot Family Plays |url=https://www.bostontheatrescene.com/the-ufot-family-plays/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== #8. ''A Tsohon zamani'' ===

=== #1. ''Masu ba da abinci'' ===

* Oktoba 31 - Disamba 1, 2024
* Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Huntington

=== #2. ''Garin Gishiri'' ===

* Fabrairu 7 - Maris 9, 2025
* Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Calderwood / Wimberly

=== #3. ''runboyrun'' ===

* Maris 13, 2025 a ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Boston GBH Studio
* Maris 14, 2025 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Huntington

=== #4. ''Portmanteau'' ===

* Maris 27 - Afrilu 20, 2025
* Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na tsakiya

=== #5. ''Kufre a Quay'' ===

* Yuli 10th - Yuli 26th, 2025
* Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Boston

=== #6. ''Bikin'' ===

* Satumba 11 - Oktoba 5, 2025
* Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Joan &amp; Edgar Booth

=== Farko na gaba sune ===
Tushen: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2024 |title=And then There Were 9: Boston Embraces the Ufot Cycle |url=https://www.americantheatre.org/2024/10/22/and-then-there-were-9-boston-embraces-the-ufot-cycle/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 7. ''An ɗaga shi'' (2026) 
* 8. A cikin Tsohon Shekara (2026) 
* 9. ''Adiaha da Clora Snatch''

== Kyaututtuka / Daraja ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!Ayyuka
!Sakamakon
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2024
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Kyautar Steinberg Playwright
|
|-
|2021
|Kyautar Horton Foote
|
|
|Ya ci nasara
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |title=Dramatists Guild Announces 2021 Horton Foote Award Recipients |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/industry/article/Dramatists-Guild-Announces-2021-Horton-Foote-Award-Recipients-20210604 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|Edgerton New Play Award
|
|''A Tsohon zamani''
|Ya ci nasara
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Old Age - Edgerton Foundation New Play Awards |url=https://circle.tcg.org/edgertonfoundationnewplayawards/2018/in-old-age?ssopc=1 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=circle.tcg.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2017
|Kyautar Helen Merrill don Rubuce-rubuce
|
|
|Ya ci nasara
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-19 |title=The Legacy of Helen Merrill: A Love of Theater Lives On |url=https://www.nycommunitytrust.org/newsroom/the-legacy-of-helen-merrill-a-love-of-theater-lives-on/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The New York Community Trust |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2017-2018
|PWC McKnight National Residence da Hukumar
|
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-06-01 |title=Mfoniso Udofia awarded 2017-18 McKnight National Residency and Commission |url=https://pwcenter.org/news/mfoniso-udofia-awarded-2017-18-mcknight-national-residency-and-commission |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Playwrights' Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016-2025
|Sabbin Masu Wasan kwaikwayo
|
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mfoniso Udofia {{!}} New Dramatists |url=https://newdramatists.org/mfoniso-udofia |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=newdramatists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|Edgerton New Play Award
|
|''Portmanteau''
|Ya ci nasara
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sojourners &amp; Her Portmanteau - Edgerton Foundation New Play Awards |url=https://circle.tcg.org/edgertonfoundationnewplayawards/2016/sojourners--her-portmanteau?ssopc=1 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=circle.tcg.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015
|Edgerton New Play Award
|
|''runboyrun''
|Ya ci nasara
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Run Boy Run - Edgerton Foundation New Play Awards |url=https://circle.tcg.org/edgertonfoundationnewplayawards/2015/run-boy-run?ssopc=1 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=circle.tcg.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015
|Edgerton New Play Award
|
|''Masu ba da abinci''
|Ya ci nasara
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sojourners - Edgerton Foundation New Play Awards |url=https://circle.tcg.org/edgertonfoundationnewplayawards/2015/sojourners?ssopc=1 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=circle.tcg.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015
|Jerin Kilroy na shekara-shekara na biyu
|
|''Masu ba da abinci''
|Ya ci nasara
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-04-27 |title=The List 2015 |url=https://thekilroys.org/list-2015/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mercy Gakuya</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Mercy Gakuya''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Kenya. Ita 'yar jam'iyyar Jubilee ce kuma 'yar majalisar dokoki ce mai wakiltar mazaɓar Kasarani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2017-08-11 |title=22 women make grand entry into Kenya's parliament |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/08/11/22-women-make-grand-entry-into-kenya-s-parliament/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-10 |website=Africanews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mercy Wanjiku Gakuya – Tuvuke Initiative |url=https://womenaspirants-kenya.org/candidates/mercy-wanjiku-gakuya/ |access-date=2019-12-10 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210123434/https://womenaspirants-kenya.org/candidates/mercy-wanjiku-gakuya/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Hon. Gakuya, Mercy Wanjiku |url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/node/3229 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-10 |website=National Assembly of the Republic of Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Gakuya kuma ta girma a gundumar Nairobi. Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa [[Zogale|Muringa]], inda ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Muringa da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Gitugi don karatunta na firamare da sakandare, bi da bi. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Sinadarai da Ilimin Dabbobi, da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Ilimin Jiki na Likitanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-21 |title=Father and daughter who are both MPs in Nairobi |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/politics/father-and-daughter-who-are-both-mps-in-nairobi/q0tm46d |access-date=2019-12-10 |website=Pulselive Kenya |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ta kuma halarci Jami'ar Noma da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Jagoranci da Mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The young faces in Kenya's new political arena |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/mynetwork/The-young-faces--in-Kenyas-new-political-arena--/3141096-4078036-4f6ijpz/index.html |access-date=2019-12-10 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi Gakuya a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta mazaɓar Kasarani a shekarar 2017. Kafin zaɓenta, ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar jami'a a [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 2017, ta zama memba a kwamitin watsa labarai da ɗakin karatu na majalisar dokoki da kuma kwamitin ma'aikatar lafiya a majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ita 'yar [[James Gakuya]] ce, ɗan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazaɓar Embakasi ta Arewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://citizentv.co.ke/news/president-kenyatta-mourns-kasarani-mp-mercy-gakuyas-father-220008/|title=President Kenyatta mourns Kasarani MP Mercy Gakuya's father|website=Citizentv.co.ke|language=en-US|author=PSCU|date=20 November 2018|access-date=2021-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Margaret Wanjiru</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Margaret Wanjirū''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bishop Margaret Wanjiru {{!}} Jesus Is Alive Ministries |url=https://jiam.org/bishops-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207215058/https://www.jiam.org/bishops-profile/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |access-date=2017-10-24 |website=jiam.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasar ƙasar Kenya, ce kuma Bishop a Jesus is Alive Ministries (JIAM).

== Rayuwar Aiki da Siyasa ==
'''Wanjirū''' kuma ana kiranta da 'Mama Na Kazi'. Tana cikin Jam'iyyar Jubilee bayan ta bar jam'iyyar ODM  kuma an zaɓe ta don wakiltar Mazaɓar Starehe a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta Kenya a zaɓen 'yan majalisar Kenya na shekarar 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/I-quit-ODM-Bishop-Margaret-Wanjiru/1950946-2481948-format-xhtml-4icnqh/index.html|title=I quit ODM long time ago|last=Wainaina|first=Eric|date=2014-10-10|work=Daily Nation|access-date=2014-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tsakanin shekarun 2010-2013,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bunge.go.ke/members.php Members Of The 10th Parliament] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701203557/http://www.bunge.go.ke/members.php |date=2008-07-01 }}. Parliament of Kenya. Accessed June 19, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; an naɗa ta a matsayin minista a matsayin mataimakiyar Ministar Gidaje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Margaret Wanjiru Kariuki |url=https://info.mzalendo.com/person/margaret-wanjiru/experience/ |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=Mzalendo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi kasadar rasa kujerarta ta majalisar dokoki bayan sake kirga kuri'un da aka kaɗa a shekarar 2010 ya nuna cewa abokin hamayyarta, [[Maina Kamanda]] (PNU), ya lashe zaɓen da gagarumin rinjaye.  Sakamakon haka, an gudanar da zaɓen maye gurbi a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, 2010, inda Wanjirū ya ci gaba da riƙe kujerar, inda ya kayar da Kamanda.&lt;ref&gt;Daily Nation, September 20, 2010: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/PNU+trounced+in+Juja+as+ODM+wins+Starehe+/-/1064/1015044/-/14y823k/-/index.html PNU trounced in Juja as ODM wins Starehe]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Tana da 'ya'ya uku: Stephen Kariūki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Steven Kariuki |url=https://info.mzalendo.com/person/steven-kariuki/ |access-date=2017-10-24 |website=Mzalendo}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[ɗan siyasa]] wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki na Kenya mai wakiltar mazaɓar Mathare), Evans Kariūki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pastor Evans &amp; Ashley Kariuki {{!}} Jesus Is Alive Ministries |url=https://jiam.org/pastor-evans-ashley-kariuki/ |access-date=2017-10-24 |website=jiam.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207205732/https://www.jiam.org/pastor-evans-ashley-kariuki/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da Purity Kariūki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/life/bishop-wanjiru-attends-daughters-wedding-us/|title=Bishop Wanjiru attends daughter's wedding in US - PHOTOS - Nairobi News|date=2017-05-24|work=Nairobi News|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An gano tana da cutar COVID-19 a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, 2020, wanda ya sa aka kwantar da ita a Asibitin Kula da Marasa Lafiya na Nairobi.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Millie Odhiambo</title>
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'''Millie Grace Akoth Odhiambo Mabona''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 1966) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Kenya. Ta fara samun horo a matsayin lauya, kuma ta kasance 'yar majalisa tun daga shekarar 2008. An fara zaɓenta kuma daga baya aka zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisar mazaɓar Suba ta Arewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chweya |first=Edward |date=2017-05-13 |title=Fresh details about Millie Odhiambo that you did not know |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/240243-millie-odhiambos-impressive-cv-throw-chair.html |access-date=2019-01-28 |website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news. |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930054332/https://www.tuko.co.ke/240243-millie-odhiambos-impressive-cv-throw-chair.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Odhiambo a shekarar 1966 a Homa Bay 'ya ce ga Harrison Odhiambo da Damaris Auma Odhiambo. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2016 |title=MILLIE ODHIAMBO MABUNA BIOGRAPHY, HUSBAND, CONTACT, EDUCATION, FACEBOOK, WEALTH |url=http://trendinginkenya.com/milly-odhiambo-mabuna-biographyhusbandcontacteducation-facebook-wealth/ |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=Trending news |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419052735/http://trendinginkenya.com/milly-odhiambo-mabuna-biographyhusbandcontacteducation-facebook-wealth/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta huɗu cikin 'ya'ya takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; Mahaifinta Harrison Odhiambo ya mutu a shekarar 1973 a wani hatsarin jirgin ruwa, lokacin da Odhiambo ta ce ya taimaka mata wajen sha'awar siyasa. 

Millie ta yi karatun firamare, &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;/&gt; Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta St. Francis da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Limuru kafin ta halarci [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] a shekarar 1986. Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1990 da digirin farko na Shari'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;parl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon.#WTC in 1997-1998 he went to Raoul Wallenberg Institute, Sweden whereby she did Post Graduate Diploma, Advanced International Course on Human Rights &amp; Humanitarian Law. in 2000-2001 she joined New York University, USA where she did Master of Laws (LL.M) in Public Service Law. Odhiambo, Millie Grace Akoth {{!}} The Kenyan Parliament Website |url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-national-assembly/hon-odhiambo-millie-grace-akoth |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=www.parliament.go.ke |publisher=Parliament of Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya za ta yi karatu a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Sweden]] da [[Italiya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;parl&quot; /&gt;

Ta fara aikinta a ofishin babban lauyan gwamnati tana gudanar da shari'o'in farar hula kafin ta koma ga dokar kare hakkin ɗan adam, tare da mai da hankali kan mata da yara. &lt;ref name=&quot;parl&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1999 ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa kan cin zarafin mata-Kenya, kuma daga shekarun 2000 zuwa 2008 ta kasance wacce ta kafa kuma darakta a gidauniyar yara ta CRADLE, wata ƙungiya da ke aiki don inganta hakkokin yara a tsarin shari'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;parl&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
An zaɓi Odhiambo a matsayin 'yar takarar 'yar majalisar dokoki a shekarar 2007 ta ƙungiyar Orange Democratic Movement &lt;ref name=&quot;parl&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Millie Odhiambo Official Website&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Millie Odhiambo Mabona {{!}} About |url=https://millieodhiambo.com/about.html |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=Millie Odhiambo Mabona |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127015122/https://millieodhiambo.com/about.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan aka zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Orange Democratic Movement a babban zaɓen Kenya a shekarar 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;parl&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;mzalendo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Millie Grace Akoth Odhiambo Mabona |url=http://info.mzalendo.com/person/millie-odhiambo-mabona/ |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=Mzalendo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun bayan da ta hau kujerarta a Majalisar Dokoki, kafofin watsa labaran Kenya, sun bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;mai jayayya&quot; kuma &quot;mai magana da ƙarfi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Outspoken MP Millie Odhiambo opens up on not having a child, her wish to have one by 55 - Evewoman |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2001273738/outspoken-mp-millie-odhiambo-opens-up-on-not-having-a-child-her-wish-to-have-one-by-55 |accessdate=29 October 2019 |work=www.standardmedia.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Otieno |first1=Kepher |title=MP Millie Odhiambo: What is the big deal? I love sex |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000224682/mp-millie-odhiambo-what-is-the-big-deal-i-love-sex |accessdate=29 October 2019 |work=Standard Digital News |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029184915/https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000224682/mp-millie-odhiambo-what-is-the-big-deal-i-love-sex |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Millie ta auri Magugu Mabona daga [[Zimbabwe]] a shekara ta 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2015 |title=THROWBACK:Mbita MP Millie Odhiambo's Wedding Photos |url=https://diasporamessenger.com/2015/02/throwbackmbita-mp-millie-odhiambos-wedding-photos/ |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=Diaspora Messenger News Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odhiambo uwa ce ga 'yar Mabona Lebo, wacce ke zaune a [[Botswana]].  Ta yi ta magana game da wahalar da ta sha a lokacin da take girma da fibroids na mahaifa, wanda ya haifar da raɗaɗin zagayowar al'ada da wahalar ɗaukar ciki.  Daga gogewarta ta sirri, Millie ta yi nasara a Dokar Taimakawa Haihuwa (ART) ta shekarar 2022, wata doka mai muhimmanci da ta ƙirƙiri tsarin shari'a na farko a ƙasar don ayyuka kamar IVF da maye gurbin jarirai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya Gazette supplement |url=https://www.parliament.go.ke/sites/default/files/2023-02/THE%20ASSISTED%20REPRODUCTIVE%20TECHNOLOGY%20BILL%20%2C%202022.pdf |website=www.parliament.go.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kawira |first=Yvonne |date=12 December 2025 |title=Millie Odhiambo’s lone crusade for Kenya’s childless |url=https://willowhealthmedia.org/millie-odhiambos-lone-crusade-for-kenyas-childless/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wallafe-wallafe ==
Littafinta mai suna &quot;Rig Or Be Rigged?&quot; ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da ta fuskanta da kuma na sauran shugabannin mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rig Or Be Rigged? by Hon. Millie Odhiambo Mabona |url=https://kibangabooks.com/product/rig-or-be-rigged-by-hon-millie-odhiambo-mabona/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Kibanga Books |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nagima Aitkhozhina</title>
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'''Nagima Abenovna Aitkhozhina''' ( Kazakh   ; 22 ga Fabrairu 1946 - 10 ga Nuwamba 2020) masaniyar ilmin halitta ce ta Kazakhstan wacce ta ƙware a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta . Ta yi aiki a fannin nazarin tsarin da aikin kwayar halittar manyan halittu da kuma hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta na daidaita bayyanarta. Aitkhozhina ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar darekta a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halitta da Biochemistry mai suna bayan MA Aitkhozhin ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan daga 1990 zuwa 2018, dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwayar halittar farko ta Kazakhstan. Tsakanin 1999 da 2002, ta kasance shugabar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kazakhstan . Aitkhozhina ta kasance mataimakiyar Majalisar Wakilan Jama'a ta Tarayyar Soviet daga Kwamitin Mata na Soviet daga 1989 zuwa 1991. An yi mata ado da Order of Parasat a watan Disamba 2001 da Order of the Leopard, Aji na Uku shekaru goma bayan haka.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Aitkhozhina a birnin Petropavl a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1946.  Ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin nazarin halittu na Jami'ar Al-Farabi Kazakh ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1969. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;KaznuEntry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Happy Anniversary, Nagima Abenovna! |url=https://av.kaznu.kz/en/22948/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201172028/https://av.kaznu.kz/en/22948/ |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=[[Al-Farabi Kazakh National University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunta, Aitkhozhina ta yi cikakken lokaci a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halitta ta Engelhardt ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Tarayyar Soviet don yin karatun digiri na biyu a shekarar 1970.  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;UNESCOEntry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946) |trans-title=Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (1946) |url=http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317045447/http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=UNESCO Almaty Cluster Office |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1973.  Aitkhozhina ta kare takardar digiri na uku na Diflomasiyya ''Tsarin tsari da aiki na ƙwayoyin RNP na nukiliya waɗanda ke ɗauke da pro-mRNA'' a jami'a a shekarar 1974 da kuma takardar digiri na uku na Diflomasiyyar Kimiyyar Halittu mai suna ''Alkaloids - masu hana biosynthesis na macromolecules'' a shekarar 1990. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;CentralAsiaArticle&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;TopPress2020&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;AitkohzinBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946 г.р.) |trans-title=Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (born 1946) |url=http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123235921/http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Tsakanin 1973 da 1983, Aitkozhina ya kasance ƙarami kuma babban mai bincike a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kazakh SSR . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;KaznuEntry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Happy Anniversary, Nagima Abenovna! |url=https://av.kaznu.kz/en/22948/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201172028/https://av.kaznu.kz/en/22948/ |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=[[Al-Farabi Kazakh National University]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221201172028/https://av.kaznu.kz/en/22948/ &quot;Happy Anniversary, Nagima Abenovna!&quot;]. [[Al-Farabi Kazakh National University]]. Archived from [https://av.kaznu.kz/en/22948/ the original] on 1 December 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 December&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;UNESCOEntry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946) |trans-title=Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (1946) |url=http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317045447/http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=UNESCO Almaty Cluster Office |language=ru}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180317045447/http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm &quot;Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946)&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (1946)&amp;#x5D; (in Russian). UNESCO Almaty Cluster Office. Archived from [http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm the original] on 17 March 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 December&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan sake tsara cibiyar ilimi,  a lokacin ita ce babbar kuma jagorar bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kimiyyar Halittu ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kazakh SSR daga 1983 zuwa 1989.  Aitkhozhina ta kasance darakta mai rikon kwarya a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kimiyyar Halittu tsakanin 1988 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;UNESCOEntry&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;  Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Kimiyya ta Sashe na Biyu don fifikon fannoni na ilmin halitta na zahiri da sinadarai da fasahar kere-kere ta Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Jiha a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet, Moscow daga 1987 zuwa 1991 kuma ta kasance memba a Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ƙwararriya a ayyukan shirin &quot;Matsalolin Fifiko na Halittar Halitta&quot; na Duk-Union a Moscow tsakanin 1990 da 1991. Aitkohzhina ta kasance memba a Majalisar Mata ta Jam'iyyar Republican daga 1995 zuwa gaba. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;AitkohzinBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946 г.р.) |trans-title=Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (born 1946) |url=http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123235921/http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |language=ru}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210123235921/http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ &quot;Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946 г.р.)&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (born 1946)&amp;#x5D; (in Russian). M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Archived from [http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ the original] on 23 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 December&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;SupsovEntry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Айтхожина Hагима Абеновна |trans-title=Aithozhina Nagima Abenovna |url=http://supsov.narod.ru/HTML/D47.HTML |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704153219/http://supsov.narod.ru/HTML/D47.HTML |archive-date=4 July 2016 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=The last deputies of the last Supreme Soviet of the USSR |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kafa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar darekta a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Biochemistry mai suna bayan MA Aitkhozhin ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan da ke Alma-Ata daga 1990 zuwa 2018, dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwayar halittar farko a Kazakhstan. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;AitkohzinBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946 г.р.) |trans-title=Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (born 1946) |url=http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123235921/http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |language=ru}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210123235921/http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ &quot;Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946 г.р.)&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (born 1946)&amp;#x5D; (in Russian). M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Archived from [http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ the original] on 23 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 December&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;SupsovEntry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Айтхожина Hагима Абеновна |trans-title=Aithozhina Nagima Abenovna |url=http://supsov.narod.ru/HTML/D47.HTML |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704153219/http://supsov.narod.ru/HTML/D47.HTML |archive-date=4 July 2016 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=The last deputies of the last Supreme Soviet of the USSR |language=ru}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160704153219/http://supsov.narod.ru/HTML/D47.HTML &quot;Айтхожина Hагима Абеновна&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Aithozhina Nagima Abenovna&amp;#x5D; (in Russian). The last deputies of the last Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Archived from [http://supsov.narod.ru/HTML/D47.HTML the original] on 4 July 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 December&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1989 zuwa 1991, Aitkhozhina ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Majalisar Wakilan Jama'a ta Tarayyar Soviet daga majalisun mata da Kwamitin Matan Tarayyar Soviet ya hada, &lt;ref name=&quot;KaznuEntry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Happy Anniversary, Nagima Abenovna! |url=https://av.kaznu.kz/en/22948/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201172028/https://av.kaznu.kz/en/22948/ |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=[[Al-Farabi Kazakh National University]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221201172028/https://av.kaznu.kz/en/22948/ &quot;Happy Anniversary, Nagima Abenovna!&quot;]. [[Al-Farabi Kazakh National University]]. Archived from [https://av.kaznu.kz/en/22948/ the original] on 1 December 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 December&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;SupsovEntry&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; tana aiki a matsayin memba a Kwamitin Kimiyya na Babban Soviet na Tarayyar Soviet . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;AitkohzinBio&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Ta zama memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta New York a shekarar 1994 kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin Sakatare-Malamin Ilimi na Sashen Kimiyyar Halittu da Likitanci na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1996.   Aitkhozhina ta ci gaba da riƙe muƙamin har zuwa 1999. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;AitkohzinBio&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga Janairu 1999 zuwa Afrilu 2002, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;KaznuEntry&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kazakhstan. Aitkhozhina ta kasance Malamar Ilimi a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kazakhstan a shekarar 2003.  Aitkhozhina memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Biochemistry da Molecular Biology . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;UNESCOEntry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946) |trans-title=Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (1946) |url=http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317045447/http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=UNESCO Almaty Cluster Office |language=ru}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180317045447/http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm &quot;Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946)&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (1946)&amp;#x5D; (in Russian). UNESCO Almaty Cluster Office. Archived from [http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm the original] on 17 March 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 December&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 1999 zuwa 2005, ta kasance memba a Hukumar Kula da Iyali da Mata ta Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan kuma memba a kwalejin Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan tsakanin 1999 da 2006. Aidtkohzhina ta kasance memba a kwamitin edita na mujallar ''Molecular Biology'' daga 1996 zuwa 2008 kuma ƙwararriya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da masana kimiyya daga ƙasashe masu zaman kansu na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, Brussels daga 1998 zuwa 2000. Ta kasance memba a Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasaha (VNTK) a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan daga 1997 zuwa 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;AitkohzinBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946 г.р.) |trans-title=Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (born 1946) |url=http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123235921/http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |language=ru}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210123235921/http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ &quot;Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946 г.р.)&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (born 1946)&amp;#x5D; (in Russian). M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Archived from [http://imbb.org.kz/2019/04/01/nagima-abenovna-ajthozhina-3/ the original] on 23 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 December&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 1999 da 2013, Aitkhozhina ta kasance memba a kwamitin da ya ba da kyaututtukan Jiha na Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan a fannin kimiyya da fasaha. Ta jagoranci Kwamitin Daidaito na Kasa na Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan don samar da takardar tsari ga Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan kan lafiyar halittu masu canza kwayoyin halitta tare da tallafin Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya daga 2003 zuwa 2005, Majalisar Digirin Digiri na uku a Cibiyar a fannin &quot;Biology na Kwayoyin Halitta&quot; da &quot;Biochemistry&quot; tsakanin 2003 da 2010 da kuma Majalisar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan kan fifikon &quot;Kimiyyar Rayuwa&quot; daga 2011 zuwa 2014. Tsakanin 2012 da 2015, Aitkhozhina ta kasance memba na Hukumar Kula da Cibiyar Kimiyyar Rayuwa ta PI a Jami'ar Nazarbayev . &lt;ref name=&quot;AitkohzinBio&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Manyan fannoni na binciken kimiyya sun haɗa da [[Biotechnology|fasahar kere-kere]], kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta, ilmin kwayoyin halitta da kuma ilimin kwayoyin halitta . &lt;ref name=&quot;KASBio&quot; /&gt; Aitkhozhina ta cimma muhimman sakamako da aka yi amfani da su a fannin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta na maganin halittu da tsirrai, ilimin halittar halittu kan ayyukan tsarin kwayar halittar halittu masu girma na mutane da tsirrai da kuma hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta na daidaita bayyanar ta. A karon farko, an ɗauki tsarin halittar kwayoyin halitta na RNA a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta na eukaryotic a matsayin tushe kuma an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar gwaji a karon farko kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta kuma ya haifar da samar da tsarin sarrafa RNA a cikin manyan halittu. Ta shirya dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwayar halitta na farko kuma ta yi nasara wajen gudanar da bincike kan tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta don maganin halittu (genomics) don cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar atherogenic na ɗan adam da na kwayoyin halitta marasa tushe, hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta na juriya ga kwayoyin halitta ga phytopathogens.  &lt;ref name=&quot;KASBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Айтқожина Нағима Әбенқызы (1999–2002 жж.) |trans-title=Aitkozhina Nagima Abenovna (1999–2002) |url=http://nauka-nanrk.kz/kz/айтхожина-нагима-абеновна.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101194233/http://nauka-nanrk.kz/kz/%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0.html |archive-date=1 November 2019 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=[[Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences]] |language=kk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarƙashin jagorancinta, an gano kayan da aka yi wa gawawwakin dawaki da gawarwakin mutane da aka yi wa mummized daga shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata waɗanda aka adana a cikin yanayin daskarewa na wucin gadi a wani bincike na kayan tarihi a Berel, Yankin Gabashin Kazakhstan . An gudanar da nazarin kwayoyin halittar DNA kuma an gudanar da nazarin DNA na al'ummomin Kazakh daban-daban, wanda ya ba da damar ƙarin bincike kan paleogenomics da ethnogenomics, tarihin ƙabilanci da ethnogenesis na mutane a Kazakhstan.

Ita ce ta rubuta takardu 92 na kimiyya, waɗanda rabinsu aka buga a ƙasashen waje, kamar su abubuwan da ke aiki a fannin halittu na asalin tsire-tsire - masu daidaita yanayin ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarancin nauyin kwayoyin halitta na bayyanar kwayar halittar eukaryotic &quot;wanda masana kimiyyar Kazakhstan suka ba fifiko. &lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCOEntry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946) |trans-title=Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (1946) |url=http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317045447/http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=1 December 2022 |publisher=UNESCO Almaty Cluster Office |language=ru}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180317045447/http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm &quot;Айтхожина Нагима Абеновна (1946)&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Aitkhozhina Nagima Abenovna (1946)&amp;#x5D; (in Russian). UNESCO Almaty Cluster Office. Archived from [http://old.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/participant/scientists/aithozhina.htm the original] on 17 March 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 December&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran manyan wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na Aitkhozhina sune ''ribonucleoproteins na Nuclear waɗanda ke ɗauke da RNA na manzo. Yanayin jerin 5, da 3, na barbashi na RNP na nukiliya'' a cikin 1979,  sun rubuta tare ''da haɗin gwiwar ƙwayoyin halitta da halayyar wakilan kowane ɓangare na &quot;Relic&quot; na DNA na kwayar halittar Triticum timopheevii'' a cikin 1988,  ''Zaɓin hana tsawaita sarkar polypeptide a cikin ƙwayoyin eucaryotic'' a cikin 1992 da kuma ''ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin halitta da halayen nau'ikan - takamaiman jerin makaman nukiliya na alkama'' a cikin 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;TopPress2020&quot; /&gt;

Aitkhozhina ta kuma rubuta ''Ilimin Halittar ƙwayoyin alkama da aka noma a tashar sararin samaniya ta Mir: rarrabuwa, morphogenesis da bambance-bambance'' a cikin 2001, ''Polymorphism na yankin promoter na kwayar halittar angiotensinogen da kwayar halittar don angiotensin I-converting enzyme a cikin hauhawar jini na jijiyoyin jini da cututtukan zuciya na ƙabilar Kazakh'' a cikin 2003 da ''Polymorphism na yankin da ba a rubuta lambar kwayoyin halitta na mitochondrial daga al'ummomi uku na ƙungiyoyin Kazakhstan da ke zaune a yankin Kazakhstan'' a cikin 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;KASBio&quot;/&gt; Ta mutu a yammacin ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020 a Almaty . 

== Kyaututtuka ==
A watan Disamba na 2001, an ba ta Order of Parasat daga Shugaban Kazkhastan,  kuma an ba ta Order of the Leopard, Aji na Uku daga Shugaban ƙasa a watan Disamba na 2011.  An yi wa Aitkhozhina ado da Diploma na Babban Soviet na Kazakh SSR, &lt;ref name=&quot;KaznuEntry&quot;/&gt; kyautar [[Platinum Tarlan]] mai zaman kanta da kuma Alamar &quot;Don cancanta a ci gaban kimiyya na Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan&quot;. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mikuláš Jozef Lexmann</title>
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'''Mikuláš Jozef Lexmann''', OP (28 ga Oktoba 1899 - 17 ga Yuli 1952) ya kasance firist na Katolika na [[Slofakiya|Slovak]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na Dominican Order a Slovakia .&lt;ref name=&quot;RG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |title=Dominican Community and Social Activities of Mikuláš Jozef Lexmann |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367077384_Spolkove_a_socialne_aktivity_dominikana_Mikulasa_Lexmanna |access-date=August 12, 2025 |website=ResearchGate |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |title=Lexmann, Jozef-Mikuláš atya |url=https://www.hdke.hu/en/remembrance/rescuer/lexmann-jozef-mikulas-atya/ |access-date=August 12, 2025 |website=Holokauszt Emlékközpont |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kasance mutum ne mai aiki da sha'awa, mai gabatarwa na tuki da kuma matukin jirgi. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Lexmann yana ɓoye mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin rayuwarsu a cikin kabari na Cocin Dominican a Košice, kuma an yi rajista tsakanin waɗanda suka ceci Yahudawa a [[Cibiyar Tunawa da Holocaust (Budapest)|Cibiyar Tunawa da Holocaust a Budapest]]. A farkon shekarun 1950, gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta tsare shi a gidajen ibada da yawa, inda yanayin rayuwa mai tsanani ya lalata lafiyarsa kuma ya hanzarta mutuwarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=P. Mikuláš Josef Lexmann |url=http://www.op.cz/?a=224&amp;b=&amp;id=109 |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=Česká dominikánská provincie |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lexmann na cikin shahidai na Dominican Order na karni na 20. A cikin 2013, lardin Slovak na Order ya amince da fara aiwatar da beatification dinsa.

An haifi Jozef Lexmann a matsayin na farko na yara takwas; &lt;ref name=&quot;TKKBS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=17 August 2013 |title=The Days of Father Mikuláš Lexmann in Košice |url=https://www.tkkbs.sk/view.php?cisloclanku=20130817002 |access-date=August 12, 2025 |website=TKKBS |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; mahaifinsa mai sana'a ne kuma mahaifiyarsa Dominican tana da kasuwanci tare da mai ibada. Hudu daga cikin 'ya'yanta sun zaɓi rayuwar addini: Baya ga Jozef, ɗan'uwansa Gregor da' yar'uwarsa Maryamu sun shiga Dominicans, kuma' yar'uwa Brigita ta zama memba na Ikilisiyar Koyarwar Sisters of Notre Dame . &lt;ref name=&quot;TKKBS&quot; /&gt;

Lexmann ya tafi makarantar firamare a Bobot kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Bánovce nad Bebravou . Ya shiga ƙungiyar Dominican a shekara ta 1909.&lt;ref name=&quot;DS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=17 August 2013 |title=Brother Nicholas Joseph Lexmann OP |url=https://dominikani.sk/podujatie/br-mikulas-jozef-lexmann-op/ |access-date=August 12, 2025 |website=Dominican Slovakia |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1912 zuwa 1916, Lexmann ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare a Budapest. Ya shiga Dominican Order a [[Graz]] kuma ya karbi sunan addini Mikuláš (Nicholas) a 1917. Ya kammala karatun sa kuma ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da tauhidi a Graz da [[Vienna]]. Ya sami naɗa na firist a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1923. A shekara mai zuwa, Lexmann ya fara aiki a masallacin Dominican a Košice. A ranar 4 ga Yulin 1933 ya zama shugabansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Letz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Letz |first=Dominik Roman |title=Mikuláš Jozef Lexmann, OP |url=http://www.lexmann.sk/domain/lexmann/files/aaa/Mikulas%20Jozef%20Lexmann%20OP.pdf |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=Vydavateľstvo Michal Vaško |language=sk |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051155/http://www.lexmann.sk/domain/lexmann/files/aaa/Mikulas%20Jozef%20Lexmann%20OP.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dattijon farko da ke tashi ==
Baya ga dukkan ayyukansa, Lexmann yana da sha'awar sababbin fasahohi. Ya zama firist na farko da ya riƙe lasisin tuki a Košice kuma ya kasance yana tuki a can a cikin 1920s. Yin amfani da mota mai hayar, Lexmann ya gudanar da darasi na tuki ga marasa aikin yi da matalauta. Ya kasance babban darektan Autoclub na Gabashin Slovakia . &lt;ref name=&quot;TKKBS2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=17 August 2013 |title=The Days of Father Mikuláš Lexmann in Košice |url=https://www.tkkbs.sk/view.php?cisloclanku=20130817002 |access-date=August 12, 2025 |website=TKKBS |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma kammala karatun matukin jirgi a 1935, ya zama firist-matukin jirgi na farko a Czechoslovakia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Letz2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Letz |first=Dominik Roman |title=Mikuláš Jozef Lexmann, OP |url=http://www.lexmann.sk/domain/lexmann/files/aaa/Mikulas%20Jozef%20Lexmann%20OP.pdf |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=Vydavateľstvo Michal Vaško |language=sk |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051155/http://www.lexmann.sk/domain/lexmann/files/aaa/Mikulas%20Jozef%20Lexmann%20OP.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sauke furanni daga jirginsa a gaban cocin Dominican a Kosice don Masallacin Mai Tsarki na farko na ɗan'uwansa Rafael.&lt;ref name=&quot;TKKBS2&quot; /&gt; Ya kuma kasance Magajin garin [[Orel (movement)|Orol]] (Kungiyar Wasannin Kirista) Ya kafa Cibiyar Al'adu ta Veritas a cikin birni.&lt;ref name=&quot;HE2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |title=Lexmann, Jozef-Mikuláš atya |url=https://www.hdke.hu/en/remembrance/rescuer/lexmann-jozef-mikulas-atya/ |access-date=August 12, 2025 |website=Holokauszt Emlékközpont |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DS2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=17 August 2013 |title=Brother Nicholas Joseph Lexmann OP |url=https://dominikani.sk/podujatie/br-mikulas-jozef-lexmann-op/ |access-date=August 12, 2025 |website=Dominican Slovakia |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hotuna da yin fim suna daga cikin abubuwan da yake sha'awa.

== Ceton rayuka ==
Lexmann ya koma Košice a 1944, bayan haka ya ɓoye mutane da yawa daga ta'addanci na Arrow Cross Party ya ceci rayukansu a cikin kabari na Dominican Crunch har zuwa 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;HE&quot;/&gt; Saboda haka, an yi rajistar Lexmann a Cibiyar Tunawa da Holocaust a Budapest a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka ceci Yahudawa a lokacin Yaƙin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mikulas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Páter Mikuláš Jozef Lexmann, OP |url=http://www.lexmann.sk/patron-rodiny-pater-mikulas-lexmann-op/ |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=Mikuláš Jozef Lexmann official website |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kafa Cyril-Methodian Scouting tare da Order of Peachers . &lt;ref name=&quot;RG&quot;/&gt; Ya kafa mujallar Rosary mai tsarki a Košice a shekara ta 1946. &lt;ref name=&quot;DS&quot;/&gt; Ya kuma koyi Esperanto kuma ya shirya darussanta. A cikin 1948, Lexmann ya shiga cikin shirya taron daliban Esperanto na Slovak a Košice ya yi aiki a can a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu na masallaci, mai koyarwa ko mai wa'azi na ritaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Letz&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Mariam El Boakye-Gyasi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343822050|Mariam El Boakye-Gyasi]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7913" sha1="7r603olb6y7uhup2o7dazbaa6s7xba4" xml:space="preserve">'''Mariam El Boakye-Gyasi''' mataimaki ce a Sashen Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) a [[Kumasi]], Ghana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MARIAM EL BOAKYE-GYASI |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=X7GKsz4AAAAJ&amp;hl=en |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=scholar.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mace ta farko a Ghana da aka inganta zuwa matsayin mataimakin farfesa na Pharmaceutics inda ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kulawa da Bincike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Ghana's first female professor of pharmaceutics, Mariam El Boakye-Gyasi - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/meet-ghanas-first-female-professor-of-pharmaceutics-mariam-el-boakye-gyasi/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ta yi karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Wesley Girls, Cape Coast, [[Ghana]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Larnyoh |first=Magdalene |date=2023-07-05 |title=Meet Prof. Mariam El-Boakye Gyasi, The First Female Associate Professor Of Pharmaceutics In Ghana - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/education/236831-meet-prof-mariam-el-boakye-gyasi-female-associate-professor-pharmaceutics-ghana/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin, 2008, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin magani (B.Pharm.) kuma tana da MPhil da PhD a fannin magunguna a [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]] (KNUST) a 2011 da 2016 bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Ghana’s first female professor of pharmaceutics, Mariam El Boakye-Gyasi - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/meet-ghanas-first-female-professor-of-pharmaceutics-mariam-el-boakye-gyasi/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First batch of PharmD students graduate at KNUST - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/first-batch-of-pharmd-students-graduate-at-knust/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Mariam Farfesa ce wacce ke koyar da Pharmaceutics da Fasahar Pharmaceutical ga ɗaliban digiri da na biyu a KNUST. [1] Ita ce Shugabar Sashen Kulawa da Bincike a Ofishin Tabbatar da Inganci da Shirye-shiryen (QAPO) a KNUST . Tana kula da kimanta aikin ma'aikata, ci gaban hanyoyin kimantawa, kimantawar isar da sabis, da kimantawar manufofin ma'aikata.[2]

== Bincike ==

* Cirewa da Kwatanta Bincike na Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar Kayan Kyakkyawan Kayan Kikin Kayan Kimanin Kayan Kinan Kayan Kwanan Kayan Kiran Kayan Karaan Kayan Kakin Kayan Kyan Kayan Kidan Kayan Kisan Kayan Kadan Kayan Kashin Kayan Kirin Kayan Kamin Kayan Karin Kayan Kananan Kayan Karan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Acquah |first=Prince George Junior |last2=Boakye-Gyasi |first2=Mariam El |last3=Owusu |first3=Frederick William Akuffo |last4=Otu |first4=Desmond Asamoah Bruce |last5=Johnson |first5=Raphael |last6=Bayor |first6=Marcel Tunkumgnen |date=January 2025 |editor-last=Chaudhary |editor-first=Nidhi |title=Extraction and Comparative Assessment of the Physicochemical Properties of Pectin From Four Fruit Wastes in Ghana |journal=Scientifica |language=en |volume=2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/sci5/9954324 |issn=2090-908X |pmc=12782345 |pmid=41523614 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shirye-shiryen da kimantawa na gels na yau da kullun da ke dauke da Phyllanthus muellerianus leaf extract ta amfani da wakilai daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Antwi |first=Osei-Asibey |last2=Boakye-Gyasi |first2=Mariam |last3=Boakye |first3=Yaw |last4=Johnson |first4=Raphael |last5=Owusu |first5=Frederick |last6=Aboagye |first6=Eugene |last7=Obeng |first7=Lawrence |last8=Asamoa |first8=Kofi |last9=Adoley |first9=Winifred |date=2025-07-31 |title=Formulation and evaluation of topical gels containing Phyllanthus muellerianus leaf extract using various gelling agents |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/ktn/index.php/jp/article/view/371 |journal=Journal of Pharmacy |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=218–233 |doi=10.31436/jop.v5i2.371 |issn=2773-5664}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Binciken magunguna na pectin na plantain a matsayin mai rushewa a cikin allunan al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Otu |first=Desmond A.B. |last2=Owusu |first2=Frederick W.A. |last3=Boakye-Gyasi |first3=Mariam E. |last4=Johnson |first4=Raphael |last5=Bayor |first5=Marcel T. |last6=Acquah Jnr |first6=Prince G. |last7=Edzor-Agbo |first7=Yayra |last8=Archer |first8=Mary-Ann |date=2025-05-29 |title=Pharmaceutical evaluation of plantain peel pectin as a disintegrant in conventional tablets |url=https://sajs.co.za/article/view/18894 |journal=South African Journal of Science |language=en |volume=121 |issue=5/6 |doi=10.17159/sajs.2025/18894 |issn=1996-7489}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sweet Potato Peel Pectin's Potential a matsayin wakili mai ratayewa a cikin Magunguna: Tasirin Fasahar Cirewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Owusu |first=Frederick William Akuffo |last2=Acquah |first2=Prince George jnr |last3=Boakye-Gyasi |first3=Mariam El |last4=Johnson |first4=Raphael |last5=Bayor |first5=Marcel Tunkumgnen |last6=Otu |first6=Desmond Asamoah Bruce |last7=Nartey |first7=Samuel |last8=Akoto |first8=Pearl Osei |date=2025-01-31 |title=Sweet Potato Peel Pectin's Potential as a Suspending Agent in Pharmaceutical Formulations: The Effect of Extraction Technique |url=https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v5i1.325 |journal=Journal of Pharmacy |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=57–72 |doi=10.31436/jop.v5i1.325 |issn=2773-5664}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rashin Biogenic daga iri-iri biyu na Plantain a Ghana Contain Pectin tare da Properties na Ƙaddamarwa a cikin Tablets na Al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Otu |first=Desmond Asamoah Bruce |last2=Owusu |first2=Frederick William Akuffo |last3=Boakye-Gyasi |first3=Mariam El |last4=Johnson |first4=Raphael |last5=Acquah |first5=Prince George Jnr |last6=Edzor-Agbo |first6=Yayra |last7=Bayor |first7=Marcel Tunkumgnen |last8=Archer |first8=Mary-Ann |date=January 2024 |editor-last=Abdo |editor-first=Hany |title=Biogenic Waste from Two Varieties of Plantain in Ghana Contain Pectin with Potential Binding Properties in Conventional Tablets |journal=The Scientific World Journal |language=en |volume=2024 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/2024/5461358 |issn=2356-6140 |pmc=11196187 |pmid=38915814 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Binciken Physicochemical da Micromeritic Properties na Exudate Gum na Cussonia arborea Stem Bark a cikin Tsarin Tabla na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kipo |first=Samuel Lugrie |last2=Kuntworbe |first2=Noble |last3=Boakye-Gyasi |first3=Mariam El |last4=Osei |first4=Yaa Asantewaa |last5=Owusu |first5=Frederick William Akuffo |last6=Johnson |first6=Raphael |last7=Ofori-Kwakye |first7=Kwabena |last8=Bayor |first8=Marcel Tunkumgnen |date=2024-05-16 |editor-last=Przybyłek |editor-first=Maciej |title=Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Micromeritic Properties of Exudate Gum of Cussonia arborea Stem Bark in Conventional Tablet Formulation |journal=Journal of Chemistry |language=en |volume=2024 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1155/2024/7840644 |issn=2090-9071 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Binciken Okra Pectin daga nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban a matsayin masu tasiri masu tsawo a cikin tsarin magunguna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Owusu |first=Frederick William Akuffo |last2=Boakye-Gyasi |first2=Mariam El |last3=Bayor |first3=Marcel Tunkumgnen |last4=Ofori-Kwakye |first4=Kwabena |last5=Acquah |first5=Prince George Jnr |last6=Quarcoo |first6=Emmanuella Anowaa |last7=Asare |first7=Jennifer |last8=Anokye |first8=Benjamin Amponsah |last9=Tandoh |first9=Paul Kweku |date=2024-01-31 |title=Evaluation of Okra Pectin from Different Genotypes as Effective Suspending Agents in Pharmaceutical Formulations |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/ktn/index.php/jp/article/view/251 |journal=Journal of Pharmacy |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=33–50 |doi=10.31436/jop.v4i1.251 |issn=2773-5664}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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* Isatu Fofanah (mai wasan motsa jiki) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993), ɗan wasan Kanada
* Isatu Fofanah (ɗan siyasa)  (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), ɗan siyasan Saliyo ne</text>
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    <title>Natalia Esquivel</title>
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'''Natalia Esquivel Benítez''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba 1973 a [[San José|San Jose]]) mawaƙiya ce ta Costa Rican, mawaƙiya, mawaƙan mawaƙan, marubuci, mawaƙi, mai murya kuma masanin ilimin kiɗa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Natalia Esquivel Benítez |url=https://si.cultura.cr/personas/natalia-esquivel-benitez |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Sistema de Información Cultural |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Esquivel ta yi karatun ilimin kiɗa a Jami'ar Kasa ta Costa Rica; ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a Jami'an Indiana ta Pennsylvania . 

Esquivel ya kasance yana inganta ci gaban karatu da kiɗa ga yara, tare da manufar &quot;kiɗa&quot; da Christopher Small ya gabatar; ana ɗaukar kiɗa a matsayin tsari don taimakawa wajen gina ilmantarwa da haɓaka ƙwarewar ɗalibi, gami da ci gaban ƙwarewar da ake buƙata a rayuwarsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=Educators trained to promote reading through music |url=https://www.mep.go.cr/noticias/docentes-se-capacitan-fomentar-lectura-medio-musica?page=93 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Ministry of Public Education |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tattaunawar kiɗa, da hukumomin addini ke tallafawa, sun kafa misali na gida a wannan batun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Castillo Vindas |first=Luis Fernando |year=2017 |title=Arte, política, cultura: elementos para una teoría crítica del Sistema Nacional de Educación Musical |url=http://repositorio.sibdi.ucr.ac.cr:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7181/1/42845.pdf |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=[[Universidad de Costa Rica]] |pages=171–172 |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani tasiri mai ma'ana a cikin aikinta shine Orff Schulwerk na Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=De la Schulwerk a los Carmina Burana: Carl Orff, una música de fuertes resonancias |url=https://www.revistamitt.com.mx/mitt-articulo.asp?notid=15 |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=Revista Mitt |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Esquivel ya kasance mai zane-zane tare da mawakiyar kiɗa ta zamantakewa ta Mutanen Espanya Marta Lozano Molano, yana gudanar da aikin kiɗa don yankunan karkara da al'ummomi a ƙarƙashin haɗarin zamantakewa; waƙoƙinsa 17 suna gayyatar yin tunani game da dabi'un muhalli da zamantakewa, bisa ga Manufofin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 17.[1]

=== Hanyar da ake amfani da ita ===
Ayyukanta na kiɗa sun samo asali ne daga aikin Billy Joel, Ana Belén, Silvio Rodríguez, Pablo Milanés, da Violeta Parra, da sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2000 |title=A voice of her own |url=https://www.nacion.com/archivo/una-voz-muy-propia/S25SX3GZFNDIDKHXNUQHL6MKXQ/story/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=[[La Nación (Costa Rica)|La Nación]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

* Arrullos de sol y mar (Clubdelibros, 2015; 2nd ed. 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jarquín |first=Carlos Javier |author-link=Carlos Javier Jarquin |date=3 July 2021 |title=Mía Esquivel es una niña prodigiosa |url=https://www.laprensani.com/2021/07/03/opinion/2845998-mia-esquivel-es-una-nina-prodigiosa |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=[[La Prensa (Managua)|La Prensa]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Waƙoƙi ga yara masu zuwa makaranta'' (EUNED, 2017) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Música para el niño preescolar |url=https://editorial.uned.ac.cr/book/U08499 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Editorial de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Nana na wata'' (Ocarina, 2020) 
* Andamios na ruwan sama (Poiesis Ediciones, 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title=Presentation of ''Andamios de lluvia'' |url=https://www.mcj.go.cr/agenda/presentacion-del-libro-andamios-de-lluvia-de-natalia-esquivel-biblioteca-nacional |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Ministry of Culture and Youth |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Retana |first=Edmundo |date=10 May 2022 |title=Un largo sueño fluvial y translúcido |url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/suplementos/loslibros/un-largo-sueno-fluvial-y-translucido/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Semanario Universidad |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Waƙar duniya: 'yan uwantaka a Duniya. Volume I (masu rubuce-rubuce daban-daban, ed. Carlos Javier Jarquín). Littafin Antology. Costa Rica: H.C. Editoci, 2023.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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  <page>
    <title>Nassise Chali</title>
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'''Nassise Chali''' ma'aikaciyar gwamnati ce ta Habasha, jami'ar diflomasiyya kuma malamar makaranta wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Yawon Buɗe Ido daga ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba 2021 har zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba 2024. Ta kasance Jakadiyar Habasha, a [[Kanada|Kanada,]] daga shekarun 2018 zuwa 2021. Kafin matsayinta na jami'ar diflomasiyya, injiniya ce ta tsaro ta yanar gizo a kamfanin Boeing.

== Matsayinta na baya ==
Nassise tana da digiri na farko na Arts a Harshen waje da Adabi da digiri na biyu a fannin koyarwar Turanci a matsayin Harshen waje duka daga [[Jami'ar Addis Ababa]]. Bugu da ƙari, Nassise ta kasance malama a jami'o'i daban-daban, kamar [[Jami'ar Jimma]], Jami'ar St. Mary da Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Adama. Ta jagoranci Darektan yarjejeniya da hulɗa da jama'a a ofishin shugaban ƙasa na yankin Oromia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ethiopia |first=Department-Minister Omer Hussein Oba |last2=Ethiopia |first2=Minister of Agriculture Takele Uma Benti |last3=Ethiopia |first3=Minister of Mines Berhanu Nega Bonger |last4=Ethiopia |first4=Minister of Education Abrham Belay Berhe |last5=Ethiopia |first5=Minister of Defense Lake Ayalew |last6=Ethiopia |first6=Minister of Revenues No Image Available Gebremeskel Chala Motalo |last7=Trade |first7=Minister of |last8=Ethiopia |first8=Regional Integration Fitsum Assefa Adela |last9=Planning |first9=Minister of |title=Nasise Chali Jira » Directory |url=https://multifactcheck.org/directory/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107203607/https://multifactcheck.org/directory/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-10-28 |title=H.E. Nasise Challi Jira |url=https://itic.uk/h-e-nasise-challi-jira/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The International Tourism &amp; Investment Conference (ITIC - www.itic.uk) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta zama jakadiyar Habasha, a [[Kanada|Kanada,]] a watan Disamba 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 January 2024 |title=Ambassador Nassise Chali confers with Canadian MPs |url=https://waltainfo.com/ambassador-nassise-chali-confers-with-canadian-mps/ |website=[[Walta]] |access-date=23 March 2026 |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124224601/https://waltainfo.com/ambassador-nassise-chali-confers-with-canadian-mps/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba 2021 aka yi wa [[Abiy Ahmed]] sauyi a majalisar ministocinsa, aka naɗa ta a matsayin ministar yawon buɗe ido. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aregawi |first=Tewelde |date=2021-10-06 |title=News: PM Abiy forms new gov't; adds 20 institutions including NISS, INSA, investment &amp; financial security accountable to his office |url=https://addisstandard.com/news-pm-abiy-forms-new-govt-adds-20-institutions-including-niss-insa-investment-financial-security-accountable-to-his-office/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Addis Standard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abiye |first=Yonas |date=2018-12-29 |title=MoFA Announces Ambassadors’ Placement {{!}} The Reporter {{!}} Latest Ethiopian News Today |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/7117/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-10-28 |title=H.E. Nasise Challi Jira |url=https://itic.uk/h-e-nasise-challi-jira/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The International Tourism &amp; Investment Conference (ITIC - www.itic.uk) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Oblowitz</title>
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'''Michael Oblowitz''' ɗan fim ne na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Ayyukansa sun kai kusan shekaru hamsin. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar No Wave Cinema na Yin fim mai zaman kansa a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a ƙarshen 1970s. Shi ne kuma Mai shirya fim-finai na Afirka ta Kudu na farko da ya karbi shigarwa a duka bikin fina-fukkuna na Cannes da Sundance, bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Indiewire |date=1996-12-02 |title=Sundance ’97 Lineups Set |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/sundance-97-lineups-set-83608/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Oblowitz a Cape Town, inda ya girma a cikin 1970s. Ya kammala karatu a fannin Fine Arts da Falsafa a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] . Daga baya ya sami M.F.A. a cikin Fim Theory da Production daga Jami'ar Columbia a 1982, kuma ya yi karatun daukar hoto da bugawa a Makarantar Fasaha ta Tsakiya ta London a 1976. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the sea of Dark-ness |url=https://www.pressreader.com/australia/tracks/20190901/281642486870439 |access-date=May 24, 2021 |website=[[Tracks (magazine)|Tracks]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ya fara aikinsa a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 tare da fina-finai masu zaman kansu ''X-Terminator'', The Is / Land, Minus Zero da King Blank . Fim din yanzu suna cikin tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na zamani a Birnin New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michael Oblowitz. King Blank. 1983 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/316850 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kazalika da yin fim din kansa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai daukar hoto ga ma'aikatan No Wave Cinema da yawa a lokacin da yake New York. Zaɓin sanannun Masu shirya fina-finai da ya yi aiki tare sun haɗa da Rosa von Praunheim, Tina L'Hotsky da Maripol . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Snake Woman. USA. Directed by Tina L'Hotsky Men in Orbit. 1979. Directed by John Lurie {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/4292 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1977, yana aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto ga SoHo News . Yayinda yake aiki ga jaridar, ya harbe hotuna na sanannun mawaƙa Bryan Ferry da Plastic Bertrand.

Ya shiga yin fim a cikin 1997, tare da Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka This World, Then the Fireworks .  A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, an saki fim dinsa The Traveller, tare da Val Kilmer, a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marrone |first=John |date=2011-01-30 |title=[BD Review] 'The Traveler' a Gem in the Rough |url=http://bloody-disgusting.com/reviews/3151655/bd-review-the-traveler-for-horror-fans-only/ |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe lambar yabo don Mafi kyawun Fasahar Thriller a bikin fina-finai da bidiyo na New York na 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;wavescape&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heavy Water Premiere this Sunday |url=https://www.wavescape.co.za/surf-news/breaking-news/heavy-water-premiere-this-sunday.html |access-date=May 24, 2021 |website=wavescape.co.za |archive-date=January 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123001244/https://www.wavescape.co.za/surf-news/breaking-news/heavy-water-premiere-this-sunday.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fitar da shirinsa na farko na hawan igiyar ruwa, Sea Of Darkness, a cikin 2010. Shirin ya lashe kyautar Kyautattun Kyaututtuka a bikin fina-finai na New York Surf . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WINNERS CIRCLE |url=http://newyorksurffilmfestival.com/category/winnercircle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101205830/http://newyorksurffilmfestival.com/category/winnercircle |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=May 24, 2021 |website=newyorksurffilmfestival.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirinsa na biyu na hawan igiyar ruwa, Heavy Water, wanda aka saki a shekarar 2017 ya fito da Nathan Fletcher,  ya lashe fim mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na Byron Bay International Film Festival &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=Review: 'Heavy Water,' a surf doc aimed at the hardcore fan |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2020-01-30/heavy-water-review-surfing |access-date=May 24, 2021 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya lashe fim din Wavescape mafi kyau a 2018 Durban International Film Festival.&lt;ref name=&quot;byron bay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Byron Bay International Film Festival 2017 Award Winners |url=https://www.byron-bay.com/blog/byron-bay-international-film-festival-2017-award-winners/ |access-date=May 24, 2021 |website=byron-bay.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 July 2018 |title=All the winners at DIFF 2018 |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/Movies/News/all-the-winners-at-diff-2018-20180730-2 |access-date=May 24, 2021 |website=news24.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2018, ya ba da umarnin fim din Frank &amp; Ava . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paine |first=Herbert |date=3 March 2018 |title=BWW Review: FRANK &amp; AVA ~ An Affair To Remember |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/phoenix/article/BWW-Review-FRANK-AVA-An-Affair-To-Remember-20180303 |access-date=24 May 2021 |publisher=[[BroadwayWorld]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma samar da bidiyon kiɗa ga taurari kamar [[David Bowie]] da [[Diana Ross]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2021 |title=Inside Big Wave Surfer Nathan Fletcher's New Movie, 'Heavy Water' |url=https://www.menshealth.com.au/nathan-fletcher-surf-movie-heavy-water |access-date=May 24, 2021 |website=menshealth.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bidiyo na farko da ya jagoranta shine Kurtis Blow's Basketball . Bidiyo ya karya shingen, yana daya daga cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Hip-Hop na farko da aka watsa akan MTV.

== Shahararrun fina-finai ==

* ''X-Terminator'' (1977)
* ''Minus Zero'' (1979)
* ''King Blank'' (1982)
* ''This World, Then the Fireworks'' (1997)
* ''Sea of Darkness'' (Documentary, 2010)
* ''The Traveler'' (2010)
* ''The Ganzfeld Experiment'' (2013)
* ''Heavy Water'' (2017)
* ''Frank &amp;amp;amp; Ava'' (2018)

== Bidiyo na kiɗa ==

* &quot;''Basketball''&quot; by Kurtis Blow (1984)
* &quot;''Hippy Land Rap''&quot; by Tommy Chong (1990) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2019 |title=Tommy Chong unreleased &quot;Hippy Land Rap&quot; variant live action video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZbY80Sk27c |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;''The Healer''&quot; by John Lee Hooker and Carlos Santana (1993)
* &quot;''Mustang Sally''&quot; by Buddy Guy and Jeff Beck (1994)
* ''Booker T and the M.G's Live in Laguna'' (music documentary, 1995)
* ''Buddy Guy - Live: The Real Deal'' (music documentary, 1996)
* &quot;''Standing Here''&quot; by [[Kungiyar The Stone Roses|The Stone Roses]] (1997)

== Hotunan da aka zaɓa ==

* 1977 ''X-Terminator'' (short film)
* 1977 ''Table Conversation'' (short film)
* 1977 ''Portrait of Tina L’Hotsky'' (short film)
* 1977 ''Snow'' (short film)
* 1978 ''The Is/Land-Circuits of Control'' (with David Goldberg)
* 1979 ''Minus Zero''
* 1979 ''Death Magazine''
* 1979 ''Red Love Color''
* 1980 ''Too Sensitive to Touch'' (with Sylvère Lotringer)
* 1982 ''King Blank''
* 1998 ''The Areola'' (co-directed)
* 2001 ''The Breed''
* 2003 ''Out for a Kill''
* 2003 ''The Foreigner''
* 2005 ''Hammerhead: Shark Frenzy''
* 2008 ''Romantic Resorts''
* 2016 ''Untitled Sunny Garcia Documentary'' (in production)
* 2023 ''Confidential Informant''

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Bikin Kyautar
!Sashe
!Ayyukan da aka zaba
!Sakamakon
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|-
|2017
|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Byron Bay
|Mafi kyawun Fim na Surf
|''Ruwa Mai Girma''| {{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;byron bay&quot;/&gt;
|-
|2018
|[[Durban International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Durban]]
|Mafi kyawun Fim na Wavescape
|''Ruwa Mai Girma''| {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2018 |title=39th Durban International Film Festival awards |url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2018/07/30/film/business/39th-durban-international-film-festival-awards/ |access-date=May 22, 2021 |website=screenafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|Bikin Fim na Hollywood Reel Mai Zaman Kanta
|Mafi kyawun Fim Mai Zaman Kanta
|''Frank da Ava''| {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HRIFF 2018 AWARD WINNERS |url=http://www.hollywoodreelindependentfilmfestival.com/2018/awards.php |access-date=May 24, 2021 |website=hollywoodreelindependentfilmfestival.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Monique Mukuna Mutombo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146566</id>
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'''Monique Mukuna Mutombo''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu 1974) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce '[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|yar ƙasar Kongo]]. Ta ayyana takararta ta 'yan ƙasa don zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2016 a watan Maris na wannan shekarar. Mutombo ta yi suka ga shugabancin Shugaba Joseph Kabila.&lt;ref name=&quot;afreview&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Ndi|first1=Ndi Eugene|title=The lone woman in the race to replace Kabila|url=http://www.africareview.com/special-reports/The-lone-woman-in-the-race-to-replace-Kabila/979182-3339200-oder7bz/index.html|accessdate=28 October 2016|work=[[Africa Review]]|date=10 August 2016|archive-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029045536/http://www.africareview.com/special-reports/The-lone-woman-in-the-race-to-replace-Kabila/979182-3339200-oder7bz/index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Monique Mukuna Mutombo ta yi karatun digiri a Jami'ar Liverpool, ta ƙasar Ingila, inda ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;citzen&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Congo-Kinshasa: The Lone Woman in the Race to Replace Kabila|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201608120293.html|accessdate=28 October 2016|work=The Citizen|date=11 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance shugabar wani kamfani na ƙasashen Afirka ta Kudu na tsawon shekaru biyar, kuma ta yi aiki a ofishin zaɓe a [[lardin Katanga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;afreview&quot;/&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Mutombo ta shiga siyasa a shekarar 2016 lokacin da ta sanar da kanta a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta don zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2016 a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo]] a watan Maris na wannan shekarar ta hanyar wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramarosaona |first=James |date=12 March 2016 |title=RDC : Monique MUKUNA, décidée pour les présidentielles |url=http://www.afriqueprogres.com/societe/4441/rdc-monique-mukuna-decidee-pour-les-presidentielles |access-date=23 June 2016 |website=Afrique Progres |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wata hira da ta yi da ''[[Africa Review]]'', ta yi magana game da aikin da [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], Shugabar Liberia, ta kammala, kuma ta ƙara da cewa &quot;mafita ga rashin zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo, ba shine abin da maza ke kiyayewa kawai ba. Mata ma za su iya yin hakan mafi kyau. Mata sun tabbatar da cewa su ne manajoji nagari a lokutan rikici da tashin hankali.&quot; Ita ce mace tilo, cikin 'yan takara biyar da suka tsayar da kansu don zaɓen.&lt;ref name=&quot;afreview&quot;/&gt;

Ta yi suka ga sauye-sauyen da Shugaba Joseph Kabila ya yi don tsawaita mulkinsa bayan ƙarshen wa'adin mulkinsa na biyu. Ta kuma zarge shi da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma hana dukiyar ƙasar daga talakawa don amfanin kansa da abokansa. A baya Mutombo ta yi imanin cewa Étienne Tshisekedi shine mutumin da ya dace ya jagoranci ƙasar, amma bayan haɗin gwiwarsa da Moïse Katumbi, ta canza ra'ayinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;afreview&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mutombo uwa ce mai 'ya'ya biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;citzen&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://moniquemukuna.com Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403225152/http://www.moniquemukuna.com/ |date=2019-04-03 }} Archived  
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Maria Sibylla Merian (2 Afrilu 1647 – 13 ga Janairu 1717) [1] ƙwararriyar masaniyar halittu ce ta Jamus, mai nazarin halittu, kuma mai zane-zanen kimiyya . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin masana kimiyyar halittu na Turai da suka rubuta abubuwan da aka lura da su game da kwari kai tsaye. Merian ta fito ne daga reshen Frankfurt na dangin Swiss Merian

Merian ta sami horon fasaha daga uban gidanta, Jacob Marrel, ɗalibi a fannin zane mai rai Georg Flegel . Merian ta buga littafinta na farko na zane-zane na halitta a shekarar 1675. Ta fara tattara kwari tun tana ƙarama. Tana da shekaru 13, ta kiwon tsutsotsi na siliki . A shekarar 1679, Merian ta buga kundin farko na jerin littattafai biyu kan tsutsotsi ; kundin na biyu ya biyo baya a shekarar 1683. Kowane kundin ya ƙunshi faranti 50 da ta sassaka kuma ta sassaka. Merian ta tattara shaidu kan yadda aka samu canji da kuma yadda tsirrai suka mamaye nau'ikan kwari 186 na Turai. Tare da zane-zanen Merian ta haɗa da bayanin zagayowar rayuwarsu.

A shekara ta 1699, Merian ta yi tafiya zuwa Dutch Guiana don yin nazari da kuma rubuta kwari masu zafi da suka samo asali daga yankin. A shekara ta 1705, ta buga Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium . An yaba wa Merian's Metamorphosis da yin tasiri ga masu zane-zane na halitta iri-iri. Saboda lura da ta yi da kuma rubuce-rubucenta game da yadda malam buɗe ido ya canza, David Attenborough ya ɗauki Merian a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga fannin ilimin halittar dabbobi . [1] Ta gano sabbin bayanai da yawa game da rayuwar kwari ta hanyar karatunta. [2] Har zuwa lokacin da ta yi aiki mai kyau da cikakken bayani, an yi tunanin cewa kwari &quot;an haife su ne daga laka&quot; ta hanyar samar da su ta hanyar bazata . Binciken da ta yi na farko wajen kwatantawa da bayyana matakai daban-daban na ci gaba, daga ƙwai zuwa tsutsa zuwa jaki da kuma daga ƙarshe har zuwa babba, ya kawar da ra'ayin samar da su ta bazata kuma ya kafa ra'ayin cewa kwari suna fuskantar zagayowar rayuwa daban-daban da ake iya faɗi. [3]

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
[[Fayil:MatthaeusMerian.jpg|thumb|Mahaifinta, Matthäus Merian, mai sassaka ne kuma yana gudanar da gidan buga littattafai. Shi ɗan gidan Basel Merian ne na Patrician .]]
Mahaifin Maria Sibylla Merian, mai sassaka kuma mawallafi ɗan ƙasar Switzerland, Matthäus Merian, ya auri mahaifiyarta, matarsa ta biyu, Johanna Sybilla Heyne, a shekara ta 1646. An haifi Maria a cikin shekara mai zuwa, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗansa na tara. Mahaifinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1650, kuma a shekara ta 1651, mahaifiyarta ta sake auri Jacob Marrel, mai zane-zanen furanni da rai . Marrel ta ƙarfafa Merian ta zana da fenti. Yayin da yake zaune galibi a Holland, ɗalibinsa Abraham Mignon ya horar da ita. A lokacin tana da shekaru 13, ta zana hotunanta na farko na kwari da tsire-tsire daga samfuran da ta kama. [1] Tun da farko, ta sami damar samun littattafai da yawa game da tarihin halitta . [2] Game da ƙuruciyarta, a cikin gabatarwar Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium, Merian ya rubuta: [3]
{{Blockquote|I spent my time investigating insects. At the beginning, I started with silkworms in my home town of Frankfurt. I realized that other caterpillars produced beautiful butterflies or moths, and that silkworms did the same. This led me to collect all the [[caterpillars]] I could find in order to see how they changed.}}
A watan Mayu na shekarar 1665, Merian ta auri ɗalibin Marrel, Johann Andreas Graff daga [[Nuremberg]] ; mahaifinsa mawaki ne kuma darektan makarantar sakandare ta gida, ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantu a Jamus ta ƙarni na sha bakwai. A watan Janairu na shekarar 1668, ta haifi ɗanta na fari, Johanna Helena, kuma iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Nuremberg a shekarar 1670, garin mijinta. Yayin da take zaune a can, Merian ta ci gaba da zane, tana aiki a kan takarda da lilin, da kuma ƙirƙirar zane-zane don yin zane . Ta kuma ba da darussan zane ga 'ya'yan mata marasa aure na iyalai masu arziki ('yan uwanta ''na Jungfern'' ', wato ƙungiyar budurwa), wanda ya taimaka wa iyalinta da kuɗi kuma ya ƙara matsayinsu na zamantakewa. Wannan ya ba ta damar shiga mafi kyawun lambuna, waɗanda masu kuɗi da manyan mutane ke kula da su, inda za ta iya ci gaba da tattarawa da kuma rubuta kwari. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Todd |first=Kim |date=June 2011 |title=Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717): An Early Investigator of Parasitoids and Phenotypic Plasticity |journal=Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=131–144 |doi=10.1163/187498311X567794}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1675, Merian ta shiga Kwalejin Jamus ta Joachim von Sandrart . Baya ga zanen furanni, ta yi zane-zanen farantin tagulla . Bayan halartar makarantar Sandrart, ta buga littattafan zane-zanen furanni.  A shekara ta 1678, ta haifi 'yarta ta biyu Dorothea Maria . 

Sauran mata masu zane-zanen da ba su mutu ba, kamar Margaretha de Heer ta Merian ta zamani, sun haɗa da kwari a cikin hotunan furanninsu, amma ba su yi kiwo ko nazarin su ba.  {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/womenonmarginsth00davi/page/155 155]}}A shekara ta 1679, ta buga aikinta na farko akan kwari, na farko daga cikin littafi mai zane mai juzu'i biyu wanda ya mayar da hankali kan yadda kwari suka canza yanayinsu. 

A shekara ta 1678, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], amma aurenta bai yi daɗi ba.  Ta ƙaura tare da mahaifiyarta bayan rasuwar mahaifinta a shekara ta 1681. A shekara ta 1683, ta yi tafiya zuwa Gottorp kuma ta yi sha'awar al'ummar Labadists a Holstein . A shekara ta 1685, Merian ta yi tafiya tare da mahaifiyarta, mijinta, da 'ya'yanta zuwa Friesland inda ɗan'uwanta Caspar Merian ya zauna tun shekara ta 1677.

=== Friesland ===
[[Fayil:CasparM.jpg|thumb|Ɗan'uwanta Caspar Merian]]
Tun daga shekarar 1685, Merian, 'ya'yanta mata, da mahaifiyarta sun zauna tare da al'ummar Labadist, waɗanda suka zauna a wani gida mai kyau - Walt(h)a Castle - a Wieuwerd a Friesland. Sun zauna a wurin tsawon shekaru uku kuma Merian ta sami lokacin yin nazarin tarihin halitta da Latin, harshen da ake rubuta littattafan kimiyya a lokacin.  A cikin dazuzzukan Friesland, ta lura da haihuwa da haɓakar kwaɗi, ta tattara su don ta rarraba su.  {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/womenonmarginsth00davi/page/163 163]}}Merian ya ci gaba da zama tare da al'ummar har zuwa 1691. &lt;ref name=&quot;Suzanne Le-May Sheffield 2004 24&quot; /&gt;

In Wieuwerd, the Labadists engaged in printing and many other occupations, including farming and milling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 2008 |title=Schetsplattegrond van Waltha- of Thetinga-state opgetekend door Johann Andreas Graff, echtgenoot van Maria Sibylla Merian &amp;#124; Tuinhistorisch Genootschap Cascade |url=http://www.cascade1987.nl/schetsplattegrond-van-waltha-of-thetinga-state-opgetekend-door-johann-andreas-graff-echtgenoot-van-maria-sibylla-merian/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602094914/http://www.cascade1987.nl/schetsplattegrond-van-waltha-of-thetinga-state-opgetekend-door-johann-andreas-graff-echtgenoot-van-maria-sibylla-merian/ |archive-date=2 June 2019 |access-date=26 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; At its peak, the religious community numbered around 600, with many more adherents further afield. Visitors came from England, Italy, Poland, and elsewhere, but not all approved of the strict discipline, religious separatism, and community property. Merian's husband was refused by the Labadists, but came back twice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfgang Klötzer 1996&quot;&gt;Wolfgang Klötzer (Hrsg.): Frankfurter Biographie. Zweiter Band M–Z. Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1996, {{ISBN|3-7829-0459-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amsterdam ===
[[Fayil:Maria_Sibylla_Merian_-_Insectenboek_001.JPG|right|thumb|An sake buga littafin ''Metamorphosis'' na baki da fari a shekarar 1730 - bayan rasuwarta a shekarar 1719, 1726, da 1730.]]
[[Fayil:Merian_Portrait.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton sana'a na Maria Sibylla Merian (kimanin 1700, farantin jan ƙarfe na Jacobus Houbraken daga hoton Georg Gsell ). Matsayinta a matsayin ƙwararriyar ƙwararriya ya ta'allaka ne da tarin littattafai da ke kusa da ita. Duniya da kwafi suna jawo hankali ga nasarorin da ta samu. Guda biyu na zane- zane da alamar mahaifinta suna jaddada asalinta. ]]
A shekara ta 1690, mahaifiyar Merian ta mutu. Bayan shekara guda, ta ƙaura tare da 'ya'yanta mata zuwa Amsterdam. A shekara ta 1692, mijinta ya sake ta. A Amsterdam a wannan shekarar, 'yarta Johanna ta auri Jakob Hendrik Herolt, wani ɗan kasuwa mai nasara a sana'ar Suriname, wanda asalinsa daga Bacharach ne . Mai zane-zanen furanni Rachel Ruysch ta zama ɗalibar Merian.  Merian tana samun abin rayuwa tana sayar da zane-zanenta.  Ita da 'yarta Johanna sun sayar da hotunan furanni ga mai tattara zane-zane Agnes Block . A shekara ta 1698 Merian ta zauna a wani gida mai kayan daki a Kerkstraat.  {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/womenonmarginsth00davi/page/166 166]}}

A shekara ta 1699, birnin Amsterdam ya ba Merian izinin tafiya zuwa [[Suriname]] da ke Kudancin Amurka, tare da ƙaramar 'yarta Dorothea Maria . A ranar 10 ga Yuli, Merian mai shekaru hamsin da biyu da 'yarta suka fara tafiya a jirgin ruwa. Manufar aikin ita ce ta shafe shekaru biyar tana kwatanta sabbin nau'ikan kwari.  Domin samun kuɗin aikin, Maria Sibylla ta sayar da zane-zanenta guda 255. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reidell |first=Heidi |date=April 2008 |title=A Study of Metamorphosis |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=lfh&amp;AN=32045888&amp;site=ehost-live |url-status=live |journal=Americas |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=28–35 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402073623/https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=lfh&amp;AN=32045888&amp;site=ehost-live |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=10 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya za ta rubuta:&lt;blockquote&gt;A ƙasar Holland, da mamaki ƙwarai game da kyawawan dabbobi da suka fito daga Gabashin da Yammacin Indiya . Na sami albarkar samun damar duba tarin tsada na Dakta Nicolaes Witsen, magajin garin Amsterdam kuma darektan ƙungiyar Gabashin Indiya, da kuma na Mista Jonas Witsen, sakataren Amsterdam. Bugu da ƙari, na kuma ga tarin Mr. Fredericus Ruysch, likitan likitanci kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin halittar jiki da tsirrai, Mista Livinus Vincent, da sauran mutane da yawa. A cikin waɗannan tarin na sami wasu kwari marasa adadi, amma na gano cewa asalinsu da haihuwarsu ba a san su ba, yana haifar da tambaya game da yadda suke canzawa, farawa daga tsutsotsi da chrysalises da sauransu. Duk wannan, a lokaci guda, ya sa na yi tafiya mai tsawo ina mafarkin zuwa Suriname. &lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Suriname da komawa Netherlands ===
Merian ta isa Suriname a ranar 18 ga Satumba ko 19 ga Satumba, kuma ta gana da gwamna Paulus van der Veen . Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu,  tana yawo a cikin yankin da kuma zana dabbobin gida da shuke-shuke. Ta rubuta sunayen 'yan asalin yankin na shuke-shuken kuma ta bayyana amfanin da ake yi a yankin. 

Ba kamar sauran masana kimiyyar halittu na ƙasar Holland ba, Merian ba ta aiki a wata kamfani ko kamfani ba. Gabatarwar littafinta na Suriname bai ambaci wani mai tallafawa ko mai tallafawa tafiyarta ba.  Wasu sun yi imanin cewa daraktocin Kamfanin Dutch West India ne suka ɗauki nauyin tafiyarta.  {{Rp|211}}A cikin littafinta na baya-bayan nan kan balaguron, Merian ta soki ayyukan 'yan kasuwar mulkin mallaka, tana mai cewa &quot;mutanen da ke wurin ba su da sha'awar yin bincike kan wani abu makamancin haka; hakika sun yi mini ba'a saboda neman wani abu banda sukari a ƙasar.&quot; Merian ta kuma yi Allah wadai da yadda 'yan kasuwa ke yi wa bayi. An tilasta wa wani bawa ya taimaka wa Merian a bincikenta, kuma aikin wannan mutumin ya ba da damar hulɗa da ta yi da bayin Amerindian da Afirka a yankin da suka taimaka mata wajen binciken tsirrai da dabbobi na Suriname. Merian ta kuma nuna sha'awar noma kuma ta yi kuka game da yadda 'yan kasuwar mulkin mallaka ke adawa da shuka ko fitar da wani abu banda sukari. Daga baya ta nuna kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa da ake samu a Suriname, gami da abarba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hacke2017&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|212–213}}

A watan Yunin 1701, wata cuta, wataƙila [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|maleriya]], ta tilasta mata komawa Jamhuriyar Holland .  A can Netherlands, Merian ta buɗe shago. Ta sayar da samfuran da ta tattara da kuma zane-zanenta na tsirrai da dabbobi a Suriname. A shekara ta 1705, ta buga wani littafi ''mai suna Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium'' game da kwari na Suriname. 

A shekara ta 1715, Merian ta kamu da bugun jini. Duk da cewa ta shanye wani ɓangare na jikinta, ta ci gaba da aikinta.    jana'izar ta ta kasance ta matsakaicin aji tare da masu ɗaukar kaya goma sha huɗu.  'Yarta Dorothea ta buga ''Erucarum Ortus Alimentum et Paradoxa Metamorphosis'', tarin ayyukan mahaifiyarta, bayan mutuwar Merian.

== Aiki ==

=== Fasahar Tsirrai ===
Merian ta fara yin suna a matsayin mai fasahar fasahar tsirrai . A shekarar 1675, ta fara buga wani shiri mai jigo uku, kowanne da faranti goma sha biyu da ke nuna furanni.  {{Rp|35}}A shekarar 1680 ta buga littafin ''Neues Blumenbuch'', inda ta haɗa jerin littattafan.  {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/insectimagevisua0000neri/page/142 142]}}

Zane-zanen an yi su ne da ado kuma ba duka aka zana su ba bisa ga lura. Wasu daga cikin furannin da ke cikin jerin juzu'i uku sun yi kama da an gina su ne bisa ga zane-zanen Nicolas Robert da babanta Jacob Marrel . Merian ta haɗa da kwari a cikin furannin; kuma wataƙila ba ta lura da su duka da kanta ba, kuma wasu na iya zama kwafin zane-zanen Jacob Hoefnagel .  {{Rp|35}}Furanni guda ɗaya, furanni masu ado, furanni masu ƙayatarwa da furanni a cikin kundin guda uku za su samar da tsari ga masu fasaha da masu yin ado.  {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/womenonmarginsth00davi/page/146 146]}}A wancan lokacin, yin zane wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na ilimin da mata matasa suka samu a Turai. Kwafi daga wasu masu fasaha muhimmin ɓangare ne na horar da mai fasaha a lokacin.  {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/insectimagevisua0000neri/page/143 143]}}Waƙoƙinta sun yi kama da salon ɗakin zane-zanen da aka saba yi a Turai a lokacin. Bulaliya da damselflies suna da alaƙa da tsire-tsire, suna nuna kayan ado na Hoefnagel. &lt;ref name=&quot;Neri2011&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/insectimagevisua0000neri/page/150 150]}}Littattafan ''Raupen'' da ta wallafa a baya za a yi amfani da su a matsayin zane-zane, zane-zane da kuma dinki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Neri2011&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/insectimagevisua0000neri/page/158 158]}}

Merian ta kuma sayar da bugu na Blumenbuch masu launin hannu.  {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/insectimagevisua0000neri/page/152 152]}}Tsarin ƙirƙirar fasaharta na Merian ya yi amfani da vellum wanda ta yi masa ado da farin gashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kopaneva |first=N.P. |date=February 2010 |title=The Vivid Colors of Merian |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=a9h&amp;AN=65564703&amp;site=ehost-live |url-status=live |journal=Science First Hand |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=110–123 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402073623/https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=a9h&amp;AN=65564703&amp;site=ehost-live |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=10 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda tsarin ƙungiyar, ba a ba wa mata damar yin fenti da mai ba . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Merian ta yi fenti da ruwan sha da gouache . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Bincike kan kwari da tsutsotsi ===
[[File:Maria_Sibylla_Merian_Der_Raupen_wunderbare_Verwandelung_und_sonderbare_Blumennahrung_Band_1.png|right|thumb|Shafin taken littafin ''The Caterpillars' Marvelous Change and Strange Floral Food'', juzu'i na farko, an buga shi a shekarar 1679]]
[[File:Maria_Sibylla_Merian_Maulbeerbaum_samt_Frucht_plate_1.png|right|thumb|Faranti na I na ''Caterpillars'' juzu'i na 1, mai taken &quot;Maulbeerbaum samt Frucht&quot;. Yana nuna 'ya'yan itace da ganyen bishiyar mulberry da ƙwai da tsutsotsi na ƙwarƙwarin siliki .]]
[[File:Garden_Tiger_Moth_Maria_Sibylla_Merian.png|right|thumb|Faranti na 5 na ''Caterpillars'' vol 1, wanda ke nuna yadda ƙwaron damisar lambun ke canzawa, mai masaukin shuke-shuken sa, da kuma ƙwaro mai kama da ƙwari.]]
Merian tana ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyyar halitta na farko da suka kalli kwari kai tsaye.  Merian ta tattara ta kuma lura da kwari masu rai sannan ta ƙirƙiri zane-zane dalla-dalla. A zamaninta kwari har yanzu suna da suna a matsayin &quot;dabbobin shaidan&quot; kuma tsarin canzawar yanayi ba a san shi sosai ba. Duk da cewa wasu ƴan malamai sun buga bayanai na zahiri game da zagayowar rayuwar kwari, kwari da malam buɗe ido, ra'ayin da aka yi a zamanin yau shi ne cewa an &quot;haife su da laka&quot; ta hanyar tsara su ba zato ba tsammani . Merian ta tattara shaidu akasin haka kuma ta bayyana zagayowar rayuwar nau'ikan kwari 186. 

Merian ta fara tattara kwari tun tana ƙarama kuma ta ajiye littafin karatu. Tana da shekaru 13, ta kiwon tsutsotsi masu siliki da sauran kwari. Sha'awarta ta koma ga kwari da malam buɗe ido, waɗanda ta tattara ta yi nazari a kansu. Yayin da take zaune a Nuremberg da Frankfurt Merian za ta yi tafiya zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kewaye don neman tsutsotsi masu tsutsotsi. Ta rubuta shuke-shuken abincinsu, lokacin da suka canza siffarsu, kuma ta lura da halayen da ta lura da su.  {{Rp|36}}Ba sabon abu ba ne ga masana kimiyyar halitta su kwatanta bincikensu, amma Merian tana cikin ƙwararrun masu fasaha da suka fara samun horo don nuna nazarin rayuwarta da abubuwan da ta lura da su.

Ta lura da zagayowar rayuwar kwari tsawon shekaru da dama, tana yin zane-zane dalla-dalla bisa ga kwari masu rai a muhallinsu na halitta ko samfuran da aka adana sabo. Wannan ya bambanta ta da tsoffin masu fasaha-nature kamar Conrad Gesner . Zane-zanenta da faranti da aka sassaka suna nuna kwari suna kwanciya ƙwai, ko tsutsotsi suna cin ganye. Ta hanyar zana kwari masu rai, Merian za ta iya kwatanta launuka daidai, waɗanda suka ɓace daga samfuran da aka adana. Faranti da ta buga daga ƙarshe abubuwa ne masu rikitarwa, bisa ga cikakken nazarin kwari da ta zana a kan vellum; da yawa an adana su a cikin mujallar bincikenta. Kwatanta ya nuna cewa ba ta canza komai ba kuma ta adana yanayin da launin kwari lokacin da ta sanya su cikin babban abun da ke cikin farantinta. A lokacin nazarin kwari, ta kuma yi rikodin kuma ta zana zagayowar haihuwa na furanni, daga toho zuwa 'ya'yan itace. A matsayinta na mai fasaha mai horo, Merian ta damu da daidaiton launi kuma a cikin ''Metamorphosis'', ta rubuta tsire-tsire daga inda za a iya samo launuka. Zane-zanen da ta samar ko kula da su ba su da bambanci da launin ruwanta na asali. Ta kuma yi wa wasu zane-zanen hannu launi.  {{Rp|37}}

A shekara ta 1679, Merian ta buga kundin farko na jerin littattafai biyu kan tsutsotsi, tare da kundin na biyu a shekara ta 1683.  Kowane kundin ya ƙunshi faranti 50 da Merian ya sassaka kuma ya zana, tare da bayanin kwari, kwari, malam buɗe ido da tsutsotsinsu da ta gani. ''Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandlung und sonderbare Blumennahrung&amp;nbsp;– Sauyin Da Ke Cikin Caterpillars Mai Ban Mamaki da Abincin Fure Mai Ban Mamaki'', ya shahara sosai a wasu sassan al'umma masu tasowa kamar yadda aka rubuta shi a yaren larabci, amma masana kimiyya na lokacin sun yi watsi da aikinta sosai.  {{Rp|36}}

Shafin taken ''Caterpillars'' na 1679 ya yi shelar alfahari da Jamusanci:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;inda ta hanyar wata sabuwar ƙirƙira, ana bincika asalin, abinci da haɓakar tsutsotsi, tsutsotsi, malam buɗe ido, ƙwari, kwari da sauran ƙananan dabbobi, gami da lokaci, wurare da halaye, ga masana kimiyyar halitta, masu fasaha, da masu lambu, a hankali, a yi musu zane a taƙaice, a zana su daga yanayi, a zana su da jan ƙarfe sannan a buga su daban-daban.&quot;  {{Rp|39}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Jan Goedart ta bayyana kuma ta kwatanta matakan rayuwar kwari da malam buɗe ido na Turai a gabanta, amma &quot;ƙirƙirar&quot; Merian ita ce cikakken nazarin nau'ikan kwari, zagayowar rayuwarsu da mazauninsu. Goedart ta rubuta nau'ikan halittu ta hanyar nuna babban mutum, ɗan jaki da tsutsa ɗaya. Merian ta nuna bambance-bambancen jiki tsakanin manya maza da mata, ta nuna fikafikai a wurare daban-daban da kuma launuka daban-daban a kowane gefen fikafikan. Ta kuma rubuta tsawaitaccen proboscis na ciyar da kwari. Farantin farko a cikin ''Caterpillars'' na 1679 ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da zagayowar rayuwar ƙwari . Farawa daga kusurwar dama da ƙwai, tana ci gaba da ƙuraje da ƙuraje da yawa na tsutsar da ke girma.  {{Rp|39}}Goedart bai saka ƙwai a cikin hotunansa na matakan rayuwar ƙwari da malam buɗe ido na Turai ba, domin ya yi imanin cewa tsutsotsi suna fitowa ne daga ruwa. Lokacin da Merian ta buga bincikenta game da kwari, an yi imanin cewa kwari suna fitowa ne kawai ba tare da wata matsala ba. An yi binciken Merian ba tare da la'akari da binciken Francesco Redi, Marcello Malpighi da Jan Swammerdam ba, kuma an tallafa musu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Women2011&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|40}}

Duk da cewa bayanin rayuwar kwari na Merian ya kasance mai ƙirƙira a cikin daidaitonsa, amma lura da ta yi kan hulɗar halittu ne wanda yanzu ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban gudummawa ga kimiyyar kimiyyar [[Ecology|halittu]] ta zamani. Siffar kwari da masu masaukin shuke-shukensu ta bambanta aikin Merian da na Swammerdam da Francis Willughby na gargajiya da kuma aikin mutanen ƙasarta da kuma waɗanda suka yi zamani kamar Georg Rumphius .  {{Rp|40}}Merian ita ce ta farko da ta nuna cewa kowane mataki na canjin tsutsa zuwa malam buɗe ido ya dogara ne akan ƙaramin adadin tsire-tsire don ciyar da su. Ta lura cewa sakamakon haka, an sanya ƙwai kusa da waɗannan tsire-tsire. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A cikin bayaninta, ta yi tsokaci kan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli waɗanda suka shafi girman kwari. A kan tsutsa, ta lura cewa girman tsutsotsinsu yana ƙaruwa kowace rana idan suna da isasshen abinci. &quot;Wasu kuma suna isa girmansu cikin makonni da yawa; wasu kuma na iya buƙatar har zuwa watanni biyu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Women2011&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|39}}

Daga cikin gudunmawar da ta bayar ga kimiyya, akwai haɗa kowace tsutsa mai suna lepidopteran, wadda ta lura da ita da shukar da take ci. Ta tattara ta ajiye tsutsotsi ta kuma gudanar da gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da abin da ta lura da shi. Ta lura cewa &quot;tsutsotsi waɗanda ke ci a kan shukar fure ɗaya kawai, za su ci a kan wannan shukar kaɗai, kuma ba da daɗewa ba za su mutu idan ban ba su ba.&quot; Ta rubuta cewa wasu tsutsotsi za su ci a kan shuka fiye da ɗaya, amma wasu suna yin hakan ne kawai idan an hana su shukar da suka fi so.  {{Rp|41}}

A cikin cikakken nazarinta, Merian ta yi wasu abubuwan lura da dama na musamman. Dangane da tsutsotsi, ta rubuta cewa &quot;da yawa suna zubar da fatarsu gaba ɗaya sau uku ko huɗu&quot;. Ta kwatanta wannan da zane da ke nuna wani shed exoskeleton .  {{Rp|39}}Ta kuma yi bayani dalla-dalla kan hanyoyin da tsutsotsi ke samar da kuransu, tasirin yanayi kan yadda suke canzawa da kuma yawansu, yanayin tafiyarsu, da kuma gaskiyar cewa idan tsutsotsi &quot;ba su da abinci, suna cinye junansu&quot;. Merian ya rubuta irin wannan bayanin ga takamaiman nau'in. &lt;ref name=&quot;Women2011&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|41}}

=== Bincike a Suriname ===
[[Fayil:Metamorphosis_insectorum_surinamensium_(Pl._38)_BHL41398813.jpg|thumb|Farantin da ke nuna matakan ''Cocytius antaeus'' daga ''Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium'']]
[[Fayil:Spiders_-_Metamorphosis_insectorum_surinamensium_(1705),_74_plate_18_-_BL.jpg|thumb|Zane mai launi na tagulla daga ''Metamorphosis'', &quot;Gizo-gizo, tururuwa da hummingbird a kan reshe na [[Gweba|guava]] &quot;. Gizo-gizo a kusurwar hagu ta ƙasa yana cin tsuntsu.]]
[[Fayil:Metamorphosis_insectorum_surinamensium_(Pl._1)_BHL41398750.jpg|thumb|Faranti na 1 na ''Metamorphosis'', yana nuna abarba da kyankyasai]]
A shekara ta 1699, Merian ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar Surinam ta ƙasar Holland don yin nazari da kuma yin rikodin kwari masu zafi.  {{Rp|36}}Neman aikinta a [[Suriname]] wani aiki ne da ba a saba gani ba, musamman ga mace. Gabaɗaya, maza ne kawai ke samun kuɗaɗen sarauta ko na gwamnati don yin tafiya a cikin yankunan karkara don nemo sabbin nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi, yin tarin abubuwa da aiki a can, ko kuma zama. Ba a saba yin balaguron kimiyya a wannan lokacin ba, kuma balaguron Merian da kanta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mariath |first=Fernanda |last2=Baratto |first2=Leopoldo C. |date=2023-05-12 |title=Female naturalists and the patterns of suppression of women scientists in history: the example of Maria Sibylla Merian and her contributions about useful plants |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.1186/s13002-023-00589-1 |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=10182609 |pmid=37173737 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa. Duk da haka, ta yi nasara wajen gano nau'ikan dabbobi da tsire-tsire da ba a san su ba a cikin Suriname. Merian ta ɗauki lokaci tana nazari da rarraba abubuwan da ta gano kuma ta bayyana su dalla-dalla. Ba wai kawai ta bayyana kwari da ta samu ba, har ma ta lura da mazauninsu, halaye da amfaninsu ga mutanen asali . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Rarraba malam buɗe ido da ƙwari har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a yau. Ta yi amfani da sunayen ' yan asalin Amurka don komawa ga tsire-tsire, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a Turai:&lt;blockquote&gt;Na ƙirƙiri rarrabuwa ta farko ga dukkan kwari masu ɗauke da chrysalises, malam buɗe ido na rana da kuma ƙwari na dare. Rarraba ta biyu ita ce ta tsutsotsi, tsutsotsi, ƙudaje, da ƙudan zuma. Na riƙe sunayen tsirrai na asali, domin har yanzu ana amfani da su a Amurka ta wurin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma 'yan Indiya. &lt;/blockquote&gt;Merian's drawings of plants, frogs,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etheridge |first=Kay |year=2010 |title=Maria Sybilla Merian's Frogs |url=http://public.gettysburg.edu/~ketherid/merianfrogs.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Bibliotheca Herpetologica]] |volume=8 |pages=20–27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719094755/http://public.gettysburg.edu/~ketherid/merianfrogs.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=4 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; snakes, spiders, iguanas, and tropical beetles are still collected today by amateurs all over the world. The German word ''Vogelspinne'' – (a spider of the infraorder Mygalomorphae), translated literally as ''bird spider'' – probably has its origins in an engraving by Merian. The engraving, created from sketches drawn in Suriname, shows a large spider who had just captured a bird. In the same engraving and accompanying text Merian was the first European to describe both army ants and leaf cutter ants as well as their effect on other organisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etheridge |first=Kay |year=2011 |title=Maria Sibylla Merian and the metamorphosis of natural history |url=http://public.gettysburg.edu/~ketherid/Endeavor.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Endeavour |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=16–22 |doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2010.10.002 |pmid=21126767 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719094714/http://public.gettysburg.edu/~ketherid/Endeavor.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=4 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Merian's depictions of tropical ants were subsequently cited and copied by other artists. Her depictions of the struggle among organisms predate [[Charles Darwin]] and [[Alfred, Ubangiji Tennyson|Lord Tennyson]]'s theories on the struggle for survival and evolution.{{Rp|42}}

A shekara ta 1705, shekaru uku bayan dawowa daga balaguron da ta yi, ta buga littafin ''Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium'' .  {{Rp|36}}An fara buga ''tarihin rayuwa'' da kuɗinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Women2011&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|43}}Merian ta dawo daga Suriname da zane-zane da bayanai. Yayin da labarin ya bazu tsakanin masana a Amsterdam, baƙi suka zo don kallon zane-zanenta na kwari da shuke-shuke na musamman. Ta lura cewa &quot;Yanzu da na koma Holland kuma masoyan yanayi da yawa sun ga zane-zanena, sun matsa mini da sha'awar a buga su. Suna da ra'ayin cewa wannan shine aiki na farko kuma mafi ban mamaki da aka taɓa yi a Amurka.&quot; Tare da taimakon 'ya'yanta mata Johanna da Dorothea, Merian ta haɗa jerin faranti. Ba ta yi faranti na bugawa da kanta a wannan karon ba, amma ta ɗauki hayar masu buga takardu uku don yin zane-zane. Ta kula da aikin sosai. Don biyan kuɗin wannan aikin, ta yi talla ga masu biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suke son ba ta kuɗi a gaba don bugu na ''Metamorphosis'' mai ban sha'awa. Masu biyan kuɗi goma sha biyu sun biya a gaba don karɓar bugu mai tsada da aka fenti da hannu, yayin da aka buga bugu mai sauƙi da baƙi da fari. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Sarah B. Pomeroy}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|71}}Bayan rasuwarta, an sake buga littafin a shekarar 1719, 1726 da 1730, inda aka sami ƙarin masu sauraro. &lt;ref name=&quot;Women2011&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|43}}An buga shi da Jamusanci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Latin da Faransanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Women2011&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|48}}Merian ta yi tunanin buga littafin a Turanci, da nufin gabatar da shi ga Sarauniya Anne . Ta yi tunani, &quot;Yana da kyau mace ta yi irin wannan kyauta ga mutum mai jinsi ɗaya&quot;. Duk da haka, babu abin da ya fito daga shirin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy2018&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|76}}

Masana kimiyya René Antoine, August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof, Mark Catesby da George Edwards sun ambaci ''canjin yanayi'' da tururuwan da ke yankin zafi na Merian. An yaba wa ''Metamorphosis'' na Merian da yin tasiri ga masu zane-zane na halitta iri-iri.  {{Rp|44, 45, 46 &amp; 47}}Merian ta kuma rubuta yadda mutanen Suriname ke amfani da tsirrai da dabbobi a magani. Daga cikin wasu bayanai, ta rubuta cewa ana amfani da ruwan dabino a shafa a kan kaikayin kaikayi don magance cututtukan tsutsotsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy2018&quot;/&gt; {{Rp|76}}Merian ta kuma nuna sha'awar noma, kuma daga cikin 'ya'yan itacen da ta nuna akwai abarba .  {{Rp|212–213}}Lokacin da yake bayanin abarba Merian, ya ambaci wasu ayyuka da dama da aka yi a kan tarihin halitta, waɗanda suka fara rubuta 'ya'yan itacen, kamar ''Historia Naturalis Brasilae'' na Willem Piso da Georg Marggraf, ''Hortus Malabaricus'' na Hendrik van Rheed, da ''Medici Amstelodamensis'' na Caspar Commelin . Duk da cewa an zana abarba a baya, Merian ya zama mafi shahara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hacke2017&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|217}}Ta bayar da bayanai kan yadda malam buɗe ido da kyankyasai suka shafi amfanin gona da noma a yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hacke2017&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|218}}Yayin da yake rubuta tarihin tsirrai na Suriname, Merian ya ci gaba da rubuta sauye-sauyen kwari. An nuna kwari na Suriname a duk tsawon rayuwarsu da kuma a kan shuke-shuken da ke cikinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hacke2017&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|216}}

Yawancin zane-zanen Merian da suka haɗa da shuka, tsutsa da malam buɗe ido kawai kayan ado ne, kuma ba sa ƙoƙarin bayyana zagayowar rayuwa. Misali, an nuna Gulf fritillary da shukar vanilla, orchid daga Amurka, wanda ba shakka ba shine shukar da ke karɓar baƙi ba, da kuma tsutsa na wasu nau'ikan. Wannan matsalar ta sake faruwa a cikin zane-zanenta da yawa.  Ƙoƙarin gano kwari da tsire-tsire a cikin wani bugu na kwanan nan na littafinta na Suriname ya sami damar tantance nau'ikan nau'ikan, kodayake Merian yawanci tana yin kuskuren shuke-shuken abinci, tana yin kurakurai da yawa wajen nuna yanayin halittar, kuma yawanci tana haɗa nau'in tsutsa mara kyau da hotonta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zane-zanenta wani ɓangare ne na binciken kimiyya da Turawa suka yi. Tsarin farko na tsire-tsire masu zafi ya dogara ne akan hotuna ko samfura. Bayan dawowarta Amsterdam [[Karl Linnaeus|, Carl Linnaeus]] da wasu sun yi amfani da hotunan da ta yi don gano nau'ikan iri ɗari ko makamancin haka.  {{Rp|38}}A lokacin babu wani ƙa'idar kimiyya da aka daidaita don sanya wa shuke-shuke da dabbobi suna, don haka Merian ta yi amfani da kalmomin Turai na yau da kullun don bayyana dabbobin Surinam, kamar tsutsar siliki ko ƙudan zuma. Saboda haka, ta kira malam buɗe ido a matsayin &quot;tsuntsaye na bazara&quot;. Linnaeus ta yi amfani da zane-zanen Merian don bayyana dabbobi 56 da tsire-tsire 39 daga Suriname, gami da tarantula, a cikin 1735 da 1753. Dangane da bincikenta, Linnaeus ta taƙaita sunanta zuwa ''Mer.surin.'' don dabbobi daga Surinam, da ''Mer.eur.'' don kwari na Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy2018&quot;/&gt; {{Rp|86}}

Merian ita ce mace ta farko 'yar Turai da ta fara zuwa balaguron kimiyya da kanta a Kudancin Amurka. A ƙarni na 19, Ida Pfeiffer, Alexine Tinne, Florence Baker, Mary French Sheldon, Mary Henrietta Kingsley da Marianne North sun bi sawun ta suka kuma bincika duniyar [[Afirka]] . Margaret Fountaine ta yi nazarin malam buɗe ido a nahiyoyi biyar.  Balaguron kimiyya na Merian a Surinam ya riga ya kasance kafin balaguron Alexander von Humboldt na Kudancin Amurka da shekaru 100, da kuma na Gimbiya Theresa ta Bavaria da shekaru 200.  Daga baya an gano cewa littafin Merian kan balaguron nata muhimmin bayani ne na wallafe-wallafen ƙasa da aka zana waɗanda suka samo asali daga Holland a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17, waɗanda suka tallata sabuwar duniya mai ban mamaki amma mai sauƙin samu ga Turawa.  {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/insectimagevisua0000neri/page/167 167]}}

=== Aikin kimiyya a Amsterdam ===
[[Fayil:Merian_Metamorphosis_Titel.jpg|thumb|Babban aikin Merian ''{{Interlanguage link|Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium|de}}'']]
Lokacin da Merian ta ƙaura zuwa Amsterdam a shekara ta 1691, ta haɗu da wasu masana kimiyyar halitta.  {{Rp|36}}Amsterdam ita ce cibiyar Zamanin Zinare na ƙasar Holland kuma ita ce cibiyar kimiyya, fasaha da kasuwanci.  {{Rp|9}}Lokacin da Merian ta zauna a wurin, ta sami goyon baya daga mai zane Michiel van Musscher, wanda ke zaune ba da nisa ba.  {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/womenonmarginsth00davi/page/166 166]}}Ta ɗauki ɗalibai, ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce Rachel Ruysch, 'yar likitan tiyata kuma likita Frederick Ruysch . &lt;ref name=&quot;Davis1995&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/womenonmarginsth00davi/page/312 312]}}Merian ya zama muhimmin mutum a tsakanin masana tsirrai, masana kimiyya da masu tattarawa na Amsterdam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Davis1995&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/womenonmarginsth00davi/page/141 141]}}Littattafan ''Caterpillars'' ɗinta sun fara shahara a tsakanin al'ummar kimiyya a Ingila, ta ci gaba da kiwon tsutsotsi a gida sannan ta shiga ƙauyen da ke kewaye da Amsterdam don yin nazarin tururuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Davis1995&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin abokanta akwai darektan lambun furanni na Amsterdam Caspar Commelin, magajin garin Amsterdam kuma shugaban kamfanin Dutch East India Nicolaes Witsen, farfesa a fannin likitanci Fredericus Ruysch, da kuma ɗan kasuwa kuma mai tara kaya Levinus Vincent .  {{Rp|208}}

Jiragen ruwan ciniki sun dawo da harsasai, shuke-shuke da dabbobin da aka kiyaye ba a taɓa ganinsu ba.  {{Rp|9}}Amma Merian ba ta da sha'awar adanawa, tattarawa, ko nazarin samfuran. Lokacin da ta karɓi samfurin daga mai ba da maganin shafawa na Landan James Petiver, ta rubuta masa cewa tana da sha'awar &quot;samfurin, yaɗuwa, da kuma sauye-sauyen halittu, yadda ɗaya ke fitowa daga ɗayan, da kuma yanayin abincinsu.&quot;  {{Rp|38}}Duk da haka, Merian ta karɓi aikin kwangila. Ta taimaka wajen kwatanta littafin ''The Amboinese Curiosity Cabinet'' wanda Georg Eberhard Rumpf ya rubuta. Rumpf masanin halitta ne kuma a cikin aikinsa na Kamfanin Dutch East India Company ya tattara harsashin Indonesia, duwatsu, burbushin halittu da dabbobin ruwa. Merian, da wataƙila 'yarta Dorothea, sun taimaka wajen tattara zane-zane na samfuran littafin, yayin da Rumpf ta makance sakamakon glaucoma kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a kan littafin tare da mataimaka har zuwa 1690. An buga shi a 1705. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy2018&quot;/&gt; {{Rp|77}}

Samfuran da aka nuna a Amsterdam na ban mamaki sun yi mata kwarin gwiwa ta yi tafiya zuwa Surinam, amma sai kawai ta katse nazarinta game da kwari na Turai na ɗan lokaci. Merian ta ci gaba da tattarawa da ayyukan lura, tana ƙara faranti a cikin littattafan ''Caterpillars'' ɗinta da kuma sabunta faranti da ke akwai. Ta sake buga juzu'i biyu a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland a cikin 1713 da 1714 a ƙarƙashin taken ''Der Rupsen'' .  {{Rp|36}}Ta faɗaɗa karatunta zuwa ƙudaje sannan ta sake rubuta gabatarwar littattafanta don kawar da duk wani ambaton samuwar halitta kwatsam. Ta bayyana cewa ƙudaje suna fitowa daga ƙwarƙwarar tsutsa, kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa za a iya haifar ƙudaje daga najasa.  {{Rp|222}}'Ya'yanta mata sun buga faranti 50 da bayanin kwari na Turai waɗanda suka bayyana an yi su ne don littafi na uku bayan rasuwarta, waɗanda suka haɗa su da bugu na 1713 zuwa babban littafi ɗaya. Iyalinta kuma sun buga wasu bugu ''na Metamorphosis'' bayan mutuwarta, inda aka ƙara ƙarin faranti 12. Duk da haka, sai dai biyu, sun bayyana cewa aikin Merian ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Women2011&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|36}}

Wani malami da ya zo ziyara ya bayyana Merian a matsayin mai rai, mai aiki tukuru da ladabi a shekarar 1711. Gidanta cike yake da zane-zane, kwari, tsirrai, 'ya'yan itatuwa, kuma a bango akwai launukan ruwa na Surinam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy2018&quot;/&gt; {{Rp|79}}Ba da daɗewa ba kafin mutuwar Merian, Peter the Great ya ga ayyukanta a Amsterdam. Bayan rasuwarta a shekara ta 1717, ya sami adadi mai yawa na zane-zanenta,  waɗanda har zuwa yau ana adana su a cikin tarin ilimi a [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] . 

== Kuskuren da aka yi bayan mutuwa ==
Several scholars have traced mistakes that were falsely attributed to Merian after her death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mariath |first=Fernanda |last2=Baratto |first2=Leopoldo C. |date=2023-05-12 |title=Female naturalists and the patterns of suppression of women scientists in history: the example of Maria Sibylla Merian and her contributions about useful plants |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=17 |doi=10.1186/s13002-023-00589-1 |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=10182609 |pmid=37173737 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valiant 1993 467–479&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Valiant |first=Sharon |date=1993 |title=Maria Sibylla Merian: Recovering an Eighteenth-Century Legend |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2739414 |journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=467–479 |doi=10.2307/2739414 |issn=0013-2586 |jstor=2739414 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; One example revolves around who added color to first edition plates of her Surinam book. Some first editions included plates that were painted by Merian and others had colorless plates. People later colored in the black and white plates without following the color palette used by Merian, similar to the concept of coloring books, and some suspect these later colors made it to the second edition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valiant 1993 467–479&quot; /&gt; In another example, the printer of the 1730 edition of Surinam added plates using fictitious images of caterpillar life cycles that Merian did not originally include in the book and used for different, unscientific, purposes. Critics later cited these plates as proof to discredit Merian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valiant 1993 467–479&quot; /&gt;

== Kalmomin Ma'ana ==
[[File:Danedlion_Maria_Sibylla_Merian.png|right|thumb|Faranti na 8 na ''Caterpillars'', juzu'i na farko. Yana nuna Taraxacum na dandelion, tare da ''Dicallomera fascelina'', ƙwarƙwarar tussock mai duhu. Sunan da aka saba amfani da shi a ƙasar Holland ga ƙwarƙwarar ''Meriansborstel'' an sanya masa suna Merian.]]
Bayan rasuwarta, an sanya wa wasu nau'ikan taxa da kuma nau'ikan halittu guda biyu suna bayanta. An sanya wa malam buɗe ido guda uku suna bayanta, a shekarar 1905 wani nau'in malam buɗe ido mai rabe-rabe ''Opsiphanes cassina merianae'' ; a shekarar 1967 wani nau'in malam buɗe ido na yau da kullun ''Heliconius melpomene meriana'' ;  kuma a shekarar 2018 wani malam buɗe ido mai ban mamaki ''Catasticta sibyllae'' daga Panamá.  

An sanya wa ƙwari na ƙwari na Cuba suna ''Erinnyis merianae'' . An sanya wa ƙwari na Tessaratomidae suna ''[[Plisthenes merianae]]'' . An sanya wa wani nau'in ƙwayar mantises suna ''Sibylla'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy2018&quot;/&gt; {{Rp|88}}Haka kuma ƙudan zumar orchid ''Eulaema meriana'' .

An sanya wa gizo-gizo mai cin tsuntsaye ''suna Avicularia merianae'' don girmama ta, wanda hakan ya nuna binciken da ta yi kan gizo-gizo. An sanya wa gizo-gizo ''Metellina merianae'' suna a cikin 2017. An sanya wa wata ƙadangare mai suna ''Salvator merianae'' na Argentina. An sanya wa wani ƙwaro suna ''[[Rhinella merianae]]'' . An sanya wa wani ƙadangare suna ''[[Coquandiella meriana]]'' . An sanya wa al'ummar Madagascan na tsuntsun dutse na Afirka suna ''Saxicola torquatus sibilla'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy2018&quot;/&gt; {{Rp|88}}

An sanya wa wani nau'in shuke-shuken fure suna ''Meriania'' . An sanya wa wani shuka mai kama da iris suna ''Watsonia meriana'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy2018&quot;/&gt; {{Rp|88}}

== Godiya ta zamani ==
A cikin kwata na ƙarshe na ƙarni na ashirin, an sake kimanta aikin Merian, an tabbatar da ingancinsa, kuma an sake buga shi. &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite journal |last=Erlanger-Glozer |first=Liselotte |date=March–April 1978 |title=Maria Sibylla Merian, 17th Century Entomologist, Artist, and Traveller |journal=Insect World Digest |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=12–21}}&lt;/ref&gt; An buga hotonta a kan takardar DM ta 500 kafin Jamus ta koma Yuro. Hotonta ya kuma bayyana a kan tambarin DM mai ƙarfin 0.40, wanda aka fitar a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1987, kuma makarantu da yawa suna da sunanta. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, alamar Archiv ta kamfanin Polydor ta fitar da sabbin rikodin ayyukan piano na [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] da aka yi a kan kayan kida na zamani, da kuma zane-zanen furanni na Merian. An karrama ta da Google Doodle a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2013 don bikin cika shekaru 366 da haihuwa. 

The renewed scientific and artistic interest in her work was triggered in part by a number of scholars who examined collections of her works, such as the one in Rosenborg Castle, Copenhagen. In 2005, a modern research vessel named RV &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwA20&quot;&gt;Maria S. Merian&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; was launched at Warnemünde, Germany. In 2016, Merian's ''Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium'' was re-published with updated scientific descriptions and, in June 2017, a symposium was held in her honour in Amsterdam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=JoAnna Klein |date=23 January 2017 |title=A Pioneering Woman of Science Re-Emerges After 300 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/23/science/maria-sibylla-merian-metamorphosis-insectorum-surinamensium.html?emc=edit_ee_20170124&amp;nl=todaysheadlines-europe&amp;nlid=62598762 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623223644/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/23/science/maria-sibylla-merian-metamorphosis-insectorum-surinamensium.html?emc=edit_ee_20170124&amp;nl=todaysheadlines-europe&amp;nlid=62598762 |archive-date=23 June 2018 |access-date=24 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conference Changing the Nature of Art and Science. Intersections with Maria Sibylla Merian |url=https://www.aanmelder.nl/merianconference |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015242/https://www.aanmelder.nl/merianconference |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=24 January 2017 |website=www.aanmelder.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2017, the Lloyd Library and Museum in Cincinnati, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] hosted &quot;Off the Page&quot;, an exhibition rendering many of Merian's illustrations as 3D sculptures with preserved insects, plants, and taxidermy specimens.

An sanya wa Tegu baƙi da fari na Argentina ( ''Salvator merianae'' ), wani nau'in babban ƙadangare, suna don girmama Merian bayan gano shi da rarraba shi. 

A tsakanin 2021-2022, an nuna ayyukan Merian a baje kolin ''Mata Masu Zane-zane da Abokan Hulɗa a Kimiyyar Halitta, 1650–1800'',  a ɗakin karatu da gidan tarihi na Morgan .

Tarin Mawaki Jessy Randall na shekarar 2022 ''Lissafi ga Mata'' ya ƙunshi waƙa da ke girmama Merian. 

A shekarar 2024, Rijksmuseum ta sami ɗaya daga cikin bugu 67 da aka sani na farko na ''Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium'' . 

=== 'Ya'ya mata ===
Today, while Merian has experienced reinvigorated fame in the eyes of the art and science communities, some of her work has now been re-attributed to her daughters Johanna and Dorothea; Sam Segal has re-attributed 30 of 91 folios in the [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|British Museum]].

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;175&quot;&gt;
Fayil:De_Europische_Insecten_Merian_Bernard.jpg
Fayil:Duroia_eriopila_by_Merian.jpg
Fayil:Duroia_sp00.jpg
Fayil:Fulgora.jpg
Fayil:Guavenzweig.jpg
Fayil:Illustration_of_a_Caiman_crocodilus_and_an_Anilius_scytale_(1701–1705)_by_Maria_Sibylla_Merian.jpg
Fayil:Joseph_Mulder_etching_1.jpg
Fayil:Merian_Metamorphosis_VI.jpg
Fayil:Spondia_purpurea_Merian.jpg
Fayil:Merian_Metamorphosis_LX.jpg
Fayil:Metamorphosis_of_a_Butterfly_Merrian_1705.jpg
Fayil:Merian_Metamorphosis_XLVIII.jpg
Fayil:Merian_Metamorphosis_XXVII.jpg
Fayil:Merian-grafic-senkenberg_hg.jpg
Fayil:Thysania_agrippina_par_Merian.gif
Fayil:Wasserhyazinthe.jpg
Fayil:Maria_Merian_Metamorphosis_Insectorum_Surinamensium_MIA_P18717.jpg
Fayil:Butterfly_on_a_hibiscus_plant.jpg|alt=Butterfly on a hibiscus plant| Malam malam buɗe ido a kan shukar hibiscus
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Littattafan tarihi ==

* ''Blumenbuch. Juzu'i na 1.'' 1675
* ''Blumenbuch. Juzu'i na 2.'' 1677
* ''Neues Blumenbuch. Juzu'i na 3.'' 1680
* ''Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandlung und sonderbare Blumennahrung.'' Juzu'i na 1, 1679
* ''Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandlung und sonderbare Blumennahrung.'' Juzu'i na 2, 1683
* ''Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium.'' 1705

== Duba kuma ==

* Tsarin lokaci na mata a kimiyya
* Dorothea Eliza Smith
* Anne Kingsbury Wollstonecraft

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
 

* ''Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium'' :
** Archived [http://naturalhistory.mse.jhu.edu/ChronologicalTour/ChT_Merian.html ''Metamorphosis insectorum na Surinamensium''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408083514/http://naturalhistory.mse.jhu.edu/ChronologicalTour/ChT_Merian.html |date=2013-04-08 }}   hotuna a gidan yanar gizo wanda Jami'ar Johns Hopkins ta dauki nauyin daukar nauyinsa
** [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/toc/?PPN=PPN477653782 Sigar yanar gizo ta ''Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium'' daga GDZ]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20170502024004/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/nat_hist/id/1049 ''Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium''] (1705) - cikakken fakis ɗin dijital daga ɗakin karatu na Linda Hall
* [http://www.dloc.com/UF00083041 ''Das kleine Buch der Tropenwunder : kolorierte Stiche''] daga Laburaren Dijital na Caribbean
* [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN477830714 Sigar kan layi na ''Over de voortteeling en wonderbaerlyke veranderingen der Surinaemsche Insecten'' daga GDZ]
* [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/toc/?PPN=PPN476830389 Sigar kan layi na ''Erucarum ortus, alimentum et paradoxa metamorphosis'' daga GDZ]
* [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22534 Jarumin Fure na Maria Sibylla Merian] Ingrid Rowland akan Merian daga ''Jaridar New York Review of Books''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100609230237/http://specialcollections.library.wisc.edu/exhibits/womennature/sectionpages/MariaSibyllaMerian.html ''Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandlung''], hotuna daga tarin a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison
* [http://sdei.senckenberg.de/index/index.php?befehl=about Gaedike, R.; Groll, EK &amp; Taeger, A. 2012: Littattafan adabin entomological daga farko har zuwa 1863 : rumbun adana bayanai na intanet&amp;nbsp;– sigar 1.0&amp;nbsp;- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.]
* 
* [https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/55357/ Maria Sibylla Merian a shafin yanar gizon RKD]
* [http://www.themariasibyllameriansociety.humanities.uva.nl/ Ƙungiyar Maria Sibylla Merian] tare da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa ayyukan da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar dijital daga Maria Sibylla Merian da kafofin dijital
* [https://nmwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Kleps-Hok-on-Merian-Finding-Aid-2020.pdf Tarin Kleps-Hok akan Maria Sibylla Merian] a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Mata a Fasaha
* &quot; [https://www.bbc.co.uk/videos/c978294gerpo Macen da Zane-zanenta suka Canza Kimiyya Har Abada] &quot; (28 Afrilu 2022) bidiyo ta BBC Ideas
* [http://bimu.comune.bologna.it/biblioweb/maria-sibylla-merian/ In viaggio con Merianin] Online nuni na Archginnasio Library - Bologna
* [http://badigit.comune.bologna.it/books/132721_INV/132721_INV.htm#page/3/mode/1up Mariae Sibillae Merian, Dissertatio de generatione et metamorphosibus insectorum Surinamensium:..., Hagae Comitum, apud Petrum Gosse, 1726]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/sep/01/maria-sibylla-merian-17th-century-female-scientist-insect-illustrations-rijksmuseum-show Yadda wata ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyya mace ta ƙarni na 17 ta canza fahimtarmu game da kwari] daga ''The Observer''
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Marthe Matongo''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1933) ma'aikaciyar jin daɗin jama'a ce ta Afirka ta Tsakiya, 'yar siyasa kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata. A shekarar 1964 ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Matongo a cikin dangin [[Yaren Gbanzili|Gbanzili]] a Bambari a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1933.&lt;ref name=HD&gt;Richard Bradshaw &amp; Juan Fandos-Rius (2016) [https://books.google.com/books?id=aSxIDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA434 ''Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic''] p434&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.centrafriqueledefi.com/pages/biographies-histoire/centrafrique-marthe-matongo-depute.html Marthe Matongo, député] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611190510/https://www.centrafriqueledefi.com/pages/biographies-histoire/centrafrique-marthe-matongo-depute.html |date=2020-06-11 }} Centrafrique le défi&lt;/ref&gt;   Mahaifinta Michel malami ne, kuma Matongo ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata na farko a Ubangi-Shari don samun takardar shaidar makarantar firamare.&lt;ref name=&quot;HD&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ta yi karatu a Faransa kuma ta zama ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HD&quot; /&gt; A lokacin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960 'yar uwarta Florence Yagbao ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.&lt;ref name=cd&gt;{{cite news |first=Félix |last=Yepassis-Zembrou |title=Une grande figure de l'ombre : Mme Florence Yagbaou  |url=https://www.centrafriqueledefi.com/pages/biographies-histoire/une-grande-figure-de-l-ombre-mme-florence-yagbaou-1.html |work=Centrafrique le défi |publisher= |date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2023-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808014424/https://www.centrafriqueledefi.com/pages/biographies-histoire/une-grande-figure-de-l-ombre-mme-florence-yagbaou-1.html |archive-date=2023-08-08 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matongo, wacce memba ce a cikin [[Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa]] (MESAN), ta kasance 'yar takara a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na shekarar 1964.&lt;ref name=cd/&gt; MESAN ita ce jam'iyyar shari'a guda ɗaya tilo kuma ta yi takara ba tare da hamayya ba, wanda ya haifar da Matongo ta zama mace ta farko a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Bradshaw &amp; Fandos-Rius, p640&lt;/ref&gt;  A wannan shekarar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Matan Afirka ta Tsakiya, ta zama sakatare janar, kuma ta watsa wani shiri na rediyo ''mai suna Mujallar Mata''.  Daga baya aka rusa Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1966 bayan [[juyin mulkin Saint-Sylvestre]].&lt;ref name=cd/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]]</text>
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'''Mireille Kotalimbora-Kolingba''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba 1947) 'Yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya, wacce ta kasance Uwargidan Shugaban ƙasa ta Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, daga shekarun 1981 zuwa 1993 a lokacin shugabancin Andre Kolingba.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta a Dolisie a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba 1947 da sunan Mireille Kotalimbora, ta yi karatu a {{Interlanguage link|École nationale d'administration et de magistrature|fr|École nationale d'administration et de magistrature (République centrafricaine)}} kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1970. A shekarar 1977, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Québec.&lt;ref name=&quot;MK&quot;/&gt; 

== Aiki ==
A shekarar 1963, Kotalimbora ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zaman kanta a Radio Centrafrique a lokacin hutun ƙarshen mako da kuma lokacin hutun makaranta.&lt;ref name=&quot;MK&quot;/&gt; A lokacin aikinta a rediyo, ta haɗu da Andre Kolingba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zembrou |first=Felix Yepassis |title=De radio Bangui à radio Centrafrique : 60 ans déjà |url=https://www.centrafriqueledefi.com/pages/biographies-histoire/de-radio-bangui-a-radio-centrafrique.html |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=centrafriqueledefi.com |publisher=Centrafrique le Defi |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009160939/https://www.centrafriqueledefi.com/pages/biographies-histoire/de-radio-bangui-a-radio-centrafrique.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kolingba ta fara aikin gwamnati a shekarar 1970 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ma'aikata ta Ma'aikatar Shari'a daga shekarun 1971 zuwa 1974. Bayan ta dawo Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, an sake naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar ma'aikata a shekarar 1979 kuma daga baya ta zama shugabar majalisar ministocin Ma'aikatar Shari'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;MK&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Richard |last2=Rius |first2=Juan Fandos |title=Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic (Historical Dictionaries of Africa) |date=2016 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |location=Lanham |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci wata ƙungiyar mata Vie et espoir, a shekarar 1986. Bayan haka, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Ouango a shekarar 1998. Duk da haka, bayan juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a 2001, ita da 'ya'yanta uku suka nemi mafaka a Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, da ke Bangui daga baya suka ƙaura zuwa Faransa, a watan Agusta na shekarar 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The New Humanitarian |first=The New Humanitarian |title=Inquiry into abortive coup ends, report issued |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/26806/central-african-republic-inquiry-abortive-coup-ends-report-issued |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=thenewhumanitarian.org |publisher=The New Humanitarian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta koma [[Bangui]] tare da mijinta a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Former Central African President Kolingba returns from exile |url=http://dialogue.national.free.fr/actualite_38.htm |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=dialogue.national.free.fr |publisher=AFP |agency=AFP}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2005, an sake zaɓenta a matsayin 'yar majalisa kuma ta ƙarfafa wa mutane gwiwa kada su kaɗa ƙuri'ar jam'iyyar MLPC saboda hakan ya haifar da dawowar Banyamulenge wanda zai kashe mutane, ya wawushe dukiyarsu, ya kuma yi musu fyaɗe a lokacin yakin neman zaɓe na shekarar 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;MK&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MK&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Marie-Soleil Frère}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ta sha kaye a zaɓen shekara ta 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;MK&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mireille Kolingba ta auri Andre Kolingba a shekarar 1969, kuma ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya 12. Daga shekarun 1975 zuwa 1979, ta zauna a Kanada, tare da mijinta, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, a Kanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;MK&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Monique Ouli Ndongo</title>
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'''Monique Ouli Ndongo''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Kamaru, kuma memba ce a ƙungiyar 'yan adawa ta jam'iyyar CPDM. A lokacin majalisun dokoki guda biyu, an zaɓe ta a matsayin sanata a yankin gabashin [[Kamaru]]. An naɗa ta a matsayin memba a {{Interlanguage link|Constitutional Council of Cameroon|fr|Conseil constitutionnel (Cameroun)}} a watan Afrilun 2025 ta hannun Shugaban Kamaru.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Ilimi da farkon aiki ===
Ta fito ne daga sashen Kadey a Gabas.  Ta kammala karatunta a Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences (FASA) na [[Jami'ar Dschang]] a shekarar 1985, Injiniyar Ayyukan Noma ce. Ta fara aikinta a {{Interlanguage link|Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries|fr|Ministère de l'Élevage, des Pêches et des Industries animales}} (MINEPIA). A matsayinta na babbar jami'ar gudanarwa, ta riƙe muƙamin Sakatare Janar na wannan sashen minista daga shekarun 2006 zuwa 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Histoire du ministère de l'Elevage et des industries animales |url=http://www.osidimbea.cm/ministere-elevage/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Osidimbea La Mémoire du Cameroun. Encyclopédie, Annuaire. Actualité, Histoire des organisations |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin siyasa ===
An zaɓe ta a matsayin cikakkiyar mamba a kwamitin tsakiya na CPDM a shekarar 2011, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les nouvelles instances dirigeantes du RDPC |url=http://ct2015.cameroon-tribune.cm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=65157:les-nouvelles-instances-dirigeantes-du-rdpc&amp;catid=4:societe&amp;Itemid=3&amp;showall=1 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=ct2015.cameroon-tribune.cm}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana ɗaya daga cikin matan da ke aiki don 'yantar da mata a siyasance a Kamaru, musamman a Gabas. A shekarar 2013, an sanya ta cikin jerin 'yan takarar CPDM a {{Interlanguage link|2013 Cameroonian senatorial election|fr|Élections sénatoriales camerounaises de 2013}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sénatoriales : Le collège électoral est déjà toiletté à l'Est |url=http://ct2015.cameroon-tribune.cm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72898:senatoriales-le-college-electoral-est-deja-toilette-a-lest&amp;catid=70:est&amp;Itemid=1 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=ct2015.cameroon-tribune.cm}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe ta cikakkiyar Sanata na Gabas  Kamaru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le RDPC et le SDF vainqueurs des sénatoriales 2013 |url=http://ct2015.cameroon-tribune.cm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=73606:le-rdpc-et-le-sdf-vainqueurs-des-senatoriales-2013&amp;catid=1:politique&amp;Itemid=3 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=ct2015.cameroon-tribune.cm}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, ta koma takarar zaɓe kuma ta ci gaba da riƙe muƙamanta na sanata a lokacin majalisar dokoki ta biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le Senat en 2018 |url=http://www.osidimbea.cm/institutions/senat/senat-2018/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Osidimbea La Mémoire du Cameroun. Encyclopédie, Annuaire. Actualité, Histoire des organisations |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Talata, 5 ga watan Yuli, 2022, a lokacin da aka kafa Ofishin Zartarwa na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Majalisar Dokokin Kamaru, da Tsaron Abinci da Gina Jiki (APCASAN), an naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Babban Mai Rahoto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Objectif Faim Zéro : les parlementaires camerounais montent au créneau {{!}} Les Nations Unies au Cameroun |url=https://cameroon.un.org/fr/195199-objectif-faim-z%C3%A9ro-les-parlementaires-camerounais-montent-au-cr%C3%A9neau,%20https://cameroon.un.org/fr/195199-objectif-faim-z%C3%A9ro-les-parlementaires-camerounais-montent-au-cr%C3%A9neau |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=cameroon.un.org |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance ɓangare na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasashen Waje (REP-COD) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Réseau Parlementaire |url=https://www.assnat.cm/index.php/fr/reseau-parlementaire |access-date=2024-05-22 |language=fr-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke da nufin samar da mafita ga ƙananan hukumomi a fannoni daban-daban da suka shafi haɗin gwiwar da ba a raba shi da juna ba, tsakanin iyakoki da haɗin gwiwar ƙananan hukumomi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coopération décentralisée : le REP-COD en mission d'information à l'Est |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/51642/en.html/cooperation-decentralisee-le-rep-cod-en-mission-dinformation-lest |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=www.cameroon-tribune.cm |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar, ta haɗu da wani sanata daga Gabas, Jean Mboubjo, don taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe tattara kuɗaɗen shiga na ƙananan hukumomi a sashen Kadey. Tare, sun ba ƙananan hukumomi bakwai na wannan sashe babura bakwai da ambulan kuɗi da aka yi niyya don hanzarta kafa takaddun haihuwa ta hanyar shirya zaman sauraren ƙararraki ta wayar hannu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon Business Today {{!}} Recouvrement des recettes communales: La mobilité améliorée dans la Kadey |url=https://www.cameroonbusinesstoday.cm/articles/2910/fr/recouvrement-des-recettes-communales-la-mobilite-amelioree-dans-la-kadey |access-date=2024-05-22 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A zaɓen sanatoci na Kamaru na shekarar 2023, aikinta na sanata ya ƙare, inda ya bar wa sabbin 'yan siyasa a yankin Gabas dama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=StopBlaBlaCam |title=Sénatoriales 2023 : coup de balai dans les listes du RDPC |url=https://www.stopblablacam.com/politique/0702-10040-senatoriales-2023-coup-de-balai-dans-les-listes-du-rdpc |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=www.stopblablacam.com |language=fr-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu 2025, shugaban Kamaru [[Paul Biya]] ya naɗa ta memba a Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta Kamaru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ATCHA |first=Marturin |date=2025-04-08 |title=Paul Biya nomme Monique Ouli Ndongo au Conseil constitutionnel |url=https://actucameroun.com/2025/04/08/paul-biya-nomme-monique-ouli-ndongo-au-conseil-constitutionnel/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Actu Cameroun |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bodo |first=Lucien |date=10 April 2025 |title=Conseil constitutionnel : Monique Ouli Ndongo, nouveau membre |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/69975/fr.html/conseil-constitutionnel-monique-ouli-ndongo-nouveau |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.cameroon-tribune.cm |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Duba kuma ==

* {{Interlanguage link|List of Cameroonian women senators|fr|Liste des femmes sénatrices camerounaises}}
* {{Interlanguage link|Senators of the 1st legislature of Cameroon|fr|Sénateurs de la 1ère législature du Cameroun}}
* {{Interlanguage link|Senators of the 2nd legislature of Cameroon|fr|Sénateurs de la 2ème législature du Cameroun}}
* {{Interlanguage link|2013 Cameroonian senatorial election|fr|Élections sénatoriales camerounaises de 2013}}
* 2018 Cameroonian senatorial election
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]
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{{Databox}}

'''Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba''' jami'ar gudanarwa ce a Botswana kuma ma'aikaciyar gwamnati ta ƙasa da ƙasa, tana da fiye da shekaru 30 na ƙwarewa a fannin kasuwanci, ci gaba da diflomasiyya a fannoni daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Botswana |first=Embassy of |title=Ambassador |url=http://embassyofbotswana.de/en/embassy/ambassador/ |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Embassy of Botswana |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba ta kasance mataimakiyar sakatare janar na ƙungiyar haɗin kan ƙasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Deputy Secretary-General Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba at the UNDP Regional Dialogue for Africa, Pan African Parliament |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/news/commonwealth-deputy-secretary-general-mmasekgoa-masire-mwamba-undp-regional-dialogue-africa |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Commonwealth |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; daga shekarun 2008 zuwa 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-04 |title=Former Deputy Secretary General of the Commonwealth Secretariat Ms. Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba meets with ACP Secretary General |url=http://www.acp.int/content/former-deputy-secretary-general-commonwealth-secretariat-ms-mmasekgoa-masire-mwamba-meets-ac |access-date=2016-12-09 |website=Acp.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Masire-Mwamba a Gabaipone Masire a ranar 7 ga watan Maris 1960, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambassadors in Germany |url=https://diplomatisches-magazin.de/en/ambassadors/mmasekgoa-masire-mwamba/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=diplomatisches-magazin.de |language=en |archive-date=2019-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220045036/https://www.diplomatisches-magazin.de/en/ambassadors/mmasekgoa-masire-mwamba/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanye ga iyaye - Ketumile Quett Joni da Gladys Olebile Masire kuma ta girma a Gaborone, inda ta fara karatunta a Makarantar Firamare ta Thornhill. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coming of age - Masekgoa Masire-Mwamba |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/22918 |website=Botswana Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya mata suna Gabaipone don girmama mahaifiyar mahaifinta Gabaipone. Da irin wannan babban suna, yawanci mutum yakan ɗauki madadinta, Mmasekgoa; wanda a gare ta, ya mamaye ainihin sunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Daga nan aka shigar da ita Jami'ar Landan, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar lantarki da kimiyyar lissafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Masters of the Bench |url=https://www.middletemple.org.uk/bencher-persons-view?cid=42215 |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=Middle Temple |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027005333/https://www.middletemple.org.uk/bencher-persons-view?cid=42215 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1990 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) daga Jami'ar Pittsburgh. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Masire-Mwamba tana da digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a (LLB) daga Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, UNISA &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; da kuma Difloma ta Ci gaba a fannin Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta IESE, [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Speaker Details.A glimpse into the background of our speaker |url=https://www.myleadafrica.org/GPAD2020/speaker13-details.html |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=www.myleadafrica.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita kwararriyar mai horarwa ce kuma mai horarwa, bayan ta kafa wani kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda ke ba da horo kan dabarun aiki mai laushi wanda ke mai da hankali kan Hakkin Shugabanci da Gudanar da Hukumar Gudanarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Masire-Mwamba ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Gudanarwa ta farko a Motswana a [[Botswana Export Development and Investment Authority|Hukumar Cigaban da Zuba Jari ta Botswana]] (BEDIA), &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Hukumar Haɓaka Zuba Jari ta ƙasa ta Botswana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba completes two terms, as the Deputy Secretary-General for The Commonwealth. |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/sites/default/files/page/documents/Mmasekgoa-Masire-Mwamba-profile.pdf |website=commonwealth.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2009, Honorable Society of Middle Temple Inn ta sami karɓe ta a fagen shari'a da ke ba ta lambar yabo ta Bencher. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2015, ta zo ta biyu bayan Patricia Scotland, daga [[Dominika|Dominica,]] a zaɓen da aka yi na zama Sakatare Janar na Commonwealth, inda ta sha kaye da ƙuri'u 26, yayin da ta samu ƙuri'u 24. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba |url=https://centreforglobalinclusion.org/The-Centre/mmasekgoa-masire-mwamba/ |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=The Centre for Global Inclusion {{!}} Home of the GDIB |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209001032/https://centreforglobalinclusion.org/The-Centre/mmasekgoa-masire-mwamba/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khunwane |first=Thelma |date=2015-11-29 |title=Botswana: Masire-Mwamba Puts Up Strong Fight |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201511301767.html |access-date=2016-12-09 |website=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Long ta ba ta lambar yabo ta mata ta duniya a fannin jagoranci, a taron siyasa na London a shekarar 2018 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar mata a fannin kasuwanci a Botswana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Masire-Mwamba ta auri Trevor Mwamba, tsohon Bishop na Botswana, kuma tsohon Rector na Barking, East London.&lt;ref&gt;[http://centreforglobalinclusion.org/The-Centre/mmasekgoa-masire-mwamba/ Centre for Global Inclusion — Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705160301/http://centreforglobalinclusion.org/The-Centre/mmasekgoa-masire-mwamba/ |date=2019-07-05 }} (Accessed 14 May 2018)&lt;/ref&gt;  Tana da 'ya'ya uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Karramawa ==
An karrama ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata 100 na BBC a shekarar 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-10-20 |title=100 Women: Who took part? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-24579511 |access-date=2022-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Mutale Nalumango</title>
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'''W.K. Mutale Nalumango''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) malamar Zambiya, ce kuma 'yar siyasa. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban ƙasa na 14 na Zambia, bayan an zaɓe ta zuwa muƙamin a watan Agusta 2021. Nalumango ita ce mace ta biyu da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin, wanda ake la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin manyan muƙamai na siyasa a ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=W.K Mutale Nalumango {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/4130 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Mutale, an haife ta a shekara ta 1955 a [[Kaputa]], malama ce ta hanyar sana'a. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban ƙungiyar malamai ta makarantun sakandare &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 December 2021 |title=Zambia: Vice President Mutale Nalumango’s modest upbringing should help break stereotypes and the entrenched cycle of female exclusion |url=https://nawmagazine.com/17797/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=The New African Woman |archive-date=2 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802232714/https://nawmagazine.com/17797/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-19 |title=Profiles In Leadership: Mutale Nalumango |url=https://www.openzambia.com/politics/2021/7/19/profiles-in-leadership-mutale-nalumango |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Open Zambia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ta shiga siyasa a shekara ta 2001 kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na majalisa don mazaɓar Kaputa a babban zaɓen shekarar 2001 a matsayin 'yar takarar Movement for Multi-Party Democracy. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Mutale Nalumango is the Country's Second Woman Vice President |url=https://www.mewc.org/index.php/blog-main/political-participation-a-leadership/11678-zambia-mutale-nalumango-is-the-country-s-second-woman-vice-president |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.mewc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin wa'adin farko na Levy Mwanawasa a matsayin Shugaban, Nalumango ya yi aiki a muƙamai da yawa, gami da a matsayin Ministar Kwadago da Tsaron Jama'a da Ministar Bayanai da watsa shirye-shirye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; A matsayinta na ministar yaɗa labarai da watsa shirye-shirye, ayyukanta sun haifar da damuwa game da 'yancin' yan jarida a Zambia, bayan 'yan sanda sun kai hari gidan talabijin na Omega na Richard Sakala bayan wata wasika da babban lauya na lokacin {{Interlanguage link|Sunday Nkonde|de}} [de] ya rubuta inda ya bayyana cewa tashar talabijin tana aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ana buƙatar rufe ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2010 |title=Richard Sakala wants his TV back |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2010/09/21/richard-sakala-tv/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan an sake zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta Kaputa a shekarar 2006, ta tsaya takarar mataimakiyar kakakin majalisar dokokin ƙasar Zambia, kuma ta yi nasara ba tare da hamayya ba, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=How educated is your local MP? |url=http://www.zambian-economist.com/2010/02/how-educated-is-your-local-mp.html |access-date=21 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; A zaɓen shekara ta 2011 ta rasa kujerarta ta majalisar dokoki ga [[Maxas Ng'onga]] na ƙungiyar Patriotic Front. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ta yanke shawarar shiga jam'iyyar United Party for National Development inda aka naɗa ta shugabar jam'iyyar a shekarar 2013, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa watan Fabrairun 2021 lokacin da ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban jam'iyyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2021 |title=Hichilema Unveils Mutale Nalumango As Running-Mate; Holds Huge Rally After Nominations |url=https://zambiandigest.com/2021/05/hichilema-unveils-mutale-nalumango-as-running-mate-holds-huge-rally-after-nominations/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Zambian Digest |language=en-US |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521112330/https://zambiandigest.com/2021/05/hichilema-unveils-mutale-nalumango-as-running-mate-holds-huge-rally-after-nominations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MUTALE NALUMANGO APPOINTED AS UPND VEEP |url=https://rcvoice.co.zm/news/mutale-nalumango-appointed-as-upnd-veep/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Radio Christian Voice |language=en-US |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521150108/https://rcvoice.co.zm/news/mutale-nalumango-appointed-as-upnd-veep/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

A babban zaɓen shekarar 2021, ta zama Mataimakiyar Shugabar Zambia bayan da Jam'iyyar UPND ta lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia’s parliament swears in new lawmakers |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/zambia-s-parliament-swears-in-new-lawmakers/2353058 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Anadolu Ajansi}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta zama mace ta biyu bayan wacce ta gada (Inonge Wina) da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Monica Chintu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2838" sha1="g1r7o6p3b9wt9uye2mzu3k4fgkex2zv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Monica Nanyangwe Chintu''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Zambia, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan siyasa mata na farko a [[Zambiya|Zambia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghodsee2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Kristen Ghodsee|title=Second World, Second Sex: Socialist Women's Activism and Global Solidarity during the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeeEDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT230|year=2019|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-1-4780-0327-4|page=230}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
Kafin shiga Majalisar Dokoki, Chintu ta kasance mai himma a cikin rundunar mata ta Jam'iyyar 'Yancin Kai ta ƙasa (UNIP).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kikamba&quot;&gt;Lubosi Kikamba, [http://dspace.unza.zm/bitstream/handle/123456789/1806/lubosi.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The Role of Women's Organisations in the Political Development of Zambia, 1964-2001: A case study of the UNIP Women's League and the Zambia National Women's Lobby Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015113358/http://dspace.unza.zm/bitstream/handle/123456789/1806/lubosi.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |date=2022-10-15 }}, MA thesis, [[University of Zambia]], 2012, p.173-4, 176, 182&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta yi aiki sau biyu a Majalisar Dokoki.  An dawo da ita 'Yar Majalisar UNIP mai wakiltar Mbala ta Arewa a zaɓen shekara ta 1968, inda ita kaɗai ce mace 'yar Majalisar da aka zaɓa. A can ta yi magana game da ƙarancin wakilcin mata a UNIP da kuma gwamnati. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kikamba&quot; /&gt; A zaɓen shekarar 1973 an mayar da ita 'Yar Majalisar Senga Hill.&lt;ref name=Kikamba/&gt;

Lokacin da aka kafa tsarin ƙungiyar mata a shekarar 1974, an zaɓi Chintu don ta zama mataimakiyar sakatare. Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Mata ta Zambia ta shekarar 1976, tana tsara shirin aiki na shekaru goma na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ga Mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghodsee2019&quot;/&gt;  A matsayinta na mataimakiyar [[B. C. Kankasa|BC Kankasa]] a Ƙungiyar Mata ta UNIP, Chintu ta halarci taron ƙarawa juna sani na farko da Kwamitin Ƙungiyar Mata ta Bulgaria (CBWM) ya shirya bayan taron Duniya na Biyu kan Mata a Copenhagen a shekarar 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kristen Ghodsee |date=January 2015 |title=Socialist Internationalism and State Feminism during the Cold War: The Case of Bulgaria and Zambia |url=https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_CLIO1_041_0115--socialist-internationalism-and-state.htm |journal=[[Clio. Women, Gender, History]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=115–138}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2014, Shugaba Michael Sata ya ba wa Chintu ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Sashen 'Yanci ta farko.&lt;ref&gt;[https://tumfweko.com/2014/05/26/president-sata-pardons-365-prisoners/ President Sata Pardons 365 prisoners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019095322/https://tumfweko.com/2014/05/26/president-sata-pardons-365-prisoners/ |date=2022-10-19 }}, ''Tumfweko'', 26 May 2014. Accessed 21 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kissar Annabi Yusuf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146964</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816248</id>
      <parentid>815656</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:36:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Baban Asiya moved page [[Kissar Annabi Yusufu da Zulaihatu]] to [[Kissar Annabi Yusuf]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3632" sha1="56lnqtgwpksqb6ca1diou8tsfoe63l5" xml:space="preserve">== Kissar Annabi Yusufu==

Kissar Annabi Yusuf na daga cikin fitattun kissoshi a addinin Musulunci, wadda ta ƙunshi darussa masu yawa game da haƙuri, tsoron Allah da kuma juriya a lokacin jarabawa. Labarin ya shafi rayuwar Annabi Yusuf tun yana ƙarami tare da mahaifinsa da ’yan uwansa, har zuwa lokacin da ya shiga gidan wani babban mutum a ƙasar Masar.

=== Rayuwarsa tare da Mahaifinsa da ’Yan Uwansa ===
Annabi Yusuf ɗan Annabi Ya’qub ne, wanda yake daga cikin annabawan Allah. Mahaifinsa yana ƙaunarsa sosai saboda kyawawan halaye da tsarkin zuciyarsa. Wannan ƙauna ta musamman ta sa ’yan uwansa suka fara jin kishinsa da hassada a kansa. Kar a manta da cewa, Kissa na kunshe cikin Adabin Hausa.

A wani lokaci, Yusuf ya ga wani mafarki mai ban mamaki, inda ya ga taurari, rana da wata suna masa sujada. Lokacin da ya gaya wa mahaifinsa wannan mafarki, sai ya fahimci cewa wannan mafarki yana nuna makoma mai girma da daraja da Yusuf zai samu a nan gaba. Sai ya shawarce shi da kada ya gaya wa ’yan uwansa wannan mafarki domin kada hassadarsu ta ƙaru.

Duk da haka, hassadar ’yan uwansa ta ƙaru sosai har suka fara shirya yadda za su kawar da shi daga gare su.

=== Jefar da Shi a Rijiya ===
A ƙarshe, ’yan uwan Yusuf suka yanke shawarar su yaudari mahaifinsu domin su tafi da Yusuf wani wuri. Suka roƙi mahaifinsu ya bar su su tafi da shi kiwo, suna masa alkawarin za su kula da shi.

Da suka kai shi wani wuri mai nisa, sai suka jefa shi cikin rijiya, suka bar shi a can shi kaɗai. Bayan haka, suka dawo wajen mahaifinsu da labarin ƙarya cewa wani dabba ya cinye shi. Wannan lamari ya jefa mahaifinsu cikin baƙin ciki da damuwa.

=== Ɗaukar Yusuf da Siyar da Shi ===
Bayan wani lokaci, wasu matafiya suka zo wurin rijiyar domin su ɗebo ruwa. Da suka jefa bokitinsu, sai suka tarar da Yusuf. Suka ɗauke shi, suka ɓoye shi a matsayin kaya, sannan suka tafi da shi zuwa ƙasar Masar inda suka sayar da shi a matsayin bawa.

=== Zuwansa Ƙasar Masar ===
A ƙasar Masar, wani babban mutum (wanda ake kira Waziri) ya sayi Yusuf. Ya lura da kyawawan halayensa da nutsuwarsa, sai ya umarci matarsa da ta kula da shi da kyau, yana mai cewa wata rana zai iya zama mai amfani gare su ko su ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗa.

Yusuf ya fara rayuwa a gidan Waziri cikin ladabi da biyayya. Ya nuna halaye masu kyau, gaskiya da amana, wanda hakan ya sa aka ƙara girmama shi a gidan.

=== Zulaikhatu da Sha’awarta ===
Matar Waziri, wadda ake kira Zulaikhatu, ta fara lura da kyawun Yusuf da halayensa. A hankali sha’awarta ta ƙaru har ta fara son shi.

A wani lokaci, ta nemi ya aikata abin da bai dace ba, amma Yusuf ya ƙi yarda saboda tsoron Allah da kuma riƙon gaskiya. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya guje mata domin kada ya faɗa cikin wannan jarabawa.

=== Jarabawar Yusuf a Gidan Waziri ===
Lokacin da Yusuf ya ƙi amincewa, sai ya gudu domin ya tsira daga abin da ake son ya aikata. Wannan ya nuna irin tsarkin zuciya da tsoron Allah da yake da shi.

A wannan mataki ne jarabawar Yusuf ta fara ƙara tsananta, wanda daga baya ya kai ga zargin da aka yi masa da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo baya a rayuwarsa.

=== Kammalawa ===
Wannan ɓangaren kissar Annabi Yusuf yana nuna yadda rayuwarsa ta fara cike da jarabawa tun yana ƙarami, daga hassadar ’yan uwansa har zuwa jarabawar da ya fuskanta a gidan Waziri. Labarin yana koyar da muhimmancin haƙuri, gaskiya da tsoron Allah a dukkan yanayi na rayuwa. Haka kuma, wannan kissa Labari ne na gaskiya..

฿=== Manazarta ===
&lt;ref&gt;Alƙur’ani mai girma, Suratul Yusuf.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008). ''Rabe-raben Adabin Hausa''. Kano: K.D.G Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>'Yan Gambara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146966</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816211</id>
      <parentid>815671</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:23:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-19758-09</username>
        <id>43567</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ma’anar ’Yan gambara */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2273" sha1="nt26z9ryqugsei1pq7v5r1x1abvhur9" xml:space="preserve">== ’Yan gambara ==

'''’Yan gambara''' wani rukuni ne na makadan ban-dariya a adabin baka na Hausa da ke amfani da kwaikwayo da kwaɓe halaye domin nishaɗantar da jama’a da kuma isar da saƙonni cikin raha. Suna daga cikin muhimman masu nishaɗantarwa a al’ummar Hausawa.&lt;ref&gt;Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008). ''Rabe-raben Adabin Hausa''. Kano: K.D.G Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ma’anar ’Yan gambara ===
’Yan gambara su ne waɗanda ke kwaikwayon halayen mutane ko wasu abubuwa domin su nuna su cikin salon dariya. Kalmar “gambara” na nufin kwaikwayo ko nuna hali ta hanyar motsi da magana.
Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008) ya Bayyana 'ya

=== Siffofin ’Yan gambara ===
Siffofin ’yan gambara sun haɗa da:

* Yin kwaikwayo na halayen mutane
* Amfani da motsi da ishara
* Yin wasan kwaikwayo cikin raha
* Iya canza murya da salo
* Nuna hali cikin nishaɗi da hikima

=== Hanyoyin Aiki ===
’Yan gambara suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban wajen gudanar da aikinsu:

* Kwaikwayon mutane (misali dattijo, yaro, ko wani hali)
* Yin wasan kwaikwayo a fili
* Amfani da murya da motsi domin jawo hankali
* Hada barkwanci da kwaikwayo

=== Misalan ’Yan gambara ===
A aikace, ’yan gambara na iya yin abubuwa kamar haka:

* Kwaikwayon wani dattijo yana tafiya a hankali tare da rawar jiki
* Kwaikwayon mai sayarwa a kasuwa yana kira da murya mai ban dariya
* Nuna yadda wani ke yin magana ko tafiya cikin salon dariya

Wadannan misalai na nuna yadda ’yan gambara ke amfani da kwaikwayo domin nishaɗantarwa da isar da saƙo.

=== Tasirin ’Yan gambara a Al’umma ===
’Yan gambara na da tasiri mai yawa:

* Suna samar da nishaɗi da walwala
* Suna sa mutane su fahimci halayensu ta hanyar kwaikwayo
* Suna gyara halaye cikin sauƙi
* Suna ƙarfafa al’adu da zamantakewa

=== Muhimmancin ’Yan gambara ===
Muhimmancinsu ya haɗa da:

* Nishaɗantar da jama’a
* Ilmantar da al’umma
* Faɗakar da mutane kan halaye
* Kiyaye al’adun gargajiya

=== Kammalawa ===
’Yan gambara wani rukuni ne na makadan ban-dariya da ke amfani da kwaikwayo wajen isar da saƙo da nishaɗantarwa. Ayyukansu na taka rawa wajen ilmantarwa da gyaran al’umma cikin raha.

=== Manazarta ===
&lt;ref&gt;Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008). ''Rabe-raben Adabin Hausa''. Kano: K.D.G Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nt26z9ryqugsei1pq7v5r1x1abvhur9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816326</id>
      <parentid>816211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T22:25:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ma’anar ’Yan gambara */</comment>
      <origin>816326</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2755" sha1="pqcg6gv9geyj81kmbxqyazb7asl6t17" xml:space="preserve">== ’Yan gambara ==

'''’Yan gambara''' wani rukuni ne na makadan ban-dariya a adabin baka na Hausa da ke amfani da kwaikwayo da kwaɓe halaye domin nishaɗantar da jama’a da kuma isar da saƙonni cikin raha. Suna daga cikin muhimman masu nishaɗantarwa a al’ummar Hausawa.&lt;ref&gt;Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008). ''Rabe-raben Adabin Hausa''. Kano: K.D.G Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ma’anar ’Yan gambara ===
’Yan gambara su ne waɗanda ke kwaikwayon halayen mutane ko wasu abubuwa domin su nuna su cikin salon dariya. Kalmar “gambara” na nufin kwaikwayo ko nuna hali ta hanyar motsi da magana.

Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008) ya Bayyana 'Yan Gambara da cewa, makada ne na ban-dariya. Amma su ba kamar 'Yan kama ba, suna ba da dariyarsu ta hanyar ba'a, wani lokaci sukan hada da batsa. 'Yan Gambara sun iya ba'a, sun iya duban mutum su suffanta shi irin yadda suke so. Idan dan gambara ya tattaka, ya yi wa abu ba'a, kai ba ka saye shi ahu ba. Idan kuwa mutum ne, suka yi masa ba'a, to za su iya maida shi kasa-kasan jama'a. Amma idan sun ga dama,'yan gambara, suna yin yabo da addu'a, musamman Ida an basu abin da suke so

=== Siffofin ’Yan gambara ===
Siffofin ’yan gambara sun haɗa da:

* Yin kwaikwayo na halayen mutane
* Amfani da motsi da ishara
* Yin wasan kwaikwayo cikin raha
* Iya canza murya da salo
* Nuna hali cikin nishaɗi da hikima

=== Hanyoyin Aiki ===
’Yan gambara suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban wajen gudanar da aikinsu:

* Kwaikwayon mutane (misali dattijo, yaro, ko wani hali)
* Yin wasan kwaikwayo a fili
* Amfani da murya da motsi domin jawo hankali
* Hada barkwanci da kwaikwayo

=== Misalan ’Yan gambara ===
A aikace, ’yan gambara na iya yin abubuwa kamar haka:

* Kwaikwayon wani dattijo yana tafiya a hankali tare da rawar jiki
* Kwaikwayon mai sayarwa a kasuwa yana kira da murya mai ban dariya
* Nuna yadda wani ke yin magana ko tafiya cikin salon dariya

Wadannan misalai na nuna yadda ’yan gambara ke amfani da kwaikwayo domin nishaɗantarwa da isar da saƙo.

=== Tasirin ’Yan gambara a Al’umma ===
’Yan gambara na da tasiri mai yawa:

* Suna samar da nishaɗi da walwala
* Suna sa mutane su fahimci halayensu ta hanyar kwaikwayo
* Suna gyara halaye cikin sauƙi
* Suna ƙarfafa al’adu da zamantakewa

=== Muhimmancin ’Yan gambara ===
Muhimmancinsu ya haɗa da:

* Nishaɗantar da jama’a
* Ilmantar da al’umma
* Faɗakar da mutane kan halaye
* Kiyaye al’adun gargajiya

=== Kammalawa ===
’Yan gambara wani rukuni ne na makadan ban-dariya da ke amfani da kwaikwayo wajen isar da saƙo da nishaɗantarwa. Ayyukansu na taka rawa wajen ilmantarwa da gyaran al’umma cikin raha.

=== Manazarta ===
&lt;ref&gt;Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008). ''Rabe-raben Adabin Hausa''. Kano: K.D.G Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pqcg6gv9geyj81kmbxqyazb7asl6t17</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816371</id>
      <parentid>816326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:58:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ma’anar ’Yan gambara */</comment>
      <origin>816371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3014" sha1="3n4woiqcmern9uv3qbncn38pc368eg6" xml:space="preserve">== ’Yan gambara ==

'''’Yan gambara''' wani rukuni ne na makadan ban-dariya a adabin baka na Hausa da ke amfani da kwaikwayo da kwaɓe halaye domin nishaɗantar da jama’a da kuma isar da saƙonni cikin raha. Suna daga cikin muhimman masu nishaɗantarwa a al’ummar Hausawa.&lt;ref&gt;Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008). ''Rabe-raben Adabin Hausa''. Kano: K.D.G Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ma’anar ’Yan gambara ===
’Yan gambara su ne waɗanda ke kwaikwayon halayen mutane ko wasu abubuwa domin su nuna su cikin salon dariya. Kalmar “gambara” na nufin kwaikwayo ko nuna hali ta hanyar motsi da magana.

Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008) ya Bayyana 'Yan Gambara da cewa, makada ne na ban-dariya. Amma su ba kamar 'Yan kama ba, suna ba da dariyarsu ta hanyar ba'a, wani lokaci sukan hada da batsa. 'Yan Gambara sun iya ba'a, sun iya duban mutum su suffanta shi irin yadda suke so. Idan dan gambara ya tattaka, ya yi wa abu ba'a, kai ba ka saye shi ahu ba. Idan kuwa mutum ne, suka yi masa ba'a, to za su iya maida shi kasa-kasan jama'a. Amma idan sun ga dama,'yan gambara, suna yin yabo da addu'a, musamman Ida an basu abin da suke so.

===Shahararrun masu kida gambara===
 Sun hada:
*  Sale mai kada gambara,
*. Na Uwale, wanda bai san Allah ba, sai wuta ta kama shi,
*  Na Biddigau,
*. Na lami Dan Mai Kauye. Dss
Missali inda Sale mai gambara ya ke cewa:

&quot;Ni kai wa haka, Sale mai kada baki

=== Siffofin ’Yan gambara ===
Siffofin ’yan gambara sun haɗa da:

* Yin kwaikwayo na halayen mutane
* Amfani da motsi da ishara
* Yin wasan kwaikwayo cikin raha
* Iya canza murya da salo
* Nuna hali cikin nishaɗi da hikima

=== Hanyoyin Aiki ===
’Yan gambara suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban wajen gudanar da aikinsu:

* Kwaikwayon mutane (misali dattijo, yaro, ko wani hali)
* Yin wasan kwaikwayo a fili
* Amfani da murya da motsi domin jawo hankali
* Hada barkwanci da kwaikwayo

=== Misalan ’Yan gambara ===
A aikace, ’yan gambara na iya yin abubuwa kamar haka:

* Kwaikwayon wani dattijo yana tafiya a hankali tare da rawar jiki
* Kwaikwayon mai sayarwa a kasuwa yana kira da murya mai ban dariya
* Nuna yadda wani ke yin magana ko tafiya cikin salon dariya

Wadannan misalai na nuna yadda ’yan gambara ke amfani da kwaikwayo domin nishaɗantarwa da isar da saƙo.

=== Tasirin ’Yan gambara a Al’umma ===
’Yan gambara na da tasiri mai yawa:

* Suna samar da nishaɗi da walwala
* Suna sa mutane su fahimci halayensu ta hanyar kwaikwayo
* Suna gyara halaye cikin sauƙi
* Suna ƙarfafa al’adu da zamantakewa

=== Muhimmancin ’Yan gambara ===
Muhimmancinsu ya haɗa da:

* Nishaɗantar da jama’a
* Ilmantar da al’umma
* Faɗakar da mutane kan halaye
* Kiyaye al’adun gargajiya

=== Kammalawa ===
’Yan gambara wani rukuni ne na makadan ban-dariya da ke amfani da kwaikwayo wajen isar da saƙo da nishaɗantarwa. Ayyukansu na taka rawa wajen ilmantarwa da gyaran al’umma cikin raha.

=== Manazarta ===
&lt;ref&gt;Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008). ''Rabe-raben Adabin Hausa''. Kano: K.D.G Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3n4woiqcmern9uv3qbncn38pc368eg6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816374</id>
      <parentid>816371</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T00:05:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Shahararrun masu kida gambara */</comment>
      <origin>816374</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3129" sha1="pr9glfabuw4mtlz6co8sosuzn9kj36h" xml:space="preserve">== ’Yan gambara ==

'''’Yan gambara''' wani rukuni ne na makadan ban-dariya a adabin baka na Hausa da ke amfani da kwaikwayo da kwaɓe halaye domin nishaɗantar da jama’a da kuma isar da saƙonni cikin raha. Suna daga cikin muhimman masu nishaɗantarwa a al’ummar Hausawa.&lt;ref&gt;Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008). ''Rabe-raben Adabin Hausa''. Kano: K.D.G Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ma’anar ’Yan gambara ===
’Yan gambara su ne waɗanda ke kwaikwayon halayen mutane ko wasu abubuwa domin su nuna su cikin salon dariya. Kalmar “gambara” na nufin kwaikwayo ko nuna hali ta hanyar motsi da magana.

Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008) ya Bayyana 'Yan Gambara da cewa, makada ne na ban-dariya. Amma su ba kamar 'Yan kama ba, suna ba da dariyarsu ta hanyar ba'a, wani lokaci sukan hada da batsa. 'Yan Gambara sun iya ba'a, sun iya duban mutum su suffanta shi irin yadda suke so. Idan dan gambara ya tattaka, ya yi wa abu ba'a, kai ba ka saye shi ahu ba. Idan kuwa mutum ne, suka yi masa ba'a, to za su iya maida shi kasa-kasan jama'a. Amma idan sun ga dama,'yan gambara, suna yin yabo da addu'a, musamman Ida an basu abin da suke so.

===Shahararrun masu kida gambara===
 Sun hada:
*  Sale mai kada gambara,
*. Na Uwale, wanda bai san Allah ba, sai wuta ta kama shi,
*  Na Biddigau,
*. Na lami Dan Mai Kauye. Dss
Missali inda Sale mai gambara ya ke cewa:

&quot;Ni kai wa haka, Sale mai kada gambara?
Kai nai wa haka,sai ka hau sama ka gaya musu
Wuya siriri, wuya kamar dantsen tsohuwar da ta shekara ba lafiya.

=== Siffofin ’Yan gambara ===
Siffofin ’yan gambara sun haɗa da:

* Yin kwaikwayo na halayen mutane
* Amfani da motsi da ishara
* Yin wasan kwaikwayo cikin raha
* Iya canza murya da salo
* Nuna hali cikin nishaɗi da hikima

=== Hanyoyin Aiki ===
’Yan gambara suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban wajen gudanar da aikinsu:

* Kwaikwayon mutane (misali dattijo, yaro, ko wani hali)
* Yin wasan kwaikwayo a fili
* Amfani da murya da motsi domin jawo hankali
* Hada barkwanci da kwaikwayo

=== Misalan ’Yan gambara ===
A aikace, ’yan gambara na iya yin abubuwa kamar haka:

* Kwaikwayon wani dattijo yana tafiya a hankali tare da rawar jiki
* Kwaikwayon mai sayarwa a kasuwa yana kira da murya mai ban dariya
* Nuna yadda wani ke yin magana ko tafiya cikin salon dariya

Wadannan misalai na nuna yadda ’yan gambara ke amfani da kwaikwayo domin nishaɗantarwa da isar da saƙo.

=== Tasirin ’Yan gambara a Al’umma ===
’Yan gambara na da tasiri mai yawa:

* Suna samar da nishaɗi da walwala
* Suna sa mutane su fahimci halayensu ta hanyar kwaikwayo
* Suna gyara halaye cikin sauƙi
* Suna ƙarfafa al’adu da zamantakewa

=== Muhimmancin ’Yan gambara ===
Muhimmancinsu ya haɗa da:

* Nishaɗantar da jama’a
* Ilmantar da al’umma
* Faɗakar da mutane kan halaye
* Kiyaye al’adun gargajiya

=== Kammalawa ===
’Yan gambara wani rukuni ne na makadan ban-dariya da ke amfani da kwaikwayo wajen isar da saƙo da nishaɗantarwa. Ayyukansu na taka rawa wajen ilmantarwa da gyaran al’umma cikin raha.

=== Manazarta ===
&lt;ref&gt;Dangambo, Abdulkadir (2008). ''Rabe-raben Adabin Hausa''. Kano: K.D.G Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pr9glfabuw4mtlz6co8sosuzn9kj36h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Harriet Businge</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>815967</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T12:14:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332177155|Harriet Businge]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>815967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5901" sha1="1np6m1q48pedhnlw2p6pplm1n870sqj" xml:space="preserve">'''Harriet Businge''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba 1980) ƙwararriyar malamar makaranta ce [[Uganda|a ƙasar Uganda]], 'yar siyasa kuma 'yar majalisa.

== Tarihi ==
Busingye tana wakiltar mutanen gundumar Hoima a matsayin wakiliyar mata ta gundumar a majalisar dokokin Uganda. Ta shiga majalisar ne bayan ta lashe zaɓen maye gurbin 'yar majalisar Hoima ta shekarar 2019 inda babban abokin hamayyarta shine Asinansi Nyakato na Forum for Democratic Change (FDC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-24 |title=PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election? |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita memba ce ta National Resistance Movement, jam'iyyar da ke jagorantar siyasa a Uganda, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yoweri Museveni]], shugaban [[Uganda|Jamhuriyar Uganda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |title=Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa ga babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2021, ta sha kaye a zaɓen mai neman tutar NRM ga Beatrice Wembabazi kuma ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta a babban zaɓen. 

== Ilimi ==
Businge ta fara karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Kikangara tana jarrabawar kammala karatun firamare (PLE) a shekarar 1992, daga baya ta yi rajista a makarantar [[Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kyebambe|sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kyebambe]] da ke gundumar Fortportal Kabarole inda ta yi takardar shaidar karatun Uganda, a shekarar 1996. Daga baya ta shiga kwalejin malamai ta ƙasa Masindi inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a shekarar 2001, daga baya kuma ta shiga [[jami'ar Nkumba]] inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |title=Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFParliament_of_Uganda&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda. [https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 &quot;Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament&quot;]. ''Parliament of Uganda''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-03-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Harriet ta fara aikinta a matsayin darakta, makarantar yara ta Good Samaritan da firamare a shekarar 1995, kuma daga shekarar 2005 har zuwa yanzu ita ce darakta Multi constra engineering works limited. Daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2009, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar ilimi, matasa da wasanni na masarautar Bunyoro Kitara a yammacin Uganda. Ita ce babbar darakta a tsarin asusun ilimi na Kabalega, muƙamin da ta riƙe tun a shekarar 2009. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare lafiyar al'umma da taimakon kai na gundumar Hoima a shekarar 2011. Daga watan Mayu zuwa Satumba 2018, ta kasance Kwamishinar Gundumar Sembabule kuma ta kasance 'yar Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, daga watan Satumba 2019 har zuwa yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why NRM won Hoima Woman MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/why-nrm-won-hoima-woman-mp-seat-1850444 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-27 |title=FINAL RESULTS: NRM candidates sweep Hoima, Kaboong by-elections |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2019/09/final-results-nrm-candidates-sweep-hoima-kaboong-by-elections.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-24 |title=PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election? |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAhabwe2019&quot;&gt;Ahabwe, Conrad (2019-09-24). [https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html &quot;PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election?&quot;]. ''PML Daily''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaddama ==
A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) a gundumar Hoima, an zargi Businge da kai hari ga babbar abokiyar hamayyarta a takarar 'yar majalisar mata Beatrice Wembabazi. An yi zargin cewa ƙungiyar kamfen ɗin Businge ta kai hari ga Wembabazi a wurin saukar Runga kuma a cikin rikicin da ya biyo baya, ta sami munanan raunuka a kai kuma ta suma. Wannan ya sa shugaban hukumar zaɓen jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) Dr. Tanga Odoi ya dakatar da tsarin zaɓen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=NRM halts Hoima Woman MP primaries as aspirant battles for life |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/nrm-halts-hoima-woman-mp-primaries-as-aspirant-battles-for-life/ |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harriet Businge – Eizooba – Amakuru Ga'Bunyoro |url=https://eizooba.co.ug/tag/harriet-businge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817200103/https://eizooba.co.ug/tag/harriet-businge/ |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-03-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]

== Manazarta ==
Jacinta Athieno AyoHarriet BusingeJacinta Athieno AyoHarriet BusingeJacinta Athieno AyoHarriet Businge
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
      <sha1>1np6m1q48pedhnlw2p6pplm1n870sqj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>815971</id>
      <parentid>815967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T12:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
      <origin>815971</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5799" sha1="pnuh7r44vxd4xloh100xkmj0lkiuqbx" xml:space="preserve">'''Harriet Businge''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba 1980) ƙwararriyar malamar makaranta ce [[Uganda|a ƙasar Uganda]], 'yar siyasa kuma 'yar majalisa.

== Tarihi ==
Busingye tana wakiltar mutanen gundumar Hoima a matsayin wakiliyar mata ta gundumar a majalisar dokokin Uganda. Ta shiga majalisar ne bayan ta lashe zaɓen maye gurbin 'yar majalisar Hoima ta shekarar 2019 inda babban abokin hamayyarta shine Asinansi Nyakato na Forum for Democratic Change (FDC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-24 |title=PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election? |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita memba ce ta National Resistance Movement, jam'iyyar da ke jagorantar siyasa a Uganda, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yoweri Museveni]], shugaban [[Uganda|Jamhuriyar Uganda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |title=Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa ga babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2021, ta sha kaye a zaɓen mai neman tutar NRM ga Beatrice Wembabazi kuma ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta a babban zaɓen. 

== Ilimi ==
Businge ta fara karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Kikangara tana jarrabawar kammala karatun firamare (PLE) a shekarar 1992, daga baya ta yi rajista a makarantar [[Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kyebambe|sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kyebambe]] da ke gundumar Fortportal Kabarole inda ta yi takardar shaidar karatun Uganda, a shekarar 1996. Daga baya ta shiga kwalejin malamai ta ƙasa Masindi inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a shekarar 2001, daga baya kuma ta shiga [[jami'ar Nkumba]] inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |title=Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFParliament_of_Uganda&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda. [https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 &quot;Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament&quot;]. ''Parliament of Uganda''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-03-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Harriet ta fara aikinta a matsayin darakta, makarantar yara ta Good Samaritan da firamare a shekarar 1995, kuma daga shekarar 2005 har zuwa yanzu ita ce darakta Multi constra engineering works limited. Daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2009, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar ilimi, matasa da wasanni na masarautar Bunyoro Kitara a yammacin Uganda. Ita ce babbar darakta a tsarin asusun ilimi na Kabalega, muƙamin da ta riƙe tun a shekarar 2009. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare lafiyar al'umma da taimakon kai na gundumar Hoima a shekarar 2011. Daga watan Mayu zuwa Satumba 2018, ta kasance Kwamishinar Gundumar Sembabule kuma ta kasance 'yar Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, daga watan Satumba 2019 har zuwa yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why NRM won Hoima Woman MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/why-nrm-won-hoima-woman-mp-seat-1850444 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-27 |title=FINAL RESULTS: NRM candidates sweep Hoima, Kaboong by-elections |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2019/09/final-results-nrm-candidates-sweep-hoima-kaboong-by-elections.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-24 |title=PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election? |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAhabwe2019&quot;&gt;Ahabwe, Conrad (2019-09-24). [https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html &quot;PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election?&quot;]. ''PML Daily''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaddama ==
A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) a gundumar Hoima, an zargi Businge da kai hari ga babbar abokiyar hamayyarta a takarar 'yar majalisar mata Beatrice Wembabazi. An yi zargin cewa ƙungiyar kamfen ɗin Businge ta kai hari ga Wembabazi a wurin saukar Runga kuma a cikin rikicin da ya biyo baya, ta sami munanan raunuka a kai kuma ta suma. Wannan ya sa shugaban hukumar zaɓen jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) Dr. Tanga Odoi ya dakatar da tsarin zaɓen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=NRM halts Hoima Woman MP primaries as aspirant battles for life |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/nrm-halts-hoima-woman-mp-primaries-as-aspirant-battles-for-life/ |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harriet Businge – Eizooba – Amakuru Ga'Bunyoro |url=https://eizooba.co.ug/tag/harriet-businge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817200103/https://eizooba.co.ug/tag/harriet-businge/ |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-03-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
      <sha1>pnuh7r44vxd4xloh100xkmj0lkiuqbx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>815974</id>
      <parentid>815971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T12:17:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tarihi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6064" sha1="1ke84zyzdmvnp7siv2anxmvcxc5rhgv" xml:space="preserve">'''Harriet Businge''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba 1980) ƙwararriyar malamar makaranta ce [[Uganda|a ƙasar Uganda]], 'yar siyasa kuma 'yar majalisa.

== Tarihi ==
Busingye tana wakiltar mutanen gundumar Hoima a matsayin wakiliyar mata ta gundumar a majalisar dokokin Uganda. Ta shiga majalisar ne bayan ta lashe zaɓen maye gurbin 'yar majalisar Hoima ta shekarar 2019 inda babban abokin hamayyarta shine Asinansi Nyakato na Forum for Democratic Change (FDC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-24 |title=PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election? |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita memba ce ta National Resistance Movement, jam'iyyar da ke jagorantar siyasa a Uganda, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yoweri Museveni]], shugaban [[Uganda|Jamhuriyar Uganda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |title=Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa ga babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2021, ta sha kaye a zaɓen mai neman tutar NRM ga Beatrice Wembabazi kuma ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta a babban zaɓen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Emmanuell|first=Okot|date=2020-12-05|title=Hoima woman Mp Harriet Busingye losses NRM flag|work=UGANDA RADIO NETWORK|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/hoima-woman-mp-harriet-businge-loses-nrm-flag-to-rival-|access-date=2021-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Businge ta fara karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Kikangara tana jarrabawar kammala karatun firamare (PLE) a shekarar 1992, daga baya ta yi rajista a makarantar [[Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kyebambe|sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kyebambe]] da ke gundumar Fortportal Kabarole inda ta yi takardar shaidar karatun Uganda, a shekarar 1996. Daga baya ta shiga kwalejin malamai ta ƙasa Masindi inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a shekarar 2001, daga baya kuma ta shiga [[jami'ar Nkumba]] inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |title=Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFParliament_of_Uganda&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda. [https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 &quot;Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament&quot;]. ''Parliament of Uganda''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-03-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Harriet ta fara aikinta a matsayin darakta, makarantar yara ta Good Samaritan da firamare a shekarar 1995, kuma daga shekarar 2005 har zuwa yanzu ita ce darakta Multi constra engineering works limited. Daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2009, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar ilimi, matasa da wasanni na masarautar Bunyoro Kitara a yammacin Uganda. Ita ce babbar darakta a tsarin asusun ilimi na Kabalega, muƙamin da ta riƙe tun a shekarar 2009. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare lafiyar al'umma da taimakon kai na gundumar Hoima a shekarar 2011. Daga watan Mayu zuwa Satumba 2018, ta kasance Kwamishinar Gundumar Sembabule kuma ta kasance 'yar Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, daga watan Satumba 2019 har zuwa yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why NRM won Hoima Woman MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/why-nrm-won-hoima-woman-mp-seat-1850444 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-27 |title=FINAL RESULTS: NRM candidates sweep Hoima, Kaboong by-elections |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2019/09/final-results-nrm-candidates-sweep-hoima-kaboong-by-elections.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-24 |title=PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election? |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAhabwe2019&quot;&gt;Ahabwe, Conrad (2019-09-24). [https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html &quot;PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election?&quot;]. ''PML Daily''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaddama ==
A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) a gundumar Hoima, an zargi Businge da kai hari ga babbar abokiyar hamayyarta a takarar 'yar majalisar mata Beatrice Wembabazi. An yi zargin cewa ƙungiyar kamfen ɗin Businge ta kai hari ga Wembabazi a wurin saukar Runga kuma a cikin rikicin da ya biyo baya, ta sami munanan raunuka a kai kuma ta suma. Wannan ya sa shugaban hukumar zaɓen jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) Dr. Tanga Odoi ya dakatar da tsarin zaɓen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=NRM halts Hoima Woman MP primaries as aspirant battles for life |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/nrm-halts-hoima-woman-mp-primaries-as-aspirant-battles-for-life/ |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harriet Businge – Eizooba – Amakuru Ga'Bunyoro |url=https://eizooba.co.ug/tag/harriet-businge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817200103/https://eizooba.co.ug/tag/harriet-businge/ |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-03-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
      <sha1>1ke84zyzdmvnp7siv2anxmvcxc5rhgv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>815976</id>
      <parentid>815974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T12:20:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <origin>815976</origin>
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      <text bytes="6077" sha1="56202ix1nl9ppxe40cwoa26eecct6sf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Harriet Businge''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba 1980) ƙwararriyar malamar makaranta ce [[Uganda|a ƙasar Uganda]], 'yar siyasa kuma 'yar majalisa.

== Tarihi ==
Busingye tana wakiltar mutanen gundumar Hoima a matsayin wakiliyar mata ta gundumar a majalisar dokokin Uganda. Ta shiga majalisar ne bayan ta lashe zaɓen maye gurbin 'yar majalisar Hoima ta shekarar 2019 inda babban abokin hamayyarta shine Asinansi Nyakato na Forum for Democratic Change (FDC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-24 |title=PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election? |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita memba ce ta National Resistance Movement, jam'iyyar da ke jagorantar siyasa a Uganda, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yoweri Museveni]], shugaban [[Uganda|Jamhuriyar Uganda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |title=Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa ga babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2021, ta sha kaye a zaɓen mai neman tutar NRM ga Beatrice Wembabazi kuma ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta a babban zaɓen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Emmanuell|first=Okot|date=2020-12-05|title=Hoima woman Mp Harriet Busingye losses NRM flag|work=UGANDA RADIO NETWORK|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/hoima-woman-mp-harriet-businge-loses-nrm-flag-to-rival-|access-date=2021-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Businge ta fara karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Kikangara tana jarrabawar kammala karatun firamare (PLE) a shekarar 1992, daga baya ta yi rajista a makarantar [[Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kyebambe|sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kyebambe]] da ke gundumar Fortportal Kabarole inda ta yi takardar shaidar karatun Uganda, a shekarar 1996. Daga baya ta shiga kwalejin malamai ta ƙasa Masindi inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a shekarar 2001, daga baya kuma ta shiga [[jami'ar Nkumba]] inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |title=Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFParliament_of_Uganda&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda. [https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=551 &quot;Parliament of Uganda, members of the 10th parliament&quot;]. ''Parliament of Uganda''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-03-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Harriet ta fara aikinta a matsayin darakta, makarantar yara ta Good Samaritan da firamare a shekarar 1995, kuma daga shekarar 2005 har zuwa yanzu ita ce darakta Multi constra engineering works limited. Daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2009, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar ilimi, matasa da wasanni na masarautar Bunyoro Kitara a yammacin Uganda. Ita ce babbar darakta a tsarin asusun ilimi na Kabalega, muƙamin da ta riƙe tun a shekarar 2009. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare lafiyar al'umma da taimakon kai na gundumar Hoima a shekarar 2011. Daga watan Mayu zuwa Satumba 2018, ta kasance Kwamishinar Gundumar Sembabule kuma ta kasance 'yar Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, daga watan Satumba 2019 har zuwa yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why NRM won Hoima Woman MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/why-nrm-won-hoima-woman-mp-seat-1850444 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-27 |title=FINAL RESULTS: NRM candidates sweep Hoima, Kaboong by-elections |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2019/09/final-results-nrm-candidates-sweep-hoima-kaboong-by-elections.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahabwe |first=Conrad |date=2019-09-24 |title=PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election? |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAhabwe2019&quot;&gt;Ahabwe, Conrad (2019-09-24). [https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2019/09/profiles-who-is-who-in-the-hoima-woman-mp-by-election.html &quot;PROFILES: Who is who in the Hoima Woman MP by- election?&quot;]. ''PML Daily''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaddama ==
A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) a gundumar Hoima, an zargi Businge da kai hari ga babbar abokiyar hamayyarta a takarar 'yar majalisar mata Beatrice Wembabazi. An yi zargin cewa ƙungiyar kamfen ɗin Businge ta kai hari ga Wembabazi a wurin saukar Runga kuma a cikin rikicin da ya biyo baya, ta sami munanan raunuka a kai kuma ta suma. Wannan ya sa shugaban hukumar zaɓen jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) Dr. Tanga Odoi ya dakatar da tsarin zaɓen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=NRM halts Hoima Woman MP primaries as aspirant battles for life |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/nrm-halts-hoima-woman-mp-primaries-as-aspirant-battles-for-life/ |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harriet Businge – Eizooba – Amakuru Ga'Bunyoro |url=https://eizooba.co.ug/tag/harriet-businge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817200103/https://eizooba.co.ug/tag/harriet-businge/ |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-03-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
      <sha1>56202ix1nl9ppxe40cwoa26eecct6sf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dayangku Najibah Eradah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335384329|Dayangku Najibah Eradah]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>815968</origin>
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      <text bytes="3014" sha1="4jgfocx3ij2h8fi2aqq6f0gkhfmp3os" xml:space="preserve">'''Dayangku Najibah Eradah binti Pengiran Ahmad Mahdi Al-Sufri''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1983),  wacce aka fi sani da '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yar Polar ta Brunei''', &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-29 |title=Dk Najibah Eradah |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Malami|malamar makaranta]] ce kuma mai rajin kare muhalli, wacce ita ce 'yar [[Brunei|asalin Brunei]] ta farko da ta isa Kudancin Pole .

== Tafiyar Kudancin Koriya ==
An zaɓi Era da wasu mata bakwai, kowannensu daga wata ƙasa daban ta Commonwealth, daga cikin 'yan takara sama da 800 don shiga cikin Kaspersky Commonwealth Antarctic Expedition, wanda ya isa Kudancin Pole a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2009.   Da take bayyana shigarta cikin wannan balaguron, ta ce: &quot;Ina da sha'awar batutuwan muhalli kuma ina fatan amfani da shigara cikin balaguron don wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Canjin yanayi|ɗumamar yanayi]] da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] a Brunei&quot;. 

Kafofin watsa labaran Brunei sun bayyana nasarar da ta samu a matsayin &quot;rana mai tarihi ga Brunei kuma rana ce mai muhimmanci ga matan Sultanate&quot;. Saiful Ibrahim, Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙungiyar Nishaɗin Kasada ta Brunei, ta bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;alama ga dukkan 'yan Brunei, musamman ga mata da matasanmu&quot;.  Ta shahara a Brunei a matsayin &quot;Yarinyar Polar&quot;. 'Yar kasuwa 'yar Brunei Halina Taib ta shiga tsakani don ɗaukar nauyin tafiyar, bayan da aka sami matsalolin kuɗi. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mahaifin Era, Pengiran Ahmad Mahdi Al-Sufri, ɗan gidan sarauta ne mai nisa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-29 |title=Dk Najibah Eradah |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ &quot;Dk Najibah Eradah&quot;]. ''YES Inspire | Magazines''. 29 February 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 January&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da mahaifiyarta, Pengiran Hajah Basmillah binti Pengiran Haji Abbas, jami'ar diflomasiyya ce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-03-17 |title=Royal audience to Brunei envoys |url=http://sultanate.com/news_server/2006/17_mar_1.html |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=sultanate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tana da kawu da kakanta waɗanda ke da alaƙa ta kud da kud da dangin sarauta; su ne Pengiran Anak Idris da Pengiran Anak Kemaluddin . Era, wacce ta kasance malamar [[lissafi]] a makarantar sakandare, ta zama jami'ar gwamnati a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ciniki ta Brunei . 

== Ganewa da kyaututtuka ==

* Kyawun Kyauta ga Matasa (2010) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HARIBELIA - penerima-anugerah |url=http://www.hbk.gov.bn/SitePages/penerima-anugerah.aspx |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.hbk.gov.bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Takardar kankara ta Antarctic

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>815969</id>
      <parentid>815968</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T12:15:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <origin>815969</origin>
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      <text bytes="3026" sha1="o8w3sp2x160kgkq71knsed04tazn1jy" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}}'''Dayangku Najibah Eradah binti Pengiran Ahmad Mahdi Al-Sufri''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1983),  wacce aka fi sani da '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yar Polar ta Brunei''', &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-29 |title=Dk Najibah Eradah |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Malami|malamar makaranta]] ce kuma mai rajin kare muhalli, wacce ita ce 'yar [[Brunei|asalin Brunei]] ta farko da ta isa Kudancin Pole .

== Tafiyar Kudancin Koriya ==
An zaɓi Era da wasu mata bakwai, kowannensu daga wata ƙasa daban ta Commonwealth, daga cikin 'yan takara sama da 800 don shiga cikin Kaspersky Commonwealth Antarctic Expedition, wanda ya isa Kudancin Pole a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2009.   Da take bayyana shigarta cikin wannan balaguron, ta ce: &quot;Ina da sha'awar batutuwan muhalli kuma ina fatan amfani da shigara cikin balaguron don wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Canjin yanayi|ɗumamar yanayi]] da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] a Brunei&quot;. 

Kafofin watsa labaran Brunei sun bayyana nasarar da ta samu a matsayin &quot;rana mai tarihi ga Brunei kuma rana ce mai muhimmanci ga matan Sultanate&quot;. Saiful Ibrahim, Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙungiyar Nishaɗin Kasada ta Brunei, ta bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;alama ga dukkan 'yan Brunei, musamman ga mata da matasanmu&quot;.  Ta shahara a Brunei a matsayin &quot;Yarinyar Polar&quot;. 'Yar kasuwa 'yar Brunei Halina Taib ta shiga tsakani don ɗaukar nauyin tafiyar, bayan da aka sami matsalolin kuɗi. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mahaifin Era, Pengiran Ahmad Mahdi Al-Sufri, ɗan gidan sarauta ne mai nisa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-29 |title=Dk Najibah Eradah |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ &quot;Dk Najibah Eradah&quot;]. ''YES Inspire | Magazines''. 29 February 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 January&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da mahaifiyarta, Pengiran Hajah Basmillah binti Pengiran Haji Abbas, jami'ar diflomasiyya ce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-03-17 |title=Royal audience to Brunei envoys |url=http://sultanate.com/news_server/2006/17_mar_1.html |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=sultanate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tana da kawu da kakanta waɗanda ke da alaƙa ta kud da kud da dangin sarauta; su ne Pengiran Anak Idris da Pengiran Anak Kemaluddin . Era, wacce ta kasance malamar [[lissafi]] a makarantar sakandare, ta zama jami'ar gwamnati a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ciniki ta Brunei . 

== Ganewa da kyaututtuka ==

* Kyawun Kyauta ga Matasa (2010) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HARIBELIA - penerima-anugerah |url=http://www.hbk.gov.bn/SitePages/penerima-anugerah.aspx |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.hbk.gov.bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Takardar kankara ta Antarctic

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]</text>
      <sha1>o8w3sp2x160kgkq71knsed04tazn1jy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>815972</id>
      <parentid>815969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T12:16:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>815972</origin>
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      <text bytes="3231" sha1="j1jeybcgycwxmfu5jmwwcsjq3gq7i7z" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}}'''Dayangku Najibah Eradah binti Pengiran Ahmad Mahdi Al-Sufri''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1983),  wacce aka fi sani da '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yar Polar ta Brunei''', &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-29 |title=Dk Najibah Eradah |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Malami|malamar makaranta]] ce kuma mai rajin kare muhalli, wacce ita ce 'yar [[Brunei|asalin Brunei]] ta farko da ta isa Kudancin Pole .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-29 |title=Dk Najibah Eradah |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiyar Kudancin Koriya ==
An zaɓi Era da wasu mata bakwai, kowannensu daga wata ƙasa daban ta Commonwealth, daga cikin 'yan takara sama da 800 don shiga cikin Kaspersky Commonwealth Antarctic Expedition, wanda ya isa Kudancin Pole a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2009.   Da take bayyana shigarta cikin wannan balaguron, ta ce: &quot;Ina da sha'awar batutuwan muhalli kuma ina fatan amfani da shigara cikin balaguron don wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Canjin yanayi|ɗumamar yanayi]] da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] a Brunei&quot;. 

Kafofin watsa labaran Brunei sun bayyana nasarar da ta samu a matsayin &quot;rana mai tarihi ga Brunei kuma rana ce mai muhimmanci ga matan Sultanate&quot;. Saiful Ibrahim, Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙungiyar Nishaɗin Kasada ta Brunei, ta bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;alama ga dukkan 'yan Brunei, musamman ga mata da matasanmu&quot;.  Ta shahara a Brunei a matsayin &quot;Yarinyar Polar&quot;. 'Yar kasuwa 'yar Brunei Halina Taib ta shiga tsakani don ɗaukar nauyin tafiyar, bayan da aka sami matsalolin kuɗi. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mahaifin Era, Pengiran Ahmad Mahdi Al-Sufri, ɗan gidan sarauta ne mai nisa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-29 |title=Dk Najibah Eradah |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ &quot;Dk Najibah Eradah&quot;]. ''YES Inspire | Magazines''. 29 February 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 January&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da mahaifiyarta, Pengiran Hajah Basmillah binti Pengiran Haji Abbas, jami'ar diflomasiyya ce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-03-17 |title=Royal audience to Brunei envoys |url=http://sultanate.com/news_server/2006/17_mar_1.html |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=sultanate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tana da kawu da kakanta waɗanda ke da alaƙa ta kud da kud da dangin sarauta; su ne Pengiran Anak Idris da Pengiran Anak Kemaluddin . Era, wacce ta kasance malamar [[lissafi]] a makarantar sakandare, ta zama jami'ar gwamnati a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ciniki ta Brunei . 

== Ganewa da kyaututtuka ==

* Kyawun Kyauta ga Matasa (2010) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HARIBELIA - penerima-anugerah |url=http://www.hbk.gov.bn/SitePages/penerima-anugerah.aspx |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.hbk.gov.bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Takardar kankara ta Antarctic

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>815973</id>
      <parentid>815972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T12:17:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <origin>815973</origin>
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      <text bytes="3233" sha1="kp0pfl2e67lr9460jyknw8dfq1aqn07" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}}'''Dayangku Najibah Eradah binti Pengiran Ahmad Mahdi Al-Sufri''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1983),  wacce aka fi sani da '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yar Polar ta Brunei''', &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-29 |title=Dk Najibah Eradah |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Malami|malamar makaranta]] ce kuma mai rajin kare muhalli, wacce ita ce 'yar [[Brunei|asalin Brunei]] ta farko da ta isa Kudancin Pole .&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-29 |title=Dk Najibah Eradah |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiyar Kudancin Koriya ==
An zaɓi Era da wasu mata bakwai, kowannensu daga wata ƙasa daban ta Commonwealth, daga cikin 'yan takara sama da 800 don shiga cikin Kaspersky Commonwealth Antarctic Expedition, wanda ya isa Kudancin Pole a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2009.   Da take bayyana shigarta cikin wannan balaguron, ta ce: &quot;Ina da sha'awar batutuwan muhalli kuma ina fatan amfani da shigara cikin balaguron don wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Canjin yanayi|ɗumamar yanayi]] da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] a Brunei&quot;. 

Kafofin watsa labaran Brunei sun bayyana nasarar da ta samu a matsayin &quot;rana mai tarihi ga Brunei kuma rana ce mai muhimmanci ga matan Sultanate&quot;. Saiful Ibrahim, Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙungiyar Nishaɗin Kasada ta Brunei, ta bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;alama ga dukkan 'yan Brunei, musamman ga mata da matasanmu&quot;.  Ta shahara a Brunei a matsayin &quot;Yarinyar Polar&quot;. 'Yar kasuwa 'yar Brunei Halina Taib ta shiga tsakani don ɗaukar nauyin tafiyar, bayan da aka sami matsalolin kuɗi. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mahaifin Era, Pengiran Ahmad Mahdi Al-Sufri, ɗan gidan sarauta ne mai nisa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-29 |title=Dk Najibah Eradah |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/dk-najibah-eradah/ &quot;Dk Najibah Eradah&quot;]. ''YES Inspire | Magazines''. 29 February 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 January&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da mahaifiyarta, Pengiran Hajah Basmillah binti Pengiran Haji Abbas, jami'ar diflomasiyya ce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-03-17 |title=Royal audience to Brunei envoys |url=http://sultanate.com/news_server/2006/17_mar_1.html |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=sultanate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tana da kawu da kakanta waɗanda ke da alaƙa ta kud da kud da dangin sarauta; su ne Pengiran Anak Idris da Pengiran Anak Kemaluddin . Era, wacce ta kasance malamar [[lissafi]] a makarantar sakandare, ta zama jami'ar gwamnati a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ciniki ta Brunei . 

== Ganewa da kyaututtuka ==

* Kyawun Kyauta ga Matasa (2010) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HARIBELIA - penerima-anugerah |url=http://www.hbk.gov.bn/SitePages/penerima-anugerah.aspx |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.hbk.gov.bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Takardar kankara ta Antarctic

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]</text>
      <sha1>kp0pfl2e67lr9460jyknw8dfq1aqn07</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Hino Tomiko</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>815977</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341854182|Hino Tomiko]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5635" sha1="96nfq0e0h5ijili331lttf6ld7cvqm1" xml:space="preserve">Hino Tomiko (日野 富子; 1440 - Yuni 30, 1496) ta kasance fitacciyar mace a [[Muromachi period|Lokacin Muromachi]] da farkon [[Sengoku period|Lokacin Sengoku]] . Ita 'yar [[Hino Shigemasa]] ce kuma ita ce [[Seishitsu|matar hukuma]] ta [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa|Ashikaga Yoshihisa]]&quot;&gt;Ashikaga Yoshimasa, ''[./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= shōgun]''&quot; id=&quot;mwEg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Shōgun&quot;&gt;shōgun na takwas na [[Ashikaga shogunate]] (da farko Tomiko ta yi riƙo ga [[Ashikaga Yoshikatsu]] shōgun ta bakwai amma Yoshikatsu ta mutu tana da shekaru 10), kuma mahaifiyar AshikagaYoshihisa, shōgon na tara. Ana ganin kokarin da ta yi a lokacin rikice-rikicen maye gurbin a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan [[Ōnin War|Yaƙin Ōnin]] kuma ya haifar da farkon lokacin Sengoku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hino Tomiko |url=http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&amp;stype=0&amp;dtype=0&amp;dname=0ss&amp;p=%E6%97%A5%E9%87%8E%E5%AF%8C%E5%AD%90 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804061906/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8 |archive-date=2009-08-04 |website=[[Daijirin]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Hino Tomiko a cikin iyalin Hino, wata iyali mai ƙarfi wacce matanta suka zama abokan aure ga tsoffin Shoguns. Waɗannan alaƙar iyali sun ƙara wa Hino ƙarfin iko wajen sarrafa Kotun Shogunate. Tomiko ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙarfafa dangantakar iyalin Hino da Shogunate da kuma ba ta damar ƙara ƙarfi. Lokacin da matsayin Tomiko a zamantakewa da siyasa ya tashi bayan aurenta da Ashikaga Yoshimasa, ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da aiki a gwamnatin shogunal. Ta haifi ɗanta na fari a rana ta tara ga watan farko na 1459, duk da haka, yaron ya mutu a ranar. Daga baya ta ɗora alhakin mutuwar yaron a kan mai kula da Yoshimasa, [[Imamairi no Tsubone]], wanda daga baya aka kai shi Tsibirin Oki a Tafkin Biwa, inda ta kashe kanta.

== Yaƙin Onin ==
A shekara ta 1460, Yoshimasa ta yanke shawarar barin mukaminsa na Shogun. Duk da haka, tunda Tomiko ba ta haifi magaji ba, Yoshimasa ta shawo kan ƙaninsa Ashikaga Yoshimi ya gaje shi, da farko a ofis sannan a hankali ya ɗauki matsayin Shogun. Tomiko ta ƙi amincewa da hakan, kodayake a lokacin ba ta da wani tasiri na ƙalubalantar naɗin Yoshimi. Ta tsaya tana yaƙi da jami'an shogunate har sai da ta haifi Ashikaga Yoshihisa ta gaba, ta zama uwar shogun ta gaba. Tomiko ta fara neman tallafin soja don tabbatar da cewa magaji na gaba ya fito daga zuriyar danginta. Ta sami goyon baya daga dangin Ouchi, Hatakeyama, Shiba da sauran kabilu.

Da yake tana cikin [[Hino clan|dangin Hino]], kuma tana samun goyon bayan Yamana Sozen, ƙungiyoyi biyu suka haɗu a babban birnin, wato dangin Hosokawa, waɗanda suka goyi bayan sabon naɗin Shogun, Yoshimi, da kuma dangin Yamana, waɗanda suka goyi bayan gadon Yoshihisa. Don haka, ana cewa sha'awar Tomiko na sanya ɗanta a layin gadon ya haifar da Yaƙin Onin .

Tomiko ta goyi bayan Rundunar Sojan Gabas wadda Hosokawa Katsumoto ke jagoranta. Ta ba da rance mai yawa ga daimyos a ɓangarorin biyu, inda ta tara dukiya da aka kiyasta ta kai yen biliyan 60 a darajar yau. A kusan shekara ta 1471, jita-jita ta yaɗu game da wata sirri tsakanin Tomiko da Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado, wanda ke neman mafaka a Muromachi Tei. Wannan ya taimaka wajen taɓarɓare dangantakarta da Yoshimasa.

A shekara ta 1473, bayan mutuwar Yamana Sozen da Hosokawa Katsumoto, da kuma ritayar Yoshimasa, Tomiko ya zama shugaban shogunate.

== Bayan Yaƙin Onin ==
Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Onin a shekara ta 1477, Tomiko ta fuskanci boren manoma (Tokusei Ikki) a Kyoto saboda ƙoƙarinta na sake gina kayayyakin more rayuwa na birnin ta hanyar sanya haraji a ƙofofin birni bakwai (Kyoto Shichikoukan). A martanin da ta mayar ga boren, ta danne boren kuma nan take ta mayar da kuɗin harajin. Duk da waɗannan ayyukan, talakawa da masu kuɗi sun ƙi ta.

Yoshimasa, wacce ke da nisa da Tomiko, ta ƙaura zuwa gidan Ise Sadamune a shekara ta 1483, ta zama mai shan giya. Wannan ya haifar da asarar iko na ɗan lokaci ga Tomiko. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1489, mutuwar Yoshimasa kwatsam a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe da aka yi da ƙabilar Rokkaku ta canza daidaiton iko. Tomiko, tare da surukinta, Ashikaga Yoshizumi (wanda aka fi sani da Ashikaga Yoshihisa), sun tsara hawan Yoshizumi a matsayin shogun na 11.

A shekara ta 1489, Yoshihisa ta mutu yayin da take yin wani yaƙi don kwace Rokkaku Takayori, wanda hakan ya biyo bayan mutuwar Yoshimasa. Don haka [[Ashikaga Yoshitane]], wanda ɗan Yoshimi ne kuma ƙanwar Tomiko, aka zaɓe shi a matsayin sarkin yaƙin. Amma Yoshimi ya yi tawaye ga shawarar Tomiko. Ya rushe gidan Tomiko ya kwace yankinta. Bayan mutuwar Yoshimi, Yoshiki shi ma ya yi tawaye ga Tomiko, bisa ga wasiyyar mahaifinsa. A shekara ta 1493, duk da haka, Tomiko ta yi juyin mulki tare da taimakon Hosokawa Masamoto, ta sauke Yoshiki daga karagar mulki sannan ta naɗa Ashikaga Yoshizumi, wanda ɗan uwan Yoshimasa ne kuma ɗan Ashikaga Masatomo, Horigoe-Kubo a matsayin sarkin yaƙin. Amma rayuwarta ta ƙare a shekara ta 1496. Ta mutu tana da shekaru 57.

== A cikin al'adun jama'a ==

* Ta kasance batun littattafan Ryōtarō Shiba da Michiko Nagai .
* Ita ma ta kasance batun wani littafi mai suna ''Fuyu No Rakijatsu'' na Eri Kawamaru.
* Hino Tomiko ya kasance babban jigon wasan kwaikwayo na NHK Taiga ''Hana no Ran'' . 

== Duba kuma ==

* Onna-bugeisha
* Jerin sunayen 'yan mata a Japan

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|1}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190316111841/http://wiki.samurai-archives.com/index.php?title=Hino_Tomiko Taskar Samurai: Hino Tomiko] (an adana shi a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2019)</text>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
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Hino Tomiko (日野 富子; 1440 - Yuni 30, 1496) ta kasance fitacciyar mace a [[Muromachi period|Lokacin Muromachi]] da farkon [[Sengoku period|Lokacin Sengoku]] . Ita 'yar [[Hino Shigemasa]] ce kuma ita ce [[Seishitsu|matar hukuma]] ta [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa|Ashikaga Yoshihisa]]&quot;&gt;Ashikaga Yoshimasa, ''[./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= shōgun]''&quot; id=&quot;mwEg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Shōgun&quot;&gt;shōgun na takwas na [[Ashikaga shogunate]] (da farko Tomiko ta yi riƙo ga [[Ashikaga Yoshikatsu]] shōgun ta bakwai amma Yoshikatsu ta mutu tana da shekaru 10), kuma mahaifiyar AshikagaYoshihisa, shōgon na tara. Ana ganin kokarin da ta yi a lokacin rikice-rikicen maye gurbin a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan [[Ōnin War|Yaƙin Ōnin]] kuma ya haifar da farkon lokacin Sengoku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hino Tomiko |url=http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&amp;stype=0&amp;dtype=0&amp;dname=0ss&amp;p=%E6%97%A5%E9%87%8E%E5%AF%8C%E5%AD%90 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804061906/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8 |archive-date=2009-08-04 |website=[[Daijirin]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Hino Tomiko a cikin iyalin Hino, wata iyali mai ƙarfi wacce matanta suka zama abokan aure ga tsoffin Shoguns. Waɗannan alaƙar iyali sun ƙara wa Hino ƙarfin iko wajen sarrafa Kotun Shogunate. Tomiko ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙarfafa dangantakar iyalin Hino da Shogunate da kuma ba ta damar ƙara ƙarfi. Lokacin da matsayin Tomiko a zamantakewa da siyasa ya tashi bayan aurenta da Ashikaga Yoshimasa, ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da aiki a gwamnatin shogunal. Ta haifi ɗanta na fari a rana ta tara ga watan farko na 1459, duk da haka, yaron ya mutu a ranar. Daga baya ta ɗora alhakin mutuwar yaron a kan mai kula da Yoshimasa, [[Imamairi no Tsubone]], wanda daga baya aka kai shi Tsibirin Oki a Tafkin Biwa, inda ta kashe kanta.

== Yaƙin Onin ==
A shekara ta 1460, Yoshimasa ta yanke shawarar barin mukaminsa na Shogun. Duk da haka, tunda Tomiko ba ta haifi magaji ba, Yoshimasa ta shawo kan ƙaninsa Ashikaga Yoshimi ya gaje shi, da farko a ofis sannan a hankali ya ɗauki matsayin Shogun. Tomiko ta ƙi amincewa da hakan, kodayake a lokacin ba ta da wani tasiri na ƙalubalantar naɗin Yoshimi. Ta tsaya tana yaƙi da jami'an shogunate har sai da ta haifi Ashikaga Yoshihisa ta gaba, ta zama uwar shogun ta gaba. Tomiko ta fara neman tallafin soja don tabbatar da cewa magaji na gaba ya fito daga zuriyar danginta. Ta sami goyon baya daga dangin Ouchi, Hatakeyama, Shiba da sauran kabilu.

Da yake tana cikin [[Hino clan|dangin Hino]], kuma tana samun goyon bayan Yamana Sozen, ƙungiyoyi biyu suka haɗu a babban birnin, wato dangin Hosokawa, waɗanda suka goyi bayan sabon naɗin Shogun, Yoshimi, da kuma dangin Yamana, waɗanda suka goyi bayan gadon Yoshihisa. Don haka, ana cewa sha'awar Tomiko na sanya ɗanta a layin gadon ya haifar da Yaƙin Onin .

Tomiko ta goyi bayan Rundunar Sojan Gabas wadda Hosokawa Katsumoto ke jagoranta. Ta ba da rance mai yawa ga daimyos a ɓangarorin biyu, inda ta tara dukiya da aka kiyasta ta kai yen biliyan 60 a darajar yau. A kusan shekara ta 1471, jita-jita ta yaɗu game da wata sirri tsakanin Tomiko da Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado, wanda ke neman mafaka a Muromachi Tei. Wannan ya taimaka wajen taɓarɓare dangantakarta da Yoshimasa.

A shekara ta 1473, bayan mutuwar Yamana Sozen da Hosokawa Katsumoto, da kuma ritayar Yoshimasa, Tomiko ya zama shugaban shogunate.

== Bayan Yaƙin Onin ==
Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Onin a shekara ta 1477, Tomiko ta fuskanci boren manoma (Tokusei Ikki) a Kyoto saboda ƙoƙarinta na sake gina kayayyakin more rayuwa na birnin ta hanyar sanya haraji a ƙofofin birni bakwai (Kyoto Shichikoukan). A martanin da ta mayar ga boren, ta danne boren kuma nan take ta mayar da kuɗin harajin. Duk da waɗannan ayyukan, talakawa da masu kuɗi sun ƙi ta.

Yoshimasa, wacce ke da nisa da Tomiko, ta ƙaura zuwa gidan Ise Sadamune a shekara ta 1483, ta zama mai shan giya. Wannan ya haifar da asarar iko na ɗan lokaci ga Tomiko. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1489, mutuwar Yoshimasa kwatsam a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe da aka yi da ƙabilar Rokkaku ta canza daidaiton iko. Tomiko, tare da surukinta, Ashikaga Yoshizumi (wanda aka fi sani da Ashikaga Yoshihisa), sun tsara hawan Yoshizumi a matsayin shogun na 11.

A shekara ta 1489, Yoshihisa ta mutu yayin da take yin wani yaƙi don kwace Rokkaku Takayori, wanda hakan ya biyo bayan mutuwar Yoshimasa. Don haka [[Ashikaga Yoshitane]], wanda ɗan Yoshimi ne kuma ƙanwar Tomiko, aka zaɓe shi a matsayin sarkin yaƙin. Amma Yoshimi ya yi tawaye ga shawarar Tomiko. Ya rushe gidan Tomiko ya kwace yankinta. Bayan mutuwar Yoshimi, Yoshiki shi ma ya yi tawaye ga Tomiko, bisa ga wasiyyar mahaifinsa. A shekara ta 1493, duk da haka, Tomiko ta yi juyin mulki tare da taimakon Hosokawa Masamoto, ta sauke Yoshiki daga karagar mulki sannan ta naɗa Ashikaga Yoshizumi, wanda ɗan uwan Yoshimasa ne kuma ɗan Ashikaga Masatomo, Horigoe-Kubo a matsayin sarkin yaƙin. Amma rayuwarta ta ƙare a shekara ta 1496. Ta mutu tana da shekaru 57.

== A cikin al'adun jama'a ==

* Ta kasance batun littattafan Ryōtarō Shiba da Michiko Nagai .
* Ita ma ta kasance batun wani littafi mai suna ''Fuyu No Rakijatsu'' na Eri Kawamaru.
* Hino Tomiko ya kasance babban jigon wasan kwaikwayo na NHK Taiga ''Hana no Ran'' . 

== Duba kuma ==

* Onna-bugeisha
* Jerin sunayen 'yan mata a Japan

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|1}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190316111841/http://wiki.samurai-archives.com/index.php?title=Hino_Tomiko Taskar Samurai: Hino Tomiko] (an adana shi a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2019)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>815979</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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Hino Tomiko (日野 富子; 1440 - Yuni 30, 1496) ta kasance fitacciyar mace a [[Muromachi period|Lokacin Muromachi]] da farkon [[Sengoku period|Lokacin Sengoku]] . Ita 'yar [[Hino Shigemasa]] ce kuma ita ce [[Seishitsu|matar hukuma]] ta [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa|Ashikaga Yoshihisa]]&quot;&gt;Ashikaga Yoshimasa, ''[./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= shōgun]''&quot; id=&quot;mwEg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Shōgun&quot;&gt;shōgun na takwas na [[Ashikaga shogunate]] (da farko Tomiko ta yi riƙo ga [[Ashikaga Yoshikatsu]] shōgun ta bakwai amma Yoshikatsu ta mutu tana da shekaru 10), kuma mahaifiyar AshikagaYoshihisa, shōgon na tara. Ana ganin kokarin da ta yi a lokacin rikice-rikicen maye gurbin a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan [[Ōnin War|Yaƙin Ōnin]] kuma ya haifar da farkon lokacin Sengoku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hino Tomiko |url=http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&amp;stype=0&amp;dtype=0&amp;dname=0ss&amp;p=%E6%97%A5%E9%87%8E%E5%AF%8C%E5%AD%90 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804061906/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8 |archive-date=2009-08-04 |website=[[Daijirin]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Hino Tomiko a cikin iyalin Hino, wata iyali mai ƙarfi wacce matanta suka zama abokan aure ga tsoffin Shoguns. Waɗannan alaƙar iyali sun ƙara wa Hino ƙarfin iko wajen sarrafa Kotun Shogunate. Tomiko ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙarfafa dangantakar iyalin Hino da Shogunate da kuma ba ta damar ƙara ƙarfi. Lokacin da matsayin Tomiko a zamantakewa da siyasa ya tashi bayan aurenta da Ashikaga Yoshimasa, ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da aiki a gwamnatin shogunal. Ta haifi ɗanta na fari a rana ta tara ga watan farko na 1459, duk da haka, yaron ya mutu a ranar. Daga baya ta ɗora alhakin mutuwar yaron a kan mai kula da Yoshimasa, [[Imamairi no Tsubone]], wanda daga baya aka kai shi Tsibirin Oki a Tafkin Biwa, inda ta kashe kanta.

== Yaƙin Onin ==
A shekara ta 1460, Yoshimasa ta yanke shawarar barin mukaminsa na Shogun. Duk da haka, tunda Tomiko ba ta haifi magaji ba, Yoshimasa ta shawo kan ƙaninsa Ashikaga Yoshimi ya gaje shi, da farko a ofis sannan a hankali ya ɗauki matsayin Shogun. Tomiko ta ƙi amincewa da hakan, kodayake a lokacin ba ta da wani tasiri na ƙalubalantar naɗin Yoshimi. Ta tsaya tana yaƙi da jami'an shogunate har sai da ta haifi Ashikaga Yoshihisa ta gaba, ta zama uwar shogun ta gaba. Tomiko ta fara neman tallafin soja don tabbatar da cewa magaji na gaba ya fito daga zuriyar danginta. Ta sami goyon baya daga dangin Ouchi, Hatakeyama, Shiba da sauran kabilu.

Da yake tana cikin [[Hino clan|dangin Hino]], kuma tana samun goyon bayan Yamana Sozen, ƙungiyoyi biyu suka haɗu a babban birnin, wato dangin Hosokawa, waɗanda suka goyi bayan sabon naɗin Shogun, Yoshimi, da kuma dangin Yamana, waɗanda suka goyi bayan gadon Yoshihisa. Don haka, ana cewa sha'awar Tomiko na sanya ɗanta a layin gadon ya haifar da Yaƙin Onin .

Tomiko ta goyi bayan Rundunar Sojan Gabas wadda Hosokawa Katsumoto ke jagoranta. Ta ba da rance mai yawa ga daimyos a ɓangarorin biyu, inda ta tara dukiya da aka kiyasta ta kai yen biliyan 60 a darajar yau. A kusan shekara ta 1471, jita-jita ta yaɗu game da wata sirri tsakanin Tomiko da Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado, wanda ke neman mafaka a Muromachi Tei. Wannan ya taimaka wajen taɓarɓare dangantakarta da Yoshimasa.

A shekara ta 1473, bayan mutuwar Yamana Sozen da Hosokawa Katsumoto, da kuma ritayar Yoshimasa, Tomiko ya zama shugaban shogunate.

== Bayan Yaƙin Onin ==
Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Onin a shekara ta 1477, Tomiko ta fuskanci boren manoma (Tokusei Ikki) a Kyoto saboda ƙoƙarinta na sake gina kayayyakin more rayuwa na birnin ta hanyar sanya haraji a ƙofofin birni bakwai (Kyoto Shichikoukan). A martanin da ta mayar ga boren, ta danne boren kuma nan take ta mayar da kuɗin harajin. Duk da waɗannan ayyukan, talakawa da masu kuɗi sun ƙi ta.

Yoshimasa, wacce ke da nisa da Tomiko, ta ƙaura zuwa gidan Ise Sadamune a shekara ta 1483, ta zama mai shan giya. Wannan ya haifar da asarar iko na ɗan lokaci ga Tomiko. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1489, mutuwar Yoshimasa kwatsam a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe da aka yi da ƙabilar Rokkaku ta canza daidaiton iko. Tomiko, tare da surukinta, Ashikaga Yoshizumi (wanda aka fi sani da Ashikaga Yoshihisa), sun tsara hawan Yoshizumi a matsayin shogun na 11.

A shekara ta 1489, Yoshihisa ta mutu yayin da take yin wani yaƙi don kwace Rokkaku Takayori, wanda hakan ya biyo bayan mutuwar Yoshimasa. Don haka [[Ashikaga Yoshitane]], wanda ɗan Yoshimi ne kuma ƙanwar Tomiko, aka zaɓe shi a matsayin sarkin yaƙin. Amma Yoshimi ya yi tawaye ga shawarar Tomiko. Ya rushe gidan Tomiko ya kwace yankinta. Bayan mutuwar Yoshimi, Yoshiki shi ma ya yi tawaye ga Tomiko, bisa ga wasiyyar mahaifinsa. A shekara ta 1493, duk da haka, Tomiko ta yi juyin mulki tare da taimakon Hosokawa Masamoto, ta sauke Yoshiki daga karagar mulki sannan ta naɗa Ashikaga Yoshizumi, wanda ɗan uwan Yoshimasa ne kuma ɗan Ashikaga Masatomo, Horigoe-Kubo a matsayin sarkin yaƙin. Amma rayuwarta ta ƙare a shekara ta 1496. Ta mutu tana da shekaru 57.

== A cikin al'adun jama'a ==

* Ta kasance batun littattafan Ryōtarō Shiba da Michiko Nagai .&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30464090 花の乱: NHK 大河ドラマ・ストリー (''Hana no ran: NHK taiga dorama stōrī''), 1994]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ita ma ta kasance batun wani littafi mai suna ''Fuyu No Rakijatsu'' na Eri Kawamaru.
* Hino Tomiko ya kasance babban jigon wasan kwaikwayo na NHK Taiga ''Hana no Ran'' .

== Duba kuma ==

* Onna-bugeisha
* Jerin sunayen 'yan mata a Japan

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|1}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190316111841/http://wiki.samurai-archives.com/index.php?title=Hino_Tomiko Taskar Samurai: Hino Tomiko] (an adana shi a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2019)</text>
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    <title>Tattaunawa:Asabe Shehu Musa Yar'Adua</title>
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      <comment>/* Will the Rural Women Be Left Behind? */ sabon sashe</comment>
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      <text bytes="232" sha1="9bg2rgkz7mr58ftpej2krubfrenij5z" xml:space="preserve">== Will the Rural Women Be Left Behind? ==

https://asyarfs.org/asyarfs-touching-lives/ [[User:Asabeshehuyaraduafoundation|Asabeshehuyaraduafoundation]] ([[User talk:Asabeshehuyaraduafoundation|talk]]) 12:25, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <username>Asabeshehuyaraduafoundation</username>
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      <text bytes="284" sha1="r9buons72tltn2oe8kzkw9207u5edqe" xml:space="preserve">== Will the Rural Women Be Left Behind? ==

https://asyarfs.org/asyarfs-touching-lives/ [[User:Asabeshehuyaraduafoundation|Asabeshehuyaraduafoundation]] ([[User talk:Asabeshehuyaraduafoundation|talk]]) 12:25, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

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  <page>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340369598|Sayuri Kamata]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sayuri Kamata''' (鎌田 さゆり) (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1965) 'yar siyasa ce ta Japan. 'Yar majalisar wakilai ce (wa'adi huɗu) kuma wakiliyar riƙo ta Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Japan (CDP) ta Reshen Miyagi na Japan. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Gundumar Miyagi (wa'adi ɗaya) da kuma memba na Majalisar Birnin Sendai (wa'adi ɗaya).

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta ne a birnin Sendai. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare-janar na reshen jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) na Miyagi Prefectural kuma ya rasu a shekarar 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2009 |title=ご冥福をお祈り申し上げます |trans-title=We pray for the repose of his soul |url=https://blog.goo.ne.jp/abiko1192sendai/e/562268dbfb388821d62dd647c1be2891 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006171919/https://blog.goo.ne.jp/abiko1192sendai/e/562268dbfb388821d62dd647c1be2891 |archive-date=October 6, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Sendai City Council |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta ce ke kula da lissafin kuɗi na reshen jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party na Miyagi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2024 |title=立憲民主党・鎌田さゆり議員に聞く！「再審格差」のない社会を目指し再審法を改正するための提言 |trans-title=An interview with Constitutional Democratic Party lawmaker Sayuri Kamata! Proposals for amending the retrial law to achieve a society without &quot;retrial disparities&quot; |url=https://say-g.com/interview-kamata-sayuri-7654 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011030322/https://say-g.com/interview-kamata-sayuri-7654 |archive-date=October 11, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=PoliPoli |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Miyagi Gakuin, ta kammala karatunta a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Tohoku Gakuin . &lt;ref name=&quot;cdpsendai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=鎌田さゆり |trans-title=Sayuri Kamata |url=https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111042220/https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 |archive-date=November 11, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Constitutional Democratic Party |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A shekarar 1995, an zaɓe Kamata a Majalisar Birnin Sendai, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na LDP har zuwa 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;cdpsendai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=鎌田さゆり |trans-title=Sayuri Kamata |url=https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111042220/https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 |archive-date=November 11, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Constitutional Democratic Party |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 &quot;鎌田さゆり&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Sayuri Kamata&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). Constitutional Democratic Party. 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251111042220/https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 Archived] from the original on November 11, 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 1998, tare da amincewar Tarayyar Birnin Sendai ta LDP, ta tsaya takara a zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na 18 a gundumar zaɓen gundumar Miyagi (kujeru 2), kuma ta ba da goyon baya ga manufofi makamancin na Sabuwar Jam'iyya Heiwa da Jam'iyyar Komeito, kamar bayar da takardun neman ci gaba na yanki mai iyakacin lokaci. Duk da haka, kasancewarta 'yar takarar LDP ta uku a wannan gundumar, an kayar da ita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 12, 1998 |title=第18回参議院議員選挙  宮城選挙区  投票者数 |trans-title=18th House of Councillors Election Miyagi electoral district voters |url=http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/election/1998/99/002001/00002001_9428.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503202638/http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/election/1998/99/002001/00002001_9428.html |archive-date=May 3, 2007 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Senkyo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 12, 1998 |title=第18回参議院議員選挙 |trans-title=18th House of Councillors Election |url=http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/election/1998/99/00002001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602193023/http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/election/1998/99/00002001.html |archive-date=June 2, 2010 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Senkyo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamata ta shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat kuma ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓe na 42 ga Majalisar Wakilai a gundumar Miyagi ta 2, inda aka zaɓe ta kuma ta zama 'yar Majalisar Wakilai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2000 |title=宮城2区 |trans-title=Miyagi 2nd Ward |url=https://go2senkyo.com/shugiin/42/senkyoku/370 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206114232/https://go2senkyo.com/shugiin/42/senkyoku/370 |archive-date=December 6, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Senkyo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da take kan mulki, ta shiga wani kamfen na musamman ga 'yan majalisar Diet da ke adawa da gina filin jirgin saman Shizuoka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=国会議員署名これまでと今後の展望 |trans-title=Diet Member Signatures: Past and Future Prospects |url=http://kuukouno.hp.infoseek.co.jp/kokaiginsyomei.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307071308/http://kuukouno.hp.infoseek.co.jp/kokaiginsyomei.htm |archive-date=March 7, 2009 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Kuukouno |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Nuwamba na 2003, ta tsaya takara a zaɓen babban zaɓe na 43 ga Majalisar Wakilai a gundumar Miyagi ta 2, inda aka sake zaɓenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2003 |title=宮城2区 |trans-title=Miyagi 2nd Ward |url=https://go2senkyo.com/shugiin/43/senkyoku/670?sort=k |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114104219/https://go2senkyo.com/shugiin/43/senkyoku/670?sort=k |archive-date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Senkyo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The following December, nine people, including the chairman of the Miyagi Regional Council of the All Japan Electrical, Electronics and Information-related Industries Workers' Union (Denki Rengo), were arrested and indicted on charges of violating the Public Offices Election Act for outsourcing a telephone campaign encouraging voters to vote for Kamata and Konno Higashi (Miyagi 1st District) to a marketing company. The case went all the way to the Supreme Court, but on December 21, 2004, the appeal was dismissed and the guilty verdict was upheld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2017 |title=12 国会関係日誌　(16.12.4～17.8.8) |trans-title=Diet-related journal (16.12.4-17.8.8 |url=https://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/gianjoho/old_gaiyo/162/1628121.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119152653/https://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/gianjoho/old_gaiyo/162/1628121.pdf |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=House of Councillors |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following this, on December 24, Kamata submitted her resignation from the House of Representatives and resigned voluntarily.

A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2005, an hana Kamata tsayawa takara a Gundumar 2 ta Miyagi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Bayan hukuncin, ta bar Jam'iyyar Democrat ta yi takara a matsayin mai zaman kanta a zaben magajin garin Sendai na watan Yulin 2005. Sashen Jam'iyyar Democrat na Miyagi ya yanke shawarar barin membobinta su kaɗa ƙuri'a cikin 'yanci, amma shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat na wancan lokacin [[Yukio Hatoyama]] da wasu membobin Diet waɗanda suka kasance abokan Kamata sun zo don tallafa mata. Sakamakon zaɓen da aka gudanar a ranar 31 ga wannan watan, an zaɓi sabon shiga kuma tsohon ma'aikacin Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki da Masana'antu Katsuhiko Umehara, kuma Kamata ya sha kashi da ratar kuri'u 59,116. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2005 |title=同じ土台の“泥仕合” |trans-title=A mud fight based on the same foundation |url=https://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik4/2005-05-04/02_04_0.html |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Japan Communist Party |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekara ta 2006, Kamata ta kafa &quot;Makarantar Siyasa ta Mori no Miyako&quot; da kuma &quot;Makarantar Magana ta Sendai.&quot;  A shekara ta 2012, ta koma Jam'iyyar Democrat. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, ta tsaya takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat a babban zaɓe na 46 ga Majalisar Wakilai a gundumar Miyagi ta 6, amma ta sha kaye a hannun Itsunori Onodera kuma ba a sake zaɓenta ba ta hanyar wakilcin da ya dace . A watan Disamba na 2014, ta kuma tsaya takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat a gundumar Miyagi ta 6 a babban zaɓe na 47 ga Majalisar Wakilai, amma aka sake kayar da ita.  A watan Oktoba na 2015, ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta a {{Interlanguage link|2015 Miyagi Prefectural Assembly Election|ja|2015年宮城県議会議員選挙}} Zaɓen Majalisar Gundumar Miyagi a mazabar Izumi Ward, wanda jam'iyyar Democrat ta amince da shi, kuma ya lashe matsayi na farko. 

A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2017, Kamata ta tsaya takarar 'yar majalisa mai zaman kanta a Gundumar Miyagi ta 2 a babban zaɓe na 48 na Majalisar Wakilai .  An cire ta daga muƙamin ta kai tsaye a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, ranar da aka sanar da zaɓen.  Da farko ta nemi amincewar Jam'iyyar Hope, amma ta bayyana sha'awarta ta soke dokokin tsaron ƙasa.  Ta sanar da takararta a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai zaman kanta. An kama ta ne tsakanin Jam'iyyar Hope da Jam'iyyar Democrat mai zaman kanta, Kamata ta ce, &quot;Ina da ra'ayoyi masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ni ba 'yar kasuwa ba ce,&quot; amma kuma ta ce, &quot;Ina so in yi zaɓin da zai yi nasara.&quot;  Yayin da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan ta haɗa ɗan takararta da Kamata, ta fuskanci takara mai ƙarfi da ɗan takarar LDP mai ci Kenya Akiba, amma ta sha kashi da ƙuri'u 1,316. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, ta sanar da niyyarta ta fice daga Jam'iyyar Democrat ta shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat mai zaman kanta kafin ƙarshen shekara.  A ranar 16 ga Disamba, ta halarci wani taron gari na Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki ta Japan da aka gudanar a birnin Sendai kuma ta bayyana niyyarta ta shiga jam'iyyar a ranar Sabuwar Shekara . &lt;ref name=&quot;kahokuyear&quot; /&gt; A ranar, bayan babban taron DPJ na Miyagi, ta gabatar da murabus dinta daga jam'iyyar.  A ranar 28 ga Disamba, DPJ na Yankin Miyagi ta amince da murabus dinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;yahooresign&quot; /&gt; 

A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Kamata ta shiga tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Japan kuma ta zama Sakatare Janar na Reshen Miyagi. A ranar 10 ga wannan watan, an naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar Babban Reshe na Gundumar 2 ta Miyagi a taron Kwamitin Zartarwa na Jam'iyyar na dindindin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2018 |title=第6回常任幹事会を開催、「つながる本部」の設置、地方自治体議員の入党、総支部長の選任などを確認 |trans-title=The 6th Standing Executive Committee meeting was held, and the establishment of the &quot;Connecting Headquarters,&quot; the inclusion of local government assembly members in the party, and the appointment of branch chiefs were confirmed. |url=https://cdp-japan.jp/news/20180110_0001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809142029/https://cdp-japan.jp/news/20180110_0001 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Constitutional Democratic Party |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2020, Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki ta Japan, sabuwar jam'iyya da aka kafa sakamakon hadewar tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki ta Japan da kuma tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Jama'a, ta gudanar da taron kwamitin zartarwa na dindindin kuma ta zabi Kamata a matsayin dan takararta na hukuma a Gundumar Miyagi ta 2 a zaben Majalisar Wakilai mai zuwa. 

A zaɓen gama gari na 49 na Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2021, ta sake fuskantar takara mai ƙarfi da Akiba, amma ta yi nasara da ƙuri'u 571 kaɗan, wanda hakan ya nuna komawar ta ga siyasar ƙasa a karon farko cikin shekaru 16 da watanni 10 (an zaɓe Akiba ta hanyar wakilci mai kyau).   A zaɓen shugabancin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki bayan murabus ɗin shugaban jam'iyyar Yukio Edano, tana ɗaya daga cikin magoya bayan Ogawa.  An gudanar da zaɓen shugabanci a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba. Kamata ta zaɓi Ogawa a zagaye na farko na zaɓe, da kuma Izumi Kenta a zagaye na biyu. 

A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2023, shugabar jam'iyyar Democrat ta kundin tsarin mulki Kenta Izumi ta bayyana a shirin labarai na BS Fuji mai suna ''Prime News'' kuma ta bayyana cewa jam'iyyar ba za ta yi aiki tare da jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan ko jam'iyyar kirkire-kirkire ta Japan ba a zaben Majalisar Wakilai mai zuwa.  Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta yi tawaye. A ranar 22 ga Mayu, jam'iyyar ta sanar da niyyarta ta tsayar da 'yan takara a mazabu masu kujeru daya, koda kuwa tana fafatawa da jam'iyyar Democrat ta kundin tsarin mulki.  A ranar 16 ga Yuni, Kamata da sauran membobin jam'iyyar Democrat ta kundin tsarin mulki sun kaddamar da &quot;Rukunin Masu Sa-kai don cimma Canjin Gwamnati ta hanyar Hada 'Yan Takarar 'Yan Adawa&quot; kuma suka yi taron manema labarai, suna kira ga Izumi da ya gyara hanya. Wadanda suka kafa kungiyar su ne Kamata, Tomoko Abe, Junya Ogawa, da Ichirō Ozawa ; tare da wasu 20. Mambobi 53 na Majalisar Wakilai, fiye da rabin membobin jam'iyyar, sun amince, kuma kungiyar adawa da Izumi ta bayyana.  

A zaɓen shugabanci da aka gudanar a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2024, Kamata yana ɗaya daga cikin magoya bayan Yoshihiko Noda . 

== Matsayin siyasa ==

=== Kundin Tsarin Mulki ===
Dangane da gyaran kundin tsarin mulki, a wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2014 ta amsa &quot;akasin&quot;,  kuma a wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2017 ta amsa &quot;ka da ɗan adawa.&quot; 

=== Diflomasiyya/Tsaro ===
Ba ta amince da shawarar da majalisar ministocin Abe ta yanke na ba da damar amfani da 'yancin kare kai na gama gari ba.  Tana adawa da dokar tsaro da ta ba da damar amfani da 'yancin kare kai na gama gari.  Ya kamata a bi ka'idojin tsaro guda uku marasa makaman nukiliya. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Tana adawa da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a karfafa karfin tsaron Japan. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Tana adawa da hare-haren riga-kafi kan wasu kasashe. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Ba ta amince da tsarin majalisar ministocin Abe game da batun Koriya ta Arewa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Dangane da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a fifita matsin lamba fiye da tattaunawa da Koriya ta Arewa, ta amsa &quot;ba ta yarda ba kuma ba ta yarda ba&quot; a wani bincike na 2014, &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; kuma &quot;ba ta yarda ba&quot; a wani bincike na 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsarin siyasa ===
Tana goyon bayan rage shekarun kaɗa ƙuri'a. 

=== Sanin tarihi ===
Tana adawa da ziyarar Firayim Minista zuwa wurin ibadar Yasukuni.  

=== Tsarin haraji ===
Tana adawa da ƙara harajin amfani da kayayyaki sama da kashi 10 cikin ɗari a cikin dogon lokaci.   Tana adawa da rage harajin kamfanoni. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan ƙara haraji ga masu kuɗi waɗanda ke da yawan kuɗaɗen shiga da kadarori. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt;

=== Manufar makamashi ===
Tana adawa da sake kunna tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Nukiliya ta yi bincike a kansu.   Dangane da soke tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya (babu tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya), a wani bincike da ta gudanar a shekarar 2014 ta amsa &quot;tana goyon baya&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; kuma a wani bincike da ta gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya amsa &quot;tana goyon baya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt;

=== Al'umma ===
Tana adawa da takaita sirri da haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya da sunan kiyaye zaman lafiya a bainar jama'a.   Ba ta amince da zartar da Dokar Kare Sirrin da Aka Keɓance na Musamman ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; Ba a yaba da kafa laifin makirci ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2000, 'yan majalisar dokoki mata 50 daga sassa daban-daban na siyasa, ciki har da Kamata, sun gabatar da ƙara ga Firayim Minista Yoshiro Mori na lokacin suna kira da a samar da tsarin sunayen iyali daban-daban ga ma'aurata. Takardar ƙarar ta ce, &quot;Akwai ƙaruwar buƙatar tsarin sunayen iyali daban-daban ga ma'aurata, musamman a tsakanin matasa. Muna fatan gwamnati za ta yi ƙoƙari don gabatar da tsarin sunayen iyali daban-daban ga ma'aurata, gami da ta hanyar ɗaga ra'ayin jama'a.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2000 |title=夫婦別姓選択性導入などを盛りこんだ民法改正案推進を求める申し入れ 2000年9月29日 |trans-title=Request for the promotion of a proposed revision of the Civil Code to include the option of separate surnames for married couples, September 29, 2000 |url=http://www.kaigamori.com/bessei/info/mousiire.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102064414/http://www.kaigamori.com/bessei/info/mousiire.html |archive-date=January 2, 2026 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=Kaigamori |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani bincike na 2014, masu amsa sun amsa &quot;Ba zan iya yanke shawara ba&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; kuma a cikin wani bincike na 2017, ta amsa &quot;Ina goyon bayansa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Akwai nau'ikan tsarin iyali iri-iri, gami da iyalai masu iyaye ɗaya da DINKs. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Don goyon bayan halatta auren jinsi ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan ilimi kyauta daga makarantar renon yara da ta yara zuwa jami'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan daidaita kalaman ƙiyayya ta hanyar dokoki. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; Dangane da karɓar ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje, a cikin wani bincike na 2014 ya amsa &quot;ba su yarda ba kuma ba sa yarda&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; kuma a cikin wani bincike na 2017 ta amsa &quot;don goyon baya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Tana adawa da halatta gidajen caca. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan baƙi, waɗanda suka halatta da waɗanda ba su halatta ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 9, 2020 |title=答弁本文情報 |trans-title=Response text information |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_shitsumon.nsf/html/shitsumon/b211070.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213063224/https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_shitsumon.nsf/html/shitsumon/b211070.htm |archive-date=February 13, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives, Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suka ==
A lokacin zaɓen majalisar wakilai na 49, Kamata ya yi kamfen da akuya mai suna &quot;Sendai Mary.&quot; Duk da haka, a yammacin ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, bayan an tabbatar da nasarar zaɓenta, ta wallafa a shafinta na Twitter cewa, &quot;Yana da wuya a kula da akuyar da kyau har zuwa ƙarshe, don haka zan sami iyaye masu kula da akuyar a Kurikoma su yi renon ta.&quot;] Ta sanar da niyyarta ta sanya akuyar a gidan renon yara. Wasu masu amfani da Twitter sun soki shawararsa, suna cewa abubuwa kamar, &quot;Amfani da akuyar don yaƙin neman zaɓe&quot; da &quot;Dabbobi ma suna da rai.&quot; A martanin da ta mayar, Kamata ta amsa, &quot;Ina godiya da ra'ayoyin kowa da shawararsa. Kamar yadda ka nuna, ba zan iya musanta cewa ina da kyakkyawan fata ba, kuma ina da nadamar hakan. Zan ci gaba da zama da ita.&quot; Daga nan ta canza ra'ayinta ta yanke shawarar ajiye akuyar a gidansa da ke Sendai. Duk da haka, Kamata ya bayyana cewa koyaushe yana da niyyar sanya akuyar a gidan renon yara idan an zaɓe shi. Da yake mayar da martani ga sukar da ake yi masa cewa yana amfani da akuya don yakin neman zabe, ya ce, &quot;Akwai kuma tsokaci da ke cewa, 'Zan kawar da ita,' ko kuma 'Zan yi amfani da ita don zaɓe sannan in jefar da ita.' Ina baƙin ciki da ba a fahimce ta ba.&quot;

An zargi Kamata da nuna tsauri ga mutane da kuma yawan buƙatar aiki. Wannan ya sa sakatarorinta tara suka yi murabus cikin shekaru uku, daga 2021 zuwa 2024. 

== Zaɓe ==
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|jp-lwr}}
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{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Representatives&lt;br /&gt;for [[Miyagi 2nd district]] (single-member)}}
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{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Representatives&lt;br /&gt;for [[Miyagi 2nd district]] (proportional)}}
{{S-aft}}
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{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi Prefectural Assembly Member]]}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Sendai]] City Council&lt;br&gt;[[Izumi-ku, Sendai|Izumi Ward]]}}
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{{S-end}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Sayuri Kamata''' (鎌田 さゆり) (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1965) 'yar siyasa ce ta Japan. 'Yar majalisar wakilai ce (wa'adi huɗu) kuma wakiliyar riƙo ta Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Japan (CDP) ta Reshen Miyagi na Japan. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Gundumar Miyagi (wa'adi ɗaya) da kuma memba na Majalisar Birnin Sendai (wa'adi ɗaya).

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta ne a birnin Sendai. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare-janar na reshen jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) na Miyagi Prefectural kuma ya rasu a shekarar 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2009 |title=ご冥福をお祈り申し上げます |trans-title=We pray for the repose of his soul |url=https://blog.goo.ne.jp/abiko1192sendai/e/562268dbfb388821d62dd647c1be2891 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006171919/https://blog.goo.ne.jp/abiko1192sendai/e/562268dbfb388821d62dd647c1be2891 |archive-date=October 6, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Sendai City Council |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta ce ke kula da lissafin kuɗi na reshen jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party na Miyagi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2024 |title=立憲民主党・鎌田さゆり議員に聞く！「再審格差」のない社会を目指し再審法を改正するための提言 |trans-title=An interview with Constitutional Democratic Party lawmaker Sayuri Kamata! Proposals for amending the retrial law to achieve a society without &quot;retrial disparities&quot; |url=https://say-g.com/interview-kamata-sayuri-7654 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011030322/https://say-g.com/interview-kamata-sayuri-7654 |archive-date=October 11, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=PoliPoli |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Miyagi Gakuin, ta kammala karatunta a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Tohoku Gakuin . &lt;ref name=&quot;cdpsendai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=鎌田さゆり |trans-title=Sayuri Kamata |url=https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111042220/https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 |archive-date=November 11, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Constitutional Democratic Party |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A shekarar 1995, an zaɓe Kamata a Majalisar Birnin Sendai, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na LDP har zuwa 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;cdpsendai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=鎌田さゆり |trans-title=Sayuri Kamata |url=https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111042220/https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 |archive-date=November 11, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Constitutional Democratic Party |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 &quot;鎌田さゆり&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Sayuri Kamata&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). Constitutional Democratic Party. 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251111042220/https://cdp-japan.jp/member/4088 Archived] from the original on November 11, 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 1998, tare da amincewar Tarayyar Birnin Sendai ta LDP, ta tsaya takara a zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na 18 a gundumar zaɓen gundumar Miyagi (kujeru 2), kuma ta ba da goyon baya ga manufofi makamancin na Sabuwar Jam'iyya Heiwa da Jam'iyyar Komeito, kamar bayar da takardun neman ci gaba na yanki mai iyakacin lokaci. Duk da haka, kasancewarta 'yar takarar LDP ta uku a wannan gundumar, an kayar da ita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 12, 1998 |title=第18回参議院議員選挙  宮城選挙区  投票者数 |trans-title=18th House of Councillors Election Miyagi electoral district voters |url=http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/election/1998/99/002001/00002001_9428.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503202638/http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/election/1998/99/002001/00002001_9428.html |archive-date=May 3, 2007 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Senkyo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 12, 1998 |title=第18回参議院議員選挙 |trans-title=18th House of Councillors Election |url=http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/election/1998/99/00002001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602193023/http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/election/1998/99/00002001.html |archive-date=June 2, 2010 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Senkyo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamata ta shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat kuma ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓe na 42 ga Majalisar Wakilai a gundumar Miyagi ta 2, inda aka zaɓe ta kuma ta zama 'yar Majalisar Wakilai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2000 |title=宮城2区 |trans-title=Miyagi 2nd Ward |url=https://go2senkyo.com/shugiin/42/senkyoku/370 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206114232/https://go2senkyo.com/shugiin/42/senkyoku/370 |archive-date=December 6, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Senkyo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da take kan mulki, ta shiga wani kamfen na musamman ga 'yan majalisar Diet da ke adawa da gina filin jirgin saman Shizuoka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=国会議員署名これまでと今後の展望 |trans-title=Diet Member Signatures: Past and Future Prospects |url=http://kuukouno.hp.infoseek.co.jp/kokaiginsyomei.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307071308/http://kuukouno.hp.infoseek.co.jp/kokaiginsyomei.htm |archive-date=March 7, 2009 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Kuukouno |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Nuwamba na 2003, ta tsaya takara a zaɓen babban zaɓe na 43 ga Majalisar Wakilai a gundumar Miyagi ta 2, inda aka sake zaɓenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2003 |title=宮城2区 |trans-title=Miyagi 2nd Ward |url=https://go2senkyo.com/shugiin/43/senkyoku/670?sort=k |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114104219/https://go2senkyo.com/shugiin/43/senkyoku/670?sort=k |archive-date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Senkyo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The following December, nine people, including the chairman of the Miyagi Regional Council of the All Japan Electrical, Electronics and Information-related Industries Workers' Union (Denki Rengo), were arrested and indicted on charges of violating the Public Offices Election Act for outsourcing a telephone campaign encouraging voters to vote for Kamata and Konno Higashi (Miyagi 1st District) to a marketing company. The case went all the way to the Supreme Court, but on December 21, 2004, the appeal was dismissed and the guilty verdict was upheld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2017 |title=12 国会関係日誌　(16.12.4～17.8.8) |trans-title=Diet-related journal (16.12.4-17.8.8 |url=https://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/gianjoho/old_gaiyo/162/1628121.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119152653/https://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/gianjoho/old_gaiyo/162/1628121.pdf |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=House of Councillors |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following this, on December 24, Kamata submitted her resignation from the House of Representatives and resigned voluntarily.

A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2005, an hana Kamata tsayawa takara a Gundumar 2 ta Miyagi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Bayan hukuncin, ta bar Jam'iyyar Democrat ta yi takara a matsayin mai zaman kanta a zaben magajin garin Sendai na watan Yulin 2005. Sashen Jam'iyyar Democrat na Miyagi ya yanke shawarar barin membobinta su kaɗa ƙuri'a cikin 'yanci, amma shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat na wancan lokacin [[Yukio Hatoyama]] da wasu membobin Diet waɗanda suka kasance abokan Kamata sun zo don tallafa mata. Sakamakon zaɓen da aka gudanar a ranar 31 ga wannan watan, an zaɓi sabon shiga kuma tsohon ma'aikacin Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki da Masana'antu Katsuhiko Umehara, kuma Kamata ya sha kashi da ratar kuri'u 59,116. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2005 |title=同じ土台の“泥仕合” |trans-title=A mud fight based on the same foundation |url=https://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik4/2005-05-04/02_04_0.html |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Japan Communist Party |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekara ta 2006, Kamata ta kafa &quot;Makarantar Siyasa ta Mori no Miyako&quot; da kuma &quot;Makarantar Magana ta Sendai.&quot;  A shekara ta 2012, ta koma Jam'iyyar Democrat. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, ta tsaya takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat a babban zaɓe na 46 ga Majalisar Wakilai a gundumar Miyagi ta 6, amma ta sha kaye a hannun Itsunori Onodera kuma ba a sake zaɓenta ba ta hanyar wakilcin da ya dace . A watan Disamba na 2014, ta kuma tsaya takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat a gundumar Miyagi ta 6 a babban zaɓe na 47 ga Majalisar Wakilai, amma aka sake kayar da ita.  A watan Oktoba na 2015, ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta a {{Interlanguage link|2015 Miyagi Prefectural Assembly Election|ja|2015年宮城県議会議員選挙}} Zaɓen Majalisar Gundumar Miyagi a mazabar Izumi Ward, wanda jam'iyyar Democrat ta amince da shi, kuma ya lashe matsayi na farko. 

A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2017, Kamata ta tsaya takarar 'yar majalisa mai zaman kanta a Gundumar Miyagi ta 2 a babban zaɓe na 48 na Majalisar Wakilai .  An cire ta daga muƙamin ta kai tsaye a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, ranar da aka sanar da zaɓen.  Da farko ta nemi amincewar Jam'iyyar Hope, amma ta bayyana sha'awarta ta soke dokokin tsaron ƙasa.  Ta sanar da takararta a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai zaman kanta. An kama ta ne tsakanin Jam'iyyar Hope da Jam'iyyar Democrat mai zaman kanta, Kamata ta ce, &quot;Ina da ra'ayoyi masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ni ba 'yar kasuwa ba ce,&quot; amma kuma ta ce, &quot;Ina so in yi zaɓin da zai yi nasara.&quot;  Yayin da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan ta haɗa ɗan takararta da Kamata, ta fuskanci takara mai ƙarfi da ɗan takarar LDP mai ci Kenya Akiba, amma ta sha kashi da ƙuri'u 1,316. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, ta sanar da niyyarta ta fice daga Jam'iyyar Democrat ta shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat mai zaman kanta kafin ƙarshen shekara.  A ranar 16 ga Disamba, ta halarci wani taron gari na Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki ta Japan da aka gudanar a birnin Sendai kuma ta bayyana niyyarta ta shiga jam'iyyar a ranar Sabuwar Shekara . &lt;ref name=&quot;kahokuyear&quot; /&gt; A ranar, bayan babban taron DPJ na Miyagi, ta gabatar da murabus dinta daga jam'iyyar.  A ranar 28 ga Disamba, DPJ na Yankin Miyagi ta amince da murabus dinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;yahooresign&quot; /&gt; 

A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Kamata ta shiga tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Japan kuma ta zama Sakatare Janar na Reshen Miyagi. A ranar 10 ga wannan watan, an naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar Babban Reshe na Gundumar 2 ta Miyagi a taron Kwamitin Zartarwa na Jam'iyyar na dindindin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2018 |title=第6回常任幹事会を開催、「つながる本部」の設置、地方自治体議員の入党、総支部長の選任などを確認 |trans-title=The 6th Standing Executive Committee meeting was held, and the establishment of the &quot;Connecting Headquarters,&quot; the inclusion of local government assembly members in the party, and the appointment of branch chiefs were confirmed. |url=https://cdp-japan.jp/news/20180110_0001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809142029/https://cdp-japan.jp/news/20180110_0001 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Constitutional Democratic Party |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2020, Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki ta Japan, sabuwar jam'iyya da aka kafa sakamakon hadewar tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki ta Japan da kuma tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Jama'a, ta gudanar da taron kwamitin zartarwa na dindindin kuma ta zabi Kamata a matsayin dan takararta na hukuma a Gundumar Miyagi ta 2 a zaben Majalisar Wakilai mai zuwa. 

A zaɓen gama gari na 49 na Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2021, ta sake fuskantar takara mai ƙarfi da Akiba, amma ta yi nasara da ƙuri'u 571 kaɗan, wanda hakan ya nuna komawar ta ga siyasar ƙasa a karon farko cikin shekaru 16 da watanni 10 (an zaɓe Akiba ta hanyar wakilci mai kyau).   A zaɓen shugabancin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki bayan murabus ɗin shugaban jam'iyyar Yukio Edano, tana ɗaya daga cikin magoya bayan Ogawa.  An gudanar da zaɓen shugabanci a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba. Kamata ta zaɓi Ogawa a zagaye na farko na zaɓe, da kuma Izumi Kenta a zagaye na biyu. 

A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2023, shugabar jam'iyyar Democrat ta kundin tsarin mulki Kenta Izumi ta bayyana a shirin labarai na BS Fuji mai suna ''Prime News'' kuma ta bayyana cewa jam'iyyar ba za ta yi aiki tare da jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan ko jam'iyyar kirkire-kirkire ta Japan ba a zaben Majalisar Wakilai mai zuwa.  Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta yi tawaye. A ranar 22 ga Mayu, jam'iyyar ta sanar da niyyarta ta tsayar da 'yan takara a mazabu masu kujeru daya, koda kuwa tana fafatawa da jam'iyyar Democrat ta kundin tsarin mulki.  A ranar 16 ga Yuni, Kamata da sauran membobin jam'iyyar Democrat ta kundin tsarin mulki sun kaddamar da &quot;Rukunin Masu Sa-kai don cimma Canjin Gwamnati ta hanyar Hada 'Yan Takarar 'Yan Adawa&quot; kuma suka yi taron manema labarai, suna kira ga Izumi da ya gyara hanya. Wadanda suka kafa kungiyar su ne Kamata, Tomoko Abe, Junya Ogawa, da Ichirō Ozawa ; tare da wasu 20. Mambobi 53 na Majalisar Wakilai, fiye da rabin membobin jam'iyyar, sun amince, kuma kungiyar adawa da Izumi ta bayyana.  

A zaɓen shugabanci da aka gudanar a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2024, Kamata yana ɗaya daga cikin magoya bayan Yoshihiko Noda . 

== Matsayin siyasa ==

=== Kundin Tsarin Mulki ===
Dangane da gyaran kundin tsarin mulki, a wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2014 ta amsa &quot;akasin&quot;,  kuma a wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2017 ta amsa &quot;ka da ɗan adawa.&quot; 

=== Diflomasiyya/Tsaro ===
Ba ta amince da shawarar da majalisar ministocin Abe ta yanke na ba da damar amfani da 'yancin kare kai na gama gari ba.  Tana adawa da dokar tsaro da ta ba da damar amfani da 'yancin kare kai na gama gari.  Ya kamata a bi ka'idojin tsaro guda uku marasa makaman nukiliya. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Tana adawa da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a karfafa karfin tsaron Japan. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Tana adawa da hare-haren riga-kafi kan wasu kasashe. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Ba ta amince da tsarin majalisar ministocin Abe game da batun Koriya ta Arewa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Dangane da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a fifita matsin lamba fiye da tattaunawa da Koriya ta Arewa, ta amsa &quot;ba ta yarda ba kuma ba ta yarda ba&quot; a wani bincike na 2014, &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; kuma &quot;ba ta yarda ba&quot; a wani bincike na 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsarin siyasa ===
Tana goyon bayan rage shekarun kaɗa ƙuri'a. 

=== Sanin tarihi ===
Tana adawa da ziyarar Firayim Minista zuwa wurin ibadar Yasukuni.  

=== Tsarin haraji ===
Tana adawa da ƙara harajin amfani da kayayyaki sama da kashi 10 cikin ɗari a cikin dogon lokaci.   Tana adawa da rage harajin kamfanoni. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan ƙara haraji ga masu kuɗi waɗanda ke da yawan kuɗaɗen shiga da kadarori. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt;

=== Manufar makamashi ===
Tana adawa da sake kunna tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Nukiliya ta yi bincike a kansu.   Dangane da soke tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya (babu tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya), a wani bincike da ta gudanar a shekarar 2014 ta amsa &quot;tana goyon baya&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; kuma a wani bincike da ta gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya amsa &quot;tana goyon baya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt;

=== Al'umma ===
Tana adawa da takaita sirri da haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya da sunan kiyaye zaman lafiya a bainar jama'a.   Ba ta amince da zartar da Dokar Kare Sirrin da Aka Keɓance na Musamman ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; Ba a yaba da kafa laifin makirci ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2000, 'yan majalisar dokoki mata 50 daga sassa daban-daban na siyasa, ciki har da Kamata, sun gabatar da ƙara ga Firayim Minista Yoshiro Mori na lokacin suna kira da a samar da tsarin sunayen iyali daban-daban ga ma'aurata. Takardar ƙarar ta ce, &quot;Akwai ƙaruwar buƙatar tsarin sunayen iyali daban-daban ga ma'aurata, musamman a tsakanin matasa. Muna fatan gwamnati za ta yi ƙoƙari don gabatar da tsarin sunayen iyali daban-daban ga ma'aurata, gami da ta hanyar ɗaga ra'ayin jama'a.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2000 |title=夫婦別姓選択性導入などを盛りこんだ民法改正案推進を求める申し入れ 2000年9月29日 |trans-title=Request for the promotion of a proposed revision of the Civil Code to include the option of separate surnames for married couples, September 29, 2000 |url=http://www.kaigamori.com/bessei/info/mousiire.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102064414/http://www.kaigamori.com/bessei/info/mousiire.html |archive-date=January 2, 2026 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=Kaigamori |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani bincike na 2014, masu amsa sun amsa &quot;Ba zan iya yanke shawara ba&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; kuma a cikin wani bincike na 2017, ta amsa &quot;Ina goyon bayansa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Akwai nau'ikan tsarin iyali iri-iri, gami da iyalai masu iyaye ɗaya da DINKs. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Don goyon bayan halatta auren jinsi ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan ilimi kyauta daga makarantar renon yara da ta yara zuwa jami'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan daidaita kalaman ƙiyayya ta hanyar dokoki. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; Dangane da karɓar ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje, a cikin wani bincike na 2014 ya amsa &quot;ba su yarda ba kuma ba sa yarda&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; kuma a cikin wani bincike na 2017 ta amsa &quot;don goyon baya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017survey&quot; /&gt; Tana adawa da halatta gidajen caca. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2014survey&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan baƙi, waɗanda suka halatta da waɗanda ba su halatta ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 9, 2020 |title=答弁本文情報 |trans-title=Response text information |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_shitsumon.nsf/html/shitsumon/b211070.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213063224/https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_shitsumon.nsf/html/shitsumon/b211070.htm |archive-date=February 13, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives, Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suka ==
A lokacin zaɓen majalisar wakilai na 49, Kamata ya yi kamfen da akuya mai suna &quot;Sendai Mary.&quot; Duk da haka, a yammacin ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, bayan an tabbatar da nasarar zaɓenta, ta wallafa a shafinta na Twitter cewa, &quot;Yana da wuya a kula da akuyar da kyau har zuwa ƙarshe, don haka zan sami iyaye masu kula da akuyar a Kurikoma su yi renon ta.&quot;] Ta sanar da niyyarta ta sanya akuyar a gidan renon yara. Wasu masu amfani da Twitter sun soki shawararsa, suna cewa abubuwa kamar, &quot;Amfani da akuyar don yaƙin neman zaɓe&quot; da &quot;Dabbobi ma suna da rai.&quot; A martanin da ta mayar, Kamata ta amsa, &quot;Ina godiya da ra'ayoyin kowa da shawararsa. Kamar yadda ka nuna, ba zan iya musanta cewa ina da kyakkyawan fata ba, kuma ina da nadamar hakan. Zan ci gaba da zama da ita.&quot; Daga nan ta canza ra'ayinta ta yanke shawarar ajiye akuyar a gidansa da ke Sendai. Duk da haka, Kamata ya bayyana cewa koyaushe yana da niyyar sanya akuyar a gidan renon yara idan an zaɓe shi. Da yake mayar da martani ga sukar da ake yi masa cewa yana amfani da akuya don yakin neman zabe, ya ce, &quot;Akwai kuma tsokaci da ke cewa, 'Zan kawar da ita,' ko kuma 'Zan yi amfani da ita don zaɓe sannan in jefar da ita.' Ina baƙin ciki da ba a fahimce ta ba.&quot;

An zargi Kamata da nuna tsauri ga mutane da kuma yawan buƙatar aiki. Wannan ya sa sakatarorinta tara suka yi murabus cikin shekaru uku, daga 2021 zuwa 2024. 

== Zaɓe ==
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{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Representatives&lt;br /&gt;for [[Miyagi 2nd district]] (single-member)}}
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{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Representatives&lt;br /&gt;for [[Miyagi 2nd district]] (proportional)}}
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{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi Prefectural Assembly Member]]}}
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{{S-off}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Sendai]] City Council&lt;br&gt;[[Izumi-ku, Sendai|Izumi Ward]]}}
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{{S-end}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Reiko Matsushita</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337944990|Reiko Matsushita]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Reiko Matsushita''' (松下 玲子) (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1970) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=日本全国の知事・市長の完全名簿 |trans-title=Complete Directory of All Japan's Governors and Mayors |url=https://www.nichigai.co.jp/PDF/2930-4.pdf |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Nichigai Associates |page=151 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasa ce ta Japan kuma 'yar Majalisar Wakilai (wa'adi 1) ga Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Japan . Sunan mahaifi nata mai aure shine Uchida (内田).  Ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na shida na Musashino City, Tokyo, kuma a matsayin memba na Majalisar Birnin Tokyo (wa'adi biyu).

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta a [[Nagoya]], gundumar Aichi . &lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=松下玲子公式サイト - 活力ある福祉社会 |trans-title=Reiko Matsushita Official Site - A Vibrant Welfare Society |url=https://matsushitareiko.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116090651/https://matsushitareiko.com/ |archive-date=November 16, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Reiko Matsushita |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda yawan canjin da mahaifinta ke yi a matsayin ma'aikacin kamfanin dillancin labarai,  ta yi shekarunta na renon yara a gundumar Shinjuku . &lt;ref name=&quot;institute&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2023 |title=松下玲子プロフィール - 松下政経塾 |trans-title=Reiko Matsushita Profile - Matsushita Institute of Government and Management |url=https://www.mskj.or.jp/profile/reiko-matsushita.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121204911/https://www.mskj.or.jp/profile/reiko-matsushita.html |archive-date=November 21, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Matsushita Institute of Government and Management - Matsushita Institute of Government and Managemen |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Nagano ta Municipal, Makarantar Sakandare ta Nagatani ta Municipal, Makarantar Sakandare ta Tomakomai ta Municipal, Makarantar Sakandare ta Hokkaido Tomakomai Higashi, da Kwalejin Mata ta Jissen, Sashen Adabin Japan. A watan Maris na 1993, ta kammala karatunta daga Sashen Aesthetics da Tarihin Fasaha, Sashen Adabi, Jami'ar Mata ta Jissen . &lt;ref name=&quot;institute&quot; /&gt; A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Sapporo Breweries a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gabaɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Matsushita za ta isa Miura Peninsula a daren Juma'a, ta zauna a sansanin horo, sannan ta yi hutun karshen mako tana yin atisaye a Tekun Sagami . Ta shafe kwanakinta tana yin tsere a cikin jirgin ruwa, amma ta canza ra'ayinta ta yi jarrabawar cikin gida ta kamfanin don ta koma matsayinta na gaba daya. Ita ce ke kula da albarkatun dan adam a sashen harkokin jama'a. A lokacin da take aiki a can, ta fara sha'awar batutuwan tsaro na zamantakewa, kuma ta yi rajista a kwas na wasiku a Jami'ar Keio . 

Ta bar kamfanin a shekarar 2001. A shekarar 2004, ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki a Makarantar Digiri na biyu ta Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Waseda . &lt;ref name=&quot;institute&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2023 |title=松下玲子プロフィール - 松下政経塾 |trans-title=Reiko Matsushita Profile - Matsushita Institute of Government and Management |url=https://www.mskj.or.jp/profile/reiko-matsushita.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121204911/https://www.mskj.or.jp/profile/reiko-matsushita.html |archive-date=November 21, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Matsushita Institute of Government and Management - Matsushita Institute of Government and Managemen |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.mskj.or.jp/profile/reiko-matsushita.html &quot;松下玲子プロフィール - 松下政経塾&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Reiko Matsushita Profile - Matsushita Institute of Government and Management&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar, ta yi rajista a Cibiyar Gwamnati da Gudanarwa ta Matsushita. &lt;ref name=&quot;institute&quot; /&gt; A lokacin, tana tunanin zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin gudanarwa. 

=== Memba a Majalisar Birnin Tokyo ===
In 2005, she ran for the 17th Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly election in the Musashino City constituency as a Democratic Party candidate, defeating the incumbent Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) candidate, {{Interlanguage link|Yasuhiro Omino|ja|小美濃安弘}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=松下玲子公式サイト - 活力ある福祉社会 |trans-title=Reiko Matsushita Official Site - A Vibrant Welfare Society |url=https://matsushitareiko.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116090651/https://matsushitareiko.com/ |archive-date=November 16, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Reiko Matsushita |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://matsushitareiko.com/ &quot;松下玲子公式サイト - 活力ある福祉社会&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Reiko Matsushita Official Site - A Vibrant Welfare Society&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, she was re-elected in the 18th Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly election.&lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot; /&gt;

=== Bayan shan kaye a zaɓen ===
A zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Birnin Tokyo na 19 a watan Yunin 2013, inda ta fuskanci ƙalubale a kan Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Japan, wadda ta rasa iko a bara, ta tsaya takara da goyon bayan tsohon Firayim Minista [[Naoto Kan]] (wanda aka sake zaɓensa a yankin wakilcin rabon kuɗi na Tokyo a zaɓen babban zaɓe na 46 na Majalisar Wakilai a 2012), wanda tushensa gundumar 18 ce ta Tokyo, ciki har da birnin Musashino. Duk da haka, [[Yoshiji Shimazaki]], sabuwar jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ta kayar da ita. 

A zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Birnin Tokyo na 20 a watan Yunin 2017, ta tsaya takara a mazabar Musashino City a matsayin ɗan takara da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta amince da shi. Ta sami goyon baya da goyon baya daga Tokyo Seikatsusha Network, Jam'iyyar Liberal, da kuma Green Party Greens Japan, amma wani sabon shiga, [[Kunikazu Suzuki]], wanda Tomin First no Kai ya amince da shi, ya kayar da shi da kusan ƙuri'u 5,000. 

=== Magajin Garin Musashino ===
A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, Magajin Garin Musashino [[Morimasa Okami]] ya sanar da niyyarsa ta yin ritaya ba tare da tsayawa takara a zaben magajin gari na 2019 ba.  A ranar 18 ga wannan watan, Matsushita ta sanar da niyyarta ta tsayawa takara a matsayin mai zaman kanta a zaben magajin garin Musashino.  Bayan tsayawarta a zaben Majalisar Birnin Tokyo, ta sami goyon baya mai yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa ciki har da Jam'iyyar Democrat, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan, Jam'iyyar Liberal, Jam'iyyar Social Democratic, da kuma Tokyo Living Network, kuma ta tsaya takara a kan dandamalin &quot;ci gaba da gudanar da mulkin Okami.&quot; A zaben magajin gari da aka gudanar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, ta kayar da tsohon dan majalisar birnin [[Koichiro Takano]], wanda jam'iyyar LDP ta amince da shi, kuma an zabe ta a karon farko.   

A shekarar 2021, an gabatar da wani kuduri na kuri'ar raba gardama don bai wa &quot;dukkan 'yan kasashen waje 'yan shekara 18 ko sama da haka waɗanda suka zauna a birnin fiye da watanni uku,&quot; ma'ana &quot;mazauna na ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar ɗaliban ƙasashen waje suma suna da 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a,&quot; amma an ƙi amincewa da shi a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar.   A taron &quot;Taron Dokar 'Yancin Kai na Asali&quot; da aka gudanar a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2022, an bayyana cewa bisa ga sashe na 19 na Dokar 'Yancin Kai ta Asali ta Birnin Musashino, za a yanke hukunci kan abubuwan da suka wajaba ta hanyar doka daban, kuma za a nemi ra'ayoyin 'yan ƙasa da majalisar a nan gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2023 |title=自治基本条例に関するシンポジウム（令和4年11月3日） |trans-title=Symposium on the Basic Local Autonomy Ordinance (November 3, 2022) |url=https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shiseijoho/shisaku_keikaku/sogoseisakubu_shisaku_keikaku/jichikihonjorei/1040193.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115184106/https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shiseijoho/shisaku_keikaku/sogoseisakubu_shisaku_keikaku/jichikihonjorei/1040193.html |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Musashino City |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan nadinta a matsayin magajin [[Naoto Kan]], wanda ya nuna cewa ba zai tsaya takara a babban zaben da ke tafe na Majalisar Wakilai ba, Matsushita ta sanar da aniyarta ta tsayawa takara a matsayin dan takarar da Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Constitutional Democratic Party ta amince da shi a gundumar 18 ta Tokyo. Kan ya bayyana cewa yana &quot;daidaita lokacin da zai yi murabus don kada ya shafi harkokin gudanarwa na birni&quot;,  amma ya bayyana cewa zai gabatar da sanarwar murabus dinsa a ranar 10 ga wannan watan, tare da ranar fara aiki a ranar 30 ga wannan watan.  Mataimakin Magajin Gari [[Hideho Ito]] ne zai cike gurbinsa na rikon kwarya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=市長の職務代理者について |trans-title=Acting Mayor |url=https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shiseijoho/koho/pressrelease/r5/1045631/1045715.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115190951/https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shiseijoho/koho/pressrelease/r5/1045631/1045715.html |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Musashino City Official Website |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaben magajin Gari da aka gudanar a ranar 24 ga Disamba na wannan shekarar don zaben wanda zai gaje shi, ya tsayar da tsohon dan Majalisar Birnin Musashino [[Yuko Sasaoka]] a matsayin dan takarar da zai gaje shi, amma ta sha kaye a hannun [[Yasuhiro Omino]], wanda kuma tsohuwar 'yar Majalisar Birnin Musashino ce wacce Jam'iyyar LDP da Komeito suka amince da ita. Wannan ya zama karo na farko da aka sauya zuwa ga gwamnatin birni mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tun lokacin da Masatada Tsuchiya ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2005. 

=== Ɗan Majalisar Wakilai ===
'Yan takara huɗu sun fafata a zaɓen majalisar wakilai na 50 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2024, a gundumar New Tokyo ta 18 (Musashino City, Koganei City, Nishitokyo City ): Matsushita, Kaoru Fukuda na LDP, [[Yukiko Tokunaga]] na jam'iyyar Sanseitō, da kuma [[Ryo Higuchi]] na jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan . Fukuda ta kayar da Matsushita da kusan ƙuri'u 2,200 kuma ta lashe zaɓensa na farko.  Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta lashe kujeru biyar a yankin wakilcin Tokyo. Matsushita, wacce ke da mafi ƙarancin kaye (97.796%), ta lashe zaɓenta na farko ta hanyar wakilcin daidaito.  

== Matsayin siyasa ==

=== Mataki na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ===
A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2019, an gudanar da taron farko na Ƙungiyar Magadan Gari ta Ƙasa don Mataki na 9, ƙungiyar magadan gari na yanzu da na tsohon magadan gari waɗanda ke adawa da sake fasalin Mataki na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, a Hasumiyar Liberty ta Jami'ar Meiji. Ya zuwa wannan rana, akwai masu farawa da magoya baya 131, waɗanda 13 daga cikinsu ke aiki a yanzu. An zaɓi Matsushita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wakilai takwas masu haɗin gwiwa.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2019 |title=９条守れ　首長ズラリ 一点で協力　「会」を結成 |trans-title=Chiefs line up to protect Article 9 Forming a &quot;group&quot; to cooperate on one point |url=https://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik19/2019-11-18/2019111801_02_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909132235/https://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik19/2019-11-18/2019111801_02_1.html |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=Japan Communist Party |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yan tsiraru masu jinsi ===
A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2019, an ƙaddamar da Sabis na Ba da Shawara kan Wayar Salula na Musashino Rainbow don ba da shawarwari game da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi. A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, an fitar da Sanarwar Rainbow Musashino, inda aka sanar da fahimta da girmama bambancin jinsi. Birnin ya kuma sanar da cewa zai fara la'akari da gabatar da tsarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin jinsi ɗaya daga shekarar kuɗi ta 2020. 

A watan Satumba na 2021, birnin ya gabatar da kudirin gyara Dokar Birnin Musashino kan Inganta Daidaiton Jinsi ga majalisar birnin, wanda zai kunshi &quot;Tsarin Sanarwa na Haɗin gwiwa&quot; wanda zai amince da LGBT da sauran ma'aurata marasa rinjaye na jima'i a matsayin waɗanda ke cikin dangantaka daidai da aure. An zartar da kudirin a ranar 22 ga wannan watan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2021 |title=令和3年 市長提出議案 |trans-title=Reiwa 3 Mayor’s Submission Bill |url=https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shigikai/gian_seigan_chinzyo/shichogian/1031441.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115022031/https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shigikai/gian_seigan_chinzyo/shichogian/1031441.html |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=Musashino City |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=日本全国 パートナーシップ制度一覧 |trans-title=List of partnership systems across Japan |url=https://minnano-partnership.com/partnership/all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909003341/https://minnano-partnership.com/partnership/all |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=Minnano-Partnership |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yancin Faɗar Ra'ayi ===
A cewar wani bincike da {{Interlanguage link|Entertainment Freedom of Expression Association|ja|エンターテイメント表現の自由の会}} ta gudanar a watan Oktoban 2024, masu amsa sun ce bai kamata a tsara manga, anime, wasanni, da sauransu ta hanyar doka ba. Sun kuma bayyana ra'ayin cewa &quot;ƙa'idoji a ƙarƙashin sabuwar dokar AV&quot; suna da matsala daga mahangar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2024 |title=第50回衆議院議員総選挙の候補者に向けて実施した表現の自由についてのアンケート結果 |trans-title=Results of a survey on freedom of expression conducted among candidates for the 50th general election of the House of Representatives |url=https://shuinsen2024.afee.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110040445/https://shuinsen2024.afee.jp/ |archive-date=November 10, 2025 |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=Entertainment Freedom of Expression Association |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wasannin Olympics da Paralympic na Tokyo ===
A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2021, Panasonic ta gabatar da buƙatar ga Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Tokyo na soke &quot;Shafin Kai Tsaye&quot; da ke Inokashira Park, wanda aka tsara zai zama wurin kallon jama'a don wasannin Olympics da Paralympic na Tokyo. 

A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2021, Hukumar Ilimi ta birnin Musashino ta yanke shawarar soke taron kallon wasannin firamare da na ƙananan makarantu na birnin a wasannin Olympics da Paralympic na Tokyo saboda barazanar kamuwa da cutar COVID-19. 

=== Manufofin ƙasashen waje da mazauna ƙasashen waje na dindindin ===
A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2021, birnin ya sanar da niyyarsa ta zartar da dokar raba gardama wadda za ta ba wa mazauna ƙasashen waje damar kaɗa ƙuri'a ba tare da wani buƙatu ba. An gabatar da dokar ga taron majalisar birni na yau da kullun wanda aka buɗe a ranar 19 ga wata. Daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi a faɗin ƙasar da ke da dokokin raba gardama na dindindin, 43 sun amince da 'yancin zaɓen baƙi, amma Birnin Zushi da ke Gundumar Kanagawa da Birnin Toyonaka da ke Gundumar Osaka ne kawai ke da dokoki waɗanda ba sa buƙatar zaman zama na ɗan lokaci. A wani taron manema labarai na yau da kullun, Matsushita ya bayyana cewa, &quot;Manufar ita ce a ƙara tsarin raba gardama a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin haɓaka shigar 'yan ƙasa, kuma ba mu ga wani dalili mai ma'ana na ware 'yan ƙasashen waje ba.&quot;  Yayin da magoya baya da masu adawa suka gudanar da zanga-zangar tituna a birnin kuma tattaunawar jama'a ta ƙaru kowace rana, an gudanar da ƙuri'a a zaman majalisar birnin a ranar 21 ga Disamba na wannan shekarar, kuma an ƙi amincewa da kudirin da ƙuri'u 11 na goyon baya da kuma 14 na adawa.  Matsushita ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa yana da niyyar ƙara sauraron ra'ayoyin 'yan ƙasa da kuma sake duba daftarin dokar.  A taron &quot;Taron Dokar 'Yancin Kai na Asali&quot; da aka gudanar a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2022, ya bayyana cewa bisa ga sashe na 19 na Dokar 'Yancin Kai ta Asali ta Musashino City, za a yanke hukunci kan abubuwan da suka wajaba ta hanyar doka daban, kuma zai nemi ra'ayoyin 'yan ƙasa da majalisar a nan gaba. Wasu jaridu sun ruwaito wannan a matsayin &quot;nufin sake gabatar da kudirin,&quot; wanda babban mawaki Kiminori Sera ya soki, yana cewa, &quot;Menene dalilin da ya sa ake ci gaba da ƙoƙarin zartar da wani abu da aka ƙi?&quot; 

=== Wasu ===
A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2020, birnin ya sanar da cewa zai ƙara yawan shekarun yara masu cancantar tallafin kuɗin magani daga shekaru 15 zuwa 18, kuma zai gabatar da wani gyara ga majalisar birnin a watan Disamba. 

== Na Kai ==
Ita 'yar siyasa ce daga yankin da tsohon Firayim Minista Naoto Kan ya fito daga Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki ta Japan, kuma tana da kusanci da shi, tana samun goyon bayan zaɓe da jawabai na yaƙin neman zaɓe daga gare shi sau da yawa tun lokacin da yake memba a Majalisar Birnin Tokyo.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2005 |title=「民主党への期待が大きいことを痛感」各地で党公認候補が喜びの声 |trans-title=&quot;We are keenly aware of the high expectations placed on the Democratic Party&quot; - Party-endorsed candidates express their joy across the country |url=http://archive.dpj.or.jp/news/?num=7365&amp;mm=print |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406005438/http://archive.dpj.or.jp/news/?num=7365&amp;mm=print |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=Democratic Party of Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaɓen magajin garin Musashino, ta sami goyon baya daga Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Japan, Reiwa Shinsengumi, da Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party. &lt;ref name=&quot;sankei2&quot; /&gt;  A watan Nuwamba na 2023, Matsushita ta sanar da niyyarta ta tsayawa takara a zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai na gaba, tana mai da'awar cewa Kan Naoto ne ya zaɓe ta a matsayin magajinsa, kuma ta yi murabus daga magajin garin Musashino. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kamfen na babban ɗan Kan, Kan Gentaro, a zaɓen majalisar birnin Musashino, wanda aka gudanar a ranar da aka gudanar da zaɓen magajin gari bayan murabus ɗinsa. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, Matsushita ta rubuta, &quot;Ni ne magajin Kan Naoto ga Majalisar Wakilai, don haka Kan Gentaro, wanda ke takara a zaben maye gurbin Majalisar Birnin Musashino, yana iya zama kamar magajin gado, amma ba haka bane,&quot; don haka yana ƙoƙarin kawar da sukar gadon gado.  Sha'awarta ita ce girki, ''rakugo'', wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai, da kuma godiya ga fasaha. &lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=松下玲子公式サイト - 活力ある福祉社会 |trans-title=Reiko Matsushita Official Site - A Vibrant Welfare Society |url=https://matsushitareiko.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116090651/https://matsushitareiko.com/ |archive-date=November 16, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Reiko Matsushita |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://matsushitareiko.com/ &quot;松下玲子公式サイト - 活力ある福祉社会&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Reiko Matsushita Official Site - A Vibrant Welfare Society&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Taken ta shine &quot;Yi iya bakin kokarinka ka bar sauran ga kaddara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot; /&gt; Iyalinta sun hada da mijinta (wanda ya fito daga Yankin Niigata) da ɗa. &lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot; /&gt;

== Shari'a ==
A ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2022, tsohon Magajin Garin Musashino, Masatada Tsuchiya, ya shigar da ƙara a Kotun Gundumar Tokyo yana neman diyya saboda diyya, yana zargin cewa Birnin Musashino ya sayar da filayen da ke ƙasa da darajar kasuwa kuma ya sayi filayen da ke maye gurbinsu a farashi mai tsada a cikin cinikin filaye guda biyu da wani mai haɓaka gidaje na Chiyoda-ku a shekarar 2021, wanda ya haifar da lalacewar birnin ta hanyar sayar da filayen a farashi mai rahusa da kuma siyan filayen da ke maye gurbinsu a farashi mai tsada daga mai haɓaka. Saboda mai haɓaka gidaje ya karɓi tayin tayin da wani asusun Hong Kong ya yi, an ruwaito cewa za a sayar da haƙƙin gudanarwa na tsohon Filin Ajiye Motoci na Keke na Kichijoji Odori Higashi, wanda ke da nisan tafiya ta minti ɗaya daga Tashar JR Kichijoji kuma Panasonic ya sayar, ga asusun Hong Kong.  A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2024, Kotun Gundumar Tokyo ta yi watsi da ƙarar Tsuchiya.  Tsuchiya ta ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Babbar Kotun Tokyo. A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2025, Babbar Kotun Tokyo ta amince da hukuncin ƙananan hukumomi kuma ta yi watsi da ƙarar Tsuchiya.

== Tarihin zaɓe ==
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|jp-lwr}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Representatives&lt;br /&gt;for [[Tokyo proportional representation block|Tokyo proportional]]}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Mayor of [[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]] City, Tokyo}}
{{S-aft}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly Member}}
{{S-aft}}
{{S-end}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Reiko Matsushita''' (松下 玲子) (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1970) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=日本全国の知事・市長の完全名簿 |trans-title=Complete Directory of All Japan's Governors and Mayors |url=https://www.nichigai.co.jp/PDF/2930-4.pdf |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Nichigai Associates |page=151 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasa ce ta Japan kuma 'yar Majalisar Wakilai (wa'adi 1) ga Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Japan . Sunan mahaifi nata mai aure shine Uchida (内田).  Ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na shida na Musashino City, Tokyo, kuma a matsayin memba na Majalisar Birnin Tokyo (wa'adi biyu).

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta a [[Nagoya]], gundumar Aichi . &lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=松下玲子公式サイト - 活力ある福祉社会 |trans-title=Reiko Matsushita Official Site - A Vibrant Welfare Society |url=https://matsushitareiko.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116090651/https://matsushitareiko.com/ |archive-date=November 16, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Reiko Matsushita |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda yawan canjin da mahaifinta ke yi a matsayin ma'aikacin kamfanin dillancin labarai,  ta yi shekarunta na renon yara a gundumar Shinjuku . &lt;ref name=&quot;institute&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2023 |title=松下玲子プロフィール - 松下政経塾 |trans-title=Reiko Matsushita Profile - Matsushita Institute of Government and Management |url=https://www.mskj.or.jp/profile/reiko-matsushita.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121204911/https://www.mskj.or.jp/profile/reiko-matsushita.html |archive-date=November 21, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Matsushita Institute of Government and Management - Matsushita Institute of Government and Managemen |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Nagano ta Municipal, Makarantar Sakandare ta Nagatani ta Municipal, Makarantar Sakandare ta Tomakomai ta Municipal, Makarantar Sakandare ta Hokkaido Tomakomai Higashi, da Kwalejin Mata ta Jissen, Sashen Adabin Japan. A watan Maris na 1993, ta kammala karatunta daga Sashen Aesthetics da Tarihin Fasaha, Sashen Adabi, Jami'ar Mata ta Jissen . &lt;ref name=&quot;institute&quot; /&gt; A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Sapporo Breweries a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gabaɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Matsushita za ta isa Miura Peninsula a daren Juma'a, ta zauna a sansanin horo, sannan ta yi hutun karshen mako tana yin atisaye a Tekun Sagami . Ta shafe kwanakinta tana yin tsere a cikin jirgin ruwa, amma ta canza ra'ayinta ta yi jarrabawar cikin gida ta kamfanin don ta koma matsayinta na gaba daya. Ita ce ke kula da albarkatun dan adam a sashen harkokin jama'a. A lokacin da take aiki a can, ta fara sha'awar batutuwan tsaro na zamantakewa, kuma ta yi rajista a kwas na wasiku a Jami'ar Keio . 

Ta bar kamfanin a shekarar 2001. A shekarar 2004, ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki a Makarantar Digiri na biyu ta Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Waseda . &lt;ref name=&quot;institute&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2023 |title=松下玲子プロフィール - 松下政経塾 |trans-title=Reiko Matsushita Profile - Matsushita Institute of Government and Management |url=https://www.mskj.or.jp/profile/reiko-matsushita.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121204911/https://www.mskj.or.jp/profile/reiko-matsushita.html |archive-date=November 21, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Matsushita Institute of Government and Management - Matsushita Institute of Government and Managemen |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.mskj.or.jp/profile/reiko-matsushita.html &quot;松下玲子プロフィール - 松下政経塾&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Reiko Matsushita Profile - Matsushita Institute of Government and Management&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar, ta yi rajista a Cibiyar Gwamnati da Gudanarwa ta Matsushita. &lt;ref name=&quot;institute&quot; /&gt; A lokacin, tana tunanin zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin gudanarwa. 

=== Memba a Majalisar Birnin Tokyo ===
In 2005, she ran for the 17th Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly election in the Musashino City constituency as a Democratic Party candidate, defeating the incumbent Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) candidate, {{Interlanguage link|Yasuhiro Omino|ja|小美濃安弘}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=松下玲子公式サイト - 活力ある福祉社会 |trans-title=Reiko Matsushita Official Site - A Vibrant Welfare Society |url=https://matsushitareiko.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116090651/https://matsushitareiko.com/ |archive-date=November 16, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Reiko Matsushita |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://matsushitareiko.com/ &quot;松下玲子公式サイト - 活力ある福祉社会&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Reiko Matsushita Official Site - A Vibrant Welfare Society&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, she was re-elected in the 18th Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly election.&lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot; /&gt;

=== Bayan shan kaye a zaɓen ===
A zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Birnin Tokyo na 19 a watan Yunin 2013, inda ta fuskanci ƙalubale a kan Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Japan, wadda ta rasa iko a bara, ta tsaya takara da goyon bayan tsohon Firayim Minista [[Naoto Kan]] (wanda aka sake zaɓensa a yankin wakilcin rabon kuɗi na Tokyo a zaɓen babban zaɓe na 46 na Majalisar Wakilai a 2012), wanda tushensa gundumar 18 ce ta Tokyo, ciki har da birnin Musashino. Duk da haka, [[Yoshiji Shimazaki]], sabuwar jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ta kayar da ita. 

A zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Birnin Tokyo na 20 a watan Yunin 2017, ta tsaya takara a mazabar Musashino City a matsayin ɗan takara da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta amince da shi. Ta sami goyon baya da goyon baya daga Tokyo Seikatsusha Network, Jam'iyyar Liberal, da kuma Green Party Greens Japan, amma wani sabon shiga, [[Kunikazu Suzuki]], wanda Tomin First no Kai ya amince da shi, ya kayar da shi da kusan ƙuri'u 5,000. 

=== Magajin Garin Musashino ===
A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, Magajin Garin Musashino [[Morimasa Okami]] ya sanar da niyyarsa ta yin ritaya ba tare da tsayawa takara a zaben magajin gari na 2019 ba.  A ranar 18 ga wannan watan, Matsushita ta sanar da niyyarta ta tsayawa takara a matsayin mai zaman kanta a zaben magajin garin Musashino.  Bayan tsayawarta a zaben Majalisar Birnin Tokyo, ta sami goyon baya mai yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa ciki har da Jam'iyyar Democrat, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan, Jam'iyyar Liberal, Jam'iyyar Social Democratic, da kuma Tokyo Living Network, kuma ta tsaya takara a kan dandamalin &quot;ci gaba da gudanar da mulkin Okami.&quot; A zaben magajin gari da aka gudanar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, ta kayar da tsohon dan majalisar birnin [[Koichiro Takano]], wanda jam'iyyar LDP ta amince da shi, kuma an zabe ta a karon farko.   

A shekarar 2021, an gabatar da wani kuduri na kuri'ar raba gardama don bai wa &quot;dukkan 'yan kasashen waje 'yan shekara 18 ko sama da haka waɗanda suka zauna a birnin fiye da watanni uku,&quot; ma'ana &quot;mazauna na ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar ɗaliban ƙasashen waje suma suna da 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a,&quot; amma an ƙi amincewa da shi a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar.   A taron &quot;Taron Dokar 'Yancin Kai na Asali&quot; da aka gudanar a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2022, an bayyana cewa bisa ga sashe na 19 na Dokar 'Yancin Kai ta Asali ta Birnin Musashino, za a yanke hukunci kan abubuwan da suka wajaba ta hanyar doka daban, kuma za a nemi ra'ayoyin 'yan ƙasa da majalisar a nan gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2023 |title=自治基本条例に関するシンポジウム（令和4年11月3日） |trans-title=Symposium on the Basic Local Autonomy Ordinance (November 3, 2022) |url=https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shiseijoho/shisaku_keikaku/sogoseisakubu_shisaku_keikaku/jichikihonjorei/1040193.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115184106/https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shiseijoho/shisaku_keikaku/sogoseisakubu_shisaku_keikaku/jichikihonjorei/1040193.html |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Musashino City |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan nadinta a matsayin magajin [[Naoto Kan]], wanda ya nuna cewa ba zai tsaya takara a babban zaben da ke tafe na Majalisar Wakilai ba, Matsushita ta sanar da aniyarta ta tsayawa takara a matsayin dan takarar da Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Constitutional Democratic Party ta amince da shi a gundumar 18 ta Tokyo. Kan ya bayyana cewa yana &quot;daidaita lokacin da zai yi murabus don kada ya shafi harkokin gudanarwa na birni&quot;,  amma ya bayyana cewa zai gabatar da sanarwar murabus dinsa a ranar 10 ga wannan watan, tare da ranar fara aiki a ranar 30 ga wannan watan.  Mataimakin Magajin Gari [[Hideho Ito]] ne zai cike gurbinsa na rikon kwarya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=市長の職務代理者について |trans-title=Acting Mayor |url=https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shiseijoho/koho/pressrelease/r5/1045631/1045715.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115190951/https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shiseijoho/koho/pressrelease/r5/1045631/1045715.html |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Musashino City Official Website |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaben magajin Gari da aka gudanar a ranar 24 ga Disamba na wannan shekarar don zaben wanda zai gaje shi, ya tsayar da tsohon dan Majalisar Birnin Musashino [[Yuko Sasaoka]] a matsayin dan takarar da zai gaje shi, amma ta sha kaye a hannun [[Yasuhiro Omino]], wanda kuma tsohuwar 'yar Majalisar Birnin Musashino ce wacce Jam'iyyar LDP da Komeito suka amince da ita. Wannan ya zama karo na farko da aka sauya zuwa ga gwamnatin birni mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tun lokacin da Masatada Tsuchiya ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2005. 

=== Ɗan Majalisar Wakilai ===
'Yan takara huɗu sun fafata a zaɓen majalisar wakilai na 50 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2024, a gundumar New Tokyo ta 18 (Musashino City, Koganei City, Nishitokyo City ): Matsushita, Kaoru Fukuda na LDP, [[Yukiko Tokunaga]] na jam'iyyar Sanseitō, da kuma [[Ryo Higuchi]] na jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan . Fukuda ta kayar da Matsushita da kusan ƙuri'u 2,200 kuma ta lashe zaɓensa na farko.  Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta lashe kujeru biyar a yankin wakilcin Tokyo. Matsushita, wacce ke da mafi ƙarancin kaye (97.796%), ta lashe zaɓenta na farko ta hanyar wakilcin daidaito.  

== Matsayin siyasa ==

=== Mataki na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ===
A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2019, an gudanar da taron farko na Ƙungiyar Magadan Gari ta Ƙasa don Mataki na 9, ƙungiyar magadan gari na yanzu da na tsohon magadan gari waɗanda ke adawa da sake fasalin Mataki na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, a Hasumiyar Liberty ta Jami'ar Meiji. Ya zuwa wannan rana, akwai masu farawa da magoya baya 131, waɗanda 13 daga cikinsu ke aiki a yanzu. An zaɓi Matsushita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wakilai takwas masu haɗin gwiwa.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2019 |title=９条守れ　首長ズラリ 一点で協力　「会」を結成 |trans-title=Chiefs line up to protect Article 9 Forming a &quot;group&quot; to cooperate on one point |url=https://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik19/2019-11-18/2019111801_02_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909132235/https://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik19/2019-11-18/2019111801_02_1.html |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=Japan Communist Party |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yan tsiraru masu jinsi ===
A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2019, an ƙaddamar da Sabis na Ba da Shawara kan Wayar Salula na Musashino Rainbow don ba da shawarwari game da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi. A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, an fitar da Sanarwar Rainbow Musashino, inda aka sanar da fahimta da girmama bambancin jinsi. Birnin ya kuma sanar da cewa zai fara la'akari da gabatar da tsarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin jinsi ɗaya daga shekarar kuɗi ta 2020. 

A watan Satumba na 2021, birnin ya gabatar da kudirin gyara Dokar Birnin Musashino kan Inganta Daidaiton Jinsi ga majalisar birnin, wanda zai kunshi &quot;Tsarin Sanarwa na Haɗin gwiwa&quot; wanda zai amince da LGBT da sauran ma'aurata marasa rinjaye na jima'i a matsayin waɗanda ke cikin dangantaka daidai da aure. An zartar da kudirin a ranar 22 ga wannan watan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2021 |title=令和3年 市長提出議案 |trans-title=Reiwa 3 Mayor’s Submission Bill |url=https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shigikai/gian_seigan_chinzyo/shichogian/1031441.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115022031/https://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/shigikai/gian_seigan_chinzyo/shichogian/1031441.html |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=Musashino City |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=日本全国 パートナーシップ制度一覧 |trans-title=List of partnership systems across Japan |url=https://minnano-partnership.com/partnership/all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909003341/https://minnano-partnership.com/partnership/all |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=Minnano-Partnership |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yancin Faɗar Ra'ayi ===
A cewar wani bincike da {{Interlanguage link|Entertainment Freedom of Expression Association|ja|エンターテイメント表現の自由の会}} ta gudanar a watan Oktoban 2024, masu amsa sun ce bai kamata a tsara manga, anime, wasanni, da sauransu ta hanyar doka ba. Sun kuma bayyana ra'ayin cewa &quot;ƙa'idoji a ƙarƙashin sabuwar dokar AV&quot; suna da matsala daga mahangar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2024 |title=第50回衆議院議員総選挙の候補者に向けて実施した表現の自由についてのアンケート結果 |trans-title=Results of a survey on freedom of expression conducted among candidates for the 50th general election of the House of Representatives |url=https://shuinsen2024.afee.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110040445/https://shuinsen2024.afee.jp/ |archive-date=November 10, 2025 |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=Entertainment Freedom of Expression Association |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wasannin Olympics da Paralympic na Tokyo ===
A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2021, Panasonic ta gabatar da buƙatar ga Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Tokyo na soke &quot;Shafin Kai Tsaye&quot; da ke Inokashira Park, wanda aka tsara zai zama wurin kallon jama'a don wasannin Olympics da Paralympic na Tokyo. 

A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2021, Hukumar Ilimi ta birnin Musashino ta yanke shawarar soke taron kallon wasannin firamare da na ƙananan makarantu na birnin a wasannin Olympics da Paralympic na Tokyo saboda barazanar kamuwa da cutar COVID-19. 

=== Manufofin ƙasashen waje da mazauna ƙasashen waje na dindindin ===
A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2021, birnin ya sanar da niyyarsa ta zartar da dokar raba gardama wadda za ta ba wa mazauna ƙasashen waje damar kaɗa ƙuri'a ba tare da wani buƙatu ba. An gabatar da dokar ga taron majalisar birni na yau da kullun wanda aka buɗe a ranar 19 ga wata. Daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi a faɗin ƙasar da ke da dokokin raba gardama na dindindin, 43 sun amince da 'yancin zaɓen baƙi, amma Birnin Zushi da ke Gundumar Kanagawa da Birnin Toyonaka da ke Gundumar Osaka ne kawai ke da dokoki waɗanda ba sa buƙatar zaman zama na ɗan lokaci. A wani taron manema labarai na yau da kullun, Matsushita ya bayyana cewa, &quot;Manufar ita ce a ƙara tsarin raba gardama a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin haɓaka shigar 'yan ƙasa, kuma ba mu ga wani dalili mai ma'ana na ware 'yan ƙasashen waje ba.&quot;  Yayin da magoya baya da masu adawa suka gudanar da zanga-zangar tituna a birnin kuma tattaunawar jama'a ta ƙaru kowace rana, an gudanar da ƙuri'a a zaman majalisar birnin a ranar 21 ga Disamba na wannan shekarar, kuma an ƙi amincewa da kudirin da ƙuri'u 11 na goyon baya da kuma 14 na adawa.  Matsushita ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa yana da niyyar ƙara sauraron ra'ayoyin 'yan ƙasa da kuma sake duba daftarin dokar.  A taron &quot;Taron Dokar 'Yancin Kai na Asali&quot; da aka gudanar a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2022, ya bayyana cewa bisa ga sashe na 19 na Dokar 'Yancin Kai ta Asali ta Musashino City, za a yanke hukunci kan abubuwan da suka wajaba ta hanyar doka daban, kuma zai nemi ra'ayoyin 'yan ƙasa da majalisar a nan gaba. Wasu jaridu sun ruwaito wannan a matsayin &quot;nufin sake gabatar da kudirin,&quot; wanda babban mawaki Kiminori Sera ya soki, yana cewa, &quot;Menene dalilin da ya sa ake ci gaba da ƙoƙarin zartar da wani abu da aka ƙi?&quot; 

=== Wasu ===
A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2020, birnin ya sanar da cewa zai ƙara yawan shekarun yara masu cancantar tallafin kuɗin magani daga shekaru 15 zuwa 18, kuma zai gabatar da wani gyara ga majalisar birnin a watan Disamba. 

== Na Kai ==
Ita 'yar siyasa ce daga yankin da tsohon Firayim Minista Naoto Kan ya fito daga Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki ta Japan, kuma tana da kusanci da shi, tana samun goyon bayan zaɓe da jawabai na yaƙin neman zaɓe daga gare shi sau da yawa tun lokacin da yake memba a Majalisar Birnin Tokyo.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2005 |title=「民主党への期待が大きいことを痛感」各地で党公認候補が喜びの声 |trans-title=&quot;We are keenly aware of the high expectations placed on the Democratic Party&quot; - Party-endorsed candidates express their joy across the country |url=http://archive.dpj.or.jp/news/?num=7365&amp;mm=print |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406005438/http://archive.dpj.or.jp/news/?num=7365&amp;mm=print |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=Democratic Party of Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaɓen magajin garin Musashino, ta sami goyon baya daga Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Japan, Reiwa Shinsengumi, da Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party. &lt;ref name=&quot;sankei2&quot; /&gt;  A watan Nuwamba na 2023, Matsushita ta sanar da niyyarta ta tsayawa takara a zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai na gaba, tana mai da'awar cewa Kan Naoto ne ya zaɓe ta a matsayin magajinsa, kuma ta yi murabus daga magajin garin Musashino. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kamfen na babban ɗan Kan, Kan Gentaro, a zaɓen majalisar birnin Musashino, wanda aka gudanar a ranar da aka gudanar da zaɓen magajin gari bayan murabus ɗinsa. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, Matsushita ta rubuta, &quot;Ni ne magajin Kan Naoto ga Majalisar Wakilai, don haka Kan Gentaro, wanda ke takara a zaben maye gurbin Majalisar Birnin Musashino, yana iya zama kamar magajin gado, amma ba haka bane,&quot; don haka yana ƙoƙarin kawar da sukar gadon gado.  Sha'awarta ita ce girki, ''rakugo'', wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai, da kuma godiya ga fasaha. &lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=松下玲子公式サイト - 活力ある福祉社会 |trans-title=Reiko Matsushita Official Site - A Vibrant Welfare Society |url=https://matsushitareiko.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116090651/https://matsushitareiko.com/ |archive-date=November 16, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Reiko Matsushita |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://matsushitareiko.com/ &quot;松下玲子公式サイト - 活力ある福祉社会&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Reiko Matsushita Official Site - A Vibrant Welfare Society&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Taken ta shine &quot;Yi iya bakin kokarinka ka bar sauran ga kaddara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot; /&gt; Iyalinta sun hada da mijinta (wanda ya fito daga Yankin Niigata) da ɗa. &lt;ref name=&quot;reiko&quot; /&gt;

== Shari'a ==
A ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2022, tsohon Magajin Garin Musashino, Masatada Tsuchiya, ya shigar da ƙara a Kotun Gundumar Tokyo yana neman diyya saboda diyya, yana zargin cewa Birnin Musashino ya sayar da filayen da ke ƙasa da darajar kasuwa kuma ya sayi filayen da ke maye gurbinsu a farashi mai tsada a cikin cinikin filaye guda biyu da wani mai haɓaka gidaje na Chiyoda-ku a shekarar 2021, wanda ya haifar da lalacewar birnin ta hanyar sayar da filayen a farashi mai rahusa da kuma siyan filayen da ke maye gurbinsu a farashi mai tsada daga mai haɓaka. Saboda mai haɓaka gidaje ya karɓi tayin tayin da wani asusun Hong Kong ya yi, an ruwaito cewa za a sayar da haƙƙin gudanarwa na tsohon Filin Ajiye Motoci na Keke na Kichijoji Odori Higashi, wanda ke da nisan tafiya ta minti ɗaya daga Tashar JR Kichijoji kuma Panasonic ya sayar, ga asusun Hong Kong.  A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2024, Kotun Gundumar Tokyo ta yi watsi da ƙarar Tsuchiya.  Tsuchiya ta ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Babbar Kotun Tokyo. A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2025, Babbar Kotun Tokyo ta amince da hukuncin ƙananan hukumomi kuma ta yi watsi da ƙarar Tsuchiya.

== Tarihin zaɓe ==
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|jp-lwr}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Representatives&lt;br /&gt;for [[Tokyo proportional representation block|Tokyo proportional]]}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Mayor of [[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]] City, Tokyo}}
{{S-aft}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly Member}}
{{S-aft}}
{{S-end}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]
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'''Jun Mukōyama'''{{Efn|Her surname is also spelled Mukaiyama, which comes from the ''kanji'' version of her name (向山淳). This article uses the ''kana'' version of her name, Mukōyama (むこうやま じゅん).}} (向山淳 and むこうやま じゅん), nicknames: &quot;Mukojun, Jun-chan&quot;, (born November 19, 1983) is a Japanese politician. She is a member of the House of Representatives and Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haife ta a Kawaguchi, gundumar Saitama a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1983. Saboda aikin mahaifinta, ta zauna a Peru daga shekara 2 zuwa 4, Amurka daga shekara 11 zuwa 14, da Argentina daga shekara 14 zuwa 15, kafin ta kammala karatun sakandare. &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ |trans-title=Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief |url=https://junmukoyama.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ |archive-date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Keio, ta ci gaba da karatu kuma ta kammala karatunta a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa, Faculty of Law, Jami'ar Keio . &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot; /&gt;

A halin yanzu Mukōyama tana zaune a [[Hakodate]] tare da mijinta, Satoshi Mukōyama, da 'yarsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ |trans-title=Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief |url=https://junmukoyama.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ |archive-date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://junmukoyama.jp/ &quot;向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). House of Representatives. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ Archived] from the original on November 7, 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta bayyana cewa tana son rawa a titi da yawo a cikin gari (ɗaukan hotuna, cin abinci). &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot; /&gt; A tasharta [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] da sauran shafukan sada zumunta, tana amfani da laƙabinta &quot;Mukojun&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=【むこじゅんチャンネル】向山じゅん |trans-title=[Mukojun Channel] Jun Mukaiyama |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC23w0b1I2-m89GOeFc3kHMg?app=desktop |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209023636/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC23w0b1I2-m89GOeFc3kHMg?app=desktop |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=YouTube |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
[[Fayil:向山淳衆議院議員.jpg|thumb|Ziyarar Jun Mukōyama ta farko a Diet, 11 ga Nuwamba, 2024]]
Ta yi aiki a Kamfanin Mitsubishi na tsawon shekaru 13, &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ |trans-title=Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief |url=https://junmukoyama.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ |archive-date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://junmukoyama.jp/ &quot;向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). House of Representatives. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ Archived] from the original on November 7, 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt; galibi a harkar biyan kuɗi ta intanet da saka hannun jari a fannin wutar lantarki da tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Ta auri abokin aikinta, Satoshi Mukōyama, ɗan asalin [[Hokkaido]], kuma an tura ta aiki a Toronto, Kanada. Ita da Satoshi suna magana ne kusa da juna a Mitsubishi. Yayin da take Kanada, ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Manaja na Sashen Kuɗi na Kayayyakin Gine-gine a Kamfanin Mitsubishi na Kanada kuma an mayar da ita zuwa Sashen Zuba Jari na Dabaru na OMERS (Tsarin Ritaya na Ma'aikatan Gundumar Ontario). A OMERS ta shiga cikin saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa a tashoshin wutar lantarki, tashoshin jiragen ruwa, manyan hanyoyi, da sauran yankuna a Turai, Amurka, da Ostiraliya, da kuma saka hannun jari a farfaɗo da kamfanoni ga ƙananan da matsakaitan masana'antu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=【新渡戸フェローとの対談】#2「イギリスの行政改革に学ぶ」（廣瀬克哉×向山淳） |trans-title=[Conversation with Nitobe Fellows] #2 &quot;Learning from Administrative Reform in the UK&quot; (Katsuya Hirose and Jun Mukaiyama) |url=https://www.i-house.or.jp/programs/nitobefellow_02/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810062333/https://www.i-house.or.jp/programs/nitobefellow_02/ |archive-date=August 10, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=International House of Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, lokacin da aka canza mijinta, ta bar aikinta ta mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarin ɗaukar ciki a matsayin uwar gida, amma ta yi fama da rashin haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot; /&gt; Wannan gogewar ta motsa ta ta nemi aiki a siyasa. Ta yanke shawarar yin karatu a ƙasashen waje don koyon manufofi, kuma bayan ta sami takardar amincewa, ta gano tana da juna biyu. Ta sami tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Kamiyama kuma, tare da sabuwar 'yarta, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy da [[Jami'ar Harvard|ke Jami'ar Harvard]] da kuɗinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;kamiyama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=公共政策で日本に変革を 向山 淳（Jun Mukoyama） |trans-title=Transforming Japan through Public Policy (Jun Mukoyama) |url=https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108033045/https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ |archive-date=November 8, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kamiyama Foundation |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Satoshi yanzu jami'in gudanarwa ne a Luup, wani kamfanin haya kekuna a kan titi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot; /&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga Kwamitin Binciken Zamani na COVID-19 a matsayin Babbar Mai Bincike Mai Ziyara a Shirin Asiya Pacific, &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ |trans-title=Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief |url=https://junmukoyama.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ |archive-date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://junmukoyama.jp/ &quot;向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). House of Representatives. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ Archived] from the original on November 7, 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;kamiyama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=公共政策で日本に変革を 向山 淳（Jun Mukoyama） |trans-title=Transforming Japan through Public Policy (Jun Mukoyama) |url=https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108033045/https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ |archive-date=November 8, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kamiyama Foundation |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ &quot;公共政策で日本に変革を 向山 淳（Jun Mukoyama）&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Transforming Japan through Public Policy (Jun Mukoyama)&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). Kamiyama Foundation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251108033045/https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ Archived] from the original on November 8, 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 18,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt; sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Web3PT Working Group na Hedkwatar Tallafawa Dijital ta Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2023 |title=自民党web3ホワイトペーパー。Japan is back, Again. |trans-title=LDP web3 White Paper, Japan is back, again |url=https://note.com/akihisa_shiozaki/n/n669dee962b15 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Akihisa Shiozaki, House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ta kafa wata kungiyar iyaye da ke la'akari da yadda za a daidaita aiki da kula da yara a lokacin rikicin COVID-19, kuma ta wakilci Mukaiyama Policy Lab. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2024 |title=コロナ危機下の育児と仕事の両立を考える保護者有志の会 |trans-title=A volunteer group of parents considering balancing work and childcare during the COVID-19 crisis |url=https://note.com/macojun |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Macojun, House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda manufar zartarwa ta ƙara yawan mata a gundumomin wakilci na daidaito zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari don zaɓen majalisar kansiloli na 26 a watan Yulin 2022, ta sami amincewar jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party cikin sauri kuma ta tsaya takara makonni shida kafin a sanar da zaɓen, amma ta sami nasarar lashe ƙuri'u 20,638 kacal kuma aka kayar da ita. 

Daga nan ta nemi takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta gaba a Hakodate, inda iyalan mijinta ke zaune, kuma ta zama shugabar reshen gundumar Hokkaido ta 8 na jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a watan Yulin 2023. A watan Afrilun 2024, Hajime Nomata, tsohon shugaban kamfanin ilimi na Nomata Gakuen, ya zama shugaban &quot;Ƙungiyar Magoya bayan Mukaiyama Jun United.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2024 |title=向山 潤 衆議院議員 |trans-title=Jun Mukōyama, House of Representatives |url=https://note.com/junemukoyama/n/nd4de05f9302c |access-date=November 18, 2025 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2024, an sanar da zaɓen babban zaɓe na 50 ga Majalisar Wakilai, inda 'yan takara uku suka fafata a gundumar 8 ta Hokkaido: Mukaiyama, Seiji Osaka, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat mai ci a yanzu, da Katsumi Homma, tsohon ɗan Majalisar Birnin Hakodate kuma sabon shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan . Ba a haɗa Osaka cikin jerin wakilan da suka dace ba.  A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, Yomiuri Shimbun ya sanar da sakamakon ƙarshe, yana mai ba da rahoton cewa &quot;Mukaiyama ta yi nasara a kan Osaka, wanda ke kan gaba, wanda hakan ya sa tseren ya ƙare.&quot;  An gudanar da babban zaɓen a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Jim kaɗan bayan an rufe zaɓen da ƙarfe 8 na dare,  Hokkaido Cultural Broadcasting ta ruwaito cewa an ayyana Osaka a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2024 |title=衆議院議員選挙　北海道8区　立憲民主党・逢坂誠二氏が当選確実 |trans-title=House of Representatives Election: Seiji Osaka of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan is certain to win in Hokkaido's 8th district |url=https://www.uhb.jp/news/single.html?id=46237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805051445/https://www.uhb.jp/news/single.html?id=46237 |archive-date=August 5, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Hokkaido Cultural Broadcasting |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓi Osaka a wa'adi na shida. Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ta lashe kujeru uku a yankin wakilcin da suka dace na Hokkaido. Daga cikin kujeru biyu, ban da Yoshitaka Ito, wacce ita ce ke kan gaba, Mukōyama ta lashe zabenta na farko da tazarar kaye ta biyu mafi ƙanƙanta (kashi 84.909).  

A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2025, ta sanya hannu ta kuma buga takardar da ke tabbatar da niyyarta ta gabatar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa.  A ranar 22 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar, an naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Ministar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Sadarwa ta Majalisar Dokoki ta Takaichi . 

== Matsayin siyasa ==
Mukōyama ta mayar da hankali kan tallata Hokkaido — wanda take jin ba ya samun kulawar da ta dace daga gwamnatin ƙasa, ajin ma'aikata, albarkatun ƙasa, da kuma dawo da raguwar yawan jama'a. 

Kamar yawancin wakilai a jam'iyyarta, Mukōyama ta kuma yi imanin cewa makamashin nukiliya yana da mahimmanci ga buƙatun makamashin Japan a yanzu, duk da cewa bai kamata a yi la'akari da makaman nukiliya ba. Bugu da ƙari, tana goyon bayan a yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Japan na yaƙi da 'yan tawaye kwaskwarima. 

A fagen ƙasa da ƙasa, Mukōyama ta ayyana kanta a matsayin mai goyon bayan ƙara tsaurara takunkumin da aka sanya wa Rasha, bayan rikicin Rasha da Ukraine. 

Ba kamar sauran membobin LDP ba, Mukōyama tana goyon bayan yunƙurin sauya dokar Japan wadda ta buƙaci mata su yi amfani da sunan mahaifi ɗaya.Tana kuma goyon bayan kafa tsarin rabon gado ga mata a rayuwar siyasa ta Japan, domin haɓaka damar samun manyan mukamai, da kuma amincewa da auren jinsi ɗaya a Japan. Tana adawa da ci gaba da kasancewar mata a cikin dangin sarauta na Japan bayan aure, da kuma hawan mace zuwa gadon sarautar Chrysanthemum .

A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2024, ta bayyana a matsayin sabuwar memba ta Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a shirin Muhawara na Lahadi na NHK &quot;Tambayoyi ga Sabbin Membobin Abinci: Wace Siyasa da Al'umma Ya Kamata Su Yi Nufinta? Ta tattauna ayyukan siyasa a shafukan sada zumunta, batutuwan samar da kudade na siyasa, yadda za a magance tsararraki na yanzu, da muhawarar majalisar dokoki a matsayin jam'iyyar da ke mulki a kananan hukumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nhkdebate&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=December 8, 2024 |title=日曜討論 - 新人議員に問う 目指す政治・社会は |trans-title=Sunday Debate - Asking new lawmakers what politics and society they aspire to |url=https://www.web.nhk/tv/an/touron/pl/series-tep-GG149Z2M64/ep/DLQGN9PWZX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118133907/https://www.web.nhk/tv/an/touron/pl/series-tep-GG149Z2M64/ep/DLQGN9PWZX |archive-date=November 18, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |work=NHK |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;datazoo&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=December 8, 2024 |title=初当選の衆院議員 選挙のSNS活用など議論 |trans-title=First-time elected House of Representatives member discusses use of social media in elections |url=https://datazoo.jp/n/%E5%88%9D%E5%BD%93%E9%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%86%E9%99%A2%E8%AD%B0%E5%93%A1+%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E3%81%AESNS%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A9%E8%AD%B0%E8%AB%96/23226540 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |work=Datazoo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaddama ==
Bayan zaɓenta, da kuma lokacin da ta fara shiga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, Mukōyama ta ɗauki hoton wata sabuwar 'yar Majalisar Dokoki, Kaoru Fukuda a cikin ginin, wanda ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce. Dokokin cikin gida sun haramta wannan saboda an fassara dokar &quot;Membobin Majalisar su girmama mutuncin Majalisar&quot; a matsayin hana 'yan Majalisar ɗaukar hoto a cikin majalisar;    duk da cewa an yarda da kyamarorin talabijin. LDP ta yi musu gargaɗi mai tsanani.    Mukōyama da Fukuda sun nemi afuwa a [[Twitter|shafin Twitter]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;rule&quot; /&gt;  An yi muhawara mai zurfi game da bambancin wannan doka da kuma amfani da kafofin sada zumunta a siyasa. 

Mukōyama ita ma abin suka ne bayan an gano cewa Firayim Minista Shigeru Ishiba ya aika da cekin kyauta ga duk sabbin membobin LDP da aka zaɓa bayan zaɓen da aka yi a watan Oktoban 2024. Duk da haka ta sanar da cewa ta mayar da cekin nan da nan bayan ta karɓi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2025 |title=自民新人41歳女性議員、石破氏商品券の経緯説明も「なぜ黙ってた？」「返せば済むのか？」Ｘの声 |trans-title=A 41-year-old female LDP lawmaker, a newcomer, asks, &quot;Why did you keep quiet?&quot; and &quot;Wouldn't it be okay if you just returned the gift certificates?&quot; despite Ishiba's explanation of the circumstances surrounding the gift certificates |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/general/nikkan/news/202503140000259.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410121644/https://www.nikkansports.com/general/nikkan/news/202503140000259.html |archive-date=April 10, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Nikkan Sports - General News |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Zaɓe ==
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|jp-lwr}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Representatives&lt;br /&gt;for [[Hokkaido proportional representation block|Hokkaido proportional block]] (proportional)}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications}}
{{S-inc|}}
{{S-end}}

== Yi littafi ==

* (co-authors)  &lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAsia_Pacific_Initiative_FoundationMukōyama2020&quot;&gt;''新型コロナ対応・民間臨時調査会 調査・検証報告書'' &amp;#x5B;''COVID-19 Response: Private Temporary Investigation Committee Investigation and Verification Report''&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). Chiyoda ward, Tokyo: Discover 21. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAsia_Pacific_Initiative_FoundationMukōyama2020&quot;&gt;[[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9784799326800|&lt;bdi&gt;9784799326800&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt; [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Jun Mukōyama'''{{Efn|Her surname is also spelled Mukaiyama, which comes from the ''kanji'' version of her name (向山淳). This article uses the ''kana'' version of her name, Mukōyama (むこうやま じゅん).}} (向山淳 and むこうやま じゅん), nicknames: &quot;Mukojun, Jun-chan&quot;, (born November 19, 1983) is a Japanese politician. She is a member of the House of Representatives and Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haife ta a Kawaguchi, gundumar Saitama a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1983. Saboda aikin mahaifinta, ta zauna a Peru daga shekara 2 zuwa 4, Amurka daga shekara 11 zuwa 14, da Argentina daga shekara 14 zuwa 15, kafin ta kammala karatun sakandare. &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ |trans-title=Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief |url=https://junmukoyama.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ |archive-date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Keio, ta ci gaba da karatu kuma ta kammala karatunta a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa, Faculty of Law, Jami'ar Keio . &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot; /&gt;

A halin yanzu Mukōyama tana zaune a [[Hakodate]] tare da mijinta, Satoshi Mukōyama, da 'yarsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ |trans-title=Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief |url=https://junmukoyama.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ |archive-date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://junmukoyama.jp/ &quot;向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). House of Representatives. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ Archived] from the original on November 7, 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta bayyana cewa tana son rawa a titi da yawo a cikin gari (ɗaukan hotuna, cin abinci). &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot; /&gt; A tasharta [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] da sauran shafukan sada zumunta, tana amfani da laƙabinta &quot;Mukojun&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=【むこじゅんチャンネル】向山じゅん |trans-title=[Mukojun Channel] Jun Mukaiyama |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC23w0b1I2-m89GOeFc3kHMg?app=desktop |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209023636/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC23w0b1I2-m89GOeFc3kHMg?app=desktop |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=YouTube |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
[[Fayil:向山淳衆議院議員.jpg|thumb|Ziyarar Jun Mukōyama ta farko a Diet, 11 ga Nuwamba, 2024]]
Ta yi aiki a Kamfanin Mitsubishi na tsawon shekaru 13, &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ |trans-title=Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief |url=https://junmukoyama.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ |archive-date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://junmukoyama.jp/ &quot;向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). House of Representatives. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ Archived] from the original on November 7, 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt; galibi a harkar biyan kuɗi ta intanet da saka hannun jari a fannin wutar lantarki da tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Ta auri abokin aikinta, Satoshi Mukōyama, ɗan asalin [[Hokkaido]], kuma an tura ta aiki a Toronto, Kanada. Ita da Satoshi suna magana ne kusa da juna a Mitsubishi. Yayin da take Kanada, ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Manaja na Sashen Kuɗi na Kayayyakin Gine-gine a Kamfanin Mitsubishi na Kanada kuma an mayar da ita zuwa Sashen Zuba Jari na Dabaru na OMERS (Tsarin Ritaya na Ma'aikatan Gundumar Ontario). A OMERS ta shiga cikin saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa a tashoshin wutar lantarki, tashoshin jiragen ruwa, manyan hanyoyi, da sauran yankuna a Turai, Amurka, da Ostiraliya, da kuma saka hannun jari a farfaɗo da kamfanoni ga ƙananan da matsakaitan masana'antu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=【新渡戸フェローとの対談】#2「イギリスの行政改革に学ぶ」（廣瀬克哉×向山淳） |trans-title=[Conversation with Nitobe Fellows] #2 &quot;Learning from Administrative Reform in the UK&quot; (Katsuya Hirose and Jun Mukaiyama) |url=https://www.i-house.or.jp/programs/nitobefellow_02/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810062333/https://www.i-house.or.jp/programs/nitobefellow_02/ |archive-date=August 10, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=International House of Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, lokacin da aka canza mijinta, ta bar aikinta ta mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarin ɗaukar ciki a matsayin uwar gida, amma ta yi fama da rashin haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot; /&gt; Wannan gogewar ta motsa ta ta nemi aiki a siyasa. Ta yanke shawarar yin karatu a ƙasashen waje don koyon manufofi, kuma bayan ta sami takardar amincewa, ta gano tana da juna biyu. Ta sami tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Kamiyama kuma, tare da sabuwar 'yarta, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy da [[Jami'ar Harvard|ke Jami'ar Harvard]] da kuɗinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;kamiyama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=公共政策で日本に変革を 向山 淳（Jun Mukoyama） |trans-title=Transforming Japan through Public Policy (Jun Mukoyama) |url=https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108033045/https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ |archive-date=November 8, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kamiyama Foundation |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Satoshi yanzu jami'in gudanarwa ne a Luup, wani kamfanin haya kekuna a kan titi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot; /&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga Kwamitin Binciken Zamani na COVID-19 a matsayin Babbar Mai Bincike Mai Ziyara a Shirin Asiya Pacific, &lt;ref name=&quot;repsite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ |trans-title=Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief |url=https://junmukoyama.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ |archive-date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://junmukoyama.jp/ &quot;向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). House of Representatives. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ Archived] from the original on November 7, 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;kamiyama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=公共政策で日本に変革を 向山 淳（Jun Mukoyama） |trans-title=Transforming Japan through Public Policy (Jun Mukoyama) |url=https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108033045/https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ |archive-date=November 8, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kamiyama Foundation |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ &quot;公共政策で日本に変革を 向山 淳（Jun Mukoyama）&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Transforming Japan through Public Policy (Jun Mukoyama)&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). Kamiyama Foundation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251108033045/https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ Archived] from the original on November 8, 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 18,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt; sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Web3PT Working Group na Hedkwatar Tallafawa Dijital ta Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2023 |title=自民党web3ホワイトペーパー。Japan is back, Again. |trans-title=LDP web3 White Paper, Japan is back, again |url=https://note.com/akihisa_shiozaki/n/n669dee962b15 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Akihisa Shiozaki, House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ta kafa wata kungiyar iyaye da ke la'akari da yadda za a daidaita aiki da kula da yara a lokacin rikicin COVID-19, kuma ta wakilci Mukaiyama Policy Lab. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2024 |title=コロナ危機下の育児と仕事の両立を考える保護者有志の会 |trans-title=A volunteer group of parents considering balancing work and childcare during the COVID-19 crisis |url=https://note.com/macojun |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Macojun, House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda manufar zartarwa ta ƙara yawan mata a gundumomin wakilci na daidaito zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari don zaɓen majalisar kansiloli na 26 a watan Yulin 2022, ta sami amincewar jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party cikin sauri kuma ta tsaya takara makonni shida kafin a sanar da zaɓen, amma ta sami nasarar lashe ƙuri'u 20,638 kacal kuma aka kayar da ita. 

Daga nan ta nemi takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta gaba a Hakodate, inda iyalan mijinta ke zaune, kuma ta zama shugabar reshen gundumar Hokkaido ta 8 na jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a watan Yulin 2023. A watan Afrilun 2024, Hajime Nomata, tsohon shugaban kamfanin ilimi na Nomata Gakuen, ya zama shugaban &quot;Ƙungiyar Magoya bayan Mukaiyama Jun United.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2024 |title=向山 潤 衆議院議員 |trans-title=Jun Mukōyama, House of Representatives |url=https://note.com/junemukoyama/n/nd4de05f9302c |access-date=November 18, 2025 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2024, an sanar da zaɓen babban zaɓe na 50 ga Majalisar Wakilai, inda 'yan takara uku suka fafata a gundumar 8 ta Hokkaido: Mukaiyama, Seiji Osaka, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat mai ci a yanzu, da Katsumi Homma, tsohon ɗan Majalisar Birnin Hakodate kuma sabon shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan . Ba a haɗa Osaka cikin jerin wakilan da suka dace ba.  A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, Yomiuri Shimbun ya sanar da sakamakon ƙarshe, yana mai ba da rahoton cewa &quot;Mukaiyama ta yi nasara a kan Osaka, wanda ke kan gaba, wanda hakan ya sa tseren ya ƙare.&quot;  An gudanar da babban zaɓen a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Jim kaɗan bayan an rufe zaɓen da ƙarfe 8 na dare,  Hokkaido Cultural Broadcasting ta ruwaito cewa an ayyana Osaka a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2024 |title=衆議院議員選挙　北海道8区　立憲民主党・逢坂誠二氏が当選確実 |trans-title=House of Representatives Election: Seiji Osaka of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan is certain to win in Hokkaido's 8th district |url=https://www.uhb.jp/news/single.html?id=46237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805051445/https://www.uhb.jp/news/single.html?id=46237 |archive-date=August 5, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Hokkaido Cultural Broadcasting |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓi Osaka a wa'adi na shida. Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ta lashe kujeru uku a yankin wakilcin da suka dace na Hokkaido. Daga cikin kujeru biyu, ban da Yoshitaka Ito, wacce ita ce ke kan gaba, Mukōyama ta lashe zabenta na farko da tazarar kaye ta biyu mafi ƙanƙanta (kashi 84.909).  

A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2025, ta sanya hannu ta kuma buga takardar da ke tabbatar da niyyarta ta gabatar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa.  A ranar 22 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar, an naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Ministar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Sadarwa ta Majalisar Dokoki ta Takaichi . 

== Matsayin siyasa ==
Mukōyama ta mayar da hankali kan tallata Hokkaido — wanda take jin ba ya samun kulawar da ta dace daga gwamnatin ƙasa, ajin ma'aikata, albarkatun ƙasa, da kuma dawo da raguwar yawan jama'a. 

Kamar yawancin wakilai a jam'iyyarta, Mukōyama ta kuma yi imanin cewa makamashin nukiliya yana da mahimmanci ga buƙatun makamashin Japan a yanzu, duk da cewa bai kamata a yi la'akari da makaman nukiliya ba. Bugu da ƙari, tana goyon bayan a yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Japan na yaƙi da 'yan tawaye kwaskwarima. 

A fagen ƙasa da ƙasa, Mukōyama ta ayyana kanta a matsayin mai goyon bayan ƙara tsaurara takunkumin da aka sanya wa Rasha, bayan rikicin Rasha da Ukraine. 

Ba kamar sauran membobin LDP ba, Mukōyama tana goyon bayan yunƙurin sauya dokar Japan wadda ta buƙaci mata su yi amfani da sunan mahaifi ɗaya.Tana kuma goyon bayan kafa tsarin rabon gado ga mata a rayuwar siyasa ta Japan, domin haɓaka damar samun manyan mukamai, da kuma amincewa da auren jinsi ɗaya a Japan. Tana adawa da ci gaba da kasancewar mata a cikin dangin sarauta na Japan bayan aure, da kuma hawan mace zuwa gadon sarautar Chrysanthemum .

A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2024, ta bayyana a matsayin sabuwar memba ta Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a shirin Muhawara na Lahadi na NHK &quot;Tambayoyi ga Sabbin Membobin Abinci: Wace Siyasa da Al'umma Ya Kamata Su Yi Nufinta? Ta tattauna ayyukan siyasa a shafukan sada zumunta, batutuwan samar da kudade na siyasa, yadda za a magance tsararraki na yanzu, da muhawarar majalisar dokoki a matsayin jam'iyyar da ke mulki a kananan hukumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nhkdebate&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=December 8, 2024 |title=日曜討論 - 新人議員に問う 目指す政治・社会は |trans-title=Sunday Debate - Asking new lawmakers what politics and society they aspire to |url=https://www.web.nhk/tv/an/touron/pl/series-tep-GG149Z2M64/ep/DLQGN9PWZX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118133907/https://www.web.nhk/tv/an/touron/pl/series-tep-GG149Z2M64/ep/DLQGN9PWZX |archive-date=November 18, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |work=NHK |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;datazoo&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=December 8, 2024 |title=初当選の衆院議員 選挙のSNS活用など議論 |trans-title=First-time elected House of Representatives member discusses use of social media in elections |url=https://datazoo.jp/n/%E5%88%9D%E5%BD%93%E9%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%86%E9%99%A2%E8%AD%B0%E5%93%A1+%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E3%81%AESNS%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A9%E8%AD%B0%E8%AB%96/23226540 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |work=Datazoo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaddama ==
Bayan zaɓenta, da kuma lokacin da ta fara shiga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, Mukōyama ta ɗauki hoton wata sabuwar 'yar Majalisar Dokoki, Kaoru Fukuda a cikin ginin, wanda ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce. Dokokin cikin gida sun haramta wannan saboda an fassara dokar &quot;Membobin Majalisar su girmama mutuncin Majalisar&quot; a matsayin hana 'yan Majalisar ɗaukar hoto a cikin majalisar;    duk da cewa an yarda da kyamarorin talabijin. LDP ta yi musu gargaɗi mai tsanani.    Mukōyama da Fukuda sun nemi afuwa a [[Twitter|shafin Twitter]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;rule&quot; /&gt;  An yi muhawara mai zurfi game da bambancin wannan doka da kuma amfani da kafofin sada zumunta a siyasa. 

Mukōyama ita ma abin suka ne bayan an gano cewa Firayim Minista Shigeru Ishiba ya aika da cekin kyauta ga duk sabbin membobin LDP da aka zaɓa bayan zaɓen da aka yi a watan Oktoban 2024. Duk da haka ta sanar da cewa ta mayar da cekin nan da nan bayan ta karɓi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2025 |title=自民新人41歳女性議員、石破氏商品券の経緯説明も「なぜ黙ってた？」「返せば済むのか？」Ｘの声 |trans-title=A 41-year-old female LDP lawmaker, a newcomer, asks, &quot;Why did you keep quiet?&quot; and &quot;Wouldn't it be okay if you just returned the gift certificates?&quot; despite Ishiba's explanation of the circumstances surrounding the gift certificates |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/general/nikkan/news/202503140000259.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410121644/https://www.nikkansports.com/general/nikkan/news/202503140000259.html |archive-date=April 10, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Nikkan Sports - General News |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Zaɓe ==
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|jp-lwr}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Representatives&lt;br /&gt;for [[Hokkaido proportional representation block|Hokkaido proportional block]] (proportional)}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications}}
{{S-inc|}}
{{S-end}}

== Yi littafi ==

* (co-authors)  &lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAsia_Pacific_Initiative_FoundationMukōyama2020&quot;&gt;''新型コロナ対応・民間臨時調査会 調査・検証報告書'' &amp;#x5B;''COVID-19 Response: Private Temporary Investigation Committee Investigation and Verification Report''&amp;#x5D; (in Japanese). Chiyoda ward, Tokyo: Discover 21. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAsia_Pacific_Initiative_FoundationMukōyama2020&quot;&gt;[[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9784799326800|&lt;bdi&gt;9784799326800&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt; [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>958zwkc5cecn019b0nuh61x4fqny50i</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charity Lenia</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338700812|Charity Lenia]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5244" sha1="mjnk5k8vsttd72av4xvhgax1gsvy9q0" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;Charity Lenia&lt;/big&gt;''' wacce aka fi sani da Charity Lenia Kevin 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa ce]] ta ƙasar Uganda, kuma an zaɓe ta kai tsaye a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta gundumar Vurra, gundumar Arua don wa'adin 2026–2031 a majalisar dokoki ta goma sha biyu ta [[Uganda|ƙasar Uganda,]] a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-18 |title=Ugandaelections2026: In pictures: Who are the winners of the MP elections? |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/in-pictures-who-are-the-winners-of-the-mp-ele-NV_226441_022026 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin ilimi ==
Charity Lenia ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary, Namala, daga baya kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Our Lady of Africa, Mukono. Daga nan ta shiga [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Makerere]] (MUBS), inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Gudanar da Sayayya da Kayayyakin Kaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=webnews |date=2025-08-26 |title=Former MUBS Vice Guild President and Parliamentary Aspirant Lenia Charity Kevin Pays Courtesy Visit to MUBS |url=https://news.mubs.ac.ug/former-mubs-vice-guild-president-and-parliamentary-aspirant-lenia-charity-kevin-pays-courtesy-visit-to-mubs/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=MUBS News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiyar siyasa ==
Charity Lenia ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙungiyar a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Makerere]] (MUBS) a lokacin shekarar karatu ta 2022/2023. A shekarar 2023, ta tsaya takarar Shugaban Ƙungiyar a MUBS a kan tikitin National Unity Platform (NUP), amma ba ta yi nasara a tseren ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=webnews |date=2025-08-26 |title=Former MUBS Vice Guild President and Parliamentary Aspirant Lenia Charity Kevin Pays Courtesy Visit to MUBS |url=https://news.mubs.ac.ug/former-mubs-vice-guild-president-and-parliamentary-aspirant-lenia-charity-kevin-pays-courtesy-visit-to-mubs/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=MUBS News |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFwebnews2025&quot;&gt;webnews (2025-08-26). [https://news.mubs.ac.ug/former-mubs-vice-guild-president-and-parliamentary-aspirant-lenia-charity-kevin-pays-courtesy-visit-to-mubs/ &quot;Former MUBS Vice Guild President and Parliamentary Aspirant Lenia Charity Kevin Pays Courtesy Visit to MUBS&quot;]. ''MUBS News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Former MUBS Guild President wins NRM MP primaries |url=https://www.pulse.ug/story/former-mubs-guild-president-wins-nrm-mp-primaries-2025071717541755523 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Pulse Uganda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=C. B. |date=2024-09-06 |title=Former MUBS Guild VP Dumps NUP, Joins NRM |url=https://campusbee.ug/news/former-mubs-guild-vp-dumps-nup-joins-nrm/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Campus Bee |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Ex-MUBS Guild VP stirs controversy after switching from NUP to NRM for MP run |url=https://www.pulse.ug/story/lenia-charity-kevin-mp-vurra-county-2024092710460253246 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Pulse Uganda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga watan Yunin 2025, Charity ta zaɓi siffofin gabatarwa don yin takara a zaɓen fidda gwani na NRM don kujerar Vurra County. Ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na National Resistance Movement a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 2025. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2026, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta Vurra County, Gundumar Arua a kan tikitin National Resistance Movement (NRM). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Loved or lucky? NRM primaries in numbers |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/loved-or-lucky-nrm-primaries-in-numbers-5128258 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-18 |title=Ugandaelections2026: In pictures: Who are the winners of the MP elections? |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/in-pictures-who-are-the-winners-of-the-mp-ele-NV_226441_022026 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=New Vision}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdmin2026&quot;&gt;Admin (2026-01-18). [https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/in-pictures-who-are-the-winners-of-the-mp-ele-NV_226441_022026 &quot;Ugandaelections2026: In pictures: Who are the winners of the MP elections?&quot;]. ''New Vision''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=cfeditoren |date=2025-10-08 |title=Charity Lenia: Young NRM Hopeful Dares to Dream |url=https://www.africa-press.net/uganda/all-news/charity-lenia-young-nrm-hopeful-dares-to-dream |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta goma sha biyu

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Shafin yanar gizon majalisar dokokin Uganda]

== Manazarta ==
Harriet BusingeCharity LeniaHarriet BusingeCharity LeniaHarriet BusingeCharity Lenia
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>815991</id>
      <parentid>815990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T12:45:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <text bytes="5160" sha1="3fvk2jupo22mo1p4ryo1jkx97vaiw2c" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;Charity Lenia&lt;/big&gt;''' wacce aka fi sani da Charity Lenia Kevin 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa ce]] ta ƙasar Uganda, kuma an zaɓe ta kai tsaye a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta gundumar Vurra, gundumar Arua don wa'adin 2026–2031 a majalisar dokoki ta goma sha biyu ta [[Uganda|ƙasar Uganda,]] a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-18 |title=Ugandaelections2026: In pictures: Who are the winners of the MP elections? |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/in-pictures-who-are-the-winners-of-the-mp-ele-NV_226441_022026 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin ilimi ==
Charity Lenia ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary, Namala, daga baya kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Our Lady of Africa, Mukono. Daga nan ta shiga [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Makerere]] (MUBS), inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Gudanar da Sayayya da Kayayyakin Kaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=webnews |date=2025-08-26 |title=Former MUBS Vice Guild President and Parliamentary Aspirant Lenia Charity Kevin Pays Courtesy Visit to MUBS |url=https://news.mubs.ac.ug/former-mubs-vice-guild-president-and-parliamentary-aspirant-lenia-charity-kevin-pays-courtesy-visit-to-mubs/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=MUBS News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiyar siyasa ==
Charity Lenia ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙungiyar a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Makerere]] (MUBS) a lokacin shekarar karatu ta 2022/2023. A shekarar 2023, ta tsaya takarar Shugaban Ƙungiyar a MUBS a kan tikitin National Unity Platform (NUP), amma ba ta yi nasara a tseren ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=webnews |date=2025-08-26 |title=Former MUBS Vice Guild President and Parliamentary Aspirant Lenia Charity Kevin Pays Courtesy Visit to MUBS |url=https://news.mubs.ac.ug/former-mubs-vice-guild-president-and-parliamentary-aspirant-lenia-charity-kevin-pays-courtesy-visit-to-mubs/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=MUBS News |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFwebnews2025&quot;&gt;webnews (2025-08-26). [https://news.mubs.ac.ug/former-mubs-vice-guild-president-and-parliamentary-aspirant-lenia-charity-kevin-pays-courtesy-visit-to-mubs/ &quot;Former MUBS Vice Guild President and Parliamentary Aspirant Lenia Charity Kevin Pays Courtesy Visit to MUBS&quot;]. ''MUBS News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Former MUBS Guild President wins NRM MP primaries |url=https://www.pulse.ug/story/former-mubs-guild-president-wins-nrm-mp-primaries-2025071717541755523 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Pulse Uganda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=C. B. |date=2024-09-06 |title=Former MUBS Guild VP Dumps NUP, Joins NRM |url=https://campusbee.ug/news/former-mubs-guild-vp-dumps-nup-joins-nrm/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Campus Bee |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Ex-MUBS Guild VP stirs controversy after switching from NUP to NRM for MP run |url=https://www.pulse.ug/story/lenia-charity-kevin-mp-vurra-county-2024092710460253246 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Pulse Uganda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga watan Yunin 2025, Charity ta zaɓi siffofin gabatarwa don yin takara a zaɓen fidda gwani na NRM don kujerar Vurra County. Ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na National Resistance Movement a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 2025. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2026, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta Vurra County, Gundumar Arua a kan tikitin National Resistance Movement (NRM). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Loved or lucky? NRM primaries in numbers |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/loved-or-lucky-nrm-primaries-in-numbers-5128258 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-18 |title=Ugandaelections2026: In pictures: Who are the winners of the MP elections? |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/in-pictures-who-are-the-winners-of-the-mp-ele-NV_226441_022026 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=New Vision}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdmin2026&quot;&gt;Admin (2026-01-18). [https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/in-pictures-who-are-the-winners-of-the-mp-ele-NV_226441_022026 &quot;Ugandaelections2026: In pictures: Who are the winners of the MP elections?&quot;]. ''New Vision''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=cfeditoren |date=2025-10-08 |title=Charity Lenia: Young NRM Hopeful Dares to Dream |url=https://www.africa-press.net/uganda/all-news/charity-lenia-young-nrm-hopeful-dares-to-dream |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta goma sha biyu

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Shafin yanar gizon majalisar dokokin Uganda]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>815992</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T12:46:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>815992</origin>
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      <text bytes="5173" sha1="rakm3w8ici3gtwimcin34yomf4t1jh5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''&lt;big&gt;Charity Lenia&lt;/big&gt;''' wacce aka fi sani da Charity Lenia Kevin 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa ce]] ta ƙasar Uganda, kuma an zaɓe ta kai tsaye a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta gundumar Vurra, gundumar Arua don wa'adin 2026–2031 a majalisar dokoki ta goma sha biyu ta [[Uganda|ƙasar Uganda,]] a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-18 |title=Ugandaelections2026: In pictures: Who are the winners of the MP elections? |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/in-pictures-who-are-the-winners-of-the-mp-ele-NV_226441_022026 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin ilimi ==
Charity Lenia ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary, Namala, daga baya kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Our Lady of Africa, Mukono. Daga nan ta shiga [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Makerere]] (MUBS), inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Gudanar da Sayayya da Kayayyakin Kaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=webnews |date=2025-08-26 |title=Former MUBS Vice Guild President and Parliamentary Aspirant Lenia Charity Kevin Pays Courtesy Visit to MUBS |url=https://news.mubs.ac.ug/former-mubs-vice-guild-president-and-parliamentary-aspirant-lenia-charity-kevin-pays-courtesy-visit-to-mubs/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=MUBS News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiyar siyasa ==
Charity Lenia ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙungiyar a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Makerere]] (MUBS) a lokacin shekarar karatu ta 2022/2023. A shekarar 2023, ta tsaya takarar Shugaban Ƙungiyar a MUBS a kan tikitin National Unity Platform (NUP), amma ba ta yi nasara a tseren ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=webnews |date=2025-08-26 |title=Former MUBS Vice Guild President and Parliamentary Aspirant Lenia Charity Kevin Pays Courtesy Visit to MUBS |url=https://news.mubs.ac.ug/former-mubs-vice-guild-president-and-parliamentary-aspirant-lenia-charity-kevin-pays-courtesy-visit-to-mubs/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=MUBS News |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFwebnews2025&quot;&gt;webnews (2025-08-26). [https://news.mubs.ac.ug/former-mubs-vice-guild-president-and-parliamentary-aspirant-lenia-charity-kevin-pays-courtesy-visit-to-mubs/ &quot;Former MUBS Vice Guild President and Parliamentary Aspirant Lenia Charity Kevin Pays Courtesy Visit to MUBS&quot;]. ''MUBS News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Former MUBS Guild President wins NRM MP primaries |url=https://www.pulse.ug/story/former-mubs-guild-president-wins-nrm-mp-primaries-2025071717541755523 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Pulse Uganda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=C. B. |date=2024-09-06 |title=Former MUBS Guild VP Dumps NUP, Joins NRM |url=https://campusbee.ug/news/former-mubs-guild-vp-dumps-nup-joins-nrm/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Campus Bee |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Ex-MUBS Guild VP stirs controversy after switching from NUP to NRM for MP run |url=https://www.pulse.ug/story/lenia-charity-kevin-mp-vurra-county-2024092710460253246 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Pulse Uganda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga watan Yunin 2025, Charity ta zaɓi siffofin gabatarwa don yin takara a zaɓen fidda gwani na NRM don kujerar Vurra County. Ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na National Resistance Movement a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 2025. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2026, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta Vurra County, Gundumar Arua a kan tikitin National Resistance Movement (NRM). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Loved or lucky? NRM primaries in numbers |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/loved-or-lucky-nrm-primaries-in-numbers-5128258 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-18 |title=Ugandaelections2026: In pictures: Who are the winners of the MP elections? |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/in-pictures-who-are-the-winners-of-the-mp-ele-NV_226441_022026 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=New Vision}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdmin2026&quot;&gt;Admin (2026-01-18). [https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/in-pictures-who-are-the-winners-of-the-mp-ele-NV_226441_022026 &quot;Ugandaelections2026: In pictures: Who are the winners of the MP elections?&quot;]. ''New Vision''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=cfeditoren |date=2025-10-08 |title=Charity Lenia: Young NRM Hopeful Dares to Dream |url=https://www.africa-press.net/uganda/all-news/charity-lenia-young-nrm-hopeful-dares-to-dream |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta goma sha biyu

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Shafin yanar gizon majalisar dokokin Uganda]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>rakm3w8ici3gtwimcin34yomf4t1jh5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tōshōin</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345441375|Tōshōin]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4998" sha1="jh8wjkl8bybwhkuzgrwx24ntec5h9ia" xml:space="preserve">'''Tōshōin''' (洞松院, an haife shi a shekarun 1460) ko '''Akamatsu Tōshōin''' wani fitaccen ɗan Japan ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai iko a bayan kursiyin ko kuma ''daimyo'' na dangin Akamatsu a lokacin zamanin Sengoku . Ita 'yar Hosokawa Katsumoto ce, 'yar'uwar Hosokawa Masamoto, kuma matar Akamatsu Masanori . Tōshōin ta kasance Daimyo ''mai gaskiya'' wanda ya goyi bayan dangin Akamatsu a matsayin mai kula da Akamatsu Yoshimura. Ta ɗauki iko a kan dangin a matsayin shugaba a 1521, bayan an kashe Yoshimura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=日本人名大辞典+Plus,朝日日本歴史人物事典 |first=デジタル版 |title=赤松洞松院(あかまつ どうしょういん)とは |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B5%A4%E6%9D%BE%E6%B4%9E%E6%9D%BE%E9%99%A2-1048950 |access-date=2019-06-04 |website=コトバンク |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Tōshōin 'yar Hosokawa Katsumoto ce, Kanrei (Wakilin Shogun) na Muromachi Shogunate kuma ta zama mai bin addinin Buddha a Haikalin Ryōan-ji saboda kamanninta na daban. Bisa ga umarnin ƙanenta, Matsumoto, ta koma rayuwar duniya. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1493 (5 ga Mayu, 1493), tana da shekaru 30, 31, ko 33, ta auri Akamatsu Masanori, gwamnan Lardin Harima . Wannan auren ya yiwu ne ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Uehara Motohide, mai bin ƙabilar Hosokawa, da Sueshi Noriharu, mai bin ƙabilar Akamatsu, duk da cewa Masanori yana kan yaƙin soji a Sakai a lokacin. Wata waƙar da aka shahara a Kyoto a lokacin ta ce, &quot;Wani halitta mai sama wanda na taɓa ɗauka a matsayin aljani, ya sauko a bakin Sakai,&quot; yana nuna yanayin auren da ba a saba gani ba. Bayan kwana biyu, lamarin siyasa na Meio ya ɓarke.

Tōshōin ya haifi 'ya mace (Ko-meshi) tare da Masanori. A shekara ta 1496, Masanori ya mutu, ba tare da ya bar magaji namiji ba. Sakamakon haka, ɗan dangin Akamatsu Masanori, Akamatsu Masaaki, wanda daga baya aka sani da Dōsōshō Maru, ya zama mijin Ko-meshi kuma ya ɗauki sunan Akamatsu Yoshimura. Da farko, tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar Uragami Norimune ta yi tasiri sosai a kan dangin Akamatsu a matsayin mai kula da Yoshimura. A shekara ta 1499, rikici a cikin dangin Akamatsu ya ɓarke zuwa rikicin Gabas da Yamma (Tōzai Torihō) lokacin da abokan hamayyar Uragami Norimune, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Uragami Murakuni, suka goyi bayan Akamatsu Katsunori a matsayin shugaban dangin. A lokacin wannan rikici, bisa ga shawarar Sueshi Noriharu, an ɗaukaka Tōshōin a matsayin shugaban wani ɓangare na uku. A ƙarshe, duk da cewa Yoshimura ta ci gaba da riƙe matsayinsa na shugaban ƙabila, Tōshōin ta fara fitar da takardu da sunan kanta, wanda ke nuna bayyanar tasirinta.

=== Tashi Zuwa Ƙarfi ===
A shekara ta 1502, bayan mutuwar Norimune, Tōshōin ta ɗauki nauyin kula da Yoshimura, surukinta, tare da goyon bayan ɗan'uwanta Matsumoto da kuma masu riƙe da Akamatsu. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya, an yi duk wani tallafin filaye da keɓewa a cikin larduna uku na dangin Akamatsu—Harima, Bizen, da Mimasaka —da sa hannun Tōshōin na &quot;Tsubone&quot; da hatimin baƙi, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Wasikun Hatimin Nun na Tōshōin (Tōshōin Ni-in Hanjō).

A shekara ta 1507, lokacin da aka kashe Matsumoto, takaddama ta taso kan gadon shugaban ƙabilar Hosokawa tsakanin Yoshimura da Hosokawa Sumimoto . Sumimoto, wanda ke da alaƙa da tsohon Shogun [[Ashikaga Yoshitane]], ya kori Yoshimura da Ashikaga Yoshizumi daga Kyoto. Duk da haka, Tōshōin ya goyi bayan Yoshimura kuma ya ba Ashikaga Yoshiteru mafaka (wanda daga baya aka sani da Ashikaga Yoshiharu), magajin Yoshizumi na gaskiya, a cikin ƙabilar Akamatsu. Daga baya, Yoshimura ya yi tawaye, ya haɗa kansa da Yoshizumi da Ashikaga Yoshitsuna, kuma ya yi faɗa da Ōuchi Yoshitaka na Yamma a Yaƙin Funao. Bayan shan kaye mai tsanani a Yaƙin Funaokayama, Tōshōin da kansa ya yi shawarwari kan sulhu da Akamatsu Yoshimura.

=== Haɗakar Ƙarfi ===
Yayin da Yoshimura ke girma, sai ya fara ɗaukar ikon Tōshōin a matsayin cikas, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice akai-akai. Sakamakon haka, Tōshōin ya haɗu da mai riƙe da ita Uragami Murakuni don shirya yadda za a kori Yoshimura. Daga ƙarshe, Yoshimura ya yi musu tawaye, amma Uragami Murakuni ya ci shi da yaƙi kuma ya daure shi sau biyu. Ɗansa Harumasa ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban ƙabila. A shekara ta 1521, masu kisan gilla da Murakini ya aika sun kashe Yoshimura. Tōshōin ya ci gaba da riƙe ikon mallakar ƙabilar Akamatsu, tare da 'yarta da Murakini, suna haɗin gwiwa da Akamatsu Takanori, kuma suna mamaye yankunan ƙabilar.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen 'yan mata a Japan

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Majiyoyi ==

* [[Akira Imatani]] &quot;Nazarin Akamatsu Masanori da Hosokawa Toshoin&quot; (&quot;Yokohama City University Ronso&quot;).
* [[Daimon Watanabe]], A Study of Akamatsu in the Sengoku Period, Iwata Shoin, 2010.
* Daimon Watanabe, Ƙungiyar Akamatsu a Ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya: Daga Ra'ayoyin Siyasa, Kayan Tarihi, da Al'adu, Ƙungiyar Binciken Kayan Tarihi ta Japan, 2011.</text>
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'''Tōshōin''' (洞松院, an haife shi a shekarun 1460) ko '''Akamatsu Tōshōin''' wani fitaccen ɗan Japan ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai iko a bayan kursiyin ko kuma ''daimyo'' na dangin Akamatsu a lokacin zamanin Sengoku . Ita 'yar Hosokawa Katsumoto ce, 'yar'uwar Hosokawa Masamoto, kuma matar Akamatsu Masanori . Tōshōin ta kasance Daimyo ''mai gaskiya'' wanda ya goyi bayan dangin Akamatsu a matsayin mai kula da Akamatsu Yoshimura. Ta ɗauki iko a kan dangin a matsayin shugaba a 1521, bayan an kashe Yoshimura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=日本人名大辞典+Plus,朝日日本歴史人物事典 |first=デジタル版 |title=赤松洞松院(あかまつ どうしょういん)とは |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B5%A4%E6%9D%BE%E6%B4%9E%E6%9D%BE%E9%99%A2-1048950 |access-date=2019-06-04 |website=コトバンク |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Tōshōin 'yar Hosokawa Katsumoto ce, Kanrei (Wakilin Shogun) na Muromachi Shogunate kuma ta zama mai bin addinin Buddha a Haikalin Ryōan-ji saboda kamanninta na daban. Bisa ga umarnin ƙanenta, Matsumoto, ta koma rayuwar duniya. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1493 (5 ga Mayu, 1493), tana da shekaru 30, 31, ko 33, ta auri Akamatsu Masanori, gwamnan Lardin Harima . Wannan auren ya yiwu ne ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Uehara Motohide, mai bin ƙabilar Hosokawa, da Sueshi Noriharu, mai bin ƙabilar Akamatsu, duk da cewa Masanori yana kan yaƙin soji a Sakai a lokacin. Wata waƙar da aka shahara a Kyoto a lokacin ta ce, &quot;Wani halitta mai sama wanda na taɓa ɗauka a matsayin aljani, ya sauko a bakin Sakai,&quot; yana nuna yanayin auren da ba a saba gani ba. Bayan kwana biyu, lamarin siyasa na Meio ya ɓarke.

Tōshōin ya haifi 'ya mace (Ko-meshi) tare da Masanori. A shekara ta 1496, Masanori ya mutu, ba tare da ya bar magaji namiji ba. Sakamakon haka, ɗan dangin Akamatsu Masanori, Akamatsu Masaaki, wanda daga baya aka sani da Dōsōshō Maru, ya zama mijin Ko-meshi kuma ya ɗauki sunan Akamatsu Yoshimura. Da farko, tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar Uragami Norimune ta yi tasiri sosai a kan dangin Akamatsu a matsayin mai kula da Yoshimura. A shekara ta 1499, rikici a cikin dangin Akamatsu ya ɓarke zuwa rikicin Gabas da Yamma (Tōzai Torihō) lokacin da abokan hamayyar Uragami Norimune, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Uragami Murakuni, suka goyi bayan Akamatsu Katsunori a matsayin shugaban dangin. A lokacin wannan rikici, bisa ga shawarar Sueshi Noriharu, an ɗaukaka Tōshōin a matsayin shugaban wani ɓangare na uku. A ƙarshe, duk da cewa Yoshimura ta ci gaba da riƙe matsayinsa na shugaban ƙabila, Tōshōin ta fara fitar da takardu da sunan kanta, wanda ke nuna bayyanar tasirinta.

=== Tashi Zuwa Ƙarfi ===
A shekara ta 1502, bayan mutuwar Norimune, Tōshōin ta ɗauki nauyin kula da Yoshimura, surukinta, tare da goyon bayan ɗan'uwanta Matsumoto da kuma masu riƙe da Akamatsu. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya, an yi duk wani tallafin filaye da keɓewa a cikin larduna uku na dangin Akamatsu—Harima, Bizen, da Mimasaka —da sa hannun Tōshōin na &quot;Tsubone&quot; da hatimin baƙi, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Wasikun Hatimin Nun na Tōshōin (Tōshōin Ni-in Hanjō).

A shekara ta 1507, lokacin da aka kashe Matsumoto, takaddama ta taso kan gadon shugaban ƙabilar Hosokawa tsakanin Yoshimura da Hosokawa Sumimoto . Sumimoto, wanda ke da alaƙa da tsohon Shogun [[Ashikaga Yoshitane]], ya kori Yoshimura da Ashikaga Yoshizumi daga Kyoto. Duk da haka, Tōshōin ya goyi bayan Yoshimura kuma ya ba Ashikaga Yoshiteru mafaka (wanda daga baya aka sani da Ashikaga Yoshiharu), magajin Yoshizumi na gaskiya, a cikin ƙabilar Akamatsu. Daga baya, Yoshimura ya yi tawaye, ya haɗa kansa da Yoshizumi da Ashikaga Yoshitsuna, kuma ya yi faɗa da Ōuchi Yoshitaka na Yamma a Yaƙin Funao. Bayan shan kaye mai tsanani a Yaƙin Funaokayama, Tōshōin da kansa ya yi shawarwari kan sulhu da Akamatsu Yoshimura.

=== Haɗakar Ƙarfi ===
Yayin da Yoshimura ke girma, sai ya fara ɗaukar ikon Tōshōin a matsayin cikas, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice akai-akai. Sakamakon haka, Tōshōin ya haɗu da mai riƙe da ita Uragami Murakuni don shirya yadda za a kori Yoshimura. Daga ƙarshe, Yoshimura ya yi musu tawaye, amma Uragami Murakuni ya ci shi da yaƙi kuma ya daure shi sau biyu. Ɗansa Harumasa ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban ƙabila. A shekara ta 1521, masu kisan gilla da Murakini ya aika sun kashe Yoshimura. Tōshōin ya ci gaba da riƙe ikon mallakar ƙabilar Akamatsu, tare da 'yarta da Murakini, suna haɗin gwiwa da Akamatsu Takanori, kuma suna mamaye yankunan ƙabilar.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen 'yan mata a Japan

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Majiyoyi ==

* [[Akira Imatani]] &quot;Nazarin Akamatsu Masanori da Hosokawa Toshoin&quot; (&quot;Yokohama City University Ronso&quot;).
* [[Daimon Watanabe]], A Study of Akamatsu in the Sengoku Period, Iwata Shoin, 2010.
* Daimon Watanabe, Ƙungiyar Akamatsu a Ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya: Daga Ra'ayoyin Siyasa, Kayan Tarihi, da Al'adu, Ƙungiyar Binciken Kayan Tarihi ta Japan, 2011.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akiko Okamoto</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340569091|Akiko Okamoto]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Akiko Okamoto''' (岡本章子) (sunan aure: Yamashita (山下章子)  ) (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 1964) 'yar siyasa ce ta Japan kuma 'yar majalisar wakilai (wa'adi uku) ga jam'iyyar Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP). Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Birnin Sendai (wa'adi biyar) da kuma jami'ar zartarwa ta Jam'iyyar Constitutional Democratic Party ta Japan.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haife ta a Iwanuma, gundumar Miyagi a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1964.  Sunan haihuwarta shine Okamoto, wanda shine sunan 'yar siyasa da aka yi mata rijista. Sunanta na ainihi shine Yamashita. &lt;ref name=&quot;realname&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2025 |title=岡本あき子（おかもと　あきこ） |trans-title=akiko Okamoto |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/100.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025111905/https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/100.html |archive-date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=November 15, 2025 |publisher=The House of Representatives, Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|Sources clearly state her registered political name is Okamoto. In Japan a married couple must use the same surname; which has caused a lot of debate in recent year. The source says Yamashita is her &quot;real name&quot; without specifying if that is her married or maiden name.&lt;ref name=&quot;realname&quot;/&gt;}} Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar yara ta Mukaiyama a birnin Sendai, ta koma birnin Aomori, Hirosaki, sannan ta koma [[Yanayin Akita, Akita|birnin Akita]] . Ta kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare da ke ƙarƙashin Sashen Ilimi da Al'adu, Jami'ar Akita . Daga nan ta shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Akita ta Akimori a shekarar 1980, amma ta koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Aomori ta Aomori a shekarar da ta biyo baya a shekarar 1981. A shekarar 1982, ta koma Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Biyu ta Miyagi, inda ta kammala karatunta a wannan makarantar a shekarar 1983. Ta kammala karatunta daga Sashen Ilimi a Jami'ar Tohoku a watan Maris na 1987. A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a NTT East Japan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Me |url=https://okamotoakiko.net/profile/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711092243/https://okamotoakiko.net/profile/ |archive-date=July 11, 2025 |access-date=November 15, 2025 |publisher=okamotoakiko.net |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ta tsaya takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a zaben Majalisar Birnin Sendai (Taihaku Ward) da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1999, kuma an zaɓe ta a karon farko. Tun daga lokacin, an zaɓe ta sau biyar a jere. 

A watan Yulin 2017, ta zama sakatare-janar na jam'iyyar Democrat .  Reshen Miyagi na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Japan (DPJ) ya yi aiki tare da Okamoto da Yuta Ito, memba na Majalisar Birnin Sendai, don amincewa da Okamoto don gundumar Miyagi ta 1 a zaben Majalisar Wakilai mai zuwa.  A ranar 23 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar, reshen ya yanke shawarar amincewa da Okamoto.  Duk da haka, jim kaɗan bayan haka, a ranar 28 ga Satumba, jam'iyyar ta yanke shawarar hadewa da Jam'iyyar Hope, kuma a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, Jam'iyyar Hope ta sanar da cewa za ta amince da Ito don gundumar Miyagi ta 1. &lt;ref name=&quot;sankei1&quot; /&gt; A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Okamoto ta bayyana cewa &quot;ba ta yarda da hanyar Jam'iyyar Hope ta zaɓar wasu mutane ba,&quot; kuma ta sanar da niyyarta ta tsayawa takara a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki.  Sakamakon haka, Kwamitin Gundumar na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan ya janye goyon bayansa ga Okamoto. 

A zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai na watan Oktoban 2016, an zaɓi Tōru Doi na Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a gundumar Miyagi ta 1, yayin da aka zaɓe Okamoto a karon farko ta hanyar wakilcin da ya dace . Ito na Jam'iyyar Hope ya zo na uku kuma ya sha kaye.   

A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2020, an ƙaddamar da reshen Miyagi na sabuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki, wadda aka kafa ta hanyar haɗakar tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki da kuma tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki. Okamoto ya zama wakilinta. 

A zaɓen gama gari na 49 na Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2021, Okamoto da Doi, waɗanda Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Japan (CDP), Sayaka Harutoshi, ta amince da su, wanda Jam'iyyar Restoration Party (JRP) ta amince da su, kuma ɗan takara mai zaman kansa Yoshie Okusa ya tsaya takara. Duk da cewa Okamoto ta sha kaye a hannun Doi a mazabar kujeru ɗaya, an sake zaɓenta a wa'adi na biyu ta hanyar wakilci mai daidaito.   A zaɓen shugabanci bayan murabus ɗin Wakili Yukio Edano (wanda aka gudanar a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba), ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan Chinami Nishimura .  A ranar 6 ga Disamba, CDP ta yanke shawarar canza ma'aikata, inda shida daga cikin manyan jami'anta 12 mata ne.   An naɗa Okamoto shugabar riƙo ta Hedkwatar Inganta Daidaito Jinsi, ɗaya daga cikin mukaman manyan jami'ai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2021 |title=立憲民主党 役員一覧 インデックス |trans-title=Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan Executive Committee Index (list of officers) |url=https://cdp-japan.jp/about/officers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224031729/https://cdp-japan.jp/about/officers |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan Executive Committee |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta yi ritaya daga mukamin babban jami'inta a watan Agusta 2022.

A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2024, aka naɗa shi Ministan Sake Ginawa da Farfaɗo da Fukushima a cikin majalisar ministoci ta Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Tsarin Mulki ta Japan ta gaba. 

A ranar 15 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar, an sanar da zaɓen majalisar wakilai na 50, inda 'yan takara uku suka fafata: Okamoto, Doi, da Koji Takahashi, tsohon memba na majalisar birnin Kamakura wanda jam'iyyar Japan Restoration Party ta amince da shi.  LDP ta fuskanci matsala sakamakon badakalar da ta shafi kuɗaɗen da ba su dace ba, cocin Unification, da kuma bayyana a ranar 23 ga Oktoba na biyan yen miliyan 20 ga wani ɗan takara da ba a hukumance ba.     An gudanar da babban zaɓen a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Jim kaɗan bayan an rufe zaɓen da ƙarfe 8 na dare, Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Tohoku ya ba da rahoton cewa Okamoto ya tabbata zai yi nasara.  An zaɓi Okamoto a wa'adi na uku. LDP ta lashe kujeru biyar a cikin wakilcin da aka tsara a yankin Tohoku. Daga cikin kujeru uku, ban da Eto Satoshi, wanda ya zo na farko, da Chisato Morishita, wanda ya zo na biyu, an zabi Taku Nemoto da mafi ƙarancin rinjayen kaye (75.141%), yayin da Doi, wanda ya zo na huɗu (71.150%), ya rasa kujerarsa.  

== Matsayin siyasa ==

=== Kundin Tsarin Mulki ===
Sakamakon binciken da kafafen yada labarai daban-daban suka gudanar game da gyaran kundin tsarin mulki sune kamar haka:

* 2017 - Ta mayar da martani ga jaridar ''Asahi Shimbun'' tana cewa &quot;tana da ɗan adawa.&quot; 
* 2021 - Ta mayar wa jaridar ''Asahi Shimbun'' martani cewa &quot;tana adawa sosai.&quot; 
* 2024 - NHK ta mayar da martani &quot;akan&quot; shawarar. 
* 2021, 2024 - Dangane da shigar da Rundunar Kare Kai a cikin Mataki na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, a cikin binciken NHK a 2021 da 2024, ta amsa &quot;ba tare da&quot; ra'ayin ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;nhksurvey&quot; /&gt;
* 2021, 2024 - Dangane da gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulki don haɗawa da sashe na gaggawa, ta mayar da martani &quot;akan&quot; a cikin wani bincike na ''Mainichi Shimbun'' na 2021.  Ta kuma mayar da martani &quot;akan&quot; a cikin wani bincike na NHK na 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;nhksurvey&quot; /&gt;

=== Diflomasiyya/Tsaro ===

* 2017 - A wani bincike da ''Asahi Shimbun ta'' gudanar, ta amsa cewa ba ta amince da amincewa da dokar da ta shafi tsaro ba. 
* 2021 - A wani bincike da aka gudanar ''a Mainichi Shimbun'', ta amsa cewa yana &quot;ƙin&quot; mallakar &quot;ikon kai hari ga sansanin abokan gaba.&quot; 
* 2021 - A wani bincike da aka yi ''a Mainichi Shimbun'', lokacin da aka tambaye ta abin da take tunani game da tabarbarewar dangantaka tsakanin Japan da Koriya ta Kudu kan batutuwan tarihi kamar kararrakin tilastawa na aiki, ta amsa da cewa, &quot;Manufar diflomasiyya ta gwamnati a yanzu tana da kyau.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;mainichi2021&quot; /&gt;

=== Jinsi ===
Sakamakon binciken da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban suka gudanar game da gabatar da tsarin sunayen ma'aurata daban-daban ga ma'aurata sune kamar haka:

* 2017 - Ya mayar da martani ga ''Asahi Shimbun'' a matsayin goyon baya. 
* 2021 - Ya mayar da martani ga ''Asahi Shimbun'' a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. 
* 2021 - Da take mayar da martani ga tambayar, &quot;Shin ya kamata a zartar da kudirin doka don inganta fahimtar tsirarun jinsi, gami da mutanen LGBT, da wuri-wuri?&quot; a cikin wani bincike da ''Asahi Shimbun ta'' gudanar a shekarar 2021, ta amsa &quot;don goyon bayan.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2021&quot; /&gt;
* 2024 - NHK ta mayar da martani &quot;don goyon baya.&quot; 

Sakamakon binciken da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban suka gudanar game da gyaran doka don ba da damar auren jinsi ɗaya ga waɗannan mutane kamar haka:

* 2017 - Ta mayar wa jaridar ''Asahi Shimbun'' martani, &quot;Ba zan iya cewa komai ba.&quot; 
* 2021 - NHK ta mayar da martani &quot;don goyon baya.&quot; 
* 2021, 2024 - Dangane da gabatar da tsarin rabon kaso, a cikin binciken NHK a 2021 da 2024, ta mayar da martani &quot;don goyon baya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nhksurvey&quot; /&gt;
* 2024 - NHK ta mayar da martani &quot;don goyon baya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nhksurvey&quot; /&gt;

=== Wasu ===

* 2017 - ta amsa cewa &quot;ba ta yarda da&quot; Abenomics ba. 
** - Ta amsa cewa ba ta amince da yadda Majalisar Dattawan Abe ta tafiyar da badakalar Moritomo Gakuen da Kake Gakuen ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Zan iya cewa ina goyon bayan dage karin harajin amfani da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Dokar makirci ba ta da karbuwa sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Ina adawa da ƙara harajin amfani da shi sama da kashi 10% a cikin dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Ilimi ya kamata ya kasance kyauta, tun daga makarantar renon yara da makarantar renon yara zuwa jami'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Ya kamata a ba da fifiko ga rage rashin daidaito koda kuwa yana nufin sadaukar da wasu gasa a fannin tattalin arziki. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Ana karɓar takardun lamunin gwamnati akai-akai, don haka babu buƙatar damuwa game da gibin kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
* A ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2021 - gwamnati ta amince da wanzuwar &quot;Fayilolin Akagi&quot; a karon farko dangane da gurbata takardun gwamnati da suka shafi sayar da filayen gwamnati ga Moritomo Gakuen.  Duk da haka, a ranar 13 ga Mayu, Firayim Minista [[Yoshihide Suga]] ta rubuta wa kafafen yada labarai cewa ba za ta sake gudanar da bincike ba dangane da wanzuwar fayilolin.  Fumio Kishida, wacce aka zaba a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a watan Satumba, ta kuma musanta bukatar sake gudanar da bincike a lokacin zaman tambayoyi na wakilai a zaman majalisar wakilai na ranar 11 ga Oktoba.  A martanin da ta mayar ga wani bincike na ''Mainichi Shimbun'' a wannan shekarar tana tambayarta ra'ayinta game da martanin gwamnati, ta amsa, &quot;Ya kamata a gudanar da ƙarin bincike da bayani.&quot; 

== Sharhi ==
A watan Fabrairun 2018, ta soki gyaran salon aiki na gwamnati, tana mai cewa, &quot;Dokokin kwadago suna da rawar da za su taka wajen takaita ma'aikata domin tabbatar da tsaro da lafiyar ma'aikata. Dokar da ta kunshi tunanin wadanda ke daukar ma'aikata ba za ta haifar da gyaran salon aiki ba.&quot;

== Ƙungiyoyi masu tallafi ==

* JR Soren a matsayin ɗan takara da ƙungiyar ta ba da shawarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2024 |title=広報紙280号 第49回衆議院議員選挙 推薦候補結果一覧 |trans-title=Public Relations Paper No. 280: List of Recommended Candidates for the 49th House of Representatives Election |url=http://www.jr-souren.com/archives/3034/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301133702/http://www.jr-souren.com/archives/3034/ |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Japan Confederation of Railway Workers' Unions |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Bayanai kuma tsohon memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta NTT. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=役員紹介 - 情報労連　東京都協[トピックス |trans-title=Introduction to Executives - Information Workers' Union Tokyo Council |url=http://www.tokyo-joho.or.jp/?page_id=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522222123/http://www.tokyo-joho.or.jp/?page_id=18 |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Council, Information Workers' Union |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2018 |title=頑張ってます、組織内議員！トピックス |trans-title=We're working hard, in-house legislators! Topics |url=https://www.ntt-union.or.jp/detail_report.php?c=0&amp;id=1197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140936/https://www.ntt-union.or.jp/detail_report.php?c=0&amp;id=1197 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=NTT Union |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin zaɓe ==

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Akiko Okamoto''' (岡本章子) (sunan aure: Yamashita (山下章子)  ) (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 1964) 'yar siyasa ce ta Japan kuma 'yar majalisar wakilai (wa'adi uku) ga jam'iyyar Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP). Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Birnin Sendai (wa'adi biyar) da kuma jami'ar zartarwa ta Jam'iyyar Constitutional Democratic Party ta Japan.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haife ta a Iwanuma, gundumar Miyagi a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1964.  Sunan haihuwarta shine Okamoto, wanda shine sunan 'yar siyasa da aka yi mata rijista. Sunanta na ainihi shine Yamashita. &lt;ref name=&quot;realname&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2025 |title=岡本あき子（おかもと　あきこ） |trans-title=akiko Okamoto |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/100.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025111905/https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/100.html |archive-date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=November 15, 2025 |publisher=The House of Representatives, Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|Sources clearly state her registered political name is Okamoto. In Japan a married couple must use the same surname; which has caused a lot of debate in recent year. The source says Yamashita is her &quot;real name&quot; without specifying if that is her married or maiden name.&lt;ref name=&quot;realname&quot;/&gt;}} Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar yara ta Mukaiyama a birnin Sendai, ta koma birnin Aomori, Hirosaki, sannan ta koma [[Yanayin Akita, Akita|birnin Akita]] . Ta kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare da ke ƙarƙashin Sashen Ilimi da Al'adu, Jami'ar Akita . Daga nan ta shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Akita ta Akimori a shekarar 1980, amma ta koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Aomori ta Aomori a shekarar da ta biyo baya a shekarar 1981. A shekarar 1982, ta koma Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Biyu ta Miyagi, inda ta kammala karatunta a wannan makarantar a shekarar 1983. Ta kammala karatunta daga Sashen Ilimi a Jami'ar Tohoku a watan Maris na 1987. A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a NTT East Japan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Me |url=https://okamotoakiko.net/profile/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711092243/https://okamotoakiko.net/profile/ |archive-date=July 11, 2025 |access-date=November 15, 2025 |publisher=okamotoakiko.net |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ta tsaya takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a zaben Majalisar Birnin Sendai (Taihaku Ward) da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1999, kuma an zaɓe ta a karon farko. Tun daga lokacin, an zaɓe ta sau biyar a jere. 

A watan Yulin 2017, ta zama sakatare-janar na jam'iyyar Democrat .  Reshen Miyagi na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Japan (DPJ) ya yi aiki tare da Okamoto da Yuta Ito, memba na Majalisar Birnin Sendai, don amincewa da Okamoto don gundumar Miyagi ta 1 a zaben Majalisar Wakilai mai zuwa.  A ranar 23 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar, reshen ya yanke shawarar amincewa da Okamoto.  Duk da haka, jim kaɗan bayan haka, a ranar 28 ga Satumba, jam'iyyar ta yanke shawarar hadewa da Jam'iyyar Hope, kuma a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, Jam'iyyar Hope ta sanar da cewa za ta amince da Ito don gundumar Miyagi ta 1. &lt;ref name=&quot;sankei1&quot; /&gt; A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Okamoto ta bayyana cewa &quot;ba ta yarda da hanyar Jam'iyyar Hope ta zaɓar wasu mutane ba,&quot; kuma ta sanar da niyyarta ta tsayawa takara a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki.  Sakamakon haka, Kwamitin Gundumar na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan ya janye goyon bayansa ga Okamoto. 

A zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai na watan Oktoban 2016, an zaɓi Tōru Doi na Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a gundumar Miyagi ta 1, yayin da aka zaɓe Okamoto a karon farko ta hanyar wakilcin da ya dace . Ito na Jam'iyyar Hope ya zo na uku kuma ya sha kaye.   

A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2020, an ƙaddamar da reshen Miyagi na sabuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki, wadda aka kafa ta hanyar haɗakar tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki da kuma tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki. Okamoto ya zama wakilinta. 

A zaɓen gama gari na 49 na Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2021, Okamoto da Doi, waɗanda Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Japan (CDP), Sayaka Harutoshi, ta amince da su, wanda Jam'iyyar Restoration Party (JRP) ta amince da su, kuma ɗan takara mai zaman kansa Yoshie Okusa ya tsaya takara. Duk da cewa Okamoto ta sha kaye a hannun Doi a mazabar kujeru ɗaya, an sake zaɓenta a wa'adi na biyu ta hanyar wakilci mai daidaito.   A zaɓen shugabanci bayan murabus ɗin Wakili Yukio Edano (wanda aka gudanar a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba), ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan Chinami Nishimura .  A ranar 6 ga Disamba, CDP ta yanke shawarar canza ma'aikata, inda shida daga cikin manyan jami'anta 12 mata ne.   An naɗa Okamoto shugabar riƙo ta Hedkwatar Inganta Daidaito Jinsi, ɗaya daga cikin mukaman manyan jami'ai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2021 |title=立憲民主党 役員一覧 インデックス |trans-title=Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan Executive Committee Index (list of officers) |url=https://cdp-japan.jp/about/officers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224031729/https://cdp-japan.jp/about/officers |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan Executive Committee |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta yi ritaya daga mukamin babban jami'inta a watan Agusta 2022.

A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2024, aka naɗa shi Ministan Sake Ginawa da Farfaɗo da Fukushima a cikin majalisar ministoci ta Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Tsarin Mulki ta Japan ta gaba. 

A ranar 15 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar, an sanar da zaɓen majalisar wakilai na 50, inda 'yan takara uku suka fafata: Okamoto, Doi, da Koji Takahashi, tsohon memba na majalisar birnin Kamakura wanda jam'iyyar Japan Restoration Party ta amince da shi.  LDP ta fuskanci matsala sakamakon badakalar da ta shafi kuɗaɗen da ba su dace ba, cocin Unification, da kuma bayyana a ranar 23 ga Oktoba na biyan yen miliyan 20 ga wani ɗan takara da ba a hukumance ba.     An gudanar da babban zaɓen a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Jim kaɗan bayan an rufe zaɓen da ƙarfe 8 na dare, Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Tohoku ya ba da rahoton cewa Okamoto ya tabbata zai yi nasara.  An zaɓi Okamoto a wa'adi na uku. LDP ta lashe kujeru biyar a cikin wakilcin da aka tsara a yankin Tohoku. Daga cikin kujeru uku, ban da Eto Satoshi, wanda ya zo na farko, da Chisato Morishita, wanda ya zo na biyu, an zabi Taku Nemoto da mafi ƙarancin rinjayen kaye (75.141%), yayin da Doi, wanda ya zo na huɗu (71.150%), ya rasa kujerarsa.  

== Matsayin siyasa ==

=== Kundin Tsarin Mulki ===
Sakamakon binciken da kafafen yada labarai daban-daban suka gudanar game da gyaran kundin tsarin mulki sune kamar haka:

* 2017 - Ta mayar da martani ga jaridar ''Asahi Shimbun'' tana cewa &quot;tana da ɗan adawa.&quot; 
* 2021 - Ta mayar wa jaridar ''Asahi Shimbun'' martani cewa &quot;tana adawa sosai.&quot; 
* 2024 - NHK ta mayar da martani &quot;akan&quot; shawarar. 
* 2021, 2024 - Dangane da shigar da Rundunar Kare Kai a cikin Mataki na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, a cikin binciken NHK a 2021 da 2024, ta amsa &quot;ba tare da&quot; ra'ayin ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;nhksurvey&quot; /&gt;
* 2021, 2024 - Dangane da gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulki don haɗawa da sashe na gaggawa, ta mayar da martani &quot;akan&quot; a cikin wani bincike na ''Mainichi Shimbun'' na 2021.  Ta kuma mayar da martani &quot;akan&quot; a cikin wani bincike na NHK na 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;nhksurvey&quot; /&gt;

=== Diflomasiyya/Tsaro ===

* 2017 - A wani bincike da ''Asahi Shimbun ta'' gudanar, ta amsa cewa ba ta amince da amincewa da dokar da ta shafi tsaro ba. 
* 2021 - A wani bincike da aka gudanar ''a Mainichi Shimbun'', ta amsa cewa yana &quot;ƙin&quot; mallakar &quot;ikon kai hari ga sansanin abokan gaba.&quot; 
* 2021 - A wani bincike da aka yi ''a Mainichi Shimbun'', lokacin da aka tambaye ta abin da take tunani game da tabarbarewar dangantaka tsakanin Japan da Koriya ta Kudu kan batutuwan tarihi kamar kararrakin tilastawa na aiki, ta amsa da cewa, &quot;Manufar diflomasiyya ta gwamnati a yanzu tana da kyau.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;mainichi2021&quot; /&gt;

=== Jinsi ===
Sakamakon binciken da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban suka gudanar game da gabatar da tsarin sunayen ma'aurata daban-daban ga ma'aurata sune kamar haka:

* 2017 - Ya mayar da martani ga ''Asahi Shimbun'' a matsayin goyon baya. 
* 2021 - Ya mayar da martani ga ''Asahi Shimbun'' a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. 
* 2021 - Da take mayar da martani ga tambayar, &quot;Shin ya kamata a zartar da kudirin doka don inganta fahimtar tsirarun jinsi, gami da mutanen LGBT, da wuri-wuri?&quot; a cikin wani bincike da ''Asahi Shimbun ta'' gudanar a shekarar 2021, ta amsa &quot;don goyon bayan.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2021&quot; /&gt;
* 2024 - NHK ta mayar da martani &quot;don goyon baya.&quot; 

Sakamakon binciken da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban suka gudanar game da gyaran doka don ba da damar auren jinsi ɗaya ga waɗannan mutane kamar haka:

* 2017 - Ta mayar wa jaridar ''Asahi Shimbun'' martani, &quot;Ba zan iya cewa komai ba.&quot; 
* 2021 - NHK ta mayar da martani &quot;don goyon baya.&quot; 
* 2021, 2024 - Dangane da gabatar da tsarin rabon kaso, a cikin binciken NHK a 2021 da 2024, ta mayar da martani &quot;don goyon baya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nhksurvey&quot; /&gt;
* 2024 - NHK ta mayar da martani &quot;don goyon baya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nhksurvey&quot; /&gt;

=== Wasu ===

* 2017 - ta amsa cewa &quot;ba ta yarda da&quot; Abenomics ba. 
** - Ta amsa cewa ba ta amince da yadda Majalisar Dattawan Abe ta tafiyar da badakalar Moritomo Gakuen da Kake Gakuen ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Zan iya cewa ina goyon bayan dage karin harajin amfani da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Dokar makirci ba ta da karbuwa sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Ina adawa da ƙara harajin amfani da shi sama da kashi 10% a cikin dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Ilimi ya kamata ya kasance kyauta, tun daga makarantar renon yara da makarantar renon yara zuwa jami'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Ya kamata a ba da fifiko ga rage rashin daidaito koda kuwa yana nufin sadaukar da wasu gasa a fannin tattalin arziki. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
** - Ana karɓar takardun lamunin gwamnati akai-akai, don haka babu buƙatar damuwa game da gibin kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi2017&quot; /&gt;
* A ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2021 - gwamnati ta amince da wanzuwar &quot;Fayilolin Akagi&quot; a karon farko dangane da gurbata takardun gwamnati da suka shafi sayar da filayen gwamnati ga Moritomo Gakuen.  Duk da haka, a ranar 13 ga Mayu, Firayim Minista [[Yoshihide Suga]] ta rubuta wa kafafen yada labarai cewa ba za ta sake gudanar da bincike ba dangane da wanzuwar fayilolin.  Fumio Kishida, wacce aka zaba a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a watan Satumba, ta kuma musanta bukatar sake gudanar da bincike a lokacin zaman tambayoyi na wakilai a zaman majalisar wakilai na ranar 11 ga Oktoba.  A martanin da ta mayar ga wani bincike na ''Mainichi Shimbun'' a wannan shekarar tana tambayarta ra'ayinta game da martanin gwamnati, ta amsa, &quot;Ya kamata a gudanar da ƙarin bincike da bayani.&quot; 

== Sharhi ==
A watan Fabrairun 2018, ta soki gyaran salon aiki na gwamnati, tana mai cewa, &quot;Dokokin kwadago suna da rawar da za su taka wajen takaita ma'aikata domin tabbatar da tsaro da lafiyar ma'aikata. Dokar da ta kunshi tunanin wadanda ke daukar ma'aikata ba za ta haifar da gyaran salon aiki ba.&quot;

== Ƙungiyoyi masu tallafi ==

* JR Soren a matsayin ɗan takara da ƙungiyar ta ba da shawarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2024 |title=広報紙280号 第49回衆議院議員選挙 推薦候補結果一覧 |trans-title=Public Relations Paper No. 280: List of Recommended Candidates for the 49th House of Representatives Election |url=http://www.jr-souren.com/archives/3034/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301133702/http://www.jr-souren.com/archives/3034/ |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Japan Confederation of Railway Workers' Unions |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Bayanai kuma tsohon memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta NTT. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=役員紹介 - 情報労連　東京都協[トピックス |trans-title=Introduction to Executives - Information Workers' Union Tokyo Council |url=http://www.tokyo-joho.or.jp/?page_id=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522222123/http://www.tokyo-joho.or.jp/?page_id=18 |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Council, Information Workers' Union |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2018 |title=頑張ってます、組織内議員！トピックス |trans-title=We're working hard, in-house legislators! Topics |url=https://www.ntt-union.or.jp/detail_report.php?c=0&amp;id=1197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140936/https://www.ntt-union.or.jp/detail_report.php?c=0&amp;id=1197 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |publisher=NTT Union |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin zaɓe ==

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Betty Louke Chelain''' 'yar siyasar ƙasar Uganda, ce kuma mace ce a majalisar dokoki. A cikin shekarar 2021, an zaɓe ta a matsayin wakiliyar mata a majalisa na gundumar Amudat. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Trumpet News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |title=Full List of Elected MPs in Uganda 2021 |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2021/01/19/full-list-mps-elected-in-uganda-2021/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Daily Express Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chelain Betty Louke - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/chelain-betty-louke-10121/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=132 MPs to swear in today |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/102566 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita memba ce ta jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement mai mulki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of MPs who have been declared winners so far |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/list-of-mps-who-have-been-declared-winners-so-far-3258198 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A majalisa ta 11, Betty tana aiki a Kwamitin Lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee on Health – Parliament Watch |url=https://parliamentwatch.ug/committees/committee-on-health/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta goma sha ɗaya.
* Gundumar Amudat
* Ƙungiyar Tsayayya ta Kasa
* Majalisar dokokin Uganda.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Shafin yanar gizon majalisar dokokin Uganda]
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{{Databox}}

'''Betty Louke Chelain''' 'yar siyasar ƙasar Uganda, ce kuma mace ce a majalisar dokoki. A cikin shekarar 2021, an zaɓe ta a matsayin wakiliyar mata a majalisa na gundumar Amudat. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Trumpet News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |title=Full List of Elected MPs in Uganda 2021 |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2021/01/19/full-list-mps-elected-in-uganda-2021/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Daily Express Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chelain Betty Louke - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/chelain-betty-louke-10121/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=132 MPs to swear in today |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/102566 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita memba ce ta jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement mai mulki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of MPs who have been declared winners so far |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/list-of-mps-who-have-been-declared-winners-so-far-3258198 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A majalisa ta 11, Betty tana aiki a Kwamitin Lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee on Health – Parliament Watch |url=https://parliamentwatch.ug/committees/committee-on-health/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta goma sha ɗaya.
* Gundumar Amudat
* Ƙungiyar Tsayayya ta Kasa
* Majalisar dokokin Uganda.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Shafin yanar gizon majalisar dokokin Uganda]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344765322|Midori Tanno]]&quot;</comment>
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{{S-start}}
{{S-par|jp-lwr}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Representatives&lt;br /&gt;for [[Aichi 11th district]] (single-member)}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-end}}'''Midori Tanno''' (丹野 みどり; an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1973) 'yar siyasa ce daga Aichi Prefecture kuma tsohuwar mai shela mai zaman kanta. Tana zaune a Majalisar Wakilai a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat For the People .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta a [[Nagoya]], gundumar Aichi a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1973. Ta kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Nagoya Municipal Inoko Junior, makarantar sakandare ta Aichi Prefectural Asahigaoka Senior, da kuma jami'ar Nagoya, sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;hofrbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2025 |title=丹野　みどり（たんの　みどり） |trans-title=Midori Tanno |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/270.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109102256/https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/270.html |archive-date=November 9, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Tanno Green |url=https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115183636/https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kokumin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kafofin watsa labarai ==
A shekarar 1999, yayin da take aiki a matsayin mai sanar da CBC, ta kasance memba na ''{{Interlanguage link|Love Power Beauty|ja|Love Power Beauty}}'' (sashen kiɗa na mata masu shela daga wannan tasha) tare da {{Interlanguage link|Mika Watanabe|ja|渡辺美香}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2022 |title=変わらない怒涛のトーク |trans-title=The same furious talk |url=https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12765081496.html |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; (a halin yanzu kuma mai sanarwa ne a wannan tashar) da {{Interlanguage link|Tomoko Sumita|ja|住田都史子}} (yanzu ta yi ritaya). Ita ce babbar mawaƙiya a cikin faifan CD guda ɗaya &quot;Din Don Dan&quot; da &quot;Cool Bless Cool&quot;. A shekara ta 2000, a matsayinta na memba na masu sanar da CBC, ta shiga cikin waƙar &quot;Burning Dragons! 2000 (Millennium).&quot;

Bayan kammala karatunta daga jami'a, ta shiga Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting (wanda yanzu ake kira CBC Television) a matsayin mai sanarwa a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;hofrbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2025 |title=丹野　みどり（たんの　みどり） |trans-title=Midori Tanno |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/270.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109102256/https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/270.html |archive-date=November 9, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Tanno Green |url=https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115183636/https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kokumin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abokan aikinta masu sanarwa sune {{Interlanguage link|Tomohiro Sawa|ja|沢朋宏}}, {{Interlanguage link|Shinji Sakurazawa|ja|桜沢信司}} (a halin yanzu yana cikin sashen labarai kuma mai hasashen yanayi), {{Interlanguage link|Sayuri Kato|ja|加藤小百合}} (a halin yanzu shugaban sashen bunkasa albarkatun ɗan adam na CB), da kuma {{Interlanguage link|Kazuyo Shigematsu|ja|重松和世}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2018 |title=重松和世 |trans-title=Kazuyo Shigematsu |url=https://ameblo.jp/billiken5/entry-11915185255.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418120408/https://ameblo.jp/billiken5/entry-11915185255.html |archive-date=April 18, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; (a halin yanzu mai sanarwa ce mai zaman kanta). Na ɗan lokaci bayan shiga kamfanin, ta kasance mai kula da shirye-shiryen rediyo, amma daga 1998 zuwa Maris 2013, ta kasance mai gabatar da labarai ga shirye-shiryen talabijin. Daga Afrilu 2013 zuwa Maris 2019, ita ce mai gabatar da shirin &quot;Midori Tanno's Yoridori!&quot; a CBC Radio. &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot; /&gt;

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara shirinta na musamman, &quot;Midori Tanno's Yoridori!&quot;, ta kamu da cutar pneumothorax ( catamenial pneumothorax ) kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti don magani (Afrilu 22, 2013 - Mayu 13, 2013). Duk da cewa ta dawo shirin, yanayin ya sake dawowa ƙasa da shekara guda kuma an sake kwantar da ita a asibiti (Fabrairu 26, 2014 - Maris 14, 2014). Ta sanar a shirin cewa za a yi mata tiyata don hana sake dawowa, sannan ta ɗauki hutun aiki (Afrilu 21 - Mayu 2, 2014). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2014 |title=復帰&amp;ご報告☺ |trans-title=Return and Report |url=https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-11794592614.html |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2014 |title=元CBC・丹野みどりアナ、気胸が再発…しばらく休養へ |trans-title=Former CBC announcer Midori Tanno suffers from recurrence of pneumothorax... to take a break |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0060917 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326235229/https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0060917 |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Cinema Today |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta bar CBC a ƙarshen Satumba 2013. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, ta zama mai ba da sanarwar aiki mai zaman kansa da ke da alaƙa da Tsakiyar Japan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2013 |title=丹野みどり 2013.9 CBCを退職しセントラルジャパンに所属。新たなチャレンジがスタート！ |trans-title=Midori Tanno September 2013: I left CBC and joined Central Japan. A new challenge has begun! |url=http://www.central-j.com/news/1417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103132819/http://www.central-j.com/news/1417 |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Central Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2000, ta auri likita, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2000 |title=2000年12月のバックナンバー |trans-title=December 2000 back issues |url=http://hicbc.com/announcer/tanno/back_no/0012/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615062737/http://hicbc.com/announcer/tanno/back_no/0012/index.htm |archive-date=June 15, 2007 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2017, shirin Midori Tanno na Yoridori!, ta sanar da cewa ta sake aure a watan Mayu na 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2017 |title=丹野みどりが番組で報告したこと（書き起こし |trans-title=What Midori Tanno reported on the program (transcript) |url=https://radichubu.jp/talk/5209 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805055905/https://radichubu.jp/talk/5209 |archive-date=August 5, 2017 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=RadiChubu |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2017, shirin, ta sanar da cewa ta sake aure a ranar da ta gabata (3 ga Agusta), ga shugaban kamfanin gidaje na Koriya da ke zaune a Japan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2017 |title=30年来の |trans-title=For the past 30 years |url=https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12298172110.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414130344/https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12298172110.html |archive-date=April 14, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoban 1998, yayin da take mai gabatar da labarai, an naɗa ta a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai na &quot;You Gotta! CBC&quot; (wani shiri na labarai na talabijin) wanda CBC Group ta shirya. Ta kan bayyana a shirye-shiryenta kai tsaye na tsawon mako guda na tsawon shekaru 21 (gami da hutun da ta yi lokacin da ta zama mai gabatar da labarai na 'yan sanda da kuma sashe na gaba), har zuwa ƙarshen &quot;Midori Tanno's Yoridori!&quot; a watan Maris na 2019. A watan Afrilun 2019, ta sake fara aikinta a matsayin mutum a &quot;Mako na Yoridori na Midori Tanno&quot; (wani shiri kai tsaye da ake watsawa a yammacin Asabar ta CBC Radio). A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2020 da kuma a shafinta na yanar gizo da Instagram, ta sanar da cewa shirin zai ƙare da watsa shirye-shiryenta na Maris 28, 2020.

A watan Maris na 2019, ta kafa Kamfanin Ofishin Sanarwa na Midori Tanno. &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Tanno Green |url=https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115183636/https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kokumin}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2019 |title=コミュニケーション |trans-title=Communication |url=https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12464234854.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223031209/https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12464234854.html |archive-date=February 23, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da aka kafa kamfanin, kamfanin yana nan a 7-2-4 Meieki, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, adireshin iri ɗaya da kamfanin gidaje da mijinta ke gudanarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2022 |title=株式会社丹野みどりアナウンス事務所の企業情報(愛知県名古屋市中村区) |trans-title=Company information for Tanno Midori Announcement Office Co., Ltd. (Nakamura-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture) |url=https://xn--zcklx7evic7044c1qeqrozh7c.com/companies/3180001135667 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223031145/https://xn--zcklx7evic7044c1qeqrozh7c.com/companies/3180001135667= |archive-date=February 23, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=National Corporation Information Database |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2022, an canza adireshin babban ofishin zuwa 7-4-1 Morita-cho, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2020 |title=株式会社丹野みどりアナウンス事務所の情報 |trans-title=Information about Tanno Midori Announcement Office Co., Ltd. |url=https://www.houjin-bangou.nta.go.jp/henkorireki-johoto.html?selHouzinNo=3180001135667 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414122837/https://www.houjin-bangou.nta.go.jp/henkorireki-johoto.html?selHouzinNo=3180001135667 |archive-date=April 14, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=National Tax Agency Corporate Number Disclosure Site |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwantiraginta da Central Japan ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2019.

== Aikin siyasa ==
Tanno ta shiga siyasa ne saboda ta ji cewa tsarin siyasa ya tsaya cak kuma ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2024 |title=【愛知11区・丹野みどり】「女性の視点、生活者・納税者の視点で必ず政治を変えていきたい」丹野みどり候補が玉木代表と街頭演説 |trans-title=[Aichi 11th District, Midori Tanno] &quot;I want to change politics from the perspective of women, citizens and taxpayers&quot; - Candidate Midori Tanno gives a street speech with Representative Tamaki |url=https://new-kokumin.jp/news/election/20241019_6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109132114/https://new-kokumin.jp/news/election/20241019_6 |archive-date=November 9, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2022, ta yi taron manema labarai a birnin Gifu kuma ta sanar da cewa za ta tsaya takara a zaben majalisar dokoki na 26 na yau da kullun, wanda aka tsara a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, a gundumar zaɓen gundumar Gifu a matsayin ɗan takara da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta amince da shi.  Sakamakon zaɓen da aka yi a ranar 10 ga Yuli na wannan shekarar, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai ci, Takeyuki Watanabe ya kayar da ita da gagarumin rinjaye. 

A ranar 20 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Jam'iyyar Democrat for the People ta sanar da cewa za ta tsayar da Tanno a gundumar Aichi ta 11 a babban zaɓen da ke tafe na Majalisar Wakilai. 

A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2024, an sanar da zaɓen babban zaɓe na 50 ga Majalisar Wakilai . 'Yan takara uku sun fafata a gundumar Aichi ta 11: Tanno, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai ci Tetsuya Yagi, da kuma ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan Kazuo Ueda .  Rengo Aichi da ƙungiyar kwadago ta All Toyota sun ba da shawarar Tanno.  A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, ''Nihon Keizai Shimbun'' ya ba da rahoton sakamakon farko, yana mai cewa &quot;Yagi yana da kashi 80% na magoya bayan LDP kuma yana kan gaba kaɗan. Tanno yana cikin mawuyacin hali.&quot;  A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, jaridar Akahata ta karyata cewa LDP ta biya yen miliyan 20 ga rassan 'yan takarar da aka soke amincewa da su saboda badakalar kuɗi mai yawa.   Rahoton jaridar ya canza yanayin sosai a matakai na ƙarshe. &lt;ref name=&quot;brazen&quot; /&gt;  A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, ''Nihon Keizai Shimbun'' ya buga sakamakon wani bincike da aka gudanar daga 22 zuwa 24. Sakamakon gundumar 11 ta gundumar Aichi ya bayyana cewa &quot;Tanno yana kan gaba, yayin da Yagi ke cikin mawuyacin hali,&quot; kuma aka sauya umarnin.  An gudanar da babban zaben a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Jim kadan bayan wa'adin kaɗa ƙuri'a na karfe 8 na dare,  an zabi Tanno a karon farko. Yagi yana da shekaru 77 a lokacin zaben, wanda ke nufin yana ƙarƙashin dokokin cikin gida na LDP waɗanda ke buƙatar shekarun ritaya na shekaru 73 don gundumomin wakilci na rabo. Bai tsaya takara a gundumar wakilci na rabo ba, don haka ya rasa kujerarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;nhk2024&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarewar harshe ==
Tana da takardun shaidar kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Eiken da kuma takardar shaidar kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Nihongo Kentei . &lt;ref name=&quot;eiken&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=丹野みどり |trans-title=Midori Tanno |url=https://thetv.jp/person/1000014528/ |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=The TV |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin kafofin watsa labarai ==

* CBC Asabar News Wide (Afrilu 1998 - Satumba 1998) &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Tanno Green |url=https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115183636/https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kokumin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* CBC Newswide (Oktoba 1998 - Maris 1999)
* Dole ne ku yi! CBC (Afrilu 1999 - Maris 2006) &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot; /&gt;
* Hasken Eiji Bando! Sabon Jagorar Hazaka
* CBC Mai Ba da Labari na &quot;Kirby's Horoscope&quot;)
* Ajin Manya (Mai Ba da Labari)
* Zaɓen Janar na 2009 Rikici Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa ta 2010 (Mai watsa labarai na gida na CBC)
* Ippou (Babban ɗan wasa) (Afrilu 2006 - Maris 2013) &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot; /&gt;
* Sujinashi Tsurube! (Mai ba da labari)
* Abin da nake son sani kenan! Bincike na Musamman! Binciken Bando (Mai Ba da Bayani)
* Dodanni na Lahadi (bayyanuwar da ba ta dace ba)

=== Shirye-shiryen rediyo ===

* Zaɓi da Zaɓin Midori Tanno! (1 ga Afrilu, 2013 - 29 ga Maris, 2019) &lt;ref name=&quot;pick&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2019 |title=CBCラジオ「丹野みどりのよりどりっ！」で放送されました |trans-title=It was broadcast on CBC Radio's &quot;Midori Tanno's Pick and Choose!&quot; |url=https://www.kaikou.or.jp/news/ctg-media/media20190313/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125539/https://www.kaikou.or.jp/news/ctg-media/media20190313/ |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kaikou |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Asabar ta Radio Marathon Shigeo Tada
* K's UP (Halin Alhamis da Juma'a)
* Da ƙarfe 12:30 na safe, Matsuzakaya, Cattleya Music (Talata)
* Wasikar Isuzu zuwa ga Mama da Baba (Navigator)
* Zaɓen Zaɓen Midori Tanno a Mako Mai Zuwa (6 ga Afrilu, 2019 - 28 ga Maris, 2020)

=== CM ===

* Zenrosai (2016) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2016 |title=全労済のＣＭを… |trans-title=A commercial for Zenrosai... |url=https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12134547908.html |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bidiyon Talla ===

* Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Koriya ta Duniya (OKTA) Reshen Nagoya Bidiyon Talla na Asali na 2018 (Yuli 2018) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |year=2018 |title=OKTA名古屋支会　オリジナルPV　2018 |trans-title=OKTA Nagoya Branch Original PV 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=floA2tbRK2A |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223031443/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=floA2tbRK2A&amp;feature=youtu.be |archive-date=February 23, 2025 |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=Okta Nagoya |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mitsui Tatemono PR bidiyo (mai ba da labari) (Yuni 2018) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=三井建物PR動画 |trans-title=Mitsui Tatemono PR video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4RJBUNBoPA |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=Pitatto House Honjin Store |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Labaran Rigakafin Laifuka na 'Yan Sanda na Aichi: Matakan Rigakafin Kutse a Gidaje: Matakan Rigakafin Laifuka don Hana Kutse (Fabrairu 2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=住宅対象侵入防犯対策　侵入を許さない防犯対策 |trans-title=Residential Intrusion Prevention Measures: Crime Prevention Measures to Prevent Intrusion |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vy9dCDTKvc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516105308/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vy9dCDTKvc |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=Aichiken Bouhan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taron ===

* Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Koriya ta Duniya (OKTA) Reshen Nagoya na 2017 Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta GBS ta Gaba (lacca &quot;Yadda ake zama mai sauraro mai kyau&quot;, zaman tattaunawa) (22 ga Yuli, 2017)

== Tarihin zaɓe ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Midori Tanno''' (丹野 みどり; an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1973) 'yar siyasa ce daga Aichi Prefecture kuma tsohuwar mai shela mai zaman kanta. Tana zaune a Majalisar Wakilai a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat For the People .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta a [[Nagoya]], gundumar Aichi a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1973. Ta kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Nagoya Municipal Inoko Junior, makarantar sakandare ta Aichi Prefectural Asahigaoka Senior, da kuma jami'ar Nagoya, sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;hofrbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2025 |title=丹野　みどり（たんの　みどり） |trans-title=Midori Tanno |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/270.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109102256/https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/270.html |archive-date=November 9, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Tanno Green |url=https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115183636/https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kokumin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kafofin watsa labarai ==
A shekarar 1999, yayin da take aiki a matsayin mai sanar da CBC, ta kasance memba na ''{{Interlanguage link|Love Power Beauty|ja|Love Power Beauty}}'' (sashen kiɗa na mata masu shela daga wannan tasha) tare da {{Interlanguage link|Mika Watanabe|ja|渡辺美香}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2022 |title=変わらない怒涛のトーク |trans-title=The same furious talk |url=https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12765081496.html |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; (a halin yanzu kuma mai sanarwa ne a wannan tashar) da {{Interlanguage link|Tomoko Sumita|ja|住田都史子}} (yanzu ta yi ritaya). Ita ce babbar mawaƙiya a cikin faifan CD guda ɗaya &quot;Din Don Dan&quot; da &quot;Cool Bless Cool&quot;. A shekara ta 2000, a matsayinta na memba na masu sanar da CBC, ta shiga cikin waƙar &quot;Burning Dragons! 2000 (Millennium).&quot;

Bayan kammala karatunta daga jami'a, ta shiga Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting (wanda yanzu ake kira CBC Television) a matsayin mai sanarwa a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;hofrbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2025 |title=丹野　みどり（たんの　みどり） |trans-title=Midori Tanno |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/270.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109102256/https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/270.html |archive-date=November 9, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Tanno Green |url=https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115183636/https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kokumin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abokan aikinta masu sanarwa sune {{Interlanguage link|Tomohiro Sawa|ja|沢朋宏}}, {{Interlanguage link|Shinji Sakurazawa|ja|桜沢信司}} (a halin yanzu yana cikin sashen labarai kuma mai hasashen yanayi), {{Interlanguage link|Sayuri Kato|ja|加藤小百合}} (a halin yanzu shugaban sashen bunkasa albarkatun ɗan adam na CB), da kuma {{Interlanguage link|Kazuyo Shigematsu|ja|重松和世}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2018 |title=重松和世 |trans-title=Kazuyo Shigematsu |url=https://ameblo.jp/billiken5/entry-11915185255.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418120408/https://ameblo.jp/billiken5/entry-11915185255.html |archive-date=April 18, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; (a halin yanzu mai sanarwa ce mai zaman kanta). Na ɗan lokaci bayan shiga kamfanin, ta kasance mai kula da shirye-shiryen rediyo, amma daga 1998 zuwa Maris 2013, ta kasance mai gabatar da labarai ga shirye-shiryen talabijin. Daga Afrilu 2013 zuwa Maris 2019, ita ce mai gabatar da shirin &quot;Midori Tanno's Yoridori!&quot; a CBC Radio. &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot; /&gt;

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara shirinta na musamman, &quot;Midori Tanno's Yoridori!&quot;, ta kamu da cutar pneumothorax ( catamenial pneumothorax ) kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti don magani (Afrilu 22, 2013 - Mayu 13, 2013). Duk da cewa ta dawo shirin, yanayin ya sake dawowa ƙasa da shekara guda kuma an sake kwantar da ita a asibiti (Fabrairu 26, 2014 - Maris 14, 2014). Ta sanar a shirin cewa za a yi mata tiyata don hana sake dawowa, sannan ta ɗauki hutun aiki (Afrilu 21 - Mayu 2, 2014). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2014 |title=復帰&amp;ご報告☺ |trans-title=Return and Report |url=https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-11794592614.html |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2014 |title=元CBC・丹野みどりアナ、気胸が再発…しばらく休養へ |trans-title=Former CBC announcer Midori Tanno suffers from recurrence of pneumothorax... to take a break |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0060917 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326235229/https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0060917 |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Cinema Today |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta bar CBC a ƙarshen Satumba 2013. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, ta zama mai ba da sanarwar aiki mai zaman kansa da ke da alaƙa da Tsakiyar Japan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2013 |title=丹野みどり 2013.9 CBCを退職しセントラルジャパンに所属。新たなチャレンジがスタート！ |trans-title=Midori Tanno September 2013: I left CBC and joined Central Japan. A new challenge has begun! |url=http://www.central-j.com/news/1417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103132819/http://www.central-j.com/news/1417 |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Central Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2000, ta auri likita, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2000 |title=2000年12月のバックナンバー |trans-title=December 2000 back issues |url=http://hicbc.com/announcer/tanno/back_no/0012/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615062737/http://hicbc.com/announcer/tanno/back_no/0012/index.htm |archive-date=June 15, 2007 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2017, shirin Midori Tanno na Yoridori!, ta sanar da cewa ta sake aure a watan Mayu na 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2017 |title=丹野みどりが番組で報告したこと（書き起こし |trans-title=What Midori Tanno reported on the program (transcript) |url=https://radichubu.jp/talk/5209 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805055905/https://radichubu.jp/talk/5209 |archive-date=August 5, 2017 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=RadiChubu |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2017, shirin, ta sanar da cewa ta sake aure a ranar da ta gabata (3 ga Agusta), ga shugaban kamfanin gidaje na Koriya da ke zaune a Japan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2017 |title=30年来の |trans-title=For the past 30 years |url=https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12298172110.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414130344/https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12298172110.html |archive-date=April 14, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoban 1998, yayin da take mai gabatar da labarai, an naɗa ta a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai na &quot;You Gotta! CBC&quot; (wani shiri na labarai na talabijin) wanda CBC Group ta shirya. Ta kan bayyana a shirye-shiryenta kai tsaye na tsawon mako guda na tsawon shekaru 21 (gami da hutun da ta yi lokacin da ta zama mai gabatar da labarai na 'yan sanda da kuma sashe na gaba), har zuwa ƙarshen &quot;Midori Tanno's Yoridori!&quot; a watan Maris na 2019. A watan Afrilun 2019, ta sake fara aikinta a matsayin mutum a &quot;Mako na Yoridori na Midori Tanno&quot; (wani shiri kai tsaye da ake watsawa a yammacin Asabar ta CBC Radio). A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2020 da kuma a shafinta na yanar gizo da Instagram, ta sanar da cewa shirin zai ƙare da watsa shirye-shiryenta na Maris 28, 2020.

A watan Maris na 2019, ta kafa Kamfanin Ofishin Sanarwa na Midori Tanno. &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Tanno Green |url=https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115183636/https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kokumin}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2019 |title=コミュニケーション |trans-title=Communication |url=https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12464234854.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223031209/https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12464234854.html |archive-date=February 23, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da aka kafa kamfanin, kamfanin yana nan a 7-2-4 Meieki, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, adireshin iri ɗaya da kamfanin gidaje da mijinta ke gudanarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2022 |title=株式会社丹野みどりアナウンス事務所の企業情報(愛知県名古屋市中村区) |trans-title=Company information for Tanno Midori Announcement Office Co., Ltd. (Nakamura-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture) |url=https://xn--zcklx7evic7044c1qeqrozh7c.com/companies/3180001135667 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223031145/https://xn--zcklx7evic7044c1qeqrozh7c.com/companies/3180001135667= |archive-date=February 23, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=National Corporation Information Database |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2022, an canza adireshin babban ofishin zuwa 7-4-1 Morita-cho, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2020 |title=株式会社丹野みどりアナウンス事務所の情報 |trans-title=Information about Tanno Midori Announcement Office Co., Ltd. |url=https://www.houjin-bangou.nta.go.jp/henkorireki-johoto.html?selHouzinNo=3180001135667 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414122837/https://www.houjin-bangou.nta.go.jp/henkorireki-johoto.html?selHouzinNo=3180001135667 |archive-date=April 14, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=National Tax Agency Corporate Number Disclosure Site |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwantiraginta da Central Japan ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2019.

== Aikin siyasa ==
Tanno ta shiga siyasa ne saboda ta ji cewa tsarin siyasa ya tsaya cak kuma ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2024 |title=【愛知11区・丹野みどり】「女性の視点、生活者・納税者の視点で必ず政治を変えていきたい」丹野みどり候補が玉木代表と街頭演説 |trans-title=[Aichi 11th District, Midori Tanno] &quot;I want to change politics from the perspective of women, citizens and taxpayers&quot; - Candidate Midori Tanno gives a street speech with Representative Tamaki |url=https://new-kokumin.jp/news/election/20241019_6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109132114/https://new-kokumin.jp/news/election/20241019_6 |archive-date=November 9, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2022, ta yi taron manema labarai a birnin Gifu kuma ta sanar da cewa za ta tsaya takara a zaben majalisar dokoki na 26 na yau da kullun, wanda aka tsara a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, a gundumar zaɓen gundumar Gifu a matsayin ɗan takara da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta amince da shi.  Sakamakon zaɓen da aka yi a ranar 10 ga Yuli na wannan shekarar, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai ci, Takeyuki Watanabe ya kayar da ita da gagarumin rinjaye. 

A ranar 20 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Jam'iyyar Democrat for the People ta sanar da cewa za ta tsayar da Tanno a gundumar Aichi ta 11 a babban zaɓen da ke tafe na Majalisar Wakilai. 

A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2024, an sanar da zaɓen babban zaɓe na 50 ga Majalisar Wakilai . 'Yan takara uku sun fafata a gundumar Aichi ta 11: Tanno, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai ci Tetsuya Yagi, da kuma ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Japan Kazuo Ueda .  Rengo Aichi da ƙungiyar kwadago ta All Toyota sun ba da shawarar Tanno.  A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, ''Nihon Keizai Shimbun'' ya ba da rahoton sakamakon farko, yana mai cewa &quot;Yagi yana da kashi 80% na magoya bayan LDP kuma yana kan gaba kaɗan. Tanno yana cikin mawuyacin hali.&quot;  A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, jaridar Akahata ta karyata cewa LDP ta biya yen miliyan 20 ga rassan 'yan takarar da aka soke amincewa da su saboda badakalar kuɗi mai yawa.   Rahoton jaridar ya canza yanayin sosai a matakai na ƙarshe. &lt;ref name=&quot;brazen&quot; /&gt;  A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, ''Nihon Keizai Shimbun'' ya buga sakamakon wani bincike da aka gudanar daga 22 zuwa 24. Sakamakon gundumar 11 ta gundumar Aichi ya bayyana cewa &quot;Tanno yana kan gaba, yayin da Yagi ke cikin mawuyacin hali,&quot; kuma aka sauya umarnin.  An gudanar da babban zaben a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Jim kadan bayan wa'adin kaɗa ƙuri'a na karfe 8 na dare,  an zabi Tanno a karon farko. Yagi yana da shekaru 77 a lokacin zaben, wanda ke nufin yana ƙarƙashin dokokin cikin gida na LDP waɗanda ke buƙatar shekarun ritaya na shekaru 73 don gundumomin wakilci na rabo. Bai tsaya takara a gundumar wakilci na rabo ba, don haka ya rasa kujerarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;nhk2024&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarewar harshe ==
Tana da takardun shaidar kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Eiken da kuma takardar shaidar kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Nihongo Kentei . &lt;ref name=&quot;eiken&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=丹野みどり |trans-title=Midori Tanno |url=https://thetv.jp/person/1000014528/ |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=The TV |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin kafofin watsa labarai ==

* CBC Asabar News Wide (Afrilu 1998 - Satumba 1998) &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Tanno Green |url=https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115183636/https://new-kokumin.jp/member/tanno-midori |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kokumin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* CBC Newswide (Oktoba 1998 - Maris 1999)
* Dole ne ku yi! CBC (Afrilu 1999 - Maris 2006) &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot; /&gt;
* Hasken Eiji Bando! Sabon Jagorar Hazaka
* CBC Mai Ba da Labari na &quot;Kirby's Horoscope&quot;)
* Ajin Manya (Mai Ba da Labari)
* Zaɓen Janar na 2009 Rikici Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa ta 2010 (Mai watsa labarai na gida na CBC)
* Ippou (Babban ɗan wasa) (Afrilu 2006 - Maris 2013) &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot; /&gt;
* Sujinashi Tsurube! (Mai ba da labari)
* Abin da nake son sani kenan! Bincike na Musamman! Binciken Bando (Mai Ba da Bayani)
* Dodanni na Lahadi (bayyanuwar da ba ta dace ba)

=== Shirye-shiryen rediyo ===

* Zaɓi da Zaɓin Midori Tanno! (1 ga Afrilu, 2013 - 29 ga Maris, 2019) &lt;ref name=&quot;pick&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2019 |title=CBCラジオ「丹野みどりのよりどりっ！」で放送されました |trans-title=It was broadcast on CBC Radio's &quot;Midori Tanno's Pick and Choose!&quot; |url=https://www.kaikou.or.jp/news/ctg-media/media20190313/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125539/https://www.kaikou.or.jp/news/ctg-media/media20190313/ |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kaikou |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Asabar ta Radio Marathon Shigeo Tada
* K's UP (Halin Alhamis da Juma'a)
* Da ƙarfe 12:30 na safe, Matsuzakaya, Cattleya Music (Talata)
* Wasikar Isuzu zuwa ga Mama da Baba (Navigator)
* Zaɓen Zaɓen Midori Tanno a Mako Mai Zuwa (6 ga Afrilu, 2019 - 28 ga Maris, 2020)

=== CM ===

* Zenrosai (2016) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2016 |title=全労済のＣＭを… |trans-title=A commercial for Zenrosai... |url=https://ameblo.jp/tanno-midori/entry-12134547908.html |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=Ameblo |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bidiyon Talla ===

* Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Koriya ta Duniya (OKTA) Reshen Nagoya Bidiyon Talla na Asali na 2018 (Yuli 2018) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |year=2018 |title=OKTA名古屋支会　オリジナルPV　2018 |trans-title=OKTA Nagoya Branch Original PV 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=floA2tbRK2A |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223031443/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=floA2tbRK2A&amp;feature=youtu.be |archive-date=February 23, 2025 |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=Okta Nagoya |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mitsui Tatemono PR bidiyo (mai ba da labari) (Yuni 2018) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=三井建物PR動画 |trans-title=Mitsui Tatemono PR video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4RJBUNBoPA |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=Pitatto House Honjin Store |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Labaran Rigakafin Laifuka na 'Yan Sanda na Aichi: Matakan Rigakafin Kutse a Gidaje: Matakan Rigakafin Laifuka don Hana Kutse (Fabrairu 2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=住宅対象侵入防犯対策　侵入を許さない防犯対策 |trans-title=Residential Intrusion Prevention Measures: Crime Prevention Measures to Prevent Intrusion |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vy9dCDTKvc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516105308/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vy9dCDTKvc |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=Aichiken Bouhan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taron ===

* Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Koriya ta Duniya (OKTA) Reshen Nagoya na 2017 Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta GBS ta Gaba (lacca &quot;Yadda ake zama mai sauraro mai kyau&quot;, zaman tattaunawa) (22 ga Yuli, 2017)

== Tarihin zaɓe ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>Kayoko Shimizu</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334367370|Kayoko Shimizu]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kayoko Shimizu''' (清水嘉与子) (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1935) 'yar siyasa ce kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar ƙasar Japan. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Hukumar Muhalli (wa'adi na 37 da 38) kuma 'yar Majalisar Kansiloli (wa'adi na 3), da kuma wasu mukamai daban-daban na gwamnati da na jam'iyyun siyasa.

== Rayuwar farko da aikin jinya ==
Shimizu ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Kitazono da ke Tokyo da kuma Sashen Lafiya da Jinya, Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Tokyo . A matsayinta na ma'aikaciyar jinya, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya a Asibitin Kanto Teishin, malamar koyarwa a Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Tokyo, da kuma shugabar Sashen Jinya na Ofishin Harkokin Lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Jinya ta Japan daga Yuni 2009 zuwa Yuli 2013.

== Aikin siyasa ==
A zaɓen majalisar kansiloli na 15 a shekarar 1989, jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ta amince da ita kuma ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya ta Japan da kuma ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya ta Japan (a matsayin magajin Shigeru Ishimoto ) suka ba ta shawara, kuma ta yi takara a gundumar wakilcin rabon kujeru na majalisar kansiloli, inda ta lashe zaɓenta na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;kango&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓe ta sau uku a jere. Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Seiwa-kai a cikin jam'iyyar. Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar ministan kwadago ta majalisar dokoki da kuma shugaban kwamitin ilimi na majalisar kansiloli,  ta fara shiga majalisar Obuchi a shekarar 1999 a matsayin Ministar Muhalli . An sake naɗa ta a majalisar dokokin Mori ta farko, wadda aka kafa a shekara mai zuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=環境省五十年史（資料編）歴代大臣等Ⅱ 歴代大臣等 |trans-title=50-Year History of the Ministry of the Environment (Reference Materials) Former Ministers, etc |url=https://www.env.go.jp/content/900532087.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231015921/https://www.env.go.jp/content/900532087.pdf |archive-date=December 31, 2025 |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=Ministry of the Environment |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekarar 2007. A watan Nuwamba na 2007, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun. &lt;ref name=&quot;jiji&quot; /&gt;

Shimizu ya kasance wani ɓangare na badakalar {{Interlanguage link|Japanese politicians not paying their pensions|ja|政治家の年金未納問題}} wanda aka gano a shekarar 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2004 |title=民主党国会議員の納付状況を公表　３３人が未納 |trans-title=The tax payment status of Democratic Party Diet members is published. 33 people have not paid. |url=http://archive.dpj.or.jp/news/?num=3318 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Democratic Party of Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Littattafai ==

* &quot;Dokarmu: Sharhi Kan Dokar Ma'aikatan Jinya, Ungozoma da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Lafiyar Jama'a&quot; Buga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 1985
* &quot;Dokarmu: Koyo game da Dokar Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya, Ungozoma, da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Lafiyar Jama'a&quot; Bugu na 2, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 1988
* &quot;Littafin Nagatacho na Memba na Shekarar Farko: Kwanaki 365 na Shimizu Kayoko,&quot; Kungiyar Binciken Manufofin Shimizu Kayoko, 1990
* &quot;Diary Nagatacho: Ayyukan Kayoko Shimizu&quot; Kayoko Shimizu Group Research Group, 1992
* &quot;Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar da ke da Tsarin Sake Amfani da Ita da kuma Sharar Magunguna&quot; Buga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 2001

== Mai gyarawa na biyu ==

* Toyoko Kadowaki, Igaku Shoin, 1984 ya gyara &quot;Littafin Dokokin Jiyya&quot;
* &quot;Mai kula da lafiya ga kowa: Ma'aikacin jinya a cikin al'umma&quot; (ed.) Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 1988
* Littafin Jagorancin Dokar Ma'aikatan Jiyya 1997 Edition, wanda Toyoko Kadowaki da Hiroko Moriyama suka shirya tare, Buga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan jinya ta Japan, 1997
* &quot;Littafin Dokokin Jiyya da Kulawa&quot; wanda Toyoko Kadowaki ya daidaita, Igaku Shoin, 2001

== Ofisoshin siyasa ==
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|jp-upr}}
{{S-bef|before=}}
{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Councillors&lt;br /&gt;(proportional)|years=1989-2007}}
{{S-aft|after=}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef|before=}}
{{S-ttl|title={{ill|Special Committee on the North Korean Abduction Issue|ja|北朝鮮による拉致問題等に関する特別委員会}}|years=2004}}
{{S-aft|after=}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Kenji Manabe]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Minister of the Environment and Minister of Global Environmental|years=1999–2000}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Yoriko Kawaguchi]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Kiyoko Ono]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Chairman of the House of Councillors' Education Committee|years=1996–1997}}
{{S-aft|after={{ill|Yoshihisa Oshima|ja|大島慶久}}}}
{{S-end}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]]</text>
      <sha1>caln9ucitri5a5qi3bbkhjfgsaptmty</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816039</id>
      <parentid>816038</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T16:51:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816039</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4786" sha1="eqz0wyye5ch97cxkr4isi61jngz0l69" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Kayoko Shimizu''' (清水嘉与子) (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1935) 'yar siyasa ce kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar ƙasar Japan. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Hukumar Muhalli (wa'adi na 37 da 38) kuma 'yar Majalisar Kansiloli (wa'adi na 3), da kuma wasu mukamai daban-daban na gwamnati da na jam'iyyun siyasa.

== Rayuwar farko da aikin jinya ==
Shimizu ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Kitazono da ke Tokyo da kuma Sashen Lafiya da Jinya, Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Tokyo . A matsayinta na ma'aikaciyar jinya, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya a Asibitin Kanto Teishin, malamar koyarwa a Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Tokyo, da kuma shugabar Sashen Jinya na Ofishin Harkokin Lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Jinya ta Japan daga Yuni 2009 zuwa Yuli 2013.

== Aikin siyasa ==
A zaɓen majalisar kansiloli na 15 a shekarar 1989, jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ta amince da ita kuma ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya ta Japan da kuma ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya ta Japan (a matsayin magajin Shigeru Ishimoto ) suka ba ta shawara, kuma ta yi takara a gundumar wakilcin rabon kujeru na majalisar kansiloli, inda ta lashe zaɓenta na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;kango&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓe ta sau uku a jere. Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Seiwa-kai a cikin jam'iyyar. Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar ministan kwadago ta majalisar dokoki da kuma shugaban kwamitin ilimi na majalisar kansiloli,  ta fara shiga majalisar Obuchi a shekarar 1999 a matsayin Ministar Muhalli . An sake naɗa ta a majalisar dokokin Mori ta farko, wadda aka kafa a shekara mai zuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=環境省五十年史（資料編）歴代大臣等Ⅱ 歴代大臣等 |trans-title=50-Year History of the Ministry of the Environment (Reference Materials) Former Ministers, etc |url=https://www.env.go.jp/content/900532087.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231015921/https://www.env.go.jp/content/900532087.pdf |archive-date=December 31, 2025 |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=Ministry of the Environment |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekarar 2007. A watan Nuwamba na 2007, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun. &lt;ref name=&quot;jiji&quot; /&gt;

Shimizu ya kasance wani ɓangare na badakalar {{Interlanguage link|Japanese politicians not paying their pensions|ja|政治家の年金未納問題}} wanda aka gano a shekarar 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2004 |title=民主党国会議員の納付状況を公表　３３人が未納 |trans-title=The tax payment status of Democratic Party Diet members is published. 33 people have not paid. |url=http://archive.dpj.or.jp/news/?num=3318 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Democratic Party of Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Littattafai ==

* &quot;Dokarmu: Sharhi Kan Dokar Ma'aikatan Jinya, Ungozoma da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Lafiyar Jama'a&quot; Buga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 1985
* &quot;Dokarmu: Koyo game da Dokar Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya, Ungozoma, da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Lafiyar Jama'a&quot; Bugu na 2, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 1988
* &quot;Littafin Nagatacho na Memba na Shekarar Farko: Kwanaki 365 na Shimizu Kayoko,&quot; Kungiyar Binciken Manufofin Shimizu Kayoko, 1990
* &quot;Diary Nagatacho: Ayyukan Kayoko Shimizu&quot; Kayoko Shimizu Group Research Group, 1992
* &quot;Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar da ke da Tsarin Sake Amfani da Ita da kuma Sharar Magunguna&quot; Buga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 2001

== Mai gyarawa na biyu ==

* Toyoko Kadowaki, Igaku Shoin, 1984 ya gyara &quot;Littafin Dokokin Jiyya&quot;
* &quot;Mai kula da lafiya ga kowa: Ma'aikacin jinya a cikin al'umma&quot; (ed.) Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 1988
* Littafin Jagorancin Dokar Ma'aikatan Jiyya 1997 Edition, wanda Toyoko Kadowaki da Hiroko Moriyama suka shirya tare, Buga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan jinya ta Japan, 1997
* &quot;Littafin Dokokin Jiyya da Kulawa&quot; wanda Toyoko Kadowaki ya daidaita, Igaku Shoin, 2001

== Ofisoshin siyasa ==
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|jp-upr}}
{{S-bef|before=}}
{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Councillors&lt;br /&gt;(proportional)|years=1989-2007}}
{{S-aft|after=}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef|before=}}
{{S-ttl|title={{ill|Special Committee on the North Korean Abduction Issue|ja|北朝鮮による拉致問題等に関する特別委員会}}|years=2004}}
{{S-aft|after=}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Kenji Manabe]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Minister of the Environment and Minister of Global Environmental|years=1999–2000}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Yoriko Kawaguchi]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Kiyoko Ono]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Chairman of the House of Councillors' Education Committee|years=1996–1997}}
{{S-aft|after={{ill|Yoshihisa Oshima|ja|大島慶久}}}}
{{S-end}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]]</text>
      <sha1>eqz0wyye5ch97cxkr4isi61jngz0l69</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816040</id>
      <parentid>816039</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T16:52:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwar farko da aikin jinya */</comment>
      <origin>816040</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5287" sha1="f13tixkd4tlpuf9a0mpjs7vsxsp50mh" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Kayoko Shimizu''' (清水嘉与子) (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1935) 'yar siyasa ce kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar ƙasar Japan. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Hukumar Muhalli (wa'adi na 37 da 38) kuma 'yar Majalisar Kansiloli (wa'adi na 3), da kuma wasu mukamai daban-daban na gwamnati da na jam'iyyun siyasa.

== Rayuwar farko da aikin jinya ==
Shimizu ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Kitazono da ke Tokyo da kuma Sashen Lafiya da Jinya, Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Tokyo . A matsayinta na ma'aikaciyar jinya, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya a Asibitin Kanto Teishin, malamar koyarwa a Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Tokyo, da kuma shugabar Sashen Jinya na Ofishin Harkokin Lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Jinya ta Japan daga Yuni 2009 zuwa Yuli 2013.
&lt;ref name=&quot;fresia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Fresia Nurse Association|url=https://www.freesianurse.org/businessblog/7_2017-02-09_17-55-00.html|title=第6回　顧問　清水嘉与子さん「とにかく、学ぶチャンスがあれば、そこに行きたいと思って動いていたんです」|trans-title=6th Advisor Kayoko Shimizu: &quot;Anyway, if there was an opportunity to learn, I wanted to go there, so I was working hard.&quot;|language=ja|date=February 9, 2017|access-date=November 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A zaɓen majalisar kansiloli na 15 a shekarar 1989, jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ta amince da ita kuma ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya ta Japan da kuma ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya ta Japan (a matsayin magajin Shigeru Ishimoto ) suka ba ta shawara, kuma ta yi takara a gundumar wakilcin rabon kujeru na majalisar kansiloli, inda ta lashe zaɓenta na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;kango&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓe ta sau uku a jere. Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Seiwa-kai a cikin jam'iyyar. Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar ministan kwadago ta majalisar dokoki da kuma shugaban kwamitin ilimi na majalisar kansiloli,  ta fara shiga majalisar Obuchi a shekarar 1999 a matsayin Ministar Muhalli . An sake naɗa ta a majalisar dokokin Mori ta farko, wadda aka kafa a shekara mai zuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=環境省五十年史（資料編）歴代大臣等Ⅱ 歴代大臣等 |trans-title=50-Year History of the Ministry of the Environment (Reference Materials) Former Ministers, etc |url=https://www.env.go.jp/content/900532087.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231015921/https://www.env.go.jp/content/900532087.pdf |archive-date=December 31, 2025 |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=Ministry of the Environment |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekarar 2007. A watan Nuwamba na 2007, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun. &lt;ref name=&quot;jiji&quot; /&gt;

Shimizu ya kasance wani ɓangare na badakalar {{Interlanguage link|Japanese politicians not paying their pensions|ja|政治家の年金未納問題}} wanda aka gano a shekarar 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2004 |title=民主党国会議員の納付状況を公表　３３人が未納 |trans-title=The tax payment status of Democratic Party Diet members is published. 33 people have not paid. |url=http://archive.dpj.or.jp/news/?num=3318 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |publisher=Democratic Party of Japan |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Littattafai ==

* &quot;Dokarmu: Sharhi Kan Dokar Ma'aikatan Jinya, Ungozoma da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Lafiyar Jama'a&quot; Buga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 1985
* &quot;Dokarmu: Koyo game da Dokar Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya, Ungozoma, da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Lafiyar Jama'a&quot; Bugu na 2, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 1988
* &quot;Littafin Nagatacho na Memba na Shekarar Farko: Kwanaki 365 na Shimizu Kayoko,&quot; Kungiyar Binciken Manufofin Shimizu Kayoko, 1990
* &quot;Diary Nagatacho: Ayyukan Kayoko Shimizu&quot; Kayoko Shimizu Group Research Group, 1992
* &quot;Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar da ke da Tsarin Sake Amfani da Ita da kuma Sharar Magunguna&quot; Buga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 2001

== Mai gyarawa na biyu ==

* Toyoko Kadowaki, Igaku Shoin, 1984 ya gyara &quot;Littafin Dokokin Jiyya&quot;
* &quot;Mai kula da lafiya ga kowa: Ma'aikacin jinya a cikin al'umma&quot; (ed.) Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Japan, 1988
* Littafin Jagorancin Dokar Ma'aikatan Jiyya 1997 Edition, wanda Toyoko Kadowaki da Hiroko Moriyama suka shirya tare, Buga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan jinya ta Japan, 1997
* &quot;Littafin Dokokin Jiyya da Kulawa&quot; wanda Toyoko Kadowaki ya daidaita, Igaku Shoin, 2001

== Ofisoshin siyasa ==
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|jp-upr}}
{{S-bef|before=}}
{{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Councillors&lt;br /&gt;(proportional)|years=1989-2007}}
{{S-aft|after=}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef|before=}}
{{S-ttl|title={{ill|Special Committee on the North Korean Abduction Issue|ja|北朝鮮による拉致問題等に関する特別委員会}}|years=2004}}
{{S-aft|after=}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Kenji Manabe]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Minister of the Environment and Minister of Global Environmental|years=1999–2000}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Yoriko Kawaguchi]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Kiyoko Ono]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Chairman of the House of Councillors' Education Committee|years=1996–1997}}
{{S-aft|after={{ill|Yoshihisa Oshima|ja|大島慶久}}}}
{{S-end}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]]</text>
      <sha1>f13tixkd4tlpuf9a0mpjs7vsxsp50mh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsuruyo Kondo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816041</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T16:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306011759|Tsuruyo Kondo]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816041</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4279" sha1="l34nablg1jbznqxl6ptb00d0l4djdxe" xml:space="preserve">Tsuruyo Kondo (近藤 鶴代) (16 ga Nuwamba, 1901 - 9 ga Agusta, 1970) ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kimiyya da Fasaha daga 1962 zuwa 1963, a majalisar ministocin Hayato Ikeda .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Kondo a Niimi, gundumar Okayama a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1901. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=日本人名大辞典+Plus |first=デジタル版 |title=近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=コトバンク |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1924 ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Mata ta Japan kuma ta fara aiki a makarantu biyu a Okayama, Sanyo Koto Jogakko da Okayama-ken Daiichi Okayama Koto Jogakko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=昭和３７年 原子力委員会月報７(8)原子力委員会委員長に近藤鶴代氏就任 |url=http://www.aec.go.jp/jicst/NC/about/ugoki/geppou/V07/N08/19620801V07N08.html |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=www.aec.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta koyar da ɗabi'u da tattalin arziki na gida.

== Aikin siyasa ==
Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an wanke ɗan'uwan Kondo, ɗan siyasa da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Ci Gaban Japan mai suna Kotani Setsuo, a shekarar 1946. Wannan juyin mulki ya hana shi tsayawa takara. Kondo ta tsaya takarar a madadinsa ba tare da jam'iyyar da za ta wakilci yankin Okayama a Majalisar Wakilai ba. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan siyasa mata na farko a Japan bayan yaƙin .  Bayan an zaɓe ta, ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal, sannan Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Democrat, sannan Jam'iyyar Freedom. A shekarar 1948, an zaɓe ta don ta zama Mataimakiyar Minista a Majalisar Ministocin Shigeru Yoshida .

An zaɓe Kondo sau huɗu, har sai da ta sha kaye a zaɓen 1953 da 1955. Ta koma siyasa lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a 1956, tana wakiltar yankin Okayama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=女性大臣の系譜 写真特集：時事ドットコム |url=https://www.jiji.com/jc/d4?p=jwm149-02kondo-img025&amp;d=d4_mm |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=時事ドットコム |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kondo ta haɗa kanta da ɓangaren Banboku Ōno a cikin Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party . Bayan an sake zaɓenta a 1962, an ba ta matsayi a majalisar Hayato Ikeda a matsayin shugabar Hukumar Makamashin Atomic ta Japan da kuma daraktan {{Interlanguage link|Japanese Science and Technology Agency|ja|科学技術庁}} .  Bayan Masa Nakayama, Kondo ita ce mace ta biyu da aka taɓa naɗawa a majalisar ministocin Japan . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=日本人名大辞典+Plus |first=デジタル版 |title=近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=コトバンク |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREF日本人名大辞典+Plus&quot;&gt;日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. [https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 &quot;近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは&quot;]. ''コトバンク'' (in Japanese)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kondo ta yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekarar 1968. Ta rasu a shekarar 1970 tana da shekaru 68. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=日本人名大辞典+Plus |first=デジタル版 |title=近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=コトバンク |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREF日本人名大辞典+Plus&quot;&gt;日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. [https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 &quot;近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは&quot;]. ''コトバンク'' (in Japanese)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙarin karatu ==

*  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]]</text>
      <sha1>l34nablg1jbznqxl6ptb00d0l4djdxe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816042</id>
      <parentid>816041</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T16:54:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816042</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4291" sha1="jnnwnzaztz600itw6iuky7z2nm27k8p" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Tsuruyo Kondo (近藤 鶴代) (16 ga Nuwamba, 1901 - 9 ga Agusta, 1970) ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kimiyya da Fasaha daga 1962 zuwa 1963, a majalisar ministocin Hayato Ikeda .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Kondo a Niimi, gundumar Okayama a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1901. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=日本人名大辞典+Plus |first=デジタル版 |title=近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=コトバンク |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1924 ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Mata ta Japan kuma ta fara aiki a makarantu biyu a Okayama, Sanyo Koto Jogakko da Okayama-ken Daiichi Okayama Koto Jogakko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=昭和３７年 原子力委員会月報７(8)原子力委員会委員長に近藤鶴代氏就任 |url=http://www.aec.go.jp/jicst/NC/about/ugoki/geppou/V07/N08/19620801V07N08.html |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=www.aec.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta koyar da ɗabi'u da tattalin arziki na gida.

== Aikin siyasa ==
Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an wanke ɗan'uwan Kondo, ɗan siyasa da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Ci Gaban Japan mai suna Kotani Setsuo, a shekarar 1946. Wannan juyin mulki ya hana shi tsayawa takara. Kondo ta tsaya takarar a madadinsa ba tare da jam'iyyar da za ta wakilci yankin Okayama a Majalisar Wakilai ba. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan siyasa mata na farko a Japan bayan yaƙin .  Bayan an zaɓe ta, ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal, sannan Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Democrat, sannan Jam'iyyar Freedom. A shekarar 1948, an zaɓe ta don ta zama Mataimakiyar Minista a Majalisar Ministocin Shigeru Yoshida .

An zaɓe Kondo sau huɗu, har sai da ta sha kaye a zaɓen 1953 da 1955. Ta koma siyasa lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a 1956, tana wakiltar yankin Okayama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=女性大臣の系譜 写真特集：時事ドットコム |url=https://www.jiji.com/jc/d4?p=jwm149-02kondo-img025&amp;d=d4_mm |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=時事ドットコム |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kondo ta haɗa kanta da ɓangaren Banboku Ōno a cikin Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party . Bayan an sake zaɓenta a 1962, an ba ta matsayi a majalisar Hayato Ikeda a matsayin shugabar Hukumar Makamashin Atomic ta Japan da kuma daraktan {{Interlanguage link|Japanese Science and Technology Agency|ja|科学技術庁}} .  Bayan Masa Nakayama, Kondo ita ce mace ta biyu da aka taɓa naɗawa a majalisar ministocin Japan . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=日本人名大辞典+Plus |first=デジタル版 |title=近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=コトバンク |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREF日本人名大辞典+Plus&quot;&gt;日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. [https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 &quot;近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは&quot;]. ''コトバンク'' (in Japanese)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kondo ta yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekarar 1968. Ta rasu a shekarar 1970 tana da shekaru 68. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=日本人名大辞典+Plus |first=デジタル版 |title=近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=コトバンク |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREF日本人名大辞典+Plus&quot;&gt;日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. [https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 &quot;近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは&quot;]. ''コトバンク'' (in Japanese)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙarin karatu ==

*  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]]</text>
      <sha1>jnnwnzaztz600itw6iuky7z2nm27k8p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816043</id>
      <parentid>816042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T16:55:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwar farko da ilimi */</comment>
      <origin>816043</origin>
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      <text bytes="4292" sha1="hlzk9888az0o8cmg91prc35x1hbbqes" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Tsuruyo Kondo (近藤 鶴代) (16 ga Nuwamba, 1901 - 9 ga Agusta, 1970) ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kimiyya da Fasaha daga 1962 zuwa 1963, a majalisar ministocin Hayato Ikeda .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Kondo a Niimi, gundumar Okayama a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1901. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=日本人名大辞典+Plus |first=デジタル版 |title=近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=コトバンク |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1924 ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Mata ta Japan kuma ta fara aiki a makarantu biyu a Okayama, Sanyo Koto Jogakko da Okayama-ken Daiichi Okayama Koto Jogakko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=昭和３７年 原子力委員会月報７(8)原子力委員会委員長に近藤鶴代氏就任 |url=http://www.aec.go.jp/jicst/NC/about/ugoki/geppou/V07/N08/19620801V07N08.html |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=www.aec.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta koyar da ɗabi'u da tattalin arziki na gida.

== Aikin siyasa ==
Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an wanke ɗan'uwan Kondo, ɗan siyasa da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Ci Gaban Japan mai suna Kotani Setsuo, a shekarar 1946. Wannan juyin mulki ya hana shi tsayawa takara. Kondo ta tsaya takarar a madadinsa ba tare da jam'iyyar da za ta wakilci yankin Okayama a Majalisar Wakilai ba. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan siyasa mata na farko a Japan bayan yaƙin .  Bayan an zaɓe ta, ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal, sannan Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Democrat, sannan Jam'iyyar Freedom. A shekarar 1948, an zaɓe ta don ta zama Mataimakiyar Minista a Majalisar Ministocin Shigeru Yoshida .

An zaɓe Kondo sau huɗu, har sai da ta sha kaye a zaɓen 1953 da 1955. Ta koma siyasa lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a 1956, tana wakiltar yankin Okayama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=女性大臣の系譜 写真特集：時事ドットコム |url=https://www.jiji.com/jc/d4?p=jwm149-02kondo-img025&amp;d=d4_mm |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=時事ドットコム |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kondo ta haɗa kanta da ɓangaren Banboku Ōno a cikin Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party . Bayan an sake zaɓenta a 1962, an ba ta matsayi a majalisar Hayato Ikeda a matsayin shugabar Hukumar Makamashin Atomic ta Japan da kuma daraktan {{Interlanguage link|Japanese Science and Technology Agency|ja|科学技術庁}} .  Bayan Masa Nakayama, Kondo ita ce mace ta biyu da aka taɓa naɗawa a majalisar ministocin Japan . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=日本人名大辞典+Plus |first=デジタル版 |title=近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=コトバンク |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREF日本人名大辞典+Plus&quot;&gt;日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. [https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 &quot;近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは&quot;]. ''コトバンク'' (in Japanese)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kondo ta yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekarar 1968. Ta rasu a shekarar 1970 tana da shekaru 68. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=日本人名大辞典+Plus |first=デジタル版 |title=近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=コトバンク |language=ja}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREF日本人名大辞典+Plus&quot;&gt;日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. [https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E9%B6%B4%E4%BB%A3-1076336 &quot;近藤鶴代(こんどう つるよ)とは&quot;]. ''コトバンク'' (in Japanese)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙarin karatu ==

*  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]]</text>
      <sha1>hlzk9888az0o8cmg91prc35x1hbbqes</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yuriko Koike</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816045</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T17:01:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334278058|Yuriko Koike]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816045</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26685" sha1="hmzxn3odzlqf8j532zog2l4hd839k97" xml:space="preserve">Yuriko Koike (Japanese: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; born 15 July 1952) is a Japanese politician who has served as the [[Governor of Tokyo]] since 2016. Previously, she also served as a member of the [[House of Councillors (Japan)|House of Councillors]] from 1992 to 1993, a member of the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] from 1993 to 2016, [[Minister of the Environment (Japan)|Minister of the Environment]] under [[Junichiro Koizumi]] from 2003 to 2006, and [[Minister of Defense (Japan)|Minister of Defense]] under [[Shinzo Abe]] between July and August 2007.

An haife ta kuma ta girma a Ashiya, wani birni mai arziki, ƙarama, kuma sananne kusa da [[Kobe]] a yankin Hyōgo, Koike ta kammala karatunta daga [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]] a shekarar 1976, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Japan daga 1993 har zuwa 2016, lokacin da ta yi murabus don tsayawa takarar Gwamnan Tokyo. A da, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Muhalli a ƙarƙashin majalisar ministocin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006 da kuma ta ɗan lokaci a matsayin Ministan Tsaro a ƙarƙashin [[:ja:第1次安倍内閣|majalisar ministocin farko]] ta [[Shinzo Abe]] a tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007. 

An zabi Koike a matsayin Gwamnan Tokyo a shekarar 2016, inda ya zama gwamnan mace ta farko a birnin.  An sake zabar Koike a shekarar 2020 da 2024, inda ya lashe kashi 59.7% da 42.8% na kuri'un da aka kada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ja:開票速報｜2020都知事選（東京都知事選挙） |url=https://www.asahi.com/senkyo/tochijisen/2020/kaihyo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028022008/https://www.asahi.com/senkyo/tochijisen/2020/kaihyo/ |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=Tokyo governor Koike sweeps to third term |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/tokyo-governor-koike-sweeps-to-third-term/7688947.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ɗaukar Koike a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan siyasar Japan kuma sananne,  Ana yawan ambaton Koike a matsayin mai riƙe da burin Firayim Minista.  Ta tsaya takara a zaɓen shugabancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party na 2008, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin wata babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Japan, duk da haka ta zo ta uku a matsayin wadda ta sha kaye a hannun Tarō Asō . A shekarar 2017, Koike ta bar LDP a tsakiyar masu sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai kuma ta ƙaddamar da jam'iyyu biyu: jam'iyyar ƙasa, Kibō no Tō (希望の党/Party of Hope) da kuma jam'iyyar yankin Tomin First no Kai (都民ファーストの会/Tokyoites First Party). Kibō no Tō ya fafata a babban zaɓen 2017 tare da Koike a matsayin shugaba, duk da haka jam'iyyar ba ta yi abin da ake tsammani ba kuma galibi ta ɓace bayan ta haɗu da Jam'iyyar Democrat for the People a 2018. A wannan shekarar, Koike ta sauka daga shugabancin Tomin First kuma ta zama 'yar amshin shata a hukumance. Duk da haka, Koike ta ci gaba da goyon bayan 'yan takarar Tomin First da kuma yakin neman zaɓe a Tokyo kuma jam'iyyar har yanzu tana amfani da hotonta da manufofinta akai-akai.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Koike a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952 a Ashiya kusa da [[Kobe]] a Hyōgo, Koike ta tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Kōnan ta 'Yan Mata don karatunta na sakandare. Mahaifinta, Yūjirō Koike, ɗan kasuwa ne na ƙasashen waje wanda ke sarrafa kayayyakin mai. Ya kuma shiga siyasa, yana goyon bayan Shintarō Ishihara da Tatenokai a shekarun 1960, kuma bai yi nasara ba a zaɓen gama gari na Japan a 1969.  Yūjirō ya jaddada wa Yuriko cewa yana da mahimmanci ga Japan ta ƙarfafa dangantaka da ƙasashen Larabawa don tabbatar da isasshen man fetur don hana sake jefa Japan cikin yaƙin mai a nan gaba. Bayan ta daina karatunta a Makarantar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Jami'ar Kwansei Gakuin a watan Satumbar 1971, ta ci gaba da karatun Larabci a [[Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira|Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira]] kuma ana zargin cewa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hernon |first=Matthew |date=2024-04-17 |title=Tokyo Governor Koike Accused of Lying About University Degree |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/japan-life/news-and-opinion/tokyo-governor-koike-accused-of-lying-about-university-degree/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Tokyo Weekender |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta sami digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a fannin Ilimin [[Kimiyar al'umma|Halayyar Dan Adam]] a matsayin babbar ɗaliba daga [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] a watan Oktoban 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi20080824&quot; /&gt;  Lokacin da take da shekaru 21, ta auri wata ɗaliba 'yar Japan amma ta sake ta jim kaɗan bayan haka.   Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai fassara [[Larabci]] kuma daga baya ta zama 'yar jarida, inda ta yi hira da [[Muammar Gaddafi]] da [[Yasser Arafat]] a shekarar 1978,  ta kuma zama mai gabatar da labarai a shekarar 1979. Ta sami kyautar Mace Mai Yaɗa Labarai ta Japan a shekarar 1990.

=== Kammala Karatu daga Jami'ar Alkahira ===
An zargi Koike sau da yawa da yin karya takardun shaidarta, musamman game da kammala karatunta daga [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]] . A watan Yunin 2020, Jami'ar Alkahira ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa &quot;Jami'ar Alkahira ta tabbatar da cewa Yuriko Koike... ta kammala karatunta daga Sashen Ilimin zamantakewa, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Alkahira a watan Oktoban 1976,&quot; tana musanta zargin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-10 |title=Cairo University Certifies Tokyo Gov. Koike's graduation |url=https://www.arabnews.jp/en/japan/article_19187/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=ARAB NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu, zarge-zargen Masar na cewa ta aikata zamba a aiki sun fara bayyana a shekarar 1992,  an fi ba da rahotonsu a lokacin zaben gwamna na Tokyo a shekarar 2016, kuma shirin labarai na Japan ''Tokudane ya fara bayar da rahotonsa!'' . Koike ta aika takardar shaidar kammala karatunta zuwa shirin don mayar da martani ga zarge-zargen.   A watan Janairun 2018, wata mata da ta yi ikirarin cewa ita ce abokiyar zaman Koike a Jami'ar Alkahira ta rubuta wa mujallar wata-wata ta Japan ''Bungei Shunjū'' bayan ta karanta wani labari kan Koike.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2024, mujallar ta buga wani labari a shafinta na yanar gizo, ciki har da wani bidiyo inda Toshiro Kojima, lauya kuma tsohon mataimakin Koike, ya ce ya taimaka wajen karya takardun shaidar karatun Koike, ciki har da rubuta takardar kammala karatun bogi.  Koike ya musanta zarge-zargen. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
[[Fayil:Koike_-_Rice_usa-600.jpg|left|thumb|Koike, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da &quot;Ricen Condi na Japan&quot;,  ya yi musabaha da Condoleezza Rice a watan Agusta na 2007.]]
Bayan kammala karatunta a Masar, an zaɓe Koike a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 1992 a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Sabuwar Japan . Daga nan aka zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai a shekarar 1993, inda ta wakilci gundumar Hyogo ta 2. A shekarar 1996, aka sake zaɓenta a Majalisar Wakilai, a wannan karon ta wakilci gundumar Hyogo ta 6 ga Jam'iyyar Sabuwar Frontier . Ta riƙe wannan kujera a zaɓen 2000 a matsayin 'yar takarar Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Conservative . Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a 2002. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ja:プロフィール |trans-title=Profile |url=http://www.yuriko.or.jp/profile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722221221/http://www.yuriko.or.jp/profile |archive-date=22 July 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |website= |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga ''Project Syndicate'' tun 2010.

=== Sabis na kabad (2003–2007) ===
Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Muhalli da kuma Ministar Harkokin Okinawa da Arewacin Kasa a Majalisar Ministocin Firayim Minista Jun'ichirō Koizumi . Tare da Satsuki Katayama da Makiko Fujino, Koike ya zama sananne a matsayin daya daga cikin &quot;masu kisan gillar&quot; Koizumi a zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta 2005, inda ya tsaya takara a Tokyo a kan wani dan takarar jam'iyyar LDP mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya yi adawa da manufofin Koizumi. 

An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Tsaro a watan Yunin 2007 a lokacin wa'adin Firayim Minista [[Shinzo Abe]], amma ta sanar a watan Agustan 2007 cewa ta yi niyyar yin murabus daga mukamin, inda ta yi nuni da abin kunya na ɓoye bayanai na Aegis a matsayin dalili. Koike daga baya ta nuna cewa yakin da aka yada da yawa da ta yi da Babban Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yasuhisa Shiozaki game da maye gurbin mataimakin minista shine ainihin dalilin, saboda 'yan adawa za su yi amfani da hakan don adawa da lissafin dokokin ta'addanci na Japan.

=== Zaɓen shugabancin jam'iyyar LDP ta 2008 ===
A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2008, ta ƙaddamar da yunƙurinta na zama shugabar jam'iyyar LDP kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta taɓa neman kujerar firaministan ƙasar Japan: &quot;Na sami goyon bayan abokan aikina. Domin in shawo kan matsalar da al'ummar Japan ke fuskanta, ina ganin ƙasar za ta iya samun 'yar takara mace. [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary]] ta yi amfani da kalmar 'rufin gilashi' ... amma a Japan, ba gilashi ba ne, faranti ne na ƙarfe. Ni ba [[Margaret Thatcher|Mrs. Thatcher]] ba ce, amma abin da ake buƙata shi ne dabarun da ke ciyar da manufa gaba tare da amincewa, manufofi bayyanannu da kuma tausaya wa mutane.&quot;  A zaɓen shugabanci, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 22 ga Satumba, Tarō Asō ya yi nasara da ƙuri'u 351 daga cikin ƙuri'u 527; Koike ya zo na uku da ƙuri'u 46. 

== Gwamnan Tokyo ==
Bayan murabus ɗin gwamnan Tokyo Naoki Inose a watan Disamba na 2013, ana ta rade-radin cewa Koike za ta iya zama ɗan takarar gwamna a zaɓen gwamna da ake sa ran gudanarwa a watan Fabrairun 2014, tare da Hideo Higashikokubaru, Hakubun Shimomura, Seiko Hashimoto da Yōichi Masuzoe .  Daga ƙarshe ba ta tsaya takara ba, kuma Masuzoe ta yi nasara.
[[Fayil:Koikeyuriko-kitasenju-japan-may4-2017.webm|thumbtime=16|thumb| Gwamna Koike yana jawabi a shekarar 2017]]
Bayan Masuzoe ya sanar da murabus dinsa a watan Yunin 2016, Koike ta sanar da aniyarta ta tsayawa takarar magajinsa . Koike ta bayyana cewa za ta tsaya takara &quot;a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta LDP&quot; amma ba ta sami amincewar reshen LDP na Tokyo ba kafin ta sanar da takararta.  Jam'iyyar LDP ta amince da Hiroya Masuda a hukumance, kuma reshenta na Tokyo ya bayar da sanarwar cewa za a hukunta duk wani memba da ke goyon bayan Koike. Duk da haka, wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa na LDP sun ci gaba da goyon bayan Koike, yayin da manyan shugabanni kamar Shinzo Abe suka guji yin jawabai don nuna goyon baya ga kowanne dan takara. 

An zaɓi Koike a matsayin Gwamnan Tokyo a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2016, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta hau wannan muƙamin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2016 |title=Yuriko Koike Elected Governor of Tokyo, First Woman in Post |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/yuriko-koike-elected-governor-of-tokyo-first-woman-in-post-1469967380 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504151729/https://www.wsj.com/articles/yuriko-koike-elected-governor-of-tokyo-first-woman-in-post-1469967380 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |access-date=12 March 2017 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 21 ga Agusta 2016, a bikin rufe gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016, Koike ya karɓi tutar Olympics, ta hannun Thomas Bach, daga magajin garin Rio de Janeiro, Eduardo Paes .

A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2017, kafin zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi da ke tafe, Koike ya yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party kuma ya zama shugaban Tomin First no Kai (Tokyoites First). Koike ya kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2016 don shirye-shiryen zaɓen kuma ya ƙulla ƙawance da Komeito a ƙoƙarin samun rinjayen rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Tokyo.  A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2017, ƙungiyar ta sami rinjaye a zaɓen gunduma, inda ta kori jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party da jimillar kujeru 79 daga cikin kujeru 127 na majalisar. 

Koike ya shiga majalisar ministocin [[Shinzo Abe]], inda kasar ta jagoranci martanin gwamnati kan annobar COVID-19 a Japan,  da kuma dage gasar Olympics ta bazara ta Tokyo ta 2020 zuwa 2021. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamna a lokacin kammala gasar Olympics da Paralympics cikin nasara a shekarar 2021. Ta miƙa tutar Olympics ga magajin garin [[Faris|Paris]] [[Anne Hidalgo]] a lokacin bikin rufe gasar, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen wasannin. An gudanar da shi a ɓoye ba tare da izinin masu kallo ba saboda ayyana dokar ta-baci a Babban Yankin Tokyo don mayar da martani ga annobar, Gasar Olympics ɗaya tilo da aka gudanar ba tare da masu kallo na hukuma ba. {{Efn|Overseas spectators were first banned in March 2021, then followed by residents of Japan in July of that year to avoid any risk of a [[superspreading event]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/asia/tokyo-state-of-emergency-olympics.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708084119/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/asia/tokyo-state-of-emergency-olympics.html |archive-date=2021-07-08 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title='Spectators Will Be Barred at Tokyo Olympics Amid New Covid Emergency|website=The New York Times|date=8 July 2021|last1=Dooley|first1=Ben}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Wasannin sun kasance mafi tsada a tarihi, tare da jimillar kashe kuɗi sama da dala biliyan 20.  An gano kuma an bayar da rahoton mutane 788 da Kwamitin Shirya Gasar Tokyo 2020 ya bayar tsakanin 1 ga Yuli zuwa 8 ga Satumba 2021, tare da gano ƙarin mutane 66 a tsakanin ma'aikatan Wasanni kafin wannan ranar bayan Kwamitin ya fara rikodin su a wani lokaci da ba a sani ba. Laifukan sun haifar da damuwa kafin wasannin. An bayyana cewa an karya kumfa da ya kewaye Kauyen Olympic bayan da aka sami shari'ar farko a can a tsakiyar watan Yuli.

A ranar 14 ga Agusta 2022, Gwamnan Jakarta Anies Baswedan ya kai ziyarar aiki zuwa Japan don ganawa da takwaransa na Tokyo, Yuriko Koike, don tattauna yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa a fannoni da dama, ciki har da sufuri na jama'a mai kyau ga muhalli. Baswedan ya wallafa hoton ganawar da Koike a zauren birnin Tokyo tare da wakilai da dama a shafinsa na Instagram. Duk da haka, gwamnan bai bayar da ƙarin bayani game da yuwuwar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin biranen biyu da tsawon lokacin da ya yi a Japan ba. Duk da haka, Baswedan ya gayyaci Koike don halartar taron Urban 20 a matsayin taron gefen G20 a Jakarta a ƙarshen watan Agusta 2022. Daga baya ya lura cewa [[Tokyo]] da [[Jakarta]] birane ne 'yan'uwa, waɗanda ke da dogon dangantaka. Saboda haka, taron ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don nuna jajircewa wajen ƙarfafa dangantaka tsakanin biranen biyu. 

Koike ya sanar a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2022 cewa Tokyo za ta fara aiwatar da hanyar sadarwa ta wayar salula mafi sauri a duniya. Manabu Miyasaka, sabon mai ba gwamnan shawara kan sauyin zamani na Tokyo kuma tsohon shugaban Yahoo! Japan Corporation, shi ne zai jagoranci wannan gagarumin aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narigon |first=Nick |date=3 September 2019 |title=Tokyo Launches Plans for World's Fastest 5G Network |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2019/09/full-speed-ahead-tokyo-launches-plans-for-worlds-fastest-5g-network/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518091128/https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2019/09/full-speed-ahead-tokyo-launches-plans-for-worlds-fastest-5g-network/ |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Tokyo Weekender}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koike ta gudanar da dandalinta bisa sifili bakwai, waɗanda galibi matsaloli ne na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da mazauna Tokyo ke fuskanta. Daga cikin waɗannan manufofin, ta sami damar rage adadin yara da ke cikin jerin jira don samun shiga wuraren kula da yara da kuma rage adadin karnuka da kuliyoyi da aka kashe. Duk da haka, masu suka sun ce wasu manufofi kamar magance al'adar aiki mai yawa, rage cunkoson ababen hawa a cikin jiragen ƙasa na sa'o'in gaggawa, da kuma kawar da sandunan wutar lantarki a sama ba a cimma su ba tukuna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Takahashi |first=Ryusei |date=6 July 2020 |title=Koike cruises to win in Tokyo governor race, vowing to continue fight against virus |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/06/national/politics-diplomacy/tokyo-governor-election-coronavirus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119223840/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/06/national/politics-diplomacy/tokyo-governor-election-coronavirus/ |archive-date=19 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=The Japan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koike da ɗan takarar da ta fi so, Hirotada Ototake, sun zo na biyar a zaɓen cike gurbi na gundumar 15 ta Tokyo na majalisar wakilai. Wannan ya sa tattaunawa ta ƙaru kan ko Koike za ta rasa yawancin sunanta a matsayin gwamna mai farin jini sosai. Wannan kuma ya zo ne kafin zaɓen gwamna na Tokyo da za a yi a watan Yulin 2024. An ruwaito cewa babban asarar da Ototake ta fuskanta na iya kawo cikas ga jita-jitar da ake ci gaba da yi game da burinta na komawa siyasar ƙasa bayan gazawarta a babban zaɓen Japan na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title=東京15区補選&quot;大惨敗&quot;でハッキリ…「小池都知事」「日本維新の会」両ブランド凋落と限界 |url=https://www.nikkan-gendai.com/articles/view/news/339562 |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=Nikkan DIGITAL |publisher=Nikkan Gendai}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an yi hasashen cewa zaɓen fitar da gwani bayan zaɓen Tokyo na 2024 cewa Koike za ta lashe wa'adi na uku a matsayin gwamna. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap070724&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yamaguchi |first=Mari |date=7 July 2024 |title=Tokyo's incumbent Governor Koike projected to win a third term, exit poll results show |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-tokyo-governor-election-koike-women-10bd9e7940d17f1ad4fd8acb66c6a4be |access-date=7 July 2024 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2024, Koike ta karye gwiwarta ta hagu yayin da take yin wasan farko na biki a gasar ƙwallon baseball ta Central League a filin wasa na Meiji Jingu, wanda hakan ya tilasta mata yin aiki daga nesa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2024 |title=Tokyo Gov. Koike suffers bone fracture in opening pitch ceremony |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/08/729e7d0f1ba9-tokyo-gov-koike-suffers-bone-fracture-in-opening-pitch-ceremony.html |access-date=7 July 2024 |publisher=Kyodo News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin siyasa ==
 
Koike tana goyon bayan sassaucin ra'ayin tattalin arziki, tana haɓaka gyare-gyaren gudanarwa da kasafin kuɗi, kuma tana dagewa kan ci gaba da haɓaka matsayin mata a duniyar aiki. A cikin alƙawarin bin manufofin da suka dace da mata, ta ce, &quot;Ina ganin cewa tura manufofi ga mata zai yi kyau ga Tokyo kuma ya kawo farin ciki ga babban birnin.&quot; Ka'idojinta na asali da matsayinta game da gyare-gyaren siyasa sun ƙunshi &quot;Cs 5: Duba, Kalubale, Canji, Kirkire-kirkire da Sadarwa&quot;.  Dangane da tattalin arziki, ta matsa lamba ga masu zaman kansu na Japan don rage nauyin bashin gwamnati. Juyawar da ta yi ga ci gaban IT, kimiyyar halitta, ababen more rayuwa mai dorewa, da gyare-gyaren gudanarwa bisa inganci don ayyukan jama'a suma suna cikin jerin sunayen. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/02/party-of-hope-rival-japan-pm-shinzo-abe-bloc-analyst]{{Dead link|date=May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a sansanin 'yan ra'ayin mazan jiya na Japan.    Wani lokaci ana kiranta da &quot;matsanancin ra'ayin mazan jiya&quot;. 

=== Muhalli ===
Bayan ta koyi salon rayuwa na muhalli daga gogewarta ta fannin tattalin arziki a lokacin yaƙi a Masar,  Koike ta magance matsalolin muhalli. Ta bayyana ra'ayin gabatar da [[harajin carbon]] a shekarar 2005 domin Japan ta cimma burin [[Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] .  A shekara mai zuwa, ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin &quot; Mottainai Furoshiki&quot;, wanda ke kira ga masu siyayya da su yi amfani da furoshiki maimakon jakunkunan siyayya na filastik .  Tana adawa da amfani da [[Biofuel|man fetur]] da aka yi da amfanin gona na abinci. 

=== Kishin ƙasa da takaddamar da ke tattare da ita ===
A matsayinta na mai kishin ƙasa, Koike ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan sakatare-janar biyar na Kwamitin Membobin Diet na Nippon Kaigi, babbar cibiyar tunani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a ƙasar kuma babbar ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, wacce Tarō Asō ya taɓa shugabanta. An kuma san ta da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da sauran manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.

A matsayinta na Gwamna a Tokyo, ta shafe shekaru tana shan suka daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Japan da Koriya a Japan da Koriya saboda kin amincewa da faruwar Kisan Kiyashin Kantō na 1923, wanda aka fi yi wa 'yan asalin Koriya.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nishimura |first=Naomi |last2=Kitano |first2=Ryuichi |date=2 September 2020 |title=Koike under fire as memorial held for Koreans slain in Tokyo in 1923 |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13690537 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225172252/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13690537 |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=The Asahi Shimbun |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adelstein |first=Jake |date=19 October 2017 |title=The Pride And (Anti-Korean) Prejudice Of Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike Is A Big Problem |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adelsteinjake/2017/10/19/the-pride-and-anti-korean-prejudice-of-tokyo-governor-yuriko-koike-is-a-big-problem/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2017, Koike ta karya tarihin tsoffin magajin gari ta hanyar kin yin ta'aziyya ga zuriyar wadanda suka tsira a wani biki na shekara-shekara. Tun daga lokacin ta ba da hujjar hakan ta hanyar cewa ko kisan kiyashi ya faru batu ne na tarihi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An yi tambaya game da yiwuwar alaƙar Koike da wata ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a shekarar 2016, lokacin da wani ɗan jarida ya yi tambaya game da jawabinta a wani taro da ƙungiyar mata ta Japan Women's Group Gentle Breeze  ta shirya, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta mata wacce ake zargin tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ƙiyayya ta Koriya mai adawa da Zaitokukai . A martanin da ta mayar, Koike ta bayyana cewa ba ta san da alaƙar da ƙungiyar ke da ita da Zaitokukai ba, kuma an gayyace ta ta yi jawabi a tarurruka da dama.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adelstein |first=Jake |date=19 October 2017 |title=The Pride And (Anti-Korean) Prejudice Of Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike Is A Big Problem |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adelsteinjake/2017/10/19/the-pride-and-anti-korean-prejudice-of-tokyo-governor-yuriko-koike-is-a-big-problem/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdelstein2017&quot;&gt;Adelstein, Jake (19 October 2017). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/adelsteinjake/2017/10/19/the-pride-and-anti-korean-prejudice-of-tokyo-governor-yuriko-koike-is-a-big-problem/ &quot;The Pride And (Anti-Korean) Prejudice Of Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike Is A Big Problem&quot;]. ''Forbes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 July&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsaya kan Mataki na 9 na kundin tsarin mulki ===
Ana ɗaukar manufofinta na ƙasashen waje da na tsaro a matsayin masu son kai.   &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://archive.today/20070620065034/http://www.news24.jp/87502.html Chūgokushi 'Koike Shin Bōeishō wa Takaha no Seijika']&quot;, ''[[Nippon News Network]]'', 4 July 2007.{{In lang|ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da shawarar cewa firaministan ya sake duba fassarar Mataki na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Japan don bai wa gwamnati damar amfani da 'yancin kare kai na gama gari. &lt;ref name=&quot;akahata&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nippon ga Dekiru Keizai Seisai&quot;, ''Voice'', April 2003.{{In lang|ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta goyi bayan Amurka da yaƙi da ta'addanci kuma tana adawa da al'adar gwamnatin Japan ta manufofin ƙasashen waje da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] ta tsara.  Duk da haka, ta aika saƙonni daban-daban ga Amurka dangane da wargaza Gabas ta Tsakiya ta hanyar ƙoƙarin dimokuraɗiyya. A gefe guda kuma, nuna wa sassan duniya irin ƙarfin da Amurka ke da shi a matsayin ƙawance abu ne mai muhimmanci. A lokacin zaɓen shugabancin LDP na 2008, ta yi alƙawarin [[Rasha|mayar]] da tsibiran guda huɗu da ake takaddama a kansu ga Japan idan aka zaɓe ta a matsayin firayim minista. A shekarar 2010, ta taimaka wajen ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin Muammar Gaddafi na Libya da Japan. Wannan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Abokantaka ta Japan da Libya. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/News/Sp200809150150.html &quot;Dōshūsei Dōnyū ni Iyoku&quot;], ''[[Chugoku Shimbun]]'', 15 September 2008.{{In lang|ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wasu mukamai ===
Koike ta kuma tallata [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun gargajiya]] na Japan, inda ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na cosplay a matsayin Sally daga ''Sally the Witch'' a 2015, kuma ta bayyana a lokacin yakin neman zabenta na gwamna a Tokyo na 2016 cewa tana son mayar da dukkan Tokyo zuwa &quot;ƙasar anime&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ashcraft |first=Brian |date=18 July 2016 |title=Let's Turn Tokyo Into Anime Land, Says Politician |url=http://kotaku.com/lets-turn-tokyo-into-anime-land-says-politician-1783837325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719153321/http://kotaku.com/lets-turn-tokyo-into-anime-land-says-politician-1783837325 |archive-date=19 July 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koike ta ƙaddamar da &quot;Jisa Biz&quot; (時差biz) a watan Yulin 2017 don haɓaka aikin nesa da kuma daidaita lokutan aiki don rage cunkoson ababen hawa a lokacin cunkoson ababen hawa na safe a Tokyo. 

A shekarar 2017, Koike ta ƙaddamar da sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa ta ƙasa kuma ta jagoranci. An kira ta Kibō no Tō, wanda ke nufin &quot; Party of Hope &quot;. Duk da cewa har yanzu tana Gwamna a Tokyo, ita ce babbar shugabar wannan jam'iyyar. An yi zaton cewa wannan jam'iyyar za ta iya zama babbar jam'iyyar adawa ga LDP. A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2017, Jam'iyyar Hope ba ta yi kyau ba a zaɓen kamar yadda aka zata. Manyan manufofin Koike sun yi kama da na Firayim Minista Shinzo Abe. Manufar da za ta raba su ita ce ra'ayoyinsu daban-daban kan makamashin nukiliya. Koike ya yi adawa da ita a matsayin mai fafutukar kare muhalli. Koike bai shiga wata jam'iyya da za ta maye gurbin Jam'iyyar Hope ba a rusa ta a watan Afrilun 2018.

A shekarar 2023, ta zo ta 62 a jerin Forbes na &quot; mata 100 mafi iko a duniya &quot;. 

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="26617" sha1="8zsx22u10v0xjm76koc3akgsikgixp5" xml:space="preserve">Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016.
A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007.

An haife ta kuma ta girma a Ashiya, wani birni mai arziki, ƙarama, kuma sananne kusa da [[Kobe]] a yankin Hyōgo, Koike ta kammala karatunta daga [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]] a shekarar 1976, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Japan daga 1993 har zuwa 2016, lokacin da ta yi murabus don tsayawa takarar Gwamnan Tokyo. A da, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Muhalli a ƙarƙashin majalisar ministocin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006 da kuma ta ɗan lokaci a matsayin Ministan Tsaro a ƙarƙashin [[:ja:第1次安倍内閣|majalisar ministocin farko]] ta [[Shinzo Abe]] a tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007. 

An zabi Koike a matsayin Gwamnan Tokyo a shekarar 2016, inda ya zama gwamnan mace ta farko a birnin.  An sake zabar Koike a shekarar 2020 da 2024, inda ya lashe kashi 59.7% da 42.8% na kuri'un da aka kada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ja:開票速報｜2020都知事選（東京都知事選挙） |url=https://www.asahi.com/senkyo/tochijisen/2020/kaihyo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028022008/https://www.asahi.com/senkyo/tochijisen/2020/kaihyo/ |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=Tokyo governor Koike sweeps to third term |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/tokyo-governor-koike-sweeps-to-third-term/7688947.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ɗaukar Koike a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan siyasar Japan kuma sananne,  Ana yawan ambaton Koike a matsayin mai riƙe da burin Firayim Minista.  Ta tsaya takara a zaɓen shugabancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party na 2008, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin wata babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Japan, duk da haka ta zo ta uku a matsayin wadda ta sha kaye a hannun Tarō Asō . A shekarar 2017, Koike ta bar LDP a tsakiyar masu sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai kuma ta ƙaddamar da jam'iyyu biyu: jam'iyyar ƙasa, Kibō no Tō (希望の党/Party of Hope) da kuma jam'iyyar yankin Tomin First no Kai (都民ファーストの会/Tokyoites First Party). Kibō no Tō ya fafata a babban zaɓen 2017 tare da Koike a matsayin shugaba, duk da haka jam'iyyar ba ta yi abin da ake tsammani ba kuma galibi ta ɓace bayan ta haɗu da Jam'iyyar Democrat for the People a 2018. A wannan shekarar, Koike ta sauka daga shugabancin Tomin First kuma ta zama 'yar amshin shata a hukumance. Duk da haka, Koike ta ci gaba da goyon bayan 'yan takarar Tomin First da kuma yakin neman zaɓe a Tokyo kuma jam'iyyar har yanzu tana amfani da hotonta da manufofinta akai-akai.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Koike a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952 a Ashiya kusa da [[Kobe]] a Hyōgo, Koike ta tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Kōnan ta 'Yan Mata don karatunta na sakandare. Mahaifinta, Yūjirō Koike, ɗan kasuwa ne na ƙasashen waje wanda ke sarrafa kayayyakin mai. Ya kuma shiga siyasa, yana goyon bayan Shintarō Ishihara da Tatenokai a shekarun 1960, kuma bai yi nasara ba a zaɓen gama gari na Japan a 1969.  Yūjirō ya jaddada wa Yuriko cewa yana da mahimmanci ga Japan ta ƙarfafa dangantaka da ƙasashen Larabawa don tabbatar da isasshen man fetur don hana sake jefa Japan cikin yaƙin mai a nan gaba. Bayan ta daina karatunta a Makarantar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Jami'ar Kwansei Gakuin a watan Satumbar 1971, ta ci gaba da karatun Larabci a [[Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira|Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira]] kuma ana zargin cewa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hernon |first=Matthew |date=2024-04-17 |title=Tokyo Governor Koike Accused of Lying About University Degree |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/japan-life/news-and-opinion/tokyo-governor-koike-accused-of-lying-about-university-degree/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Tokyo Weekender |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta sami digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a fannin Ilimin [[Kimiyar al'umma|Halayyar Dan Adam]] a matsayin babbar ɗaliba daga [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] a watan Oktoban 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi20080824&quot; /&gt;  Lokacin da take da shekaru 21, ta auri wata ɗaliba 'yar Japan amma ta sake ta jim kaɗan bayan haka.   Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai fassara [[Larabci]] kuma daga baya ta zama 'yar jarida, inda ta yi hira da [[Muammar Gaddafi]] da [[Yasser Arafat]] a shekarar 1978,  ta kuma zama mai gabatar da labarai a shekarar 1979. Ta sami kyautar Mace Mai Yaɗa Labarai ta Japan a shekarar 1990.

=== Kammala Karatu daga Jami'ar Alkahira ===
An zargi Koike sau da yawa da yin karya takardun shaidarta, musamman game da kammala karatunta daga [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]] . A watan Yunin 2020, Jami'ar Alkahira ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa &quot;Jami'ar Alkahira ta tabbatar da cewa Yuriko Koike... ta kammala karatunta daga Sashen Ilimin zamantakewa, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Alkahira a watan Oktoban 1976,&quot; tana musanta zargin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-10 |title=Cairo University Certifies Tokyo Gov. Koike's graduation |url=https://www.arabnews.jp/en/japan/article_19187/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=ARAB NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu, zarge-zargen Masar na cewa ta aikata zamba a aiki sun fara bayyana a shekarar 1992,  an fi ba da rahotonsu a lokacin zaben gwamna na Tokyo a shekarar 2016, kuma shirin labarai na Japan ''Tokudane ya fara bayar da rahotonsa!'' . Koike ta aika takardar shaidar kammala karatunta zuwa shirin don mayar da martani ga zarge-zargen.   A watan Janairun 2018, wata mata da ta yi ikirarin cewa ita ce abokiyar zaman Koike a Jami'ar Alkahira ta rubuta wa mujallar wata-wata ta Japan ''Bungei Shunjū'' bayan ta karanta wani labari kan Koike.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2024, mujallar ta buga wani labari a shafinta na yanar gizo, ciki har da wani bidiyo inda Toshiro Kojima, lauya kuma tsohon mataimakin Koike, ya ce ya taimaka wajen karya takardun shaidar karatun Koike, ciki har da rubuta takardar kammala karatun bogi.  Koike ya musanta zarge-zargen. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
[[Fayil:Koike_-_Rice_usa-600.jpg|left|thumb|Koike, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da &quot;Ricen Condi na Japan&quot;,  ya yi musabaha da Condoleezza Rice a watan Agusta na 2007.]]
Bayan kammala karatunta a Masar, an zaɓe Koike a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 1992 a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Sabuwar Japan . Daga nan aka zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai a shekarar 1993, inda ta wakilci gundumar Hyogo ta 2. A shekarar 1996, aka sake zaɓenta a Majalisar Wakilai, a wannan karon ta wakilci gundumar Hyogo ta 6 ga Jam'iyyar Sabuwar Frontier . Ta riƙe wannan kujera a zaɓen 2000 a matsayin 'yar takarar Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Conservative . Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a 2002. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ja:プロフィール |trans-title=Profile |url=http://www.yuriko.or.jp/profile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722221221/http://www.yuriko.or.jp/profile |archive-date=22 July 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |website= |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga ''Project Syndicate'' tun 2010.

=== Sabis na kabad (2003–2007) ===
Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Muhalli da kuma Ministar Harkokin Okinawa da Arewacin Kasa a Majalisar Ministocin Firayim Minista Jun'ichirō Koizumi . Tare da Satsuki Katayama da Makiko Fujino, Koike ya zama sananne a matsayin daya daga cikin &quot;masu kisan gillar&quot; Koizumi a zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta 2005, inda ya tsaya takara a Tokyo a kan wani dan takarar jam'iyyar LDP mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya yi adawa da manufofin Koizumi. 

An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Tsaro a watan Yunin 2007 a lokacin wa'adin Firayim Minista [[Shinzo Abe]], amma ta sanar a watan Agustan 2007 cewa ta yi niyyar yin murabus daga mukamin, inda ta yi nuni da abin kunya na ɓoye bayanai na Aegis a matsayin dalili. Koike daga baya ta nuna cewa yakin da aka yada da yawa da ta yi da Babban Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yasuhisa Shiozaki game da maye gurbin mataimakin minista shine ainihin dalilin, saboda 'yan adawa za su yi amfani da hakan don adawa da lissafin dokokin ta'addanci na Japan.

=== Zaɓen shugabancin jam'iyyar LDP ta 2008 ===
A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2008, ta ƙaddamar da yunƙurinta na zama shugabar jam'iyyar LDP kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta taɓa neman kujerar firaministan ƙasar Japan: &quot;Na sami goyon bayan abokan aikina. Domin in shawo kan matsalar da al'ummar Japan ke fuskanta, ina ganin ƙasar za ta iya samun 'yar takara mace. [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary]] ta yi amfani da kalmar 'rufin gilashi' ... amma a Japan, ba gilashi ba ne, faranti ne na ƙarfe. Ni ba [[Margaret Thatcher|Mrs. Thatcher]] ba ce, amma abin da ake buƙata shi ne dabarun da ke ciyar da manufa gaba tare da amincewa, manufofi bayyanannu da kuma tausaya wa mutane.&quot;  A zaɓen shugabanci, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 22 ga Satumba, Tarō Asō ya yi nasara da ƙuri'u 351 daga cikin ƙuri'u 527; Koike ya zo na uku da ƙuri'u 46. 

== Gwamnan Tokyo ==
Bayan murabus ɗin gwamnan Tokyo Naoki Inose a watan Disamba na 2013, ana ta rade-radin cewa Koike za ta iya zama ɗan takarar gwamna a zaɓen gwamna da ake sa ran gudanarwa a watan Fabrairun 2014, tare da Hideo Higashikokubaru, Hakubun Shimomura, Seiko Hashimoto da Yōichi Masuzoe .  Daga ƙarshe ba ta tsaya takara ba, kuma Masuzoe ta yi nasara.
[[Fayil:Koikeyuriko-kitasenju-japan-may4-2017.webm|thumbtime=16|thumb| Gwamna Koike yana jawabi a shekarar 2017]]
Bayan Masuzoe ya sanar da murabus dinsa a watan Yunin 2016, Koike ta sanar da aniyarta ta tsayawa takarar magajinsa . Koike ta bayyana cewa za ta tsaya takara &quot;a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta LDP&quot; amma ba ta sami amincewar reshen LDP na Tokyo ba kafin ta sanar da takararta.  Jam'iyyar LDP ta amince da Hiroya Masuda a hukumance, kuma reshenta na Tokyo ya bayar da sanarwar cewa za a hukunta duk wani memba da ke goyon bayan Koike. Duk da haka, wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa na LDP sun ci gaba da goyon bayan Koike, yayin da manyan shugabanni kamar Shinzo Abe suka guji yin jawabai don nuna goyon baya ga kowanne dan takara. 

An zaɓi Koike a matsayin Gwamnan Tokyo a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2016, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta hau wannan muƙamin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2016 |title=Yuriko Koike Elected Governor of Tokyo, First Woman in Post |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/yuriko-koike-elected-governor-of-tokyo-first-woman-in-post-1469967380 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504151729/https://www.wsj.com/articles/yuriko-koike-elected-governor-of-tokyo-first-woman-in-post-1469967380 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |access-date=12 March 2017 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 21 ga Agusta 2016, a bikin rufe gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016, Koike ya karɓi tutar Olympics, ta hannun Thomas Bach, daga magajin garin Rio de Janeiro, Eduardo Paes .

A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2017, kafin zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi da ke tafe, Koike ya yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party kuma ya zama shugaban Tomin First no Kai (Tokyoites First). Koike ya kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2016 don shirye-shiryen zaɓen kuma ya ƙulla ƙawance da Komeito a ƙoƙarin samun rinjayen rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Tokyo.  A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2017, ƙungiyar ta sami rinjaye a zaɓen gunduma, inda ta kori jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party da jimillar kujeru 79 daga cikin kujeru 127 na majalisar. 

Koike ya shiga majalisar ministocin [[Shinzo Abe]], inda kasar ta jagoranci martanin gwamnati kan annobar COVID-19 a Japan,  da kuma dage gasar Olympics ta bazara ta Tokyo ta 2020 zuwa 2021. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamna a lokacin kammala gasar Olympics da Paralympics cikin nasara a shekarar 2021. Ta miƙa tutar Olympics ga magajin garin [[Faris|Paris]] [[Anne Hidalgo]] a lokacin bikin rufe gasar, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen wasannin. An gudanar da shi a ɓoye ba tare da izinin masu kallo ba saboda ayyana dokar ta-baci a Babban Yankin Tokyo don mayar da martani ga annobar, Gasar Olympics ɗaya tilo da aka gudanar ba tare da masu kallo na hukuma ba. {{Efn|Overseas spectators were first banned in March 2021, then followed by residents of Japan in July of that year to avoid any risk of a [[superspreading event]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/asia/tokyo-state-of-emergency-olympics.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708084119/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/asia/tokyo-state-of-emergency-olympics.html |archive-date=2021-07-08 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title='Spectators Will Be Barred at Tokyo Olympics Amid New Covid Emergency|website=The New York Times|date=8 July 2021|last1=Dooley|first1=Ben}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Wasannin sun kasance mafi tsada a tarihi, tare da jimillar kashe kuɗi sama da dala biliyan 20.  An gano kuma an bayar da rahoton mutane 788 da Kwamitin Shirya Gasar Tokyo 2020 ya bayar tsakanin 1 ga Yuli zuwa 8 ga Satumba 2021, tare da gano ƙarin mutane 66 a tsakanin ma'aikatan Wasanni kafin wannan ranar bayan Kwamitin ya fara rikodin su a wani lokaci da ba a sani ba. Laifukan sun haifar da damuwa kafin wasannin. An bayyana cewa an karya kumfa da ya kewaye Kauyen Olympic bayan da aka sami shari'ar farko a can a tsakiyar watan Yuli.

A ranar 14 ga Agusta 2022, Gwamnan Jakarta Anies Baswedan ya kai ziyarar aiki zuwa Japan don ganawa da takwaransa na Tokyo, Yuriko Koike, don tattauna yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa a fannoni da dama, ciki har da sufuri na jama'a mai kyau ga muhalli. Baswedan ya wallafa hoton ganawar da Koike a zauren birnin Tokyo tare da wakilai da dama a shafinsa na Instagram. Duk da haka, gwamnan bai bayar da ƙarin bayani game da yuwuwar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin biranen biyu da tsawon lokacin da ya yi a Japan ba. Duk da haka, Baswedan ya gayyaci Koike don halartar taron Urban 20 a matsayin taron gefen G20 a Jakarta a ƙarshen watan Agusta 2022. Daga baya ya lura cewa [[Tokyo]] da [[Jakarta]] birane ne 'yan'uwa, waɗanda ke da dogon dangantaka. Saboda haka, taron ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don nuna jajircewa wajen ƙarfafa dangantaka tsakanin biranen biyu. 

Koike ya sanar a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2022 cewa Tokyo za ta fara aiwatar da hanyar sadarwa ta wayar salula mafi sauri a duniya. Manabu Miyasaka, sabon mai ba gwamnan shawara kan sauyin zamani na Tokyo kuma tsohon shugaban Yahoo! Japan Corporation, shi ne zai jagoranci wannan gagarumin aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narigon |first=Nick |date=3 September 2019 |title=Tokyo Launches Plans for World's Fastest 5G Network |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2019/09/full-speed-ahead-tokyo-launches-plans-for-worlds-fastest-5g-network/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518091128/https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2019/09/full-speed-ahead-tokyo-launches-plans-for-worlds-fastest-5g-network/ |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Tokyo Weekender}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koike ta gudanar da dandalinta bisa sifili bakwai, waɗanda galibi matsaloli ne na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da mazauna Tokyo ke fuskanta. Daga cikin waɗannan manufofin, ta sami damar rage adadin yara da ke cikin jerin jira don samun shiga wuraren kula da yara da kuma rage adadin karnuka da kuliyoyi da aka kashe. Duk da haka, masu suka sun ce wasu manufofi kamar magance al'adar aiki mai yawa, rage cunkoson ababen hawa a cikin jiragen ƙasa na sa'o'in gaggawa, da kuma kawar da sandunan wutar lantarki a sama ba a cimma su ba tukuna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Takahashi |first=Ryusei |date=6 July 2020 |title=Koike cruises to win in Tokyo governor race, vowing to continue fight against virus |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/06/national/politics-diplomacy/tokyo-governor-election-coronavirus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119223840/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/06/national/politics-diplomacy/tokyo-governor-election-coronavirus/ |archive-date=19 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=The Japan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koike da ɗan takarar da ta fi so, Hirotada Ototake, sun zo na biyar a zaɓen cike gurbi na gundumar 15 ta Tokyo na majalisar wakilai. Wannan ya sa tattaunawa ta ƙaru kan ko Koike za ta rasa yawancin sunanta a matsayin gwamna mai farin jini sosai. Wannan kuma ya zo ne kafin zaɓen gwamna na Tokyo da za a yi a watan Yulin 2024. An ruwaito cewa babban asarar da Ototake ta fuskanta na iya kawo cikas ga jita-jitar da ake ci gaba da yi game da burinta na komawa siyasar ƙasa bayan gazawarta a babban zaɓen Japan na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title=東京15区補選&quot;大惨敗&quot;でハッキリ…「小池都知事」「日本維新の会」両ブランド凋落と限界 |url=https://www.nikkan-gendai.com/articles/view/news/339562 |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=Nikkan DIGITAL |publisher=Nikkan Gendai}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an yi hasashen cewa zaɓen fitar da gwani bayan zaɓen Tokyo na 2024 cewa Koike za ta lashe wa'adi na uku a matsayin gwamna. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap070724&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yamaguchi |first=Mari |date=7 July 2024 |title=Tokyo's incumbent Governor Koike projected to win a third term, exit poll results show |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-tokyo-governor-election-koike-women-10bd9e7940d17f1ad4fd8acb66c6a4be |access-date=7 July 2024 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2024, Koike ta karye gwiwarta ta hagu yayin da take yin wasan farko na biki a gasar ƙwallon baseball ta Central League a filin wasa na Meiji Jingu, wanda hakan ya tilasta mata yin aiki daga nesa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2024 |title=Tokyo Gov. Koike suffers bone fracture in opening pitch ceremony |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/08/729e7d0f1ba9-tokyo-gov-koike-suffers-bone-fracture-in-opening-pitch-ceremony.html |access-date=7 July 2024 |publisher=Kyodo News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin siyasa ==
 
Koike tana goyon bayan sassaucin ra'ayin tattalin arziki, tana haɓaka gyare-gyaren gudanarwa da kasafin kuɗi, kuma tana dagewa kan ci gaba da haɓaka matsayin mata a duniyar aiki. A cikin alƙawarin bin manufofin da suka dace da mata, ta ce, &quot;Ina ganin cewa tura manufofi ga mata zai yi kyau ga Tokyo kuma ya kawo farin ciki ga babban birnin.&quot; Ka'idojinta na asali da matsayinta game da gyare-gyaren siyasa sun ƙunshi &quot;Cs 5: Duba, Kalubale, Canji, Kirkire-kirkire da Sadarwa&quot;.  Dangane da tattalin arziki, ta matsa lamba ga masu zaman kansu na Japan don rage nauyin bashin gwamnati. Juyawar da ta yi ga ci gaban IT, kimiyyar halitta, ababen more rayuwa mai dorewa, da gyare-gyaren gudanarwa bisa inganci don ayyukan jama'a suma suna cikin jerin sunayen. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/02/party-of-hope-rival-japan-pm-shinzo-abe-bloc-analyst]{{Dead link|date=May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a sansanin 'yan ra'ayin mazan jiya na Japan.    Wani lokaci ana kiranta da &quot;matsanancin ra'ayin mazan jiya&quot;. 

=== Muhalli ===
Bayan ta koyi salon rayuwa na muhalli daga gogewarta ta fannin tattalin arziki a lokacin yaƙi a Masar,  Koike ta magance matsalolin muhalli. Ta bayyana ra'ayin gabatar da [[harajin carbon]] a shekarar 2005 domin Japan ta cimma burin [[Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] .  A shekara mai zuwa, ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin &quot; Mottainai Furoshiki&quot;, wanda ke kira ga masu siyayya da su yi amfani da furoshiki maimakon jakunkunan siyayya na filastik .  Tana adawa da amfani da [[Biofuel|man fetur]] da aka yi da amfanin gona na abinci. 

=== Kishin ƙasa da takaddamar da ke tattare da ita ===
A matsayinta na mai kishin ƙasa, Koike ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan sakatare-janar biyar na Kwamitin Membobin Diet na Nippon Kaigi, babbar cibiyar tunani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a ƙasar kuma babbar ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, wacce Tarō Asō ya taɓa shugabanta. An kuma san ta da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da sauran manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.

A matsayinta na Gwamna a Tokyo, ta shafe shekaru tana shan suka daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Japan da Koriya a Japan da Koriya saboda kin amincewa da faruwar Kisan Kiyashin Kantō na 1923, wanda aka fi yi wa 'yan asalin Koriya.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nishimura |first=Naomi |last2=Kitano |first2=Ryuichi |date=2 September 2020 |title=Koike under fire as memorial held for Koreans slain in Tokyo in 1923 |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13690537 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225172252/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13690537 |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=The Asahi Shimbun |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adelstein |first=Jake |date=19 October 2017 |title=The Pride And (Anti-Korean) Prejudice Of Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike Is A Big Problem |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adelsteinjake/2017/10/19/the-pride-and-anti-korean-prejudice-of-tokyo-governor-yuriko-koike-is-a-big-problem/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2017, Koike ta karya tarihin tsoffin magajin gari ta hanyar kin yin ta'aziyya ga zuriyar wadanda suka tsira a wani biki na shekara-shekara. Tun daga lokacin ta ba da hujjar hakan ta hanyar cewa ko kisan kiyashi ya faru batu ne na tarihi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An yi tambaya game da yiwuwar alaƙar Koike da wata ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a shekarar 2016, lokacin da wani ɗan jarida ya yi tambaya game da jawabinta a wani taro da ƙungiyar mata ta Japan Women's Group Gentle Breeze  ta shirya, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta mata wacce ake zargin tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ƙiyayya ta Koriya mai adawa da Zaitokukai . A martanin da ta mayar, Koike ta bayyana cewa ba ta san da alaƙar da ƙungiyar ke da ita da Zaitokukai ba, kuma an gayyace ta ta yi jawabi a tarurruka da dama.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adelstein |first=Jake |date=19 October 2017 |title=The Pride And (Anti-Korean) Prejudice Of Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike Is A Big Problem |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adelsteinjake/2017/10/19/the-pride-and-anti-korean-prejudice-of-tokyo-governor-yuriko-koike-is-a-big-problem/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdelstein2017&quot;&gt;Adelstein, Jake (19 October 2017). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/adelsteinjake/2017/10/19/the-pride-and-anti-korean-prejudice-of-tokyo-governor-yuriko-koike-is-a-big-problem/ &quot;The Pride And (Anti-Korean) Prejudice Of Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike Is A Big Problem&quot;]. ''Forbes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 July&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsaya kan Mataki na 9 na kundin tsarin mulki ===
Ana ɗaukar manufofinta na ƙasashen waje da na tsaro a matsayin masu son kai.   &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://archive.today/20070620065034/http://www.news24.jp/87502.html Chūgokushi 'Koike Shin Bōeishō wa Takaha no Seijika']&quot;, ''[[Nippon News Network]]'', 4 July 2007.{{In lang|ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da shawarar cewa firaministan ya sake duba fassarar Mataki na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Japan don bai wa gwamnati damar amfani da 'yancin kare kai na gama gari. &lt;ref name=&quot;akahata&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nippon ga Dekiru Keizai Seisai&quot;, ''Voice'', April 2003.{{In lang|ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta goyi bayan Amurka da yaƙi da ta'addanci kuma tana adawa da al'adar gwamnatin Japan ta manufofin ƙasashen waje da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] ta tsara.  Duk da haka, ta aika saƙonni daban-daban ga Amurka dangane da wargaza Gabas ta Tsakiya ta hanyar ƙoƙarin dimokuraɗiyya. A gefe guda kuma, nuna wa sassan duniya irin ƙarfin da Amurka ke da shi a matsayin ƙawance abu ne mai muhimmanci. A lokacin zaɓen shugabancin LDP na 2008, ta yi alƙawarin [[Rasha|mayar]] da tsibiran guda huɗu da ake takaddama a kansu ga Japan idan aka zaɓe ta a matsayin firayim minista. A shekarar 2010, ta taimaka wajen ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin Muammar Gaddafi na Libya da Japan. Wannan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Abokantaka ta Japan da Libya. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/News/Sp200809150150.html &quot;Dōshūsei Dōnyū ni Iyoku&quot;], ''[[Chugoku Shimbun]]'', 15 September 2008.{{In lang|ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wasu mukamai ===
Koike ta kuma tallata [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun gargajiya]] na Japan, inda ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na cosplay a matsayin Sally daga ''Sally the Witch'' a 2015, kuma ta bayyana a lokacin yakin neman zabenta na gwamna a Tokyo na 2016 cewa tana son mayar da dukkan Tokyo zuwa &quot;ƙasar anime&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ashcraft |first=Brian |date=18 July 2016 |title=Let's Turn Tokyo Into Anime Land, Says Politician |url=http://kotaku.com/lets-turn-tokyo-into-anime-land-says-politician-1783837325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719153321/http://kotaku.com/lets-turn-tokyo-into-anime-land-says-politician-1783837325 |archive-date=19 July 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koike ta ƙaddamar da &quot;Jisa Biz&quot; (時差biz) a watan Yulin 2017 don haɓaka aikin nesa da kuma daidaita lokutan aiki don rage cunkoson ababen hawa a lokacin cunkoson ababen hawa na safe a Tokyo. 

A shekarar 2017, Koike ta ƙaddamar da sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa ta ƙasa kuma ta jagoranci. An kira ta Kibō no Tō, wanda ke nufin &quot; Party of Hope &quot;. Duk da cewa har yanzu tana Gwamna a Tokyo, ita ce babbar shugabar wannan jam'iyyar. An yi zaton cewa wannan jam'iyyar za ta iya zama babbar jam'iyyar adawa ga LDP. A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2017, Jam'iyyar Hope ba ta yi kyau ba a zaɓen kamar yadda aka zata. Manyan manufofin Koike sun yi kama da na Firayim Minista Shinzo Abe. Manufar da za ta raba su ita ce ra'ayoyinsu daban-daban kan makamashin nukiliya. Koike ya yi adawa da ita a matsayin mai fafutukar kare muhalli. Koike bai shiga wata jam'iyya da za ta maye gurbin Jam'iyyar Hope ba a rusa ta a watan Afrilun 2018.

A shekarar 2023, ta zo ta 62 a jerin Forbes na &quot; mata 100 mafi iko a duniya &quot;. 

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

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Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016.
A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007.

An haife ta kuma ta girma a Ashiya, wani birni mai arziki, ƙarama, kuma sananne kusa da [[Kobe]] a yankin Hyōgo, Koike ta kammala karatunta daga [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]] a shekarar 1976, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Japan daga 1993 har zuwa 2016, lokacin da ta yi murabus don tsayawa takarar Gwamnan Tokyo. A da, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Muhalli a ƙarƙashin majalisar ministocin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006 da kuma ta ɗan lokaci a matsayin Ministan Tsaro a ƙarƙashin [[:ja:第1次安倍内閣|majalisar ministocin farko]] ta [[Shinzo Abe]] a tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007. 

An zabi Koike a matsayin Gwamnan Tokyo a shekarar 2016, inda ya zama gwamnan mace ta farko a birnin.  An sake zabar Koike a shekarar 2020 da 2024, inda ya lashe kashi 59.7% da 42.8% na kuri'un da aka kada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ja:開票速報｜2020都知事選（東京都知事選挙） |url=https://www.asahi.com/senkyo/tochijisen/2020/kaihyo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028022008/https://www.asahi.com/senkyo/tochijisen/2020/kaihyo/ |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=Tokyo governor Koike sweeps to third term |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/tokyo-governor-koike-sweeps-to-third-term/7688947.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ɗaukar Koike a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan siyasar Japan kuma sananne,  Ana yawan ambaton Koike a matsayin mai riƙe da burin Firayim Minista.  Ta tsaya takara a zaɓen shugabancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party na 2008, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin wata babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Japan, duk da haka ta zo ta uku a matsayin wadda ta sha kaye a hannun Tarō Asō . A shekarar 2017, Koike ta bar LDP a tsakiyar masu sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai kuma ta ƙaddamar da jam'iyyu biyu: jam'iyyar ƙasa, Kibō no Tō (希望の党/Party of Hope) da kuma jam'iyyar yankin Tomin First no Kai (都民ファーストの会/Tokyoites First Party). Kibō no Tō ya fafata a babban zaɓen 2017 tare da Koike a matsayin shugaba, duk da haka jam'iyyar ba ta yi abin da ake tsammani ba kuma galibi ta ɓace bayan ta haɗu da Jam'iyyar Democrat for the People a 2018. A wannan shekarar, Koike ta sauka daga shugabancin Tomin First kuma ta zama 'yar amshin shata a hukumance. Duk da haka, Koike ta ci gaba da goyon bayan 'yan takarar Tomin First da kuma yakin neman zaɓe a Tokyo kuma jam'iyyar har yanzu tana amfani da hotonta da manufofinta akai-akai.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Koike a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952 a Ashiya kusa da [[Kobe]] a Hyōgo, Koike ta tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Kōnan ta 'Yan Mata don karatunta na sakandare. Mahaifinta, Yūjirō Koike, ɗan kasuwa ne na ƙasashen waje wanda ke sarrafa kayayyakin mai. Ya kuma shiga siyasa, yana goyon bayan Shintarō Ishihara da Tatenokai a shekarun 1960, kuma bai yi nasara ba a zaɓen gama gari na Japan a 1969.  Yūjirō ya jaddada wa Yuriko cewa yana da mahimmanci ga Japan ta ƙarfafa dangantaka da ƙasashen Larabawa don tabbatar da isasshen man fetur don hana sake jefa Japan cikin yaƙin mai a nan gaba. Bayan ta daina karatunta a Makarantar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Jami'ar Kwansei Gakuin a watan Satumbar 1971, ta ci gaba da karatun Larabci a [[Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira|Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira]] kuma ana zargin cewa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hernon |first=Matthew |date=2024-04-17 |title=Tokyo Governor Koike Accused of Lying About University Degree |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/japan-life/news-and-opinion/tokyo-governor-koike-accused-of-lying-about-university-degree/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Tokyo Weekender |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta sami digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a fannin Ilimin [[Kimiyar al'umma|Halayyar Dan Adam]] a matsayin babbar ɗaliba daga [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] a watan Oktoban 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;asahi20080824&quot; /&gt;  Lokacin da take da shekaru 21, ta auri wata ɗaliba 'yar Japan amma ta sake ta jim kaɗan bayan haka.   Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai fassara [[Larabci]] kuma daga baya ta zama 'yar jarida, inda ta yi hira da [[Muammar Gaddafi]] da [[Yasser Arafat]] a shekarar 1978,  ta kuma zama mai gabatar da labarai a shekarar 1979. Ta sami kyautar Mace Mai Yaɗa Labarai ta Japan a shekarar 1990.

=== Kammala Karatu daga Jami'ar Alkahira ===
An zargi Koike sau da yawa da yin karya takardun shaidarta, musamman game da kammala karatunta daga [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]] . A watan Yunin 2020, Jami'ar Alkahira ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa &quot;Jami'ar Alkahira ta tabbatar da cewa Yuriko Koike... ta kammala karatunta daga Sashen Ilimin zamantakewa, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Alkahira a watan Oktoban 1976,&quot; tana musanta zargin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-10 |title=Cairo University Certifies Tokyo Gov. Koike's graduation |url=https://www.arabnews.jp/en/japan/article_19187/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=ARAB NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu, zarge-zargen Masar na cewa ta aikata zamba a aiki sun fara bayyana a shekarar 1992,  an fi ba da rahotonsu a lokacin zaben gwamna na Tokyo a shekarar 2016, kuma shirin labarai na Japan ''Tokudane ya fara bayar da rahotonsa!'' . Koike ta aika takardar shaidar kammala karatunta zuwa shirin don mayar da martani ga zarge-zargen.   A watan Janairun 2018, wata mata da ta yi ikirarin cewa ita ce abokiyar zaman Koike a Jami'ar Alkahira ta rubuta wa mujallar wata-wata ta Japan ''Bungei Shunjū'' bayan ta karanta wani labari kan Koike.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2024, mujallar ta buga wani labari a shafinta na yanar gizo, ciki har da wani bidiyo inda Toshiro Kojima, lauya kuma tsohon mataimakin Koike, ya ce ya taimaka wajen karya takardun shaidar karatun Koike, ciki har da rubuta takardar kammala karatun bogi.  Koike ya musanta zarge-zargen. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
[[Fayil:Koike_-_Rice_usa-600.jpg|left|thumb|Koike, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da &quot;Ricen Condi na Japan&quot;,  ya yi musabaha da Condoleezza Rice a watan Agusta na 2007.]]
Bayan kammala karatunta a Masar, an zaɓe Koike a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 1992 a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Sabuwar Japan . Daga nan aka zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai a shekarar 1993, inda ta wakilci gundumar Hyogo ta 2. A shekarar 1996, aka sake zaɓenta a Majalisar Wakilai, a wannan karon ta wakilci gundumar Hyogo ta 6 ga Jam'iyyar Sabuwar Frontier . Ta riƙe wannan kujera a zaɓen 2000 a matsayin 'yar takarar Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Conservative . Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a 2002. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ja:プロフィール |trans-title=Profile |url=http://www.yuriko.or.jp/profile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722221221/http://www.yuriko.or.jp/profile |archive-date=22 July 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |website= |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga ''Project Syndicate'' tun 2010.

=== Sabis na kabad (2003–2007) ===
Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Muhalli da kuma Ministar Harkokin Okinawa da Arewacin Kasa a Majalisar Ministocin Firayim Minista Jun'ichirō Koizumi . Tare da Satsuki Katayama da Makiko Fujino, Koike ya zama sananne a matsayin daya daga cikin &quot;masu kisan gillar&quot; Koizumi a zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta 2005, inda ya tsaya takara a Tokyo a kan wani dan takarar jam'iyyar LDP mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya yi adawa da manufofin Koizumi. 

An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Tsaro a watan Yunin 2007 a lokacin wa'adin Firayim Minista [[Shinzo Abe]], amma ta sanar a watan Agustan 2007 cewa ta yi niyyar yin murabus daga mukamin, inda ta yi nuni da abin kunya na ɓoye bayanai na Aegis a matsayin dalili. Koike daga baya ta nuna cewa yakin da aka yada da yawa da ta yi da Babban Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yasuhisa Shiozaki game da maye gurbin mataimakin minista shine ainihin dalilin, saboda 'yan adawa za su yi amfani da hakan don adawa da lissafin dokokin ta'addanci na Japan.

=== Zaɓen shugabancin jam'iyyar LDP ta 2008 ===
A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2008, ta ƙaddamar da yunƙurinta na zama shugabar jam'iyyar LDP kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta taɓa neman kujerar firaministan ƙasar Japan: &quot;Na sami goyon bayan abokan aikina. Domin in shawo kan matsalar da al'ummar Japan ke fuskanta, ina ganin ƙasar za ta iya samun 'yar takara mace. [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary]] ta yi amfani da kalmar 'rufin gilashi' ... amma a Japan, ba gilashi ba ne, faranti ne na ƙarfe. Ni ba [[Margaret Thatcher|Mrs. Thatcher]] ba ce, amma abin da ake buƙata shi ne dabarun da ke ciyar da manufa gaba tare da amincewa, manufofi bayyanannu da kuma tausaya wa mutane.&quot;  A zaɓen shugabanci, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 22 ga Satumba, Tarō Asō ya yi nasara da ƙuri'u 351 daga cikin ƙuri'u 527; Koike ya zo na uku da ƙuri'u 46. 

== Gwamnan Tokyo ==
Bayan murabus ɗin gwamnan Tokyo Naoki Inose a watan Disamba na 2013, ana ta rade-radin cewa Koike za ta iya zama ɗan takarar gwamna a zaɓen gwamna da ake sa ran gudanarwa a watan Fabrairun 2014, tare da Hideo Higashikokubaru, Hakubun Shimomura, Seiko Hashimoto da Yōichi Masuzoe .  Daga ƙarshe ba ta tsaya takara ba, kuma Masuzoe ta yi nasara.
[[Fayil:Koikeyuriko-kitasenju-japan-may4-2017.webm|thumbtime=16|thumb| Gwamna Koike yana jawabi a shekarar 2017]]
Bayan Masuzoe ya sanar da murabus dinsa a watan Yunin 2016, Koike ta sanar da aniyarta ta tsayawa takarar magajinsa . Koike ta bayyana cewa za ta tsaya takara &quot;a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta LDP&quot; amma ba ta sami amincewar reshen LDP na Tokyo ba kafin ta sanar da takararta.  Jam'iyyar LDP ta amince da Hiroya Masuda a hukumance, kuma reshenta na Tokyo ya bayar da sanarwar cewa za a hukunta duk wani memba da ke goyon bayan Koike. Duk da haka, wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa na LDP sun ci gaba da goyon bayan Koike, yayin da manyan shugabanni kamar Shinzo Abe suka guji yin jawabai don nuna goyon baya ga kowanne dan takara. 

An zaɓi Koike a matsayin Gwamnan Tokyo a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2016, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta hau wannan muƙamin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2016 |title=Yuriko Koike Elected Governor of Tokyo, First Woman in Post |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/yuriko-koike-elected-governor-of-tokyo-first-woman-in-post-1469967380 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504151729/https://www.wsj.com/articles/yuriko-koike-elected-governor-of-tokyo-first-woman-in-post-1469967380 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |access-date=12 March 2017 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 21 ga Agusta 2016, a bikin rufe gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016, Koike ya karɓi tutar Olympics, ta hannun Thomas Bach, daga magajin garin Rio de Janeiro, Eduardo Paes .

A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2017, kafin zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi da ke tafe, Koike ya yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party kuma ya zama shugaban Tomin First no Kai (Tokyoites First). Koike ya kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2016 don shirye-shiryen zaɓen kuma ya ƙulla ƙawance da Komeito a ƙoƙarin samun rinjayen rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Tokyo.  A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2017, ƙungiyar ta sami rinjaye a zaɓen gunduma, inda ta kori jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party da jimillar kujeru 79 daga cikin kujeru 127 na majalisar. 

Koike ya shiga majalisar ministocin [[Shinzo Abe]], inda kasar ta jagoranci martanin gwamnati kan annobar COVID-19 a Japan,  da kuma dage gasar Olympics ta bazara ta Tokyo ta 2020 zuwa 2021. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamna a lokacin kammala gasar Olympics da Paralympics cikin nasara a shekarar 2021. Ta miƙa tutar Olympics ga magajin garin [[Faris|Paris]] [[Anne Hidalgo]] a lokacin bikin rufe gasar, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen wasannin. An gudanar da shi a ɓoye ba tare da izinin masu kallo ba saboda ayyana dokar ta-baci a Babban Yankin Tokyo don mayar da martani ga annobar, Gasar Olympics ɗaya tilo da aka gudanar ba tare da masu kallo na hukuma ba. {{Efn|Overseas spectators were first banned in March 2021, then followed by residents of Japan in July of that year to avoid any risk of a [[superspreading event]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/asia/tokyo-state-of-emergency-olympics.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708084119/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/asia/tokyo-state-of-emergency-olympics.html |archive-date=2021-07-08 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title='Spectators Will Be Barred at Tokyo Olympics Amid New Covid Emergency|website=The New York Times|date=8 July 2021|last1=Dooley|first1=Ben}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Wasannin sun kasance mafi tsada a tarihi, tare da jimillar kashe kuɗi sama da dala biliyan 20.  An gano kuma an bayar da rahoton mutane 788 da Kwamitin Shirya Gasar Tokyo 2020 ya bayar tsakanin 1 ga Yuli zuwa 8 ga Satumba 2021, tare da gano ƙarin mutane 66 a tsakanin ma'aikatan Wasanni kafin wannan ranar bayan Kwamitin ya fara rikodin su a wani lokaci da ba a sani ba. Laifukan sun haifar da damuwa kafin wasannin. An bayyana cewa an karya kumfa da ya kewaye Kauyen Olympic bayan da aka sami shari'ar farko a can a tsakiyar watan Yuli.

A ranar 14 ga Agusta 2022, Gwamnan Jakarta Anies Baswedan ya kai ziyarar aiki zuwa Japan don ganawa da takwaransa na Tokyo, Yuriko Koike, don tattauna yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa a fannoni da dama, ciki har da sufuri na jama'a mai kyau ga muhalli. Baswedan ya wallafa hoton ganawar da Koike a zauren birnin Tokyo tare da wakilai da dama a shafinsa na Instagram. Duk da haka, gwamnan bai bayar da ƙarin bayani game da yuwuwar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin biranen biyu da tsawon lokacin da ya yi a Japan ba. Duk da haka, Baswedan ya gayyaci Koike don halartar taron Urban 20 a matsayin taron gefen G20 a Jakarta a ƙarshen watan Agusta 2022. Daga baya ya lura cewa [[Tokyo]] da [[Jakarta]] birane ne 'yan'uwa, waɗanda ke da dogon dangantaka. Saboda haka, taron ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don nuna jajircewa wajen ƙarfafa dangantaka tsakanin biranen biyu. 

Koike ya sanar a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2022 cewa Tokyo za ta fara aiwatar da hanyar sadarwa ta wayar salula mafi sauri a duniya. Manabu Miyasaka, sabon mai ba gwamnan shawara kan sauyin zamani na Tokyo kuma tsohon shugaban Yahoo! Japan Corporation, shi ne zai jagoranci wannan gagarumin aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narigon |first=Nick |date=3 September 2019 |title=Tokyo Launches Plans for World's Fastest 5G Network |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2019/09/full-speed-ahead-tokyo-launches-plans-for-worlds-fastest-5g-network/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518091128/https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2019/09/full-speed-ahead-tokyo-launches-plans-for-worlds-fastest-5g-network/ |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Tokyo Weekender}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koike ta gudanar da dandalinta bisa sifili bakwai, waɗanda galibi matsaloli ne na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da mazauna Tokyo ke fuskanta. Daga cikin waɗannan manufofin, ta sami damar rage adadin yara da ke cikin jerin jira don samun shiga wuraren kula da yara da kuma rage adadin karnuka da kuliyoyi da aka kashe. Duk da haka, masu suka sun ce wasu manufofi kamar magance al'adar aiki mai yawa, rage cunkoson ababen hawa a cikin jiragen ƙasa na sa'o'in gaggawa, da kuma kawar da sandunan wutar lantarki a sama ba a cimma su ba tukuna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Takahashi |first=Ryusei |date=6 July 2020 |title=Koike cruises to win in Tokyo governor race, vowing to continue fight against virus |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/06/national/politics-diplomacy/tokyo-governor-election-coronavirus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119223840/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/06/national/politics-diplomacy/tokyo-governor-election-coronavirus/ |archive-date=19 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=The Japan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koike da ɗan takarar da ta fi so, Hirotada Ototake, sun zo na biyar a zaɓen cike gurbi na gundumar 15 ta Tokyo na majalisar wakilai. Wannan ya sa tattaunawa ta ƙaru kan ko Koike za ta rasa yawancin sunanta a matsayin gwamna mai farin jini sosai. Wannan kuma ya zo ne kafin zaɓen gwamna na Tokyo da za a yi a watan Yulin 2024. An ruwaito cewa babban asarar da Ototake ta fuskanta na iya kawo cikas ga jita-jitar da ake ci gaba da yi game da burinta na komawa siyasar ƙasa bayan gazawarta a babban zaɓen Japan na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title=東京15区補選&quot;大惨敗&quot;でハッキリ…「小池都知事」「日本維新の会」両ブランド凋落と限界 |url=https://www.nikkan-gendai.com/articles/view/news/339562 |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=Nikkan DIGITAL |publisher=Nikkan Gendai}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an yi hasashen cewa zaɓen fitar da gwani bayan zaɓen Tokyo na 2024 cewa Koike za ta lashe wa'adi na uku a matsayin gwamna. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap070724&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yamaguchi |first=Mari |date=7 July 2024 |title=Tokyo's incumbent Governor Koike projected to win a third term, exit poll results show |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-tokyo-governor-election-koike-women-10bd9e7940d17f1ad4fd8acb66c6a4be |access-date=7 July 2024 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2024, Koike ta karye gwiwarta ta hagu yayin da take yin wasan farko na biki a gasar ƙwallon baseball ta Central League a filin wasa na Meiji Jingu, wanda hakan ya tilasta mata yin aiki daga nesa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2024 |title=Tokyo Gov. Koike suffers bone fracture in opening pitch ceremony |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/08/729e7d0f1ba9-tokyo-gov-koike-suffers-bone-fracture-in-opening-pitch-ceremony.html |access-date=7 July 2024 |publisher=Kyodo News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin siyasa ==
 
Koike tana goyon bayan sassaucin ra'ayin tattalin arziki, tana haɓaka gyare-gyaren gudanarwa da kasafin kuɗi, kuma tana dagewa kan ci gaba da haɓaka matsayin mata a duniyar aiki. A cikin alƙawarin bin manufofin da suka dace da mata, ta ce, &quot;Ina ganin cewa tura manufofi ga mata zai yi kyau ga Tokyo kuma ya kawo farin ciki ga babban birnin.&quot; Ka'idojinta na asali da matsayinta game da gyare-gyaren siyasa sun ƙunshi &quot;Cs 5: Duba, Kalubale, Canji, Kirkire-kirkire da Sadarwa&quot;.  Dangane da tattalin arziki, ta matsa lamba ga masu zaman kansu na Japan don rage nauyin bashin gwamnati. Juyawar da ta yi ga ci gaban IT, kimiyyar halitta, ababen more rayuwa mai dorewa, da gyare-gyaren gudanarwa bisa inganci don ayyukan jama'a suma suna cikin jerin sunayen. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/02/party-of-hope-rival-japan-pm-shinzo-abe-bloc-analyst]{{Dead link|date=May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a sansanin 'yan ra'ayin mazan jiya na Japan.    Wani lokaci ana kiranta da &quot;matsanancin ra'ayin mazan jiya&quot;. 

=== Muhalli ===
Bayan ta koyi salon rayuwa na muhalli daga gogewarta ta fannin tattalin arziki a lokacin yaƙi a Masar,  Koike ta magance matsalolin muhalli. Ta bayyana ra'ayin gabatar da [[harajin carbon]] a shekarar 2005 domin Japan ta cimma burin [[Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] .  A shekara mai zuwa, ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin &quot; Mottainai Furoshiki&quot;, wanda ke kira ga masu siyayya da su yi amfani da furoshiki maimakon jakunkunan siyayya na filastik .  Tana adawa da amfani da [[Biofuel|man fetur]] da aka yi da amfanin gona na abinci. 

=== Kishin ƙasa da takaddamar da ke tattare da ita ===
A matsayinta na mai kishin ƙasa, Koike ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan sakatare-janar biyar na Kwamitin Membobin Diet na Nippon Kaigi, babbar cibiyar tunani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a ƙasar kuma babbar ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, wacce Tarō Asō ya taɓa shugabanta. An kuma san ta da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da sauran manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.

A matsayinta na Gwamna a Tokyo, ta shafe shekaru tana shan suka daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Japan da Koriya a Japan da Koriya saboda kin amincewa da faruwar Kisan Kiyashin Kantō na 1923, wanda aka fi yi wa 'yan asalin Koriya.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nishimura |first=Naomi |last2=Kitano |first2=Ryuichi |date=2 September 2020 |title=Koike under fire as memorial held for Koreans slain in Tokyo in 1923 |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13690537 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225172252/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13690537 |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=The Asahi Shimbun |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adelstein |first=Jake |date=19 October 2017 |title=The Pride And (Anti-Korean) Prejudice Of Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike Is A Big Problem |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adelsteinjake/2017/10/19/the-pride-and-anti-korean-prejudice-of-tokyo-governor-yuriko-koike-is-a-big-problem/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2017, Koike ta karya tarihin tsoffin magajin gari ta hanyar kin yin ta'aziyya ga zuriyar wadanda suka tsira a wani biki na shekara-shekara. Tun daga lokacin ta ba da hujjar hakan ta hanyar cewa ko kisan kiyashi ya faru batu ne na tarihi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An yi tambaya game da yiwuwar alaƙar Koike da wata ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a shekarar 2016, lokacin da wani ɗan jarida ya yi tambaya game da jawabinta a wani taro da ƙungiyar mata ta Japan Women's Group Gentle Breeze  ta shirya, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta mata wacce ake zargin tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ƙiyayya ta Koriya mai adawa da Zaitokukai . A martanin da ta mayar, Koike ta bayyana cewa ba ta san da alaƙar da ƙungiyar ke da ita da Zaitokukai ba, kuma an gayyace ta ta yi jawabi a tarurruka da dama.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adelstein |first=Jake |date=19 October 2017 |title=The Pride And (Anti-Korean) Prejudice Of Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike Is A Big Problem |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adelsteinjake/2017/10/19/the-pride-and-anti-korean-prejudice-of-tokyo-governor-yuriko-koike-is-a-big-problem/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdelstein2017&quot;&gt;Adelstein, Jake (19 October 2017). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/adelsteinjake/2017/10/19/the-pride-and-anti-korean-prejudice-of-tokyo-governor-yuriko-koike-is-a-big-problem/ &quot;The Pride And (Anti-Korean) Prejudice Of Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike Is A Big Problem&quot;]. ''Forbes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 July&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsaya kan Mataki na 9 na kundin tsarin mulki ===
Ana ɗaukar manufofinta na ƙasashen waje da na tsaro a matsayin masu son kai.   &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://archive.today/20070620065034/http://www.news24.jp/87502.html Chūgokushi 'Koike Shin Bōeishō wa Takaha no Seijika']&quot;, ''[[Nippon News Network]]'', 4 July 2007.{{In lang|ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da shawarar cewa firaministan ya sake duba fassarar Mataki na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Japan don bai wa gwamnati damar amfani da 'yancin kare kai na gama gari. &lt;ref name=&quot;akahata&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nippon ga Dekiru Keizai Seisai&quot;, ''Voice'', April 2003.{{In lang|ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta goyi bayan Amurka da yaƙi da ta'addanci kuma tana adawa da al'adar gwamnatin Japan ta manufofin ƙasashen waje da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] ta tsara.  Duk da haka, ta aika saƙonni daban-daban ga Amurka dangane da wargaza Gabas ta Tsakiya ta hanyar ƙoƙarin dimokuraɗiyya. A gefe guda kuma, nuna wa sassan duniya irin ƙarfin da Amurka ke da shi a matsayin ƙawance abu ne mai muhimmanci. A lokacin zaɓen shugabancin LDP na 2008, ta yi alƙawarin [[Rasha|mayar]] da tsibiran guda huɗu da ake takaddama a kansu ga Japan idan aka zaɓe ta a matsayin firayim minista. A shekarar 2010, ta taimaka wajen ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin Muammar Gaddafi na Libya da Japan. Wannan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Abokantaka ta Japan da Libya. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/News/Sp200809150150.html &quot;Dōshūsei Dōnyū ni Iyoku&quot;], ''[[Chugoku Shimbun]]'', 15 September 2008.{{In lang|ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wasu mukamai ===
Koike ta kuma tallata [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun gargajiya]] na Japan, inda ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na cosplay a matsayin Sally daga ''Sally the Witch'' a 2015, kuma ta bayyana a lokacin yakin neman zabenta na gwamna a Tokyo na 2016 cewa tana son mayar da dukkan Tokyo zuwa &quot;ƙasar anime&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ashcraft |first=Brian |date=18 July 2016 |title=Let's Turn Tokyo Into Anime Land, Says Politician |url=http://kotaku.com/lets-turn-tokyo-into-anime-land-says-politician-1783837325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719153321/http://kotaku.com/lets-turn-tokyo-into-anime-land-says-politician-1783837325 |archive-date=19 July 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koike ta ƙaddamar da &quot;Jisa Biz&quot; (時差biz) a watan Yulin 2017 don haɓaka aikin nesa da kuma daidaita lokutan aiki don rage cunkoson ababen hawa a lokacin cunkoson ababen hawa na safe a Tokyo. 

A shekarar 2017, Koike ta ƙaddamar da sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa ta ƙasa kuma ta jagoranci. An kira ta Kibō no Tō, wanda ke nufin &quot; Party of Hope &quot;. Duk da cewa har yanzu tana Gwamna a Tokyo, ita ce babbar shugabar wannan jam'iyyar. An yi zaton cewa wannan jam'iyyar za ta iya zama babbar jam'iyyar adawa ga LDP. A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2017, Jam'iyyar Hope ba ta yi kyau ba a zaɓen kamar yadda aka zata. Manyan manufofin Koike sun yi kama da na Firayim Minista Shinzo Abe. Manufar da za ta raba su ita ce ra'ayoyinsu daban-daban kan makamashin nukiliya. Koike ya yi adawa da ita a matsayin mai fafutukar kare muhalli. Koike bai shiga wata jam'iyya da za ta maye gurbin Jam'iyyar Hope ba a rusa ta a watan Afrilun 2018.

A shekarar 2023, ta zo ta 62 a jerin Forbes na &quot; mata 100 mafi iko a duniya &quot;. 

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Yoriko Kawaguchi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326342170|Yoriko Kawaguchi]]&quot;</comment>
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Yoriko Kawaguchi (川口 順子, Kawaguchi Yoriko; born 14 January 1941) is a Japanese politician and former economist, who served as a [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from 2002 to 2004 and continued as a special advisor to then-Japanese Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]] for foreign affairs from 2004 to 2005. A member of [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]], she previously served as a [[Minister of the Environment (Japan)|Japanese Minister of the Environment]] from 2000 to 2002. She was also a member of the [[House of Councillors]] for [[Liberal Democratic Party of Japan|Liberal Democratic Party]] from 2005 to 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;tokyof&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2008, she was appointed co-chair of a new [[International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament]], with former Australian Foreign Minister [[Gareth Evans (politician)|Gareth Evans]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mofa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Northeast Asia Regional Meeting of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2009/5/1192015_1158.html |access-date=14 April 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a [[Meiji Institute for Global Affairs|Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji]], Jami'ar Meiji da ke Tokyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;us&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150045/http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=United States-Japan Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
[[Fayil:Donald_H._Rumsfeld_and_Yoriko_Kawaguchi_pose_for_a_photograph.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Rumsfeld]]
[[Fayil:Putin-Kawaguchi_meeting_02.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (14 Oktoba 2002)]]
An haifi Yoriko Kawaguchi a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1941 a [[Tokyo]], Daular Japan (yanzu [[Japan]] ). A lokacin yarinta, lokacin tana da shekaru huɗu, ita da iyalinta sun tsira daga hare-haren bama-bamai a [[Tokyo]] a lokacin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Asiya da Pacific]] a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa ita da iyalinta suna zaune a Tokyo a duk lokacin yaƙin.

A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 19, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tokyo (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior da Senior a Komaba, Jami'ar Tsukuba ). Wasu daga cikin abokan karatunta na makarantar sakandare sun haɗa da Nobuo Habeyanagi (tsohon Shugaban Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ), [[:ja:島村英紀|Hideki Shimamura]] (tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Polar ), [[:ja:星出豊|Yutaka Hoshide]] (Farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Showa ), Hajime Matsumoto (likitan jijiyoyin jini), da Yozo Yokota (tsohon Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ).

A farkon shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru 24, ta kammala karatun digirinta a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Tokyo . A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Japan . A shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 31, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale, inda aka ba ta damar yin aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma ta zama memba a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa kan Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa .

A shekarar 1990, Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista a Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Muhalli na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Duniya (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki, da Masana'antu ta Japan ) tsakanin 1992 da 1993 kafin ta zama Manajan Darakta na Suntory Holdings Ltd. a watan Satumba na 1993. An kuma nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar na Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ofishin Manufofin Ciniki.

A shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Muhalli, wanda Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Yoshiro Mori ya naɗa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ocean&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yayin da take kan mulki, a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2001, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da cewa Hukumar Muhalli ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, inda matsayin Darakta Janar ya zama Ministan Muhalli . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa gudanar da muhalli, wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nauyin ma'aikatar, ma'aikata, da kuma mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli na duniya. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi, ta halarci a matsayin wakiliyar Japan a taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Bonn, [[Jamus]], inda ta yi nasarar ɗage takunkumin da Japan ta kakaba wa [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] .

Kafin wa'adinta na Ministar Muhalli, a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan, wacce Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Junichiro Koizumi ya naɗa, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2004 saboda sauƙaƙe sake tsara majalisar ministoci, kuma Nobutaka Machimura ya gaje ta.

An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu har zuwa 2013. A cikin shekarunta na memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Babban Taron 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a Majalisar Dattawa. Ta kuma zama darakta kuma shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli, darektan Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da kuma daraktan Kwamitin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Tallafawa LDP Okinawa, da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai da Kwantar da Hankali da kuma memba a kwamitin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Matasan Shugabannin Duniya a 2008. A halin yanzu, ita memba ce a Kwamitin CSR na Gidauniyar Tokyo . &lt;ref name=&quot;tokyof&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko &quot;Kawaguchi, Yoriko&quot;]. ''Professor''. The Tokyo Foundation&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 April&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ocean&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ &quot;Yoriko Kawaguchi&quot;]. Global Ocean Commission. Archived from [http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ the original] on 13 April 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 April&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, wata guda kacal bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani, tsumami, da bala'in nukiliya a Japan, Kawaguchi ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, tana adawa da shawarar rage tallafin ci gaba na hukuma don tara kuɗi don sake ginawa bayan rikicin bala'i sau uku. Tun daga wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a [[Sasakawa Peace Foundation|Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sasakawa]] .

Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2013, Kawaguchi ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa.

=== Takaddama ===
An kori Kawaguchi, wacce a wancan lokacin babbar 'yar majalisa ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai mulki, daga mukaminta na shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli na Majalisar Kansiloli lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Japan ta zartar da kudurin korarta daga aiki a watan Mayun 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsawaita zamanta a [[Sin|China]] ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin da ta jagoranta ya soke zaman da aka tsara. 

Kawaguchi ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Japan ta tafi China daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga Afrilu don halartar wani taro amma ba tare da izinin farko ba, ta tsawaita wa'adin kwana ɗaya don ganawa da jami'in manufofin ƙasashen waje na Majalisar Jiha Yang Jiechi . Kawaguchi ta nemi afuwa ga [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar LDP, game da hutun da ta yi ba tare da sanarwa ba, amma ta yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da Yang ta yi don amfanin Japan ne. Wannan tsawaita wa'adin ya jawo suka da yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa yayin da Kawaguchi ta karya dokokin majalisar tare da yin watsi da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, waɗanda ke kare 'yar majalisar kamar Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci [[Yoshihide Suga]] da Babban Sakataren LDP Shigeru Ishiba sun ce taron da aka yi tsakanin ministocin biyu an yi shi ne don magance rikicin yankin da ke tsakanin Japan da China a Tekun Gabashin China .  

Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016.

A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Tana da aure da Toru Kawaguchi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare.

Babbar 'yar uwarta, Takako Shirai, tsohuwar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Chiba Prefectural kuma mai bincike kan ka'idar 'yancin mata, ciki har da Mary Wollstonecraft.

Abubuwan da take sha'awa sune karatu, sauraron kiɗa, yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma haiku.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
A watan Disamba na 2003, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta &quot;Aguila Azteca Medal&quot; daga shugaban ƙasar Mexico na wancan lokacin Vicente Fox . Ta sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da shekaru daga magajin garin [[Saint-Petersburg|Sankt-Peterburg]] a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 da kafa birnin. A watan Maris na 2004, gwamnatin Paraguay ta ba Kawaguchi lambar yabo ta &quot;Gran Cruz Extraordinaria&quot; (Kyautar Shaida ta Ƙasa), kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta sami takardar shaidar digirin girmamawa ta Likita daga hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Mongolia da ke [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . A watan Oktoba na 2008, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta Wilbur Cross Medal daga Jami'ar Yale da ke New Haven, [[Connecticut]] saboda hidimar jama'a mai kyau.

A watan Oktoban 2010, Kawaguchi ta kuma ba da kyautar &quot;Tauraron Kudus&quot; daga Shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] daga [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Ƙasa ta Falasdinawa]] . A wannan watan na wannan shekarar, ta sake karɓar lambar yabo ta cika shekaru goma saboda babbar gudunmawa ga haɓɓaka tsaro a duniya da kuma tsarin hana yaɗuwa daga K. Kadyrzhanov, Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;official&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165343/http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Yoriko Kawaguchi Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2017, Kawaguchi ya sami kyautar Grand Cordon of the Order of Rising Sun a wani bikin baje kolin bazara, wanda Sarki [[Akihito]] na Japan a wancan lokacin ya bayar.

== Manazarta ==
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Yoriko Kawaguchi (川口 順子, Kawaguchi Yoriko; born 14 January 1941) is a Japanese politician and former economist, who served as a [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from 2002 to 2004 and continued as a special advisor to then-Japanese Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]] for foreign affairs from 2004 to 2005. A member of [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]], she previously served as a [[Minister of the Environment (Japan)|Japanese Minister of the Environment]] from 2000 to 2002. She was also a member of the [[House of Councillors]] for [[Liberal Democratic Party of Japan|Liberal Democratic Party]] from 2005 to 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;tokyof&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2008, she was appointed co-chair of a new [[International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament]], with former Australian Foreign Minister [[Gareth Evans (politician)|Gareth Evans]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mofa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Northeast Asia Regional Meeting of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2009/5/1192015_1158.html |access-date=14 April 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a [[Meiji Institute for Global Affairs|Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji]], Jami'ar Meiji da ke Tokyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;us&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150045/http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=United States-Japan Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
[[Fayil:Donald_H._Rumsfeld_and_Yoriko_Kawaguchi_pose_for_a_photograph.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Rumsfeld]]
[[Fayil:Putin-Kawaguchi_meeting_02.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (14 Oktoba 2002)]]
An haifi Yoriko Kawaguchi a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1941 a [[Tokyo]], Daular Japan (yanzu [[Japan]] ). A lokacin yarinta, lokacin tana da shekaru huɗu, ita da iyalinta sun tsira daga hare-haren bama-bamai a [[Tokyo]] a lokacin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Asiya da Pacific]] a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa ita da iyalinta suna zaune a Tokyo a duk lokacin yaƙin.

A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 19, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tokyo (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior da Senior a Komaba, Jami'ar Tsukuba ). Wasu daga cikin abokan karatunta na makarantar sakandare sun haɗa da Nobuo Habeyanagi (tsohon Shugaban Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ), [[:ja:島村英紀|Hideki Shimamura]] (tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Polar ), [[:ja:星出豊|Yutaka Hoshide]] (Farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Showa ), Hajime Matsumoto (likitan jijiyoyin jini), da Yozo Yokota (tsohon Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ).

A farkon shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru 24, ta kammala karatun digirinta a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Tokyo . A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Japan . A shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 31, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale, inda aka ba ta damar yin aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma ta zama memba a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa kan Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa .

A shekarar 1990, Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista a Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Muhalli na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Duniya (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki, da Masana'antu ta Japan ) tsakanin 1992 da 1993 kafin ta zama Manajan Darakta na Suntory Holdings Ltd. a watan Satumba na 1993. An kuma nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar na Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ofishin Manufofin Ciniki.

A shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Muhalli, wanda Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Yoshiro Mori ya naɗa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ocean&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yayin da take kan mulki, a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2001, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da cewa Hukumar Muhalli ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, inda matsayin Darakta Janar ya zama Ministan Muhalli . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa gudanar da muhalli, wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nauyin ma'aikatar, ma'aikata, da kuma mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli na duniya. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi, ta halarci a matsayin wakiliyar Japan a taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Bonn, [[Jamus]], inda ta yi nasarar ɗage takunkumin da Japan ta kakaba wa [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] .

Kafin wa'adinta na Ministar Muhalli, a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan, wacce Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Junichiro Koizumi ya naɗa, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2004 saboda sauƙaƙe sake tsara majalisar ministoci, kuma Nobutaka Machimura ya gaje ta.

An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu har zuwa 2013. A cikin shekarunta na memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Babban Taron 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a Majalisar Dattawa. Ta kuma zama darakta kuma shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli, darektan Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da kuma daraktan Kwamitin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Tallafawa LDP Okinawa, da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai da Kwantar da Hankali da kuma memba a kwamitin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Matasan Shugabannin Duniya a 2008. A halin yanzu, ita memba ce a Kwamitin CSR na Gidauniyar Tokyo . &lt;ref name=&quot;tokyof&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko &quot;Kawaguchi, Yoriko&quot;]. ''Professor''. The Tokyo Foundation&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 April&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ocean&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ &quot;Yoriko Kawaguchi&quot;]. Global Ocean Commission. Archived from [http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ the original] on 13 April 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 April&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, wata guda kacal bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani, tsumami, da bala'in nukiliya a Japan, Kawaguchi ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, tana adawa da shawarar rage tallafin ci gaba na hukuma don tara kuɗi don sake ginawa bayan rikicin bala'i sau uku. Tun daga wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a [[Sasakawa Peace Foundation|Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sasakawa]] .

Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2013, Kawaguchi ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa.

=== Takaddama ===
An kori Kawaguchi, wacce a wancan lokacin babbar 'yar majalisa ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai mulki, daga mukaminta na shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli na Majalisar Kansiloli lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Japan ta zartar da kudurin korarta daga aiki a watan Mayun 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsawaita zamanta a [[Sin|China]] ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin da ta jagoranta ya soke zaman da aka tsara. 

Kawaguchi ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Japan ta tafi China daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga Afrilu don halartar wani taro amma ba tare da izinin farko ba, ta tsawaita wa'adin kwana ɗaya don ganawa da jami'in manufofin ƙasashen waje na Majalisar Jiha Yang Jiechi . Kawaguchi ta nemi afuwa ga [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar LDP, game da hutun da ta yi ba tare da sanarwa ba, amma ta yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da Yang ta yi don amfanin Japan ne. Wannan tsawaita wa'adin ya jawo suka da yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa yayin da Kawaguchi ta karya dokokin majalisar tare da yin watsi da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, waɗanda ke kare 'yar majalisar kamar Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci [[Yoshihide Suga]] da Babban Sakataren LDP Shigeru Ishiba sun ce taron da aka yi tsakanin ministocin biyu an yi shi ne don magance rikicin yankin da ke tsakanin Japan da China a Tekun Gabashin China .  

Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016.

A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Tana da aure da Toru Kawaguchi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare.

Babbar 'yar uwarta, Takako Shirai, tsohuwar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Chiba Prefectural kuma mai bincike kan ka'idar 'yancin mata, ciki har da Mary Wollstonecraft.

Abubuwan da take sha'awa sune karatu, sauraron kiɗa, yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma haiku.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
A watan Disamba na 2003, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta &quot;Aguila Azteca Medal&quot; daga shugaban ƙasar Mexico na wancan lokacin Vicente Fox . Ta sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da shekaru daga magajin garin [[Saint-Petersburg|Sankt-Peterburg]] a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 da kafa birnin. A watan Maris na 2004, gwamnatin Paraguay ta ba Kawaguchi lambar yabo ta &quot;Gran Cruz Extraordinaria&quot; (Kyautar Shaida ta Ƙasa), kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta sami takardar shaidar digirin girmamawa ta Likita daga hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Mongolia da ke [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . A watan Oktoba na 2008, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta Wilbur Cross Medal daga Jami'ar Yale da ke New Haven, [[Connecticut]] saboda hidimar jama'a mai kyau.

A watan Oktoban 2010, Kawaguchi ta kuma ba da kyautar &quot;Tauraron Kudus&quot; daga Shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] daga [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Ƙasa ta Falasdinawa]] . A wannan watan na wannan shekarar, ta sake karɓar lambar yabo ta cika shekaru goma saboda babbar gudunmawa ga haɓɓaka tsaro a duniya da kuma tsarin hana yaɗuwa daga K. Kadyrzhanov, Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;official&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165343/http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Yoriko Kawaguchi Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2017, Kawaguchi ya sami kyautar Grand Cordon of the Order of Rising Sun a wani bikin baje kolin bazara, wanda Sarki [[Akihito]] na Japan a wancan lokacin ya bayar.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <id>816051</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T17:08:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <origin>816051</origin>
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      <text bytes="12336" sha1="g6cubx1y3dju9omsihrmaakfzu52wbp" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Yoriko Kawaguchi''' (川口 順子, Kawaguchi Yoriko; an haife ta 14 ga Janairu, 1941) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan kuma tsohuwar masaniyar tattalin arziki. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan daga 2002 zuwa 2004, sannan ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman kan harkokin waje ga Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokaci, Junichiro Koizumi daga 2004 zuwa 2005.
Mamba ce ta jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma a baya ta taba zama Ministar Muhalli ta Japan daga 2000 zuwa 2002. Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) a karkashin jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party daga 2005 zuwa 2013.
A watan Yuli 2008, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar hadin gwiwa (co-chair) na wata sabuwar Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma kwance damarar su, tare da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ostiraliya, Gareth Evans.
A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji, Jami’ar Meiji University da ke Tokyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;mofa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Northeast Asia Regional Meeting of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2009/5/1192015_1158.html |access-date=14 April 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a [[Meiji Institute for Global Affairs|Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji]], Jami'ar Meiji da ke Tokyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;us&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150045/http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=United States-Japan Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
[[Fayil:Donald_H._Rumsfeld_and_Yoriko_Kawaguchi_pose_for_a_photograph.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Rumsfeld]]
[[Fayil:Putin-Kawaguchi_meeting_02.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (14 Oktoba 2002)]]
An haifi Yoriko Kawaguchi a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1941 a [[Tokyo]], Daular Japan (yanzu [[Japan]] ). A lokacin yarinta, lokacin tana da shekaru huɗu, ita da iyalinta sun tsira daga hare-haren bama-bamai a [[Tokyo]] a lokacin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Asiya da Pacific]] a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa ita da iyalinta suna zaune a Tokyo a duk lokacin yaƙin.

A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 19, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tokyo (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior da Senior a Komaba, Jami'ar Tsukuba ). Wasu daga cikin abokan karatunta na makarantar sakandare sun haɗa da Nobuo Habeyanagi (tsohon Shugaban Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ), [[:ja:島村英紀|Hideki Shimamura]] (tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Polar ), [[:ja:星出豊|Yutaka Hoshide]] (Farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Showa ), Hajime Matsumoto (likitan jijiyoyin jini), da Yozo Yokota (tsohon Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ).

A farkon shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru 24, ta kammala karatun digirinta a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Tokyo . A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Japan . A shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 31, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale, inda aka ba ta damar yin aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma ta zama memba a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa kan Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa .

A shekarar 1990, Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista a Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Muhalli na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Duniya (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki, da Masana'antu ta Japan ) tsakanin 1992 da 1993 kafin ta zama Manajan Darakta na Suntory Holdings Ltd. a watan Satumba na 1993. An kuma nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar na Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ofishin Manufofin Ciniki.

A shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Muhalli, wanda Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Yoshiro Mori ya naɗa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ocean&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yayin da take kan mulki, a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2001, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da cewa Hukumar Muhalli ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, inda matsayin Darakta Janar ya zama Ministan Muhalli . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa gudanar da muhalli, wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nauyin ma'aikatar, ma'aikata, da kuma mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli na duniya. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi, ta halarci a matsayin wakiliyar Japan a taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Bonn, [[Jamus]], inda ta yi nasarar ɗage takunkumin da Japan ta kakaba wa [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] .

Kafin wa'adinta na Ministar Muhalli, a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan, wacce Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Junichiro Koizumi ya naɗa, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2004 saboda sauƙaƙe sake tsara majalisar ministoci, kuma Nobutaka Machimura ya gaje ta.

An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu har zuwa 2013. A cikin shekarunta na memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Babban Taron 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a Majalisar Dattawa. Ta kuma zama darakta kuma shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli, darektan Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da kuma daraktan Kwamitin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Tallafawa LDP Okinawa, da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai da Kwantar da Hankali da kuma memba a kwamitin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Matasan Shugabannin Duniya a 2008. A halin yanzu, ita memba ce a Kwamitin CSR na Gidauniyar Tokyo . &lt;ref name=&quot;tokyof&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko &quot;Kawaguchi, Yoriko&quot;]. ''Professor''. The Tokyo Foundation&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 April&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ocean&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ &quot;Yoriko Kawaguchi&quot;]. Global Ocean Commission. Archived from [http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ the original] on 13 April 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 April&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, wata guda kacal bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani, tsumami, da bala'in nukiliya a Japan, Kawaguchi ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, tana adawa da shawarar rage tallafin ci gaba na hukuma don tara kuɗi don sake ginawa bayan rikicin bala'i sau uku. Tun daga wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a [[Sasakawa Peace Foundation|Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sasakawa]] .

Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2013, Kawaguchi ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa.

=== Takaddama ===
An kori Kawaguchi, wacce a wancan lokacin babbar 'yar majalisa ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai mulki, daga mukaminta na shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli na Majalisar Kansiloli lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Japan ta zartar da kudurin korarta daga aiki a watan Mayun 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsawaita zamanta a [[Sin|China]] ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin da ta jagoranta ya soke zaman da aka tsara. 

Kawaguchi ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Japan ta tafi China daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga Afrilu don halartar wani taro amma ba tare da izinin farko ba, ta tsawaita wa'adin kwana ɗaya don ganawa da jami'in manufofin ƙasashen waje na Majalisar Jiha Yang Jiechi . Kawaguchi ta nemi afuwa ga [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar LDP, game da hutun da ta yi ba tare da sanarwa ba, amma ta yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da Yang ta yi don amfanin Japan ne. Wannan tsawaita wa'adin ya jawo suka da yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa yayin da Kawaguchi ta karya dokokin majalisar tare da yin watsi da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, waɗanda ke kare 'yar majalisar kamar Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci [[Yoshihide Suga]] da Babban Sakataren LDP Shigeru Ishiba sun ce taron da aka yi tsakanin ministocin biyu an yi shi ne don magance rikicin yankin da ke tsakanin Japan da China a Tekun Gabashin China .  

Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016.

A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Tana da aure da Toru Kawaguchi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare.

Babbar 'yar uwarta, Takako Shirai, tsohuwar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Chiba Prefectural kuma mai bincike kan ka'idar 'yancin mata, ciki har da Mary Wollstonecraft.

Abubuwan da take sha'awa sune karatu, sauraron kiɗa, yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma haiku.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
A watan Disamba na 2003, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta &quot;Aguila Azteca Medal&quot; daga shugaban ƙasar Mexico na wancan lokacin Vicente Fox . Ta sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da shekaru daga magajin garin [[Saint-Petersburg|Sankt-Peterburg]] a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 da kafa birnin. A watan Maris na 2004, gwamnatin Paraguay ta ba Kawaguchi lambar yabo ta &quot;Gran Cruz Extraordinaria&quot; (Kyautar Shaida ta Ƙasa), kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta sami takardar shaidar digirin girmamawa ta Likita daga hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Mongolia da ke [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . A watan Oktoba na 2008, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta Wilbur Cross Medal daga Jami'ar Yale da ke New Haven, [[Connecticut]] saboda hidimar jama'a mai kyau.

A watan Oktoban 2010, Kawaguchi ta kuma ba da kyautar &quot;Tauraron Kudus&quot; daga Shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] daga [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Ƙasa ta Falasdinawa]] . A wannan watan na wannan shekarar, ta sake karɓar lambar yabo ta cika shekaru goma saboda babbar gudunmawa ga haɓɓaka tsaro a duniya da kuma tsarin hana yaɗuwa daga K. Kadyrzhanov, Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;official&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165343/http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Yoriko Kawaguchi Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2017, Kawaguchi ya sami kyautar Grand Cordon of the Order of Rising Sun a wani bikin baje kolin bazara, wanda Sarki [[Akihito]] na Japan a wancan lokacin ya bayar.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yōko Kamikawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344153492|Yōko Kamikawa]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9479" sha1="e7dyuvo6jmlxvzga6zm7s9rw2cg833k" xml:space="preserve">Yōko Kamikawa (上川 陽子, Kamikawa Yōko; born 1 March 1953) is a [[Japan|Japanese]] politician and former think tank researcher who served as the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] between September 2023 and October 2024. She served as the [[Minister of Justice (Japan)|Minister of Justice]] from September 2020 to October 2021, and also served as Minister of State for Gender Equality and Social Affairs in the cabinets of [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]] and [[Yasuo Fukuda]]. She has been a member of the [[House of Representatives of Japan|House of Representatives]] since December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoko KAMIKAWA (The Cabinet) {{!}} Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet |url=https://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/meibo/daijin/kamikawa_e.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=japan.kantei.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta a birnin Shizuoka da ke gundumar Shizuoka a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1953. Ta halarci Jami'ar Tokyo, inda ta ƙware a fannin hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=上川陽子君_衆議院 |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/137.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.shugiin.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da take jami'a, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Aikido . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-05-23 |title=第84回 「2年越しのJFK展、東大合気道部60周年」 {{!}} 自由民主党 衆議院議員 かみかわ陽子オフィシャルサイト |url=https://www.kamikawayoko.net/archives/4029 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=自由民主党 衆議院議員 かみかわ陽子オフィシャルサイト {{!}} |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga jami'ar a watan Maris na 1977 kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Mitsubishi a watan Afrilu. A shekarar 1988 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin jama'a daga Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy, [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar aiki a ƙarƙashin Sanata Max Baucus na Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=上川 陽子（かみかわ ようこ） |url=https://www.jiji.com/jc/giin?d=0890ecd459e18405ab7fc5e147b33dce&amp;c=syu&amp;rel=ja |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=jiji.com |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da aure da Takunae Kamikawa, abokin karatunta daga Jami'ar Tokyo, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=かみかわ陽子 : プロフィール : 「こどもと育つ」娘たちの声援　涙が出た |url=https://www.kamikawayoko.net/old/archive/profile/introduction/2002_0709.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.kamikawayoko.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Majalisar Wakilai ===
An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai a karon farko a watan Yunin 2000. An sake zaɓe ta a kowace zaɓe har zuwa 2009. An sake zaɓe ta a 2012. Ta wakilci gundumar Shizuoka ta 1 tsakanin 2000 da 2003, 2005 zuwa 2009 da kuma tun 2012. Ta kuma wakilci yankin wakilcin Tōkai tsakanin 2003 da 2005.

=== Ministan Shari'a ===
A lokacin da take Ministar Shari'a, Kamikawa ta ba da umarnin a kashe mutane 16 inda 13 daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe tsoffin membobin ƙungiyar Aum Shinrikyo ta ranar lahira, waɗanda ayyukan ta'addancin cikin gida suka haɗa da harin sarin na jirgin ƙasa na Tokyo na 1995. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Japanese justice minister's 16 execution orders the most since end of death penalty moratorium in 1993 |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/07/26/national/crime-legal/kamikawa-ordered-16-executions-highest-among-justice-ministers-since-1993/#.W1lJMWNryP8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ministan Harkokin Waje ===
Bayan sake fasalin majalisar ministoci a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2023, an naɗa ta ministar harkokin waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=第２次岸田再改造内閣の閣僚名簿発表 |url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20230913-OWNZ2Z2IEVOJ7EZYLE2WXDWBV4/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=[[The Sankei Shimbun]] |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi wata ziyara ba zato ba tsammani zuwa [[Kiev|Kyiv]], Ukraine a watan Janairun 2024, inda ta bayyana goyon bayan Japan ga Ukraine da kuma yadda gwamnatin Japan ke son ƙarfafa taimako da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da kasar. Ta kuma nuna cewa gwamnatin Japan za ta kasance a shirye ta jagoranci yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Ukraine ta tsara kan kare lafiyar radiation da makaman nukiliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Kamikawa's surprise visit to Ukraine sent an important signal |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/commentary/2024/01/15/japan/kamikawa-visit-ukraine-important/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=[[The Japan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Foreign_Secretary_David_Cameron_attends_G20_Summit_in_Brazil_(53543113837).jpg|left|thumb|Kamikawa a Brazil za ta halarci taron ministocin harkokin waje na G20 a watan Fabrairun 2024]]
Bugu da ƙari, Kamikawa ta yi wasu tafiye-tafiye na baya-bayan nan zuwa ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2024 |title=Foreign Minister's Page |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/about/hq/fm_corner/kamikawa/index.html |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon Fabrairu 2024, ta ziyarci Samoa da Fiji don halartar taron Ministoci na 5 na Taron Shugabannin Tsibiran Pacific (PALM). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Press Conference by Foreign Minister KAMIKAWA Yoko |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/kaiken/kaikenwe_000001_00031.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin taron, mahalarta sun raba ra'ayoyi kan ci gaban manufofi da canje-canjen yanayi na duniya. A ƙarshen Fabrairu, Kamikawa ta halarci Taron Ministan Harkokin Waje na G20 a Brazil, don tattauna al'amuran duniya na yanzu.

A watan Maris na 2024, Kamikawa ta ziyarci birnin New York, inda ta jagoranci taron ministoci na Majalisar Tsaron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC) kan &quot;Kwace Makamai Masu Guba da Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai Masu Guba.&quot;

Takeshi Iwaya ne ya gaje ta lokacin da Shigeru Ishiba ya kafa majalisar ministocinsa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2024. 

== Ra'ayin Siyasa ==

=== Daidaiton jinsi ===
[[Fayil:Yōko_Kamikawa_20070827.jpg|thumb|Mukamin farko na majalisar ministocin Kamikawa shi ne Ministan Jiha kan Daidaiton Jinsi a shekarar 2007]]
Kamikawa ta nuna muhimmancin ra'ayoyin mata wajen inganta al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harakawa |first=Takao |last2=Shimbun |first2=Sankei |date=2024-03-14 |title=INTERVIEW: Foreign Minister Yoko Kamikawa: Women's Perspectives Make Society Better |url=https://japan-forward.com/yoko-kamikawa-foreign-minister-women-empowerment-interview/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=japan-forward.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin hirarta da manema labarai, ta bayyana ra'ayinta ta hanyar imaninta kan bambancin ra'ayi. Tana ganin cewa a cikin al'umma mai bambancin ra'ayi, al'umma tana iya yin la'akari da ra'ayoyi daban-daban da kuma sanin fannoni da wataƙila an yi watsi da su a baya. A kan wannan bayanin, ta ƙara da cewa yana da mahimmanci ga al'umma gaba ɗaya ta haɗa ra'ayoyin mata waɗanda wataƙila an yi watsi da su a baya kuma ta rungumi canji.&lt;blockquote&gt;A matsayina na jakadan WPL a Japan, na yi alƙawarin cewa zan ɗauki waɗannan jigogi a cikin tattaunawar siyasa kuma in yi iya ƙoƙarina don cimma sakamako mai kyau, ban da cimma burin lambobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Women Political Leaders |url=https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Women Political Leaders |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wannan furuci da ke sama ya dogara ne akan taron shugabannin siyasa na mata (WPL) da aka gudanar a Tokyo a shekarar 2019. A wannan lokacin, ta nuna muhimmancin lafiya da aiki mai kyau, 'yantar da mata daga talauci da tashin hankali.

A watan Mayun 2024, an zargi Kamikawa da daidaita darajar mata da haihuwa bayan ta yi tambaya &quot;ta yaya mata za su iya kiran kansu mata ba tare da haihuwar wannan mutumin ba&quot; a lokacin wani gangamin yakin neman zaben gwamna na gundumar Shizuoka . Duk da haka, an yi muhawara game da ko za a fassara kalmar fi'ili 'umu (うむ)' a matsayin 'haihuwa (産む)' ko 'haihuwa (生む)', kuma an soki rahoton farko na Kyodo News saboda an cire shi daga mahallin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Exclusive Document Revealed: Yoko Kamikawa on Controversial 'Without Giving Birth' Kyodo News Report - 'Absolutely No Need to Be Intimidated' said Kyodo Executives |url=https://diamond.jp/articles/-/344194 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=ダイヤモンド・オンライン |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta janye kalamanta, tana mai cewa tana nufin ta nemi mata masu jefa ƙuri'a su yi amfani da ikonsu don zaɓar 'yar takarar LDP kamar yadda aka &quot;haife ta&quot; a matsayin 'yar majalisar wakilai a zaɓen 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Japan minister queries women's worth without birth in election speech |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/05/487c82dcc718-japan-minister-queries-womens-worth-without-birth-in-election-speech.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Kyodo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2024 |title=Japan foreign minister retracts controversial &quot;birthing&quot; remark |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/05/461f0c3141dc-japan-foreign-minister-retracts-controversial-childbirth-remark.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Kyodo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816053</id>
      <parentid>816052</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T17:11:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <text bytes="9491" sha1="rwxlruiz1vlqg4uav7ak3l47mlvp8s9" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Yōko Kamikawa (上川 陽子, Kamikawa Yōko; born 1 March 1953) is a [[Japan|Japanese]] politician and former think tank researcher who served as the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] between September 2023 and October 2024. She served as the [[Minister of Justice (Japan)|Minister of Justice]] from September 2020 to October 2021, and also served as Minister of State for Gender Equality and Social Affairs in the cabinets of [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]] and [[Yasuo Fukuda]]. She has been a member of the [[House of Representatives of Japan|House of Representatives]] since December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoko KAMIKAWA (The Cabinet) {{!}} Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet |url=https://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/meibo/daijin/kamikawa_e.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=japan.kantei.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta a birnin Shizuoka da ke gundumar Shizuoka a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1953. Ta halarci Jami'ar Tokyo, inda ta ƙware a fannin hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=上川陽子君_衆議院 |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/137.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.shugiin.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da take jami'a, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Aikido . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-05-23 |title=第84回 「2年越しのJFK展、東大合気道部60周年」 {{!}} 自由民主党 衆議院議員 かみかわ陽子オフィシャルサイト |url=https://www.kamikawayoko.net/archives/4029 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=自由民主党 衆議院議員 かみかわ陽子オフィシャルサイト {{!}} |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga jami'ar a watan Maris na 1977 kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Mitsubishi a watan Afrilu. A shekarar 1988 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin jama'a daga Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy, [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar aiki a ƙarƙashin Sanata Max Baucus na Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=上川 陽子（かみかわ ようこ） |url=https://www.jiji.com/jc/giin?d=0890ecd459e18405ab7fc5e147b33dce&amp;c=syu&amp;rel=ja |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=jiji.com |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da aure da Takunae Kamikawa, abokin karatunta daga Jami'ar Tokyo, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=かみかわ陽子 : プロフィール : 「こどもと育つ」娘たちの声援　涙が出た |url=https://www.kamikawayoko.net/old/archive/profile/introduction/2002_0709.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.kamikawayoko.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Majalisar Wakilai ===
An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai a karon farko a watan Yunin 2000. An sake zaɓe ta a kowace zaɓe har zuwa 2009. An sake zaɓe ta a 2012. Ta wakilci gundumar Shizuoka ta 1 tsakanin 2000 da 2003, 2005 zuwa 2009 da kuma tun 2012. Ta kuma wakilci yankin wakilcin Tōkai tsakanin 2003 da 2005.

=== Ministan Shari'a ===
A lokacin da take Ministar Shari'a, Kamikawa ta ba da umarnin a kashe mutane 16 inda 13 daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe tsoffin membobin ƙungiyar Aum Shinrikyo ta ranar lahira, waɗanda ayyukan ta'addancin cikin gida suka haɗa da harin sarin na jirgin ƙasa na Tokyo na 1995. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Japanese justice minister's 16 execution orders the most since end of death penalty moratorium in 1993 |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/07/26/national/crime-legal/kamikawa-ordered-16-executions-highest-among-justice-ministers-since-1993/#.W1lJMWNryP8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ministan Harkokin Waje ===
Bayan sake fasalin majalisar ministoci a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2023, an naɗa ta ministar harkokin waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=第２次岸田再改造内閣の閣僚名簿発表 |url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20230913-OWNZ2Z2IEVOJ7EZYLE2WXDWBV4/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=[[The Sankei Shimbun]] |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi wata ziyara ba zato ba tsammani zuwa [[Kiev|Kyiv]], Ukraine a watan Janairun 2024, inda ta bayyana goyon bayan Japan ga Ukraine da kuma yadda gwamnatin Japan ke son ƙarfafa taimako da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da kasar. Ta kuma nuna cewa gwamnatin Japan za ta kasance a shirye ta jagoranci yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Ukraine ta tsara kan kare lafiyar radiation da makaman nukiliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Kamikawa's surprise visit to Ukraine sent an important signal |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/commentary/2024/01/15/japan/kamikawa-visit-ukraine-important/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=[[The Japan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Foreign_Secretary_David_Cameron_attends_G20_Summit_in_Brazil_(53543113837).jpg|left|thumb|Kamikawa a Brazil za ta halarci taron ministocin harkokin waje na G20 a watan Fabrairun 2024]]
Bugu da ƙari, Kamikawa ta yi wasu tafiye-tafiye na baya-bayan nan zuwa ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2024 |title=Foreign Minister's Page |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/about/hq/fm_corner/kamikawa/index.html |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon Fabrairu 2024, ta ziyarci Samoa da Fiji don halartar taron Ministoci na 5 na Taron Shugabannin Tsibiran Pacific (PALM). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Press Conference by Foreign Minister KAMIKAWA Yoko |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/kaiken/kaikenwe_000001_00031.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin taron, mahalarta sun raba ra'ayoyi kan ci gaban manufofi da canje-canjen yanayi na duniya. A ƙarshen Fabrairu, Kamikawa ta halarci Taron Ministan Harkokin Waje na G20 a Brazil, don tattauna al'amuran duniya na yanzu.

A watan Maris na 2024, Kamikawa ta ziyarci birnin New York, inda ta jagoranci taron ministoci na Majalisar Tsaron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC) kan &quot;Kwace Makamai Masu Guba da Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai Masu Guba.&quot;

Takeshi Iwaya ne ya gaje ta lokacin da Shigeru Ishiba ya kafa majalisar ministocinsa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2024. 

== Ra'ayin Siyasa ==

=== Daidaiton jinsi ===
[[Fayil:Yōko_Kamikawa_20070827.jpg|thumb|Mukamin farko na majalisar ministocin Kamikawa shi ne Ministan Jiha kan Daidaiton Jinsi a shekarar 2007]]
Kamikawa ta nuna muhimmancin ra'ayoyin mata wajen inganta al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harakawa |first=Takao |last2=Shimbun |first2=Sankei |date=2024-03-14 |title=INTERVIEW: Foreign Minister Yoko Kamikawa: Women's Perspectives Make Society Better |url=https://japan-forward.com/yoko-kamikawa-foreign-minister-women-empowerment-interview/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=japan-forward.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin hirarta da manema labarai, ta bayyana ra'ayinta ta hanyar imaninta kan bambancin ra'ayi. Tana ganin cewa a cikin al'umma mai bambancin ra'ayi, al'umma tana iya yin la'akari da ra'ayoyi daban-daban da kuma sanin fannoni da wataƙila an yi watsi da su a baya. A kan wannan bayanin, ta ƙara da cewa yana da mahimmanci ga al'umma gaba ɗaya ta haɗa ra'ayoyin mata waɗanda wataƙila an yi watsi da su a baya kuma ta rungumi canji.&lt;blockquote&gt;A matsayina na jakadan WPL a Japan, na yi alƙawarin cewa zan ɗauki waɗannan jigogi a cikin tattaunawar siyasa kuma in yi iya ƙoƙarina don cimma sakamako mai kyau, ban da cimma burin lambobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Women Political Leaders |url=https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Women Political Leaders |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wannan furuci da ke sama ya dogara ne akan taron shugabannin siyasa na mata (WPL) da aka gudanar a Tokyo a shekarar 2019. A wannan lokacin, ta nuna muhimmancin lafiya da aiki mai kyau, 'yantar da mata daga talauci da tashin hankali.

A watan Mayun 2024, an zargi Kamikawa da daidaita darajar mata da haihuwa bayan ta yi tambaya &quot;ta yaya mata za su iya kiran kansu mata ba tare da haihuwar wannan mutumin ba&quot; a lokacin wani gangamin yakin neman zaben gwamna na gundumar Shizuoka . Duk da haka, an yi muhawara game da ko za a fassara kalmar fi'ili 'umu (うむ)' a matsayin 'haihuwa (産む)' ko 'haihuwa (生む)', kuma an soki rahoton farko na Kyodo News saboda an cire shi daga mahallin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Exclusive Document Revealed: Yoko Kamikawa on Controversial 'Without Giving Birth' Kyodo News Report - 'Absolutely No Need to Be Intimidated' said Kyodo Executives |url=https://diamond.jp/articles/-/344194 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=ダイヤモンド・オンライン |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta janye kalamanta, tana mai cewa tana nufin ta nemi mata masu jefa ƙuri'a su yi amfani da ikonsu don zaɓar 'yar takarar LDP kamar yadda aka &quot;haife ta&quot; a matsayin 'yar majalisar wakilai a zaɓen 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Japan minister queries women's worth without birth in election speech |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/05/487c82dcc718-japan-minister-queries-womens-worth-without-birth-in-election-speech.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Kyodo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2024 |title=Japan foreign minister retracts controversial &quot;birthing&quot; remark |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/05/461f0c3141dc-japan-foreign-minister-retracts-controversial-childbirth-remark.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Kyodo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816056</id>
      <parentid>816053</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T17:12:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816056</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9412" sha1="i2o3jlhw0bcuezl51tiauf2psdflkdi" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Yōko Kamikawa (上川 陽子, Kamikawa Yōko; an haife ta 1 ga Maris, 1953) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan kuma tsohuwar mai bincike a cibiyar nazari (think tank).
Ta rike mukamin Ministar Harkokin Waje daga Satumba 2023 zuwa Oktoba 2024. Haka kuma ta taba zama Ministar Shari’a daga Satumba 2020 zuwa Oktoba 2021, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Jiha mai kula da Daidaiton Jinsi da Harkokin Zamantakewa a gwamnatocin Shinzō Abe da Yasuo Fukuda.
Tun daga Disamba 2012, ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoko KAMIKAWA (The Cabinet) {{!}} Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet |url=https://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/meibo/daijin/kamikawa_e.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=japan.kantei.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta a birnin Shizuoka da ke gundumar Shizuoka a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1953. Ta halarci Jami'ar Tokyo, inda ta ƙware a fannin hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=上川陽子君_衆議院 |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/137.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.shugiin.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da take jami'a, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Aikido . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-05-23 |title=第84回 「2年越しのJFK展、東大合気道部60周年」 {{!}} 自由民主党 衆議院議員 かみかわ陽子オフィシャルサイト |url=https://www.kamikawayoko.net/archives/4029 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=自由民主党 衆議院議員 かみかわ陽子オフィシャルサイト {{!}} |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga jami'ar a watan Maris na 1977 kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Mitsubishi a watan Afrilu. A shekarar 1988 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin jama'a daga Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy, [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar aiki a ƙarƙashin Sanata Max Baucus na Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=上川 陽子（かみかわ ようこ） |url=https://www.jiji.com/jc/giin?d=0890ecd459e18405ab7fc5e147b33dce&amp;c=syu&amp;rel=ja |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=jiji.com |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da aure da Takunae Kamikawa, abokin karatunta daga Jami'ar Tokyo, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=かみかわ陽子 : プロフィール : 「こどもと育つ」娘たちの声援　涙が出た |url=https://www.kamikawayoko.net/old/archive/profile/introduction/2002_0709.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.kamikawayoko.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Majalisar Wakilai ===
An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai a karon farko a watan Yunin 2000. An sake zaɓe ta a kowace zaɓe har zuwa 2009. An sake zaɓe ta a 2012. Ta wakilci gundumar Shizuoka ta 1 tsakanin 2000 da 2003, 2005 zuwa 2009 da kuma tun 2012. Ta kuma wakilci yankin wakilcin Tōkai tsakanin 2003 da 2005.

=== Ministan Shari'a ===
A lokacin da take Ministar Shari'a, Kamikawa ta ba da umarnin a kashe mutane 16 inda 13 daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe tsoffin membobin ƙungiyar Aum Shinrikyo ta ranar lahira, waɗanda ayyukan ta'addancin cikin gida suka haɗa da harin sarin na jirgin ƙasa na Tokyo na 1995. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Japanese justice minister's 16 execution orders the most since end of death penalty moratorium in 1993 |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/07/26/national/crime-legal/kamikawa-ordered-16-executions-highest-among-justice-ministers-since-1993/#.W1lJMWNryP8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ministan Harkokin Waje ===
Bayan sake fasalin majalisar ministoci a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2023, an naɗa ta ministar harkokin waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=第２次岸田再改造内閣の閣僚名簿発表 |url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20230913-OWNZ2Z2IEVOJ7EZYLE2WXDWBV4/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=[[The Sankei Shimbun]] |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi wata ziyara ba zato ba tsammani zuwa [[Kiev|Kyiv]], Ukraine a watan Janairun 2024, inda ta bayyana goyon bayan Japan ga Ukraine da kuma yadda gwamnatin Japan ke son ƙarfafa taimako da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da kasar. Ta kuma nuna cewa gwamnatin Japan za ta kasance a shirye ta jagoranci yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Ukraine ta tsara kan kare lafiyar radiation da makaman nukiliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Kamikawa's surprise visit to Ukraine sent an important signal |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/commentary/2024/01/15/japan/kamikawa-visit-ukraine-important/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=[[The Japan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Foreign_Secretary_David_Cameron_attends_G20_Summit_in_Brazil_(53543113837).jpg|left|thumb|Kamikawa a Brazil za ta halarci taron ministocin harkokin waje na G20 a watan Fabrairun 2024]]
Bugu da ƙari, Kamikawa ta yi wasu tafiye-tafiye na baya-bayan nan zuwa ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2024 |title=Foreign Minister's Page |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/about/hq/fm_corner/kamikawa/index.html |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon Fabrairu 2024, ta ziyarci Samoa da Fiji don halartar taron Ministoci na 5 na Taron Shugabannin Tsibiran Pacific (PALM). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Press Conference by Foreign Minister KAMIKAWA Yoko |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/kaiken/kaikenwe_000001_00031.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin taron, mahalarta sun raba ra'ayoyi kan ci gaban manufofi da canje-canjen yanayi na duniya. A ƙarshen Fabrairu, Kamikawa ta halarci Taron Ministan Harkokin Waje na G20 a Brazil, don tattauna al'amuran duniya na yanzu.

A watan Maris na 2024, Kamikawa ta ziyarci birnin New York, inda ta jagoranci taron ministoci na Majalisar Tsaron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC) kan &quot;Kwace Makamai Masu Guba da Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai Masu Guba.&quot;

Takeshi Iwaya ne ya gaje ta lokacin da Shigeru Ishiba ya kafa majalisar ministocinsa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2024. 

== Ra'ayin Siyasa ==

=== Daidaiton jinsi ===
[[Fayil:Yōko_Kamikawa_20070827.jpg|thumb|Mukamin farko na majalisar ministocin Kamikawa shi ne Ministan Jiha kan Daidaiton Jinsi a shekarar 2007]]
Kamikawa ta nuna muhimmancin ra'ayoyin mata wajen inganta al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harakawa |first=Takao |last2=Shimbun |first2=Sankei |date=2024-03-14 |title=INTERVIEW: Foreign Minister Yoko Kamikawa: Women's Perspectives Make Society Better |url=https://japan-forward.com/yoko-kamikawa-foreign-minister-women-empowerment-interview/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=japan-forward.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin hirarta da manema labarai, ta bayyana ra'ayinta ta hanyar imaninta kan bambancin ra'ayi. Tana ganin cewa a cikin al'umma mai bambancin ra'ayi, al'umma tana iya yin la'akari da ra'ayoyi daban-daban da kuma sanin fannoni da wataƙila an yi watsi da su a baya. A kan wannan bayanin, ta ƙara da cewa yana da mahimmanci ga al'umma gaba ɗaya ta haɗa ra'ayoyin mata waɗanda wataƙila an yi watsi da su a baya kuma ta rungumi canji.&lt;blockquote&gt;A matsayina na jakadan WPL a Japan, na yi alƙawarin cewa zan ɗauki waɗannan jigogi a cikin tattaunawar siyasa kuma in yi iya ƙoƙarina don cimma sakamako mai kyau, ban da cimma burin lambobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Women Political Leaders |url=https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Women Political Leaders |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wannan furuci da ke sama ya dogara ne akan taron shugabannin siyasa na mata (WPL) da aka gudanar a Tokyo a shekarar 2019. A wannan lokacin, ta nuna muhimmancin lafiya da aiki mai kyau, 'yantar da mata daga talauci da tashin hankali.

A watan Mayun 2024, an zargi Kamikawa da daidaita darajar mata da haihuwa bayan ta yi tambaya &quot;ta yaya mata za su iya kiran kansu mata ba tare da haihuwar wannan mutumin ba&quot; a lokacin wani gangamin yakin neman zaben gwamna na gundumar Shizuoka . Duk da haka, an yi muhawara game da ko za a fassara kalmar fi'ili 'umu (うむ)' a matsayin 'haihuwa (産む)' ko 'haihuwa (生む)', kuma an soki rahoton farko na Kyodo News saboda an cire shi daga mahallin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Exclusive Document Revealed: Yoko Kamikawa on Controversial 'Without Giving Birth' Kyodo News Report - 'Absolutely No Need to Be Intimidated' said Kyodo Executives |url=https://diamond.jp/articles/-/344194 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=ダイヤモンド・オンライン |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta janye kalamanta, tana mai cewa tana nufin ta nemi mata masu jefa ƙuri'a su yi amfani da ikonsu don zaɓar 'yar takarar LDP kamar yadda aka &quot;haife ta&quot; a matsayin 'yar majalisar wakilai a zaɓen 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Japan minister queries women's worth without birth in election speech |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/05/487c82dcc718-japan-minister-queries-womens-worth-without-birth-in-election-speech.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Kyodo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2024 |title=Japan foreign minister retracts controversial &quot;birthing&quot; remark |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/05/461f0c3141dc-japan-foreign-minister-retracts-controversial-childbirth-remark.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Kyodo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816057</id>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
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      <text bytes="9418" sha1="b66y8xnfv9156yy7dbsnpquu53tfbxp" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Yōko Kamikawa''' (上川 陽子, Kamikawa Yōko; an haife ta 1 ga Maris, 1953) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan kuma tsohuwar mai bincike a cibiyar nazari (think tank).
Ta rike mukamin Ministar Harkokin Waje daga Satumba 2023 zuwa Oktoba 2024. Haka kuma ta taba zama Ministar Shari’a daga Satumba 2020 zuwa Oktoba 2021, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Jiha mai kula da Daidaiton Jinsi da Harkokin Zamantakewa a gwamnatocin Shinzō Abe da Yasuo Fukuda.
Tun daga Disamba 2012, ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoko KAMIKAWA (The Cabinet) {{!}} Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet |url=https://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/meibo/daijin/kamikawa_e.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=japan.kantei.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta a birnin Shizuoka da ke gundumar Shizuoka a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1953. Ta halarci Jami'ar Tokyo, inda ta ƙware a fannin hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=上川陽子君_衆議院 |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_giinprof.nsf/html/profile/137.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.shugiin.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da take jami'a, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Aikido . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-05-23 |title=第84回 「2年越しのJFK展、東大合気道部60周年」 {{!}} 自由民主党 衆議院議員 かみかわ陽子オフィシャルサイト |url=https://www.kamikawayoko.net/archives/4029 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=自由民主党 衆議院議員 かみかわ陽子オフィシャルサイト {{!}} |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga jami'ar a watan Maris na 1977 kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Mitsubishi a watan Afrilu. A shekarar 1988 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin jama'a daga Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy, [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar aiki a ƙarƙashin Sanata Max Baucus na Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=上川 陽子（かみかわ ようこ） |url=https://www.jiji.com/jc/giin?d=0890ecd459e18405ab7fc5e147b33dce&amp;c=syu&amp;rel=ja |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=jiji.com |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da aure da Takunae Kamikawa, abokin karatunta daga Jami'ar Tokyo, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=かみかわ陽子 : プロフィール : 「こどもと育つ」娘たちの声援　涙が出た |url=https://www.kamikawayoko.net/old/archive/profile/introduction/2002_0709.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.kamikawayoko.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Majalisar Wakilai ===
An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai a karon farko a watan Yunin 2000. An sake zaɓe ta a kowace zaɓe har zuwa 2009. An sake zaɓe ta a 2012. Ta wakilci gundumar Shizuoka ta 1 tsakanin 2000 da 2003, 2005 zuwa 2009 da kuma tun 2012. Ta kuma wakilci yankin wakilcin Tōkai tsakanin 2003 da 2005.

=== Ministan Shari'a ===
A lokacin da take Ministar Shari'a, Kamikawa ta ba da umarnin a kashe mutane 16 inda 13 daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe tsoffin membobin ƙungiyar Aum Shinrikyo ta ranar lahira, waɗanda ayyukan ta'addancin cikin gida suka haɗa da harin sarin na jirgin ƙasa na Tokyo na 1995. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Japanese justice minister's 16 execution orders the most since end of death penalty moratorium in 1993 |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/07/26/national/crime-legal/kamikawa-ordered-16-executions-highest-among-justice-ministers-since-1993/#.W1lJMWNryP8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ministan Harkokin Waje ===
Bayan sake fasalin majalisar ministoci a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2023, an naɗa ta ministar harkokin waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=第２次岸田再改造内閣の閣僚名簿発表 |url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20230913-OWNZ2Z2IEVOJ7EZYLE2WXDWBV4/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=[[The Sankei Shimbun]] |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi wata ziyara ba zato ba tsammani zuwa [[Kiev|Kyiv]], Ukraine a watan Janairun 2024, inda ta bayyana goyon bayan Japan ga Ukraine da kuma yadda gwamnatin Japan ke son ƙarfafa taimako da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da kasar. Ta kuma nuna cewa gwamnatin Japan za ta kasance a shirye ta jagoranci yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Ukraine ta tsara kan kare lafiyar radiation da makaman nukiliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Kamikawa's surprise visit to Ukraine sent an important signal |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/commentary/2024/01/15/japan/kamikawa-visit-ukraine-important/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=[[The Japan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Foreign_Secretary_David_Cameron_attends_G20_Summit_in_Brazil_(53543113837).jpg|left|thumb|Kamikawa a Brazil za ta halarci taron ministocin harkokin waje na G20 a watan Fabrairun 2024]]
Bugu da ƙari, Kamikawa ta yi wasu tafiye-tafiye na baya-bayan nan zuwa ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2024 |title=Foreign Minister's Page |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/about/hq/fm_corner/kamikawa/index.html |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon Fabrairu 2024, ta ziyarci Samoa da Fiji don halartar taron Ministoci na 5 na Taron Shugabannin Tsibiran Pacific (PALM). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Press Conference by Foreign Minister KAMIKAWA Yoko |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/kaiken/kaikenwe_000001_00031.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin taron, mahalarta sun raba ra'ayoyi kan ci gaban manufofi da canje-canjen yanayi na duniya. A ƙarshen Fabrairu, Kamikawa ta halarci Taron Ministan Harkokin Waje na G20 a Brazil, don tattauna al'amuran duniya na yanzu.

A watan Maris na 2024, Kamikawa ta ziyarci birnin New York, inda ta jagoranci taron ministoci na Majalisar Tsaron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC) kan &quot;Kwace Makamai Masu Guba da Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai Masu Guba.&quot;

Takeshi Iwaya ne ya gaje ta lokacin da Shigeru Ishiba ya kafa majalisar ministocinsa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2024. 

== Ra'ayin Siyasa ==

=== Daidaiton jinsi ===
[[Fayil:Yōko_Kamikawa_20070827.jpg|thumb|Mukamin farko na majalisar ministocin Kamikawa shi ne Ministan Jiha kan Daidaiton Jinsi a shekarar 2007]]
Kamikawa ta nuna muhimmancin ra'ayoyin mata wajen inganta al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harakawa |first=Takao |last2=Shimbun |first2=Sankei |date=2024-03-14 |title=INTERVIEW: Foreign Minister Yoko Kamikawa: Women's Perspectives Make Society Better |url=https://japan-forward.com/yoko-kamikawa-foreign-minister-women-empowerment-interview/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=japan-forward.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin hirarta da manema labarai, ta bayyana ra'ayinta ta hanyar imaninta kan bambancin ra'ayi. Tana ganin cewa a cikin al'umma mai bambancin ra'ayi, al'umma tana iya yin la'akari da ra'ayoyi daban-daban da kuma sanin fannoni da wataƙila an yi watsi da su a baya. A kan wannan bayanin, ta ƙara da cewa yana da mahimmanci ga al'umma gaba ɗaya ta haɗa ra'ayoyin mata waɗanda wataƙila an yi watsi da su a baya kuma ta rungumi canji.&lt;blockquote&gt;A matsayina na jakadan WPL a Japan, na yi alƙawarin cewa zan ɗauki waɗannan jigogi a cikin tattaunawar siyasa kuma in yi iya ƙoƙarina don cimma sakamako mai kyau, ban da cimma burin lambobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Women Political Leaders |url=https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Women Political Leaders |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wannan furuci da ke sama ya dogara ne akan taron shugabannin siyasa na mata (WPL) da aka gudanar a Tokyo a shekarar 2019. A wannan lokacin, ta nuna muhimmancin lafiya da aiki mai kyau, 'yantar da mata daga talauci da tashin hankali.

A watan Mayun 2024, an zargi Kamikawa da daidaita darajar mata da haihuwa bayan ta yi tambaya &quot;ta yaya mata za su iya kiran kansu mata ba tare da haihuwar wannan mutumin ba&quot; a lokacin wani gangamin yakin neman zaben gwamna na gundumar Shizuoka . Duk da haka, an yi muhawara game da ko za a fassara kalmar fi'ili 'umu (うむ)' a matsayin 'haihuwa (産む)' ko 'haihuwa (生む)', kuma an soki rahoton farko na Kyodo News saboda an cire shi daga mahallin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Exclusive Document Revealed: Yoko Kamikawa on Controversial 'Without Giving Birth' Kyodo News Report - 'Absolutely No Need to Be Intimidated' said Kyodo Executives |url=https://diamond.jp/articles/-/344194 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=ダイヤモンド・オンライン |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta janye kalamanta, tana mai cewa tana nufin ta nemi mata masu jefa ƙuri'a su yi amfani da ikonsu don zaɓar 'yar takarar LDP kamar yadda aka &quot;haife ta&quot; a matsayin 'yar majalisar wakilai a zaɓen 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Japan minister queries women's worth without birth in election speech |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/05/487c82dcc718-japan-minister-queries-womens-worth-without-birth-in-election-speech.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Kyodo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2024 |title=Japan foreign minister retracts controversial &quot;birthing&quot; remark |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/05/461f0c3141dc-japan-foreign-minister-retracts-controversial-childbirth-remark.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Kyodo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:George Athor</title>
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    <redirect title="Tattaunawar user:Brown caterpillar12" />
    <revision>
      <id>816055</id>
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      <comment>Nihonjoe moved page [[Tattaunawar user:George Athor]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Brown caterpillar12]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/George Athor|George Athor]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Brown caterpillar12|Brown caterpillar12]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="50" sha1="gaeu211r1fjj572en4fr9xvkd5urwmp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Brown caterpillar12]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Satsuki Katayama</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339101599|Satsuki Katayama]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4262" sha1="mmazgdkaz7qpwciynymchteaa09gr4i" xml:space="preserve">'''Satsuki Katayama''' (an haife ta '''a Tomonaga''' ; 9 ga Mayu 1959) 'yar siyasa ce ta Japan da ke aiki a Majalisar Kansiloli ta Japan, bayan an zaɓe ta a watan Yulin 2010 a matsayin 'yar takarar Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Ta taɓa wakiltar gundumar Shizuoka ta 7 a Majalisar Wakilai na tsawon wa'adi ɗaya daga 2005 zuwa 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2005 |title=Goliath |url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4680616/LEAD-Ex-bureaucrat-Katayama-wins.html |access-date=May 27, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin mace ta farko Ministar Kuɗi tun 21 ga Oktoba 2025 a majalisar ministocin Takaichi ta farko da ta biyu.

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
An haifi Katayama a Urawa, gundumar Saitama (daga baya Urawa-ku, Saitama ). Ta yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Tokyo, inda aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Jami'ar Miss Tokyo (Miss Tōdai). 

Bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 1982, Katayama ta shiga Ma'aikatar Kudi . A lokacin da take aiki a Ma'aikatar, Satsuki Katayama ta halarci kuma ta kammala karatunta daga École nationale d'administration a Faransa. Ta yi aiki a ma'aikatar fiye da shekaru ashirin kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama mai duba kasafin kuɗi a Ofishin Kasafin Kuɗi. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
[[Fayil:Katayama_Suga_Yamamoto_etc_in_Shibuya_DSCN2571_20060919.JPG|left|thumb|200x200px|Katayama tare da Ichita Yamamoto da [[Yoshihide Suga]] a Shibuya, [[Tokyo]] (Satumba 19, 2006)]]
An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai a karon farko a babban zaɓen 2005 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Majalisar Dokoki.  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takarar LDP 83 da ake kira &quot; Yaran Koizumi ,&quot; waɗanda aka zaɓa a karon farko a tsakanin shahararriyar firayim ministan Junichiro Koizumi mai ra'ayin sauyi; Koizumi ya yi wa Katayama kallon &quot;wawaye na gyara.&quot; 

Katayama da wasu &quot;Yaran Koizumi&quot; 72 sun sha kaye a babban zaɓen 2009, inda Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Japan ta kayar da jam'iyyar LDP. Bayan zaɓen 2009, Katayama ta yi tsokaci cewa &quot;shekaru huɗu da suka gabata yaƙi ne da alamomin gyare-gyaren Koizumi, kuma mun tabbatar da cewa sun yi kuskure.&quot; Daga baya ta bayyana kanta a matsayin &quot;marayu da aka kora daga yaƙi&quot; a 2011.
[[Fayil:U.S._Treasury_Secretary_Scott_Bessent_visits_Japanese_Finance_Minister_Satsuki_Katayama_(G4Yq1MMXQAA6Leb).jpg|left|thumb|Katayama ta gana da Sakataren Baitulmalin Amurka Scott Bessent a watan Oktoban 2025]]
A ranar 1 ga Mayu 2019, ta halarci bikin gabatar da Taskokin Wurare Uku Masu Tsarki ga Sarki [[Naruhito]] . A bikin da aka yi a shekarar 1989, maza ne kawai aka yarda su halarci taron; duk da haka a shekarar 2019 an ba wa dukkan 'yan majalisar ministoci damar halarta ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, kodayake maza ne kawai daga dangin sarki za su iya halarta.  A watan Oktoba 2025, an zaɓi Katayama a matsayin Ministar Kudi ta Japan ta farko, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2025 |title=New Prime Minister Takaichi Sanae Picks Katayama Satsuki as First Female Finance Minister in Starting Cabinet |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h02584/ |website=nippon.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; a sabuwar gwamnatin [[Sanae Takaichi]] . 

Katayama, kamar sauran abokan aikinta na LDP, tana da alaƙa da Nippon Kaigi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ta auri farfesa na siyasa na kasa da kasa Yōichi Masuzoe a 1986 yayin da take aiki a MoF . Sun rabu bayan watanni da yawa, sun sake aure a 1989 kuma dukansu sun sake yin aure. Masuzoe daga baya ya zama sanannen mai watsa labarai kuma memba na House of Councillors, kuma LDP ta dauki Masuzoe da Katayama a matsayin 'yan takara don Zaben gwamna na 2014 a Tokyo. Firayim Minista na Japan [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda ya jagoranci LDP don amincewa da Masuzoe a zaben da ya samu nasara, ya ce yana son Katayama fiye da kowa ya tsaya don tallafawa Masuzoe, amma Katayama ta amsa cewa yana da wahala a gare ta yin hakan saboda takaddamar Masuzoe game da biyan kuɗi ga ɗayan yaransa na waje, wanda ke da nakasa. Katayama da Masuzoe dukansu sun yi karatu a ENA, Faransa.

A shekarar 1990, ta auri Ryutaro Katayama, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Japan wanda tsohon ɗalibi ne a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard .

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]</text>
      <sha1>mmazgdkaz7qpwciynymchteaa09gr4i</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>816060</id>
      <parentid>816059</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T17:15:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816060</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4274" sha1="bsso4n5c6ycznghbafy5cd5tgnplih0" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Satsuki Katayama''' (an haife ta '''a Tomonaga''' ; 9 ga Mayu 1959) 'yar siyasa ce ta Japan da ke aiki a Majalisar Kansiloli ta Japan, bayan an zaɓe ta a watan Yulin 2010 a matsayin 'yar takarar Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Ta taɓa wakiltar gundumar Shizuoka ta 7 a Majalisar Wakilai na tsawon wa'adi ɗaya daga 2005 zuwa 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2005 |title=Goliath |url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4680616/LEAD-Ex-bureaucrat-Katayama-wins.html |access-date=May 27, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin mace ta farko Ministar Kuɗi tun 21 ga Oktoba 2025 a majalisar ministocin Takaichi ta farko da ta biyu.

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
An haifi Katayama a Urawa, gundumar Saitama (daga baya Urawa-ku, Saitama ). Ta yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Tokyo, inda aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Jami'ar Miss Tokyo (Miss Tōdai). 

Bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 1982, Katayama ta shiga Ma'aikatar Kudi . A lokacin da take aiki a Ma'aikatar, Satsuki Katayama ta halarci kuma ta kammala karatunta daga École nationale d'administration a Faransa. Ta yi aiki a ma'aikatar fiye da shekaru ashirin kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama mai duba kasafin kuɗi a Ofishin Kasafin Kuɗi. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
[[Fayil:Katayama_Suga_Yamamoto_etc_in_Shibuya_DSCN2571_20060919.JPG|left|thumb|200x200px|Katayama tare da Ichita Yamamoto da [[Yoshihide Suga]] a Shibuya, [[Tokyo]] (Satumba 19, 2006)]]
An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai a karon farko a babban zaɓen 2005 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Majalisar Dokoki.  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takarar LDP 83 da ake kira &quot; Yaran Koizumi ,&quot; waɗanda aka zaɓa a karon farko a tsakanin shahararriyar firayim ministan Junichiro Koizumi mai ra'ayin sauyi; Koizumi ya yi wa Katayama kallon &quot;wawaye na gyara.&quot; 

Katayama da wasu &quot;Yaran Koizumi&quot; 72 sun sha kaye a babban zaɓen 2009, inda Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Japan ta kayar da jam'iyyar LDP. Bayan zaɓen 2009, Katayama ta yi tsokaci cewa &quot;shekaru huɗu da suka gabata yaƙi ne da alamomin gyare-gyaren Koizumi, kuma mun tabbatar da cewa sun yi kuskure.&quot; Daga baya ta bayyana kanta a matsayin &quot;marayu da aka kora daga yaƙi&quot; a 2011.
[[Fayil:U.S._Treasury_Secretary_Scott_Bessent_visits_Japanese_Finance_Minister_Satsuki_Katayama_(G4Yq1MMXQAA6Leb).jpg|left|thumb|Katayama ta gana da Sakataren Baitulmalin Amurka Scott Bessent a watan Oktoban 2025]]
A ranar 1 ga Mayu 2019, ta halarci bikin gabatar da Taskokin Wurare Uku Masu Tsarki ga Sarki [[Naruhito]] . A bikin da aka yi a shekarar 1989, maza ne kawai aka yarda su halarci taron; duk da haka a shekarar 2019 an ba wa dukkan 'yan majalisar ministoci damar halarta ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, kodayake maza ne kawai daga dangin sarki za su iya halarta.  A watan Oktoba 2025, an zaɓi Katayama a matsayin Ministar Kudi ta Japan ta farko, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2025 |title=New Prime Minister Takaichi Sanae Picks Katayama Satsuki as First Female Finance Minister in Starting Cabinet |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h02584/ |website=nippon.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; a sabuwar gwamnatin [[Sanae Takaichi]] . 

Katayama, kamar sauran abokan aikinta na LDP, tana da alaƙa da Nippon Kaigi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ta auri farfesa na siyasa na kasa da kasa Yōichi Masuzoe a 1986 yayin da take aiki a MoF . Sun rabu bayan watanni da yawa, sun sake aure a 1989 kuma dukansu sun sake yin aure. Masuzoe daga baya ya zama sanannen mai watsa labarai kuma memba na House of Councillors, kuma LDP ta dauki Masuzoe da Katayama a matsayin 'yan takara don Zaben gwamna na 2014 a Tokyo. Firayim Minista na Japan [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda ya jagoranci LDP don amincewa da Masuzoe a zaben da ya samu nasara, ya ce yana son Katayama fiye da kowa ya tsaya don tallafawa Masuzoe, amma Katayama ta amsa cewa yana da wahala a gare ta yin hakan saboda takaddamar Masuzoe game da biyan kuɗi ga ɗayan yaransa na waje, wanda ke da nakasa. Katayama da Masuzoe dukansu sun yi karatu a ENA, Faransa.

A shekarar 1990, ta auri Ryutaro Katayama, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Japan wanda tsohon ɗalibi ne a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard .

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]</text>
      <sha1>bsso4n5c6ycznghbafy5cd5tgnplih0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kuniko Inoguchi</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318072532|Kuniko Inoguchi]]&quot;</comment>
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Kuniko Inoguchi  masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Japan. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Jiha na Daidaita Jima'i da Harkokin Jama'a daga 2005 zuwa 2006, kuma a halin yanzu memba ne na House of Councillors wanda ke wakiltar Chiba Prefecture na [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party]] .

== Binciken aikin ==
Ta sami Ph.D. a Kimiyya ta Siyasa daga Jami'ar Yale a shekarar 1982. Ta kuma sami MA daga Jami'ar Yale a 1977 da BA daga Jami'an Sophia a 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ms.INOGUCHI Kuniko：House of Councillors |url=http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202501/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |archive-date=2017-10-12 |access-date=2017-10-12 |website=www.sangiin.go.jp |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fara koyarwa a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa, sannan Farfesa, a Kwalejin Shari'a a Jami'ar Sophia, Tokyo, daga 1981 zuwa 2002. A wannan lokacin, ta kuma kasance abokiyar ziyara a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Jami'ar Harvard a karkashin Shirin Fulbright . An zaba ta a 1993 daga cikin Shugabannin Duniya 100 na Gobe ta Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya .

Gwamnati ta nemi ta yi aiki a majalisun da yawa, gami da Kwamitin Binciken Manufofin Tsaro na Firayim Minista, Kwamitin Gyaran Gudanarwa na Firayim minista, da Kwamitin Daidaita Jima'i na Firayimmin. Ta kuma kasance memba na Kwamitin Musamman kan aikin ITER . Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na zartarwa na Japan Association for International Relations da Japan Association of Gaming and Simulation, da sauransu. Bugu da kari, ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a cibiyoyin horar da ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma mai sharhi kan manufofin kasashen waje da harkokin kasa da kasa don jaridu da talabijin. Amma an san cewa ra'ayinta na siyasa yana kusa da Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party, ba Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ba, kuma ta yi tsayayya da karfafa Sojojin Tsaro na Japan a Majalisar Gyaran Gudanarwa ta Firayim Minista.

Littattafanta sun haɗa da War and Peace (Tokyo: Jami'ar Tokyo Press, 1989, a cikin Jafananci), wanda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Yoshino Sakuzo, An Emerging Post-Hegemonic System: Choices for Japan (Tokyo, Chikuma Shobo, 1987, a cikin Jafananci), ''Gayyata zuwa Kimiyya ta Siyasa'' (wanda aka rubuta, Tokyo: Chikuma Shobe, 1989, a Jafananci) da kuma labaran ilimi da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.

== Ayyukan diflomasiyya ==
Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jakada ta Musamman da Plenipotentiary, a matsayin Shugaban Wakilin Japan zuwa Taron kan Rage Makamai a Geneva, Switzerland, daga Afrilu 2002 zuwa Afrilu 2004. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin kalubale na Shugaban kasa a Taron kan Rashin Makamai daga 18 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2003, kuma kokarin da ta yi a lokacin wannan lokacin ya sami yabo sosai daga kasashe mambobin. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kungiyar Yamma a farkon zaman 2004 na Taron kan Rashin Makamai .

Baya ga ayyukanta a matsayin Jakada na Musamman da Plenipotentiary a Taron kan Rage Makamai, An nada ta Shugabar Taron Jihohi na Biennial na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na farko kan Ƙananan Makamai da Makamai Masu Saurin Makamai, wanda aka gudanar a New York a watan Yulin 2003. A wannan matsayin, ta haifar da shawarwari da yawa tare da Jihohi, ƙungiyoyin yanki da na duniya, da ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba a cikin taron. A matsayinta na Shugaban, ta jagoranci taron zuwa ga kammalawar nasara tare da rashin nasarar da ta samu da kuma sha'awarta. Bugu da ƙari, Ta yi aiki a matsayin co-shugaban kwamitin dindindin kan cire ma'adinai, Ilimi na Hadarin ma'adanai da Fasahar Ayyukan Ma'adanai, wani bangare na Taron Kasashe zuwa taron kan haramta amfani, tarawa, samarwa da canja wurin ma'adinan Anti-Personnel da kuma kan hallaka su a shekara ta 2004. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci a matsayinta na memba na kwamitin Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya da Taimako na Zabe (IDEA), da kuma memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Batutuwan Rage Makamai, musamman a fagen Rage makamai da sulhu. Har ila yau, memba ne mai aiki a cikin Club of Rome .

A lokacin da take jakada a taron kan Disarmament, ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa da kuma shirye-shirye. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga jaridu daban-daban da kuma lokaci-lokaci a kan batutuwa daban-daban don ci gaba da abubuwan da ke haifar da rushe makamai da zaman lafiya a duniya.

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
An zabi Inokuchi a Majalisar Wakilai a matsayin wakilin wakilin wakilcin Tokyo a babban zaben Satumba na shekara ta 2005. Ta shiga jerin 'yan takarar Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a kan shawarar Firayim Minista Junichiro Koizumi, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun &quot;Yara Koizumi&quot; da yawa da suka shiga majalisar dokoki sakamakon zaben 2005. 

A cikin wani yunkuri na mamaki a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2005, an nada ta Ministan Jiha na Daidaita Jima'i da Harkokin Jama'a, kuma an sanya ta a matsayin mai kula da manufofi da ke da alaƙa da daidaito da adalci na zamantakewa ciki har da [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]], harkokin matasa, da [[Kariyar mabuƙaci|kariya ta mabukaci]]. Ta ba da shawarar samar da ƙarin tallafin kuɗi ga iyalai masu kananan yara, inganta manufofin aiki daidai, da inganta canji a cikin ra'ayi na gargajiya cewa mata za su ɗauki alhakin farko na kula da yara da tsabtace gida.

Inoguchi ta ki tsayawa takara a Babban zaben 2009 bayan LDP ta ba ta matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a kan kuri'un wakilci. Ta koma majalisar dokoki bayan zaben 'yan majalisa na 2010, inda ta lashe kujerar a matsayin dan takarar LDP wanda ke wakiltar Chiba Prefecture .  Ta rike kujerarta a zaben 2016 House of Councillors . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ms.INOGUCHI Kuniko：House of Councillors |url=http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202501/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |archive-date=2017-10-12 |access-date=2017-10-12 |website=www.sangiin.go.jp |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm &quot;Ms.INOGUCHI Kuniko：House of Councillors&quot;]. ''www.sangiin.go.jp''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202501/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm Archived] from the original on 2017-10-12&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-10-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin yakin, Junichi Ishii, wani babban memba na Majalisar da ke wakiltar Chiba, ya kira Inoguchi a fili maƙaryaci lokacin da ta ce tana zaune a garin Ichikawa, tana mai da'awar cewa ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata tana zaune a Bunkyo, Tokyo, a waje da gundumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=猪口邦子、先輩議員からの「嘘をつくんじゃない！」に茫然 &quot;市川在住&quot;をめぐり {{!}} デイリー新潮 |url=https://www.dailyshincho.jp/article/2016/06060553/?all=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202143/https://www.dailyshincho.jp/article/2016/06060553/?all=1 |archive-date=2017-10-12 |access-date=2017-10-12 |website=デイリー新潮 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Harkokin Waje da Tsaro kuma a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kula da Gudanarwa, Kwamitin Musamman kan Okinawa da Matsalar Arewa, da Kwamitin Kulawa da Bincike na Asirin da aka tsara na Musamman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ms.INOGUCHI Kuniko：House of Councillors |url=http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202501/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |archive-date=2017-10-12 |access-date=2017-10-12 |website=www.sangiin.go.jp |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm &quot;Ms.INOGUCHI Kuniko：House of Councillors&quot;]. ''www.sangiin.go.jp''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202501/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm Archived] from the original on 2017-10-12&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-10-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Inoguchi ta zama shugabar kwamitin muhalli a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025. 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Kuniko Inoguchi was married to Takashi Inoguchi, senior vice president of United Nations University and an academic researcher. They had two daughters.

A lokacin da kuma bayan zaben 2005, ta ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarai don tarin kayan ado masu launi mai haske, musamman rigar shuɗi mai launin shudi da ta sa zuwa bikin tabbatar da majalisar a fadar Imperial.

A yammacin Nuwamba 27, 2024, gobara ta tashi a cikin bene na shida a [[Bunkyo]], Tokyo, inda Inoguchi ke zaune tare da iyalinta. 'Yan sanda sun ce an sami gawarwaki biyu a wurin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=Lawmaker's husband, daughter remain missing after Tokyo condo fire |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/11/a9688a393492-lawmakers-husband-daughter-remain-missing-after-tokyo-condo-fire.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130023323/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/11/a9688a393492-lawmakers-husband-daughter-remain-missing-after-tokyo-condo-fire.html |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |publisher=Kyodo News}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda daga baya aka tabbatar da shi mijin Kuniko Takashi da 'yarsu ta fari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2024 |title=猪口孝氏が死去、国際政治学者　自宅火災で身元判明 |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUE281MY0Y4A121C2000000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201112503/https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUE281MY0Y4A121C2000000/ |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=Nikkei |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>15405</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10358" sha1="6b7cnc3sahf0wo7d9h80v4jhwyhiuo2" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Kuniko Inoguchi  masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Japan. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Jiha na Daidaita Jima'i da Harkokin Jama'a daga 2005 zuwa 2006, kuma a halin yanzu memba ne na House of Councillors wanda ke wakiltar Chiba Prefecture na [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party]] .

== Binciken aikin ==
Ta sami Ph.D. a Kimiyya ta Siyasa daga Jami'ar Yale a shekarar 1982. Ta kuma sami MA daga Jami'ar Yale a 1977 da BA daga Jami'an Sophia a 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ms.INOGUCHI Kuniko：House of Councillors |url=http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202501/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |archive-date=2017-10-12 |access-date=2017-10-12 |website=www.sangiin.go.jp |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fara koyarwa a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa, sannan Farfesa, a Kwalejin Shari'a a Jami'ar Sophia, Tokyo, daga 1981 zuwa 2002. A wannan lokacin, ta kuma kasance abokiyar ziyara a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Jami'ar Harvard a karkashin Shirin Fulbright . An zaba ta a 1993 daga cikin Shugabannin Duniya 100 na Gobe ta Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya .

Gwamnati ta nemi ta yi aiki a majalisun da yawa, gami da Kwamitin Binciken Manufofin Tsaro na Firayim Minista, Kwamitin Gyaran Gudanarwa na Firayim minista, da Kwamitin Daidaita Jima'i na Firayimmin. Ta kuma kasance memba na Kwamitin Musamman kan aikin ITER . Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na zartarwa na Japan Association for International Relations da Japan Association of Gaming and Simulation, da sauransu. Bugu da kari, ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a cibiyoyin horar da ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma mai sharhi kan manufofin kasashen waje da harkokin kasa da kasa don jaridu da talabijin. Amma an san cewa ra'ayinta na siyasa yana kusa da Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party, ba Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ba, kuma ta yi tsayayya da karfafa Sojojin Tsaro na Japan a Majalisar Gyaran Gudanarwa ta Firayim Minista.

Littattafanta sun haɗa da War and Peace (Tokyo: Jami'ar Tokyo Press, 1989, a cikin Jafananci), wanda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Yoshino Sakuzo, An Emerging Post-Hegemonic System: Choices for Japan (Tokyo, Chikuma Shobo, 1987, a cikin Jafananci), ''Gayyata zuwa Kimiyya ta Siyasa'' (wanda aka rubuta, Tokyo: Chikuma Shobe, 1989, a Jafananci) da kuma labaran ilimi da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.

== Ayyukan diflomasiyya ==
Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jakada ta Musamman da Plenipotentiary, a matsayin Shugaban Wakilin Japan zuwa Taron kan Rage Makamai a Geneva, Switzerland, daga Afrilu 2002 zuwa Afrilu 2004. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin kalubale na Shugaban kasa a Taron kan Rashin Makamai daga 18 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2003, kuma kokarin da ta yi a lokacin wannan lokacin ya sami yabo sosai daga kasashe mambobin. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kungiyar Yamma a farkon zaman 2004 na Taron kan Rashin Makamai .

Baya ga ayyukanta a matsayin Jakada na Musamman da Plenipotentiary a Taron kan Rage Makamai, An nada ta Shugabar Taron Jihohi na Biennial na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na farko kan Ƙananan Makamai da Makamai Masu Saurin Makamai, wanda aka gudanar a New York a watan Yulin 2003. A wannan matsayin, ta haifar da shawarwari da yawa tare da Jihohi, ƙungiyoyin yanki da na duniya, da ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba a cikin taron. A matsayinta na Shugaban, ta jagoranci taron zuwa ga kammalawar nasara tare da rashin nasarar da ta samu da kuma sha'awarta. Bugu da ƙari, Ta yi aiki a matsayin co-shugaban kwamitin dindindin kan cire ma'adinai, Ilimi na Hadarin ma'adanai da Fasahar Ayyukan Ma'adanai, wani bangare na Taron Kasashe zuwa taron kan haramta amfani, tarawa, samarwa da canja wurin ma'adinan Anti-Personnel da kuma kan hallaka su a shekara ta 2004. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci a matsayinta na memba na kwamitin Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya da Taimako na Zabe (IDEA), da kuma memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Batutuwan Rage Makamai, musamman a fagen Rage makamai da sulhu. Har ila yau, memba ne mai aiki a cikin Club of Rome .

A lokacin da take jakada a taron kan Disarmament, ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa da kuma shirye-shirye. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga jaridu daban-daban da kuma lokaci-lokaci a kan batutuwa daban-daban don ci gaba da abubuwan da ke haifar da rushe makamai da zaman lafiya a duniya.

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
An zabi Inokuchi a Majalisar Wakilai a matsayin wakilin wakilin wakilcin Tokyo a babban zaben Satumba na shekara ta 2005. Ta shiga jerin 'yan takarar Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a kan shawarar Firayim Minista Junichiro Koizumi, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun &quot;Yara Koizumi&quot; da yawa da suka shiga majalisar dokoki sakamakon zaben 2005. 

A cikin wani yunkuri na mamaki a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2005, an nada ta Ministan Jiha na Daidaita Jima'i da Harkokin Jama'a, kuma an sanya ta a matsayin mai kula da manufofi da ke da alaƙa da daidaito da adalci na zamantakewa ciki har da [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]], harkokin matasa, da [[Kariyar mabuƙaci|kariya ta mabukaci]]. Ta ba da shawarar samar da ƙarin tallafin kuɗi ga iyalai masu kananan yara, inganta manufofin aiki daidai, da inganta canji a cikin ra'ayi na gargajiya cewa mata za su ɗauki alhakin farko na kula da yara da tsabtace gida.

Inoguchi ta ki tsayawa takara a Babban zaben 2009 bayan LDP ta ba ta matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a kan kuri'un wakilci. Ta koma majalisar dokoki bayan zaben 'yan majalisa na 2010, inda ta lashe kujerar a matsayin dan takarar LDP wanda ke wakiltar Chiba Prefecture .  Ta rike kujerarta a zaben 2016 House of Councillors . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ms.INOGUCHI Kuniko：House of Councillors |url=http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202501/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |archive-date=2017-10-12 |access-date=2017-10-12 |website=www.sangiin.go.jp |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm &quot;Ms.INOGUCHI Kuniko：House of Councillors&quot;]. ''www.sangiin.go.jp''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202501/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm Archived] from the original on 2017-10-12&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-10-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin yakin, Junichi Ishii, wani babban memba na Majalisar da ke wakiltar Chiba, ya kira Inoguchi a fili maƙaryaci lokacin da ta ce tana zaune a garin Ichikawa, tana mai da'awar cewa ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata tana zaune a Bunkyo, Tokyo, a waje da gundumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=猪口邦子、先輩議員からの「嘘をつくんじゃない！」に茫然 &quot;市川在住&quot;をめぐり {{!}} デイリー新潮 |url=https://www.dailyshincho.jp/article/2016/06060553/?all=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202143/https://www.dailyshincho.jp/article/2016/06060553/?all=1 |archive-date=2017-10-12 |access-date=2017-10-12 |website=デイリー新潮 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Harkokin Waje da Tsaro kuma a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kula da Gudanarwa, Kwamitin Musamman kan Okinawa da Matsalar Arewa, da Kwamitin Kulawa da Bincike na Asirin da aka tsara na Musamman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ms.INOGUCHI Kuniko：House of Councillors |url=http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202501/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm |archive-date=2017-10-12 |access-date=2017-10-12 |website=www.sangiin.go.jp |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm &quot;Ms.INOGUCHI Kuniko：House of Councillors&quot;]. ''www.sangiin.go.jp''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202501/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/eng/members/profile/7010009.htm Archived] from the original on 2017-10-12&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-10-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Inoguchi ta zama shugabar kwamitin muhalli a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025. 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Kuniko Inoguchi was married to Takashi Inoguchi, senior vice president of United Nations University and an academic researcher. They had two daughters.

A lokacin da kuma bayan zaben 2005, ta ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarai don tarin kayan ado masu launi mai haske, musamman rigar shuɗi mai launin shudi da ta sa zuwa bikin tabbatar da majalisar a fadar Imperial.

A yammacin Nuwamba 27, 2024, gobara ta tashi a cikin bene na shida a [[Bunkyo]], Tokyo, inda Inoguchi ke zaune tare da iyalinta. 'Yan sanda sun ce an sami gawarwaki biyu a wurin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=Lawmaker's husband, daughter remain missing after Tokyo condo fire |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/11/a9688a393492-lawmakers-husband-daughter-remain-missing-after-tokyo-condo-fire.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130023323/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/11/a9688a393492-lawmakers-husband-daughter-remain-missing-after-tokyo-condo-fire.html |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |publisher=Kyodo News}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda daga baya aka tabbatar da shi mijin Kuniko Takashi da 'yarsu ta fari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2024 |title=猪口孝氏が死去、国際政治学者　自宅火災で身元判明 |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUE281MY0Y4A121C2000000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201112503/https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUE281MY0Y4A121C2000000/ |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=Nikkei |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amina Zoubir</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343622929|Amina Zoubir]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="24291" sha1="pvhz95o8jykeitd6qst5sw038cy0wjx" xml:space="preserve">'''Amina Zoubir''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1983) 'yar asalin Aljeriya ce, mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai wasan kwaikwayon. Ta yi aiki tare da matsakaitan fasaha daban-daban kamar zane-zane, zane, zane-zane na shigarwa, wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane. Ayyukanta suna da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin harshe na jiki a takamaiman wurare na yankunan [[Arewacin Afirka]].

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Amina Zoubir 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Faransa da aka haifa a Aljeriya. Mahaifiyarta likita ce kuma mahaifinta, [[Hellal Zoubir]], mai zane ne kuma mai tsarawa wanda ke zaune a Aljeriya. Ta sami digiri na DESA a cikin zane-zane a shekara ta 2006 a {{Interlanguage link|École supérieure des beaux-arts d'Alger|fr}}  a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Ta koma Paris, Faransa a 2007 kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis a 2009.

== Ayyuka ==
Zoubir ta ba da umarnin gajeren fim dinta na farko a shekara ta 2006, mai taken Take the bus and look, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Letort |last2=Cherel |year=2014 |title=Women on the Algerian Art Scene: Interrogating the Postcolonial Gaze through Documentary and Video Art |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |journal=Black Camera |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=193–214 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |s2cid=191602194 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana haɓaka tunani game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutane, fasaha, da sinima a farkon rikice-rikicen al'umma da ke tasowa bayan raunin yakin basasa.

A cikin shekara ta 2010, Zoubir ta wallafa bincikenta na ilimi a matsayin littafi mai taken video art of Algerian artists - Relation de l'image et du son dans la vidéo contemporaine algérienne: une expérience en temps réel. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ZOUBIR |first=AMINA |date=June 7, 2010 |title=RELATION DE L'IMAGE ET DU SON DANS LA VIDEO CONTEMPORAINE ALGERIENNE |url=https://www.morebooks.de/store/fr/book/relation-de-l-image-et-du-son-dans-la-video-contemporaine-algerienne/isbn/978-613-1-50745-8 |publisher=Editions universitaires europeennes |via=www.morebooks.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da take yi da kuma yin hakan yana tambayar ra'ayoyin yaren jiki a cikin takamaiman wurare inda ake amfani da tsarin addini, zamantakewa, da siyasa don bayyana nau'in jiki a yankunan Arewacin Afirka.

A cikin 2012, Zoubir ta ba da umarni kuma ta yi Take your place &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=This domain was registered by Youdot.io |url=http://un-ete-a-alger.com/#/prends-ta-place |website=un-ete-a-alger.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ta ba da umurni kuma ta yin a cikin 2012 a kan zaɓaɓɓun wurare na birane &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gender politics and art in Algeria: Amina Zoubir |url=https://artenews.tumblr.com/post/69004611143/gender-politics-and-art-in-algeria-amina-zoubir |access-date=2025-06-26 |publisher=ArteNews}}&lt;/ref&gt; don nuna rashin amincewa da batutuwan jinsi a cikin al'ummar Aljeriya, a lokacin ayyukan mata shida da aka gudanar a matsayin takamaiman bidiyo a cikin birane ciki har da salons na kofi, a kan tituna, filayen kwallon kafa, rairayin bakin teku, salons na gashi, da kuma a cikin kasuwannin tufafi, inda mata ke fuskantar wariyar launin fata a Algiers, wanda ke fuskantar tashar TV5 da kuma a kan layi a kan dandalin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yanci''' gizo Un été à France (Frence) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2011 |title=Un été à Alger |url=http://www.narrative.info/portfolio/un-ete-a-alger/ |website=narrative}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africiné - Prends ta place ! (Un été à Alger) |url=http://africine.org/film/prends-ta-place-un-ete-a-alger/16770 |website=Africiné}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ta yi game da wakilcin mata a Arewacin Afirka ya nuna muhimmiyar buƙata don amintaccen hotuna na mata da ke zaune a kasar a zamanin yau da kuma kasancewar mata a sararin jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 July 2020 |title=In Conversation: Amina Zoubir |url=https://www.c-print.se/post/in-conversation-amina-zoubir}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amina Zoubir na ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane biyar da suka wakilci Aljeriya a cikin 2019 tare da ''Gidan Aljeriya'' na farko a 58th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italiya . Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Aljeriya ce ta yi rajistar gidan Aljeriya a hukumance. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Selvin |first=Claire |date=March 27, 2019 |title=Algeria to 'Defer' Participation in 2019 Venice Biennale |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/algeria-drops-out-venice-biennale-12234/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amina Zoubir on the Tribulations of the Algerian Pavilion |url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/amina-zoubir-on-the-tribulations-of-the-algerian-pavilion/ |website=Contemporary And}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, 'yan kwanaki kafin bude bikin, an soke rajistar saboda halin da ake ciki na siyasa da ya shafi ''Hirak'', wani motsi na zanga-zangar siyasa da jama'a suka nuna, wanda ya bukaci Shugaba [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] ya yi murabus a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2019, yana tura Ministan Al'adu ya jinkirta shiga Aljeriya na hukuma a Venice Biennale kuma ya janye duk tallafin kudi a ranar 4 ga Afrilu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TIME TO SHINE BRIGHT – History of a Pavilion Algerian Artists During The Venice Biennale 2019 |url=https://algerian-pavilion-2019.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da halin da ake ciki, an gudanar da aikin gidan Aljeriya na farko, Time to shine haske, tare da goyon bayan masu tallafawa Aljeriya masu zaman kansu a matsayin aikin masu zane-zane masu cin gashin kansu a lokacin 58th Venice Biennale daga Mayu 9 zuwa Nuwamba 24, 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2019 |title=58th La Biennale di Venezia / 58th La Biennale di Venezia: Searching for the Algerian Pavilion |url=https://artafricamagazine.org/58th-biennale-venezia-searching-algerian-pavilion-amina-zoubir/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2019 |title=When Algeria Abruptly Cancelled its Venice Biennale Debut, Five Young Artists Decided Their Show Must Go On |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/algeria-pavilion-venice-biennale-1542835 |website=artnet News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le pavillon algérien à Venise : Briller ou ne pas briller ? |url=https://www.happening.media/category/magazine/fr/article/5cf62a332cd4f3313c0a58aa/algerian-pavilion-to-shine-or-not-to-shine |website=Happening}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2019 |title=TRUE Africa &amp;#124; Why these Algerian artists in Venice won't take no for an answer |url=https://trueafrica.co/article/why-these-algerian-artists-in-venice-wont-take-no-for-an-answer/ |website=TRUE Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=L'Expression: Culture - &quot;L'art est un sport de combat...&quot; |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/l-art-est-un-sport-de-combat-324389 |website=L'Expression}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
An ba Amina Zoubir lambar yabo ta Varenne FIGRA Faransa a cikin 2013, tare da ambaton na musamman don wasan kwaikwayonta Take your place, A Summer in Algiers, shirin yanar gizo, wanda ta ba da umarni a cikin 2012 a Algiers.

=== Tarin Fasaha na Jama'a ===
Ayyukan zane-zane da aka samar daga aikin Amina Zoubir da bincike an haɗa su a cikin tarin jama'a da masu zaman kansu na tushe na fasaha da gidajen tarihi.

* Gidan Tarihin Hotuna na Sundsvall, 2025, Sundsvall
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na MAU, 2024, Belgrade, Serbia
* Smithsonian Artist Fellowship, Gidan Tarihi na Afirka, 2023, Washington DC, Amurka
* Gidauniyar Fasaha ta Sharjah, 2022, Sharjah, UAE
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Markk, Gidan kayan tarihi na Rothenbaum Kulturen und Künste der Welt, Afrilu 28 zuwa Yuli 28, 2021, Hamburg, Jamus.
* Musée na Etnografiska, 2020, Stockholm, Sweden
* Tarin Tilder, 2019, Paris, Faransa
* Tarin Gervanne da Matthias Leridon, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Artistes de la collection |url=http://www.collection-leridon.com/artistes/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2018 Paris, Faransa
* FRAC Occitanie, Asusun Yankin na Fasaha na Zamani, Les Abattoirs, 2017, Toulouse, Faransa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=Les Abattoirs, Toulouse |url=https://www.navigart.fr/lesabattoirs/artwork/270000000129506?filters=query%3Aamina%20zoubir&amp;page=1&amp;layout=grid&amp;sort=by_author}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidauniyar DONWAHI, 2016, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
* Gidauniyar 'yan wasan Afirka don ci gaba,  2015, Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amina Zoubir - African Artists for Development |url=http://aad-fund.org/artistes/amina-zoubir/?lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hotunan fina-finai ===

* Waƙoƙin pop na ƙarshe kafin duhu, minti 30, HD Pal launi, sauti, 2014-2016.
* Ka ƙaunaci dukan mata kamar ka ƙaunaci mahaifiyarka, 4 min, launi na Pal, sauti, 2018.
* Rayuwa a cikin Utopia, bidiyo, minti 10, launi na Pal, sauti, 2017.
* Ɗauki Wurinka - Ɗauki wurinka, yanar gizo A Summer in Algiers - Un été Alger, wanda Narrative Paris da Une chambre à soi Algiers suka samar, tare da goyon bayan CNC Faransa, minti 40, HD Pal launi, sauti, 2012, wasanni shida a cikin birane a Algiers, Algeria.
* A cikin duniyar da kake so a haife ka, bidiyo, 2 min, launi na Pal, sauti, 2011.
* Mata masu hankali, bidiyo, minti 10, launi na Pal, sauti, 2008-2010.
* Birnin yana daya daga cikinmu, tare da hadin gwiwar Yossi Atia, Bambancin Ƙauna da Gidauniyar Pistoletto, shirin, minti 10, launi na Pal, sauti, 2008.
* Ɗauki Bus ɗin ka duba - Ɗauki bas ɗin ka kalli, shirin, 12 min, launi na Pal, sauti, 2006.

== Nuni ==

=== Nuni na kai tsaye ===

* ''Archaeology na jikin mulkin mallaka'', Markk Museum, Museum am Rothenbaum Kulturen und Künste der Welt &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archaeology of the colonized body |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/442916/amina-zoubirarchaeology-of-the-colonized-body/ |website=www.e-flux.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afrilu 28 zuwa Yuli 28, 2021, Hamburg, Jamus.

* Yin matsayi a kan sarauniyar Berber, Södertälje Konsthall, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amina Zoubir taking a stance on berber queens: history and mythology |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/330316/amina-zoubir-taking-a-stance-on-berber-queens-history-and-mythology/ |website=www.e-flux.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afrilu 27 zuwa Yuni 27 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Södertälje Konsthall — Amina Zoubir taking a stance on berber queens |url=https://www.sodertaljekonsthall.se/en/exhibitions/amina-zoubir-taking-a-stance-on-berber-queens/ |website=www.sodertaljekonsthall.se}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afrilu 27-Yuni 27, 2020, Södertälge, Sweden.
* Adadin da aka manta, Rikstolvan Art Center, Satumba 19-Nuwamba 1, 2020 Jarrestad Simrishamn, Sweden.
* Arab jima'i, Espace d'Art 87, 2016, Paris, Faransa.
* ''Ɗauki wurinku'', A Summer in Algiers, Cinémathèque Tanger, 2013, Tangiers, Morocco.
* Mata masu hankali: harsunan jiki na Gabas ta Tsakiya, PasaJist Gallery, 2012, Istanbul, Turkiyya.

=== Nuni na rukuni da biennials ===
2011 - 2025

* SUPERMARKET 2025, Stockholm Sweden, Afrilu 3-6, 2025.
* Gwangju Biennale, Afirka Pavillon, Dream Scape &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gwangju Biennale Pavilion |url=https://www.gwangjubiennale.org/en/exhibition/biennale/pavilion.do |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=gwangjubiennale.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kula da Lassana Igo Diarra &amp; Dayana Vafina, Gwangju, Koriya ta Kudu, [1] Satumba 7 zuwa Disamba 10th 2024.[27]
* Il Cono d'Ombra, Cibiyar FM don Fasaha ta zamani, Castel Nuovo, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Il Cono d'Ombra (The Shadow Cone) |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/468374/il-cono-d-ombra-the-shadow-cone/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=e-flux.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuni 25 zuwa Agusta 25, 2022, Naples, Italiya.

* Lahore Biennale, bugu na biyu, shigarwa Muscicapidae &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Humming Intersections |url=https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/humming-intersections/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Janairu 26 zuwa Fabrairu 29, 2020, mai kula Sheikha Hoor Al Qasimi, Lahore, Pakistan.
* Hasken mako na Nobel, shigarwa [[Albert Camus]] Hasken sama ''Ban taɓa iya barin haske ba - Jag Lego'', Kulturhuset Stadsteatern, tare da Gidan Tarihin Nobel, Cibiyar Faransa ta Sweden da Helmet, 5-13 Disamba 2020, Stockholm, Sweden.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Camus lights up – Nobel Week Lights |url=https://nobelweeklights.se/installation/camus-lights-up/?lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1:54  African Art Fair, Primo Marella Gallery, 2020, Marrakech, Morocco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair |url=https://www.1-54.com/marrakech/artists/zoubir-amina/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lokaci don Haskakawa Bright, Algeria Pavilion, Biennale d'Arte di Venezia, Venice Biennale 2019, Italiya, Mayu 9-Nuwamba 24, 2019.  
* Alkahira Biennale, Eyes East Bound, shigarwa Muscicapidae,  13th edition a Fadar Fasaha, curator Ehab El Laban, Alkahira Masar, Yuni 10 zuwa Agusta 10, 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 13th Cairo Biennale Returns After a Five-Year Break |url=https://contemporaryand.com/fr/magazines/the-13th-cairo-biennale-returns-after-a-five-year-break/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Hasken Afirka, Musée d'Art Contemporain Mohamed VI, Rabat, Morocco, Afrilu 2 zuwa Agusta 15, 2019.  
* MAXXI, Musée Nationale d'Art Contemporain du 21e siècle, Roma Italiya, African Metropolis, wani birni mai ban mamaki, mai kula Simon Njami da Elena Motisi, Yuni - Nuwamba 2018, Roma, Italiya.  
* Dak&quot;Art Dakar Biennale,  Red hour, mai kula Simon Njami, Palais de Justice Dakar, Mayu zuwa Yuni 2018, Dakar, Senegal.  
* Bikin Hotuna na Legas, Tsarin Gaskiya, mai kula da Azu Nwagbogu, Nuwamba-Janairu, 2017, Legas, Najeriya.  
* Legas Biennale, Rayuwa a gefen, Oktoba 2017, Legas, Najeriya.
* Afirka Babban Birni, zuwa ga babban fata, mai kula Simon Njami, Gare Saint Sauveur, Afrilu 2017, Lille, Faransa.  
* Cibiyar Pompidou, Performance Aerobic Philosophic by Pascal Lièvre, 2016, Paris, Faransa.  
* AKAA, Har ila yau An san shi da Afirka, Fasahar Fasaha ta zamani ta Afirka, Nuwamba 2016, Carreau du Temple, Paris, Faransa.  
* L'Iris de Lucy,  Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Rochechouart,  Yuni 2016, Rochechouard, Faransa.  
* El Iris de Lucy, MUSAC  Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani, Janairu 2016, León, Spain.
* Wani abu kuma, mai kula Simon Njami, OFF Biennale Alkahira, Darb1718, Nuwamba 2015, Alkahira.
* Hasken Afirka,  Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Chaillot, Nuwamba 2015, Paris, Faransa.  
* Addis FotoFest, 3rd edition, Festival na daukar hoto, Addis Ababa, Satumba 2014, Habasha.  
* Biennale H2O Actuel Art, wanda Feria + Vincent, Gidan Tarihi na zamani na jamhuriyar Sakha, Yakoutsk, Agusta 2014, Rasha ya tsara.  
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Torrance, Lokaci shine Ƙauna, mai kula da Kisito Assangni, Satumba 2013, California, Amurka.  
* Palais de Tokyo, Fara wasan kwaikwayo na bidiyo Take Your Place, A Summer in Algiers, a lokacin Triennale Intense proximité, curator Okwui Enwezor, Yuni 24, 2012, Paris, Faransa.
* FEMLINK Wonder 2011, Gidauniyar Artos, Nicosi, Cyprus da TAC, Eindhoven, Netherlands.

2004 - 2010

* Panorama des Cinémas du Maghreb, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panorama des cinémas du Maghreb |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/111813}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗauki bas ɗin ka kalli, Afrilu 2010, Saint Denis, Faransa.  
* Rarraba Cinémas Arabes, Cinéma (s) d'Algérie, AFLAM, Mayu 2009, Marseille, Faransa.  
* Biennale Internationale d'art contemporain Pontevedra, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pontevedra Art Biennial (Spain) |url=https://www.biennialfoundation.org/biennials/pontevedra-art-biennial/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30th edition, sans frontières: convergences hispanomaghrébines, Yuni 2008, Pontevedira, Spain. 
* Biennale na Matasan Masu Halitta na Turai da Bahar Rum BJCEM, 13th edition, Bari, Italiya. Birnin yana daya daga cikinmu, Gidauniyar Michelangelo Pistoletto, Yuni 2008, Bari, Italiya.
* Nuni Ra'ayoyin masu daukar hoto na Larabawa a Gidan Tarihi na zamani da zamani na Algiers (MAMA) babban birnin duniya Larabawa ta hanyar Cibiyar Duniya ta Larabawa, 2008, Paris, Faransa.  
* Bikin gajeren fim na Clermont-Ferrand, Kasuwancin gajeren lokaci, 2008, Faransa.
* Bincike, Ɗauki bas ɗin ka duba, Filmathèque ZINET, Afrilu 2006, Algiers, Algeria.  
* Biennale Internationale de Design Saint-Etienne, 2004, Faransa.
* Don tunawa da darektan Ahmed ASSELAH da ɗansa Rabah ASSELAh, waɗanda aka kashe a École supérieure des beaux-arts d'Alger a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1994, a lokacin yakin basasa. Nunin a ESBA 2004, Algiers, Algeria.

=== Taron da aka yi ===

* Taron The Arts a Algeria a zamanin yau, Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris, Faransa, Arab Thought Foundation, Beirut, Lebanon, Mayu 20, 2025.
* Taron a iaspis konstnärsnämnden Stockholm, Sweden  tare da Karen Milbourne,  Babban Mai Kulawa a Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of African Art, Washington DC Amurka.
* Tattaunawa a Cibiyar Faransa ta Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden . 
* TV5 Monde, Baƙon Patrick Simonin, tare da Malala Andrialavidrazana, game da baje kolin Haske na Afirka 
* Faransa Al'adu Rediyo, Ping Pong Tattaunawa, Amina Zoubir da Jayro Bustamante: Mata masu tayar da kayar baya na Algeria da Guatemala,  Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Amina Zoubir &amp; Jayro Bustamante : Femmes rebelles d'Algérie et du Guatemala |url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/ping-pong/amina-zoubir-jayro-bustamante-femmes-rebelles-d-algerie-et-du-guatemala}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Forum Libération, Debat Algiers: sabuwar tsara? Villa Méditerranée, Marseille, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Une déambulation algéroise |url=https://www.liberation.fr/evenements-libe/2013/04/20/une-deambulation-algeroise_897651}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Resistance et création, muhawara da 'yar jarida Ariane Allard ta shirya tare da Lydie Salvayre, Hala Mohammad, Wassyla Tamzali, Alessandra Celesia da Amina Zoubir a Festival Films Femmes Méditerranée, wanda ARTE - Actions Culturelles ta shirya,  Satumba 28, 2013, Villa Méditerrenée, Marseille, Faransa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Résistantes |url=https://www.journalzibeline.fr/resistantes/ |website=Zibeline}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tattaunawar Sabbin Cinémas na Afirka, Decolonizar masu tunani: La Fabrique du Réel A cikin Sabbin Cinéma na Afirka,  Les Ateliers Varan, 2013, Paris, Faransa.
* Taron a Cibiyar Al'adun Musulunci , Bikin Viva l'Algérie, Janairu 2013, Paris, Faransa&amp;nbsp;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

=== Katalogin nune-nunen ===

* Lahore Biennale, 2020, Lahore, Pakistan.
* Biso Biennale, 2020, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
* Alkahira Biennale, Eyes East Bond, Alkahira, Misira.
* Lokaci don haskakawa mai haske, [[Algerian pavilion|Gidan Aljeriya]] na farko a 58th Venice Biennale a cikin 2019, Italiya, edited by Editions HELIUM Algeria
* Dakar Biennale, Dak'Art 2018, Fadar Shari'a ta Dakar, Senegal
* African Metropolis, Birni mai ban mamaki, baje kolin rukuni na masu zane-zane na Afirka, MAXXI MUSEUM na 21ST CENTURY ARTS, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2018 |title=African Metropolis. An imaginary city &amp;#124; MAXXI |url=https://www.maxxi.art/en/events/african-metropolis/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2018, Roma, Italiya, Edita Kehrer Verlag, Jamus.
* Afirka Babban Birni, Zuwa ga Cape na kyakkyawan fata, baje kolin rukuni na masu zane-zane na Afirka, La Villette Paris, Gare Saint Sauveur, Lille, Faransa,2017, Edita Kehrer Verlag, Jamus.
* Lucy's Iris, baje kolin rukuni na mata masu Zaki-zane na Afirka, Gidan Tarihi na MUSAC, 2016-2017, León, Spain.
* Hasken Afirka, baje kolin rukuni na masu zane-zane na Afirka, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Chaillot, 2015, Paris, Faransa.

=== Littattafai ===

* Black Camera n°6 Mata a kan Aljeriya Art Scene: Tambaya da Postcolonial Gaze ta hanyar Documentary da Video Art, labarin Delphine Letort da Emmanuelle Cherel. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Letort |last2=Cherel |year=2014 |title=Women on the Algerian Art Scene: Interrogating the Postcolonial Gaze through Documentary and Video Art |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |journal=Black Camera |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=193–214 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |s2cid=191602194 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLetortCherel2014&quot;&gt;Letort; Cherel (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 &quot;Women on the Algerian Art Scene: Interrogating the Postcolonial Gaze through Documentary and Video Art&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Black Camera''. '''6''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;193–&lt;/span&gt;214. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193|10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191602194 191602194].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Daraktocin Jami'ar Indiana, 2014, Indiana, Amurka.
* ''Masu zane-zane na Algeria Rubuta Jikin Bidiyo 1995-2013'',  Nafas Magazine, 2014, kan layi akan Universes in Universe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Algerian Artists Write the |url=https://universes.art/en/nafas/articles/2014/video-body-algeria |website=universes.art}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Mai basira ya hana shi, Mai basira ta hanyar matsakaici,  game da fim din Tahya Ya Dido, Mohamed Zinet (1971, 76 min) a Laboratoire d'Aubervilliers, 2013, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=illegal_cinema &amp;#124; Les Laboratoires d'Aubervilliers |url=http://www.leslaboratoires.org/en/ctxnode/1364/21 |website=www.leslaboratoires.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Monde du Cinéma, lamba 3, Art video algérien: wani kwarewa a real time, sake dubawa a watan Afrilu 2013 a Paris, Faransa.
* Littafin fitarwa Dangantaka da hoto da sauti a cikin Bidiyo na Algeria na zamani: Kwarewar ainihin lokaci  European University Editions, 2010, Jamus.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ZOUBIR |first=AMINA |date=June 7, 2010 |title=RELATION DE L'IMAGE ET DU SON DANS LA VIDEO CONTEMPORAINE ALGERIENNE |url=https://www.morebooks.de/store/fr/book/relation-de-l-image-et-du-son-dans-la-video-contemporaine-algerienne/isbn/978-613-1-50745-8 |publisher=Editions universitaires europeennes |via=www.morebooks.de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFZOUBIR2010&quot;&gt;ZOUBIR, AMINA (June 7, 2010). [https://www.morebooks.de/store/fr/book/relation-de-l-image-et-du-son-dans-la-video-contemporaine-algerienne/isbn/978-613-1-50745-8 &quot;RELATION DE L'IMAGE ET DU SON DANS LA VIDEO CONTEMPORAINE ALGERIENNE&quot;]. Editions universitaires europeennes &amp;#x2013; via www.morebooks.de.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Jaridar Gidauniyar Michelangelo Pistoletto, Game da shirin bidiyo, ''Ɗauki bas ɗin ka duba'', 2010, Cittadellarte, Biella, [[Italiya]].

=== Haɗin gwiwa ===

* ''Utocorpis'', shirin curatorial, zane-zane na bidiyo, fina-finai da bidiyo na masu zane-zane Faransa da Afirka, 2017, Cibiyar Faransa Casablanca, Morocco.  
* ''Utocorpis'', jikin Utopia, Silencio Club [[David Lynch]], 2017, Paris, Faransa.
* Delirium, bidiyon masu zane-zane na Afirka, Cibiyar Faransa Dakar, 2016, Senegal.
* Gudanar da nune-nunen Le corps manquant &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Institut Français d'Alger &quot;Le corps manquant&quot; installation vidéo autour de la thématique du corps — Alger |url=https://www.if-algerie.com/alger/agenda-culturel/le-corps-manquant-installation-video-autour-de-la-thematique-du-corps |website=www.if-algerie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''''Jikin da ya ɓace'''', 2014, Cibiyar Faransa Algiers, Algeria.  
* Jiki da yarjejeniyoyi. L'Esthétique vidéo des artistes algériennes (1995-2013), Cycle Possession, Espace Khiasma, 2013, shirin curatorial na fasahar bidiyo, Paris Les Lilas, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amina Zoubir |url=http://www.khiasma.net/rdv/amina-zoubir/ |website=www.khiasma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gudanar da nune-nunen Aljeriya, Hospice Saint Charles, Janairu 2013, Rosny-sur-seine, Faransa.  
* Illegal Cinema 113, fim din nunawa Tahya ya dido, wanda [[Mohamed Zinet]] ya jagoranta (1971, 76 min), Laboratoires d'Aubervilliers,  2013, Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=illegal_cinema &amp;#124; Les Laboratoires d'Aubervilliers |url=http://www.leslaboratoires.org/date/illegalcinema-113/illegalcinema-0 |website=www.leslaboratoires.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hanyoyi da matakai na canji, Gidauniyar Michelangelo Pistoletto da Ƙungiyar Ƙaunar Bambanci, 2010, Biella, [[Italiya]].
* ''Haɗin Faransanci'' wanda Léa Gauthier ya shirya, Black Jack Editions, 2008, Paris, Faransa.  
* ''Mai Tsarki a cikin zane-zane na yanzu?'' , wanda Richard Conte da Marion Laval Jeantet suka shirya, Klincksieck Editions, 2008, Paris, Faransa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]</text>
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'''Amina Zoubir''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1983) 'yar asalin Aljeriya ce, mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai wasan kwaikwayon. Ta yi aiki tare da matsakaitan fasaha daban-daban kamar zane-zane, zane, zane-zane na shigarwa, wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane. Ayyukanta suna da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin harshe na jiki a takamaiman wurare na yankunan [[Arewacin Afirka]].

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Amina Zoubir 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Faransa da aka haifa a Aljeriya. Mahaifiyarta likita ce kuma mahaifinta, [[Hellal Zoubir]], mai zane ne kuma mai tsarawa wanda ke zaune a Aljeriya. Ta sami digiri na DESA a cikin zane-zane a shekara ta 2006 a {{Interlanguage link|École supérieure des beaux-arts d'Alger|fr}}  a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Ta koma Paris, Faransa a 2007 kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis a 2009.

== Ayyuka ==
Zoubir ta ba da umarnin gajeren fim dinta na farko a shekara ta 2006, mai taken Take the bus and look, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Letort |last2=Cherel |year=2014 |title=Women on the Algerian Art Scene: Interrogating the Postcolonial Gaze through Documentary and Video Art |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |journal=Black Camera |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=193–214 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |s2cid=191602194 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana haɓaka tunani game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutane, fasaha, da sinima a farkon rikice-rikicen al'umma da ke tasowa bayan raunin yakin basasa.

A cikin shekara ta 2010, Zoubir ta wallafa bincikenta na ilimi a matsayin littafi mai taken video art of Algerian artists - Relation de l'image et du son dans la vidéo contemporaine algérienne: une expérience en temps réel. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ZOUBIR |first=AMINA |date=June 7, 2010 |title=RELATION DE L'IMAGE ET DU SON DANS LA VIDEO CONTEMPORAINE ALGERIENNE |url=https://www.morebooks.de/store/fr/book/relation-de-l-image-et-du-son-dans-la-video-contemporaine-algerienne/isbn/978-613-1-50745-8 |publisher=Editions universitaires europeennes |via=www.morebooks.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da take yi da kuma yin hakan yana tambayar ra'ayoyin yaren jiki a cikin takamaiman wurare inda ake amfani da tsarin addini, zamantakewa, da siyasa don bayyana nau'in jiki a yankunan Arewacin Afirka.

A cikin 2012, Zoubir ta ba da umarni kuma ta yi Take your place &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=This domain was registered by Youdot.io |url=http://un-ete-a-alger.com/#/prends-ta-place |website=un-ete-a-alger.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ta ba da umurni kuma ta yin a cikin 2012 a kan zaɓaɓɓun wurare na birane &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gender politics and art in Algeria: Amina Zoubir |url=https://artenews.tumblr.com/post/69004611143/gender-politics-and-art-in-algeria-amina-zoubir |access-date=2025-06-26 |publisher=ArteNews}}&lt;/ref&gt; don nuna rashin amincewa da batutuwan jinsi a cikin al'ummar Aljeriya, a lokacin ayyukan mata shida da aka gudanar a matsayin takamaiman bidiyo a cikin birane ciki har da salons na kofi, a kan tituna, filayen kwallon kafa, rairayin bakin teku, salons na gashi, da kuma a cikin kasuwannin tufafi, inda mata ke fuskantar wariyar launin fata a Algiers, wanda ke fuskantar tashar TV5 da kuma a kan layi a kan dandalin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yanci''' gizo Un été à France (Frence) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2011 |title=Un été à Alger |url=http://www.narrative.info/portfolio/un-ete-a-alger/ |website=narrative}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africiné - Prends ta place ! (Un été à Alger) |url=http://africine.org/film/prends-ta-place-un-ete-a-alger/16770 |website=Africiné}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ta yi game da wakilcin mata a Arewacin Afirka ya nuna muhimmiyar buƙata don amintaccen hotuna na mata da ke zaune a kasar a zamanin yau da kuma kasancewar mata a sararin jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 July 2020 |title=In Conversation: Amina Zoubir |url=https://www.c-print.se/post/in-conversation-amina-zoubir}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amina Zoubir na ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane biyar da suka wakilci Aljeriya a cikin 2019 tare da ''Gidan Aljeriya'' na farko a 58th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italiya . Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Aljeriya ce ta yi rajistar gidan Aljeriya a hukumance. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Selvin |first=Claire |date=March 27, 2019 |title=Algeria to 'Defer' Participation in 2019 Venice Biennale |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/algeria-drops-out-venice-biennale-12234/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amina Zoubir on the Tribulations of the Algerian Pavilion |url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/amina-zoubir-on-the-tribulations-of-the-algerian-pavilion/ |website=Contemporary And}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, 'yan kwanaki kafin bude bikin, an soke rajistar saboda halin da ake ciki na siyasa da ya shafi ''Hirak'', wani motsi na zanga-zangar siyasa da jama'a suka nuna, wanda ya bukaci Shugaba [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] ya yi murabus a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2019, yana tura Ministan Al'adu ya jinkirta shiga Aljeriya na hukuma a Venice Biennale kuma ya janye duk tallafin kudi a ranar 4 ga Afrilu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TIME TO SHINE BRIGHT – History of a Pavilion Algerian Artists During The Venice Biennale 2019 |url=https://algerian-pavilion-2019.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da halin da ake ciki, an gudanar da aikin gidan Aljeriya na farko, Time to shine haske, tare da goyon bayan masu tallafawa Aljeriya masu zaman kansu a matsayin aikin masu zane-zane masu cin gashin kansu a lokacin 58th Venice Biennale daga Mayu 9 zuwa Nuwamba 24, 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2019 |title=58th La Biennale di Venezia / 58th La Biennale di Venezia: Searching for the Algerian Pavilion |url=https://artafricamagazine.org/58th-biennale-venezia-searching-algerian-pavilion-amina-zoubir/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2019 |title=When Algeria Abruptly Cancelled its Venice Biennale Debut, Five Young Artists Decided Their Show Must Go On |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/algeria-pavilion-venice-biennale-1542835 |website=artnet News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le pavillon algérien à Venise : Briller ou ne pas briller ? |url=https://www.happening.media/category/magazine/fr/article/5cf62a332cd4f3313c0a58aa/algerian-pavilion-to-shine-or-not-to-shine |website=Happening}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2019 |title=TRUE Africa &amp;#124; Why these Algerian artists in Venice won't take no for an answer |url=https://trueafrica.co/article/why-these-algerian-artists-in-venice-wont-take-no-for-an-answer/ |website=TRUE Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=L'Expression: Culture - &quot;L'art est un sport de combat...&quot; |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/l-art-est-un-sport-de-combat-324389 |website=L'Expression}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
An ba Amina Zoubir lambar yabo ta Varenne FIGRA Faransa a cikin 2013, tare da ambaton na musamman don wasan kwaikwayonta Take your place, A Summer in Algiers, shirin yanar gizo, wanda ta ba da umarni a cikin 2012 a Algiers.

=== Tarin Fasaha na Jama'a ===
Ayyukan zane-zane da aka samar daga aikin Amina Zoubir da bincike an haɗa su a cikin tarin jama'a da masu zaman kansu na tushe na fasaha da gidajen tarihi.

* Gidan Tarihin Hotuna na Sundsvall, 2025, Sundsvall
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na MAU, 2024, Belgrade, Serbia
* Smithsonian Artist Fellowship, Gidan Tarihi na Afirka, 2023, Washington DC, Amurka
* Gidauniyar Fasaha ta Sharjah, 2022, Sharjah, UAE
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Markk, Gidan kayan tarihi na Rothenbaum Kulturen und Künste der Welt, Afrilu 28 zuwa Yuli 28, 2021, Hamburg, Jamus.
* Musée na Etnografiska, 2020, Stockholm, Sweden
* Tarin Tilder, 2019, Paris, Faransa
* Tarin Gervanne da Matthias Leridon, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Artistes de la collection |url=http://www.collection-leridon.com/artistes/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2018 Paris, Faransa
* FRAC Occitanie, Asusun Yankin na Fasaha na Zamani, Les Abattoirs, 2017, Toulouse, Faransa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=Les Abattoirs, Toulouse |url=https://www.navigart.fr/lesabattoirs/artwork/270000000129506?filters=query%3Aamina%20zoubir&amp;page=1&amp;layout=grid&amp;sort=by_author}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidauniyar DONWAHI, 2016, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
* Gidauniyar 'yan wasan Afirka don ci gaba,  2015, Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amina Zoubir - African Artists for Development |url=http://aad-fund.org/artistes/amina-zoubir/?lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hotunan fina-finai ===

* Waƙoƙin pop na ƙarshe kafin duhu, minti 30, HD Pal launi, sauti, 2014-2016.
* Ka ƙaunaci dukan mata kamar ka ƙaunaci mahaifiyarka, 4 min, launi na Pal, sauti, 2018.
* Rayuwa a cikin Utopia, bidiyo, minti 10, launi na Pal, sauti, 2017.
* Ɗauki Wurinka - Ɗauki wurinka, yanar gizo A Summer in Algiers - Un été Alger, wanda Narrative Paris da Une chambre à soi Algiers suka samar, tare da goyon bayan CNC Faransa, minti 40, HD Pal launi, sauti, 2012, wasanni shida a cikin birane a Algiers, Algeria.
* A cikin duniyar da kake so a haife ka, bidiyo, 2 min, launi na Pal, sauti, 2011.
* Mata masu hankali, bidiyo, minti 10, launi na Pal, sauti, 2008-2010.
* Birnin yana daya daga cikinmu, tare da hadin gwiwar Yossi Atia, Bambancin Ƙauna da Gidauniyar Pistoletto, shirin, minti 10, launi na Pal, sauti, 2008.
* Ɗauki Bus ɗin ka duba - Ɗauki bas ɗin ka kalli, shirin, 12 min, launi na Pal, sauti, 2006.

== Nuni ==

=== Nuni na kai tsaye ===

* ''Archaeology na jikin mulkin mallaka'', Markk Museum, Museum am Rothenbaum Kulturen und Künste der Welt &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archaeology of the colonized body |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/442916/amina-zoubirarchaeology-of-the-colonized-body/ |website=www.e-flux.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afrilu 28 zuwa Yuli 28, 2021, Hamburg, Jamus.

* Yin matsayi a kan sarauniyar Berber, Södertälje Konsthall, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amina Zoubir taking a stance on berber queens: history and mythology |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/330316/amina-zoubir-taking-a-stance-on-berber-queens-history-and-mythology/ |website=www.e-flux.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afrilu 27 zuwa Yuni 27 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Södertälje Konsthall — Amina Zoubir taking a stance on berber queens |url=https://www.sodertaljekonsthall.se/en/exhibitions/amina-zoubir-taking-a-stance-on-berber-queens/ |website=www.sodertaljekonsthall.se}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afrilu 27-Yuni 27, 2020, Södertälge, Sweden.
* Adadin da aka manta, Rikstolvan Art Center, Satumba 19-Nuwamba 1, 2020 Jarrestad Simrishamn, Sweden.
* Arab jima'i, Espace d'Art 87, 2016, Paris, Faransa.
* ''Ɗauki wurinku'', A Summer in Algiers, Cinémathèque Tanger, 2013, Tangiers, Morocco.
* Mata masu hankali: harsunan jiki na Gabas ta Tsakiya, PasaJist Gallery, 2012, Istanbul, Turkiyya.

=== Nuni na rukuni da biennials ===
2011 - 2025

* SUPERMARKET 2025, Stockholm Sweden, Afrilu 3-6, 2025.
* Gwangju Biennale, Afirka Pavillon, Dream Scape &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gwangju Biennale Pavilion |url=https://www.gwangjubiennale.org/en/exhibition/biennale/pavilion.do |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=gwangjubiennale.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kula da Lassana Igo Diarra &amp; Dayana Vafina, Gwangju, Koriya ta Kudu, [1] Satumba 7 zuwa Disamba 10th 2024.[27]
* Il Cono d'Ombra, Cibiyar FM don Fasaha ta zamani, Castel Nuovo, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Il Cono d'Ombra (The Shadow Cone) |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/468374/il-cono-d-ombra-the-shadow-cone/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=e-flux.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuni 25 zuwa Agusta 25, 2022, Naples, Italiya.

* Lahore Biennale, bugu na biyu, shigarwa Muscicapidae &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Humming Intersections |url=https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/humming-intersections/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Janairu 26 zuwa Fabrairu 29, 2020, mai kula Sheikha Hoor Al Qasimi, Lahore, Pakistan.
* Hasken mako na Nobel, shigarwa [[Albert Camus]] Hasken sama ''Ban taɓa iya barin haske ba - Jag Lego'', Kulturhuset Stadsteatern, tare da Gidan Tarihin Nobel, Cibiyar Faransa ta Sweden da Helmet, 5-13 Disamba 2020, Stockholm, Sweden.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Camus lights up – Nobel Week Lights |url=https://nobelweeklights.se/installation/camus-lights-up/?lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1:54  African Art Fair, Primo Marella Gallery, 2020, Marrakech, Morocco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair |url=https://www.1-54.com/marrakech/artists/zoubir-amina/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lokaci don Haskakawa Bright, Algeria Pavilion, Biennale d'Arte di Venezia, Venice Biennale 2019, Italiya, Mayu 9-Nuwamba 24, 2019.  
* Alkahira Biennale, Eyes East Bound, shigarwa Muscicapidae,  13th edition a Fadar Fasaha, curator Ehab El Laban, Alkahira Masar, Yuni 10 zuwa Agusta 10, 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 13th Cairo Biennale Returns After a Five-Year Break |url=https://contemporaryand.com/fr/magazines/the-13th-cairo-biennale-returns-after-a-five-year-break/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Hasken Afirka, Musée d'Art Contemporain Mohamed VI, Rabat, Morocco, Afrilu 2 zuwa Agusta 15, 2019.  
* MAXXI, Musée Nationale d'Art Contemporain du 21e siècle, Roma Italiya, African Metropolis, wani birni mai ban mamaki, mai kula Simon Njami da Elena Motisi, Yuni - Nuwamba 2018, Roma, Italiya.  
* Dak&quot;Art Dakar Biennale,  Red hour, mai kula Simon Njami, Palais de Justice Dakar, Mayu zuwa Yuni 2018, Dakar, Senegal.  
* Bikin Hotuna na Legas, Tsarin Gaskiya, mai kula da Azu Nwagbogu, Nuwamba-Janairu, 2017, Legas, Najeriya.  
* Legas Biennale, Rayuwa a gefen, Oktoba 2017, Legas, Najeriya.
* Afirka Babban Birni, zuwa ga babban fata, mai kula Simon Njami, Gare Saint Sauveur, Afrilu 2017, Lille, Faransa.  
* Cibiyar Pompidou, Performance Aerobic Philosophic by Pascal Lièvre, 2016, Paris, Faransa.  
* AKAA, Har ila yau An san shi da Afirka, Fasahar Fasaha ta zamani ta Afirka, Nuwamba 2016, Carreau du Temple, Paris, Faransa.  
* L'Iris de Lucy,  Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Rochechouart,  Yuni 2016, Rochechouard, Faransa.  
* El Iris de Lucy, MUSAC  Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani, Janairu 2016, León, Spain.
* Wani abu kuma, mai kula Simon Njami, OFF Biennale Alkahira, Darb1718, Nuwamba 2015, Alkahira.
* Hasken Afirka,  Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Chaillot, Nuwamba 2015, Paris, Faransa.  
* Addis FotoFest, 3rd edition, Festival na daukar hoto, Addis Ababa, Satumba 2014, Habasha.  
* Biennale H2O Actuel Art, wanda Feria + Vincent, Gidan Tarihi na zamani na jamhuriyar Sakha, Yakoutsk, Agusta 2014, Rasha ya tsara.  
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Torrance, Lokaci shine Ƙauna, mai kula da Kisito Assangni, Satumba 2013, California, Amurka.  
* Palais de Tokyo, Fara wasan kwaikwayo na bidiyo Take Your Place, A Summer in Algiers, a lokacin Triennale Intense proximité, curator Okwui Enwezor, Yuni 24, 2012, Paris, Faransa.
* FEMLINK Wonder 2011, Gidauniyar Artos, Nicosi, Cyprus da TAC, Eindhoven, Netherlands.

2004 - 2010

* Panorama des Cinémas du Maghreb, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panorama des cinémas du Maghreb |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/111813}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗauki bas ɗin ka kalli, Afrilu 2010, Saint Denis, Faransa.  
* Rarraba Cinémas Arabes, Cinéma (s) d'Algérie, AFLAM, Mayu 2009, Marseille, Faransa.  
* Biennale Internationale d'art contemporain Pontevedra, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pontevedra Art Biennial (Spain) |url=https://www.biennialfoundation.org/biennials/pontevedra-art-biennial/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30th edition, sans frontières: convergences hispanomaghrébines, Yuni 2008, Pontevedira, Spain. 
* Biennale na Matasan Masu Halitta na Turai da Bahar Rum BJCEM, 13th edition, Bari, Italiya. Birnin yana daya daga cikinmu, Gidauniyar Michelangelo Pistoletto, Yuni 2008, Bari, Italiya.
* Nuni Ra'ayoyin masu daukar hoto na Larabawa a Gidan Tarihi na zamani da zamani na Algiers (MAMA) babban birnin duniya Larabawa ta hanyar Cibiyar Duniya ta Larabawa, 2008, Paris, Faransa.  
* Bikin gajeren fim na Clermont-Ferrand, Kasuwancin gajeren lokaci, 2008, Faransa.
* Bincike, Ɗauki bas ɗin ka duba, Filmathèque ZINET, Afrilu 2006, Algiers, Algeria.  
* Biennale Internationale de Design Saint-Etienne, 2004, Faransa.
* Don tunawa da darektan Ahmed ASSELAH da ɗansa Rabah ASSELAh, waɗanda aka kashe a École supérieure des beaux-arts d'Alger a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1994, a lokacin yakin basasa. Nunin a ESBA 2004, Algiers, Algeria.

=== Taron da aka yi ===

* Taron The Arts a Algeria a zamanin yau, Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris, Faransa, Arab Thought Foundation, Beirut, Lebanon, Mayu 20, 2025.
* Taron a iaspis konstnärsnämnden Stockholm, Sweden  tare da Karen Milbourne,  Babban Mai Kulawa a Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of African Art, Washington DC Amurka.
* Tattaunawa a Cibiyar Faransa ta Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden . 
* TV5 Monde, Baƙon Patrick Simonin, tare da Malala Andrialavidrazana, game da baje kolin Haske na Afirka 
* Faransa Al'adu Rediyo, Ping Pong Tattaunawa, Amina Zoubir da Jayro Bustamante: Mata masu tayar da kayar baya na Algeria da Guatemala,  Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Amina Zoubir &amp; Jayro Bustamante : Femmes rebelles d'Algérie et du Guatemala |url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/ping-pong/amina-zoubir-jayro-bustamante-femmes-rebelles-d-algerie-et-du-guatemala}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Forum Libération, Debat Algiers: sabuwar tsara? Villa Méditerranée, Marseille, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Une déambulation algéroise |url=https://www.liberation.fr/evenements-libe/2013/04/20/une-deambulation-algeroise_897651}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Resistance et création, muhawara da 'yar jarida Ariane Allard ta shirya tare da Lydie Salvayre, Hala Mohammad, Wassyla Tamzali, Alessandra Celesia da Amina Zoubir a Festival Films Femmes Méditerranée, wanda ARTE - Actions Culturelles ta shirya,  Satumba 28, 2013, Villa Méditerrenée, Marseille, Faransa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Résistantes |url=https://www.journalzibeline.fr/resistantes/ |website=Zibeline}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tattaunawar Sabbin Cinémas na Afirka, Decolonizar masu tunani: La Fabrique du Réel A cikin Sabbin Cinéma na Afirka,  Les Ateliers Varan, 2013, Paris, Faransa.
* Taron a Cibiyar Al'adun Musulunci , Bikin Viva l'Algérie, Janairu 2013, Paris, Faransa&amp;nbsp;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

=== Katalogin nune-nunen ===

* Lahore Biennale, 2020, Lahore, Pakistan.
* Biso Biennale, 2020, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
* Alkahira Biennale, Eyes East Bond, Alkahira, Misira.
* Lokaci don haskakawa mai haske, [[Algerian pavilion|Gidan Aljeriya]] na farko a 58th Venice Biennale a cikin 2019, Italiya, edited by Editions HELIUM Algeria
* Dakar Biennale, Dak'Art 2018, Fadar Shari'a ta Dakar, Senegal
* African Metropolis, Birni mai ban mamaki, baje kolin rukuni na masu zane-zane na Afirka, MAXXI MUSEUM na 21ST CENTURY ARTS, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2018 |title=African Metropolis. An imaginary city &amp;#124; MAXXI |url=https://www.maxxi.art/en/events/african-metropolis/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2018, Roma, Italiya, Edita Kehrer Verlag, Jamus.
* Afirka Babban Birni, Zuwa ga Cape na kyakkyawan fata, baje kolin rukuni na masu zane-zane na Afirka, La Villette Paris, Gare Saint Sauveur, Lille, Faransa,2017, Edita Kehrer Verlag, Jamus.
* Lucy's Iris, baje kolin rukuni na mata masu Zaki-zane na Afirka, Gidan Tarihi na MUSAC, 2016-2017, León, Spain.
* Hasken Afirka, baje kolin rukuni na masu zane-zane na Afirka, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Chaillot, 2015, Paris, Faransa.

=== Littattafai ===

* Black Camera n°6 Mata a kan Aljeriya Art Scene: Tambaya da Postcolonial Gaze ta hanyar Documentary da Video Art, labarin Delphine Letort da Emmanuelle Cherel. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Letort |last2=Cherel |year=2014 |title=Women on the Algerian Art Scene: Interrogating the Postcolonial Gaze through Documentary and Video Art |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |journal=Black Camera |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=193–214 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 |s2cid=191602194 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLetortCherel2014&quot;&gt;Letort; Cherel (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 &quot;Women on the Algerian Art Scene: Interrogating the Postcolonial Gaze through Documentary and Video Art&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Black Camera''. '''6''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;193–&lt;/span&gt;214. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193|10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193 10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191602194 191602194].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Daraktocin Jami'ar Indiana, 2014, Indiana, Amurka.
* ''Masu zane-zane na Algeria Rubuta Jikin Bidiyo 1995-2013'',  Nafas Magazine, 2014, kan layi akan Universes in Universe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Algerian Artists Write the |url=https://universes.art/en/nafas/articles/2014/video-body-algeria |website=universes.art}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Mai basira ya hana shi, Mai basira ta hanyar matsakaici,  game da fim din Tahya Ya Dido, Mohamed Zinet (1971, 76 min) a Laboratoire d'Aubervilliers, 2013, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=illegal_cinema &amp;#124; Les Laboratoires d'Aubervilliers |url=http://www.leslaboratoires.org/en/ctxnode/1364/21 |website=www.leslaboratoires.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Monde du Cinéma, lamba 3, Art video algérien: wani kwarewa a real time, sake dubawa a watan Afrilu 2013 a Paris, Faransa.
* Littafin fitarwa Dangantaka da hoto da sauti a cikin Bidiyo na Algeria na zamani: Kwarewar ainihin lokaci  European University Editions, 2010, Jamus.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ZOUBIR |first=AMINA |date=June 7, 2010 |title=RELATION DE L'IMAGE ET DU SON DANS LA VIDEO CONTEMPORAINE ALGERIENNE |url=https://www.morebooks.de/store/fr/book/relation-de-l-image-et-du-son-dans-la-video-contemporaine-algerienne/isbn/978-613-1-50745-8 |publisher=Editions universitaires europeennes |via=www.morebooks.de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFZOUBIR2010&quot;&gt;ZOUBIR, AMINA (June 7, 2010). [https://www.morebooks.de/store/fr/book/relation-de-l-image-et-du-son-dans-la-video-contemporaine-algerienne/isbn/978-613-1-50745-8 &quot;RELATION DE L'IMAGE ET DU SON DANS LA VIDEO CONTEMPORAINE ALGERIENNE&quot;]. Editions universitaires europeennes &amp;#x2013; via www.morebooks.de.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Jaridar Gidauniyar Michelangelo Pistoletto, Game da shirin bidiyo, ''Ɗauki bas ɗin ka duba'', 2010, Cittadellarte, Biella, [[Italiya]].

=== Haɗin gwiwa ===

* ''Utocorpis'', shirin curatorial, zane-zane na bidiyo, fina-finai da bidiyo na masu zane-zane Faransa da Afirka, 2017, Cibiyar Faransa Casablanca, Morocco.  
* ''Utocorpis'', jikin Utopia, Silencio Club [[David Lynch]], 2017, Paris, Faransa.
* Delirium, bidiyon masu zane-zane na Afirka, Cibiyar Faransa Dakar, 2016, Senegal.
* Gudanar da nune-nunen Le corps manquant &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Institut Français d'Alger &quot;Le corps manquant&quot; installation vidéo autour de la thématique du corps — Alger |url=https://www.if-algerie.com/alger/agenda-culturel/le-corps-manquant-installation-video-autour-de-la-thematique-du-corps |website=www.if-algerie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''''Jikin da ya ɓace'''', 2014, Cibiyar Faransa Algiers, Algeria.  
* Jiki da yarjejeniyoyi. L'Esthétique vidéo des artistes algériennes (1995-2013), Cycle Possession, Espace Khiasma, 2013, shirin curatorial na fasahar bidiyo, Paris Les Lilas, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amina Zoubir |url=http://www.khiasma.net/rdv/amina-zoubir/ |website=www.khiasma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gudanar da nune-nunen Aljeriya, Hospice Saint Charles, Janairu 2013, Rosny-sur-seine, Faransa.  
* Illegal Cinema 113, fim din nunawa Tahya ya dido, wanda [[Mohamed Zinet]] ya jagoranta (1971, 76 min), Laboratoires d'Aubervilliers,  2013, Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=illegal_cinema &amp;#124; Les Laboratoires d'Aubervilliers |url=http://www.leslaboratoires.org/date/illegalcinema-113/illegalcinema-0 |website=www.leslaboratoires.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hanyoyi da matakai na canji, Gidauniyar Michelangelo Pistoletto da Ƙungiyar Ƙaunar Bambanci, 2010, Biella, [[Italiya]].
* ''Haɗin Faransanci'' wanda Léa Gauthier ya shirya, Black Jack Editions, 2008, Paris, Faransa.  
* ''Mai Tsarki a cikin zane-zane na yanzu?'' , wanda Richard Conte da Marion Laval Jeantet suka shirya, Klincksieck Editions, 2008, Paris, Faransa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]</text>
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    <title>Zineb Sedira</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302387315|Zineb Sedira]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Zineb Sedira''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1963) ƴar Faransa-Algeria ce mai ɗaukar hoto kuma Mai zane-zane na bidiyo, wacce aka fi sani da aikin da ke bincika dangantakar ɗan adam da yanayin ƙasa.

Sedira ta kasance cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Gidauniyar Hotuna ta Deutsche Börse ta 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Hagan |first=Sean |author-link=Sean O'Hagan |date=10 November 2020 |title=This year's Deutsche Börse prize shortlist is fascinating – but is it photography? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/nov/10/deutsche-borse-photography-foundation-prize-shortlist |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Zineb Sedira a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1963, ga Abdul Rahman Sedira da Oumessaad Rouabah, baƙi daga [[Aljeriya]], a cikin unguwar Paris na Gennevilliers .  Ta koma Ingila a shekarar 1986. 

Sedira ta sami BA a cikin Kwarewar Kwarewar Fasaha ta Kwarewa a Babban Saint Martins na London, sannan ta sami MFA daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Slade a shekarar 1997. Daga baya ta shafe shekaru biyar tana yin bincike a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal .

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan farko na Sedira sun mayar da hankali kan hotunan mata a duniyar musulmi, tare da hotunan mahaifiyarta da 'yarta. Ganin mahaifiyarta ta ba da [[Gyele|haik]] a lokacin da ta isa [[Aljir|Algiers]] ya yi tasiri sosai ga Sedira. &quot;Na tuna da zaran muka sauka daga jirgin sama kuma muka isa gidanta, za ta buɗe shari'ar kuma ta fitar da ita, &quot;in ji ta a shekarar 2013. &quot;Za ta canza cikinta. Za ta zama shi. &quot;  Bidiyo, Mother Tongue (2002) ya nuna kanta, 'yarta, da mahaifiyarta suna magana da &quot;harsunan mahaifiyarsu&quot;, Faransanci, Turanci, da Larabci bi da bi, tare da Sedira tana aiki a matsayin hanyar harshe tsakanin mahaifiyarta da 'yarta waɗanda ba su da yare ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/zineb-sedira |access-date=11 March 2017 |website=www.guggenheim.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumbar 2020 an sanar da cewa Sedira za ta wakilci Faransa a 59th Venice Biennale, a cikin 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=French Pavilion at the 59th Venice Biennale |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/341779/french-pavilion-at-the-59th-venice-biennale/ |access-date=2020-09-30 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kirkiro wani shigarwa mai suna &quot;mafarki ba su da lakabi&quot; inda ta canza gidan wasan Faransa zuwa ɗakin fim da ɗakin nunawa yana ba da gudummawa ga fina-finai na 1960 da 1970 kuma yana ambaton tarihin iyalinta a matsayin baƙi a Faransa.

== Nuni ==

* 2004: ''Zineb Sedira: Faɗar labarai tare da bambance-bambance'', Cornerhouse, Manchester, Burtaniya
* 2005: British Art Show 06, bude a Baltic, Gateshead, yawon shakatawa zuwa Manchester, Nottingham da Bristol.
* 2006: ''Saphir'', Gidan Hotuna, London 
* 2007: ''Saphir'', Temble Bar Gallery, Dublin, Ireland
* 2007: ''Bidiyo na Zineb Sedira'', Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani ta Parvis, Pau, Faransa
* 2008: MiddleSea, The Wapping Project, London &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MiddleSea |url=https://www.artsadmin.co.uk/projects/middlesea |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=Artsadmin |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: ''Akwatin Ruwa'', Sabon Musayar Fasaha, Nottingham, Burtaniya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Floating Coffins |url=http://www.nae.org.uk/exhibition/floating-coffins/15 |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=www.nae.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: Zineb Sedira: Seafaring, John Hansard Gallery, Southampton, Burtaniya
* 2009: ''A ƙarƙashin Sama da A kan Tekun'', Gidan Tarihin Pori, Finland
* 2010: ''Zineb Sedira'', Gidan Tarihi na Picasso (Vallauris) , Yaƙi da Zaman Lafiya, Vallauris, Faransa
* 2010: ''Masu kula da hotuna'', Palais de Tokyo, Paris &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gardiennes d'images (Image Keepers), 2010 :: zinebsedira.com |url=http://www.zinebsedira.com/?q=video/gardiennes-dimages-image-keepers-2010 |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=www.zinebsedira.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: A ƙarƙashin farfajiyar, Galerie Kamel Mennour, Paris
* 2013: ''Tafiyar, ko Shekaru Uku a Tekun Sashe na V: Zineb Sedira'', Charles H. Scott Gallery, Vancouver, Kanada &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb SediraThe Voyage, or Three Years at Sea Part V - Announcements - Art &amp; Education |url=https://www.artandeducation.net/announcements/108724/zineb-sedirathe-voyage-or-three-years-at-sea-part-v |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=www.artandeducation.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: Tattara Lines, Art a kan karkashin kasa, London 
* 2018: Of Words and Stones, wanda Marie Muracciole ta tsara a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Beirut, Lebanon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira: Of Words and Stones |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/219173/zineb-sediraof-words-and-stones/ |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Zineb Sedira: Harkokin Jirgin Sama da Ruwa'', Gidan Tarihi na Sharjah, Sharjah, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Binciken baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Yasmeen |date=15 August 2018 |title=Six Shows in Sharjah Challenge Curators to Look Beyond the Usual Suspects |url=http://hyperallergic.com/455541/six-solo-shows-in-sharjah-challenge-curators-to-look-beyond-the-usual-suspects/ |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Hyperallergic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarin abubuwa ==
Ana gudanar da aikin Sedira a cikin tarin jama'a masu zuwa:

* Tarin Majalisar Fasaha, Burtaniya: 1 bugawa (kamar Yuli 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sedira, Zineb |url=https://www.artscouncilcollection.org.uk/explore/artist/sedira-zineb |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=www.artscouncilcollection.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Pompidou, Gidan Tarihi na zamani na zamani, Paris: 7 (kamar Yulin 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira |url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/ressources/personne/cTXey9 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Centre Pompidou}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na kasa na tarihi da al'adun shige da fice / Birnin tarihi na kasa, Paris: shigar da bidiyo 1, &quot;Mother Tongue&quot; (kamar Yuli 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sedira Zineb |url=https://www.histoire-immigration.fr/collections/sedira-zineb |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Musée national de l'histoire de l'immigration}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan Tarihin Sharjah, Sharjah, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira |url=http://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/sedira-zineb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225072349/https://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/sedira-zineb |archive-date=25 December 2022 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=sharjahart.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tate, London: Ayyuka 2 (kamar Yulin 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira born 1963 |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/zineb-sedira-4956 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Tate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mumok, Museumsquartier, Vienna: 1 aiki, &quot;Gidan Uwar (Algeria) &quot; (kamar Yulin 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira |url=https://www.mumok.at/en/zineb-sedira |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225132257/https://www.mumok.at/en/zineb-sedira |archive-date=25 December 2022 |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=www.mumok.at}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Victoria da Albert Museum, Contemporary Wall Paper Collections, London: 1 aiki, &quot;Une Generation des Femmes&quot; (kamar Yuli 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1997 |title=Une Generation des Femmes: Sedira, Zineb |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O88384/une-generation-des-femmes-wallpaper-sedira-zineb/ |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Whitworth Art Gallery, Contemporary Wall Paper Collections, Manchester: 1 aiki, &quot;Une Generation des Femmes&quot; (kamar Yulin 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bodies of Colour: Breaking With Stereotypes in the Wallpaper Collection |url=https://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/upcomingexhibitions/bodiesofcolour/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224162013/https://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/upcomingexhibitions/bodiesofcolour/ |archive-date=24 December 2022 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Whitworth Art Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 1999 Artsadmin Artists Bursary, London &amp; Artists fim da bidiyo asusun kasa, The Arts Council of England
* 2000 Westminster Arts Council, Fim da Bursaries, London
* 2001 Kyautar AfAA, Laureat 2001: IV Taron hotunan Afirka, Bamako 2001, Mali
* 2004 Decibel Award, Arts Council, London
* 2009: Kyautar Sam Art, Paris
* 2021: An lissafa shi, Kyautar Gidauniyar Hotuna ta Deutsche Börse, London don baje kolin ''Tsayawa A nan Wondering Wanne Hanyar'' Za Ta je a Jeu de Paume, Paris a cikin 2019; tare da Poulomi Basu, Alejandro Cartagena da Cao Fei&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2021 |title=The 2021 Deutsche Börse Photography prize sheds light on global issues |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/photography/2021-deutsche-borse-photography-prize-b1867849.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/photography/2021-deutsche-borse-photography-prize-b1867849.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ponsford |first=Matthew |date=25 June 2021 |title=Prestigious photo prize honors docu-fiction on India's hidden war |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/deutsche-borse-photography-prize-2021-finalists/index.html |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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'''Zineb Sedira''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1963) ƴar Faransa-Algeria ce mai ɗaukar hoto kuma Mai zane-zane na bidiyo, wacce aka fi sani da aikin da ke bincika dangantakar ɗan adam da yanayin ƙasa.

Sedira ta kasance cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Gidauniyar Hotuna ta Deutsche Börse ta 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Hagan |first=Sean |author-link=Sean O'Hagan |date=10 November 2020 |title=This year's Deutsche Börse prize shortlist is fascinating – but is it photography? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/nov/10/deutsche-borse-photography-foundation-prize-shortlist |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Zineb Sedira a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1963, ga Abdul Rahman Sedira da Oumessaad Rouabah, baƙi daga [[Aljeriya]], a cikin unguwar Paris na Gennevilliers .  Ta koma Ingila a shekarar 1986. 

Sedira ta sami BA a cikin Kwarewar Kwarewar Fasaha ta Kwarewa a Babban Saint Martins na London, sannan ta sami MFA daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Slade a shekarar 1997. Daga baya ta shafe shekaru biyar tana yin bincike a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal .

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan farko na Sedira sun mayar da hankali kan hotunan mata a duniyar musulmi, tare da hotunan mahaifiyarta da 'yarta. Ganin mahaifiyarta ta ba da [[Gyele|haik]] a lokacin da ta isa [[Aljir|Algiers]] ya yi tasiri sosai ga Sedira. &quot;Na tuna da zaran muka sauka daga jirgin sama kuma muka isa gidanta, za ta buɗe shari'ar kuma ta fitar da ita, &quot;in ji ta a shekarar 2013. &quot;Za ta canza cikinta. Za ta zama shi. &quot;  Bidiyo, Mother Tongue (2002) ya nuna kanta, 'yarta, da mahaifiyarta suna magana da &quot;harsunan mahaifiyarsu&quot;, Faransanci, Turanci, da Larabci bi da bi, tare da Sedira tana aiki a matsayin hanyar harshe tsakanin mahaifiyarta da 'yarta waɗanda ba su da yare ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/zineb-sedira |access-date=11 March 2017 |website=www.guggenheim.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumbar 2020 an sanar da cewa Sedira za ta wakilci Faransa a 59th Venice Biennale, a cikin 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=French Pavilion at the 59th Venice Biennale |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/341779/french-pavilion-at-the-59th-venice-biennale/ |access-date=2020-09-30 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kirkiro wani shigarwa mai suna &quot;mafarki ba su da lakabi&quot; inda ta canza gidan wasan Faransa zuwa ɗakin fim da ɗakin nunawa yana ba da gudummawa ga fina-finai na 1960 da 1970 kuma yana ambaton tarihin iyalinta a matsayin baƙi a Faransa.

== Nuni ==

* 2004: ''Zineb Sedira: Faɗar labarai tare da bambance-bambance'', Cornerhouse, Manchester, Burtaniya
* 2005: British Art Show 06, bude a Baltic, Gateshead, yawon shakatawa zuwa Manchester, Nottingham da Bristol.
* 2006: ''Saphir'', Gidan Hotuna, London 
* 2007: ''Saphir'', Temble Bar Gallery, Dublin, Ireland
* 2007: ''Bidiyo na Zineb Sedira'', Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani ta Parvis, Pau, Faransa
* 2008: MiddleSea, The Wapping Project, London &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MiddleSea |url=https://www.artsadmin.co.uk/projects/middlesea |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=Artsadmin |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: ''Akwatin Ruwa'', Sabon Musayar Fasaha, Nottingham, Burtaniya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Floating Coffins |url=http://www.nae.org.uk/exhibition/floating-coffins/15 |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=www.nae.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: Zineb Sedira: Seafaring, John Hansard Gallery, Southampton, Burtaniya
* 2009: ''A ƙarƙashin Sama da A kan Tekun'', Gidan Tarihin Pori, Finland
* 2010: ''Zineb Sedira'', Gidan Tarihi na Picasso (Vallauris) , Yaƙi da Zaman Lafiya, Vallauris, Faransa
* 2010: ''Masu kula da hotuna'', Palais de Tokyo, Paris &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gardiennes d'images (Image Keepers), 2010 :: zinebsedira.com |url=http://www.zinebsedira.com/?q=video/gardiennes-dimages-image-keepers-2010 |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=www.zinebsedira.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: A ƙarƙashin farfajiyar, Galerie Kamel Mennour, Paris
* 2013: ''Tafiyar, ko Shekaru Uku a Tekun Sashe na V: Zineb Sedira'', Charles H. Scott Gallery, Vancouver, Kanada &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb SediraThe Voyage, or Three Years at Sea Part V - Announcements - Art &amp; Education |url=https://www.artandeducation.net/announcements/108724/zineb-sedirathe-voyage-or-three-years-at-sea-part-v |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=www.artandeducation.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: Tattara Lines, Art a kan karkashin kasa, London 
* 2018: Of Words and Stones, wanda Marie Muracciole ta tsara a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Beirut, Lebanon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira: Of Words and Stones |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/219173/zineb-sediraof-words-and-stones/ |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Zineb Sedira: Harkokin Jirgin Sama da Ruwa'', Gidan Tarihi na Sharjah, Sharjah, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Binciken baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Yasmeen |date=15 August 2018 |title=Six Shows in Sharjah Challenge Curators to Look Beyond the Usual Suspects |url=http://hyperallergic.com/455541/six-solo-shows-in-sharjah-challenge-curators-to-look-beyond-the-usual-suspects/ |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Hyperallergic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarin abubuwa ==
Ana gudanar da aikin Sedira a cikin tarin jama'a masu zuwa:

* Tarin Majalisar Fasaha, Burtaniya: 1 bugawa (kamar Yuli 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sedira, Zineb |url=https://www.artscouncilcollection.org.uk/explore/artist/sedira-zineb |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=www.artscouncilcollection.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Pompidou, Gidan Tarihi na zamani na zamani, Paris: 7 (kamar Yulin 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira |url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/ressources/personne/cTXey9 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Centre Pompidou}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na kasa na tarihi da al'adun shige da fice / Birnin tarihi na kasa, Paris: shigar da bidiyo 1, &quot;Mother Tongue&quot; (kamar Yuli 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sedira Zineb |url=https://www.histoire-immigration.fr/collections/sedira-zineb |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Musée national de l'histoire de l'immigration}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan Tarihin Sharjah, Sharjah, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira |url=http://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/sedira-zineb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225072349/https://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/sedira-zineb |archive-date=25 December 2022 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=sharjahart.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tate, London: Ayyuka 2 (kamar Yulin 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira born 1963 |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/zineb-sedira-4956 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Tate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mumok, Museumsquartier, Vienna: 1 aiki, &quot;Gidan Uwar (Algeria) &quot; (kamar Yulin 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zineb Sedira |url=https://www.mumok.at/en/zineb-sedira |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225132257/https://www.mumok.at/en/zineb-sedira |archive-date=25 December 2022 |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=www.mumok.at}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Victoria da Albert Museum, Contemporary Wall Paper Collections, London: 1 aiki, &quot;Une Generation des Femmes&quot; (kamar Yuli 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1997 |title=Une Generation des Femmes: Sedira, Zineb |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O88384/une-generation-des-femmes-wallpaper-sedira-zineb/ |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Whitworth Art Gallery, Contemporary Wall Paper Collections, Manchester: 1 aiki, &quot;Une Generation des Femmes&quot; (kamar Yulin 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bodies of Colour: Breaking With Stereotypes in the Wallpaper Collection |url=https://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/upcomingexhibitions/bodiesofcolour/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224162013/https://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/upcomingexhibitions/bodiesofcolour/ |archive-date=24 December 2022 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Whitworth Art Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 1999 Artsadmin Artists Bursary, London &amp; Artists fim da bidiyo asusun kasa, The Arts Council of England
* 2000 Westminster Arts Council, Fim da Bursaries, London
* 2001 Kyautar AfAA, Laureat 2001: IV Taron hotunan Afirka, Bamako 2001, Mali
* 2004 Decibel Award, Arts Council, London
* 2009: Kyautar Sam Art, Paris
* 2021: An lissafa shi, Kyautar Gidauniyar Hotuna ta Deutsche Börse, London don baje kolin ''Tsayawa A nan Wondering Wanne Hanyar'' Za Ta je a Jeu de Paume, Paris a cikin 2019; tare da Poulomi Basu, Alejandro Cartagena da Cao Fei&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2021 |title=The 2021 Deutsche Börse Photography prize sheds light on global issues |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/photography/2021-deutsche-borse-photography-prize-b1867849.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/photography/2021-deutsche-borse-photography-prize-b1867849.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ponsford |first=Matthew |date=25 June 2021 |title=Prestigious photo prize honors docu-fiction on India's hidden war |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/deutsche-borse-photography-prize-2021-finalists/index.html |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Samta Benyahia''' (Arabic: صامته بن يحيى) born in [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]], Algeria, in 1950, is an Algerian French artist, known for her [[Larabawa|Arab]] [[Abzinawa|Berber]] Andalusian geometrical patterns and rosaceae, called ''fatima''.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Benyahia ta yi karatu a École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs, Paris daga 1974 zuwa 1980, sannan ta koyar a École supérieure des Beaux-Arts fr:École des beaux-arts d'Alger a [[Aljir|Algiers]] daga 1980 zuwa 1988.

Ta koma Faransa a shekarar 1988 kuma ta sami Jagora na Nazarin Ci gaba a fannin fasahar filastik daga Jami'ar Paris VIII .

A halin yanzu tana aiki kuma tana zaune a birnin Paris.

Samta is the sister of painter and sculptor Ahmed Benyahia, student of César Baldaccini at l'École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, and later a co-designer of the César Award trophy {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}.

She is the aunt of Algerian infographic artist and cartoonist Racim Benyahia{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}.

== Ayyuka ==
 

In the ''Architecture of the Veil'', Benyahia's work was described as acquiring its theme:&lt;blockquote&gt;daga '''Mashrabiya''', allon budewa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin gine-ginen Musulunci na [[Bahar Rum]] don rufe windows da balconies, yana bawa waɗanda ke ciki - yawanci mata - damar kallon duniya ta waje ba tare da an gan su ba. Shigarwa yana ba da kyakkyawan bincike mai ƙarfi game da [[jinsi]] da kuma dialectic tsakanin ciki da waje, haske da [[inuwa]], ɓoyewa da [[wahayi]], da masu zaman kansu da sararin jama'a. Abin da ke da wuyar bayyanawa a cikin kalmomi, duk da haka, shine yadda kyakkyawa da kuma shiga aikinta. An gayyaci mai kallo don yin shawarwari game da iyakokin da aka yi tunanin su a cikin sararin samaniya na zamani yayin da ta yi amfani da kayayyaki na gargajiya na [[Arewacin Afirka]] kuma ke bincika ra'ayin rashin iyaka. Ta hanyar amfani da maimaitawa, ƙwararrun masu zanen kaya daga [[Yankin Larabawa|Arabiya]] ta zamani da kuma masu zane-zane na zamani kamar Benyahia suna amfani da tsari rikitarwa amma sanannun don ba da ra'ayi na rashin iyaka, wanda galibi ana danganta shi da ra'ayin Musulunci na Allah. Yana da haske kamar yadda ake nuna teku, sashi mai ban sha'awa ne ga &quot;hasarar kansa&quot; a cikin zane-zane gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capturing Paradise, Braintree Town Hall Museum and Art Gallery, Siobhan Suleyman, September 14 to October 31, 2007 |url=http://www.enjoybraintreedistrict.co.uk/Town-Hall-Centre.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709040704/http://www.enjoybraintreedistrict.co.uk/Town-Hall-Centre.aspx |archive-date=9 July 2008 |access-date=1 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Shafin yanar gizon Samta Benyahia
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100707042015/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/incEngine/?content=cm&amp;cm=past_news&amp;article_id=1052158432&amp;art=&amp;did=31 Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fowler a UCLA]
* [http://universes-in-universe.org/eng/nafas/articles/2007/samta_benyahia Nafas Art Magazine]
* [http://www.enjoybraintreedistrict.co.uk/GetFile.aspx?aliaspath=%2FPDFs%2FCapturing-Paradise-catalogue-w Gidan Tarihi na Braintree]{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]
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'''Samta Benyahia''' (Arabic: صامته بن يحيى) born in [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]], Algeria, in 1950, is an Algerian French artist, known for her [[Larabawa|Arab]] [[Abzinawa|Berber]] Andalusian geometrical patterns and rosaceae, called ''fatima''.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Benyahia ta yi karatu a École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs, Paris daga 1974 zuwa 1980, sannan ta koyar a École supérieure des Beaux-Arts fr:École des beaux-arts d'Alger a [[Aljir|Algiers]] daga 1980 zuwa 1988.

Ta koma Faransa a shekarar 1988 kuma ta sami Jagora na Nazarin Ci gaba a fannin fasahar filastik daga Jami'ar Paris VIII .

A halin yanzu tana aiki kuma tana zaune a birnin Paris.

Samta is the sister of painter and sculptor Ahmed Benyahia, student of César Baldaccini at l'École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, and later a co-designer of the César Award trophy {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}.

She is the aunt of Algerian infographic artist and cartoonist Racim Benyahia{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}.

== Ayyuka ==
 

In the ''Architecture of the Veil'', Benyahia's work was described as acquiring its theme:&lt;blockquote&gt;daga '''Mashrabiya''', allon budewa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin gine-ginen Musulunci na [[Bahar Rum]] don rufe windows da balconies, yana bawa waɗanda ke ciki - yawanci mata - damar kallon duniya ta waje ba tare da an gan su ba. Shigarwa yana ba da kyakkyawan bincike mai ƙarfi game da [[jinsi]] da kuma dialectic tsakanin ciki da waje, haske da [[inuwa]], ɓoyewa da [[wahayi]], da masu zaman kansu da sararin jama'a. Abin da ke da wuyar bayyanawa a cikin kalmomi, duk da haka, shine yadda kyakkyawa da kuma shiga aikinta. An gayyaci mai kallo don yin shawarwari game da iyakokin da aka yi tunanin su a cikin sararin samaniya na zamani yayin da ta yi amfani da kayayyaki na gargajiya na [[Arewacin Afirka]] kuma ke bincika ra'ayin rashin iyaka. Ta hanyar amfani da maimaitawa, ƙwararrun masu zanen kaya daga [[Yankin Larabawa|Arabiya]] ta zamani da kuma masu zane-zane na zamani kamar Benyahia suna amfani da tsari rikitarwa amma sanannun don ba da ra'ayi na rashin iyaka, wanda galibi ana danganta shi da ra'ayin Musulunci na Allah. Yana da haske kamar yadda ake nuna teku, sashi mai ban sha'awa ne ga &quot;hasarar kansa&quot; a cikin zane-zane gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capturing Paradise, Braintree Town Hall Museum and Art Gallery, Siobhan Suleyman, September 14 to October 31, 2007 |url=http://www.enjoybraintreedistrict.co.uk/Town-Hall-Centre.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709040704/http://www.enjoybraintreedistrict.co.uk/Town-Hall-Centre.aspx |archive-date=9 July 2008 |access-date=1 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Shafin yanar gizon Samta Benyahia
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100707042015/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/incEngine/?content=cm&amp;cm=past_news&amp;article_id=1052158432&amp;art=&amp;did=31 Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fowler a UCLA]
* [http://universes-in-universe.org/eng/nafas/articles/2007/samta_benyahia Nafas Art Magazine]
* [http://www.enjoybraintreedistrict.co.uk/GetFile.aspx?aliaspath=%2FPDFs%2FCapturing-Paradise-catalogue-w Gidan Tarihi na Braintree]{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322715519|Lydia Ourahmane]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Lydia_Ourahmane.jpg|thumb|Hoton da César Segarra ya yi]]
'''Lydia Ourahmane''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1992) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce da ke zaune a Barcelona, London da Algiers .

Ayyukan Ourahmane suna magance yadda batutuwan zamani; geopolitics, ƙaura da tarihin mulkin mallaka ke yin rajista a jikin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Spacemaking and Soul Delay&quot; - Criticism - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/criticism/432316/spacemaking-and-soul-delay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wilson-Goldie |first=Kaelen |date=31 October 2018 |title=One Take: Lydia Ourahmane's Two Gold Teeth |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/one-take-lydia-ourahmanes-two-gold-teeth |journal=Frieze |issue=199}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Negar Azimi on the art of Lydia Ourahmane |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/202206/negar-azimi-on-the-art-of-lydia-ourahmane-88616}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zane a kan labaran sirri da na rukuni ta haɗa da bidiyo, sauti, wasan kwaikwayo, zane-zane da shigarwa a kan sau da yawa babba ko ma'auni wanda ke da sakamako fiye da ganuwar nune-nunen ta. Ourahmane ya kalubalanci tsarin ma'aikata masu yawa ta hanyar dabaru da hanyoyin bureaucratic.

An haɗa aikinta a cikin 60th Venice Biennale, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maps |first=Arsenale See on Google |date=2024-03-11 |title=Biennale Arte 2024 {{!}} Lydia Ourahmane |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/art/2024/nucleo-contemporaneo/lydia-ourahmane |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=La Biennale di Venezia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 15th Gwangju Biennale , 15th Istanbul Biennial (2017), 34th Bienal na São Paulo (2021), New Museum Triennial da Manifesta 12, Palermo (2018).

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Lydia Ourahmane a Saïda, Aljeriya, a cikin shekara ta 1992. Mahaifiyarta 'yar Malaysia ce ta asalin kasar Sin kuma mahaifinta dan Aljeriya ne. Ta girma ne a cikin wani gari na Kirista &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane: Survival in the afterlife - Archive - de Appel Amsterdam |url=https://www.deappel.nl/en/archive/events/1134-lydia-ourahmane-survival-in-the-afterlife |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=www.deappel.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Arzew, Oran a lokacin yakin basasar Aljeriya (1991-2002).

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 2014, ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Goldsmiths ta London tare da The Third Choir, shigarwar sauti wanda ya ƙunshi ganga mai 20 daga kamfanin mai na Algeria Naftal . Kungiyar ta Uku ta Choir ta zama aikin zane na farko da ya bar iyakokin Aljeriya bisa doka tun bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa a 1962 lokacin da aka kafa doka da ta hana motsi na Art don kare dukiyar al'adun Aljeriya. An yi wa dokar gyare-gyare ta sashi na 75 a cikin Dokar Kudi ta 2014 ta hanyar aiwatar da aikin.

Tate ce ta sayi Kwar ta Uku &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tate |title=‘The Third Choir‘, Lydia Ourahmane, 2014 |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/ourahmane-the-third-choir-t16000 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Tate |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin 2023. Yana tare da 'The Third Choir Archives' fayil na takardu 934 da ke cikin aiwatar da fitar da ganga mai 20 daga Aljeriya zuwa Ingila.

A cikin 2018, ta gabatar da nune-nunen farko na ma'aikata a Chisenhale Gallery . A cikin Absence of our Mothers 2015-18, ya ƙunshi haƙori ɗaya na zinariya, wanda ke zaune a cikin sararin samaniya, da haƙori na zinariya wanda aka dasa a cikin bakin Ourahmane wanda aka yi da sarkar zinariya. An nuna aikin tare da takardun da ke nuni da juriyar kakan Ourahmane ga aikin soja a ƙarƙashin mamayar Faransa ta Aljeriya ta hanyar cire hakoran kansa. Har ila yau, tarihin ya yi nuni da takardun da zuriyarsa ke amfani da su a yanzu don da'awar zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa ta hanyar haƙƙin jini.

An ba ta kyautar Rosa Schapire Art Prize a shekarar 2024 a Hamburger Kunsthalle .

== Barzakh ==
&quot;Barzakh&quot; ita ce nune-nunen farko na Ourahmane a Switzerland, tana gabatar da abin da ta bayyana a matsayin &quot;nune-a-limbo&quot; a Kunsthalle Basel . Taken yana nuni da ra'ayin Larabci na barzakh - sarari mai iyaka tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa.

Tsakanin shi ne ''21 Boulevard Mustapha Benboulaid'' (2021), wanda ya kunshi cikakkun kayan aiki daga gidan Ourahmane a Algiers - Mafi mahimmanci, waɗannan ba kayan ta kawai ba ne: a baya wata mace ce ta zauna a cikin gidan da ta dawo daga Jamus tare da kayan a matsayin yarjejeniyar saki.

Abubuwan sun yi tafiya kusan kilomita 1,500 daga Algiers zuwa Basel, suna haifar da yanayin gida mai ban mamaki inda baƙi za su iya zama, su taɓa, kuma su bincika dukiyar mata biyu waɗanda rayuwarsu ta hanyar ban mamaki.

Wani babban abu ne na zane-zane shine 21 Boulevard Mustapha Benboulaid (ƙofar) , 1901-2021, ƙofar da aka cire daga wannan ɗakin - tare da ƙofofi da yawa, tubali da kulle. Ƙofar katako ta kasance tun daga 1901, lokacin da Faransanci suka gina ginin a lokacin da suka sake fasalin biranen Aljeriya don nuna halaye na &quot;ƙasar&quot; Faransanci. An kara ƙofar ƙarfe ta biyu a lokacin yakin basasa na 90 don tsaro. 21 Boulevard Mustapha Benboulaid (ƙofar), 1901-2021 an nuna shi a 60th Venice Biennale wanda Adriano Pedrosa ya tsara kuma Gidan Tarihi na Stedelikj Amsterdam ya samo shi.

== Kwanaki 108 ==
A cikin 2023 ta kunna MACBA, Barcelona a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban aikin shiga da kuma aiki mai zurfi. Kwanaki 108 sun canza yadda Gidan Tarihi ke aiki, da farko ta hanyar barin sararin samaniya babu komai, kuma ta hanyar fassara kwamishinan Gidan Tarihin don samar da zane ta hanyar gayyatar mahalarta 108. Ayyukan sun haɗa da tattaunawa tsakanin Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Francesca Albanese da masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa Isabel Valli, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Lydia Ourahmane. 108 Days. Invocation {{!}} Activity {{!}} MACBA |url=https://www.macba.cat/en/activities/lydia-ourahmane-108-days-invocation/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=MACBA Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bita na gwagwarmayar yanayi ta Extinction Rebellion da Masana kimiyya Rebellion kuma wasan kwaikwayon da Escuela Camino4 da Mujeres Diaspora.

== Nuni ==
Ourahmane ya sami nune-nunen solo na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da; 108 Days a MACBA, &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; cx-link=&quot;&quot; data-linkid=&quot;65&quot; href=&quot;./Stedelijk_Museum_voor_Actuele_Kunst&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst&quot;&gt;S.M.A.K. typeof=\&quot;mw:Transclusion\&quot; data-mw=\&quot;{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;name&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;templatestyles&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;,&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;attrs&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;src&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;body&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;extsrc&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;parts&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Cite web &amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2024-03-08&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;title&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Lydia Ourahmane: 108 Days {{!}} Exhibition {{!}} MACBA&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;url&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;https://www.macba.cat/en/exhibitions/lydia-ourahmane-108-days/&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;access-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2024-08-07&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;website&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;MACBA Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;language&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;en-US&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]&lt;/nowiki&gt;}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mw_w\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt25\&quot; class=\&quot;citation web cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQA\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.macba.cat/en/exhibitions/lydia-ourahmane-108-days/\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQE\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Lydia Ourahmane: 108 Days | Exhibition | MACBA\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwAQI\&quot;&gt;MACBA Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. 8 March 2024&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQM\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQQ\&quot;&gt;7 August&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 2024&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-8&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Lydia_Ourahmane#cite_note-8 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Barcelona; ''Tassili'', SculptureCenter, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane: Tassili |url=https://www.sculpture-center.org/exhibitions/13458/lydia-ourahmane-tassili |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.sculpture-center.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; NY, Fondation Louis Vuitton, Paris da Mercer Union, Toronto (2022-2023) B7L9, Tunis, rhizome, Algiers (2023); ''Rayuwa a bayan rayuwa'', Portikus, Frankfurt &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#226A Lydia Ourahmane: Survival in the afterlife - Portikus Frankfurt |url=https://www.portikus.de/en/exhibitions/226a_survival_in_the_afterlife |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.portikus.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; da De Appel, Amsterdam (2021); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane Survival in the afterlife - Events - de Appel Amsterdam |url=https://www.deappel.nl/en/events/2237-lydia-ourahmane-survival-in-the-afterlife |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.deappel.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Barzakh'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Durand |first=Oriane |date=30 June 2021 |title=Lydia Ourahmane Invites Us into Her Apartment |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/lydia-ourahmane-triangle-asterides-2021-review |journal=Frieze |issue=221}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2021 |title=A Story of Displacement &amp;#124; NERO |url=https://www.neroeditions.com/a-story-of-displacement/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title=Lydia Ourahmane – Art Taaalkssss |url=https://vimeo.com/527204516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kunsthalle Basel, Triangle - Astérides, Marseille, S.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane Barzakh |url=https://smak.be/en/exhibitions/lydia-ourahmane-barzakh |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=SMAK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghent (2021-2022); صرخة شمسیة Solar Cry, Cibiyar Wattis don Fasaha ta zamani, San Francisco (2020); da ''Kai a cikinmu'', Chisenhale Gallery, London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane's &quot;صرخة شمسية Solar Cry&quot; - Criticism - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/criticism/325169/lydia-ourahmane-s-solar-cry}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 February 2018 |title=Lydia Ourahmane on War, Trauma and Love |url=https://elephant.art/lydia-ourahmane-on-war-violence-and-collective-trauma/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2018 |title=Lydia Ourahmane on why she made a work about her grandfather pulling all his teeth |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2018/02/01/lydia-ourahmane-on-why-she-made-a-work-about-her-grandfather-pulling-all-his-teeth-out}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The you in us |url=https://chisenhale.org.uk/project/lydia-ourahmane/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Chisenhale Gallery |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2018 |title=Lydia Ourahmane on why she made a work about her grandfather pulling all his teeth |url=http://theartnewspaper.com/preview/lydia-ourahmane-sound-system |access-date=2019-05-30 |website=theartnewspaper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane by Ben Blackmore |url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/lydia-ourahmane/ |access-date=2019-05-30 |website=bombmagazine.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;  (2018), da sauransu.

A cikin 2018 Ourahmane ya gabatar da Music for Two Seas wani aikin sauti na karkashin ruwa a bakin tekun Stromboli tare da abokin aiki Nicolas Jaar . Tare da abokin aiki Alex Ayed, ta gabatar da Dokokin rikicewa a Renaissance Society, Chicago (2021) kuma an haɗa ta a cikin Risquons-Tout, WIELS Contemporary Art Center, Brussels (2020). A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2022 ta gabatar da ''haɗin kai'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=Pause: Lydia Ourahmane |url=https://www.kw-berlin.de/en/pause-lydia-ourahmane/}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani wasan kwaikwayo na sa'o'i 24 na bugun zuciya a [[Cibiyar KW don Fasaha ta zamani]], Berlin tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane Daniel Blumberg . an nuna ''haɗin kai'' a bikin Venice Biennale na 60 a 2024.

== Sauran ayyukan ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>/* Nuni */</comment>
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[[Fayil:Lydia_Ourahmane.jpg|thumb|Hoton da César Segarra ya yi]]
'''Lydia Ourahmane''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1992) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce da ke zaune a Barcelona, London da Algiers .

Ayyukan Ourahmane suna magance yadda batutuwan zamani; geopolitics, ƙaura da tarihin mulkin mallaka ke yin rajista a jikin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Spacemaking and Soul Delay&quot; - Criticism - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/criticism/432316/spacemaking-and-soul-delay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wilson-Goldie |first=Kaelen |date=31 October 2018 |title=One Take: Lydia Ourahmane's Two Gold Teeth |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/one-take-lydia-ourahmanes-two-gold-teeth |journal=Frieze |issue=199}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Negar Azimi on the art of Lydia Ourahmane |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/202206/negar-azimi-on-the-art-of-lydia-ourahmane-88616}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zane a kan labaran sirri da na rukuni ta haɗa da bidiyo, sauti, wasan kwaikwayo, zane-zane da shigarwa a kan sau da yawa babba ko ma'auni wanda ke da sakamako fiye da ganuwar nune-nunen ta. Ourahmane ya kalubalanci tsarin ma'aikata masu yawa ta hanyar dabaru da hanyoyin bureaucratic.

An haɗa aikinta a cikin 60th Venice Biennale, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maps |first=Arsenale See on Google |date=2024-03-11 |title=Biennale Arte 2024 {{!}} Lydia Ourahmane |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/art/2024/nucleo-contemporaneo/lydia-ourahmane |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=La Biennale di Venezia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 15th Gwangju Biennale , 15th Istanbul Biennial (2017), 34th Bienal na São Paulo (2021), New Museum Triennial da Manifesta 12, Palermo (2018).

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Lydia Ourahmane a Saïda, Aljeriya, a cikin shekara ta 1992. Mahaifiyarta 'yar Malaysia ce ta asalin kasar Sin kuma mahaifinta dan Aljeriya ne. Ta girma ne a cikin wani gari na Kirista &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane: Survival in the afterlife - Archive - de Appel Amsterdam |url=https://www.deappel.nl/en/archive/events/1134-lydia-ourahmane-survival-in-the-afterlife |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=www.deappel.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Arzew, Oran a lokacin yakin basasar Aljeriya (1991-2002).

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 2014, ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Goldsmiths ta London tare da The Third Choir, shigarwar sauti wanda ya ƙunshi ganga mai 20 daga kamfanin mai na Algeria Naftal . Kungiyar ta Uku ta Choir ta zama aikin zane na farko da ya bar iyakokin Aljeriya bisa doka tun bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa a 1962 lokacin da aka kafa doka da ta hana motsi na Art don kare dukiyar al'adun Aljeriya. An yi wa dokar gyare-gyare ta sashi na 75 a cikin Dokar Kudi ta 2014 ta hanyar aiwatar da aikin.

Tate ce ta sayi Kwar ta Uku &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tate |title=‘The Third Choir‘, Lydia Ourahmane, 2014 |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/ourahmane-the-third-choir-t16000 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Tate |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin 2023. Yana tare da 'The Third Choir Archives' fayil na takardu 934 da ke cikin aiwatar da fitar da ganga mai 20 daga Aljeriya zuwa Ingila.

A cikin 2018, ta gabatar da nune-nunen farko na ma'aikata a Chisenhale Gallery . A cikin Absence of our Mothers 2015-18, ya ƙunshi haƙori ɗaya na zinariya, wanda ke zaune a cikin sararin samaniya, da haƙori na zinariya wanda aka dasa a cikin bakin Ourahmane wanda aka yi da sarkar zinariya. An nuna aikin tare da takardun da ke nuni da juriyar kakan Ourahmane ga aikin soja a ƙarƙashin mamayar Faransa ta Aljeriya ta hanyar cire hakoran kansa. Har ila yau, tarihin ya yi nuni da takardun da zuriyarsa ke amfani da su a yanzu don da'awar zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa ta hanyar haƙƙin jini.

An ba ta kyautar Rosa Schapire Art Prize a shekarar 2024 a Hamburger Kunsthalle .

== Barzakh ==
&quot;Barzakh&quot; ita ce nune-nunen farko na Ourahmane a Switzerland, tana gabatar da abin da ta bayyana a matsayin &quot;nune-a-limbo&quot; a Kunsthalle Basel . Taken yana nuni da ra'ayin Larabci na barzakh - sarari mai iyaka tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa.

Tsakanin shi ne ''21 Boulevard Mustapha Benboulaid'' (2021), wanda ya kunshi cikakkun kayan aiki daga gidan Ourahmane a Algiers - Mafi mahimmanci, waɗannan ba kayan ta kawai ba ne: a baya wata mace ce ta zauna a cikin gidan da ta dawo daga Jamus tare da kayan a matsayin yarjejeniyar saki.

Abubuwan sun yi tafiya kusan kilomita 1,500 daga Algiers zuwa Basel, suna haifar da yanayin gida mai ban mamaki inda baƙi za su iya zama, su taɓa, kuma su bincika dukiyar mata biyu waɗanda rayuwarsu ta hanyar ban mamaki.

Wani babban abu ne na zane-zane shine 21 Boulevard Mustapha Benboulaid (ƙofar) , 1901-2021, ƙofar da aka cire daga wannan ɗakin - tare da ƙofofi da yawa, tubali da kulle. Ƙofar katako ta kasance tun daga 1901, lokacin da Faransanci suka gina ginin a lokacin da suka sake fasalin biranen Aljeriya don nuna halaye na &quot;ƙasar&quot; Faransanci. An kara ƙofar ƙarfe ta biyu a lokacin yakin basasa na 90 don tsaro. 21 Boulevard Mustapha Benboulaid (ƙofar), 1901-2021 an nuna shi a 60th Venice Biennale wanda Adriano Pedrosa ya tsara kuma Gidan Tarihi na Stedelikj Amsterdam ya samo shi.

== Kwanaki 108 ==
A cikin 2023 ta kunna MACBA, Barcelona a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban aikin shiga da kuma aiki mai zurfi. Kwanaki 108 sun canza yadda Gidan Tarihi ke aiki, da farko ta hanyar barin sararin samaniya babu komai, kuma ta hanyar fassara kwamishinan Gidan Tarihin don samar da zane ta hanyar gayyatar mahalarta 108. Ayyukan sun haɗa da tattaunawa tsakanin Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Francesca Albanese da masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa Isabel Valli, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Lydia Ourahmane. 108 Days. Invocation {{!}} Activity {{!}} MACBA |url=https://www.macba.cat/en/activities/lydia-ourahmane-108-days-invocation/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=MACBA Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bita na gwagwarmayar yanayi ta Extinction Rebellion da Masana kimiyya Rebellion kuma wasan kwaikwayon da Escuela Camino4 da Mujeres Diaspora.

== Nuni ==
Ourahmane ya sami nune-nunen solo na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da; 108 Days a MACBA, Barcelona; ''Tassili'', SculptureCenter, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane: Tassili |url=https://www.sculpture-center.org/exhibitions/13458/lydia-ourahmane-tassili |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.sculpture-center.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; NY, Fondation Louis Vuitton, Paris da Mercer Union, Toronto (2022-2023) B7L9, Tunis, rhizome, Algiers (2023); ''Rayuwa a bayan rayuwa'', Portikus, Frankfurt &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#226A Lydia Ourahmane: Survival in the afterlife - Portikus Frankfurt |url=https://www.portikus.de/en/exhibitions/226a_survival_in_the_afterlife |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.portikus.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; da De Appel, Amsterdam (2021); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane Survival in the afterlife - Events - de Appel Amsterdam |url=https://www.deappel.nl/en/events/2237-lydia-ourahmane-survival-in-the-afterlife |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.deappel.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Barzakh'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Durand |first=Oriane |date=30 June 2021 |title=Lydia Ourahmane Invites Us into Her Apartment |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/lydia-ourahmane-triangle-asterides-2021-review |journal=Frieze |issue=221}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2021 |title=A Story of Displacement &amp;#124; NERO |url=https://www.neroeditions.com/a-story-of-displacement/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title=Lydia Ourahmane – Art Taaalkssss |url=https://vimeo.com/527204516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kunsthalle Basel, Triangle - Astérides, Marseille, S.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane Barzakh |url=https://smak.be/en/exhibitions/lydia-ourahmane-barzakh |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=SMAK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghent (2021-2022); صرخة شمسیة Solar Cry, Cibiyar Wattis don Fasaha ta zamani, San Francisco (2020); da ''Kai a cikinmu'', Chisenhale Gallery, London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane's &quot;صرخة شمسية Solar Cry&quot; - Criticism - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/criticism/325169/lydia-ourahmane-s-solar-cry}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 February 2018 |title=Lydia Ourahmane on War, Trauma and Love |url=https://elephant.art/lydia-ourahmane-on-war-violence-and-collective-trauma/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2018 |title=Lydia Ourahmane on why she made a work about her grandfather pulling all his teeth |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2018/02/01/lydia-ourahmane-on-why-she-made-a-work-about-her-grandfather-pulling-all-his-teeth-out}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The you in us |url=https://chisenhale.org.uk/project/lydia-ourahmane/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Chisenhale Gallery |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2018 |title=Lydia Ourahmane on why she made a work about her grandfather pulling all his teeth |url=http://theartnewspaper.com/preview/lydia-ourahmane-sound-system |access-date=2019-05-30 |website=theartnewspaper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lydia Ourahmane by Ben Blackmore |url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/lydia-ourahmane/ |access-date=2019-05-30 |website=bombmagazine.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;  (2018), da sauransu.

A cikin 2018 Ourahmane ya gabatar da Music for Two Seas wani aikin sauti na karkashin ruwa a bakin tekun Stromboli tare da abokin aiki Nicolas Jaar . Tare da abokin aiki Alex Ayed, ta gabatar da Dokokin rikicewa a Renaissance Society, Chicago (2021) kuma an haɗa ta a cikin Risquons-Tout, WIELS Contemporary Art Center, Brussels (2020). A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2022 ta gabatar da ''haɗin kai'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=Pause: Lydia Ourahmane |url=https://www.kw-berlin.de/en/pause-lydia-ourahmane/}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani wasan kwaikwayo na sa'o'i 24 na bugun zuciya a [[Cibiyar KW don Fasaha ta zamani]], Berlin tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane Daniel Blumberg . an nuna ''haɗin kai'' a bikin Venice Biennale na 60 a 2024.

== Sauran ayyukan ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ibymxc8dg1pcqgpex6gnpaqaa9mlc8q</sha1>
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    <title>Houria Niati</title>
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        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343609215|Houria Niati]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5242" sha1="spx0caxf24svk8nsuszvxvndzqyyyh5" xml:space="preserve">
'''Houria Niati''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta zamani ta Aljeriya da ke zaune a Landan . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=D. Fairchild Ruggles}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niati ta ƙware a cikin shigarwar kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda ke sukar wakilcin Yamma da kuma nuna mata na arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=De Weever |first=Jacqueline |date=Spring 2004 |title=Review: Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies by D. FAIRCHILD RUGGLES |journal=Arthuriana |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=114–116 |doi=10.1353/art.2004.0029 |jstor=27870591 |s2cid=201754269}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta musamman suna da wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa mafi yawan kiɗa na gargajiya na Aljeriya kamar Raï, a matsayin mahimmin wakilci na gani na ƙasar Niati da al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt; Salah M. Hassan ya ci gaba da ba da cikakken bayani game da wasan kwaikwayonta, &quot;Ta yi amfani da synthesizers, rikodin sauti, da tasirin haske na musamman don ƙirƙirar yanayin wasan kwaikwayo da yanayin sihiri mai ƙarfi na sauti, motsi na jiki, da launi. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt; Shirye-shiryen da nune-nunen sun haɗu tare da zane-zane, zane-zane.

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
Niati ta girma ne a Aljeriya da ke zaune a Faransa, inda aka kashe 'yan Aljeriya sama da miliyan daya saboda tsayayya da mamayewa. Lokacin da Niati ke da shekaru goma sha biyu, ta nuna adawa da mulkin mallaka na Faransa tare da rubutun adawa da mallaka, wanda ya sa ta a kurkuku. Kwarewar Niati tare da mamayar Faransa da juyin juya halin mutanenta ya rinjayi fasaharta sosai daga baya a rayuwa.

Niati ta koma London a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, inda ta lura da fasahar Yammacin da ke nuna mutanen Aljeriya, musamman mata, a cikin hanyar da ba a sani ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=D. Fairchild Ruggles}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFairchild_Ruggles2006&quot;&gt;[[D. Fairchild Ruggles|Fairchild Ruggles, D.]] (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=akbOBsRw_nsC ''Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies'']. Albany: SUNY Press. p.&amp;nbsp;243. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0791493075|&lt;bdi&gt;0791493075&lt;/bdi&gt;]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya rinjayi nata nuni na al'adu, al'ummai, da mutane bayan mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Fasaha ta Camden da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Croydon,  kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da samun MA a Fine Arts a Jami'ar Middlesex. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Salah M. |date=26 January 2013 |title=The Installations of Houria Niati |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nka/summary/v003/3.hassan.html |journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=50–55 |access-date=7 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Houria Niati - MA Fine Arts |url=http://hourianiati.com/introduction.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506165204/http://hourianiati.com/introduction.php |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=4 March 2020 |website=hourianiati.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen ==

* 1983: ''Five Black Women'', [[Cibiyar Afirka, London|Africa Centre, London]]
* 1984: ''Into the Open: New Painting, Prints and Sculpture by Contemporary Black Artists,'' Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield
* 1986: ''From Two Worlds,'' Whitechapel Gallery, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1988: ''An Exhibition of Pastels &amp; Paintings by Houria Niati,'' Africa Centre, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1990: ''No to the Torture,'' first displayed at the Cartwright Hall Museum in Bradford, England, in 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=D. Fairchild Ruggles}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFairchild_Ruggles2006&quot;&gt;[[D. Fairchild Ruggles|Fairchild Ruggles, D.]] (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=akbOBsRw_nsC ''Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies'']. Albany: SUNY Press. p.&amp;nbsp;243. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0791493075|&lt;bdi&gt;0791493075&lt;/bdi&gt;]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1991: ''Four x 4,'' Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1991: ''Bringing Water from the Fountain,'' first displayed at the Harris Museum in Preston, England, 1991&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* 2013: ''Houria Niati: Identity Search'', Conway Hall, London, UK&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Highet |first=Juliet |date=16 September 2013 |title=Houria Niati: Identity Search |url=http://www.aawsat.net/2013/09/article55316808/houria-niati-identity-search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145528/http://www.aawsat.net/2013/09/article55316808/houria-niati-identity-search |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=Asharq Al Awsat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;Jiki daban-daban na Kwarewa&quot;. A cikin Lloyd, Fran (ed). [http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/hol051/00304191.html ''Fasahar Mata ta Larabawa ta zamani: Tattaunawa na Yanzu'']. WAL Women's Art Library.  .{{ISBN|9781902770000}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]</text>
      <sha1>spx0caxf24svk8nsuszvxvndzqyyyh5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816081</id>
      <parentid>816080</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T18:30:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816081</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5253" sha1="14wpasjhjeh79jyar9cpk7zoyclbjw0" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Houria Niati''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta zamani ta Aljeriya da ke zaune a Landan . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=D. Fairchild Ruggles}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niati ta ƙware a cikin shigarwar kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda ke sukar wakilcin Yamma da kuma nuna mata na arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=De Weever |first=Jacqueline |date=Spring 2004 |title=Review: Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies by D. FAIRCHILD RUGGLES |journal=Arthuriana |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=114–116 |doi=10.1353/art.2004.0029 |jstor=27870591 |s2cid=201754269}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta musamman suna da wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa mafi yawan kiɗa na gargajiya na Aljeriya kamar Raï, a matsayin mahimmin wakilci na gani na ƙasar Niati da al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt; Salah M. Hassan ya ci gaba da ba da cikakken bayani game da wasan kwaikwayonta, &quot;Ta yi amfani da synthesizers, rikodin sauti, da tasirin haske na musamman don ƙirƙirar yanayin wasan kwaikwayo da yanayin sihiri mai ƙarfi na sauti, motsi na jiki, da launi. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt; Shirye-shiryen da nune-nunen sun haɗu tare da zane-zane, zane-zane.

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
Niati ta girma ne a Aljeriya da ke zaune a Faransa, inda aka kashe 'yan Aljeriya sama da miliyan daya saboda tsayayya da mamayewa. Lokacin da Niati ke da shekaru goma sha biyu, ta nuna adawa da mulkin mallaka na Faransa tare da rubutun adawa da mallaka, wanda ya sa ta a kurkuku. Kwarewar Niati tare da mamayar Faransa da juyin juya halin mutanenta ya rinjayi fasaharta sosai daga baya a rayuwa.

Niati ta koma London a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, inda ta lura da fasahar Yammacin da ke nuna mutanen Aljeriya, musamman mata, a cikin hanyar da ba a sani ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=D. Fairchild Ruggles}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFairchild_Ruggles2006&quot;&gt;[[D. Fairchild Ruggles|Fairchild Ruggles, D.]] (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=akbOBsRw_nsC ''Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies'']. Albany: SUNY Press. p.&amp;nbsp;243. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0791493075|&lt;bdi&gt;0791493075&lt;/bdi&gt;]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya rinjayi nata nuni na al'adu, al'ummai, da mutane bayan mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Fasaha ta Camden da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Croydon,  kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da samun MA a Fine Arts a Jami'ar Middlesex. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Salah M. |date=26 January 2013 |title=The Installations of Houria Niati |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nka/summary/v003/3.hassan.html |journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=50–55 |access-date=7 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Houria Niati - MA Fine Arts |url=http://hourianiati.com/introduction.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506165204/http://hourianiati.com/introduction.php |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=4 March 2020 |website=hourianiati.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen ==

* 1983: ''Five Black Women'', [[Cibiyar Afirka, London|Africa Centre, London]]
* 1984: ''Into the Open: New Painting, Prints and Sculpture by Contemporary Black Artists,'' Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield
* 1986: ''From Two Worlds,'' Whitechapel Gallery, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1988: ''An Exhibition of Pastels &amp; Paintings by Houria Niati,'' Africa Centre, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1990: ''No to the Torture,'' first displayed at the Cartwright Hall Museum in Bradford, England, in 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=D. Fairchild Ruggles}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFairchild_Ruggles2006&quot;&gt;[[D. Fairchild Ruggles|Fairchild Ruggles, D.]] (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=akbOBsRw_nsC ''Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies'']. Albany: SUNY Press. p.&amp;nbsp;243. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0791493075|&lt;bdi&gt;0791493075&lt;/bdi&gt;]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1991: ''Four x 4,'' Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1991: ''Bringing Water from the Fountain,'' first displayed at the Harris Museum in Preston, England, 1991&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* 2013: ''Houria Niati: Identity Search'', Conway Hall, London, UK&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Highet |first=Juliet |date=16 September 2013 |title=Houria Niati: Identity Search |url=http://www.aawsat.net/2013/09/article55316808/houria-niati-identity-search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145528/http://www.aawsat.net/2013/09/article55316808/houria-niati-identity-search |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=Asharq Al Awsat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;Jiki daban-daban na Kwarewa&quot;. A cikin Lloyd, Fran (ed). [http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/hol051/00304191.html ''Fasahar Mata ta Larabawa ta zamani: Tattaunawa na Yanzu'']. WAL Women's Art Library.  .{{ISBN|9781902770000}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]</text>
      <sha1>14wpasjhjeh79jyar9cpk7zoyclbjw0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816082</id>
      <parentid>816081</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T18:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816082</origin>
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      <text bytes="5255" sha1="rytjbhz9xaecqozfs2fgrmkkar63tfs" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Houria Niati''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta zamani ta Aljeriya da ke zaune a Landan . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Ruggles&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=D. Fairchild Ruggles}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niati ta ƙware a cikin shigarwar kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda ke sukar wakilcin Yamma da kuma nuna mata na arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Review&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=De Weever |first=Jacqueline |date=Spring 2004 |title=Review: Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies by D. FAIRCHILD RUGGLES |journal=Arthuriana |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=114–116 |doi=10.1353/art.2004.0029 |jstor=27870591 |s2cid=201754269}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta musamman suna da wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa mafi yawan kiɗa na gargajiya na Aljeriya kamar Raï, a matsayin mahimmin wakilci na gani na ƙasar Niati da al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt; Salah M. Hassan ya ci gaba da ba da cikakken bayani game da wasan kwaikwayonta, &quot;Ta yi amfani da synthesizers, rikodin sauti, da tasirin haske na musamman don ƙirƙirar yanayin wasan kwaikwayo da yanayin sihiri mai ƙarfi na sauti, motsi na jiki, da launi. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt; Shirye-shiryen da nune-nunen sun haɗu tare da zane-zane, zane-zane.

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
Niati ta girma ne a Aljeriya da ke zaune a Faransa, inda aka kashe 'yan Aljeriya sama da miliyan daya saboda tsayayya da mamayewa. Lokacin da Niati ke da shekaru goma sha biyu, ta nuna adawa da mulkin mallaka na Faransa tare da rubutun adawa da mallaka, wanda ya sa ta a kurkuku. Kwarewar Niati tare da mamayar Faransa da juyin juya halin mutanenta ya rinjayi fasaharta sosai daga baya a rayuwa.

Niati ta koma London a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, inda ta lura da fasahar Yammacin da ke nuna mutanen Aljeriya, musamman mata, a cikin hanyar da ba a sani ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=D. Fairchild Ruggles}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFairchild_Ruggles2006&quot;&gt;[[D. Fairchild Ruggles|Fairchild Ruggles, D.]] (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=akbOBsRw_nsC ''Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies'']. Albany: SUNY Press. p.&amp;nbsp;243. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0791493075|&lt;bdi&gt;0791493075&lt;/bdi&gt;]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya rinjayi nata nuni na al'adu, al'ummai, da mutane bayan mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Fasaha ta Camden da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Croydon,  kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da samun MA a Fine Arts a Jami'ar Middlesex. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Salah M. |date=26 January 2013 |title=The Installations of Houria Niati |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nka/summary/v003/3.hassan.html |journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=50–55 |access-date=7 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Houria Niati - MA Fine Arts |url=http://hourianiati.com/introduction.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506165204/http://hourianiati.com/introduction.php |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=4 March 2020 |website=hourianiati.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen ==

* 1983: ''Five Black Women'', [[Cibiyar Afirka, London|Africa Centre, London]]
* 1984: ''Into the Open: New Painting, Prints and Sculpture by Contemporary Black Artists,'' Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield
* 1986: ''From Two Worlds,'' Whitechapel Gallery, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1988: ''An Exhibition of Pastels &amp; Paintings by Houria Niati,'' Africa Centre, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1990: ''No to the Torture,'' first displayed at the Cartwright Hall Museum in Bradford, England, in 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=D. Fairchild Ruggles}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFairchild_Ruggles2006&quot;&gt;[[D. Fairchild Ruggles|Fairchild Ruggles, D.]] (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=akbOBsRw_nsC ''Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies'']. Albany: SUNY Press. p.&amp;nbsp;243. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0791493075|&lt;bdi&gt;0791493075&lt;/bdi&gt;]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1991: ''Four x 4,'' Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1991: ''Bringing Water from the Fountain,'' first displayed at the Harris Museum in Preston, England, 1991&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruggles&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* 2013: ''Houria Niati: Identity Search'', Conway Hall, London, UK&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Highet |first=Juliet |date=16 September 2013 |title=Houria Niati: Identity Search |url=http://www.aawsat.net/2013/09/article55316808/houria-niati-identity-search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145528/http://www.aawsat.net/2013/09/article55316808/houria-niati-identity-search |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=Asharq Al Awsat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;Jiki daban-daban na Kwarewa&quot;. A cikin Lloyd, Fran (ed). [http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/hol051/00304191.html ''Fasahar Mata ta Larabawa ta zamani: Tattaunawa na Yanzu'']. WAL Women's Art Library.  .{{ISBN|9781902770000}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]</text>
      <sha1>rytjbhz9xaecqozfs2fgrmkkar63tfs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zahia Dehar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816086</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T18:38:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343555488|Zahia Dehar]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Zahia Dehar''' (Arabic: زاهية ديهار, an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Aljeriya-Faransa, 'yar wasan motsa jiki, mai tsara kayan ado da kayan kwalliya, kuma wanda ya tsira daga fataucin yara.

Dehar an fi saninta da kasancewa cikin wani abin kunya na jima'i wanda ya shafi 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin da ake fataucin ta don raka kwastomomi a matsayin ƙarami.&lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dancourt |first=Anne-Charlotte |date=21 November 2017 |title=Zahia explique pourquoi elle a commencé à se prostituer à 16 ans |trans-title=Zahia explains why she started prostitution at 16 |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/laparisienne/people/zahia-explique-pourquoi-elle-a-commence-a-se-prostituer-a-16-ans-21-11-2017-7405950.php |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=leparisien.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Zahia Dehar a Ghriss, Aljeriya, a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1992 &lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenhamou2013&quot;&gt;Benhamou, Rebecca (5 March 2013). [https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu &quot;France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast&quot;]. Thedailybeast.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 March&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ga Hacène, direban motar mai, da Yamina, mai gida.  Ta koma Champigny-sur-Marne, Faransa tare da mahaifiyarta da ƙaramin ɗan'uwanta yana da shekaru 10. Ta shiga [[Griss|Girin]] jima'i tana da shekaru goma sha shida, &lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot; /&gt; kuma ta yi nasara a cikin aikin jima'in mai zurfi, tana samun har zuwa € 20,000 a kowane wata a farashin € 1,000 ko € 2,000 a lokaci. 

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, mahaifinta, Hacène Dehar, har yanzu yana zaune a Aljeriya. Ya ki amincewa da duk wani irin hulɗa da 'yarsa tun lokacin da zargin aikin jima'i ya bayyana.

== Labarin jima'i ==
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an zargi Karim Benzema da biyan yarinya Zahia Dehar € 500 don ayyukan jima'i a otal din Paris. Benzema yana da shekaru 20. Ya musanta zargin kuma ya musanta cewa bai taba saduwa da Zahia Dehar ba. Daga baya aka wanke shi, kuma lauyansa, Sylvain Cormier, ya bayyana cewa shari'ar ba ta shafi aikin kwallon kafa na sana'a ba.

Franck Ribéry ya yarda da yin jima'i da Zahia Dehar amma ya musanta biyan ta € 700. Ya kuma bayyana cewa bai san shekarunta a lokacin ba. [[Shekarar yarda|shekarun yarda]] a Faransa ita ce 16, amma karuwanci ya kasance doka a lokacin kawai idan karuwanci ta wuce shekaru 18.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Top French footballer linked to under-age prostitution probe &amp;#124; Football - News &amp;#124; NDTVSports.com |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/203500-top-french-footballer-linked-to-under-age-prostitution-probe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610175547/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/203500-top-french-footballer-linked-to-under-age-prostitution-probe |archive-date=10 June 2014 |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Sports.ndtv.com |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shari'ar ta fara fitowa a lokacin binciken da Brigade de répression du proxénétisme ya yi game da ayyukan ''Abusofiane Moustaid'', wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Abou Sofiane&quot;, tsohon mai hamayya a kan Nouvelle Star wanda ya zama mai karɓar bakuncin shahararren wasan kwaikwayo a tashar TNT. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saulnier |first=Julie |date=20 January 2014 |title=Procès Zahia: Abou, l'homme assoiffé de notoriété derrière le scandale |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/justice/proces-zahia-abou-l-homme-assoiffe-de-notoriete-derriere-le-scandale_1314932.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomi suna da sha'awar ''Zaman Cafe'', wani mashaya na Paris, wanda wani ɓangare na jujjuyawar ya fito ne daga karuwanci. Bayan rufewar gudanarwa na kafa, jami'an 'yan sanda sun tambayi karuwai da ke aiki a can. Sun gano cewa daya daga cikinsu, Zahia Dehar, ta fara aiki a can yayin da take ƙarama, kuma ta yi wa 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da yawa hidima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaman Café&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2013 |title=L'enquête démarre au Zaman Café |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/actu/l-enquete-demarre-au-zaman-cafe-18-06-2013-2906105.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[Le Parisien]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarinyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta sadu da Karim Benzema a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 a gefen bikin kwallon kafa na Trophées UNFP, kuma ta sadu da Franck Ribéry a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2009, a wani otal a [[München|Munich]] inda aka tura ita da wani mai tsaron gida don shiga cikin dan wasan, a matsayin &quot;kyautar haihuwa&quot; ga na ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaman Café&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paris Match&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bloudy |first=Michèle |date=3 May 2010 |title=Exclusif Zahia. L'interview Integrale |url=http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Exclusif-Zahia.-L-interview-integrale-182834/&amp;title=Exclusif%20Zahia.%20L%E2%80%99interview%20int%C3%A9grale |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20100505000000/http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Exclusif-Zahia.-L-interview-integrale-182834/ |archive-date=5 May 2010 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Paris Match |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi hira da Zahia Dehar sau uku a watan Afrilun 2010.

Binciken ya zama na jama'a a shekara ta 2010, kafin tawagar Faransa ta shiga gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2010. Kocin tawagar Faransa ta yanzu Raymond Domenech ya ambaci gwagwarmayar Benzema don tsari tare da sabon kulob dinsa na Real Madrid maimakon zarginsa da hannu a cikin abin kunya na jima'i a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya cire dan wasan gaba daga tawagar.

A watan Yulin 2010, an gurfanar da Ribéry da Benzema da laifin &quot;roƙon karuwanci&quot;,  wani laifi da za a hukunta a Faransa har zuwa shekaru uku a kurkuku da tarar Yuro 45,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 225-12-&amp; du Code pénal |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006417879&amp;idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006165396&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&amp;dateTexte=vig |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=www.legifrance.gouv.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani memba na tawagar, Sidney Govou, an kuma yi masa tambayoyi; duk da haka, ya guje wa gurfanar da shi yayin da binciken ya nuna cewa ganawarsa da Zahia ya faru ne bayan ta kai shekarun balaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quintin |first=Emmanuel |date=20 July 2010 |title=Ribéry et Benzema mis en examen - Equipe de France - Football |url=https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/equipe-de-france/actualites/ribery-et-benzema-mis-en-examen-400165 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Sport24 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsayar da Dehar ya fara ne daga wannan shari'ar. Da sauri, kafofin watsa labarai sun bayyana fuskarta, kuma hotuna da yawa na ta sun bazu a yanar gizo, suna mai da budurwa ainihin &quot;abin mamaki na Intanet&quot;. Le Monde da farko ta bayyana sunanta, kawai tana kiranta &quot;Zahia D.&quot; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, ta yi hira da Paris Match, wanda ya bayyana cikakken sunanta. Ta ba da labarin shari'ar kuma ta bayyana, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, &quot;Ina ɗaukar kaina a matsayin mai kula, amma ba karuwa ba&quot; (ba da sabis na tallafi ba tare da yin jima'i da abokin ciniki ba), kuma ta musanta samun karuwanci ko kasancewa cikin cibiyar sadarwa.

Shari'ar ta ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 2010. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, mai gabatar da kara na Paris ya nemi a sallame Ribéry da Benzema; &lt;ref name=&quot;france24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2011 |title=French prosecutors accept that Ribery did not know prostitute was a minor |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20111119-football-ribery-prostitute-minor-case-benzema-france-paris-justice |website=[[France 24]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, alƙali mai bincike ya mayar da mutane tara zuwa kotun aikata laifuka, gami da Benzem da Ribéry don &quot;roƙon ƙaramar karuwa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2011 |title=Affaire Zahia: Un non lieu requis pour Ribéry et Benzema |url=http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Affaire-Zahia-Un-non-lieu-requis-pour-Ribery-et-Benzema-355055/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123095826/http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Affaire-Zahia-Un-non-lieu-requis-pour-Ribery-et-Benzema-355055/ |archive-date=23 November 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=ParisMatch.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, kotun aikata laifuka ta Paris ta wanke Benzema da Ribéry, kotun ta ce ba su san cewa Zahia ba ta kai shekaru ba. Sauran mutane biyar da ake zargi, ciki har da Abou Sofiane, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin &quot;mai yin wasa&quot; tsakanin budurwa da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an sayen su da laifin sayarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 January 2014 |title=VIDEOS. Procès Zahia : Ribéry et Benzema peuvent &quot;enfin passer à autre chose&quot; |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/videos-proces-zahia-franck-ribery-et-karim-benzema-relaxes-30-01-2014-3543369.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Le Parisien |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abou Sofiane ya daukaka kara kuma ya buga wani littafi inda ya yi ikirarin rashin laifi kuma ya zargi Dehar da amfani da littafin adireshinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Catroux |first=Sebastien |date=13 May 2015 |title=Zahia: un livre dénombre ses conquêtes - Gala |url=https://www.gala.fr/l_actu/news_de_stars/zahia_un_livre_denombre_ses_conquetes_341487 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2015, Kotun daukaka kara ta tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke masa kuma ya sami hukunci mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2015 |title=Affaire Zahia: Abou Sofiane condamné à de la prison ferme - Gala |url=https://www.gala.fr/l_actu/news_de_stars/affaire_zahia_abou_sofiane_condamne_a_de_la_prison_ferme_344014 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasancewar Dehar a cikin ''abin kunya'' da sauran ayyukan, kamar sanya hotuna marasa hankali a kan [[Twitter]], sun ba ta laƙabi la scandaleuse (&quot;wanda yaudara&quot;) a cikin manema labarai na Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenhamou2013&quot;&gt;Benhamou, Rebecca (5 March 2013). [https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu &quot;France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast&quot;]. Thedailybeast.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 March&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekara ta 2010 ==
Dehar ya sami matsayi na shahararrun mutane sakamakon abin kunya. Ta yi amfani da shahararta ta hanyar yin samfurin ga masu fasaha daban-daban kamar su Pierre et Gilles  da Karl Lagerfeld,  kuma ta zama mai tsara kayan ado da kayan ado. &lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenhamou2013&quot;&gt;Benhamou, Rebecca (5 March 2013). [https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu &quot;France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast&quot;]. Thedailybeast.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 March&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Misali ===
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Mujallar &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mw0A&quot;&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ta Amurka da Mutanen Espanya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 March 2011 |title=The chronicles of Zahia |url=http://vmagazine.com/2011/03/the-chronicles-of-zahia-3/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=V Magazine}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta wallafa wani yabo na shafuka goma sha biyu ga Brigitte Bardot, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=Zahia : mêmes courbes, mais nouvelle vie |url=http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-memes-courbes-mais-nouvelle-vie_art45200.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228011316/http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-memes-courbes-mais-nouvelle-vie_art45200.html |archive-date=28 February 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=www.news-de-stars.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya haɗa da hotuna da yawa na Dehar da aka harbe a New York, yana nuna dawowarta a kafofin watsa labarai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Revel |first=Renaud |date=25 February 2011 |title=Zahia, les nouvelles photos exclusives |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/zahia-les-nouvelles-photos-exclusives_966177.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don tallata samfurin ta an ƙaddamar da shafin yanar gizon a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Maris 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2011 |title=Zahia lance son site Internet |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/zahia-lance-son-site-internet_969523.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen Mayu 2011, mai ɗaukar hoto kuma darektan Greg Williams ya nuna Dehar a cikin wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna ''Bionic'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGarr |first=Rob |date=25 February 2011 |title=Exclusive! Weird and sexy Zahia Dehar video |url=http://www.fhm.com/girls/news/exclusive-weird-and-sexy-zahia-dehar-video-81265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023321/http://www.fhm.com/girls/news/exclusive-weird-and-sexy-zahia-dehar-video-81265 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=winit.fhm.com |publisher=FHM |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan da ya biyo baya, Pierre et Gilles sun kirkiro wani zane wanda ke wakiltar ta a matsayin [[Hauwa'u]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2011 |title=Zahia nue, la nouvelle Eve vue par Pierre &amp; Gilles&quot; Menly |url=http://www.menly.fr/buzz/news/zahia-nue-la-nouvelle-eve-vue-par-pierre-gilles/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222003752/http://www.menly.fr/buzz/news/zahia-nue-la-nouvelle-eve-vue-par-pierre-gilles/ |archive-date=22 December 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Menly.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;An haifi sabuwar Hauwa'u mai ban sha'awa da abokantaka. Dehar: kyakkyawa mai ban shaʼawa, mara laifi da haske, ita ce samfurin mafarki&quot; in ji masu zane-zane biyu game da wannan yanki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Costey |first=Laure |date=23 June 2011 |title=Photo - Zahia, nouvelle Eve pour Pierre &amp; Gilles - Gala |url=http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/photo_-_zahia_nouvelle_eve_pour_pierre_gilles_234412 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626014202/http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/photo_-_zahia_nouvelle_eve_pour_pierre_gilles_234412 |archive-date=26 June 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2011, Alix Malka ya ɗauki hoton Dehar don fitowar Italiyanci na mujallar kayan ado ta Amurka Vanity Fair,  wanda kuma ya ƙunshi hira da Dehar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=Zahia pose pour le célèbre magazine Vanity Fair |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/08/16/1147404-zahia-pose-pour-le-celebre-magazine-vanity-fair.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=ladepeche.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 August 2011 |title=Zahia dément son mariage et revient sur le scandale des Bleus - Voici |url=http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dement-son-mariage-et-revient-sur-le-scandale-des-bleus-419499#! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228070000/http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dement-son-mariage-et-revient-sur-le-scandale-des-bleus-419499#! |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Voici.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin kwata na karshe na shekara ta 2011, bayyanarta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ba ta da yawa, kodayake an dauki hotonta tare da Christian Louboutin da Farida Khelfa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=Zahia Dehar très copine avec Christian Louboutin - Voici |url=http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dehar-tres-copine-avec-christian-louboutin-432098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228070024/http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dehar-tres-copine-avec-christian-louboutin-432098 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Voici.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=Zahia: Elle s'invite à la soirée de Christian Louboutin |url=http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-elle-s-039-invite-a-la-soiree-de-christian-louboutin_art58874.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126000021/http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-elle-s-039-invite-a-la-soiree-de-christian-louboutin_art58874.html |archive-date=26 November 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=www.news-de-stars.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; a baje kolin takalma a Galerie du Passage a watan Nuwamba 2011. Bayan 'yan watanni, Pierre Passebon ya samar da nune-nunen tufafi &quot;Zahia de 5 à 7&quot;,  wanda ya haifar da sake sha'awar ta ta hanyar manema labarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zahia Artiste |url=http://evene.lefigaro.fr/culture/agenda/zahia-artiste-818869.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Evene.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2012 |title=Zahia, &quot;un exemple parfait de marketing&quot; |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/laparisienne/mode/zahia-un-exemple-parfait-de-marketing-29-01-2012-1834918.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=La Parisienne |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wani ɗan gajeren hasken rana, Dehar ta sami sake farfadowar bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai a farkon 2012: sabon jerin hotuna, wanda Karl Lagerfeld ya harbe a watan Janairun 2012, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alwan |first=Margaret |date=18 January 2012 |title=Zahia photographiée par Karl Lagerfeld |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode/zahia-photographiee-par-karl-lagerfeld_1072641.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; an buga shi ne bayan wasan kwaikwayo na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mandel |first=Elodie |date=25 January 2012 |title=Karl Lagerfeld &quot;Zahia incarne une tradition très française de la galanterie&quot; - Mode - Plurielles.fr |url=http://www.plurielles.fr/mode/mode-stars/karl-lagerfeld-zahia-incarne-une-tradition-tres-francaise-de-6952211-402.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Plurielles.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali Mahdavi, darektan zane-zane na Crazy Horse, ne ya ɗauki hotonta a watan Fabrairu don wani labarin da Françoise-Marie Santucci  ya rubuta game da Dehar a cikin Libération &quot;Next &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Santucci |first=Françoise-Marie |date=7 February 2012 |title=Les 1001 vies de Zahia |url=https://next.liberation.fr/mode/2012/02/07/les-1001-vies-de-zahia_794266 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065958/https://next.liberation.fr/mode/2012/02/07/les-1001-vies-de-zahia_794266 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Libération.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa'an nan a wannan watan, Isabelle Adjani ta sanar da niyyarta ta samar da wani shirin fim game da Dehar,  tare da hadin gwiwar Farida Khelfa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Intravaia |first=Ludmilla |date=15 February 2012 |title=Isabelle Adjani, &quot;dans le camp&quot; des fans de Zahia - People - TF1 News |url=http://lci.tf1.fr/people/isabelle-adjani-dans-le-camp-des-fans-de-zahia-6991652.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229083643/http://lci.tf1.fr/people/isabelle-adjani-dans-le-camp-des-fans-de-zahia-6991652.html |archive-date=29 February 2012 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=TFI News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2012 |title=Le coup de cœur d'Isabelle Adjani pour Zahia - Gala |url=http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/le_coup_de_caeur_d_isabelle_adjani_pour_zahia_254616 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217150644/http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/le_coup_de_caeur_d_isabelle_adjani_pour_zahia_254616 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani jerin hotuna mai daukar hoto Ellen von Unwerth ne ya harbe su bayan wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na Dehar a watan Yulin 2012. 

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, Dehar ya koma ruwan tabarau na Alix Malka don mujallar ''7 Hollywood'', wanda aka buga a ranar 15 ga watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 March 2014 |title=VIDÉO - Zahia très sexy dans le magazine 7 Hollywood – metronews |url=http://www.metronews.fr/people/video-zahia-tres-sexy-dans-le-magazine-7-hollywood/mmll!nNxaTMc3xbFG6/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313164443/http://www.metronews.fr/people/video-zahia-tres-sexy-dans-le-magazine-7-hollywood/mmll!nNxaTMc3xbFG6/ |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Metro News |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 8 ga Afrilu zuwa 27 ga Satumba 2014, nune-nunen Pierre et Gilles, a Galerie des Gobelins (Paris), nune-nun ambulaf ɗin da aka yi wa ado da hoto na Dehar, an yi shi ne musamman don wannan lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Expositions / Actualités |url=http://www.mobiliernational.culture.gouv.fr/fr/expositions/actualites/41/carte-blanche-a-pierre-et-gilles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413204105/http://www.mobiliernational.culture.gouv.fr/fr/expositions/actualites/41/carte-blanche-a-pierre-et-gilles |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Mobilier national}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Noblesse |first=Franck |date=26 October 2014 |title=Zahia fait scandale à la FIAC |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/noblesse-oblige/zahia-fait-scandale-a-la-fiac_1767973.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Cin ganyayyaki kawai|Mai cin ganyayyaki]] mai ƙuduri, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin &quot;muse&quot; na Turai na PETA's a watan Yunin 2015, tana nunawa ga mawaƙa da mai daukar hoto Bryan Adams a cikin kamfen ɗin da ake kira &quot;Ka kasance da zuciya, ka zama mai cin ganyayyakin ganyayyaki&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2015 |title=Zahia Dehar pose nue pour la PETA |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/zahia-dehar-pose-nue-pour-la-peta_1689626.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, 'yan sa'o'i kadan kafin hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris, masu zane-zane Pierre et Gilles sun buga hoto a shafin su na [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] da aka dauka 'yan watanni da suka gabata, Dehar yana nuna kansa a matsayin Marianne. An yi amfani da wannan hoton a shafukan sada zumunta a matsayin martani ga ayyukan ta'addanci da suka faru a wannan maraice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gausserand |first=Hugo-Pierre |date=25 November 2015 |title=Zahia en Marianne par Pierre et Gilles en réponse au terrorisme |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/arts-expositions/2015/11/25/03015-20151125ARTFIG00033-zahia-en-marianne-par-pierre-et-gilles-en-reponse-au-terrorisme.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=FIGARO |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yin amfani da kayan kwalliya ===
A cikin shekara ta 2010, an yi rajistar alamomi da yawa tare da Ofishin Kula da Ilimin Ilimin Tarayyar Turai (EUIPO), gami da: ''Zahia'', ''Zahia Dehar'', Pretty Zahia, &lt;ref name=&quot;Pretty Zahia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vely |first=Yannick |date=22 December 2010 |title=Zahia s'apprête à lancer sa marque de lingerie - ParisMatch.com |url=http://www.parismatch.com/Conso-Match/Mode/Actu/Zahia-s-apprete-a-lancer-sa-marque-de-lingerie-234011/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301194258/http://www.parismatch.com/Conso-Match/Mode/Actu/Zahia-s-apprete-a-lancer-sa-marque-de-lingerie-234011/ |archive-date=1 March 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Paris Match}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Zahiadora'', ''Zahiadise'' da ''Mafarki na Zahia''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2010 |title=Zahia se lance dans la lingerie coquine - Elle |url=http://www.elle.fr/People/La-vie-des-people/News/Zahia-se-lance-dans-la-lingerie-coquine-1453730 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=elle.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan Zahia da kalmomin da aka samo asali da yawa ana da'awar su a matsayin dukiya mai zaman kanta, don bangarori da yawa na aiki &lt;ref name=&quot;Pretty Zahia&quot; /&gt; kamar su mai tausa, kayan shafawa, jaka na tafiya, kayan ado, condoms, da samar da fina-finai da watsa shirye-shirye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kupferman |first=Pierre |date=23 December 2010 |title=Bientôt des petites culottes signées Zahia Dehar ? |url=https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/agroalimentaire-biens-de-consommation-luxe/20101223trib000585579/bientot-des-petites-culottes-signees-zahia-dehar-.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 December 2010 |title=Zahia, femme d'affaires ? |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/loisirs-et-spectacles/zahia-femme-d-affaires-24-12-2010-1202221.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Le Parisien |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;  (Yawancin waɗannan sunayen, a cewar shafin yanar gizon EUIPO, ba a amfani da su.) 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|2016
|''Josephine, Mai ciki &amp;amp;amp; Mai ban mamaki''
|Lola
|
|-
|2019
|''Yarinya Mai Sauƙin''
|Sofia
|
|-
|2023
|''Yara masu tsaron gida''
|
|S1/E4
|-
|2023
|''Rashin tseren Faransa''
|Shi da kansa
|Alkalin baƙo Season 2 Episode: &quot;Yana nuna dare&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Drag Race France saison 2 : qui a été éliminée ce vendredi 7 juillet ? |url=https://www.programme-tv.net/news/tv/331476-drag-race-france-saison-2-qui-a-ete-eliminee-ce-vendredi-7-juillet/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223155452/https://www.programme-tv.net/news/tv/331476-drag-race-france-saison-2-qui-a-ete-eliminee-ce-vendredi-7-juillet/ |archive-date=23 February 2014 |website=Programme-tv.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="26943" sha1="efl20gwbntz7iboqkqggdtfej0jzuuh" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Zahia Dehar''' (Arabic: زاهية ديهار, an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Aljeriya-Faransa, 'yar wasan motsa jiki, mai tsara kayan ado da kayan kwalliya, kuma wanda ya tsira daga fataucin yara.

Dehar an fi saninta da kasancewa cikin wani abin kunya na jima'i wanda ya shafi 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin da ake fataucin ta don raka kwastomomi a matsayin ƙarami.&lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dancourt |first=Anne-Charlotte |date=21 November 2017 |title=Zahia explique pourquoi elle a commencé à se prostituer à 16 ans |trans-title=Zahia explains why she started prostitution at 16 |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/laparisienne/people/zahia-explique-pourquoi-elle-a-commence-a-se-prostituer-a-16-ans-21-11-2017-7405950.php |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=leparisien.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Zahia Dehar a Ghriss, Aljeriya, a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1992 &lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenhamou2013&quot;&gt;Benhamou, Rebecca (5 March 2013). [https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu &quot;France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast&quot;]. Thedailybeast.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 March&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ga Hacène, direban motar mai, da Yamina, mai gida.  Ta koma Champigny-sur-Marne, Faransa tare da mahaifiyarta da ƙaramin ɗan'uwanta yana da shekaru 10. Ta shiga [[Griss|Girin]] jima'i tana da shekaru goma sha shida, &lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot; /&gt; kuma ta yi nasara a cikin aikin jima'in mai zurfi, tana samun har zuwa € 20,000 a kowane wata a farashin € 1,000 ko € 2,000 a lokaci. 

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, mahaifinta, Hacène Dehar, har yanzu yana zaune a Aljeriya. Ya ki amincewa da duk wani irin hulɗa da 'yarsa tun lokacin da zargin aikin jima'i ya bayyana.

== Labarin jima'i ==
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an zargi Karim Benzema da biyan yarinya Zahia Dehar € 500 don ayyukan jima'i a otal din Paris. Benzema yana da shekaru 20. Ya musanta zargin kuma ya musanta cewa bai taba saduwa da Zahia Dehar ba. Daga baya aka wanke shi, kuma lauyansa, Sylvain Cormier, ya bayyana cewa shari'ar ba ta shafi aikin kwallon kafa na sana'a ba.

Franck Ribéry ya yarda da yin jima'i da Zahia Dehar amma ya musanta biyan ta € 700. Ya kuma bayyana cewa bai san shekarunta a lokacin ba. [[Shekarar yarda|shekarun yarda]] a Faransa ita ce 16, amma karuwanci ya kasance doka a lokacin kawai idan karuwanci ta wuce shekaru 18.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Top French footballer linked to under-age prostitution probe &amp;#124; Football - News &amp;#124; NDTVSports.com |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/203500-top-french-footballer-linked-to-under-age-prostitution-probe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610175547/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/203500-top-french-footballer-linked-to-under-age-prostitution-probe |archive-date=10 June 2014 |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Sports.ndtv.com |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shari'ar ta fara fitowa a lokacin binciken da Brigade de répression du proxénétisme ya yi game da ayyukan ''Abusofiane Moustaid'', wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Abou Sofiane&quot;, tsohon mai hamayya a kan Nouvelle Star wanda ya zama mai karɓar bakuncin shahararren wasan kwaikwayo a tashar TNT. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saulnier |first=Julie |date=20 January 2014 |title=Procès Zahia: Abou, l'homme assoiffé de notoriété derrière le scandale |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/justice/proces-zahia-abou-l-homme-assoiffe-de-notoriete-derriere-le-scandale_1314932.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomi suna da sha'awar ''Zaman Cafe'', wani mashaya na Paris, wanda wani ɓangare na jujjuyawar ya fito ne daga karuwanci. Bayan rufewar gudanarwa na kafa, jami'an 'yan sanda sun tambayi karuwai da ke aiki a can. Sun gano cewa daya daga cikinsu, Zahia Dehar, ta fara aiki a can yayin da take ƙarama, kuma ta yi wa 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da yawa hidima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaman Café&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2013 |title=L'enquête démarre au Zaman Café |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/actu/l-enquete-demarre-au-zaman-cafe-18-06-2013-2906105.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[Le Parisien]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarinyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta sadu da Karim Benzema a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 a gefen bikin kwallon kafa na Trophées UNFP, kuma ta sadu da Franck Ribéry a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2009, a wani otal a [[München|Munich]] inda aka tura ita da wani mai tsaron gida don shiga cikin dan wasan, a matsayin &quot;kyautar haihuwa&quot; ga na ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaman Café&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paris Match&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bloudy |first=Michèle |date=3 May 2010 |title=Exclusif Zahia. L'interview Integrale |url=http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Exclusif-Zahia.-L-interview-integrale-182834/&amp;title=Exclusif%20Zahia.%20L%E2%80%99interview%20int%C3%A9grale |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20100505000000/http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Exclusif-Zahia.-L-interview-integrale-182834/ |archive-date=5 May 2010 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Paris Match |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi hira da Zahia Dehar sau uku a watan Afrilun 2010.

Binciken ya zama na jama'a a shekara ta 2010, kafin tawagar Faransa ta shiga gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2010. Kocin tawagar Faransa ta yanzu Raymond Domenech ya ambaci gwagwarmayar Benzema don tsari tare da sabon kulob dinsa na Real Madrid maimakon zarginsa da hannu a cikin abin kunya na jima'i a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya cire dan wasan gaba daga tawagar.

A watan Yulin 2010, an gurfanar da Ribéry da Benzema da laifin &quot;roƙon karuwanci&quot;,  wani laifi da za a hukunta a Faransa har zuwa shekaru uku a kurkuku da tarar Yuro 45,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 225-12-&amp; du Code pénal |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006417879&amp;idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006165396&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&amp;dateTexte=vig |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=www.legifrance.gouv.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani memba na tawagar, Sidney Govou, an kuma yi masa tambayoyi; duk da haka, ya guje wa gurfanar da shi yayin da binciken ya nuna cewa ganawarsa da Zahia ya faru ne bayan ta kai shekarun balaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quintin |first=Emmanuel |date=20 July 2010 |title=Ribéry et Benzema mis en examen - Equipe de France - Football |url=https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/equipe-de-france/actualites/ribery-et-benzema-mis-en-examen-400165 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Sport24 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsayar da Dehar ya fara ne daga wannan shari'ar. Da sauri, kafofin watsa labarai sun bayyana fuskarta, kuma hotuna da yawa na ta sun bazu a yanar gizo, suna mai da budurwa ainihin &quot;abin mamaki na Intanet&quot;. Le Monde da farko ta bayyana sunanta, kawai tana kiranta &quot;Zahia D.&quot; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, ta yi hira da Paris Match, wanda ya bayyana cikakken sunanta. Ta ba da labarin shari'ar kuma ta bayyana, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, &quot;Ina ɗaukar kaina a matsayin mai kula, amma ba karuwa ba&quot; (ba da sabis na tallafi ba tare da yin jima'i da abokin ciniki ba), kuma ta musanta samun karuwanci ko kasancewa cikin cibiyar sadarwa.

Shari'ar ta ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 2010. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, mai gabatar da kara na Paris ya nemi a sallame Ribéry da Benzema; &lt;ref name=&quot;france24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2011 |title=French prosecutors accept that Ribery did not know prostitute was a minor |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20111119-football-ribery-prostitute-minor-case-benzema-france-paris-justice |website=[[France 24]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, alƙali mai bincike ya mayar da mutane tara zuwa kotun aikata laifuka, gami da Benzem da Ribéry don &quot;roƙon ƙaramar karuwa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2011 |title=Affaire Zahia: Un non lieu requis pour Ribéry et Benzema |url=http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Affaire-Zahia-Un-non-lieu-requis-pour-Ribery-et-Benzema-355055/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123095826/http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Affaire-Zahia-Un-non-lieu-requis-pour-Ribery-et-Benzema-355055/ |archive-date=23 November 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=ParisMatch.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, kotun aikata laifuka ta Paris ta wanke Benzema da Ribéry, kotun ta ce ba su san cewa Zahia ba ta kai shekaru ba. Sauran mutane biyar da ake zargi, ciki har da Abou Sofiane, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin &quot;mai yin wasa&quot; tsakanin budurwa da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an sayen su da laifin sayarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 January 2014 |title=VIDEOS. Procès Zahia : Ribéry et Benzema peuvent &quot;enfin passer à autre chose&quot; |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/videos-proces-zahia-franck-ribery-et-karim-benzema-relaxes-30-01-2014-3543369.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Le Parisien |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abou Sofiane ya daukaka kara kuma ya buga wani littafi inda ya yi ikirarin rashin laifi kuma ya zargi Dehar da amfani da littafin adireshinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Catroux |first=Sebastien |date=13 May 2015 |title=Zahia: un livre dénombre ses conquêtes - Gala |url=https://www.gala.fr/l_actu/news_de_stars/zahia_un_livre_denombre_ses_conquetes_341487 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2015, Kotun daukaka kara ta tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke masa kuma ya sami hukunci mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2015 |title=Affaire Zahia: Abou Sofiane condamné à de la prison ferme - Gala |url=https://www.gala.fr/l_actu/news_de_stars/affaire_zahia_abou_sofiane_condamne_a_de_la_prison_ferme_344014 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasancewar Dehar a cikin ''abin kunya'' da sauran ayyukan, kamar sanya hotuna marasa hankali a kan [[Twitter]], sun ba ta laƙabi la scandaleuse (&quot;wanda yaudara&quot;) a cikin manema labarai na Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenhamou2013&quot;&gt;Benhamou, Rebecca (5 March 2013). [https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu &quot;France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast&quot;]. Thedailybeast.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 March&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekara ta 2010 ==
Dehar ya sami matsayi na shahararrun mutane sakamakon abin kunya. Ta yi amfani da shahararta ta hanyar yin samfurin ga masu fasaha daban-daban kamar su Pierre et Gilles  da Karl Lagerfeld,  kuma ta zama mai tsara kayan ado da kayan ado. &lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenhamou2013&quot;&gt;Benhamou, Rebecca (5 March 2013). [https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu &quot;France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast&quot;]. Thedailybeast.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 March&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Misali ===
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Mujallar &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mw0A&quot;&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ta Amurka da Mutanen Espanya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 March 2011 |title=The chronicles of Zahia |url=http://vmagazine.com/2011/03/the-chronicles-of-zahia-3/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=V Magazine}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta wallafa wani yabo na shafuka goma sha biyu ga Brigitte Bardot, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=Zahia : mêmes courbes, mais nouvelle vie |url=http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-memes-courbes-mais-nouvelle-vie_art45200.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228011316/http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-memes-courbes-mais-nouvelle-vie_art45200.html |archive-date=28 February 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=www.news-de-stars.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya haɗa da hotuna da yawa na Dehar da aka harbe a New York, yana nuna dawowarta a kafofin watsa labarai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Revel |first=Renaud |date=25 February 2011 |title=Zahia, les nouvelles photos exclusives |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/zahia-les-nouvelles-photos-exclusives_966177.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don tallata samfurin ta an ƙaddamar da shafin yanar gizon a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Maris 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2011 |title=Zahia lance son site Internet |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/zahia-lance-son-site-internet_969523.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen Mayu 2011, mai ɗaukar hoto kuma darektan Greg Williams ya nuna Dehar a cikin wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna ''Bionic'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGarr |first=Rob |date=25 February 2011 |title=Exclusive! Weird and sexy Zahia Dehar video |url=http://www.fhm.com/girls/news/exclusive-weird-and-sexy-zahia-dehar-video-81265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023321/http://www.fhm.com/girls/news/exclusive-weird-and-sexy-zahia-dehar-video-81265 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=winit.fhm.com |publisher=FHM |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan da ya biyo baya, Pierre et Gilles sun kirkiro wani zane wanda ke wakiltar ta a matsayin [[Hauwa'u]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2011 |title=Zahia nue, la nouvelle Eve vue par Pierre &amp; Gilles&quot; Menly |url=http://www.menly.fr/buzz/news/zahia-nue-la-nouvelle-eve-vue-par-pierre-gilles/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222003752/http://www.menly.fr/buzz/news/zahia-nue-la-nouvelle-eve-vue-par-pierre-gilles/ |archive-date=22 December 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Menly.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;An haifi sabuwar Hauwa'u mai ban sha'awa da abokantaka. Dehar: kyakkyawa mai ban shaʼawa, mara laifi da haske, ita ce samfurin mafarki&quot; in ji masu zane-zane biyu game da wannan yanki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Costey |first=Laure |date=23 June 2011 |title=Photo - Zahia, nouvelle Eve pour Pierre &amp; Gilles - Gala |url=http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/photo_-_zahia_nouvelle_eve_pour_pierre_gilles_234412 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626014202/http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/photo_-_zahia_nouvelle_eve_pour_pierre_gilles_234412 |archive-date=26 June 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2011, Alix Malka ya ɗauki hoton Dehar don fitowar Italiyanci na mujallar kayan ado ta Amurka Vanity Fair,  wanda kuma ya ƙunshi hira da Dehar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=Zahia pose pour le célèbre magazine Vanity Fair |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/08/16/1147404-zahia-pose-pour-le-celebre-magazine-vanity-fair.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=ladepeche.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 August 2011 |title=Zahia dément son mariage et revient sur le scandale des Bleus - Voici |url=http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dement-son-mariage-et-revient-sur-le-scandale-des-bleus-419499#! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228070000/http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dement-son-mariage-et-revient-sur-le-scandale-des-bleus-419499#! |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Voici.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin kwata na karshe na shekara ta 2011, bayyanarta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ba ta da yawa, kodayake an dauki hotonta tare da Christian Louboutin da Farida Khelfa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=Zahia Dehar très copine avec Christian Louboutin - Voici |url=http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dehar-tres-copine-avec-christian-louboutin-432098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228070024/http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dehar-tres-copine-avec-christian-louboutin-432098 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Voici.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=Zahia: Elle s'invite à la soirée de Christian Louboutin |url=http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-elle-s-039-invite-a-la-soiree-de-christian-louboutin_art58874.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126000021/http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-elle-s-039-invite-a-la-soiree-de-christian-louboutin_art58874.html |archive-date=26 November 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=www.news-de-stars.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; a baje kolin takalma a Galerie du Passage a watan Nuwamba 2011. Bayan 'yan watanni, Pierre Passebon ya samar da nune-nunen tufafi &quot;Zahia de 5 à 7&quot;,  wanda ya haifar da sake sha'awar ta ta hanyar manema labarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zahia Artiste |url=http://evene.lefigaro.fr/culture/agenda/zahia-artiste-818869.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Evene.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2012 |title=Zahia, &quot;un exemple parfait de marketing&quot; |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/laparisienne/mode/zahia-un-exemple-parfait-de-marketing-29-01-2012-1834918.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=La Parisienne |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wani ɗan gajeren hasken rana, Dehar ta sami sake farfadowar bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai a farkon 2012: sabon jerin hotuna, wanda Karl Lagerfeld ya harbe a watan Janairun 2012, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alwan |first=Margaret |date=18 January 2012 |title=Zahia photographiée par Karl Lagerfeld |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode/zahia-photographiee-par-karl-lagerfeld_1072641.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; an buga shi ne bayan wasan kwaikwayo na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mandel |first=Elodie |date=25 January 2012 |title=Karl Lagerfeld &quot;Zahia incarne une tradition très française de la galanterie&quot; - Mode - Plurielles.fr |url=http://www.plurielles.fr/mode/mode-stars/karl-lagerfeld-zahia-incarne-une-tradition-tres-francaise-de-6952211-402.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Plurielles.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali Mahdavi, darektan zane-zane na Crazy Horse, ne ya ɗauki hotonta a watan Fabrairu don wani labarin da Françoise-Marie Santucci  ya rubuta game da Dehar a cikin Libération &quot;Next &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Santucci |first=Françoise-Marie |date=7 February 2012 |title=Les 1001 vies de Zahia |url=https://next.liberation.fr/mode/2012/02/07/les-1001-vies-de-zahia_794266 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065958/https://next.liberation.fr/mode/2012/02/07/les-1001-vies-de-zahia_794266 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Libération.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa'an nan a wannan watan, Isabelle Adjani ta sanar da niyyarta ta samar da wani shirin fim game da Dehar,  tare da hadin gwiwar Farida Khelfa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Intravaia |first=Ludmilla |date=15 February 2012 |title=Isabelle Adjani, &quot;dans le camp&quot; des fans de Zahia - People - TF1 News |url=http://lci.tf1.fr/people/isabelle-adjani-dans-le-camp-des-fans-de-zahia-6991652.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229083643/http://lci.tf1.fr/people/isabelle-adjani-dans-le-camp-des-fans-de-zahia-6991652.html |archive-date=29 February 2012 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=TFI News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2012 |title=Le coup de cœur d'Isabelle Adjani pour Zahia - Gala |url=http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/le_coup_de_caeur_d_isabelle_adjani_pour_zahia_254616 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217150644/http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/le_coup_de_caeur_d_isabelle_adjani_pour_zahia_254616 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani jerin hotuna mai daukar hoto Ellen von Unwerth ne ya harbe su bayan wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na Dehar a watan Yulin 2012. 

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, Dehar ya koma ruwan tabarau na Alix Malka don mujallar ''7 Hollywood'', wanda aka buga a ranar 15 ga watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 March 2014 |title=VIDÉO - Zahia très sexy dans le magazine 7 Hollywood – metronews |url=http://www.metronews.fr/people/video-zahia-tres-sexy-dans-le-magazine-7-hollywood/mmll!nNxaTMc3xbFG6/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313164443/http://www.metronews.fr/people/video-zahia-tres-sexy-dans-le-magazine-7-hollywood/mmll!nNxaTMc3xbFG6/ |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Metro News |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 8 ga Afrilu zuwa 27 ga Satumba 2014, nune-nunen Pierre et Gilles, a Galerie des Gobelins (Paris), nune-nun ambulaf ɗin da aka yi wa ado da hoto na Dehar, an yi shi ne musamman don wannan lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Expositions / Actualités |url=http://www.mobiliernational.culture.gouv.fr/fr/expositions/actualites/41/carte-blanche-a-pierre-et-gilles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413204105/http://www.mobiliernational.culture.gouv.fr/fr/expositions/actualites/41/carte-blanche-a-pierre-et-gilles |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Mobilier national}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Noblesse |first=Franck |date=26 October 2014 |title=Zahia fait scandale à la FIAC |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/noblesse-oblige/zahia-fait-scandale-a-la-fiac_1767973.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Cin ganyayyaki kawai|Mai cin ganyayyaki]] mai ƙuduri, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin &quot;muse&quot; na Turai na PETA's a watan Yunin 2015, tana nunawa ga mawaƙa da mai daukar hoto Bryan Adams a cikin kamfen ɗin da ake kira &quot;Ka kasance da zuciya, ka zama mai cin ganyayyakin ganyayyaki&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2015 |title=Zahia Dehar pose nue pour la PETA |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/zahia-dehar-pose-nue-pour-la-peta_1689626.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, 'yan sa'o'i kadan kafin hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris, masu zane-zane Pierre et Gilles sun buga hoto a shafin su na [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] da aka dauka 'yan watanni da suka gabata, Dehar yana nuna kansa a matsayin Marianne. An yi amfani da wannan hoton a shafukan sada zumunta a matsayin martani ga ayyukan ta'addanci da suka faru a wannan maraice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gausserand |first=Hugo-Pierre |date=25 November 2015 |title=Zahia en Marianne par Pierre et Gilles en réponse au terrorisme |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/arts-expositions/2015/11/25/03015-20151125ARTFIG00033-zahia-en-marianne-par-pierre-et-gilles-en-reponse-au-terrorisme.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=FIGARO |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yin amfani da kayan kwalliya ===
A cikin shekara ta 2010, an yi rajistar alamomi da yawa tare da Ofishin Kula da Ilimin Ilimin Tarayyar Turai (EUIPO), gami da: ''Zahia'', ''Zahia Dehar'', Pretty Zahia, &lt;ref name=&quot;Pretty Zahia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vely |first=Yannick |date=22 December 2010 |title=Zahia s'apprête à lancer sa marque de lingerie - ParisMatch.com |url=http://www.parismatch.com/Conso-Match/Mode/Actu/Zahia-s-apprete-a-lancer-sa-marque-de-lingerie-234011/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301194258/http://www.parismatch.com/Conso-Match/Mode/Actu/Zahia-s-apprete-a-lancer-sa-marque-de-lingerie-234011/ |archive-date=1 March 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Paris Match}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Zahiadora'', ''Zahiadise'' da ''Mafarki na Zahia''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2010 |title=Zahia se lance dans la lingerie coquine - Elle |url=http://www.elle.fr/People/La-vie-des-people/News/Zahia-se-lance-dans-la-lingerie-coquine-1453730 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=elle.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan Zahia da kalmomin da aka samo asali da yawa ana da'awar su a matsayin dukiya mai zaman kanta, don bangarori da yawa na aiki &lt;ref name=&quot;Pretty Zahia&quot; /&gt; kamar su mai tausa, kayan shafawa, jaka na tafiya, kayan ado, condoms, da samar da fina-finai da watsa shirye-shirye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kupferman |first=Pierre |date=23 December 2010 |title=Bientôt des petites culottes signées Zahia Dehar ? |url=https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/agroalimentaire-biens-de-consommation-luxe/20101223trib000585579/bientot-des-petites-culottes-signees-zahia-dehar-.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 December 2010 |title=Zahia, femme d'affaires ? |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/loisirs-et-spectacles/zahia-femme-d-affaires-24-12-2010-1202221.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Le Parisien |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;  (Yawancin waɗannan sunayen, a cewar shafin yanar gizon EUIPO, ba a amfani da su.) 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|2016
|''Josephine, Mai ciki &amp;amp;amp; Mai ban mamaki''
|Lola
|
|-
|2019
|''Yarinya Mai Sauƙin''
|Sofia
|
|-
|2023
|''Yara masu tsaron gida''
|
|S1/E4
|-
|2023
|''Rashin tseren Faransa''
|Shi da kansa
|Alkalin baƙo Season 2 Episode: &quot;Yana nuna dare&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Drag Race France saison 2 : qui a été éliminée ce vendredi 7 juillet ? |url=https://www.programme-tv.net/news/tv/331476-drag-race-france-saison-2-qui-a-ete-eliminee-ce-vendredi-7-juillet/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223155452/https://www.programme-tv.net/news/tv/331476-drag-race-france-saison-2-qui-a-ete-eliminee-ce-vendredi-7-juillet/ |archive-date=23 February 2014 |website=Programme-tv.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Zahia Dehar''' (Arabic: زاهية ديهار, an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Aljeriya-Faransa, 'yar wasan motsa jiki, mai tsara kayan ado da kayan kwalliya, kuma wanda ya tsira daga fataucin yara.

Dehar an fi saninta da kasancewa cikin wani abin kunya na jima'i wanda ya shafi 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin da ake fataucin ta don raka kwastomomi a matsayin ƙarami.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dancourt |first=Anne-Charlotte |date=21 November 2017 |title=Zahia explique pourquoi elle a commencé à se prostituer à 16 ans |trans-title=Zahia explains why she started prostitution at 16 |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/laparisienne/people/zahia-explique-pourquoi-elle-a-commence-a-se-prostituer-a-16-ans-21-11-2017-7405950.php |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=leparisien.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Zahia Dehar a Ghriss, Aljeriya, a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1992 &lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenhamou2013&quot;&gt;Benhamou, Rebecca (5 March 2013). [https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu &quot;France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast&quot;]. Thedailybeast.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 March&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ga Hacène, direban motar mai, da Yamina, mai gida.  Ta koma Champigny-sur-Marne, Faransa tare da mahaifiyarta da ƙaramin ɗan'uwanta yana da shekaru 10. Ta shiga [[Griss|Girin]] jima'i tana da shekaru goma sha shida, &lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot; /&gt; kuma ta yi nasara a cikin aikin jima'in mai zurfi, tana samun har zuwa € 20,000 a kowane wata a farashin € 1,000 ko € 2,000 a lokaci. 

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, mahaifinta, Hacène Dehar, har yanzu yana zaune a Aljeriya. Ya ki amincewa da duk wani irin hulɗa da 'yarsa tun lokacin da zargin aikin jima'i ya bayyana.

== Labarin jima'i ==
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an zargi Karim Benzema da biyan yarinya Zahia Dehar € 500 don ayyukan jima'i a otal din Paris. Benzema yana da shekaru 20. Ya musanta zargin kuma ya musanta cewa bai taba saduwa da Zahia Dehar ba. Daga baya aka wanke shi, kuma lauyansa, Sylvain Cormier, ya bayyana cewa shari'ar ba ta shafi aikin kwallon kafa na sana'a ba.

Franck Ribéry ya yarda da yin jima'i da Zahia Dehar amma ya musanta biyan ta € 700. Ya kuma bayyana cewa bai san shekarunta a lokacin ba. [[Shekarar yarda|shekarun yarda]] a Faransa ita ce 16, amma karuwanci ya kasance doka a lokacin kawai idan karuwanci ta wuce shekaru 18.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Top French footballer linked to under-age prostitution probe &amp;#124; Football - News &amp;#124; NDTVSports.com |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/203500-top-french-footballer-linked-to-under-age-prostitution-probe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610175547/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/203500-top-french-footballer-linked-to-under-age-prostitution-probe |archive-date=10 June 2014 |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Sports.ndtv.com |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shari'ar ta fara fitowa a lokacin binciken da Brigade de répression du proxénétisme ya yi game da ayyukan ''Abusofiane Moustaid'', wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Abou Sofiane&quot;, tsohon mai hamayya a kan Nouvelle Star wanda ya zama mai karɓar bakuncin shahararren wasan kwaikwayo a tashar TNT. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saulnier |first=Julie |date=20 January 2014 |title=Procès Zahia: Abou, l'homme assoiffé de notoriété derrière le scandale |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/justice/proces-zahia-abou-l-homme-assoiffe-de-notoriete-derriere-le-scandale_1314932.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomi suna da sha'awar ''Zaman Cafe'', wani mashaya na Paris, wanda wani ɓangare na jujjuyawar ya fito ne daga karuwanci. Bayan rufewar gudanarwa na kafa, jami'an 'yan sanda sun tambayi karuwai da ke aiki a can. Sun gano cewa daya daga cikinsu, Zahia Dehar, ta fara aiki a can yayin da take ƙarama, kuma ta yi wa 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da yawa hidima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaman Café&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2013 |title=L'enquête démarre au Zaman Café |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/actu/l-enquete-demarre-au-zaman-cafe-18-06-2013-2906105.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[Le Parisien]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarinyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta sadu da Karim Benzema a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 a gefen bikin kwallon kafa na Trophées UNFP, kuma ta sadu da Franck Ribéry a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2009, a wani otal a [[München|Munich]] inda aka tura ita da wani mai tsaron gida don shiga cikin dan wasan, a matsayin &quot;kyautar haihuwa&quot; ga na ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaman Café&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paris Match&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bloudy |first=Michèle |date=3 May 2010 |title=Exclusif Zahia. L'interview Integrale |url=http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Exclusif-Zahia.-L-interview-integrale-182834/&amp;title=Exclusif%20Zahia.%20L%E2%80%99interview%20int%C3%A9grale |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20100505000000/http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Exclusif-Zahia.-L-interview-integrale-182834/ |archive-date=5 May 2010 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Paris Match |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi hira da Zahia Dehar sau uku a watan Afrilun 2010.

Binciken ya zama na jama'a a shekara ta 2010, kafin tawagar Faransa ta shiga gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2010. Kocin tawagar Faransa ta yanzu Raymond Domenech ya ambaci gwagwarmayar Benzema don tsari tare da sabon kulob dinsa na Real Madrid maimakon zarginsa da hannu a cikin abin kunya na jima'i a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya cire dan wasan gaba daga tawagar.

A watan Yulin 2010, an gurfanar da Ribéry da Benzema da laifin &quot;roƙon karuwanci&quot;,  wani laifi da za a hukunta a Faransa har zuwa shekaru uku a kurkuku da tarar Yuro 45,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 225-12-&amp; du Code pénal |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006417879&amp;idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006165396&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&amp;dateTexte=vig |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=www.legifrance.gouv.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani memba na tawagar, Sidney Govou, an kuma yi masa tambayoyi; duk da haka, ya guje wa gurfanar da shi yayin da binciken ya nuna cewa ganawarsa da Zahia ya faru ne bayan ta kai shekarun balaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quintin |first=Emmanuel |date=20 July 2010 |title=Ribéry et Benzema mis en examen - Equipe de France - Football |url=https://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/equipe-de-france/actualites/ribery-et-benzema-mis-en-examen-400165 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Sport24 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsayar da Dehar ya fara ne daga wannan shari'ar. Da sauri, kafofin watsa labarai sun bayyana fuskarta, kuma hotuna da yawa na ta sun bazu a yanar gizo, suna mai da budurwa ainihin &quot;abin mamaki na Intanet&quot;. Le Monde da farko ta bayyana sunanta, kawai tana kiranta &quot;Zahia D.&quot; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, ta yi hira da Paris Match, wanda ya bayyana cikakken sunanta. Ta ba da labarin shari'ar kuma ta bayyana, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, &quot;Ina ɗaukar kaina a matsayin mai kula, amma ba karuwa ba&quot; (ba da sabis na tallafi ba tare da yin jima'i da abokin ciniki ba), kuma ta musanta samun karuwanci ko kasancewa cikin cibiyar sadarwa.

Shari'ar ta ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 2010. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, mai gabatar da kara na Paris ya nemi a sallame Ribéry da Benzema; &lt;ref name=&quot;france24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2011 |title=French prosecutors accept that Ribery did not know prostitute was a minor |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20111119-football-ribery-prostitute-minor-case-benzema-france-paris-justice |website=[[France 24]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, alƙali mai bincike ya mayar da mutane tara zuwa kotun aikata laifuka, gami da Benzem da Ribéry don &quot;roƙon ƙaramar karuwa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2011 |title=Affaire Zahia: Un non lieu requis pour Ribéry et Benzema |url=http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Affaire-Zahia-Un-non-lieu-requis-pour-Ribery-et-Benzema-355055/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123095826/http://www.parismatch.com/People-Match/Sport/Actu/Affaire-Zahia-Un-non-lieu-requis-pour-Ribery-et-Benzema-355055/ |archive-date=23 November 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=ParisMatch.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, kotun aikata laifuka ta Paris ta wanke Benzema da Ribéry, kotun ta ce ba su san cewa Zahia ba ta kai shekaru ba. Sauran mutane biyar da ake zargi, ciki har da Abou Sofiane, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin &quot;mai yin wasa&quot; tsakanin budurwa da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an sayen su da laifin sayarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 January 2014 |title=VIDEOS. Procès Zahia : Ribéry et Benzema peuvent &quot;enfin passer à autre chose&quot; |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/videos-proces-zahia-franck-ribery-et-karim-benzema-relaxes-30-01-2014-3543369.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Le Parisien |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abou Sofiane ya daukaka kara kuma ya buga wani littafi inda ya yi ikirarin rashin laifi kuma ya zargi Dehar da amfani da littafin adireshinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Catroux |first=Sebastien |date=13 May 2015 |title=Zahia: un livre dénombre ses conquêtes - Gala |url=https://www.gala.fr/l_actu/news_de_stars/zahia_un_livre_denombre_ses_conquetes_341487 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2015, Kotun daukaka kara ta tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke masa kuma ya sami hukunci mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2015 |title=Affaire Zahia: Abou Sofiane condamné à de la prison ferme - Gala |url=https://www.gala.fr/l_actu/news_de_stars/affaire_zahia_abou_sofiane_condamne_a_de_la_prison_ferme_344014 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasancewar Dehar a cikin ''abin kunya'' da sauran ayyukan, kamar sanya hotuna marasa hankali a kan [[Twitter]], sun ba ta laƙabi la scandaleuse (&quot;wanda yaudara&quot;) a cikin manema labarai na Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenhamou2013&quot;&gt;Benhamou, Rebecca (5 March 2013). [https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu &quot;France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast&quot;]. Thedailybeast.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 March&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekara ta 2010 ==
Dehar ya sami matsayi na shahararrun mutane sakamakon abin kunya. Ta yi amfani da shahararta ta hanyar yin samfurin ga masu fasaha daban-daban kamar su Pierre et Gilles  da Karl Lagerfeld,  kuma ta zama mai tsara kayan ado da kayan ado. &lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benhamou |first=Rebecca |date=5 March 2013 |title=France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast |url=https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenhamou2013&quot;&gt;Benhamou, Rebecca (5 March 2013). [https://europe.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849?rm=eu &quot;France's Courtesan Couture: Zahia Dehar - Newsweek and The Daily Beast&quot;]. Thedailybeast.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 March&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Misali ===
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Mujallar &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mw0A&quot;&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ta Amurka da Mutanen Espanya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 March 2011 |title=The chronicles of Zahia |url=http://vmagazine.com/2011/03/the-chronicles-of-zahia-3/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=V Magazine}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta wallafa wani yabo na shafuka goma sha biyu ga Brigitte Bardot, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=Zahia : mêmes courbes, mais nouvelle vie |url=http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-memes-courbes-mais-nouvelle-vie_art45200.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228011316/http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-memes-courbes-mais-nouvelle-vie_art45200.html |archive-date=28 February 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=www.news-de-stars.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya haɗa da hotuna da yawa na Dehar da aka harbe a New York, yana nuna dawowarta a kafofin watsa labarai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Revel |first=Renaud |date=25 February 2011 |title=Zahia, les nouvelles photos exclusives |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/zahia-les-nouvelles-photos-exclusives_966177.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don tallata samfurin ta an ƙaddamar da shafin yanar gizon a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Maris 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2011 |title=Zahia lance son site Internet |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/zahia-lance-son-site-internet_969523.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen Mayu 2011, mai ɗaukar hoto kuma darektan Greg Williams ya nuna Dehar a cikin wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna ''Bionic'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGarr |first=Rob |date=25 February 2011 |title=Exclusive! Weird and sexy Zahia Dehar video |url=http://www.fhm.com/girls/news/exclusive-weird-and-sexy-zahia-dehar-video-81265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023321/http://www.fhm.com/girls/news/exclusive-weird-and-sexy-zahia-dehar-video-81265 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=winit.fhm.com |publisher=FHM |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan da ya biyo baya, Pierre et Gilles sun kirkiro wani zane wanda ke wakiltar ta a matsayin [[Hauwa'u]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2011 |title=Zahia nue, la nouvelle Eve vue par Pierre &amp; Gilles&quot; Menly |url=http://www.menly.fr/buzz/news/zahia-nue-la-nouvelle-eve-vue-par-pierre-gilles/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222003752/http://www.menly.fr/buzz/news/zahia-nue-la-nouvelle-eve-vue-par-pierre-gilles/ |archive-date=22 December 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Menly.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;An haifi sabuwar Hauwa'u mai ban sha'awa da abokantaka. Dehar: kyakkyawa mai ban shaʼawa, mara laifi da haske, ita ce samfurin mafarki&quot; in ji masu zane-zane biyu game da wannan yanki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Costey |first=Laure |date=23 June 2011 |title=Photo - Zahia, nouvelle Eve pour Pierre &amp; Gilles - Gala |url=http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/photo_-_zahia_nouvelle_eve_pour_pierre_gilles_234412 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626014202/http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/photo_-_zahia_nouvelle_eve_pour_pierre_gilles_234412 |archive-date=26 June 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2011, Alix Malka ya ɗauki hoton Dehar don fitowar Italiyanci na mujallar kayan ado ta Amurka Vanity Fair,  wanda kuma ya ƙunshi hira da Dehar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=Zahia pose pour le célèbre magazine Vanity Fair |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/08/16/1147404-zahia-pose-pour-le-celebre-magazine-vanity-fair.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=ladepeche.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 August 2011 |title=Zahia dément son mariage et revient sur le scandale des Bleus - Voici |url=http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dement-son-mariage-et-revient-sur-le-scandale-des-bleus-419499#! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228070000/http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dement-son-mariage-et-revient-sur-le-scandale-des-bleus-419499#! |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Voici.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin kwata na karshe na shekara ta 2011, bayyanarta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ba ta da yawa, kodayake an dauki hotonta tare da Christian Louboutin da Farida Khelfa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=Zahia Dehar très copine avec Christian Louboutin - Voici |url=http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dehar-tres-copine-avec-christian-louboutin-432098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228070024/http://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/zahia-dehar-tres-copine-avec-christian-louboutin-432098 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Voici.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=Zahia: Elle s'invite à la soirée de Christian Louboutin |url=http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-elle-s-039-invite-a-la-soiree-de-christian-louboutin_art58874.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126000021/http://www.news-de-stars.com/zahia/zahia-elle-s-039-invite-a-la-soiree-de-christian-louboutin_art58874.html |archive-date=26 November 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=www.news-de-stars.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; a baje kolin takalma a Galerie du Passage a watan Nuwamba 2011. Bayan 'yan watanni, Pierre Passebon ya samar da nune-nunen tufafi &quot;Zahia de 5 à 7&quot;,  wanda ya haifar da sake sha'awar ta ta hanyar manema labarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zahia Artiste |url=http://evene.lefigaro.fr/culture/agenda/zahia-artiste-818869.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Evene.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2012 |title=Zahia, &quot;un exemple parfait de marketing&quot; |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/laparisienne/mode/zahia-un-exemple-parfait-de-marketing-29-01-2012-1834918.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=La Parisienne |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wani ɗan gajeren hasken rana, Dehar ta sami sake farfadowar bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai a farkon 2012: sabon jerin hotuna, wanda Karl Lagerfeld ya harbe a watan Janairun 2012, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alwan |first=Margaret |date=18 January 2012 |title=Zahia photographiée par Karl Lagerfeld |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode/zahia-photographiee-par-karl-lagerfeld_1072641.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; an buga shi ne bayan wasan kwaikwayo na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mandel |first=Elodie |date=25 January 2012 |title=Karl Lagerfeld &quot;Zahia incarne une tradition très française de la galanterie&quot; - Mode - Plurielles.fr |url=http://www.plurielles.fr/mode/mode-stars/karl-lagerfeld-zahia-incarne-une-tradition-tres-francaise-de-6952211-402.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Plurielles.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali Mahdavi, darektan zane-zane na Crazy Horse, ne ya ɗauki hotonta a watan Fabrairu don wani labarin da Françoise-Marie Santucci  ya rubuta game da Dehar a cikin Libération &quot;Next &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Santucci |first=Françoise-Marie |date=7 February 2012 |title=Les 1001 vies de Zahia |url=https://next.liberation.fr/mode/2012/02/07/les-1001-vies-de-zahia_794266 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065958/https://next.liberation.fr/mode/2012/02/07/les-1001-vies-de-zahia_794266 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Libération.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa'an nan a wannan watan, Isabelle Adjani ta sanar da niyyarta ta samar da wani shirin fim game da Dehar,  tare da hadin gwiwar Farida Khelfa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Intravaia |first=Ludmilla |date=15 February 2012 |title=Isabelle Adjani, &quot;dans le camp&quot; des fans de Zahia - People - TF1 News |url=http://lci.tf1.fr/people/isabelle-adjani-dans-le-camp-des-fans-de-zahia-6991652.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229083643/http://lci.tf1.fr/people/isabelle-adjani-dans-le-camp-des-fans-de-zahia-6991652.html |archive-date=29 February 2012 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=TFI News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2012 |title=Le coup de cœur d'Isabelle Adjani pour Zahia - Gala |url=http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/le_coup_de_caeur_d_isabelle_adjani_pour_zahia_254616 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217150644/http://www.gala.fr/l_actu/on_ne_parle_que_de_ca/le_coup_de_caeur_d_isabelle_adjani_pour_zahia_254616 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Gala.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani jerin hotuna mai daukar hoto Ellen von Unwerth ne ya harbe su bayan wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na Dehar a watan Yulin 2012. 

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, Dehar ya koma ruwan tabarau na Alix Malka don mujallar ''7 Hollywood'', wanda aka buga a ranar 15 ga watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 March 2014 |title=VIDÉO - Zahia très sexy dans le magazine 7 Hollywood – metronews |url=http://www.metronews.fr/people/video-zahia-tres-sexy-dans-le-magazine-7-hollywood/mmll!nNxaTMc3xbFG6/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313164443/http://www.metronews.fr/people/video-zahia-tres-sexy-dans-le-magazine-7-hollywood/mmll!nNxaTMc3xbFG6/ |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Metro News |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 8 ga Afrilu zuwa 27 ga Satumba 2014, nune-nunen Pierre et Gilles, a Galerie des Gobelins (Paris), nune-nun ambulaf ɗin da aka yi wa ado da hoto na Dehar, an yi shi ne musamman don wannan lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Expositions / Actualités |url=http://www.mobiliernational.culture.gouv.fr/fr/expositions/actualites/41/carte-blanche-a-pierre-et-gilles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413204105/http://www.mobiliernational.culture.gouv.fr/fr/expositions/actualites/41/carte-blanche-a-pierre-et-gilles |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Mobilier national}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Noblesse |first=Franck |date=26 October 2014 |title=Zahia fait scandale à la FIAC |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/noblesse-oblige/zahia-fait-scandale-a-la-fiac_1767973.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Cin ganyayyaki kawai|Mai cin ganyayyaki]] mai ƙuduri, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin &quot;muse&quot; na Turai na PETA's a watan Yunin 2015, tana nunawa ga mawaƙa da mai daukar hoto Bryan Adams a cikin kamfen ɗin da ake kira &quot;Ka kasance da zuciya, ka zama mai cin ganyayyakin ganyayyaki&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2015 |title=Zahia Dehar pose nue pour la PETA |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/zahia-dehar-pose-nue-pour-la-peta_1689626.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, 'yan sa'o'i kadan kafin hare-haren da aka kai a birnin Paris, masu zane-zane Pierre et Gilles sun buga hoto a shafin su na [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] da aka dauka 'yan watanni da suka gabata, Dehar yana nuna kansa a matsayin Marianne. An yi amfani da wannan hoton a shafukan sada zumunta a matsayin martani ga ayyukan ta'addanci da suka faru a wannan maraice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gausserand |first=Hugo-Pierre |date=25 November 2015 |title=Zahia en Marianne par Pierre et Gilles en réponse au terrorisme |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/arts-expositions/2015/11/25/03015-20151125ARTFIG00033-zahia-en-marianne-par-pierre-et-gilles-en-reponse-au-terrorisme.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=FIGARO |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yin amfani da kayan kwalliya ===
A cikin shekara ta 2010, an yi rajistar alamomi da yawa tare da Ofishin Kula da Ilimin Ilimin Tarayyar Turai (EUIPO), gami da: ''Zahia'', ''Zahia Dehar'', Pretty Zahia, &lt;ref name=&quot;Pretty Zahia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vely |first=Yannick |date=22 December 2010 |title=Zahia s'apprête à lancer sa marque de lingerie - ParisMatch.com |url=http://www.parismatch.com/Conso-Match/Mode/Actu/Zahia-s-apprete-a-lancer-sa-marque-de-lingerie-234011/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301194258/http://www.parismatch.com/Conso-Match/Mode/Actu/Zahia-s-apprete-a-lancer-sa-marque-de-lingerie-234011/ |archive-date=1 March 2011 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Paris Match}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Zahiadora'', ''Zahiadise'' da ''Mafarki na Zahia''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2010 |title=Zahia se lance dans la lingerie coquine - Elle |url=http://www.elle.fr/People/La-vie-des-people/News/Zahia-se-lance-dans-la-lingerie-coquine-1453730 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=elle.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan Zahia da kalmomin da aka samo asali da yawa ana da'awar su a matsayin dukiya mai zaman kanta, don bangarori da yawa na aiki &lt;ref name=&quot;Pretty Zahia&quot; /&gt; kamar su mai tausa, kayan shafawa, jaka na tafiya, kayan ado, condoms, da samar da fina-finai da watsa shirye-shirye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kupferman |first=Pierre |date=23 December 2010 |title=Bientôt des petites culottes signées Zahia Dehar ? |url=https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/agroalimentaire-biens-de-consommation-luxe/20101223trib000585579/bientot-des-petites-culottes-signees-zahia-dehar-.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 December 2010 |title=Zahia, femme d'affaires ? |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/loisirs-et-spectacles/zahia-femme-d-affaires-24-12-2010-1202221.php |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Le Parisien |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;  (Yawancin waɗannan sunayen, a cewar shafin yanar gizon EUIPO, ba a amfani da su.) 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|2016
|''Josephine, Mai ciki &amp;amp;amp; Mai ban mamaki''
|Lola
|
|-
|2019
|''Yarinya Mai Sauƙin''
|Sofia
|
|-
|2023
|''Yara masu tsaron gida''
|
|S1/E4
|-
|2023
|''Rashin tseren Faransa''
|Shi da kansa
|Alkalin baƙo Season 2 Episode: &quot;Yana nuna dare&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Drag Race France saison 2 : qui a été éliminée ce vendredi 7 juillet ? |url=https://www.programme-tv.net/news/tv/331476-drag-race-france-saison-2-qui-a-ete-eliminee-ce-vendredi-7-juillet/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223155452/https://www.programme-tv.net/news/tv/331476-drag-race-france-saison-2-qui-a-ete-eliminee-ce-vendredi-7-juillet/ |archive-date=23 February 2014 |website=Programme-tv.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>69zy5x14o4ojgfg9h8j6ktey6k1femv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aïcha Haddad</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147016</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816090</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T18:41:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297021450|Aïcha Haddad]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816090</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9699" sha1="3v7p60qxb1sc8gx1zj1uks37jwma8mq" xml:space="preserve">'''Aïcha Haddad''' (Arabic; 1937 - 24 ga Fabrairu, 2005) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Aljeriya. An san ta da laƙabi Moudjahida, ta haɗu da al'adun ƙanƙanta na Aljeriya tare da ƙungiyoyin fasaha na Yamma kamar cubism, alama, da nouveau réalisme.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Aïcha Haddad a shekara ta 1937 a Bordj Bou Arréridj, [[Aljeriya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rayuwarta da aikinta sun kasance alama ce ta tarihin iyalinta, waɗanda suka fito daga kabilar Hachem a Medjana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Tana da alaƙa sosai da Hautes Plaines na Algeria, inda za ta yi yarinta da balaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Yaƙin Aljeriya ==
A shekara ta 1954, yayin da take karatu don zama ma'aikaciyar jinya a Setif, Haddad mai shekaru 17 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka shiga cikin rundunar 'yancin Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1956, bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Combattants de la Libération kuma ta shiga [[Taron Soummam]], inda aka kafa jihar Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun kama Haddad kuma sun daure shi fiye da shekaru hudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwarewarta a lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]] ya ba ta laƙabi Moudjahida .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-06 |title=Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger |url=https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Algerie 360 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan fasaha ==
Bayan an sake ta daga kurkuku a lokacin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, ta koma Algiers kuma ta fara karatun fasaha tare da mai zane {{Interlanguage link|Camille Leroy (artist)|fr|Camille Leroy}} a Society of Fine Arts of Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1966 zuwa 1988, ta koyar da zane-zane a Lycée Omar-Racim na Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abdelatif |first=Mounjia |date=2005-03-08 |title=Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Le Soir d'Algérie |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike ga Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa daga 1983 zuwa 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

A shekara ta 1972, ta nuna aikinta na farko a baje kolin rukuni a tsohon Galerie des Quatre-Colonnes a Algiers .  Ta lashe lambar yabo a Concours de la Ville na birnin, wanda ya kawo mata karbuwa mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChaal2012&quot;&gt;Chaal, Mahmoud (2012-05-22). [https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 &quot;Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre&quot;]. ''L'Expression'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kara shiga cikin duniyar fasaha ta Aljeriya, ta shiga kungiyar National Union of Plastic Artists (UNAP) a 1973 da kuma Janar Union of Arab Painters (UGPA) a 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ta kafa abota mai tsawo tare da masu zane [[Baya]] da [[Souhila Bel Bahar|Souhila Belbahar]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-06 |title=Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger |url=https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Algerie 360 |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ &quot;Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger&quot;]. ''Algerie 360'' (in French). 2014-03-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haddad ya yi aiki a cikin al'adar ƙananan Aljeriya, ko ƙananan zane-zane, waɗanda masu kama da Mohammed Racim suka rinjaye su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta suna da alamun launuka na ƙuruciyarta a cikin Hautes Plaines . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin aikinta, yayin da take tafiya da ziyartar gidajen tarihi, gallery, da baje kolin fasaha na duniya, an fallasa ta ga sababbin siffofin fasaha kuma masu kama da Antoni Gaudí, Jean Tinguely, Niki na Saint Phalle, César Baldaccini, Arman, da I.M. Pei sun rinjayi ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da nouveau réalistes, ta fara aiki a cikin zane-zane da collage ta amfani da abubuwa masu ƙerawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, aikin Haddad ya bayyana a cikin nune-nunen solo da na rukuni daban-daban a Aljeriya da kasashen waje. Ana gudanar da sassanta a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers, Gidan Tarihin Bardo, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona, UNESCO, da Gidauniyar Japan, da sauransu.

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Haddad ya mutu a shekara ta 2005, a Algiers, bayan dogon rashin lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abdelatif |first=Mounjia |date=2005-03-08 |title=Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Le Soir d'Algérie |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbdelatif2005&quot;&gt;Abdelatif, Mounjia (2005-03-08). [https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 &quot;Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''Le Soir d'Algérie'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2003, an ba da lambar yabo ga masu zane-zane mata da Birnin Algiers ya bayar don girmama ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChaal2012&quot;&gt;Chaal, Mahmoud (2012-05-22). [https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 &quot;Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre&quot;]. ''L'Expression'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Wani daki a Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers kuma yana ɗauke da sunanta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
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'''Aïcha Haddad''' (Arabic; 1937 - 24 ga Fabrairu, 2005) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Aljeriya. An san ta da laƙabi Moudjahida, ta haɗu da al'adun ƙanƙanta na Aljeriya tare da ƙungiyoyin fasaha na Yamma kamar cubism, alama, da nouveau réalisme.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Aïcha Haddad a shekara ta 1937 a Bordj Bou Arréridj, [[Aljeriya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rayuwarta da aikinta sun kasance alama ce ta tarihin iyalinta, waɗanda suka fito daga kabilar Hachem a Medjana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Tana da alaƙa sosai da Hautes Plaines na Algeria, inda za ta yi yarinta da balaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Yaƙin Aljeriya ==
A shekara ta 1954, yayin da take karatu don zama ma'aikaciyar jinya a Setif, Haddad mai shekaru 17 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka shiga cikin rundunar 'yancin Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1956, bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Combattants de la Libération kuma ta shiga [[Taron Soummam]], inda aka kafa jihar Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun kama Haddad kuma sun daure shi fiye da shekaru hudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwarewarta a lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]] ya ba ta laƙabi Moudjahida .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-06 |title=Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger |url=https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Algerie 360 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan fasaha ==
Bayan an sake ta daga kurkuku a lokacin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, ta koma Algiers kuma ta fara karatun fasaha tare da mai zane {{Interlanguage link|Camille Leroy (artist)|fr|Camille Leroy}} a Society of Fine Arts of Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1966 zuwa 1988, ta koyar da zane-zane a Lycée Omar-Racim na Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abdelatif |first=Mounjia |date=2005-03-08 |title=Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Le Soir d'Algérie |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike ga Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa daga 1983 zuwa 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

A shekara ta 1972, ta nuna aikinta na farko a baje kolin rukuni a tsohon Galerie des Quatre-Colonnes a Algiers .  Ta lashe lambar yabo a Concours de la Ville na birnin, wanda ya kawo mata karbuwa mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChaal2012&quot;&gt;Chaal, Mahmoud (2012-05-22). [https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 &quot;Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre&quot;]. ''L'Expression'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kara shiga cikin duniyar fasaha ta Aljeriya, ta shiga kungiyar National Union of Plastic Artists (UNAP) a 1973 da kuma Janar Union of Arab Painters (UGPA) a 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ta kafa abota mai tsawo tare da masu zane [[Baya]] da [[Souhila Bel Bahar|Souhila Belbahar]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-06 |title=Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger |url=https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Algerie 360 |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ &quot;Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger&quot;]. ''Algerie 360'' (in French). 2014-03-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haddad ya yi aiki a cikin al'adar ƙananan Aljeriya, ko ƙananan zane-zane, waɗanda masu kama da Mohammed Racim suka rinjaye su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta suna da alamun launuka na ƙuruciyarta a cikin Hautes Plaines . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin aikinta, yayin da take tafiya da ziyartar gidajen tarihi, gallery, da baje kolin fasaha na duniya, an fallasa ta ga sababbin siffofin fasaha kuma masu kama da Antoni Gaudí, Jean Tinguely, Niki na Saint Phalle, César Baldaccini, Arman, da I.M. Pei sun rinjayi ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da nouveau réalistes, ta fara aiki a cikin zane-zane da collage ta amfani da abubuwa masu ƙerawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, aikin Haddad ya bayyana a cikin nune-nunen solo da na rukuni daban-daban a Aljeriya da kasashen waje. Ana gudanar da sassanta a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers, Gidan Tarihin Bardo, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona, UNESCO, da Gidauniyar Japan, da sauransu.

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Haddad ya mutu a shekara ta 2005, a Algiers, bayan dogon rashin lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abdelatif |first=Mounjia |date=2005-03-08 |title=Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Le Soir d'Algérie |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbdelatif2005&quot;&gt;Abdelatif, Mounjia (2005-03-08). [https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 &quot;Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''Le Soir d'Algérie'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2003, an ba da lambar yabo ga masu zane-zane mata da Birnin Algiers ya bayar don girmama ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChaal2012&quot;&gt;Chaal, Mahmoud (2012-05-22). [https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 &quot;Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre&quot;]. ''L'Expression'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Wani daki a Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers kuma yana ɗauke da sunanta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>8ned34968qgwynvppygcdyb7vyyey2g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816092</id>
      <parentid>816091</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T18:41:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko */</comment>
      <origin>816092</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9712" sha1="2w7wfl2og1y8xlqekf0av6u4rcgukdo" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Aïcha Haddad''' (Arabic; 1937 - 24 ga Fabrairu, 2005) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Aljeriya. An san ta da laƙabi Moudjahida, ta haɗu da al'adun ƙanƙanta na Aljeriya tare da ƙungiyoyin fasaha na Yamma kamar cubism, alama, da nouveau réalisme.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Aïcha Haddad a shekara ta 1937 a Bordj Bou Arréridj, [[Aljeriya]] . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rayuwarta da aikinta sun kasance alama ce ta tarihin iyalinta, waɗanda suka fito daga kabilar Hachem a Medjana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Tana da alaƙa sosai da Hautes Plaines na Algeria, inda za ta yi yarinta da balaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Yaƙin Aljeriya ==
A shekara ta 1954, yayin da take karatu don zama ma'aikaciyar jinya a Setif, Haddad mai shekaru 17 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka shiga cikin rundunar 'yancin Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1956, bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Combattants de la Libération kuma ta shiga [[Taron Soummam]], inda aka kafa jihar Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun kama Haddad kuma sun daure shi fiye da shekaru hudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwarewarta a lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]] ya ba ta laƙabi Moudjahida .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-06 |title=Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger |url=https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Algerie 360 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan fasaha ==
Bayan an sake ta daga kurkuku a lokacin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, ta koma Algiers kuma ta fara karatun fasaha tare da mai zane {{Interlanguage link|Camille Leroy (artist)|fr|Camille Leroy}} a Society of Fine Arts of Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1966 zuwa 1988, ta koyar da zane-zane a Lycée Omar-Racim na Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abdelatif |first=Mounjia |date=2005-03-08 |title=Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Le Soir d'Algérie |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike ga Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa daga 1983 zuwa 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

A shekara ta 1972, ta nuna aikinta na farko a baje kolin rukuni a tsohon Galerie des Quatre-Colonnes a Algiers .  Ta lashe lambar yabo a Concours de la Ville na birnin, wanda ya kawo mata karbuwa mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChaal2012&quot;&gt;Chaal, Mahmoud (2012-05-22). [https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 &quot;Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre&quot;]. ''L'Expression'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kara shiga cikin duniyar fasaha ta Aljeriya, ta shiga kungiyar National Union of Plastic Artists (UNAP) a 1973 da kuma Janar Union of Arab Painters (UGPA) a 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ta kafa abota mai tsawo tare da masu zane [[Baya]] da [[Souhila Bel Bahar|Souhila Belbahar]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-06 |title=Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger |url=https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Algerie 360 |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ &quot;Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger&quot;]. ''Algerie 360'' (in French). 2014-03-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haddad ya yi aiki a cikin al'adar ƙananan Aljeriya, ko ƙananan zane-zane, waɗanda masu kama da Mohammed Racim suka rinjaye su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta suna da alamun launuka na ƙuruciyarta a cikin Hautes Plaines . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin aikinta, yayin da take tafiya da ziyartar gidajen tarihi, gallery, da baje kolin fasaha na duniya, an fallasa ta ga sababbin siffofin fasaha kuma masu kama da Antoni Gaudí, Jean Tinguely, Niki na Saint Phalle, César Baldaccini, Arman, da I.M. Pei sun rinjayi ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da nouveau réalistes, ta fara aiki a cikin zane-zane da collage ta amfani da abubuwa masu ƙerawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, aikin Haddad ya bayyana a cikin nune-nunen solo da na rukuni daban-daban a Aljeriya da kasashen waje. Ana gudanar da sassanta a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers, Gidan Tarihin Bardo, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona, UNESCO, da Gidauniyar Japan, da sauransu.

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Haddad ya mutu a shekara ta 2005, a Algiers, bayan dogon rashin lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abdelatif |first=Mounjia |date=2005-03-08 |title=Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Le Soir d'Algérie |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbdelatif2005&quot;&gt;Abdelatif, Mounjia (2005-03-08). [https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 &quot;Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''Le Soir d'Algérie'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2003, an ba da lambar yabo ga masu zane-zane mata da Birnin Algiers ya bayar don girmama ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChaal2012&quot;&gt;Chaal, Mahmoud (2012-05-22). [https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 &quot;Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre&quot;]. ''L'Expression'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Wani daki a Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers kuma yana ɗauke da sunanta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>2w7wfl2og1y8xlqekf0av6u4rcgukdo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816095</id>
      <parentid>816092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T18:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Yaƙin Aljeriya */</comment>
      <origin>816095</origin>
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'''Aïcha Haddad''' (Arabic; 1937 - 24 ga Fabrairu, 2005) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Aljeriya. An san ta da laƙabi Moudjahida, ta haɗu da al'adun ƙanƙanta na Aljeriya tare da ƙungiyoyin fasaha na Yamma kamar cubism, alama, da nouveau réalisme.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Aïcha Haddad a shekara ta 1937 a Bordj Bou Arréridj, [[Aljeriya]] . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rayuwarta da aikinta sun kasance alama ce ta tarihin iyalinta, waɗanda suka fito daga kabilar Hachem a Medjana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Tana da alaƙa sosai da Hautes Plaines na Algeria, inda za ta yi yarinta da balaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Yaƙin Aljeriya ==
A shekara ta 1954, yayin da take karatu don zama ma'aikaciyar jinya a Setif, Haddad mai shekaru 17 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka shiga cikin rundunar 'yancin Aljeriya.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1956, bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Combattants de la Libération kuma ta shiga [[Taron Soummam]], inda aka kafa jihar Aljeriya.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun kama Haddad kuma sun daure shi fiye da shekaru hudu.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:2&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Kwarewarta a lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]] ya ba ta laƙabi Moudjahida .  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-06 |title=Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger |url=https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Algerie 360 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan fasaha ==
Bayan an sake ta daga kurkuku a lokacin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, ta koma Algiers kuma ta fara karatun fasaha tare da mai zane {{Interlanguage link|Camille Leroy (artist)|fr|Camille Leroy}} a Society of Fine Arts of Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1966 zuwa 1988, ta koyar da zane-zane a Lycée Omar-Racim na Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abdelatif |first=Mounjia |date=2005-03-08 |title=Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Le Soir d'Algérie |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike ga Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa daga 1983 zuwa 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

A shekara ta 1972, ta nuna aikinta na farko a baje kolin rukuni a tsohon Galerie des Quatre-Colonnes a Algiers .  Ta lashe lambar yabo a Concours de la Ville na birnin, wanda ya kawo mata karbuwa mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChaal2012&quot;&gt;Chaal, Mahmoud (2012-05-22). [https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 &quot;Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre&quot;]. ''L'Expression'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kara shiga cikin duniyar fasaha ta Aljeriya, ta shiga kungiyar National Union of Plastic Artists (UNAP) a 1973 da kuma Janar Union of Arab Painters (UGPA) a 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ta kafa abota mai tsawo tare da masu zane [[Baya]] da [[Souhila Bel Bahar|Souhila Belbahar]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-06 |title=Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger |url=https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Algerie 360 |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ &quot;Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger&quot;]. ''Algerie 360'' (in French). 2014-03-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haddad ya yi aiki a cikin al'adar ƙananan Aljeriya, ko ƙananan zane-zane, waɗanda masu kama da Mohammed Racim suka rinjaye su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta suna da alamun launuka na ƙuruciyarta a cikin Hautes Plaines . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin aikinta, yayin da take tafiya da ziyartar gidajen tarihi, gallery, da baje kolin fasaha na duniya, an fallasa ta ga sababbin siffofin fasaha kuma masu kama da Antoni Gaudí, Jean Tinguely, Niki na Saint Phalle, César Baldaccini, Arman, da I.M. Pei sun rinjayi ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da nouveau réalistes, ta fara aiki a cikin zane-zane da collage ta amfani da abubuwa masu ƙerawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, aikin Haddad ya bayyana a cikin nune-nunen solo da na rukuni daban-daban a Aljeriya da kasashen waje. Ana gudanar da sassanta a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers, Gidan Tarihin Bardo, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona, UNESCO, da Gidauniyar Japan, da sauransu.

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Haddad ya mutu a shekara ta 2005, a Algiers, bayan dogon rashin lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abdelatif |first=Mounjia |date=2005-03-08 |title=Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Le Soir d'Algérie |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbdelatif2005&quot;&gt;Abdelatif, Mounjia (2005-03-08). [https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 &quot;Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''Le Soir d'Algérie'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2003, an ba da lambar yabo ga masu zane-zane mata da Birnin Algiers ya bayar don girmama ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChaal2012&quot;&gt;Chaal, Mahmoud (2012-05-22). [https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 &quot;Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre&quot;]. ''L'Expression'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Wani daki a Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers kuma yana ɗauke da sunanta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
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      <id>816096</id>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>/* Ayyukan fasaha */</comment>
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'''Aïcha Haddad''' (Arabic; 1937 - 24 ga Fabrairu, 2005) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Aljeriya. An san ta da laƙabi Moudjahida, ta haɗu da al'adun ƙanƙanta na Aljeriya tare da ƙungiyoyin fasaha na Yamma kamar cubism, alama, da nouveau réalisme.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Aïcha Haddad a shekara ta 1937 a Bordj Bou Arréridj, [[Aljeriya]] . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rayuwarta da aikinta sun kasance alama ce ta tarihin iyalinta, waɗanda suka fito daga kabilar Hachem a Medjana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Tana da alaƙa sosai da Hautes Plaines na Algeria, inda za ta yi yarinta da balaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Yaƙin Aljeriya ==
A shekara ta 1954, yayin da take karatu don zama ma'aikaciyar jinya a Setif, Haddad mai shekaru 17 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka shiga cikin rundunar 'yancin Aljeriya.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1956, bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Combattants de la Libération kuma ta shiga [[Taron Soummam]], inda aka kafa jihar Aljeriya.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun kama Haddad kuma sun daure shi fiye da shekaru hudu.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:2&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Kwarewarta a lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]] ya ba ta laƙabi Moudjahida .  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-06 |title=Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger |url=https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Algerie 360 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan fasaha ==
Bayan an sake ta daga kurkuku a lokacin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, ta koma Algiers kuma ta fara karatun fasaha tare da mai zane {{Interlanguage link|Camille Leroy (artist)|fr|Camille Leroy}} a Society of Fine Arts of Algiers . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1966 zuwa 1988, ta koyar da zane-zane a Lycée Omar-Racim na Algiers .&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abdelatif |first=Mounjia |date=2005-03-08 |title=Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Le Soir d'Algérie |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike ga Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa daga 1983 zuwa 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

A shekara ta 1972, ta nuna aikinta na farko a baje kolin rukuni a tsohon Galerie des Quatre-Colonnes a Algiers .  Ta lashe lambar yabo a Concours de la Ville na birnin, wanda ya kawo mata karbuwa mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChaal2012&quot;&gt;Chaal, Mahmoud (2012-05-22). [https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 &quot;Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre&quot;]. ''L'Expression'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kara shiga cikin duniyar fasaha ta Aljeriya, ta shiga kungiyar National Union of Plastic Artists (UNAP) a 1973 da kuma Janar Union of Arab Painters (UGPA) a 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ta kafa abota mai tsawo tare da masu zane [[Baya]] da [[Souhila Bel Bahar|Souhila Belbahar]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-06 |title=Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger |url=https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Algerie 360 |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.algerie360.com/emouvant-hommage-a-lartiste-peintre-aicha-haddad-a-alger/ &quot;Emouvant hommage à l'artiste peintre Aïcha Haddad à Alger&quot;]. ''Algerie 360'' (in French). 2014-03-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haddad ya yi aiki a cikin al'adar ƙananan Aljeriya, ko ƙananan zane-zane, waɗanda masu kama da Mohammed Racim suka rinjaye su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aklouche Laggoune |first=Nadira |title=Aïcha Haddad |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAklouche_Laggoune&quot;&gt;Aklouche Laggoune, Nadira. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/aicha-haddad/ &quot;Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta suna da alamun launuka na ƙuruciyarta a cikin Hautes Plaines . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin aikinta, yayin da take tafiya da ziyartar gidajen tarihi, gallery, da baje kolin fasaha na duniya, an fallasa ta ga sababbin siffofin fasaha kuma masu kama da Antoni Gaudí, Jean Tinguely, Niki na Saint Phalle, César Baldaccini, Arman, da I.M. Pei sun rinjayi ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da nouveau réalistes, ta fara aiki a cikin zane-zane da collage ta amfani da abubuwa masu ƙerawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, aikin Haddad ya bayyana a cikin nune-nunen solo da na rukuni daban-daban a Aljeriya da kasashen waje. Ana gudanar da sassanta a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers, Gidan Tarihin Bardo, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona, UNESCO, da Gidauniyar Japan, da sauransu.

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Haddad ya mutu a shekara ta 2005, a Algiers, bayan dogon rashin lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abdelatif |first=Mounjia |date=2005-03-08 |title=Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Le Soir d'Algérie |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbdelatif2005&quot;&gt;Abdelatif, Mounjia (2005-03-08). [https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/20244 &quot;Contribution-hommage, l'Artiste Peintre Moundjia Abdelatif raconte Aïcha Haddad&quot;]. ''Le Soir d'Algérie'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2003, an ba da lambar yabo ga masu zane-zane mata da Birnin Algiers ya bayar don girmama ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaal |first=Mahmoud |date=2012-05-22 |title=Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre |url=https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=L'Expression |language=fr-dz}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChaal2012&quot;&gt;Chaal, Mahmoud (2012-05-22). [https://www.lexpressiondz.com/culture/destinee-a-lart-elle-fait-la-guerre-154078 &quot;Destinée à l'art, elle fait la guerre&quot;]. ''L'Expression'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Wani daki a Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers kuma yana ɗauke da sunanta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324939220|Katia Kameli]]&quot;</comment>
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Katia Kameli (Arabic; an haife ta a shekara ta 1973) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Faransa da Aljeriya wacce ke aiki galibi a fim da bidiyo. Babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali ga fasaha shi ne batun Aljeriya, kuma ta yi amfani da fim don bincika tarihin Aljeriya. Nuni na Kameli ya hada da fim mai kashi uku Le Roman Algérien da aikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa Le Cantique des Oiseaux, kuma ta shiga cikin nune-nunen rukuni a Faransa, Portugal, Belgium, Senegal, Mali, da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin a Gidan Tarihi na Kwalejin Smith, Gidan Tarihin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci, da Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta KasuwanciCibiyar Fasaha ta Kasa

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Katia Kameli a shekara ta 1973 a [[Clermont-Ferrand]], Faransa, kuma ta girma tana raba lokacinta tsakanin dangin mahaifiyarta a Faransa da dangin mahaifinta a Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta horar da ita a matsayin mai zane a karkashin jagorancin mai zane na Italiya Michelangelo Pistoletto, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richert |first=Camille |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste_prixaware/katia-kameli/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kammala aikin fim dinta na farko a matsayin dalibi a shekarar 1998. &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; cx-link=&quot;&quot; data-linkid=&quot;64&quot; href=&quot;./Marseille&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Marseille&quot;&gt;Marseille&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/07/16/le-roman-algerien-de-katia-kameli-s-expose-au-frac-de-marseille_6088520_3212.html&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;access-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2025-01-04&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;work&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot&lt;/nowiki&gt;;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Le Monde]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;language&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;fr&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwlw\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt11\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFAzimi2021\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Azimi, Roxana (2021-07-16). &lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/07/16/le-roman-algerien-de-katia-kameli-s-expose-au-frac-de-marseille_6088520_3212.html\&quot; id=\&quot;mwmA\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Le «&lt;span id=\&quot;mwmQ\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:DisplaySpace\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;Roman algérien&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwmg\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:DisplaySpace\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;» de Katia Kameli s'expose au Frac de Marseille\&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwmw\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;97\&quot; href=\&quot;./Le_Monde\&quot; id=\&quot;mwnA\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;Le Monde\&quot;&gt;Le Monde&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (in French)&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwnQ\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwng\&quot;&gt;2025-01-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;link about=\&quot;#mwt11\&quot; href=\&quot;./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwoA\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:PageProp/Category\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-:1_2-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Katia_Kameli#cite_note-:1-2 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; A shekara ta 2000 ta kammala karatu daga École Nationale des Beaux-Arts a Bourges, ta ci gaba da kammala karatun digiri na biyu a batun New Media a Ecole Supérieure des Beaux'Arts a Marseille . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://2022.bergenassembly.no/en/artists/katia-kameli |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Bergen Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan fasaha ==
Kameli ta fi mayar da hankali kan batun Aljeriya don fasaharta. Duk da yake an fi saninta da aiki tare da fim da bidiyo, ta kuma haɗa matsakaici kamar zane-zane, zane-zane، kiɗa, da fasahar rubutu a cikin ayyukanta.

Tsakanin 2002 da 2004, Kameli ya kirkiro fim din Bledi, wani labari mai yiwuwa don bincika [[:de:Kunsthalle Münster|daga]]&amp;#x5D;-linkid=&quot;68&quot; href=&quot;./Algerian_Civil_War&quot; id=&quot;mwMw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Algerian Civil War&quot;&gt;Yaƙin basasar Aljeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richert |first=Camille |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste_prixaware/katia-kameli/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRichert&quot;&gt;Richert, Camille. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste_prixaware/katia-kameli/ &quot;Katia Kameli&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala zama a London tare da Gidauniyar Delfina a cikin 2012,  kuma ta shiga aikin Tara na Bahar Rum na 2014 a matsayin mai zane-zane a cikin zama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://www.delfinafoundation.com/in-residence/katia-kameli/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Delfina Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nunin farko da ta yi ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru a New York (2014), London (2016), da Douchy-les-Mines (2018). &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kameli |first=Katia |title=Bio |url=https://www.katiakameli.com/bio--actu/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Katia Kameli}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, Kameli tana da nune-nunen kansa a Jamus a {{Interlanguage link|Kunsthalle Münster|de|Kunsthalle Münster}} [de], wanda ke nuna sabon fim dinta na kashi uku Le Roman Algérien tare da sauran ayyukan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Katia Kameli: She Rekindled the Vividness of the Past |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/286256/katia-kamelishe-rekindled-the-vividness-of-the-past/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=e-flux Announcements |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu 2020, an nuna Le Roman Algérien a gidan kayan gargajiya na Kalmar a Sweden. Fim din yana kewaye da wani kiosk na iyali a [[Aljir|Algiers]] wanda ke sayar da hotuna, katunan waya, da tsabar kudi, yana gabatar da tattaunawa game da fasaha, ba da labari, da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kafin ya rufe wasu daga cikin zanga-zangar Aljeriya ta farkon 2019 a kan shugaban kasar [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Algerian Novel |url=https://www.kalmarkonstmuseum.se/en/exhibition/the-algerian-novel/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Kalmar Art Museum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2022, an zaɓi Kameli don samun kuɗi daga shirin Les Mondes Nouveaux na gwamnatin Faransa don aikinta na Le Cantique des Oiseaux, wanda ya yi amfani da zane-zane da kiɗa don fassara aikin mawaki na Farisa Far Odîd-dîn' Attar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Katia KAMELI |url=https://mondes-nouveaux.culture.gouv.fr/fr/katia-kameli |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Mondes nouveaux |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna shigarwarta ta ƙarshe a Paris sannan kuma Berlin.

Kameli ta shiga cikin nune-nunen rukuni a Faransa, Portugal, Belgium, Senegal, Mali, da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kuma aikinta yana ƙunshe a cikin tarin a Smith College Museum of Art, Musée National d'Art Moderne, da Cibiyar National des Arts Plastiques .  An nuna fina-finai ta ne a bikin fina-falla na kasa da kasa na Rotterdam da Cinémathèque française . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kameli |first=Katia |title=Bio |url=https://www.katiakameli.com/bio--actu/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Katia Kameli}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKameli&quot;&gt;Kameli, Katia. [https://www.katiakameli.com/bio--actu/ &quot;Bio&quot;]. ''Katia Kameli''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2022, an zabi ta don Prix AWARE, wanda ba da kyauta a kowace shekara ta Archives of Women Artists, Research &amp; Exhibitions (AWARE) don gane ayyukan da ayyukan mata masu zane-zane na Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Prix AWARE: 2022 Edition |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/prix_aware/2022/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Binciken bincike na ayyukan ===
A cikin wani bincike na masu zane-zane waɗanda ke bincika &quot;sabon sararin zamantakewa da al'adu da aka haifa daga shige da fice&quot;, masanin kimiyya Catherine Bernard ya bincika fim din Kameli na 2009 Dissolution, wanda ke sanya tafiyar baƙi cikin mayar da hankali ta amfani da kwatancin jirgin ruwa da ya isa kuma ya tsaya a tashar jiragen ruwa. Bernard ya lura cewa &quot;bayar da ma'anar haɗin kai&quot; wani bangare ne na tushe na aikin Kameli, wanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da mai zane ya samu na samun tushe a kasashe biyu daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bernard |first=Catherine |date=2015 |title=Out of Bounds |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43307738 |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=54–65 |issn=0001-9933}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 54, 58 : 54, 58 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]</text>
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Katia Kameli (Arabic; an haife ta a shekara ta 1973) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Faransa da Aljeriya wacce ke aiki galibi a fim da bidiyo. Babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali ga fasaha shi ne batun Aljeriya, kuma ta yi amfani da fim don bincika tarihin Aljeriya. Nuni na Kameli ya hada da fim mai kashi uku Le Roman Algérien da aikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa Le Cantique des Oiseaux, kuma ta shiga cikin nune-nunen rukuni a Faransa, Portugal, Belgium, Senegal, Mali, da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin a Gidan Tarihi na Kwalejin Smith, Gidan Tarihin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci, da Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta KasuwanciCibiyar Fasaha ta Kasa

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Katia Kameli a shekara ta 1973 a [[Clermont-Ferrand]], Faransa, kuma ta girma tana raba lokacinta tsakanin dangin mahaifiyarta a Faransa da dangin mahaifinta a Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta horar da ita a matsayin mai zane a karkashin jagorancin mai zane na Italiya Michelangelo Pistoletto, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richert |first=Camille |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste_prixaware/katia-kameli/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kammala aikin fim dinta na farko a matsayin dalibi a shekarar 1998.  A shekara ta 2000 ta kammala karatu daga École Nationale des Beaux-Arts a Bourges, ta ci gaba da kammala karatun digiri na biyu a batun New Media a Ecole Supérieure des Beaux'Arts a Marseille . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://2022.bergenassembly.no/en/artists/katia-kameli |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Bergen Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan fasaha ==
Kameli ta fi mayar da hankali kan batun Aljeriya don fasaharta. Duk da yake an fi saninta da aiki tare da fim da bidiyo, ta kuma haɗa matsakaici kamar zane-zane, zane-zane، kiɗa, da fasahar rubutu a cikin ayyukanta.

Tsakanin 2002 da 2004, Kameli ya kirkiro fim din Bledi, wani labari mai yiwuwa don bincika [[:de:Kunsthalle Münster|daga]]&amp;#x5D;-linkid=&quot;68&quot; href=&quot;./Algerian_Civil_War&quot; id=&quot;mwMw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Algerian Civil War&quot;&gt;Yaƙin basasar Aljeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richert |first=Camille |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste_prixaware/katia-kameli/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRichert&quot;&gt;Richert, Camille. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste_prixaware/katia-kameli/ &quot;Katia Kameli&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala zama a London tare da Gidauniyar Delfina a cikin 2012,  kuma ta shiga aikin Tara na Bahar Rum na 2014 a matsayin mai zane-zane a cikin zama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://www.delfinafoundation.com/in-residence/katia-kameli/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Delfina Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nunin farko da ta yi ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru a New York (2014), London (2016), da Douchy-les-Mines (2018). &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kameli |first=Katia |title=Bio |url=https://www.katiakameli.com/bio--actu/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Katia Kameli}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, Kameli tana da nune-nunen kansa a Jamus a {{Interlanguage link|Kunsthalle Münster|de|Kunsthalle Münster}} [de], wanda ke nuna sabon fim dinta na kashi uku Le Roman Algérien tare da sauran ayyukan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Katia Kameli: She Rekindled the Vividness of the Past |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/286256/katia-kamelishe-rekindled-the-vividness-of-the-past/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=e-flux Announcements |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu 2020, an nuna Le Roman Algérien a gidan kayan gargajiya na Kalmar a Sweden. Fim din yana kewaye da wani kiosk na iyali a [[Aljir|Algiers]] wanda ke sayar da hotuna, katunan waya, da tsabar kudi, yana gabatar da tattaunawa game da fasaha, ba da labari, da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kafin ya rufe wasu daga cikin zanga-zangar Aljeriya ta farkon 2019 a kan shugaban kasar [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Algerian Novel |url=https://www.kalmarkonstmuseum.se/en/exhibition/the-algerian-novel/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Kalmar Art Museum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2022, an zaɓi Kameli don samun kuɗi daga shirin Les Mondes Nouveaux na gwamnatin Faransa don aikinta na Le Cantique des Oiseaux, wanda ya yi amfani da zane-zane da kiɗa don fassara aikin mawaki na Farisa Far Odîd-dîn' Attar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Katia KAMELI |url=https://mondes-nouveaux.culture.gouv.fr/fr/katia-kameli |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Mondes nouveaux |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna shigarwarta ta ƙarshe a Paris sannan kuma Berlin.

Kameli ta shiga cikin nune-nunen rukuni a Faransa, Portugal, Belgium, Senegal, Mali, da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kuma aikinta yana ƙunshe a cikin tarin a Smith College Museum of Art, Musée National d'Art Moderne, da Cibiyar National des Arts Plastiques .  An nuna fina-finai ta ne a bikin fina-falla na kasa da kasa na Rotterdam da Cinémathèque française . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kameli |first=Katia |title=Bio |url=https://www.katiakameli.com/bio--actu/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Katia Kameli}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKameli&quot;&gt;Kameli, Katia. [https://www.katiakameli.com/bio--actu/ &quot;Bio&quot;]. ''Katia Kameli''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2022, an zabi ta don Prix AWARE, wanda ba da kyauta a kowace shekara ta Archives of Women Artists, Research &amp; Exhibitions (AWARE) don gane ayyukan da ayyukan mata masu zane-zane na Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Prix AWARE: 2022 Edition |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/prix_aware/2022/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Binciken bincike na ayyukan ===
A cikin wani bincike na masu zane-zane waɗanda ke bincika &quot;sabon sararin zamantakewa da al'adu da aka haifa daga shige da fice&quot;, masanin kimiyya Catherine Bernard ya bincika fim din Kameli na 2009 Dissolution, wanda ke sanya tafiyar baƙi cikin mayar da hankali ta amfani da kwatancin jirgin ruwa da ya isa kuma ya tsaya a tashar jiragen ruwa. Bernard ya lura cewa &quot;bayar da ma'anar haɗin kai&quot; wani bangare ne na tushe na aikin Kameli, wanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da mai zane ya samu na samun tushe a kasashe biyu daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bernard |first=Catherine |date=2015 |title=Out of Bounds |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43307738 |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=54–65 |issn=0001-9933}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 54, 58 : 54, 58 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]</text>
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Katia Kameli (Arabic; an haife ta a shekara ta 1973) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Faransa da Aljeriya wacce ke aiki galibi a fim da bidiyo. Babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali ga fasaha shi ne batun Aljeriya, kuma ta yi amfani da fim don bincika tarihin Aljeriya. Nuni na Kameli ya hada da fim mai kashi uku Le Roman Algérien da aikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa Le Cantique des Oiseaux, kuma ta shiga cikin nune-nunen rukuni a Faransa, Portugal, Belgium, Senegal, Mali, da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin a Gidan Tarihi na Kwalejin Smith, Gidan Tarihin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci, da Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta KasuwanciCibiyar Fasaha ta Kasa

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Katia Kameli a shekara ta 1973 a [[Clermont-Ferrand]], Faransa, kuma ta girma tana raba lokacinta tsakanin dangin mahaifiyarta a Faransa da dangin mahaifinta a Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta horar da ita a matsayin mai zane a karkashin jagorancin mai zane na Italiya Michelangelo Pistoletto, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richert |first=Camille |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste_prixaware/katia-kameli/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kammala aikin fim dinta na farko a matsayin dalibi a shekarar 1998.  A shekara ta 2000 ta kammala karatu daga École Nationale des Beaux-Arts a Bourges, ta ci gaba da kammala karatun digiri na biyu a batun New Media a Ecole Supérieure des Beaux'Arts a Marseille . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://2022.bergenassembly.no/en/artists/katia-kameli |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Bergen Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan fasaha ==
Kameli ta fi mayar da hankali kan batun Aljeriya don fasaharta. Duk da yake an fi saninta da aiki tare da fim da bidiyo, ta kuma haɗa matsakaici kamar zane-zane, zane-zane، kiɗa, da fasahar rubutu a cikin ayyukanta.

Tsakanin 2002 da 2004, Kameli ya kirkiro fim din Bledi, wani labari mai yiwuwa don bincika [[:de:Kunsthalle Münster|daga]]&amp;#x5D;-linkid=&quot;68&quot; href=&quot;./Algerian_Civil_War&quot; id=&quot;mwMw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Algerian Civil War&quot;&gt;Yaƙin basasar Aljeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richert |first=Camille |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste_prixaware/katia-kameli/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRichert&quot;&gt;Richert, Camille. [https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste_prixaware/katia-kameli/ &quot;Katia Kameli&quot;]. ''AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala zama a London tare da Gidauniyar Delfina a cikin 2012,  kuma ta shiga aikin Tara na Bahar Rum na 2014 a matsayin mai zane-zane a cikin zama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Katia Kameli |url=https://www.delfinafoundation.com/in-residence/katia-kameli/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Delfina Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nunin farko da ta yi ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru a New York (2014), London (2016), da Douchy-les-Mines (2018). &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kameli |first=Katia |title=Bio |url=https://www.katiakameli.com/bio--actu/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Katia Kameli}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, Kameli tana da nune-nunen kansa a Jamus a {{Interlanguage link|Kunsthalle Münster|de|Kunsthalle Münster}} [de], wanda ke nuna sabon fim dinta na kashi uku Le Roman Algérien tare da sauran ayyukan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Katia Kameli: She Rekindled the Vividness of the Past |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/286256/katia-kamelishe-rekindled-the-vividness-of-the-past/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=e-flux Announcements |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu 2020, an nuna Le Roman Algérien a gidan kayan gargajiya na Kalmar a Sweden. Fim din yana kewaye da wani kiosk na iyali a [[Aljir|Algiers]] wanda ke sayar da hotuna, katunan waya, da tsabar kudi, yana gabatar da tattaunawa game da fasaha, ba da labari, da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kafin ya rufe wasu daga cikin zanga-zangar Aljeriya ta farkon 2019 a kan shugaban kasar [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Algerian Novel |url=https://www.kalmarkonstmuseum.se/en/exhibition/the-algerian-novel/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Kalmar Art Museum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2022, an zaɓi Kameli don samun kuɗi daga shirin Les Mondes Nouveaux na gwamnatin Faransa don aikinta na Le Cantique des Oiseaux, wanda ya yi amfani da zane-zane da kiɗa don fassara aikin mawaki na Farisa Far Odîd-dîn' Attar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Katia KAMELI |url=https://mondes-nouveaux.culture.gouv.fr/fr/katia-kameli |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Mondes nouveaux |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna shigarwarta ta ƙarshe a Paris sannan kuma Berlin.

Kameli ta shiga cikin nune-nunen rukuni a Faransa, Portugal, Belgium, Senegal, Mali, da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kuma aikinta yana ƙunshe a cikin tarin a Smith College Museum of Art, Musée National d'Art Moderne, da Cibiyar National des Arts Plastiques .  An nuna fina-finai ta ne a bikin fina-falla na kasa da kasa na Rotterdam da Cinémathèque française . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kameli |first=Katia |title=Bio |url=https://www.katiakameli.com/bio--actu/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Katia Kameli}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKameli&quot;&gt;Kameli, Katia. [https://www.katiakameli.com/bio--actu/ &quot;Bio&quot;]. ''Katia Kameli''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2022, an zabi ta don Prix AWARE, wanda ba da kyauta a kowace shekara ta Archives of Women Artists, Research &amp; Exhibitions (AWARE) don gane ayyukan da ayyukan mata masu zane-zane na Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Prix AWARE: 2022 Edition |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/prix_aware/2022/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Binciken bincike na ayyukan ===
A cikin wani bincike na masu zane-zane waɗanda ke bincika &quot;sabon sararin zamantakewa da al'adu da aka haifa daga shige da fice&quot;, masanin kimiyya Catherine Bernard ya bincika fim din Kameli na 2009 Dissolution, wanda ke sanya tafiyar baƙi cikin mayar da hankali ta amfani da kwatancin jirgin ruwa da ya isa kuma ya tsaya a tashar jiragen ruwa. Bernard ya lura cewa &quot;bayar da ma'anar haɗin kai&quot; wani bangare ne na tushe na aikin Kameli, wanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da mai zane ya samu na samun tushe a kasashe biyu daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bernard |first=Catherine |date=2015 |title=Out of Bounds |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43307738 |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=54–65 |issn=0001-9933}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 54, 58 : 54, 58 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tete Chelangat</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342304048|Tete Chelangat]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1850" sha1="fu8qmineirlowc8du9c6borgi1c312v" xml:space="preserve">'''Eveline Tete Chelangat''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1960) 'yar siyasar Uganda, ce. 'Yar ƙabilar [[Mutanen Sebei|Sabin ce]] an zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki. Tana wakiltar mazaɓar Bukwo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rashid Muzungyo |date=2006-12-03 |title=Minister lauds UNFPA on health |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/535736 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kongasis. Ita memba ce ta Jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministers, MPs who took money, dodged Parliament revealed |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Ministers--MPs-who-took-money--dodged-Parliament-revealed/688334-1702446-q69cdx/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601093439/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Ministers--MPs-who-took-money--dodged-Parliament-revealed/688334-1702446-q69cdx/index.html |archive-date=2019-06-01 |access-date=2019-06-01 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Bukwo. Ta shiga makarantar 'yan mata ta Kidetok, Serere don matakin O level. Ta shiga kwalejin Sebei, Tegeres. Tana da digiri a fannin aikin zamantakewa daga Cibiyar Nsamizi (Mpigi). Ita ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ce ta sana'a kuma Pentecostal ce ta addini.

== Aiki ==
Chelangat ta shiga siyasa kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin Gundumar Gundumar LC5, a shekara ta 2006. Gundumar Bukwo a hukumance ta zama gundumar kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin wakilin mata a majalisar dokokin Uganda, a ƙarƙashin National Resistance Movement zuwa shekara ta 2016.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=317.000000&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=35.000000&amp;distname=Bukwo Majalisar dokoki.go.ug]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]</text>
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'''Eveline Tete Chelangat''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1960) 'yar siyasar Uganda, ce. 'Yar ƙabilar [[Mutanen Sebei|Sabin ce]] an zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki. Tana wakiltar mazaɓar Bukwo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rashid Muzungyo |date=2006-12-03 |title=Minister lauds UNFPA on health |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/535736 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kongasis. Ita memba ce ta Jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministers, MPs who took money, dodged Parliament revealed |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Ministers--MPs-who-took-money--dodged-Parliament-revealed/688334-1702446-q69cdx/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601093439/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Ministers--MPs-who-took-money--dodged-Parliament-revealed/688334-1702446-q69cdx/index.html |archive-date=2019-06-01 |access-date=2019-06-01 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Bukwo. Ta shiga makarantar 'yan mata ta Kidetok, Serere don matakin O level. Ta shiga kwalejin Sebei, Tegeres. Tana da digiri a fannin aikin zamantakewa daga Cibiyar Nsamizi (Mpigi). Ita ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ce ta sana'a kuma Pentecostal ce ta addini.

== Aiki ==
Chelangat ta shiga siyasa kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin Gundumar Gundumar LC5, a shekara ta 2006. Gundumar Bukwo a hukumance ta zama gundumar kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin wakilin mata a majalisar dokokin Uganda, a ƙarƙashin National Resistance Movement zuwa shekara ta 2016.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=317.000000&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=35.000000&amp;distname=Bukwo Majalisar dokoki.go.ug]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305861231|Nahla El Fatiha Naili]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Nahla El Fatiha Naili''' (a cikin [[Larabci]]: نهلة الفاتحة نايلي, a cikin [[Abzinanci|Amazigh]]: Nahla El-Fatiḥa Naili, a cikin [[Tifinagh]]: (2013)     , an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1986) ɗan Aljeriya ne.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Naili 'yar Rabah Naili, farfesa a fannin Injiniyan lantarki kuma kwararre a fannin meteorology daga Azefoun a lardin Tizi Ouzou, da Hafida Bouhired, mai tsara samfurin daga El Aouana a Jijel wanda danginsa ke zaune a Casbah na Algiers .  Bayan iyayen Naili sun sake aure, sai ta koma tare da mahaifiyarta da ɗan'uwanta Arslan Larbi Redouan, zuwa gidan dangin, Bouhired, wanda ke cikin tsaunuka na Algiers. Mahaifiyarta da kawunanta Zina, Leila, da Houria Bouhired ne suka haife ta.

== Ilimi ==
A shekara ta 2007 Naili ta sami karatun sakandare na Faransanci a Lycée International na Alexandre-Dumas a [[Aljir|Algiers]] kuma ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fine Arts a Algièrs a shekara ta 2016. A cikin 2018 &lt;ref name=&quot;nahlatempsdz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ibersiene |first=Arezki |year=2018 |title=Nahla Naili, ancienne étudiante de l'école des Beaux-arts d'Alger: &quot;On a trop laissé pourrir la situation à l'ESBA&quot; |url=https://www.letempsdz.com/index.php/132-actualite/188884-nahla-naili,-ancienne-%C3%A9tudiante-de-l-%C3%A9cole-des-beaux-arts-d-alger-%C2%ABon-a-trop-laiss%C3%A9-pourrir-la-situation-%C3%A0-l-esba%C2%BB |url-status=dead |journal=Le Temps d'Algérie |issn=1112-9344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220434/https://www.letempsdz.com/index.php/132-actualite/188884-nahla-naili,-ancienne-%C3%A9tudiante-de-l-%C3%A9cole-des-beaux-arts-d-alger-%C2%ABon-a-trop-laiss%C3%A9-pourrir-la-situation-%C3%A0-l-esba%C2%BB |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana shirya rubutun digiri a ƙarƙashin taken &quot;Creation and urban heritage: Don yin fasahar zamani ta hanyar farfado da Algiers &quot; a Jami'ar Panthéon-Sorbonne.&lt;ref name=&quot;newsalg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hafid Azouz |date=18 April 2018 |title=L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes |url=http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Live News Algérie}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nahla&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hocine |first=Achour |date=8 June 2018 |title=Nahla Naïli : &quot; Il y a des contraintes réelles à exercer le métier de sculpteur en Algérie &quot; |url=http://www.culture-dz.com/2018/06/08/nahla-naili-il-y-a-des-contraintes-reelles-a-exercer-le-metier-de-sculpteur-en-algerie/ |url-status=dead |journal=Culture Dz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218085120/http://www.culture-dz.com/2018/06/08/nahla-naili-il-y-a-des-contraintes-reelles-a-exercer-le-metier-de-sculpteur-en-algerie/ |archive-date=18 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naili ta kuma gudanar da darussan horo daban-daban a [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Tunis]]&quot;Tunisiya kan farfado da [[Madinah|medinas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hind |first=O. |year=2018 |title=Résidence d'artistes &quot;mémoires de la Casbah d'Alger&quot; : &quot; L'art au service du patrimoine &quot; |url=http://www.lexpressiondz.com/article/0/0-0-0/288899.html |url-status=dead |journal=L'Expression |issn=1112-3397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220544/http://www.lexpressiondz.com/article/0/0-0-0/288899.html |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma shiga cikin horo da yawa tare da [[UNESCO]], kamar bita &quot;Management na sa kai da Ayyukan Kasuwanci na Jama'a / Masu zaman kansu&quot;, a watan Yulin 2017, da kuma a Med Culture Training &quot;Community Awareness&quot; Resilient to Cultural Heritage Values,&quot; a [[Amman]], [[Jodan|Jordan]] a watan Oktoba 2018 da kuma Net Med Youth Training Program &quot;Ƙara sha'awar fasahar dijital mai kirkirar tsakanin matasa masu kare al'adun al'adu&quot; da aka gudanar a Tunis a watan Disamba 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13–14 December 2018 |title=Increasing appetite for creative digital technologies among young cultural heritage defenders |url=https://www.netmedyouth.org/sites/default/files/upload/files/Programme%20Tunis%20VF.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220718/https://www.netmedyouth.org/sites/default/files/upload/files/Programme%20Tunis%20VF.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=[[UNESCO|netmedyouth.org]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka da ayyukan ==
Naili memba ne kuma Sakatare Janar na Save the Casbah Association of Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;newsalg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hafid Azouz |date=18 April 2018 |title=L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes |url=http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Live News Algérie}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHafid_Azouz2018&quot;&gt;Hafid Azouz (18 April 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ &quot;L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes&quot;]. ''Live News Algérie''. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ita ce co-kafa kungiyar Awakened Youth Movement . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Conférence régionale de l'UNESCO, Patrimoine culturel et identité: perspectives de la jeunesse de la région arabe |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/carthage_agenda_march2017_fr.pdf |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=[[UNESCO|unesco.org]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016, Nahla tare da ɗan'uwanta Arslan da dan uwanta Selma Bouhired, sun fara The NAS Workshop, sarari don tunani ga duk maganganun fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abada |first=Latifa |year=2016 |title=&quot;ورشة ناس&quot; un nouvel atelier à la Casbah crée un pont entre l'histoire et l'art |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/12/17/story_n_13690114.html |url-status=usurped |journal=[[HuffPost]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218125453/http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/12/17/story_n_13690114.html |archive-date=18 December 2016 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nuni ==
{{Columns-list|* participation in l'exposition de la Commedia dell'arte au Centre culturel italien à Alger, 2011
* participation in festival d’art Contemporain (MOST ‘ART) à [[Mostaganem]], 2011
* exposition des « Beaux arts à Didouche Mourad » avec la commune d'[[Alger-Centre]], 2012
* participation in festival National de la création féminine par la réalisation d’une sculpture monumentale à 6 mains, 2012
* participation in [[palais de la culture Moufdi Zakaria]] à  Alger,&lt;ref name=expression&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O.|first=H.|title=8e édition du salon d'automne : &quot; Variation esthétique à découvrir &quot;|journal=L'Expression|date=3 December 2015|pages=21|issn=1112-3397|url=http://www.lexpressiondz.com/files.php?force&amp;file=pdf/P20151203eepp.pdf|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025944/http://www.lexpressiondz.com/files.php?force&amp;file=pdf%2FP20151203eepp.pdf|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2015
* exposition in l'atelier N.A.S. Casbah d'Alger, Algérie,&lt;ref name=NAS&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yasmine|first=Azzouz|title=Maison des Bouhired à la Casbah, l'art pour préserver notre patrimoine : &quot; Elle a été transformée en atelier pour artistes &quot;|journal=Liberté|date=6 June 2017|issn=1111-4290|url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/maison-des-bouhired-a-la-casbah-lart-pour-preserver-notre-patrimoine-271315|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203546/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/maison-des-bouhired-a-la-casbah-lart-pour-preserver-notre-patrimoine-271315|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017
* participation in printemps des arts, inauguration d’un marché de l’art Algérien, en qualité d’artiste sculpteure exposante avec la [[galerie el Yasmine]]}}
, 2018

=== Iyali ===
[[Fayil:Fatiha_Bouhired.jpg|thumb|Kakar uwa Fatiha Bouhired]]
Mahaifiyarta, Hafida Bouhired, ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'yan uwa biyar daga auren farko na kakarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpere&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |date=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |language=fr |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakan mahaifiyar Naili Mustapha Bouhired dan wasa ne a Racing Club de Paris kuma ɗan jaridar wasanni na Alger Républicain . Ya yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] don 'yancin Faransa kafin ya zama mai fafutukar [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] na juyin juya halin Aljeriya. An harbe ta a cikin Casbah na Algiers, a ranar 14 ga Maris 1957, bayan an kama shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpemre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |year=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakar mahaifiyarta Fatiha Bouhired, an haife ta Hattali Oukhiti, ita ma mai fafutuka ce kamar mijinta, kuma a duk lokacin yakin Aljeriya an yi amfani da gidajen iyali a matsayin mafaka ga manyan shugabannin 'yan tawaye na birane a [[Aljir|Algiers]]. An kama ta sau biyu a gidan dangin, daya tare da [[Saadi Yacef|Yacef Saadi]], [[Zohra Drif]], &lt;ref name=&quot;grandma&quot; /&gt; da kuma 'yarta mai watanni shida Hafida Bouhired, wacce aka daure ta a gidan yarin Serkadji kuma aka sake ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpemre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |year=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrahimi2008&quot;&gt;Brahimi, Feu Hamidou (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 &quot;À la mémoire d'un héros&quot;]. ''El Watan''. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1111-0333 1111-0333]. Archived from [https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 the original] on 30 December 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <origin>816119</origin>
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      <text bytes="11892" sha1="gxsllnrox4gymcno10ppke12tqk0mhp" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Nahla El Fatiha Naili''' (a cikin [[Larabci]]: نهلة الفاتحة نايلي, a cikin [[Abzinanci|Amazigh]]: Nahla El-Fatiḥa Naili, a cikin [[Tifinagh]]: (2013)     , an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1986) ɗan Aljeriya ne.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Naili 'yar Rabah Naili, farfesa a fannin Injiniyan lantarki kuma kwararre a fannin meteorology daga Azefoun a lardin Tizi Ouzou, da Hafida Bouhired, mai tsara samfurin daga El Aouana a Jijel wanda danginsa ke zaune a Casbah na Algiers .  Bayan iyayen Naili sun sake aure, sai ta koma tare da mahaifiyarta da ɗan'uwanta Arslan Larbi Redouan, zuwa gidan dangin, Bouhired, wanda ke cikin tsaunuka na Algiers. Mahaifiyarta da kawunanta Zina, Leila, da Houria Bouhired ne suka haife ta.

== Ilimi ==
A shekara ta 2007 Naili ta sami karatun sakandare na Faransanci a Lycée International na Alexandre-Dumas a [[Aljir|Algiers]] kuma ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fine Arts a Algièrs a shekara ta 2016. A cikin 2018 &lt;ref name=&quot;nahlatempsdz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ibersiene |first=Arezki |year=2018 |title=Nahla Naili, ancienne étudiante de l'école des Beaux-arts d'Alger: &quot;On a trop laissé pourrir la situation à l'ESBA&quot; |url=https://www.letempsdz.com/index.php/132-actualite/188884-nahla-naili,-ancienne-%C3%A9tudiante-de-l-%C3%A9cole-des-beaux-arts-d-alger-%C2%ABon-a-trop-laiss%C3%A9-pourrir-la-situation-%C3%A0-l-esba%C2%BB |url-status=dead |journal=Le Temps d'Algérie |issn=1112-9344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220434/https://www.letempsdz.com/index.php/132-actualite/188884-nahla-naili,-ancienne-%C3%A9tudiante-de-l-%C3%A9cole-des-beaux-arts-d-alger-%C2%ABon-a-trop-laiss%C3%A9-pourrir-la-situation-%C3%A0-l-esba%C2%BB |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana shirya rubutun digiri a ƙarƙashin taken &quot;Creation and urban heritage: Don yin fasahar zamani ta hanyar farfado da Algiers &quot; a Jami'ar Panthéon-Sorbonne.&lt;ref name=&quot;newsalg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hafid Azouz |date=18 April 2018 |title=L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes |url=http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Live News Algérie}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nahla&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hocine |first=Achour |date=8 June 2018 |title=Nahla Naïli : &quot; Il y a des contraintes réelles à exercer le métier de sculpteur en Algérie &quot; |url=http://www.culture-dz.com/2018/06/08/nahla-naili-il-y-a-des-contraintes-reelles-a-exercer-le-metier-de-sculpteur-en-algerie/ |url-status=dead |journal=Culture Dz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218085120/http://www.culture-dz.com/2018/06/08/nahla-naili-il-y-a-des-contraintes-reelles-a-exercer-le-metier-de-sculpteur-en-algerie/ |archive-date=18 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naili ta kuma gudanar da darussan horo daban-daban a [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Tunis]]&quot;Tunisiya kan farfado da [[Madinah|medinas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hind |first=O. |year=2018 |title=Résidence d'artistes &quot;mémoires de la Casbah d'Alger&quot; : &quot; L'art au service du patrimoine &quot; |url=http://www.lexpressiondz.com/article/0/0-0-0/288899.html |url-status=dead |journal=L'Expression |issn=1112-3397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220544/http://www.lexpressiondz.com/article/0/0-0-0/288899.html |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma shiga cikin horo da yawa tare da [[UNESCO]], kamar bita &quot;Management na sa kai da Ayyukan Kasuwanci na Jama'a / Masu zaman kansu&quot;, a watan Yulin 2017, da kuma a Med Culture Training &quot;Community Awareness&quot; Resilient to Cultural Heritage Values,&quot; a [[Amman]], [[Jodan|Jordan]] a watan Oktoba 2018 da kuma Net Med Youth Training Program &quot;Ƙara sha'awar fasahar dijital mai kirkirar tsakanin matasa masu kare al'adun al'adu&quot; da aka gudanar a Tunis a watan Disamba 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13–14 December 2018 |title=Increasing appetite for creative digital technologies among young cultural heritage defenders |url=https://www.netmedyouth.org/sites/default/files/upload/files/Programme%20Tunis%20VF.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220718/https://www.netmedyouth.org/sites/default/files/upload/files/Programme%20Tunis%20VF.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=[[UNESCO|netmedyouth.org]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka da ayyukan ==
Naili memba ne kuma Sakatare Janar na Save the Casbah Association of Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;newsalg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hafid Azouz |date=18 April 2018 |title=L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes |url=http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Live News Algérie}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHafid_Azouz2018&quot;&gt;Hafid Azouz (18 April 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ &quot;L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes&quot;]. ''Live News Algérie''. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ita ce co-kafa kungiyar Awakened Youth Movement . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Conférence régionale de l'UNESCO, Patrimoine culturel et identité: perspectives de la jeunesse de la région arabe |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/carthage_agenda_march2017_fr.pdf |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=[[UNESCO|unesco.org]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016, Nahla tare da ɗan'uwanta Arslan da dan uwanta Selma Bouhired, sun fara The NAS Workshop, sarari don tunani ga duk maganganun fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abada |first=Latifa |year=2016 |title=&quot;ورشة ناس&quot; un nouvel atelier à la Casbah crée un pont entre l'histoire et l'art |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/12/17/story_n_13690114.html |url-status=usurped |journal=[[HuffPost]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218125453/http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/12/17/story_n_13690114.html |archive-date=18 December 2016 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nuni ==
{{Columns-list|* participation in l'exposition de la Commedia dell'arte au Centre culturel italien à Alger, 2011
* participation in festival d’art Contemporain (MOST ‘ART) à [[Mostaganem]], 2011
* exposition des « Beaux arts à Didouche Mourad » avec la commune d'[[Alger-Centre]], 2012
* participation in festival National de la création féminine par la réalisation d’une sculpture monumentale à 6 mains, 2012
* participation in [[palais de la culture Moufdi Zakaria]] à  Alger,&lt;ref name=expression&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O.|first=H.|title=8e édition du salon d'automne : &quot; Variation esthétique à découvrir &quot;|journal=L'Expression|date=3 December 2015|pages=21|issn=1112-3397|url=http://www.lexpressiondz.com/files.php?force&amp;file=pdf/P20151203eepp.pdf|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025944/http://www.lexpressiondz.com/files.php?force&amp;file=pdf%2FP20151203eepp.pdf|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2015
* exposition in l'atelier N.A.S. Casbah d'Alger, Algérie,&lt;ref name=NAS&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yasmine|first=Azzouz|title=Maison des Bouhired à la Casbah, l'art pour préserver notre patrimoine : &quot; Elle a été transformée en atelier pour artistes &quot;|journal=Liberté|date=6 June 2017|issn=1111-4290|url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/maison-des-bouhired-a-la-casbah-lart-pour-preserver-notre-patrimoine-271315|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203546/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/maison-des-bouhired-a-la-casbah-lart-pour-preserver-notre-patrimoine-271315|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017
* participation in printemps des arts, inauguration d’un marché de l’art Algérien, en qualité d’artiste sculpteure exposante avec la [[galerie el Yasmine]]}}
, 2018

=== Iyali ===
[[Fayil:Fatiha_Bouhired.jpg|thumb|Kakar uwa Fatiha Bouhired]]
Mahaifiyarta, Hafida Bouhired, ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'yan uwa biyar daga auren farko na kakarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpere&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |date=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |language=fr |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakan mahaifiyar Naili Mustapha Bouhired dan wasa ne a Racing Club de Paris kuma ɗan jaridar wasanni na Alger Républicain . Ya yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] don 'yancin Faransa kafin ya zama mai fafutukar [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] na juyin juya halin Aljeriya. An harbe ta a cikin Casbah na Algiers, a ranar 14 ga Maris 1957, bayan an kama shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpemre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |year=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakar mahaifiyarta Fatiha Bouhired, an haife ta Hattali Oukhiti, ita ma mai fafutuka ce kamar mijinta, kuma a duk lokacin yakin Aljeriya an yi amfani da gidajen iyali a matsayin mafaka ga manyan shugabannin 'yan tawaye na birane a [[Aljir|Algiers]]. An kama ta sau biyu a gidan dangin, daya tare da [[Saadi Yacef|Yacef Saadi]], [[Zohra Drif]], &lt;ref name=&quot;grandma&quot; /&gt; da kuma 'yarta mai watanni shida Hafida Bouhired, wacce aka daure ta a gidan yarin Serkadji kuma aka sake ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpemre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |year=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrahimi2008&quot;&gt;Brahimi, Feu Hamidou (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 &quot;À la mémoire d'un héros&quot;]. ''El Watan''. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1111-0333 1111-0333]. Archived from [https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 the original] on 30 December 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]</text>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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'''Nahla El Fatiha Naili''' (a cikin [[Larabci]]: نهلة الفاتحة نايلي, a cikin [[Abzinanci|Amazigh]]: Nahla El-Fatiḥa Naili, a cikin [[Tifinagh]]: (2013)     , an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1986) ɗan Aljeriya ne.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Naili 'yar Rabah Naili, farfesa a fannin Injiniyan lantarki kuma kwararre a fannin meteorology daga Azefoun a lardin Tizi Ouzou, da Hafida Bouhired, mai tsara samfurin daga El Aouana a Jijel wanda danginsa ke zaune a Casbah na Algiers .  Bayan iyayen Naili sun sake aure, sai ta koma tare da mahaifiyarta da ɗan'uwanta Arslan Larbi Redouan, zuwa gidan dangin, Bouhired, wanda ke cikin tsaunuka na Algiers. Mahaifiyarta da kawunanta Zina, Leila, da Houria Bouhired ne suka haife ta.

== Ilimi ==
A shekara ta 2007 Naili ta sami karatun sakandare na Faransanci a Lycée International na Alexandre-Dumas a [[Aljir|Algiers]] kuma ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fine Arts a Algièrs a shekara ta 2016. A cikin 2018 &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;nahlatempsdz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ibersiene |first=Arezki |year=2018 |title=Nahla Naili, ancienne étudiante de l'école des Beaux-arts d'Alger: &quot;On a trop laissé pourrir la situation à l'ESBA&quot; |url=https://www.letempsdz.com/index.php/132-actualite/188884-nahla-naili,-ancienne-%C3%A9tudiante-de-l-%C3%A9cole-des-beaux-arts-d-alger-%C2%ABon-a-trop-laiss%C3%A9-pourrir-la-situation-%C3%A0-l-esba%C2%BB |url-status=dead |journal=Le Temps d'Algérie |issn=1112-9344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220434/https://www.letempsdz.com/index.php/132-actualite/188884-nahla-naili,-ancienne-%C3%A9tudiante-de-l-%C3%A9cole-des-beaux-arts-d-alger-%C2%ABon-a-trop-laiss%C3%A9-pourrir-la-situation-%C3%A0-l-esba%C2%BB |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana shirya rubutun digiri a ƙarƙashin taken &quot;Creation and urban heritage: Don yin fasahar zamani ta hanyar farfado da Algiers &quot; a Jami'ar Panthéon-Sorbonne.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;newsalg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hafid Azouz |date=18 April 2018 |title=L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes |url=http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Live News Algérie}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;nahla&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hocine |first=Achour |date=8 June 2018 |title=Nahla Naïli : &quot; Il y a des contraintes réelles à exercer le métier de sculpteur en Algérie &quot; |url=http://www.culture-dz.com/2018/06/08/nahla-naili-il-y-a-des-contraintes-reelles-a-exercer-le-metier-de-sculpteur-en-algerie/ |url-status=dead |journal=Culture Dz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218085120/http://www.culture-dz.com/2018/06/08/nahla-naili-il-y-a-des-contraintes-reelles-a-exercer-le-metier-de-sculpteur-en-algerie/ |archive-date=18 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naili ta kuma gudanar da darussan horo daban-daban a [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Tunis]]&quot;Tunisiya kan farfado da [[Madinah|medinas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hind |first=O. |year=2018 |title=Résidence d'artistes &quot;mémoires de la Casbah d'Alger&quot; : &quot; L'art au service du patrimoine &quot; |url=http://www.lexpressiondz.com/article/0/0-0-0/288899.html |url-status=dead |journal=L'Expression |issn=1112-3397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220544/http://www.lexpressiondz.com/article/0/0-0-0/288899.html |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma shiga cikin horo da yawa tare da [[UNESCO]], kamar bita &quot;Management na sa kai da Ayyukan Kasuwanci na Jama'a / Masu zaman kansu&quot;, a watan Yulin 2017, da kuma a Med Culture Training &quot;Community Awareness&quot; Resilient to Cultural Heritage Values,&quot; a [[Amman]], [[Jodan|Jordan]] a watan Oktoba 2018 da kuma Net Med Youth Training Program &quot;Ƙara sha'awar fasahar dijital mai kirkirar tsakanin matasa masu kare al'adun al'adu&quot; da aka gudanar a Tunis a watan Disamba 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13–14 December 2018 |title=Increasing appetite for creative digital technologies among young cultural heritage defenders |url=https://www.netmedyouth.org/sites/default/files/upload/files/Programme%20Tunis%20VF.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220718/https://www.netmedyouth.org/sites/default/files/upload/files/Programme%20Tunis%20VF.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=[[UNESCO|netmedyouth.org]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka da ayyukan ==
Naili memba ne kuma Sakatare Janar na Save the Casbah Association of Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;newsalg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hafid Azouz |date=18 April 2018 |title=L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes |url=http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Live News Algérie}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHafid_Azouz2018&quot;&gt;Hafid Azouz (18 April 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ &quot;L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes&quot;]. ''Live News Algérie''. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ita ce co-kafa kungiyar Awakened Youth Movement . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Conférence régionale de l'UNESCO, Patrimoine culturel et identité: perspectives de la jeunesse de la région arabe |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/carthage_agenda_march2017_fr.pdf |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=[[UNESCO|unesco.org]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016, Nahla tare da ɗan'uwanta Arslan da dan uwanta Selma Bouhired, sun fara The NAS Workshop, sarari don tunani ga duk maganganun fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abada |first=Latifa |year=2016 |title=&quot;ورشة ناس&quot; un nouvel atelier à la Casbah crée un pont entre l'histoire et l'art |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/12/17/story_n_13690114.html |url-status=usurped |journal=[[HuffPost]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218125453/http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/12/17/story_n_13690114.html |archive-date=18 December 2016 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nuni ==
{{Columns-list|* participation in l'exposition de la Commedia dell'arte au Centre culturel italien à Alger, 2011
* participation in festival d’art Contemporain (MOST ‘ART) à [[Mostaganem]], 2011
* exposition des « Beaux arts à Didouche Mourad » avec la commune d'[[Alger-Centre]], 2012
* participation in festival National de la création féminine par la réalisation d’une sculpture monumentale à 6 mains, 2012
* participation in [[palais de la culture Moufdi Zakaria]] à  Alger,&lt;ref name=expression&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O.|first=H.|title=8e édition du salon d'automne : &quot; Variation esthétique à découvrir &quot;|journal=L'Expression|date=3 December 2015|pages=21|issn=1112-3397|url=http://www.lexpressiondz.com/files.php?force&amp;file=pdf/P20151203eepp.pdf|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025944/http://www.lexpressiondz.com/files.php?force&amp;file=pdf%2FP20151203eepp.pdf|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2015
* exposition in l'atelier N.A.S. Casbah d'Alger, Algérie,&lt;ref name=NAS&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yasmine|first=Azzouz|title=Maison des Bouhired à la Casbah, l'art pour préserver notre patrimoine : &quot; Elle a été transformée en atelier pour artistes &quot;|journal=Liberté|date=6 June 2017|issn=1111-4290|url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/maison-des-bouhired-a-la-casbah-lart-pour-preserver-notre-patrimoine-271315|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203546/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/maison-des-bouhired-a-la-casbah-lart-pour-preserver-notre-patrimoine-271315|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017
* participation in printemps des arts, inauguration d’un marché de l’art Algérien, en qualité d’artiste sculpteure exposante avec la [[galerie el Yasmine]]}}
, 2018

=== Iyali ===
[[Fayil:Fatiha_Bouhired.jpg|thumb|Kakar uwa Fatiha Bouhired]]
Mahaifiyarta, Hafida Bouhired, ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'yan uwa biyar daga auren farko na kakarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpere&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |date=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |language=fr |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakan mahaifiyar Naili Mustapha Bouhired dan wasa ne a Racing Club de Paris kuma ɗan jaridar wasanni na Alger Républicain . Ya yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] don 'yancin Faransa kafin ya zama mai fafutukar [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] na juyin juya halin Aljeriya. An harbe ta a cikin Casbah na Algiers, a ranar 14 ga Maris 1957, bayan an kama shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpemre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |year=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakar mahaifiyarta Fatiha Bouhired, an haife ta Hattali Oukhiti, ita ma mai fafutuka ce kamar mijinta, kuma a duk lokacin yakin Aljeriya an yi amfani da gidajen iyali a matsayin mafaka ga manyan shugabannin 'yan tawaye na birane a [[Aljir|Algiers]]. An kama ta sau biyu a gidan dangin, daya tare da [[Saadi Yacef|Yacef Saadi]], [[Zohra Drif]], &lt;ref name=&quot;grandma&quot; /&gt; da kuma 'yarta mai watanni shida Hafida Bouhired, wacce aka daure ta a gidan yarin Serkadji kuma aka sake ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpemre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |year=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrahimi2008&quot;&gt;Brahimi, Feu Hamidou (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 &quot;À la mémoire d'un héros&quot;]. ''El Watan''. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1111-0333 1111-0333]. Archived from [https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 the original] on 30 December 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]</text>
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'''Nahla El Fatiha Naili''' (a cikin [[Larabci]]: نهلة الفاتحة نايلي, a cikin [[Abzinanci|Amazigh]]: Nahla El-Fatiḥa Naili, a cikin [[Tifinagh]]: (2013)     , an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1986) ɗan Aljeriya ne.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Naili 'yar Rabah Naili, farfesa a fannin Injiniyan lantarki kuma kwararre a fannin meteorology daga Azefoun a lardin Tizi Ouzou, da Hafida Bouhired, mai tsara samfurin daga El Aouana a Jijel wanda danginsa ke zaune a Casbah na Algiers .  Bayan iyayen Naili sun sake aure, sai ta koma tare da mahaifiyarta da ɗan'uwanta Arslan Larbi Redouan, zuwa gidan dangin, Bouhired, wanda ke cikin tsaunuka na Algiers. Mahaifiyarta da kawunanta Zina, Leila, da Houria Bouhired ne suka haife ta.

== Ilimi ==
A shekara ta 2007 Naili ta sami karatun sakandare na Faransanci a Lycée International na Alexandre-Dumas a [[Aljir|Algiers]] kuma ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Fine Arts a Algièrs a shekara ta 2016. A cikin 2018 &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;nahlatempsdz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ibersiene |first=Arezki |year=2018 |title=Nahla Naili, ancienne étudiante de l'école des Beaux-arts d'Alger: &quot;On a trop laissé pourrir la situation à l'ESBA&quot; |url=https://www.letempsdz.com/index.php/132-actualite/188884-nahla-naili,-ancienne-%C3%A9tudiante-de-l-%C3%A9cole-des-beaux-arts-d-alger-%C2%ABon-a-trop-laiss%C3%A9-pourrir-la-situation-%C3%A0-l-esba%C2%BB |url-status=dead |journal=Le Temps d'Algérie |issn=1112-9344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220434/https://www.letempsdz.com/index.php/132-actualite/188884-nahla-naili,-ancienne-%C3%A9tudiante-de-l-%C3%A9cole-des-beaux-arts-d-alger-%C2%ABon-a-trop-laiss%C3%A9-pourrir-la-situation-%C3%A0-l-esba%C2%BB |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana shirya rubutun digiri a ƙarƙashin taken &quot;Creation and urban heritage: Don yin fasahar zamani ta hanyar farfado da Algiers &quot; a Jami'ar Panthéon-Sorbonne.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;newsalg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hafid Azouz |date=18 April 2018 |title=L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes |url=http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Live News Algérie}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;nahla&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hocine |first=Achour |date=8 June 2018 |title=Nahla Naïli : &quot; Il y a des contraintes réelles à exercer le métier de sculpteur en Algérie &quot; |url=http://www.culture-dz.com/2018/06/08/nahla-naili-il-y-a-des-contraintes-reelles-a-exercer-le-metier-de-sculpteur-en-algerie/ |url-status=dead |journal=Culture Dz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218085120/http://www.culture-dz.com/2018/06/08/nahla-naili-il-y-a-des-contraintes-reelles-a-exercer-le-metier-de-sculpteur-en-algerie/ |archive-date=18 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naili ta kuma gudanar da darussan horo daban-daban a [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Tunis]]&quot;Tunisiya kan farfado da [[Madinah|medinas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hind |first=O. |year=2018 |title=Résidence d'artistes &quot;mémoires de la Casbah d'Alger&quot; : &quot; L'art au service du patrimoine &quot; |url=http://www.lexpressiondz.com/article/0/0-0-0/288899.html |url-status=dead |journal=L'Expression |issn=1112-3397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220544/http://www.lexpressiondz.com/article/0/0-0-0/288899.html |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma shiga cikin horo da yawa tare da [[UNESCO]], kamar bita &quot;Management na sa kai da Ayyukan Kasuwanci na Jama'a / Masu zaman kansu&quot;, a watan Yulin 2017, da kuma a Med Culture Training &quot;Community Awareness&quot; Resilient to Cultural Heritage Values,&quot; a [[Amman]], [[Jodan|Jordan]] a watan Oktoba 2018 da kuma Net Med Youth Training Program &quot;Ƙara sha'awar fasahar dijital mai kirkirar tsakanin matasa masu kare al'adun al'adu&quot; da aka gudanar a Tunis a watan Disamba 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13–14 December 2018 |title=Increasing appetite for creative digital technologies among young cultural heritage defenders |url=https://www.netmedyouth.org/sites/default/files/upload/files/Programme%20Tunis%20VF.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220718/https://www.netmedyouth.org/sites/default/files/upload/files/Programme%20Tunis%20VF.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=[[UNESCO|netmedyouth.org]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka da ayyukan ==
Naili memba ne kuma Sakatare Janar na Save the Casbah Association of Algiers . &lt;ref name=&quot;newsalg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hafid Azouz |date=18 April 2018 |title=L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes |url=http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Live News Algérie}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHafid_Azouz2018&quot;&gt;Hafid Azouz (18 April 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031943/http://www.livenewsalgerie.com/2018/04/18/lassociation-sauvons-la-casbah-dalger-organise-une-residence-dartistes/ &quot;L'association &quot; Sauvons la Casbah d'Alger &quot; organise une résidence d'artistes&quot;]. ''Live News Algérie''. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ita ce co-kafa kungiyar Awakened Youth Movement . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Conférence régionale de l'UNESCO, Patrimoine culturel et identité: perspectives de la jeunesse de la région arabe |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/carthage_agenda_march2017_fr.pdf |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=[[UNESCO|unesco.org]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016, Nahla tare da ɗan'uwanta Arslan da dan uwanta Selma Bouhired, sun fara The NAS Workshop, sarari don tunani ga duk maganganun fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abada |first=Latifa |year=2016 |title=&quot;ورشة ناس&quot; un nouvel atelier à la Casbah crée un pont entre l'histoire et l'art |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/12/17/story_n_13690114.html |url-status=usurped |journal=[[HuffPost]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218125453/http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/12/17/story_n_13690114.html |archive-date=18 December 2016 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nuni ==
{{Columns-list|* participation in l'exposition de la Commedia dell'arte au Centre culturel italien à Alger, 2011
* participation in festival d’art Contemporain (MOST ‘ART) à [[Mostaganem]], 2011
* exposition des « Beaux arts à Didouche Mourad » avec la commune d'[[Alger-Centre]], 2012
* participation in festival National de la création féminine par la réalisation d’une sculpture monumentale à 6 mains, 2012
* participation in [[palais de la culture Moufdi Zakaria]] à  Alger,&lt;ref name=expression&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O.|first=H.|title=8e édition du salon d'automne : &quot; Variation esthétique à découvrir &quot;|journal=L'Expression|date=3 December 2015|pages=21|issn=1112-3397|url=http://www.lexpressiondz.com/files.php?force&amp;file=pdf/P20151203eepp.pdf|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025944/http://www.lexpressiondz.com/files.php?force&amp;file=pdf%2FP20151203eepp.pdf|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2015
* exposition in l'atelier N.A.S. Casbah d'Alger, Algérie,&lt;ref name=NAS&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yasmine|first=Azzouz|title=Maison des Bouhired à la Casbah, l'art pour préserver notre patrimoine : &quot; Elle a été transformée en atelier pour artistes &quot;|journal=Liberté|date=6 June 2017|issn=1111-4290|url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/maison-des-bouhired-a-la-casbah-lart-pour-preserver-notre-patrimoine-271315|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203546/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/maison-des-bouhired-a-la-casbah-lart-pour-preserver-notre-patrimoine-271315|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017
* participation in printemps des arts, inauguration d’un marché de l’art Algérien, en qualité d’artiste sculpteure exposante avec la [[galerie el Yasmine]]}}
, 2018

=== Iyali ===
[[Fayil:Fatiha_Bouhired.jpg|thumb|Kakar uwa Fatiha Bouhired]]
Mahaifiyarta, Hafida Bouhired, ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'yan uwa biyar daga auren farko na kakarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpere&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |date=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |language=fr |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakan mahaifiyar Naili Mustapha Bouhired dan wasa ne a Racing Club de Paris kuma ɗan jaridar wasanni na Alger Républicain . Ya yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] don 'yancin Faransa kafin ya zama mai fafutukar [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] na juyin juya halin Aljeriya. An harbe ta a cikin Casbah na Algiers, a ranar 14 ga Maris 1957, bayan an kama shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpemre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |year=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakar mahaifiyarta Fatiha Bouhired, an haife ta Hattali Oukhiti, ita ma mai fafutuka ce kamar mijinta, kuma a duk lokacin yakin Aljeriya an yi amfani da gidajen iyali a matsayin mafaka ga manyan shugabannin 'yan tawaye na birane a [[Aljir|Algiers]]. An kama ta sau biyu a gidan dangin, daya tare da [[Saadi Yacef|Yacef Saadi]], [[Zohra Drif]], &lt;ref name=&quot;grandma&quot; /&gt; da kuma 'yarta mai watanni shida Hafida Bouhired, wacce aka daure ta a gidan yarin Serkadji kuma aka sake ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;famillegrandpemre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brahimi |first=Feu Hamidou |year=2008 |title=À la mémoire d'un héros |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |url-status=dead |journal=El Watan |issn=1111-0333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrahimi2008&quot;&gt;Brahimi, Feu Hamidou (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181230034407/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 &quot;À la mémoire d'un héros&quot;]. ''El Watan''. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1111-0333 1111-0333]. Archived from [https://www.elwatan.com/archives/histoire-archives/a-la-memoire-dun-heros-01-11-2008 the original] on 30 December 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]</text>
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    <title>Marianne Mathewson-Chapman</title>
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        <id>39275</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325718000|Marianne Mathewson-Chapman]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816122</origin>
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      <text bytes="4482" sha1="oqsbhq9inddfgt3bwcb5bl6sndw63y6" xml:space="preserve">'''Marianne Mathewson-Chapman''' ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma babbar jami'ar tsaro ta rundunar sojin Amurka mai ritaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka kara mata matsayi zuwa matsayin babbar janar a rundunar sojin kasa.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Mathewson-Chapman a Sabetha, Kansas kuma ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Kansas . &lt;ref name=&quot;flwomenshalloffame&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=Mg Marianne Mathewson-Chapman, Ph.D. |url=https://flwomenshalloffame.org/bio/marianne-chapman/ |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=flwomenshalloffame.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban ɗan'uwanta Joseph ya yi ritaya ne na Sojojin Tsaro na California, kuma surukarta ta kasance mataimakiyar kwamandan.&lt;ref name=&quot;first&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Bob |date=Fall 2000 |title=Chapman is Guard's first female Major General |url=https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/03/08/00/00291/AA00030800_00291.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan soja ==
Bayan kammala makarantar jinya, Mathewson-Chapman ya tafi San Diego don yin aiki tare da Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka don taimakawa fursunonin yaki da suka dawo daga Vietnam. A shekara ta 1972, ta bar rundunar sojan ruwa don ci gaba da karatun farar hula. Ta shiga rundunar tsaron kasa ta Amurka a 1975 kuma ta yi aiki a California, Pennsylvania, da Florida.&lt;ref name=&quot;first&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Bob |date=Fall 2000 |title=Chapman is Guard's first female Major General |url=https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/03/08/00/00291/AA00030800_00291.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu |page=11}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHaskell2000&quot;&gt;Haskell, Bob (Fall 2000). [https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/03/08/00/00291/AA00030800_00291.pdf &quot;Chapman is Guard's first female Major General&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu''. p.&amp;nbsp;11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 12,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1992, an inganta ta zuwa babban ma'aikacin jinya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Multiculturalism in the Armed Forces in the 20th Century |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Heritage-Calendars/pdf-files/2002.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=loc.gov |page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tura Mathewson-Chapman a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a cikin ƙungiyar likitoci a lokacin Yakin Gulf . Ta shiga cikin Operation Desert Storm a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar likitoci waɗanda ke kula da kafa asibitoci 44. &lt;ref name=&quot;Harkas&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1998, an kara Mathewson-Chapman zuwa Mataimakin Babban Likita / Mataimakin Musamman tare da Sojojin Tsaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MAJOR GENERAL MARIANNE MATHEWSON-CHAPMAN |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/6/641.html |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=nationalguard.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayinda yake aiki a cikin Tsaro na Kasa, Mathewson-Chapman ya zama mataimakin farfesa a fannin jinya a Jami'ar Florida .  Ta kuma jagoranci shirin hadin gwiwa na farko a shafukan yanar gizo na 63 na National Guard / Reserve demobilization, ta haɓaka shirin farko na kai tsaye ga membobin Ajiye na Mutum, kuma ta kafa cibiyar kiran tsoffin mayakan yaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gator Nurse Greats- LEAD |url=https://alumni.nursing.ufl.edu/about/gator-nurse-greats/gator-nurse-greats-lead/ |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=alumni.nursing.ufl.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2000, ta zama mace ta farko da aka kara da ita zuwa matsayin babban janar a cikin Sojojin Tsaro. Har ila yau, ta zama babban jami'in tsaron kasa na Florida na farko da aka nada zuwa matsayin soja na kasa a Pentagon . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A wannan shekarar, an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Florida . 

Mathewson-Chapman ta yi ritaya daga aikin soja a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2002, [1] amma ta ci gaba da shiga cikin fafutukar kare hakkin sojoji ta hanyar zama mataimakiyar shugaba a Kwamitin Daidaito na Damammaki na Tsaron Sojojin Kasa. [2] Yayin da take a Ma'ajiyar Sojojin Amurka, ta kuma zama mataimakiyar musamman ga darektan Rundunar Tsaron Sojojin Kasa a Washington da kuma babbar jami'ar jinya ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsoffin Sojoji ta Amurka . [3] As of 2011 , tana aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Harkokin Watsa Labarai ga Tsaro/Ajiye a Ofishin Gudanar da Harkokin Watsa Labarai na VHA OEF/OIF. [4]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <parentid>816122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:25:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816124</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4494" sha1="87uy4mi3vtdbsy44qa2oscba9a90ohq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Marianne Mathewson-Chapman''' ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma babbar jami'ar tsaro ta rundunar sojin Amurka mai ritaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka kara mata matsayi zuwa matsayin babbar janar a rundunar sojin kasa.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Mathewson-Chapman a Sabetha, Kansas kuma ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Kansas . &lt;ref name=&quot;flwomenshalloffame&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=Mg Marianne Mathewson-Chapman, Ph.D. |url=https://flwomenshalloffame.org/bio/marianne-chapman/ |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=flwomenshalloffame.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban ɗan'uwanta Joseph ya yi ritaya ne na Sojojin Tsaro na California, kuma surukarta ta kasance mataimakiyar kwamandan.&lt;ref name=&quot;first&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Bob |date=Fall 2000 |title=Chapman is Guard's first female Major General |url=https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/03/08/00/00291/AA00030800_00291.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan soja ==
Bayan kammala makarantar jinya, Mathewson-Chapman ya tafi San Diego don yin aiki tare da Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka don taimakawa fursunonin yaki da suka dawo daga Vietnam. A shekara ta 1972, ta bar rundunar sojan ruwa don ci gaba da karatun farar hula. Ta shiga rundunar tsaron kasa ta Amurka a 1975 kuma ta yi aiki a California, Pennsylvania, da Florida.&lt;ref name=&quot;first&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Bob |date=Fall 2000 |title=Chapman is Guard's first female Major General |url=https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/03/08/00/00291/AA00030800_00291.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu |page=11}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHaskell2000&quot;&gt;Haskell, Bob (Fall 2000). [https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/03/08/00/00291/AA00030800_00291.pdf &quot;Chapman is Guard's first female Major General&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu''. p.&amp;nbsp;11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 12,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1992, an inganta ta zuwa babban ma'aikacin jinya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Multiculturalism in the Armed Forces in the 20th Century |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Heritage-Calendars/pdf-files/2002.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=loc.gov |page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tura Mathewson-Chapman a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a cikin ƙungiyar likitoci a lokacin Yakin Gulf . Ta shiga cikin Operation Desert Storm a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar likitoci waɗanda ke kula da kafa asibitoci 44. &lt;ref name=&quot;Harkas&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1998, an kara Mathewson-Chapman zuwa Mataimakin Babban Likita / Mataimakin Musamman tare da Sojojin Tsaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MAJOR GENERAL MARIANNE MATHEWSON-CHAPMAN |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/6/641.html |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=nationalguard.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayinda yake aiki a cikin Tsaro na Kasa, Mathewson-Chapman ya zama mataimakin farfesa a fannin jinya a Jami'ar Florida .  Ta kuma jagoranci shirin hadin gwiwa na farko a shafukan yanar gizo na 63 na National Guard / Reserve demobilization, ta haɓaka shirin farko na kai tsaye ga membobin Ajiye na Mutum, kuma ta kafa cibiyar kiran tsoffin mayakan yaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gator Nurse Greats- LEAD |url=https://alumni.nursing.ufl.edu/about/gator-nurse-greats/gator-nurse-greats-lead/ |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=alumni.nursing.ufl.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2000, ta zama mace ta farko da aka kara da ita zuwa matsayin babban janar a cikin Sojojin Tsaro. Har ila yau, ta zama babban jami'in tsaron kasa na Florida na farko da aka nada zuwa matsayin soja na kasa a Pentagon . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A wannan shekarar, an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Florida . 

Mathewson-Chapman ta yi ritaya daga aikin soja a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2002, [1] amma ta ci gaba da shiga cikin fafutukar kare hakkin sojoji ta hanyar zama mataimakiyar shugaba a Kwamitin Daidaito na Damammaki na Tsaron Sojojin Kasa. [2] Yayin da take a Ma'ajiyar Sojojin Amurka, ta kuma zama mataimakiyar musamman ga darektan Rundunar Tsaron Sojojin Kasa a Washington da kuma babbar jami'ar jinya ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsoffin Sojoji ta Amurka . [3] As of 2011 , tana aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Harkokin Watsa Labarai ga Tsaro/Ajiye a Ofishin Gudanar da Harkokin Watsa Labarai na VHA OEF/OIF. [4]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>87uy4mi3vtdbsy44qa2oscba9a90ohq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joane Mathews</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816125</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:27:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329270776|Joane Mathews]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816125</origin>
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      <text bytes="2454" sha1="390yoe3oqlrshz9yui6imo3xtp1371k" xml:space="preserve">'''Joane K. Mathews''', Birgediya janar ce mai ritaya a rundunar tsaron ƙasa ta Wisconsin . Ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar Fish Clan of the Lac du Flambeau Band of the Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama babbar jami'ar 'yan asalin Amurka a cikin rundunar tsaron ƙasa ta Soja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://dma.wi.gov/DMA/bios/PDF/BioBGMathews12Jul16.pdf |access-date=2018-03-28 |publisher=Wisconsin Department of Military Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a da ilimi ==
Mathews ta sami aikinta a rundunar sojin Amurka ta hannun Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro a shekarar 1986 kuma aka tura ta zuwa Makarantar Koyar da Jiragen Sama ta Sojojin Amurka . Daga baya ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a lokacin Operation Provide Comfort .

A shekarar 1997, Mathews ta koma rundunar tsaron ƙasa ta Wisconsin . An naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar Ma'aikata a shekarar 2013. A shekarar 2016, Gwamna Scott Walker ya ɗaukaka Mathews zuwa Brigadier Janar kuma aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Janar na Shiri da Horarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Brig. Gen. Joane Mathews becomes Army National Guard's first female Native American general |url=http://fox6now.com/2016/04/04/brig-gen-joane-mathews-becomes-army-national-guards-first-female-native-american-general/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |publisher=Fox 6}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, an zaɓe Mathews don ɗaukaka zuwa Manjo Janar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PN2082 – Army |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/116th-congress/2082 |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=U.S. Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kayan ado da Mathews ya samu sun haɗa da Legion of Merit tare da tarin ganyen oak, Meritorious Service Medal tare da tarin ganyen oak guda biyu, Army Commendation Medal tare da tarin ganyen oak guda biyu, Army Success Medal, National Defense Service Medal da Master Army Aviator Badge .

Mathews ta kammala karatunta ne a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lakeland Union da ke Minocqua, Wisconsin . Sauran makarantun da ta halarta sun haɗa da Jami'ar North Dakota, Kwalejin Yaƙin Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Sojoji ta Janar da Kwaleji .

Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin native Brigadier General Joane Mathews retires after historic military career |url=https://www.cbs58.com/news/wisconsin-native-brigadier-general-joane-mathews-retires-after-historic-military-career |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=CBS58}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>390yoe3oqlrshz9yui6imo3xtp1371k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816126</id>
      <parentid>816125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:27:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329270776|Joane Mathews]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816126</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2454" sha1="dychi7vjmzgas1wv5d0as3w4yjoibmw" xml:space="preserve">'''Joane K. Mathews''', Birgediya janar ce mai ritaya a rundunar tsaron ƙasa ta Wisconsin . Ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar Fish Clan of the Lac du Flambeau Band of the Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama babbar jami'ar 'yan asalin Amurka a cikin rundunar tsaron ƙasa ta Soja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://dma.wi.gov/DMA/bios/PDF/BioBGMathews12Jul16.pdf |access-date=2018-03-28 |publisher=Wisconsin Department of Military Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a da ilimi ==
Mathews ta sami aikinta a rundunar sojin Amurka ta hannun Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro a shekarar 1986 kuma aka tura ta zuwa Makarantar Koyar da Jiragen Sama ta Sojojin Amurka . Daga baya ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a lokacin Operation Provide Comfort .

A shekarar 1997, Mathews ta koma rundunar tsaron ƙasa ta Wisconsin . An naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar Ma'aikata a shekarar 2013. A shekarar 2016, Gwamna Scott Walker ya ɗaukaka Mathews zuwa Brigadier Janar kuma aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Janar na Shiri da Horarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Brig. Gen. Joane Mathews becomes Army National Guard's first female Native American general |url=http://fox6now.com/2016/04/04/brig-gen-joane-mathews-becomes-army-national-guards-first-female-native-american-general/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |publisher=Fox 6}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, an zaɓe Mathews don ɗaukaka zuwa Manjo Janar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PN2082 – Army |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/116th-congress/2082 |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=U.S. Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kayan ado da Mathews ta samu sun haɗa da Legion of Merit tare da tarin ganyen oak, Meritorious Service Medal tare da tarin ganyen oak guda biyu, Army Commendation Medal tare da tarin ganyen oak guda biyu, Army Success Medal, National Defense Service Medal da Master Army Aviator Badge .

Mathews ta kammala karatunta ne a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lakeland Union da ke Minocqua, Wisconsin . Sauran makarantun da ta halarta sun haɗa da Jami'ar North Dakota, Kwalejin Yaƙin Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Sojoji ta Janar da Kwaleji .

Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin native Brigadier General Joane Mathews retires after historic military career |url=https://www.cbs58.com/news/wisconsin-native-brigadier-general-joane-mathews-retires-after-historic-military-career |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=CBS58}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816128</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:28:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
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      <text bytes="2466" sha1="0qhrs33jzquyguf71or2vtoesgtxcla" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Joane K. Mathews''', Birgediya janar ce mai ritaya a rundunar tsaron ƙasa ta Wisconsin . Ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar Fish Clan of the Lac du Flambeau Band of the Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama babbar jami'ar 'yan asalin Amurka a cikin rundunar tsaron ƙasa ta Soja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://dma.wi.gov/DMA/bios/PDF/BioBGMathews12Jul16.pdf |access-date=2018-03-28 |publisher=Wisconsin Department of Military Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a da ilimi ==
Mathews ta sami aikinta a rundunar sojin Amurka ta hannun Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro a shekarar 1986 kuma aka tura ta zuwa Makarantar Koyar da Jiragen Sama ta Sojojin Amurka . Daga baya ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a lokacin Operation Provide Comfort .

A shekarar 1997, Mathews ta koma rundunar tsaron ƙasa ta Wisconsin . An naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar Ma'aikata a shekarar 2013. A shekarar 2016, Gwamna Scott Walker ya ɗaukaka Mathews zuwa Brigadier Janar kuma aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Janar na Shiri da Horarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Brig. Gen. Joane Mathews becomes Army National Guard's first female Native American general |url=http://fox6now.com/2016/04/04/brig-gen-joane-mathews-becomes-army-national-guards-first-female-native-american-general/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |publisher=Fox 6}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, an zaɓe Mathews don ɗaukaka zuwa Manjo Janar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PN2082 – Army |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/116th-congress/2082 |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=U.S. Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kayan ado da Mathews ta samu sun haɗa da Legion of Merit tare da tarin ganyen oak, Meritorious Service Medal tare da tarin ganyen oak guda biyu, Army Commendation Medal tare da tarin ganyen oak guda biyu, Army Success Medal, National Defense Service Medal da Master Army Aviator Badge .

Mathews ta kammala karatunta ne a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lakeland Union da ke Minocqua, Wisconsin . Sauran makarantun da ta halarta sun haɗa da Jami'ar North Dakota, Kwalejin Yaƙin Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Sojoji ta Janar da Kwaleji .

Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin native Brigadier General Joane Mathews retires after historic military career |url=https://www.cbs58.com/news/wisconsin-native-brigadier-general-joane-mathews-retires-after-historic-military-career |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=CBS58}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>0qhrs33jzquyguf71or2vtoesgtxcla</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Assia Djebar</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:27:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345485870|Assia Djebar]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Fatima-Zohra Imalayen''' (Arabic: _language&quot; id=&quot;mwCg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Arabic language&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;Arabic; 30 Yuni 1936 - 6 Fabrairu 2015), wacce aka fi sani da sunanta '''Assia Djebar''' (Arabic), marubuciya ce ta Aljeriya, mai fassara da kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Yawancin ayyukanta suna magana ne game da cikas da mata ke fuskanta, kuma an san ta da matsayinta na mata. Tana &quot;sake danganta da ƙungiyoyin rubuce-rubucen mata, litattafanta suna mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar asalin mata na Aljeriya, kuma matsayinta na siyasa yana da tsayayya da shugabanci kamar yadda yake adawa da mulkin mallaka. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hiddleston |first=Jane |title=Assia Djebar: In Dialogue with Feminisms (review) |journal=French Studies: A Quarterly Review |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=248–9 |doi=10.1093/fs/knm041}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dauki Djebar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubuta na Arewacin Afirka kuma mafi tasiri. An zabe ta a Académie Française a ranar 16 ga Yuni 2005, marubuciya ta farko daga Maghreb don samun irin wannan sanarwa. Ga dukkan ayyukanta an ba ta lambar yabo ta Neustadt International Prize for Literature ta 1996. Sau da yawa ana kiranta a matsayin mai takara don kyautar Nobel ta adabi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Fatima-Zehra Imalayen ko Djebbar a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1936 a Cherchell, Aljeriya, ga Tahar Imalhayène da Bahia Sahraoui, dangin asalin Chenouas [[Abzinawa|Berber]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Mireille}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta girma ne a Cherchell, wani karamin kauye mai tashar jiragen ruwa kusa da [[Aljir|Algiers]] a lardin Aïn Defla . Mahaifin Djebar ya koyar da Faransanci a Mouzaïaville, makarantar firamare da ta halarta. Daga baya, Djebar ta halarci makarantar kwana mai zaman kanta ta Alkur'ani a [[Blida]], inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata biyu kawai. Ta yi karatu a Collège de Blida, makarantar sakandare a Algiers, inda ita kadai ce Musulmi a cikin aji. Ta halarci École normale supérieure de jeunes filles a shekarar 1955, ta zama mace ta farko ta Aljeriya da Musulma da ta sami ilimi a makarantun da suka fi dacewa a Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;jazeera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=Assia Djebar: Algeria's 'immortal' literary hero |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/assia-djebar-algeria-immortal-literary-hero-170630073650868.html |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/assia-djebar-algeria-immortal-literary-hero-170630073650868.html &quot;Assia Djebar: Algeria's 'immortal' literary hero&quot;]. Al Jazeera. 30 June 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]] ya katse karatunta, amma daga baya ta ci gaba da karatunta a Tunis . 

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1957, ta zaɓi sunan alkalami Assia Djebar don buga littafinta na farko, La Soif (&quot;The Thirst&quot;). Wani littafi, Les Impatients, ya biyo baya a shekara mai zuwa. Har ila yau, a shekara ta 1958, ita da Ahmed Ould-Rouïs sun fara aure wanda zai ƙare da saki. Djebar ta koyar a Jami'ar Rabat (1959-1962) sannan kuma a Jami'an Algiers inda aka sanya ta shugabar sashen sashen Faransanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=Assia Djebar &amp;#124; Algerian writer and filmmaker |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Assia-Djebar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1962, Djebar ya koma Aljeriya kuma ya buga Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde, sannan ya biyo baya a shekarar 1967 tare da Les Alouettes Naïves . Ta zauna a Paris tsakanin 1965 da 1974 kafin ta sake komawa Aljeriya. Ta sake yin aure a 1980 ga mawaki na Aljeriya Malek Alloula . Ma'auratan sun zauna a birnin Paris, inda ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Al'adu ta Aljeriya.

A shekara ta 1997, Djebar ya zama darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Faransanci da Faransanci a Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana. Ta rike wannan mukamin har zuwa shekara ta 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of the Center {{!}} Center for French and Francophone Studies at LSU |url=https://www.lsu.edu/cffs/about/history.php |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=www.lsu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1985, Djebar ta buga L'Amour, la fantasia (wanda aka fassara a matsayin Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade, [[Heinemann (Mawallafa)|Heinemann]], 1993), inda ta &quot;yi maimaitawa game da rashin jituwa game da harshe, game da ganewarta a matsayin mai ilimin Yamma, Aljeriya, mata, Musulmi mai ilimi, game da rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai magana da yawun mata na Aljeriya da mata gaba ɗaya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ghaussy |first=Soheila |year=1994 |title=A Stepmother Tongue: &quot;Feminine Writing&quot; in Assia Djebar's Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade |journal=World Literature Today |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=457–462 |doi=10.2307/40150357 |jstor=40150357}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2005, an zabi Djebar a babbar cibiyar wallafe-wallafen Faransa, Académie Française, cibiyar da ke da alhakin kare al'adun [[Faransanci|Harshen Faransanci]] kuma an zaɓi membobinta, waɗanda aka sani da &quot;marasa mutuwa&quot;, don rayuwa. Ita ce marubuciya ta farko daga Arewacin Afirka da aka zaba a kungiyar. kuma mace ta biyar da ta shiga makarantar. Djebar ya kasance farfesa a fannin adabi na Faransanci a Jami'ar New York . 

Djebar an san shi da muryar sake fasalin Musulunci a duk faɗin duniyar Larabawa, musamman a fagen bayar da shawarwari don kara haƙƙin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;jazeera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=Assia Djebar: Algeria's 'immortal' literary hero |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/assia-djebar-algeria-immortal-literary-hero-170630073650868.html |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Djebar ya mutu a watan Fabrairun 2015, yana da shekaru 78 a Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=Assia Djebar &amp;#124; Algerian writer and filmmaker |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Assia-Djebar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
A shekara ta 1985, ta lashe kyautar Franco-Arab Friendship, don L'Amour la Fantasia . 

A shekara ta 1996, Djebar ta lashe kyautar Neustadt International Prize for Literature saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga wallafe-wallafen duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=1996 Neustadt Prize Laureate – Assia Djebar |url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/neustadt-prize/1996-neustadt-prize-laureate-assia-djebar |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=World Literature Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara mai zuwa, ta lashe kyautar Marguerite Yourcenar . 

A shekara ta 1998, ta lashe kyautar Palmi ta Duniya.

A shekara ta 2000, ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Kasuwancin Littafin Jamus . 

== Kyauta ==
A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 2017, [[Google]] ta keɓe Doodle ga marubucin don bikin cika shekaru 81 da haihuwarta. Doodle ya kai dukkan kasashen Larabawa. An buɗe ɗakin karatu mai suna Djebar a cikin 2018 a cikin 20th arrondissement na Paris. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-01-26 |title=La bibliothèque Assia Djebar a ouvert ses portes |url=https://www.paris.fr/pages/la-bibliotheque-assia-djebar-a-ouvert-ses-portes-5444 |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Paris.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

* La Soif, 1957 (Turanci: The Mischief) 
* ''Masu gaggawa'', 1958
* Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde, 1962 (Turanci: ''Yara na Sabon Duniya'': wani labari, trans. Marjolijn De Jager: New York: Feminist Press a Jami'ar Birnin New York, 2005;  ) {{ISBN|9781558615113}}
* Alouettes naïves, 1967
* ''Waƙoƙi don Aljeriya mai farin ciki'', 1969
* ''Red da asuba''
* Mata na Algiers a cikin gidansu, 1980 (Turanci: Mata na Algeria a cikin Gidan su; Charlottesville: UP na Virginia, 1999;  ) {{ISBN|9780813918808}}
* L'Amour, la fantasia, 1985 (Turanci: Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade, trans. Dorothy S. Blair; Portsmouth, N.H., Heinemann, 1993 (repr. 2003),  ) {{ISBN|978-0435086213}}
* Ombre sultane 1987 (Turanci: 'Yar'uwa ga Scheherazade) 
* ''Daga Madina'', (Turanci: Daga Madina) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ThriftBooks |title=Far From Madina book by Assia Djebar |url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/far-from-madina_assia-djebar--/1826690/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=ThriftBooks |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Vaste shi ne kurkuku, 1995 (Turanci: Don haka Vast the Prison, trans. Betsy Wing; Sydney: Duffy &amp; Snellgrove, 2002;  ) {{ISBN|9781876631383}}
* ''Fararen Algeria'', 1996 (Turanci: ''Fararen Aljeriya'') 
* ''Oran, harshen da ya mutu'', 1997 (Turanci: Jinin Harshe Ba ya Gudana Dry: Labaran Aljeriya) 
* A cikin shekara ta 1997 akwai wani abu da ake kira Strasbourg Nights
* ''Matar da ba a binne ta ba'', 2002
* ''Rashin harshen Faransanci'', 2003
* ''Babu wani wuri a gidan mahaifina'', 2008

=== Fim din ===

* ''[[La Nouba des femmes du Mont Chenoua|La Nouba na mata na Dutsen Chenoua]]'', 1977
* ''Zerda ko waƙoƙin mantuwa'', 1979 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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'''Fatima-Zohra Imalayen''' (Arabic: _language&quot; id=&quot;mwCg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Arabic language&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;Arabic; 30 Yuni 1936 - 6 Fabrairu 2015), wacce aka fi sani da sunanta '''Assia Djebar''' (Arabic), marubuciya ce ta Aljeriya, mai fassara da kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Yawancin ayyukanta suna magana ne game da cikas da mata ke fuskanta, kuma an san ta da matsayinta na mata. Tana &quot;sake danganta da ƙungiyoyin rubuce-rubucen mata, litattafanta suna mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar asalin mata na Aljeriya, kuma matsayinta na siyasa yana da tsayayya da shugabanci kamar yadda yake adawa da mulkin mallaka. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hiddleston |first=Jane |title=Assia Djebar: In Dialogue with Feminisms (review) |journal=French Studies: A Quarterly Review |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=248–9 |doi=10.1093/fs/knm041}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dauki Djebar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubuta na Arewacin Afirka kuma mafi tasiri. An zabe ta a Académie Française a ranar 16 ga Yuni 2005, marubuciya ta farko daga Maghreb don samun irin wannan sanarwa. Ga dukkan ayyukanta an ba ta lambar yabo ta Neustadt International Prize for Literature ta 1996. Sau da yawa ana kiranta a matsayin mai takara don kyautar Nobel ta adabi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Fatima-Zehra Imalayen ko Djebbar a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1936 a Cherchell, Aljeriya, ga Tahar Imalhayène da Bahia Sahraoui, dangin asalin Chenouas [[Abzinawa|Berber]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Mireille}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta girma ne a Cherchell, wani karamin kauye mai tashar jiragen ruwa kusa da [[Aljir|Algiers]] a lardin Aïn Defla . Mahaifin Djebar ya koyar da Faransanci a Mouzaïaville, makarantar firamare da ta halarta. Daga baya, Djebar ta halarci makarantar kwana mai zaman kanta ta Alkur'ani a [[Blida]], inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata biyu kawai. Ta yi karatu a Collège de Blida, makarantar sakandare a Algiers, inda ita kadai ce Musulmi a cikin aji. Ta halarci École normale supérieure de jeunes filles a shekarar 1955, ta zama mace ta farko ta Aljeriya da Musulma da ta sami ilimi a makarantun da suka fi dacewa a Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;jazeera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=Assia Djebar: Algeria's 'immortal' literary hero |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/assia-djebar-algeria-immortal-literary-hero-170630073650868.html |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/assia-djebar-algeria-immortal-literary-hero-170630073650868.html &quot;Assia Djebar: Algeria's 'immortal' literary hero&quot;]. Al Jazeera. 30 June 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]] ya katse karatunta, amma daga baya ta ci gaba da karatunta a Tunis . 

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1957, ta zaɓi sunan alkalami Assia Djebar don buga littafinta na farko, La Soif (&quot;The Thirst&quot;). Wani littafi, Les Impatients, ya biyo baya a shekara mai zuwa. Har ila yau, a shekara ta 1958, ita da Ahmed Ould-Rouïs sun fara aure wanda zai ƙare da saki. Djebar ta koyar a Jami'ar Rabat (1959-1962) sannan kuma a Jami'an Algiers inda aka sanya ta shugabar sashen sashen Faransanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=Assia Djebar &amp;#124; Algerian writer and filmmaker |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Assia-Djebar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1962, Djebar ya koma Aljeriya kuma ya buga Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde, sannan ya biyo baya a shekarar 1967 tare da Les Alouettes Naïves . Ta zauna a Paris tsakanin 1965 da 1974 kafin ta sake komawa Aljeriya. Ta sake yin aure a 1980 ga mawaki na Aljeriya Malek Alloula . Ma'auratan sun zauna a birnin Paris, inda ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Al'adu ta Aljeriya.

A shekara ta 1997, Djebar ya zama darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Faransanci da Faransanci a Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana. Ta rike wannan mukamin har zuwa shekara ta 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of the Center {{!}} Center for French and Francophone Studies at LSU |url=https://www.lsu.edu/cffs/about/history.php |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=www.lsu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1985, Djebar ta buga L'Amour, la fantasia (wanda aka fassara a matsayin Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade, [[Heinemann (Mawallafa)|Heinemann]], 1993), inda ta &quot;yi maimaitawa game da rashin jituwa game da harshe, game da ganewarta a matsayin mai ilimin Yamma, Aljeriya, mata, Musulmi mai ilimi, game da rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai magana da yawun mata na Aljeriya da mata gaba ɗaya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ghaussy |first=Soheila |year=1994 |title=A Stepmother Tongue: &quot;Feminine Writing&quot; in Assia Djebar's Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade |journal=World Literature Today |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=457–462 |doi=10.2307/40150357 |jstor=40150357}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2005, an zabi Djebar a babbar cibiyar wallafe-wallafen Faransa, Académie Française, cibiyar da ke da alhakin kare al'adun [[Faransanci|Harshen Faransanci]] kuma an zaɓi membobinta, waɗanda aka sani da &quot;marasa mutuwa&quot;, don rayuwa. Ita ce marubuciya ta farko daga Arewacin Afirka da aka zaba a kungiyar. kuma mace ta biyar da ta shiga makarantar. Djebar ya kasance farfesa a fannin adabi na Faransanci a Jami'ar New York . 

Djebar an san shi da muryar sake fasalin Musulunci a duk faɗin duniyar Larabawa, musamman a fagen bayar da shawarwari don kara haƙƙin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;jazeera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=Assia Djebar: Algeria's 'immortal' literary hero |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/assia-djebar-algeria-immortal-literary-hero-170630073650868.html |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Djebar ya mutu a watan Fabrairun 2015, yana da shekaru 78 a Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=Assia Djebar &amp;#124; Algerian writer and filmmaker |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Assia-Djebar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
A shekara ta 1985, ta lashe kyautar Franco-Arab Friendship, don L'Amour la Fantasia . 

A shekara ta 1996, Djebar ta lashe kyautar Neustadt International Prize for Literature saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga wallafe-wallafen duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=1996 Neustadt Prize Laureate – Assia Djebar |url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/neustadt-prize/1996-neustadt-prize-laureate-assia-djebar |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=World Literature Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara mai zuwa, ta lashe kyautar Marguerite Yourcenar . 

A shekara ta 1998, ta lashe kyautar Palmi ta Duniya.

A shekara ta 2000, ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Kasuwancin Littafin Jamus . 

== Kyauta ==
A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 2017, [[Google]] ta keɓe Doodle ga marubucin don bikin cika shekaru 81 da haihuwarta. Doodle ya kai dukkan kasashen Larabawa. An buɗe ɗakin karatu mai suna Djebar a cikin 2018 a cikin 20th arrondissement na Paris. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-01-26 |title=La bibliothèque Assia Djebar a ouvert ses portes |url=https://www.paris.fr/pages/la-bibliotheque-assia-djebar-a-ouvert-ses-portes-5444 |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Paris.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

* La Soif, 1957 (Turanci: The Mischief) 
* ''Masu gaggawa'', 1958
* Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde, 1962 (Turanci: ''Yara na Sabon Duniya'': wani labari, trans. Marjolijn De Jager: New York: Feminist Press a Jami'ar Birnin New York, 2005;  ) {{ISBN|9781558615113}}
* Alouettes naïves, 1967
* ''Waƙoƙi don Aljeriya mai farin ciki'', 1969
* ''Red da asuba''
* Mata na Algiers a cikin gidansu, 1980 (Turanci: Mata na Algeria a cikin Gidan su; Charlottesville: UP na Virginia, 1999;  ) {{ISBN|9780813918808}}
* L'Amour, la fantasia, 1985 (Turanci: Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade, trans. Dorothy S. Blair; Portsmouth, N.H., Heinemann, 1993 (repr. 2003),  ) {{ISBN|978-0435086213}}
* Ombre sultane 1987 (Turanci: 'Yar'uwa ga Scheherazade) 
* ''Daga Madina'', (Turanci: Daga Madina) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ThriftBooks |title=Far From Madina book by Assia Djebar |url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/far-from-madina_assia-djebar--/1826690/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=ThriftBooks |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Vaste shi ne kurkuku, 1995 (Turanci: Don haka Vast the Prison, trans. Betsy Wing; Sydney: Duffy &amp; Snellgrove, 2002;  ) {{ISBN|9781876631383}}
* ''Fararen Algeria'', 1996 (Turanci: ''Fararen Aljeriya'') 
* ''Oran, harshen da ya mutu'', 1997 (Turanci: Jinin Harshe Ba ya Gudana Dry: Labaran Aljeriya) 
* A cikin shekara ta 1997 akwai wani abu da ake kira Strasbourg Nights
* ''Matar da ba a binne ta ba'', 2002
* ''Rashin harshen Faransanci'', 2003
* ''Babu wani wuri a gidan mahaifina'', 2008

=== Fim din ===

* ''[[La Nouba des femmes du Mont Chenoua|La Nouba na mata na Dutsen Chenoua]]'', 1977
* ''Zerda ko waƙoƙin mantuwa'', 1979 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>77s4sondykxpkokhq9ombmf8wgzuoxn</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Donna W. Martin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816130</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:28:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300871961|Donna W. Martin]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816130</origin>
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      <text bytes="2533" sha1="dg0gbkyeot8pbgoi8v77tw1vyg1vrvf" xml:space="preserve">
'''Donna Whitley Martin''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Pat Donahoe, civilian, wants a word with the Army |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2023/01/05/pat-donahoe-civilian-wants-a-word-with-the-army/}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsohuwa ce mai ritaya daga rundunar sojojin Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Sufeto Janar na rundunar sojojin Amurka daga 2021 zuwa 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WEBCAST: PROMOTION/SWEARING IN CEREMONY OF MG DONNA MARTIN |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/webcast/27011 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=DVIDS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce Sufeto Janar na farko mace a rundunar sojoji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Secretary of the Army swears in first female Inspector General |url=https://www.army.mil/article/249993/secretary_of_the_army_swears_in_first_female_inspector_general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909062405/https://www.army.mil/article/249993/secretary_of_the_army_swears_in_first_female_inspector_general |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=Army.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta taba yin aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Sojan Amurka na 18/ Kwamandan Janar, Kwamandan Rundunar Binciken Laifuka ta Sojojin Amurka,  daga 2020 zuwa 2021. Ta kuma kasance babban kwamandan Cibiyar Tallafawa Sojojin Amurka ta Maneuver da kuma Fort Leonard Wood, kuma kafin hakan ta kasance kwamandan Makarantar 'Yan Sanda ta Soja ta Amurka daga 2017 zuwa 2018 kuma mataimakiyar babban kwamandan rundunar daukar sojojin Amurka daga 2015 zuwa 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;CID&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CID Command Group |url=https://www.cid.army.mil/command-group.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522192045/http://www.cid.army.mil/command-group.html |archive-date=22 May 2016 |access-date=2021-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Major General Donna W. Martin (USA) |url=https://www.gomo.army.mil/public/Biography/usa-9757/donnaw-martin |access-date=2021-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2021, an zaɓe ta don samun ci gaba zuwa Laftanar Janar, [1] zuwa Ofishin Sufeto Janar na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka . [2] Mataimakinta, Brigadier Janar Duane R. Miller, ya maye gurbin Martin a matsayin Provost Marshal Janar a ranar 5 ga Agusta 2021; ta hau mukaminta na 67 a matsayin Sufeto Janar na Rundunar Soja a ranar 2 ga Satumba 2021. [3] [4] Gregory J. Brady ya gaje ta a matsayin Sufeto Janar a ranar 17 ga Maris 2025. Martin ya yi ritaya daga Rundunar Soja a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2025 bayan kusan shekaru 37 na aiki.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>dg0gbkyeot8pbgoi8v77tw1vyg1vrvf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816131</id>
      <parentid>816130</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:29:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816131</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2544" sha1="srmzgnzkshbowzyoqm7t0oum2e78dg5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Donna Whitley Martin''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Pat Donahoe, civilian, wants a word with the Army |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2023/01/05/pat-donahoe-civilian-wants-a-word-with-the-army/}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsohuwa ce mai ritaya daga rundunar sojojin Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Sufeto Janar na rundunar sojojin Amurka daga 2021 zuwa 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WEBCAST: PROMOTION/SWEARING IN CEREMONY OF MG DONNA MARTIN |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/webcast/27011 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=DVIDS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce Sufeto Janar na farko mace a rundunar sojoji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Secretary of the Army swears in first female Inspector General |url=https://www.army.mil/article/249993/secretary_of_the_army_swears_in_first_female_inspector_general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909062405/https://www.army.mil/article/249993/secretary_of_the_army_swears_in_first_female_inspector_general |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=Army.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta taba yin aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Sojan Amurka na 18/ Kwamandan Janar, Kwamandan Rundunar Binciken Laifuka ta Sojojin Amurka,  daga 2020 zuwa 2021. Ta kuma kasance babban kwamandan Cibiyar Tallafawa Sojojin Amurka ta Maneuver da kuma Fort Leonard Wood, kuma kafin hakan ta kasance kwamandan Makarantar 'Yan Sanda ta Soja ta Amurka daga 2017 zuwa 2018 kuma mataimakiyar babban kwamandan rundunar daukar sojojin Amurka daga 2015 zuwa 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;CID&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CID Command Group |url=https://www.cid.army.mil/command-group.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522192045/http://www.cid.army.mil/command-group.html |archive-date=22 May 2016 |access-date=2021-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Major General Donna W. Martin (USA) |url=https://www.gomo.army.mil/public/Biography/usa-9757/donnaw-martin |access-date=2021-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2021, an zaɓe ta don samun ci gaba zuwa Laftanar Janar, [1] zuwa Ofishin Sufeto Janar na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka . [2] Mataimakinta, Brigadier Janar Duane R. Miller, ya maye gurbin Martin a matsayin Provost Marshal Janar a ranar 5 ga Agusta 2021; ta hau mukaminta na 67 a matsayin Sufeto Janar na Rundunar Soja a ranar 2 ga Satumba 2021. [3] [4] Gregory J. Brady ya gaje ta a matsayin Sufeto Janar a ranar 17 ga Maris 2025. Martin ya yi ritaya daga Rundunar Soja a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2025 bayan kusan shekaru 37 na aiki.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>srmzgnzkshbowzyoqm7t0oum2e78dg5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angwech Colline</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816132</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:30:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344811437|Angwech Colline]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816132</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="11908" sha1="57zpprznazesie6zhz3j76rnr08rw3j" xml:space="preserve">'''Angwech Colline''' 'yar siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda, kuma 'yar majalisar dokoki ce da aka zaɓa a gundumar Kioga da ke gundumar Amolatar, arewacin Uganda. Za ta yi aiki daga watan Mayu na shekarar 2026 zuwa 2031 a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, ta 12. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Anthony |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % % |url=https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Dokolo Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Okidi |date=2026-01-21 |title=Historic Profile of Hon. Angwech Colline Elected as Kyoga Constituency MP on UPC Ticket |url=https://tayarinewsuganda.com/2026/01/21/historic-profile-of-hon-angwech-colline-elected-as-kyoga-constituency-mp-on-upc-ticket/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=TAYARI NEWS UGANDA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=Lango reserves 12 seats for UPC in 12th Parliament |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lango-reserves-12-seats-for-upc-in-12th-parliament--5342406 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita 'yar jam'iyyar siyasa ce da ake kira [[Majalisar Jama'ar Uganda|Uganda Peoples Congress]] (UPC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-20 |title=[tndNews][North's First[news][national][crime] |url=https://tndnewsuganda.com/news/angwech-colline/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=tndNews, Uganda |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Angwech Colline a ƙaramar hukumar Namasale a gundumar Amolatar, yankin Lango, arewacin Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Support Far Away Friends on ColoradoGives.org |url=https://www.coloradogives.org/organization/FarAwayFriends |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=ColoradoGives.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Angwech Colline ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktar Ƙasa na Hope for Humans, wata ƙungiya da ke tallafawa yara masu fama da ciwon nodding syndrome a arewacin Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 &quot;How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2026-01-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service - Outlook, Fighting Uganda's Nodding Syndrome |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0531xj1 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Anthony |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % % |url=https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Dokolo Post |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOpio2026&quot;&gt;Opio, Anthony (2026-01-21). [https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ &quot;Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % %&quot;]. ''Dokolo Post''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=hazco.co.uk |title=A Question of Humanity |url=https://www.journeyman.tv/film/6837/a-question-of-humanity?version=25868 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.journeyman.tv |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma yi aiki da wata ƙungiya mai suna Invisible Children, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke Arewacin Uganda, wacce ta ba da gudummawa wajen bin diddigin yaran da aka sace a lokacin rikicin [[Ƙungiyar Ƴan Tawaye na Ubangiji|Lord's Resistance Army War]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 &quot;How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2026-01-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Anthony |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % % |url=https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Dokolo Post |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOpio2026&quot;&gt;Opio, Anthony (2026-01-21). [https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ &quot;Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % %&quot;]. ''Dokolo Post''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Okidi |date=2026-01-21 |title=Historic Profile of Hon. Angwech Colline Elected as Kyoga Constituency MP on UPC Ticket |url=https://tayarinewsuganda.com/2026/01/21/historic-profile-of-hon-angwech-colline-elected-as-kyoga-constituency-mp-on-upc-ticket/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=TAYARI NEWS UGANDA |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPatrick2026&quot;&gt;Patrick, Okidi (2026-01-21). [https://tayarinewsuganda.com/2026/01/21/historic-profile-of-hon-angwech-colline-elected-as-kyoga-constituency-mp-on-upc-ticket/ &quot;Historic Profile of Hon. Angwech Colline Elected as Kyoga Constituency MP on UPC Ticket&quot;]. ''TAYARI NEWS UGANDA''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Not All Heroes Wear Capes... |url=https://www.farawayfriends.org/stories/not-all-heroes-wear-capes |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Far Away Friends |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Colline ta kuma halarci taron TEDx da aka gudanar a [[New York (birni)|birnin NewYork]], inda ta yi kira ga ƙasashen duniya da su kare waɗanda yaƙin LRA ya shafa a arewacin Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 &quot;How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2026-01-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ita ce wacce ta kafa ƙungiyar 'Far Away Friends', ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, wacce ke ƙarfafa matasa ta hanyar kiwon lafiya, ilimin matasa, hulɗa tsakanin al'adu daban-daban, da kuma ƙarfafa tattalin arziki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Anthony |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % % |url=https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Dokolo Post |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOpio2026&quot;&gt;Opio, Anthony (2026-01-21). [https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ &quot;Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % %&quot;]. ''Dokolo Post''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Okidi |date=2026-01-21 |title=Historic Profile of Hon. Angwech Colline Elected as Kyoga Constituency MP on UPC Ticket |url=https://tayarinewsuganda.com/2026/01/21/historic-profile-of-hon-angwech-colline-elected-as-kyoga-constituency-mp-on-upc-ticket/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=TAYARI NEWS UGANDA |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPatrick2026&quot;&gt;Patrick, Okidi (2026-01-21). [https://tayarinewsuganda.com/2026/01/21/historic-profile-of-hon-angwech-colline-elected-as-kyoga-constituency-mp-on-upc-ticket/ &quot;Historic Profile of Hon. Angwech Colline Elected as Kyoga Constituency MP on UPC Ticket&quot;]. ''TAYARI NEWS UGANDA''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Far Away Friends {{!}} Transforming Education in Rural Uganda |url=https://www.farawayfriends.org/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Far Away Friends |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walls |first=Kaylee |title=Far Away Friends Founders Keep Fighting for Uganda |url=https://drhscordnews.com/8062/features/far-away-friends-founders-keep-fighting-for-uganda/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Cord News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma kafa Makarantar Shugabannin Duniya tare, wata cibiyar ilimi da ta samar wa yara 500 ingantaccen ilimi a gundumar Amolatar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 &quot;How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2026-01-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Anthony |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % % |url=https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Dokolo Post |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOpio2026&quot;&gt;Opio, Anthony (2026-01-21). [https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ &quot;Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % %&quot;]. ''Dokolo Post''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walls |first=Kaylee |title=Far Away Friends Founders Keep Fighting for Uganda |url=https://drhscordnews.com/8062/features/far-away-friends-founders-keep-fighting-for-uganda/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Cord News}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWalls&quot;&gt;Walls, Kaylee. [https://drhscordnews.com/8062/features/far-away-friends-founders-keep-fighting-for-uganda/ &quot;Far Away Friends Founders Keep Fighting for Uganda&quot;]. ''The Cord News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Angwech Colline''' 'yar siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda, kuma 'yar majalisar dokoki ce da aka zaɓa a gundumar Kioga da ke gundumar Amolatar, arewacin Uganda. Za ta yi aiki daga watan Mayu na shekarar 2026 zuwa 2031 a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, ta 12. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Anthony |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % % |url=https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Dokolo Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Okidi |date=2026-01-21 |title=Historic Profile of Hon. Angwech Colline Elected as Kyoga Constituency MP on UPC Ticket |url=https://tayarinewsuganda.com/2026/01/21/historic-profile-of-hon-angwech-colline-elected-as-kyoga-constituency-mp-on-upc-ticket/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=TAYARI NEWS UGANDA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=Lango reserves 12 seats for UPC in 12th Parliament |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lango-reserves-12-seats-for-upc-in-12th-parliament--5342406 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita 'yar jam'iyyar siyasa ce da ake kira [[Majalisar Jama'ar Uganda|Uganda Peoples Congress]] (UPC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-20 |title=[tndNews][North's First[news][national][crime] |url=https://tndnewsuganda.com/news/angwech-colline/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=tndNews, Uganda |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Angwech Colline a ƙaramar hukumar Namasale a gundumar Amolatar, yankin Lango, arewacin Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Support Far Away Friends on ColoradoGives.org |url=https://www.coloradogives.org/organization/FarAwayFriends |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=ColoradoGives.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Angwech Colline ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktar Ƙasa na Hope for Humans, wata ƙungiya da ke tallafawa yara masu fama da ciwon nodding syndrome a arewacin Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 &quot;How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2026-01-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service - Outlook, Fighting Uganda's Nodding Syndrome |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0531xj1 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Anthony |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % % |url=https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Dokolo Post |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOpio2026&quot;&gt;Opio, Anthony (2026-01-21). [https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ &quot;Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % %&quot;]. ''Dokolo Post''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=hazco.co.uk |title=A Question of Humanity |url=https://www.journeyman.tv/film/6837/a-question-of-humanity?version=25868 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.journeyman.tv |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma yi aiki da wata ƙungiya mai suna Invisible Children, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke Arewacin Uganda, wacce ta ba da gudummawa wajen bin diddigin yaran da aka sace a lokacin rikicin [[Ƙungiyar Ƴan Tawaye na Ubangiji|Lord's Resistance Army War]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 &quot;How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2026-01-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Anthony |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % % |url=https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Dokolo Post |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOpio2026&quot;&gt;Opio, Anthony (2026-01-21). [https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ &quot;Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % %&quot;]. ''Dokolo Post''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Okidi |date=2026-01-21 |title=Historic Profile of Hon. Angwech Colline Elected as Kyoga Constituency MP on UPC Ticket |url=https://tayarinewsuganda.com/2026/01/21/historic-profile-of-hon-angwech-colline-elected-as-kyoga-constituency-mp-on-upc-ticket/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=TAYARI NEWS UGANDA |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPatrick2026&quot;&gt;Patrick, Okidi (2026-01-21). [https://tayarinewsuganda.com/2026/01/21/historic-profile-of-hon-angwech-colline-elected-as-kyoga-constituency-mp-on-upc-ticket/ &quot;Historic Profile of Hon. Angwech Colline Elected as Kyoga Constituency MP on UPC Ticket&quot;]. ''TAYARI NEWS UGANDA''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Not All Heroes Wear Capes... |url=https://www.farawayfriends.org/stories/not-all-heroes-wear-capes |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Far Away Friends |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Colline ta kuma halarci taron TEDx da aka gudanar a [[New York (birni)|birnin NewYork]], inda ta yi kira ga ƙasashen duniya da su kare waɗanda yaƙin LRA ya shafa a arewacin Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 &quot;How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2026-01-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ita ce wacce ta kafa ƙungiyar 'Far Away Friends', ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, wacce ke ƙarfafa matasa ta hanyar kiwon lafiya, ilimin matasa, hulɗa tsakanin al'adu daban-daban, da kuma ƙarfafa tattalin arziki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Anthony |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % % |url=https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Dokolo Post |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOpio2026&quot;&gt;Opio, Anthony (2026-01-21). [https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ &quot;Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % %&quot;]. ''Dokolo Post''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Okidi |date=2026-01-21 |title=Historic Profile of Hon. Angwech Colline Elected as Kyoga Constituency MP on UPC Ticket |url=https://tayarinewsuganda.com/2026/01/21/historic-profile-of-hon-angwech-colline-elected-as-kyoga-constituency-mp-on-upc-ticket/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=TAYARI NEWS UGANDA |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPatrick2026&quot;&gt;Patrick, Okidi (2026-01-21). [https://tayarinewsuganda.com/2026/01/21/historic-profile-of-hon-angwech-colline-elected-as-kyoga-constituency-mp-on-upc-ticket/ &quot;Historic Profile of Hon. Angwech Colline Elected as Kyoga Constituency MP on UPC Ticket&quot;]. ''TAYARI NEWS UGANDA''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Far Away Friends {{!}} Transforming Education in Rural Uganda |url=https://www.farawayfriends.org/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Far Away Friends |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walls |first=Kaylee |title=Far Away Friends Founders Keep Fighting for Uganda |url=https://drhscordnews.com/8062/features/far-away-friends-founders-keep-fighting-for-uganda/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Cord News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma kafa Makarantar Shugabannin Duniya tare, wata cibiyar ilimi da ta samar wa yara 500 ingantaccen ilimi a gundumar Amolatar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-woman-beat-six-men-to-claim-kioga-county-mp-seat-5335294 &quot;How woman beat six men to claim Kioga County MP seat&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2026-01-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Opio |first=Anthony |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % % |url=https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Dokolo Post |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOpio2026&quot;&gt;Opio, Anthony (2026-01-21). [https://dokolopost.com/who-is-angwech-colline-kyoga-constituencys-new-mp-elect-2026-2031/ &quot;Who Is Angwech Colline, Kyoga Constituency's New MP-Elect (2026–2031)? - Dokolo Post % %&quot;]. ''Dokolo Post''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walls |first=Kaylee |title=Far Away Friends Founders Keep Fighting for Uganda |url=https://drhscordnews.com/8062/features/far-away-friends-founders-keep-fighting-for-uganda/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Cord News}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWalls&quot;&gt;Walls, Kaylee. [https://drhscordnews.com/8062/features/far-away-friends-founders-keep-fighting-for-uganda/ &quot;Far Away Friends Founders Keep Fighting for Uganda&quot;]. ''The Cord News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343971995|Lulu Hassan]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5395" sha1="hm2q1fwskjgfnsidpilj4sgcqs6cgxx" xml:space="preserve">'''Lulu Khadija Hassan''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1983) 'yar jaridar Kenya ce, mai ba da labarai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gachie |first=Laban Thua |date=2016-05-19 |title=Lulu Hassan - Biography, Husband Rashid Abdalla, Salary, Family |url=https://kenyanlife.com/lulu-hassan/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Kenyan Life |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; furodusa, kuma Shugaba na Jiffy Pictures. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. T. |date=2022-03-21 |title=Lulu Hassan: Newscaster With an Entrepreneurial Streak - Business Today Kenya |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/lulu-hassan-newscaster-with-an-entrepreneurial-streak/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mai gabatar da labarai na Nipashe Wikendi a gidan talabijin na Citizen tare da Rashid Abdalla . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robi |first=Amos |date=2022-06-03 |title=Lulu reveals that Kanze hatched idea of anchoring news with hubby Rashid |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/lifestyle/careers/news-anchor-lulu-hassan-reveals-deal-that-led-to-working-with-rashid-abdalla/pr9kpg4 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Pulselive Kenya |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin yaren Swahili yana fitowa a ranar Asabar da Lahadi.

Lulu Hassan da Rashid Abdalla, daya daga cikin fitattun ma'aurata na kafofin watsa labarai na [[Kenya]], sun kafa Jiffy Pictures a cikin 2016.

Hassan ta fara aikinta a baya a Rediyo Salaam, ta shiga tashar tana da shekaru 20 bayan ta nemi matsayi a matsayin mai ba da labarai na [[Turanci]] na ɗan lokaci. Ta sami aikin kuma a lokaci guda ta shiga makarantar kafofin watsa labarai.

Hassan daga ƙarshe ta sami rawar talabijin ta farko a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Swahili a kan KTN, yayin da Rashid Abdalla ya zama mai ba da labari a gidan talabijin na Swahili na NMG, QTV. Lokacin da QTV ta rufe, Abdalla ya sauya zuwa [[NTV (Tashar Talabijin ta Kenya)|NTV]] a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Swahili.

A lokacin da suke cikin iska, sun yi tunanin ra'ayin Jiffy Pictures, gidan samarwa da aka mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo na [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ga masu sauraro na gida. Ma'auratan sun ɗauki matsayi a rubuce-rubuce, binciken basira, da kuma samar da wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 2016, sun kafa kasancewar kamfanin a kafofin sada zumunta, kuma a cikin 2017, sun sami aikin su na farko daga Multichoice don nuna &quot;Maza&quot;.

Lulu da Rashid sun sake haduwa a cikin 2018 lokacin da Rashid ya shiga Citizen TV daga [[NTV (Tashar Talabijin ta Kenya)|NTV]]. Sashin sunadarai, haɗe da roƙon na musamman na wasu labarai masu ba da labari, sun ci nasara a kan magoya baya kuma sun haifar da damar amincewa.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Lulu a cikin [[Mombasa]]_County&quot; id=&quot;mwLA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Mombasa County&quot;&gt;Gundumar Mombasa kuma ta halarci [[Kwalejin Aga Khan]] . Bayan karatunta na farko, ta sami horo a matsayi daban-daban da suka shafi masana'antar tafiye-tafiye a Kwalejin Ayyukan Tafiya ta Salrene . Ta fara aikinta a kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a Rediyo Salaam a Mombasa kafin ta ci gaba da karatu a Sadarwa da Jarida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gachie |first=Laban Thua |date=2016-05-19 |title=Lulu Hassan - Biography |url=https://kenyanlife.com/lulu-hassan/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Kenyan Life |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lulu Hassan ta fara aikin jarida ne a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a Rediyo Salaam inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai a Turanci a shekara ta 2008. Ta shiga talabijin ne lokacin da mai daukar hoto na KTN ya sanar da ita game da wuraren da ba su da izini saboda 'yan wasan Swahili guda biyu da ke zuwa hutun haihuwa. Ta yi gwaji don rawar kuma KTN Television ta hayar ta a matsayin mai ba da labarai. [1]

Daga baya, Lulu ta koma Royal Media Services kuma a halin yanzu tana karbar bakuncin Nipashe Wikendi tare da Rashid Abdalla a Citizen TV . 

Lulu Hassan ita ce Shugaba kuma wacce ta kafa Jiffy Pictures, wani gidan shirya fina-finai da take da shi tare da mijinta, Rashid Abdalla.[1] Jiffy Pictures ta sami karbuwa wajen shirya shirye-shirye ga gidajen talabijin na gida da kuma dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shirye kamar DStv da Showmax na MultiChoice.[2] Hassan kuma furodusa ce a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da Jiffy Pictures ke shiryawa, wadanda suka hada da Maria,[3] Sultana, Zora, Moyo da Aziza a Citizen TV, Huba a Maisha Magic Bongo, Kovu a Showmax, da Maza a Maisha Magic East.[4] A shekarar 2018, an zabi Maza a matsayin babbar jarumar wasan kwaikwayo ta talabijin da kuma babbar jaruma a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Kalasha. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun shahara musamman a Kenya da Tanzania, inda Swahili shine babban harshe.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Lulu Hassan ta auri Rashid Abdalla, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a Citizen TV, a cikin 2009. Ma'auratan sun hadu yayin da suke aiki a Rediyo Salaam a [[Mombasa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluoch |first=Derrick |date=2020-07-31 |title=Lulu Hassan and hubby Rashid celebrate 11th anniversary |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/entertainment/article/2001380749/http//www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/entertainment/article/2001380749/its-been-a-minute-lulu-hassan-and-hubby-rashid-celebrate-11th-anniversary |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=The Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Lulu Khadija Hassan''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1983) 'yar jaridar Kenya ce, mai ba da labarai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gachie |first=Laban Thua |date=2016-05-19 |title=Lulu Hassan - Biography, Husband Rashid Abdalla, Salary, Family |url=https://kenyanlife.com/lulu-hassan/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Kenyan Life |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; furodusa, kuma Shugaba na Jiffy Pictures. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. T. |date=2022-03-21 |title=Lulu Hassan: Newscaster With an Entrepreneurial Streak - Business Today Kenya |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/lulu-hassan-newscaster-with-an-entrepreneurial-streak/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mai gabatar da labarai na Nipashe Wikendi a gidan talabijin na Citizen tare da Rashid Abdalla . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robi |first=Amos |date=2022-06-03 |title=Lulu reveals that Kanze hatched idea of anchoring news with hubby Rashid |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/lifestyle/careers/news-anchor-lulu-hassan-reveals-deal-that-led-to-working-with-rashid-abdalla/pr9kpg4 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Pulselive Kenya |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin yaren Swahili yana fitowa a ranar Asabar da Lahadi.

Lulu Hassan da Rashid Abdalla, daya daga cikin fitattun ma'aurata na kafofin watsa labarai na [[Kenya]], sun kafa Jiffy Pictures a cikin 2016.

Hassan ta fara aikinta a baya a Rediyo Salaam, ta shiga tashar tana da shekaru 20 bayan ta nemi matsayi a matsayin mai ba da labarai na [[Turanci]] na ɗan lokaci. Ta sami aikin kuma a lokaci guda ta shiga makarantar kafofin watsa labarai.

Hassan daga ƙarshe ta sami rawar talabijin ta farko a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Swahili a kan KTN, yayin da Rashid Abdalla ya zama mai ba da labari a gidan talabijin na Swahili na NMG, QTV. Lokacin da QTV ta rufe, Abdalla ya sauya zuwa [[NTV (Tashar Talabijin ta Kenya)|NTV]] a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Swahili.

A lokacin da suke cikin iska, sun yi tunanin ra'ayin Jiffy Pictures, gidan samarwa da aka mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo na [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ga masu sauraro na gida. Ma'auratan sun ɗauki matsayi a rubuce-rubuce, binciken basira, da kuma samar da wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 2016, sun kafa kasancewar kamfanin a kafofin sada zumunta, kuma a cikin 2017, sun sami aikin su na farko daga Multichoice don nuna &quot;Maza&quot;.

Lulu da Rashid sun sake haduwa a cikin 2018 lokacin da Rashid ya shiga Citizen TV daga [[NTV (Tashar Talabijin ta Kenya)|NTV]]. Sashin sunadarai, haɗe da roƙon na musamman na wasu labarai masu ba da labari, sun ci nasara a kan magoya baya kuma sun haifar da damar amincewa.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Lulu a cikin [[Mombasa]]_County&quot; id=&quot;mwLA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Mombasa County&quot;&gt;Gundumar Mombasa kuma ta halarci [[Kwalejin Aga Khan]] . Bayan karatunta na farko, ta sami horo a matsayi daban-daban da suka shafi masana'antar tafiye-tafiye a Kwalejin Ayyukan Tafiya ta Salrene . Ta fara aikinta a kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a Rediyo Salaam a Mombasa kafin ta ci gaba da karatu a Sadarwa da Jarida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gachie |first=Laban Thua |date=2016-05-19 |title=Lulu Hassan - Biography |url=https://kenyanlife.com/lulu-hassan/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Kenyan Life |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lulu Hassan ta fara aikin jarida ne a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a Rediyo Salaam inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai a Turanci a shekara ta 2008. Ta shiga talabijin ne lokacin da mai daukar hoto na KTN ya sanar da ita game da wuraren da ba su da izini saboda 'yan wasan Swahili guda biyu da ke zuwa hutun haihuwa. Ta yi gwaji don rawar kuma KTN Television ta hayar ta a matsayin mai ba da labarai. [1]

Daga baya, Lulu ta koma Royal Media Services kuma a halin yanzu tana karbar bakuncin Nipashe Wikendi tare da Rashid Abdalla a Citizen TV . 

Lulu Hassan ita ce Shugaba kuma wacce ta kafa Jiffy Pictures, wani gidan shirya fina-finai da take da shi tare da mijinta, Rashid Abdalla.[1] Jiffy Pictures ta sami karbuwa wajen shirya shirye-shirye ga gidajen talabijin na gida da kuma dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shirye kamar DStv da Showmax na MultiChoice.[2] Hassan kuma furodusa ce a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da Jiffy Pictures ke shiryawa, wadanda suka hada da Maria,[3] Sultana, Zora, Moyo da Aziza a Citizen TV, Huba a Maisha Magic Bongo, Kovu a Showmax, da Maza a Maisha Magic East.[4] A shekarar 2018, an zabi Maza a matsayin babbar jarumar wasan kwaikwayo ta talabijin da kuma babbar jaruma a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Kalasha. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun shahara musamman a Kenya da Tanzania, inda Swahili shine babban harshe.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Lulu Hassan ta auri Rashid Abdalla, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a Citizen TV, a cikin 2009. Ma'auratan sun hadu yayin da suke aiki a Rediyo Salaam a [[Mombasa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluoch |first=Derrick |date=2020-07-31 |title=Lulu Hassan and hubby Rashid celebrate 11th anniversary |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/entertainment/article/2001380749/http//www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/entertainment/article/2001380749/its-been-a-minute-lulu-hassan-and-hubby-rashid-celebrate-11th-anniversary |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=The Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eugenia Basheer</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343298831|Eugenia Basheer]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5615" sha1="lllny3xolw22ia6x79104grkfg9uvfk" xml:space="preserve">'''Eugenia Basheer''' ƙwararren mai saka hannun jari ne kuma mai gudanar da kasuwanci a ƙasar Ghana. Tana aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Tesah Capital Limited, inda take da alhakin kula da aiwatar da manufofin dabarun kamfanin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cultivate habit of investments - Tesah Capital MD to Ghanaians - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/managing-director-of-tesah-capital-urges-ghanaians-to-cultivate-habit-of-investment/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-12 |title=Eugenia Basheer - A1 Radio Bolgatanga |url=https://www.a1radioonline.com/tag/eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Basheer ta yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Ghana]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki. Daga baya ta sami Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) daga wannan ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGSIA&quot;&gt;GSIA. [https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer &quot;GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer&quot;]. ''gsiaonline.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Basheer ya yi aiki a bangaren kudi na Ghana sama da shekaru ashirin, tare da gogewa a kasuwannin jari, gudanar da saka hannun jari, da kudaden kamfanoni. Kwarewarta ta sana'a ta haɗa da aiki a fannoni kamar nazarin saka hannun jari, dillalin hannun jari, ma'amaloli na kasuwar kuɗi, da sabis na abokin ciniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGSIA&quot;&gt;GSIA. [https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer &quot;GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer&quot;]. ''gsiaonline.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cultivate habit of investments - Tesah Capital MD to Ghanaians - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/managing-director-of-tesah-capital-urges-ghanaians-to-cultivate-habit-of-investment/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/managing-director-of-tesah-capital-urges-ghanaians-to-cultivate-habit-of-investment/ &quot;Cultivate habit of investments - Tesah Capital MD to Ghanaians - MyJoyOnline&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ta shiga Tesah Capital Limited, Basheer ta yi aiki a New World Asset Management Limited, inda ta jagoranci ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin gudanar da fayilolin saka hannun jari ga abokan ciniki na hukumomi. Daga cikin abokan ciniki da kamfanin ya yi amfani da su shine Asusun Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Ƙasar Ghana . [1]

A Tesah Capital Limited, ta shiga cikin gudanarwa da dabarun dabarun kamfanin saka hannun jari da ayyukan ayyukan kudi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGSIA&quot;&gt;GSIA. [https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer &quot;GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer&quot;]. ''gsiaonline.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai da hankali kan sana'a ==
Ayyukan Basheer sun mayar da hankali kan babban birnin Ghana da kasuwannin kuɗi, gami da gudanar da saka hannun jari, ba da shawara kan kudaden kamfanoni, da kasuwancin tsaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGSIA&quot;&gt;GSIA. [https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer &quot;GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer&quot;]. ''gsiaonline.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cultivate habit of investments - Tesah Capital MD to Ghanaians - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/managing-director-of-tesah-capital-urges-ghanaians-to-cultivate-habit-of-investment/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/managing-director-of-tesah-capital-urges-ghanaians-to-cultivate-habit-of-investment/ &quot;Cultivate habit of investments - Tesah Capital MD to Ghanaians - MyJoyOnline&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Eugenia Basheer''' ƙwararren mai saka hannun jari ne kuma mai gudanar da kasuwanci a ƙasar Ghana. Tana aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Tesah Capital Limited, inda take da alhakin kula da aiwatar da manufofin dabarun kamfanin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cultivate habit of investments - Tesah Capital MD to Ghanaians - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/managing-director-of-tesah-capital-urges-ghanaians-to-cultivate-habit-of-investment/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-12 |title=Eugenia Basheer - A1 Radio Bolgatanga |url=https://www.a1radioonline.com/tag/eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Basheer ta yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Ghana]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki. Daga baya ta sami Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) daga wannan ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGSIA&quot;&gt;GSIA. [https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer &quot;GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer&quot;]. ''gsiaonline.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Basheer ya yi aiki a bangaren kudi na Ghana sama da shekaru ashirin, tare da gogewa a kasuwannin jari, gudanar da saka hannun jari, da kudaden kamfanoni. Kwarewarta ta sana'a ta haɗa da aiki a fannoni kamar nazarin saka hannun jari, dillalin hannun jari, ma'amaloli na kasuwar kuɗi, da sabis na abokin ciniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGSIA&quot;&gt;GSIA. [https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer &quot;GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer&quot;]. ''gsiaonline.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cultivate habit of investments - Tesah Capital MD to Ghanaians - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/managing-director-of-tesah-capital-urges-ghanaians-to-cultivate-habit-of-investment/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/managing-director-of-tesah-capital-urges-ghanaians-to-cultivate-habit-of-investment/ &quot;Cultivate habit of investments - Tesah Capital MD to Ghanaians - MyJoyOnline&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ta shiga Tesah Capital Limited, Basheer ta yi aiki a New World Asset Management Limited, inda ta jagoranci ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin gudanar da fayilolin saka hannun jari ga abokan ciniki na hukumomi. Daga cikin abokan ciniki da kamfanin ya yi amfani da su shine Asusun Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Ƙasar Ghana . [1]

A Tesah Capital Limited, ta shiga cikin gudanarwa da dabarun dabarun kamfanin saka hannun jari da ayyukan ayyukan kudi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGSIA&quot;&gt;GSIA. [https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer &quot;GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer&quot;]. ''gsiaonline.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai da hankali kan sana'a ==
Ayyukan Basheer sun mayar da hankali kan babban birnin Ghana da kasuwannin kuɗi, gami da gudanar da saka hannun jari, ba da shawara kan kudaden kamfanoni, da kasuwancin tsaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGSIA&quot;&gt;GSIA. [https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/184/mrs-eugenia-basheer &quot;GSIA: Mrs. Eugenia Basheer&quot;]. ''gsiaonline.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cultivate habit of investments - Tesah Capital MD to Ghanaians - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/managing-director-of-tesah-capital-urges-ghanaians-to-cultivate-habit-of-investment/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/managing-director-of-tesah-capital-urges-ghanaians-to-cultivate-habit-of-investment/ &quot;Cultivate habit of investments - Tesah Capital MD to Ghanaians - MyJoyOnline&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GSIA |title=GSIA |url=https://gsiaonline.org/governing-council/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=gsiaonline.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Aretha A. Duku</title>
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      <id>816135</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:30:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344816071|Aretha A. Duku]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6102" sha1="1z1uwspgcm06q3p6ke11d0852kpmjr4" xml:space="preserve">'''Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku''' jami'ar kula da inshora ce ta Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Danso |first=Christabel |date=2026-03-09 |title=IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa’s insurance industry |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Ghana Union Assurance Company Limited, kamfanin inshora da ke aiki a Ghana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Personality Profile: Meet Aretha Duku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/856506/personality-profile-meet-aretha-duku.html |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Duku tana da digiri a fannin shari'a da kuma Jagoran Kimiyya (MSc) a cikin Inshora da Gudanar da Hadari daga Ƙasar Ingila. Ita mai ba da inshora ce kuma Mataimakiyar Cibiyar Inshora ce (UK). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Personality Profile: Meet Aretha Duku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/856506/personality-profile-meet-aretha-duku.html |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/news/856506/personality-profile-meet-aretha-duku.html &quot;Personality Profile: Meet Aretha Duku&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ta kasance Fellow na Cibiyar Gudanar da Ayyuka (Amurka) kuma ta kammala karatu a Shirin Gudanar da Zartarwa na [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand|Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Wits]] a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Danso |first=Christabel |date=2026-03-09 |title=IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa’s insurance industry |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDanso2026&quot;&gt;Danso, Christabel (2026-03-09). [https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ &quot;IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa's insurance industry&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Duku yana da kwarewar sama da shekaru 25 a cikin inshora, gudanar da haɗari, da sabis na kuɗi a duk faɗin Ghana, Turai, da sauran sassan Afirka. Kwarewarta ta sana'a ta kunshi inshora, sake inshora, gudanar da aikin, da jagorancin zartarwa.[1]

Ta rike manyan mukamai na jagoranci a kungiyoyi masu yawa da na yanki, inda aikinta ya hada da sauya kasuwanci, sake fasalin kamfanoni, da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen dabarun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Personality Profile: Meet Aretha Duku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/856506/personality-profile-meet-aretha-duku.html |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/news/856506/personality-profile-meet-aretha-duku.html &quot;Personality Profile: Meet Aretha Duku&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Danso |first=Christabel |date=2026-03-09 |title=IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa’s insurance industry |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDanso2026&quot;&gt;Danso, Christabel (2026-03-09). [https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ &quot;IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa's insurance industry&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ghana Union Assurance ===
Duku yana aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Ghana Union Assurance Company Limited . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aretha Duku {{!}} Ghana {{!}} Decypha - Don't miss any updates from Decypha. Get your account today to stay up-to-date with your interest! |url=http://34.240.189.1/en/people-list/Aretha-Duku-197970 |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=34.240.189.1 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan rawar, tana da alhakin jagorancin dabarun kamfanin kuma tana kula da rubutun sa, ayyukansa, bin sa, da kuma aikin gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Board – Ghana Union Assurance |url=http://gua.akwaboah.com/the-board/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da take aiki, kamfanin ya aiwatar da shirye-shiryen sake fasalin, gami da rabuwa da rayuwarta da kasuwancin inshora marasa rai daidai da bukatun doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Danso |first=Christabel |date=2026-03-09 |title=IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa’s insurance industry |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDanso2026&quot;&gt;Danso, Christabel (2026-03-09). [https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ &quot;IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa's insurance industry&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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        <id>32668</id>
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      <text bytes="6114" sha1="ofziph5c90xz1fqa452o54poj5035ye" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku''' jami'ar kula da inshora ce ta Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Danso |first=Christabel |date=2026-03-09 |title=IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa’s insurance industry |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Ghana Union Assurance Company Limited, kamfanin inshora da ke aiki a Ghana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Personality Profile: Meet Aretha Duku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/856506/personality-profile-meet-aretha-duku.html |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Duku tana da digiri a fannin shari'a da kuma Jagoran Kimiyya (MSc) a cikin Inshora da Gudanar da Hadari daga Ƙasar Ingila. Ita mai ba da inshora ce kuma Mataimakiyar Cibiyar Inshora ce (UK). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Personality Profile: Meet Aretha Duku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/856506/personality-profile-meet-aretha-duku.html |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/news/856506/personality-profile-meet-aretha-duku.html &quot;Personality Profile: Meet Aretha Duku&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ta kasance Fellow na Cibiyar Gudanar da Ayyuka (Amurka) kuma ta kammala karatu a Shirin Gudanar da Zartarwa na [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand|Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Wits]] a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Danso |first=Christabel |date=2026-03-09 |title=IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa’s insurance industry |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDanso2026&quot;&gt;Danso, Christabel (2026-03-09). [https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ &quot;IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa's insurance industry&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Duku yana da kwarewar sama da shekaru 25 a cikin inshora, gudanar da haɗari, da sabis na kuɗi a duk faɗin Ghana, Turai, da sauran sassan Afirka. Kwarewarta ta sana'a ta kunshi inshora, sake inshora, gudanar da aikin, da jagorancin zartarwa.[1]

Ta rike manyan mukamai na jagoranci a kungiyoyi masu yawa da na yanki, inda aikinta ya hada da sauya kasuwanci, sake fasalin kamfanoni, da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen dabarun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Personality Profile: Meet Aretha Duku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/856506/personality-profile-meet-aretha-duku.html |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/news/856506/personality-profile-meet-aretha-duku.html &quot;Personality Profile: Meet Aretha Duku&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Danso |first=Christabel |date=2026-03-09 |title=IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa’s insurance industry |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDanso2026&quot;&gt;Danso, Christabel (2026-03-09). [https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ &quot;IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa's insurance industry&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ghana Union Assurance ===
Duku yana aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Ghana Union Assurance Company Limited . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aretha Duku {{!}} Ghana {{!}} Decypha - Don't miss any updates from Decypha. Get your account today to stay up-to-date with your interest! |url=http://34.240.189.1/en/people-list/Aretha-Duku-197970 |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=34.240.189.1 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan rawar, tana da alhakin jagorancin dabarun kamfanin kuma tana kula da rubutun sa, ayyukansa, bin sa, da kuma aikin gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Board – Ghana Union Assurance |url=http://gua.akwaboah.com/the-board/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da take aiki, kamfanin ya aiwatar da shirye-shiryen sake fasalin, gami da rabuwa da rayuwarta da kasuwancin inshora marasa rai daidai da bukatun doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Danso |first=Christabel |date=2026-03-09 |title=IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa’s insurance industry |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDanso2026&quot;&gt;Danso, Christabel (2026-03-09). [https://thebftonline.com/2026/03/09/iwd26-aretha-abena-abrafi-duku-transformational-leader-in-africas-insurance-industry/ &quot;IWD26: Aretha Abena Abrafi Duku: Transformational leader in Africa's insurance industry&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lucia Quachey</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346111743|Lucia Quachey]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2723" sha1="4s453gpykhnrdr0kh20ia5kq2sxs6qe" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucia Quachey''' 'ɗan kasuwa ce ta [[Ghana]] kuma mai ba da shawara kan kasuwanci wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kasuwanci da Mata masu sana'a a Ghana . Ta yi aiki a kungiyoyi da yawa da ke inganta kasuwancin mata, ci gaban kasuwanci, da hadin gwiwar yanki a Yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-17 |title=Empower women for effective development of economy |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/empower-women-for-effective-development-of-economy.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=AWIEF |date=2016-04-12 |title=AWIEF (AFRICA WOMEN INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FORUM) ANNOUNCES ADVISORY BOARD!! |url=https://www.awieforum.org/awief-africa-women-innovation-and-entrepreneurship-forum-announces-advisory-board/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=AWIEF |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Lucia Quachey ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Yara Mai Tsarki a [[Kalaba|Calabar]], inda ta yi karatun zane-zane da gudanar da kasuwanci a matakin O daga 1960 zuwa 1964.

== Ayyuka ==
Quachey tana aiki a cikin jagorancin kasuwanci da ayyukan kasuwanci na mata a Ghana. Ta rike mukamai na jagoranci a kungiyoyi da yawa na yanki da na kasa da suka mayar da hankali kan tallafawa mata a harkokin kasuwanci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kasuwanci da Mata Masu Kwarewa, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke inganta ƙwarewar ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar tattalin arziki ga mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GAWE hosts global women fair - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/gawe-hosts-global-women-fair/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quachey ta shiga cikin [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] Federation of Business and Professional Women, inda ta ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen da ke da niyyar karfafa hadin kai tsakanin mata 'yan kasuwa a cikin Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka. Bugu da kari, ta yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Mata 'Yan Kasuwanci ta Ghana da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasantu ta Afirka, ƙungiyoyin da ke inganta sa hannun mata a cikin kasuwanci da ci gaban kasuwanci. Quachey kuma tana da alaƙa da Lucia Manufacturing Industry Ltd., kasuwancin da ke da hannu a ayyukan masana'antu a Ghana.

== Mai da hankali kan sana'a ==
A duk lokacin da ta yi aiki, Quachey ta yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryen da suka shafi ci gaban kasuwanci, karfafa tattalin arzikin mata, da hadin gwiwar yanki tsakanin kasuwancin da mata ke jagoranta. Ayyukanta na sana'a sun haɗa da shirya taron, ci gaban dabarun kasuwanci, da jagoranci a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru.[1][2]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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        <id>32668</id>
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      <text bytes="2736" sha1="rb4kn1boepirsze8alk2wmykjplzahe" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Lucia Quachey''' 'ɗan kasuwa ce ta [[Ghana]] kuma mai ba da shawara kan kasuwanci wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kasuwanci da Mata masu sana'a a Ghana . Ta yi aiki a kungiyoyi da yawa da ke inganta kasuwancin mata, ci gaban kasuwanci, da hadin gwiwar yanki a Yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-17 |title=Empower women for effective development of economy |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/empower-women-for-effective-development-of-economy.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=AWIEF |date=2016-04-12 |title=AWIEF (AFRICA WOMEN INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FORUM) ANNOUNCES ADVISORY BOARD!! |url=https://www.awieforum.org/awief-africa-women-innovation-and-entrepreneurship-forum-announces-advisory-board/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=AWIEF |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Lucia Quachey ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Yara Mai Tsarki a [[Kalaba|Calabar]], inda ta yi karatun zane-zane da gudanar da kasuwanci a matakin O daga 1960 zuwa 1964.

== Ayyuka ==
Quachey tana aiki a cikin jagorancin kasuwanci da ayyukan kasuwanci na mata a Ghana. Ta rike mukamai na jagoranci a kungiyoyi da yawa na yanki da na kasa da suka mayar da hankali kan tallafawa mata a harkokin kasuwanci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kasuwanci da Mata Masu Kwarewa, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke inganta ƙwarewar ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar tattalin arziki ga mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GAWE hosts global women fair - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/gawe-hosts-global-women-fair/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quachey ta shiga cikin [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] Federation of Business and Professional Women, inda ta ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen da ke da niyyar karfafa hadin kai tsakanin mata 'yan kasuwa a cikin Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka. Bugu da kari, ta yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Mata 'Yan Kasuwanci ta Ghana da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasantu ta Afirka, ƙungiyoyin da ke inganta sa hannun mata a cikin kasuwanci da ci gaban kasuwanci. Quachey kuma tana da alaƙa da Lucia Manufacturing Industry Ltd., kasuwancin da ke da hannu a ayyukan masana'antu a Ghana.

== Mai da hankali kan sana'a ==
A duk lokacin da ta yi aiki, Quachey ta yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryen da suka shafi ci gaban kasuwanci, karfafa tattalin arzikin mata, da hadin gwiwar yanki tsakanin kasuwancin da mata ke jagoranta. Ayyukanta na sana'a sun haɗa da shirya taron, ci gaban dabarun kasuwanci, da jagoranci a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru.[1][2]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>rb4kn1boepirsze8alk2wmykjplzahe</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abena Osei-Poku</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346084953|Abena Osei-Poku]]&quot;</comment>
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''''''Abena Osei'''-Poku''', (née: Abena Osei), babban jami'in kamfanoni ne [[Ghana|Dan Ghana]] kuma manajan darektan na Ecobank Ghana da Babban Jami'in Yankin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] (AWA) na Yankin Ecobank Group . Ta kasance tsohon manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Bankin Absa Ghana (tsohon ''Bankin Barclays na Ghana''), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan darekta na shekaru biyar daga Satumba 2018 zuwa Disamba 2023. Kafin wannan, ta yi aiki a Absa a Afirka ta Kudu, inda take da alhakin Bankin Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari a [[Gabashin Afirka|Gabas]] da Yammacin Afirka a matakin Manajan Darakta.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa |date=October 2021 |title=Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa: Judge Profile: Abena Osei-Poku |url=https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142111/https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Genderawards.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Barclays appoints Abena Osei-Poku as new MD |url=https://ghanaguardian.com/barclays-appoints-abena-osei-poku-as-new-md |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Ghanaguardian.com |format=Ghanaguardian.com Quoting Business &amp; Financial Times Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a Ghana a shekara ta 1971. Ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na Ghana. An shigar da ita a [[Jami'ar Ghana]], ta kammala karatu a 1994 tare da digiri na farko a fannin Tattalin Arziki da Kididdiga. Daga baya, ta sami Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Manchester a Ƙasar Ingila. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abena Osei-Poku |date=October 2021 |title=Abena Osei-Poku: Managing Director at Absa Bank Ghana Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/abena-osei-poku-27a2bb52/?originalSubdomain=gh |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=[[LinkedIn.com]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbena_Osei-Poku2021&quot;&gt;Abena Osei-Poku (October 2021). [https://www.linkedin.com/in/abena-osei-poku-27a2bb52/?originalSubdomain=gh &quot;Abena Osei-Poku: Managing Director at Absa Bank Ghana Limited&quot;]. ''[[LinkedIn.com]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 October&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Abena Osei-Poku ta fara aikin banki a Bankin Standard Chartered a shekara ta 2002, ta yi aiki a can na tsawon shekaru bakwai. A shekara ta 2009, ta koma Bankin Barclays. Ta shafe wani ɓangare na shekaru tara masu zuwa tana aiki a matsayin babban darakta a Bankin Barclays Ghana da sauran lokutan a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], tana aiki a matsayinta na babban jami'in Barclaws Africa Group, wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan a Afirka, a waje da Afirka ta Kudu. A watan Satumbar 2018, an nada ta a matsayin manajan darakta na Bankin Barclays na Ghana, inda ta maye gurbin Patience Akyianu, wacce ta bar bankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Barclays appoints Abena Osei-Poku as new MD |url=https://ghanaguardian.com/barclays-appoints-abena-osei-poku-as-new-md |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Ghanaguardian.com |format=Ghanaguardian.com Quoting Business &amp; Financial Times Limited}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://ghanaguardian.com/barclays-appoints-abena-osei-poku-as-new-md &quot;Barclays appoints Abena Osei-Poku as new MD&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(Ghanaguardian.com Quoting Business &amp; Financial Times Limited)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Ghanaguardian.com''. Accra, Ghana. 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 October&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abena Osei-Poku |date=October 2021 |title=Abena Osei-Poku: Managing Director at Absa Bank Ghana Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/abena-osei-poku-27a2bb52/?originalSubdomain=gh |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=[[LinkedIn.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2020, Abena ta kula da sauyawar Bankin Barclays Ghana zuwa Bankin Absa Ghana . &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kingsley Asare |date=11 February 2020 |title=Absa to play significant role in banking sector - MD |url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/absa-to-play-significant-role-in-banking-sector-md/ |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Ghana Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2024, an nada ta a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Ecobank Ghana da kuma Babban Jami'in Yankin Yammacin Afirka (AWA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=Abena Osei-Poku is named Managing Director of Ecobank Ghana. |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/region/manzekay/Abena-Osei-Poku-is-named-Managing-Director-of-Ecobank-Ghana-165056 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Ta kasance a baya a kan allon kamfanoni da yawa, ciki har da (a) Airtel Mobile Money Limited (b) Barclays Africa Group (c) United Kingdom da Ghana Chamber of Commerce da (d) Country Kitchen Limited . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa |date=October 2021 |title=Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa: Judge Profile: Abena Osei-Poku |url=https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142111/https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Genderawards.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGender_Mainstreaming_Awards_Africa2021&quot;&gt;Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa (October 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142111/https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ &quot;Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa: Judge Profile: Abena Osei-Poku&quot;]. ''Genderawards.com''. South Africa. Archived from [https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ the original] on 26 October 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 October&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa Oktoba 2021, ita ce shugabar kwamitin ba da shawara na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya a Jami'ar Ghana . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin Ghana Stock Exchange, kuma memba ne na majalisun zartarwa na Ghana Association of Banks da Kwalejin Bankin Kasa. Bugu da kari, ita memba ce mai daraja na Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Ghana kuma memba ne mai daraja na Chartered Institute of Bankers . [1]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi a Ghana

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]</text>
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    <revision>
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{{databox}}
''''''Abena Osei'''-Poku''', (née: Abena Osei), babban jami'in kamfanoni ne [[Ghana|Dan Ghana]] kuma manajan darektan na Ecobank Ghana da Babban Jami'in Yankin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] (AWA) na Yankin Ecobank Group . Ta kasance tsohon manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Bankin Absa Ghana (tsohon ''Bankin Barclays na Ghana''), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan darekta na shekaru biyar daga Satumba 2018 zuwa Disamba 2023. Kafin wannan, ta yi aiki a Absa a Afirka ta Kudu, inda take da alhakin Bankin Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari a [[Gabashin Afirka|Gabas]] da Yammacin Afirka a matakin Manajan Darakta.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa |date=October 2021 |title=Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa: Judge Profile: Abena Osei-Poku |url=https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142111/https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Genderawards.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Barclays appoints Abena Osei-Poku as new MD |url=https://ghanaguardian.com/barclays-appoints-abena-osei-poku-as-new-md |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Ghanaguardian.com |format=Ghanaguardian.com Quoting Business &amp; Financial Times Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a Ghana a shekara ta 1971. Ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na Ghana. An shigar da ita a [[Jami'ar Ghana]], ta kammala karatu a 1994 tare da digiri na farko a fannin Tattalin Arziki da Kididdiga. Daga baya, ta sami Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Manchester a Ƙasar Ingila. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abena Osei-Poku |date=October 2021 |title=Abena Osei-Poku: Managing Director at Absa Bank Ghana Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/abena-osei-poku-27a2bb52/?originalSubdomain=gh |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=[[LinkedIn.com]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbena_Osei-Poku2021&quot;&gt;Abena Osei-Poku (October 2021). [https://www.linkedin.com/in/abena-osei-poku-27a2bb52/?originalSubdomain=gh &quot;Abena Osei-Poku: Managing Director at Absa Bank Ghana Limited&quot;]. ''[[LinkedIn.com]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 October&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Abena Osei-Poku ta fara aikin banki a Bankin Standard Chartered a shekara ta 2002, ta yi aiki a can na tsawon shekaru bakwai. A shekara ta 2009, ta koma Bankin Barclays. Ta shafe wani ɓangare na shekaru tara masu zuwa tana aiki a matsayin babban darakta a Bankin Barclays Ghana da sauran lokutan a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], tana aiki a matsayinta na babban jami'in Barclaws Africa Group, wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan a Afirka, a waje da Afirka ta Kudu. A watan Satumbar 2018, an nada ta a matsayin manajan darakta na Bankin Barclays na Ghana, inda ta maye gurbin Patience Akyianu, wacce ta bar bankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Barclays appoints Abena Osei-Poku as new MD |url=https://ghanaguardian.com/barclays-appoints-abena-osei-poku-as-new-md |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Ghanaguardian.com |format=Ghanaguardian.com Quoting Business &amp; Financial Times Limited}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://ghanaguardian.com/barclays-appoints-abena-osei-poku-as-new-md &quot;Barclays appoints Abena Osei-Poku as new MD&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(Ghanaguardian.com Quoting Business &amp; Financial Times Limited)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Ghanaguardian.com''. Accra, Ghana. 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 October&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abena Osei-Poku |date=October 2021 |title=Abena Osei-Poku: Managing Director at Absa Bank Ghana Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/abena-osei-poku-27a2bb52/?originalSubdomain=gh |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=[[LinkedIn.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2020, Abena ta kula da sauyawar Bankin Barclays Ghana zuwa Bankin Absa Ghana . &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kingsley Asare |date=11 February 2020 |title=Absa to play significant role in banking sector - MD |url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/absa-to-play-significant-role-in-banking-sector-md/ |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Ghana Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2024, an nada ta a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Ecobank Ghana da kuma Babban Jami'in Yankin Yammacin Afirka (AWA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=Abena Osei-Poku is named Managing Director of Ecobank Ghana. |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/region/manzekay/Abena-Osei-Poku-is-named-Managing-Director-of-Ecobank-Ghana-165056 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Ta kasance a baya a kan allon kamfanoni da yawa, ciki har da (a) Airtel Mobile Money Limited (b) Barclays Africa Group (c) United Kingdom da Ghana Chamber of Commerce da (d) Country Kitchen Limited . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa |date=October 2021 |title=Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa: Judge Profile: Abena Osei-Poku |url=https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142111/https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Genderawards.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGender_Mainstreaming_Awards_Africa2021&quot;&gt;Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa (October 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142111/https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ &quot;Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa: Judge Profile: Abena Osei-Poku&quot;]. ''Genderawards.com''. South Africa. Archived from [https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ the original] on 26 October 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 October&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa Oktoba 2021, ita ce shugabar kwamitin ba da shawara na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya a Jami'ar Ghana . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin Ghana Stock Exchange, kuma memba ne na majalisun zartarwa na Ghana Association of Banks da Kwalejin Bankin Kasa. Bugu da kari, ita memba ce mai daraja na Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Ghana kuma memba ne mai daraja na Chartered Institute of Bankers . [1]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi a Ghana

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]</text>
      <sha1>nqgyk924a16txdmd72nd3viiwypj5y5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Patricia Zoundi Yao</title>
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    <id>147030</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816140</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:31:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342220714|Patricia Zoundi Yao]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816140</origin>
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      <text bytes="4892" sha1="qodrgf3r5hc9lzt3kym10nqyzscu8pa" xml:space="preserve">'''Patricia Zoundi Yao''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976 a Abusso, Côte d'Ivoire) sananniyar 'yar kasuwa ce a Côte d'Marhe. Ita ce ta kafa kamfanoni da yawa, gami da Quickcash (fintech) da Kan'ana Land (agribusiness). UNCTAD ta amince da ƙuduri da jagoranci a watan Satumbar 2019 lokacin da take ɗaya daga cikin bakwai &quot;eTrade for Women Advocates&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=unctad.org {{!}} UNCTAD unveils 7 top advocates for women in tech, e-commerce |url=https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2203 |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=unctad.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ta halarci [[Jami'ar Ouagadougou]] a [[Burkina Faso]] . Inda ta dauki dokar kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;b3it&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-19 |title=Patricia Zoundi: Portrait of a woman who has democratised money transfers in rural Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://www.societegenerale.com/fr/strengh-of-africa/instants-africains/money-transfers-rural-cote-ivoire |access-date=2019-10-18 |website=Société Générale |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta bar ta taimaka wa kawunta ta sami kasuwanci mara nasara &lt;ref name=&quot;b3it&quot; /&gt; &quot;Zenith Finances&quot; bisa ga amfani da tsarin kasuwancin Western Union. &lt;ref name=&quot;adi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PatriciaZOUNDI (Administrateur Général Quickcash) - Abidjan.net Qui est Qui |url=https://www.abidjan.net/qui/profil.asp?id=1017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111204012/http://abidjan.net/QUI/profil.asp?id=1017 |archive-date=2020-01-11 |access-date=2019-10-18 |website=Abidjan.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwajin ya bar ta fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;b3it&quot; /&gt;

== Kudin sauri ==
Ta yanke shawarar cewa akwai kasuwanci a ba da rance ga mata a yankunan karkara. Ba za su iya amfani da tsarin zamani ba (wanda ya dogara da intanet) saboda ba su da damar yin amfani da wannan fasaha. Bayan shekaru biyu na gwaji da goyon bayan Fintech [1] ta haɓaka tsarin da ya zama Quickcash a cikin 2010. [2] Wannan na iya cimma ma'amaloli na kudi ba tare da samun damar intanet ba. Tare da wayar hannu kawai manoma za su iya canja wurin kuɗi da sauri da aminci.

Ta ƙaddamar da kamfanoni biyu na 'ya'ya mata - &quot;Gidan Digita&quot; yana da hannu tare da ba da damar ƙananan masu siyarwa su karɓi ƙananan biyan kuɗi da Kan'ana Land wanda ke da hannu a cikin kasuwancin gona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-13 |title=Patricia Zoundi Yao |url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/patricia-zoundi-yao |access-date=2019-10-18 |website=World Bank Live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministan harkokin waje, [[Marcel Amon-Tanoh]] ya goyi bayan aikinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bamba |first=Ali |date=2020-01-15 |title=Amon-Tanoh soutient l'autonomisation des femmes ivoiriennes |url=https://www.yeclo.com/amon-tanoh-soutient-lautonomisation-des-femmes-ivoiriennes/ |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=YECLO.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba 2021, Patricia Zoundi Yao tana shirin sayar da kamfaninta QuickCash ga mai siye na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agence |first=Écofin |date=2021-11-01 |title=L'ivoirienne Patricia Zoundi Yao prête à céder sa société QuickCash à un acquéreur nigérian |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/finance/0111-92799-livoirienne-patricia-zoundi-yao-prete-a-ceder-sa-societe-quickcash-a-un-acquereur-nigerian |access-date=2021-11-01 |website=Agence Écofin |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sanarwa ==
[[Fayil:L_to_R_Claudia_de_Heredia_Helianti_Hilman_Nina_Angelovska_Patricia_Zoundi_Yao_and_Xiaofei_Yao.jpg|thumb|L zuwa R: Claudia de Heredia, Helianti Hilman, Nina Angelovska, Patricia Zoundi Yao da Xiaofei Yao]]
A ranar 24 ga Satumba 2019 Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da Ci Gaban ya ba da sanarwar &quot;Trade for Women Advocates&quot; guda bakwai daga kasashe masu tasowa. Sauran sun kasance Nazanin Daneshvar, Clarisse Iribagiza, Xiaofei Yao, Nina Angelovska, Claudia na Heredia da Helianti Hilman . An sanar da shi a gefen [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a New York . &lt;ref name=&quot;bit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=unctad.org {{!}} UNCTAD unveils 7 top advocates for women in tech, e-commerce |url=https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2203 |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=unctad.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2203 &quot;unctad.org | UNCTAD unveils 7 top advocates for women in tech, e-commerce&quot;]. ''unctad.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-10-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-03 |title=This Group of Successful Female Entrepreneurs in the Digital World Helps Others Make It in the Field |url=https://www.abouther.com/node/23171/people/leading-ladies/group-successful-female-entrepreneurs-digital-world-helps-others |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=About Her |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816172</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:40:42Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <origin>816172</origin>
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      <text bytes="4905" sha1="mxhuezknt1ut3ihko8sh3wyiodfayc9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Patricia Zoundi Yao''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976 a Abusso, Côte d'Ivoire) sananniyar 'yar kasuwa ce a Côte d'Marhe. Ita ce ta kafa kamfanoni da yawa, gami da Quickcash (fintech) da Kan'ana Land (agribusiness). UNCTAD ta amince da ƙuduri da jagoranci a watan Satumbar 2019 lokacin da take ɗaya daga cikin bakwai &quot;eTrade for Women Advocates&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=unctad.org {{!}} UNCTAD unveils 7 top advocates for women in tech, e-commerce |url=https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2203 |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=unctad.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ta halarci [[Jami'ar Ouagadougou]] a [[Burkina Faso]] . Inda ta dauki dokar kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;b3it&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-19 |title=Patricia Zoundi: Portrait of a woman who has democratised money transfers in rural Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://www.societegenerale.com/fr/strengh-of-africa/instants-africains/money-transfers-rural-cote-ivoire |access-date=2019-10-18 |website=Société Générale |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta bar ta taimaka wa kawunta ta sami kasuwanci mara nasara &lt;ref name=&quot;b3it&quot; /&gt; &quot;Zenith Finances&quot; bisa ga amfani da tsarin kasuwancin Western Union. &lt;ref name=&quot;adi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PatriciaZOUNDI (Administrateur Général Quickcash) - Abidjan.net Qui est Qui |url=https://www.abidjan.net/qui/profil.asp?id=1017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111204012/http://abidjan.net/QUI/profil.asp?id=1017 |archive-date=2020-01-11 |access-date=2019-10-18 |website=Abidjan.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwajin ya bar ta fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;b3it&quot; /&gt;

== Kudin sauri ==
Ta yanke shawarar cewa akwai kasuwanci a ba da rance ga mata a yankunan karkara. Ba za su iya amfani da tsarin zamani ba (wanda ya dogara da intanet) saboda ba su da damar yin amfani da wannan fasaha. Bayan shekaru biyu na gwaji da goyon bayan Fintech [1] ta haɓaka tsarin da ya zama Quickcash a cikin 2010. [2] Wannan na iya cimma ma'amaloli na kudi ba tare da samun damar intanet ba. Tare da wayar hannu kawai manoma za su iya canja wurin kuɗi da sauri da aminci.

Ta ƙaddamar da kamfanoni biyu na 'ya'ya mata - &quot;Gidan Digita&quot; yana da hannu tare da ba da damar ƙananan masu siyarwa su karɓi ƙananan biyan kuɗi da Kan'ana Land wanda ke da hannu a cikin kasuwancin gona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-13 |title=Patricia Zoundi Yao |url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/patricia-zoundi-yao |access-date=2019-10-18 |website=World Bank Live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministan harkokin waje, [[Marcel Amon-Tanoh]] ya goyi bayan aikinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bamba |first=Ali |date=2020-01-15 |title=Amon-Tanoh soutient l'autonomisation des femmes ivoiriennes |url=https://www.yeclo.com/amon-tanoh-soutient-lautonomisation-des-femmes-ivoiriennes/ |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=YECLO.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba 2021, Patricia Zoundi Yao tana shirin sayar da kamfaninta QuickCash ga mai siye na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agence |first=Écofin |date=2021-11-01 |title=L'ivoirienne Patricia Zoundi Yao prête à céder sa société QuickCash à un acquéreur nigérian |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/finance/0111-92799-livoirienne-patricia-zoundi-yao-prete-a-ceder-sa-societe-quickcash-a-un-acquereur-nigerian |access-date=2021-11-01 |website=Agence Écofin |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sanarwa ==
[[Fayil:L_to_R_Claudia_de_Heredia_Helianti_Hilman_Nina_Angelovska_Patricia_Zoundi_Yao_and_Xiaofei_Yao.jpg|thumb|L zuwa R: Claudia de Heredia, Helianti Hilman, Nina Angelovska, Patricia Zoundi Yao da Xiaofei Yao]]
A ranar 24 ga Satumba 2019 Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da Ci Gaban ya ba da sanarwar &quot;Trade for Women Advocates&quot; guda bakwai daga kasashe masu tasowa. Sauran sun kasance Nazanin Daneshvar, Clarisse Iribagiza, Xiaofei Yao, Nina Angelovska, Claudia na Heredia da Helianti Hilman . An sanar da shi a gefen [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a New York . &lt;ref name=&quot;bit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=unctad.org {{!}} UNCTAD unveils 7 top advocates for women in tech, e-commerce |url=https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2203 |access-date=2019-10-16 |website=unctad.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2203 &quot;unctad.org | UNCTAD unveils 7 top advocates for women in tech, e-commerce&quot;]. ''unctad.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-10-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-03 |title=This Group of Successful Female Entrepreneurs in the Digital World Helps Others Make It in the Field |url=https://www.abouther.com/node/23171/people/leading-ladies/group-successful-female-entrepreneurs-digital-world-helps-others |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=About Her |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]]</text>
      <sha1>mxhuezknt1ut3ihko8sh3wyiodfayc9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baya Jurquet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147031</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816146</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:33:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336119450|Baya Jurquet]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816146</origin>
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      <text bytes="8257" sha1="sz1xvvhnbgs0djtwyacupida51d5dpl" xml:space="preserve">'''Baya Jurquet''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1920 a [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Aljeriya]] - ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2007 a [[Marseille]]) ya kasance [[Rashin wariyar launin fata|mai adawa da wariyar launin fata]] kuma mai fafutukar mulkin mallaka kuma mai fafatawa da mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hommage à Baya Jurquet Bouhoune - Mille Babords |url=http://www.millebabords.org/spip.php?article7620 |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=www.millebabords.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki don 'yancin mata a [[Aljeriya]]. Ta yi kira ga karewa da inganta haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kai da kuma adawa da mulkin mallaka a Aljeriya.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko ===
An haife ta a 1920 a Aljeriya a lokacin da har yanzu mulkin mallaka ne, saboda haka tana da 'yancin Faransa da mahaifinta ya samu a matsayin tsohon soja da ya ji rauni a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Weil |first=Patrick |date=2005 |title=&quot; Le statut des musulmans en Algérie coloniale. Une nationalité française dénaturée &quot;, Histoire de la justice |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-de-la-justice-2005-1-page-93.htm |access-date=4 September 2018 |website=Cairn |pages=93–109 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bouhoune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BOUHOUNE Baya plus connue en Algérie sous le nom ALLAOUCHICHE Baya (...) - Maitron |url=http://maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article151714 |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune (1920-2007) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12456712/baya_jurquet-bouhoune/ |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=data.bnf.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda juriya na mahaifinta ta yi karatu a makarantar Faransanci har sai da ta kai shekara 11, a shekara 14 ta auri dan uwanta wanda ya girme shi da shekaru 4, a karkashin tsari na al'ada inda ta sami sunan Baya Allaouchiche . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fatima Brahmi |date=2007 |title=Femme, communiste et Algérienne |journal=Communcommune |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da 'ya'ya uku a cikin auren, wanda daya ya mutu tun yana ƙarami. Gwagwarmayarta ta farko a matsayin mace ita ce kawo karshen auren da aka tilasta mata. Bayan gwagwarmayar rayuwarta ta farko, ta jagoranci gwagwarmaya game da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a lokacin da kuma samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya da kuma samun daidaito a duniya ta hanyar dabi'un kwaminisanci.

=== Ayyuka ===
Ta kasance memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Aljeriya (PCA) a ɓoye, wanda ke ba da shawara don haƙƙin mata na Aljeriya da 'yancin kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bouhoune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BOUHOUNE Baya plus connue en Algérie sous le nom ALLAOUCHICHE Baya (...) - Maitron |url=http://maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article151714 |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article151714 &quot;BOUHOUNE Baya plus connue en Algérie sous le nom ALLAOUCHICHE Baya (...) - Maitron&quot;]. ''maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-01-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance sakatariyar kungiyar mata ta Aljeriya inda ta wakilci kasar ta a taron mata masu kwaminisanci da yawa na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collections Europeana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Une militante pied-noire du FLN née en 1920, emprisonnée en France en 1956 et poursuivant ses actions militantes à Marseille |url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/fr/record/2059211/dyn_portal_index_seam_page_alo_aloId_11342.html |access-date=2018-08-05 |website=Collections Europeana |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Mata ta Duniya, tun daga shekara ta 1953.  Ta shiga cikin yakin da aka yi da fascist bayan saukowa a Arewacin Afirka. A lokacin juyin juya halin 'yanci na Aljeriya, a shekarar 1955, ta shirya zanga-zangar mata fursunoni kuma daga baya aka daure ta a Faransa a shekarar 1956. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collections Europeana&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1956 a Geneva, hukumomin Faransa sun hana ta komawa Algiers. Daga nan sai ta zauna a Marseille amma ba ta daina gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin Aljeriya ba, musamman ta hanyar aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga FLN da goyon baya ga mayakan Faransa da suka aikata tare da mayakan Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=mohamed |first=bouhamidi |title=&amp;quot;L'oued en crue&amp;quot;, roman de la moudjahida Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune et le colonialisme de rêve de yasmina Khadra. |url=http://bouhamidimohamed.over-blog.com/2019/05/l-oued-en-crue-roman-de-la-moudjahida-baya-jurquet-bouhoune-et-le-colonialisme-de-reve-de-yasmina-khadra.html |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=bouhamidimohamed |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1959 ta sadu da wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Marxist-Leninist ta Faransa, Jacques Jurquet, wanda shi ma mai adawa da mulkin mallaka ne kuma mai adawa le wariyar launin fata, wanda daga baya zai zama abokinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=mohamed |first=bouhamidi |title=&amp;quot;L'oued en crue&amp;quot;, roman de la moudjahida Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune et le colonialisme de rêve de yasmina Khadra. |url=http://bouhamidimohamed.over-blog.com/2019/05/l-oued-en-crue-roman-de-la-moudjahida-baya-jurquet-bouhoune-et-le-colonialisme-de-reve-de-yasmina-khadra.html |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=bouhamidimohamed |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFmohamed&quot;&gt;mohamed, bouhamidi. [http://bouhamidimohamed.over-blog.com/2019/05/l-oued-en-crue-roman-de-la-moudjahida-baya-jurquet-bouhoune-et-le-colonialisme-de-reve-de-yasmina-khadra.html &quot;&amp;#x22;L'oued en crue&amp;#x22;, roman de la moudjahida Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune et le colonialisme de rêve de yasmina Khadra&quot;]. ''bouhamidimohamed'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-01-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamelin |first=David |date=2012-03-21 |title=Entretien avec Jacques Jurquet. Réalisé par David Hamelin le 1er mars 2010 |url=http://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/index.php?id=233 |journal=Dissidences |language=fr |issue=3 |issn=2118-6057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi aiki a kan lalata unguwanni da kuma kare baƙi na Marseille a kan National Front . A lokacin yakin basasar Aljeriya na shekarun 1990, ta shirya tsarin liyafa a Marseilles don marayu na kwaminisanci. An zabe ta babban sakatare na Union of Algerian Women a 1949 kuma memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Algeria (PCA), wanda ke tattara masu sauraro daban-daban a Kabyle, Larabci, da Faransanci, ya kasance yana hulɗa da FLN .

== Bayanan littattafai ==
- '''Mata na Aljeriya: daga Kahina zuwa Dokar Iyali''' / Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune, Jacques Jurquet . - Lokacin Cherry . &lt;ref&gt;Jurquet-Bouhoune, Baya, 1920-2007. et Impr. Laballery), Femmes algériennes : de la Kahina au Code de la famille : guerres, traditions, luttes, à travers nos lectures et souvenirs, Pantin, Le Temps des cerises, impr. 2007, 291 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-84109-711-1}} et 2841097110, OCLC 470717771, lire en ligne [archive])&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan littafin ya nuna mata masu jajircewa da ba za a iya ragewa ba kuma ya kalubalanci Dokar Iyali, wannan rubutun ya ƙasƙantar da mata wanda aka karɓa a shekarar 1984, ya haifar da koma baya kan hakkinsu: &quot;a ƙarƙashin al'ada, har ma da addini, muna lalata rabin dukan mutane. &quot; (ta rubuta a shafi na 12).

- '''Oued a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, ko rayuwar mahaifiyar Aljeriya''', Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune . Wannan aikin na biyu, an rubuta shi tare da mijinta, Jacques, littafin ya ba da labarin mai ban tsoro na iyalin Zerrouk da masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka lalata, iyalin ba su da wani abu da za su ci, mahaifin ba shi da aiki kuma an kashe ɗa a yaƙin. Labarin ya ba da labarin halin kisan kai na mazauna Faransa a lokacin daga 1940 zuwa 1960. Wannan labari kuma yana numfasawa da rayuwa a cikin jajircewar mata game da bautar da bautar, don 'yancinsu. Ya danganta matsayin matan Aljeriya game da tsare al'adun gargajiya waɗanda ke raina mata. Tana girmama mata kamar Djamila Bouhired, The Kahina ko Cherifa Kheddar .

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]]</text>
      <sha1>sz1xvvhnbgs0djtwyacupida51d5dpl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816149</id>
      <parentid>816146</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:34:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8269" sha1="iem1p60p5j7ef53mhvoh0519455xmib" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Baya Jurquet''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1920 a [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Aljeriya]] - ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2007 a [[Marseille]]) ya kasance [[Rashin wariyar launin fata|mai adawa da wariyar launin fata]] kuma mai fafutukar mulkin mallaka kuma mai fafatawa da mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hommage à Baya Jurquet Bouhoune - Mille Babords |url=http://www.millebabords.org/spip.php?article7620 |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=www.millebabords.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki don 'yancin mata a [[Aljeriya]]. Ta yi kira ga karewa da inganta haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kai da kuma adawa da mulkin mallaka a Aljeriya.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko ===
An haife ta a 1920 a Aljeriya a lokacin da har yanzu mulkin mallaka ne, saboda haka tana da 'yancin Faransa da mahaifinta ya samu a matsayin tsohon soja da ya ji rauni a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Weil |first=Patrick |date=2005 |title=&quot; Le statut des musulmans en Algérie coloniale. Une nationalité française dénaturée &quot;, Histoire de la justice |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-de-la-justice-2005-1-page-93.htm |access-date=4 September 2018 |website=Cairn |pages=93–109 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bouhoune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BOUHOUNE Baya plus connue en Algérie sous le nom ALLAOUCHICHE Baya (...) - Maitron |url=http://maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article151714 |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune (1920-2007) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12456712/baya_jurquet-bouhoune/ |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=data.bnf.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda juriya na mahaifinta ta yi karatu a makarantar Faransanci har sai da ta kai shekara 11, a shekara 14 ta auri dan uwanta wanda ya girme shi da shekaru 4, a karkashin tsari na al'ada inda ta sami sunan Baya Allaouchiche . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fatima Brahmi |date=2007 |title=Femme, communiste et Algérienne |journal=Communcommune |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da 'ya'ya uku a cikin auren, wanda daya ya mutu tun yana ƙarami. Gwagwarmayarta ta farko a matsayin mace ita ce kawo karshen auren da aka tilasta mata. Bayan gwagwarmayar rayuwarta ta farko, ta jagoranci gwagwarmaya game da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a lokacin da kuma samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya da kuma samun daidaito a duniya ta hanyar dabi'un kwaminisanci.

=== Ayyuka ===
Ta kasance memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Aljeriya (PCA) a ɓoye, wanda ke ba da shawara don haƙƙin mata na Aljeriya da 'yancin kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bouhoune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BOUHOUNE Baya plus connue en Algérie sous le nom ALLAOUCHICHE Baya (...) - Maitron |url=http://maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article151714 |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article151714 &quot;BOUHOUNE Baya plus connue en Algérie sous le nom ALLAOUCHICHE Baya (...) - Maitron&quot;]. ''maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-01-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance sakatariyar kungiyar mata ta Aljeriya inda ta wakilci kasar ta a taron mata masu kwaminisanci da yawa na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collections Europeana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Une militante pied-noire du FLN née en 1920, emprisonnée en France en 1956 et poursuivant ses actions militantes à Marseille |url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/fr/record/2059211/dyn_portal_index_seam_page_alo_aloId_11342.html |access-date=2018-08-05 |website=Collections Europeana |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Mata ta Duniya, tun daga shekara ta 1953.  Ta shiga cikin yakin da aka yi da fascist bayan saukowa a Arewacin Afirka. A lokacin juyin juya halin 'yanci na Aljeriya, a shekarar 1955, ta shirya zanga-zangar mata fursunoni kuma daga baya aka daure ta a Faransa a shekarar 1956. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collections Europeana&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1956 a Geneva, hukumomin Faransa sun hana ta komawa Algiers. Daga nan sai ta zauna a Marseille amma ba ta daina gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin Aljeriya ba, musamman ta hanyar aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga FLN da goyon baya ga mayakan Faransa da suka aikata tare da mayakan Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=mohamed |first=bouhamidi |title=&amp;quot;L'oued en crue&amp;quot;, roman de la moudjahida Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune et le colonialisme de rêve de yasmina Khadra. |url=http://bouhamidimohamed.over-blog.com/2019/05/l-oued-en-crue-roman-de-la-moudjahida-baya-jurquet-bouhoune-et-le-colonialisme-de-reve-de-yasmina-khadra.html |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=bouhamidimohamed |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1959 ta sadu da wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Marxist-Leninist ta Faransa, Jacques Jurquet, wanda shi ma mai adawa da mulkin mallaka ne kuma mai adawa le wariyar launin fata, wanda daga baya zai zama abokinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=mohamed |first=bouhamidi |title=&amp;quot;L'oued en crue&amp;quot;, roman de la moudjahida Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune et le colonialisme de rêve de yasmina Khadra. |url=http://bouhamidimohamed.over-blog.com/2019/05/l-oued-en-crue-roman-de-la-moudjahida-baya-jurquet-bouhoune-et-le-colonialisme-de-reve-de-yasmina-khadra.html |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=bouhamidimohamed |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFmohamed&quot;&gt;mohamed, bouhamidi. [http://bouhamidimohamed.over-blog.com/2019/05/l-oued-en-crue-roman-de-la-moudjahida-baya-jurquet-bouhoune-et-le-colonialisme-de-reve-de-yasmina-khadra.html &quot;&amp;#x22;L'oued en crue&amp;#x22;, roman de la moudjahida Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune et le colonialisme de rêve de yasmina Khadra&quot;]. ''bouhamidimohamed'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-01-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamelin |first=David |date=2012-03-21 |title=Entretien avec Jacques Jurquet. Réalisé par David Hamelin le 1er mars 2010 |url=http://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/index.php?id=233 |journal=Dissidences |language=fr |issue=3 |issn=2118-6057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi aiki a kan lalata unguwanni da kuma kare baƙi na Marseille a kan National Front . A lokacin yakin basasar Aljeriya na shekarun 1990, ta shirya tsarin liyafa a Marseilles don marayu na kwaminisanci. An zabe ta babban sakatare na Union of Algerian Women a 1949 kuma memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Algeria (PCA), wanda ke tattara masu sauraro daban-daban a Kabyle, Larabci, da Faransanci, ya kasance yana hulɗa da FLN .

== Bayanan littattafai ==
- '''Mata na Aljeriya: daga Kahina zuwa Dokar Iyali''' / Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune, Jacques Jurquet . - Lokacin Cherry . &lt;ref&gt;Jurquet-Bouhoune, Baya, 1920-2007. et Impr. Laballery), Femmes algériennes : de la Kahina au Code de la famille : guerres, traditions, luttes, à travers nos lectures et souvenirs, Pantin, Le Temps des cerises, impr. 2007, 291 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-84109-711-1}} et 2841097110, OCLC 470717771, lire en ligne [archive])&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan littafin ya nuna mata masu jajircewa da ba za a iya ragewa ba kuma ya kalubalanci Dokar Iyali, wannan rubutun ya ƙasƙantar da mata wanda aka karɓa a shekarar 1984, ya haifar da koma baya kan hakkinsu: &quot;a ƙarƙashin al'ada, har ma da addini, muna lalata rabin dukan mutane. &quot; (ta rubuta a shafi na 12).

- '''Oued a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, ko rayuwar mahaifiyar Aljeriya''', Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune . Wannan aikin na biyu, an rubuta shi tare da mijinta, Jacques, littafin ya ba da labarin mai ban tsoro na iyalin Zerrouk da masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka lalata, iyalin ba su da wani abu da za su ci, mahaifin ba shi da aiki kuma an kashe ɗa a yaƙin. Labarin ya ba da labarin halin kisan kai na mazauna Faransa a lokacin daga 1940 zuwa 1960. Wannan labari kuma yana numfasawa da rayuwa a cikin jajircewar mata game da bautar da bautar, don 'yancinsu. Ya danganta matsayin matan Aljeriya game da tsare al'adun gargajiya waɗanda ke raina mata. Tana girmama mata kamar Djamila Bouhired, The Kahina ko Cherifa Kheddar .

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]]</text>
      <sha1>iem1p60p5j7ef53mhvoh0519455xmib</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816152</id>
      <parentid>816149</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:35:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko */</comment>
      <origin>816152</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8270" sha1="a7qvukrvhb806k27ffgnmujewfcdqxa" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Baya Jurquet''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1920 a [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Aljeriya]] - ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2007 a [[Marseille]]) ya kasance [[Rashin wariyar launin fata|mai adawa da wariyar launin fata]] kuma mai fafutukar mulkin mallaka kuma mai fafatawa da mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hommage à Baya Jurquet Bouhoune - Mille Babords |url=http://www.millebabords.org/spip.php?article7620 |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=www.millebabords.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki don 'yancin mata a [[Aljeriya]]. Ta yi kira ga karewa da inganta haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kai da kuma adawa da mulkin mallaka a Aljeriya.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko ===
An haife ta a 1920 a Aljeriya a lokacin da har yanzu mulkin mallaka ne, saboda haka tana da 'yancin Faransa da mahaifinta ya samu a matsayin tsohon soja da ya ji rauni a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Weil |first=Patrick |date=2005 |title=&quot; Le statut des musulmans en Algérie coloniale. Une nationalité française dénaturée &quot;, Histoire de la justice |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-de-la-justice-2005-1-page-93.htm |access-date=4 September 2018 |website=Cairn |pages=93–109 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Bouhoune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BOUHOUNE Baya plus connue en Algérie sous le nom ALLAOUCHICHE Baya (...) - Maitron |url=http://maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article151714 |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune (1920-2007) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12456712/baya_jurquet-bouhoune/ |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=data.bnf.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda juriya na mahaifinta ta yi karatu a makarantar Faransanci har sai da ta kai shekara 11, a shekara 14 ta auri dan uwanta wanda ya girme shi da shekaru 4, a karkashin tsari na al'ada inda ta sami sunan Baya Allaouchiche . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fatima Brahmi |date=2007 |title=Femme, communiste et Algérienne |journal=Communcommune |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da 'ya'ya uku a cikin auren, wanda daya ya mutu tun yana ƙarami. Gwagwarmayarta ta farko a matsayin mace ita ce kawo karshen auren da aka tilasta mata. Bayan gwagwarmayar rayuwarta ta farko, ta jagoranci gwagwarmaya game da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a lokacin da kuma samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya da kuma samun daidaito a duniya ta hanyar dabi'un kwaminisanci.

=== Ayyuka ===
Ta kasance memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Aljeriya (PCA) a ɓoye, wanda ke ba da shawara don haƙƙin mata na Aljeriya da 'yancin kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bouhoune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BOUHOUNE Baya plus connue en Algérie sous le nom ALLAOUCHICHE Baya (...) - Maitron |url=http://maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article151714 |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article151714 &quot;BOUHOUNE Baya plus connue en Algérie sous le nom ALLAOUCHICHE Baya (...) - Maitron&quot;]. ''maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-01-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance sakatariyar kungiyar mata ta Aljeriya inda ta wakilci kasar ta a taron mata masu kwaminisanci da yawa na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collections Europeana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Une militante pied-noire du FLN née en 1920, emprisonnée en France en 1956 et poursuivant ses actions militantes à Marseille |url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/fr/record/2059211/dyn_portal_index_seam_page_alo_aloId_11342.html |access-date=2018-08-05 |website=Collections Europeana |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Mata ta Duniya, tun daga shekara ta 1953.  Ta shiga cikin yakin da aka yi da fascist bayan saukowa a Arewacin Afirka. A lokacin juyin juya halin 'yanci na Aljeriya, a shekarar 1955, ta shirya zanga-zangar mata fursunoni kuma daga baya aka daure ta a Faransa a shekarar 1956. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collections Europeana&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1956 a Geneva, hukumomin Faransa sun hana ta komawa Algiers. Daga nan sai ta zauna a Marseille amma ba ta daina gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin Aljeriya ba, musamman ta hanyar aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga FLN da goyon baya ga mayakan Faransa da suka aikata tare da mayakan Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=mohamed |first=bouhamidi |title=&amp;quot;L'oued en crue&amp;quot;, roman de la moudjahida Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune et le colonialisme de rêve de yasmina Khadra. |url=http://bouhamidimohamed.over-blog.com/2019/05/l-oued-en-crue-roman-de-la-moudjahida-baya-jurquet-bouhoune-et-le-colonialisme-de-reve-de-yasmina-khadra.html |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=bouhamidimohamed |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1959 ta sadu da wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Marxist-Leninist ta Faransa, Jacques Jurquet, wanda shi ma mai adawa da mulkin mallaka ne kuma mai adawa le wariyar launin fata, wanda daga baya zai zama abokinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=mohamed |first=bouhamidi |title=&amp;quot;L'oued en crue&amp;quot;, roman de la moudjahida Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune et le colonialisme de rêve de yasmina Khadra. |url=http://bouhamidimohamed.over-blog.com/2019/05/l-oued-en-crue-roman-de-la-moudjahida-baya-jurquet-bouhoune-et-le-colonialisme-de-reve-de-yasmina-khadra.html |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=bouhamidimohamed |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFmohamed&quot;&gt;mohamed, bouhamidi. [http://bouhamidimohamed.over-blog.com/2019/05/l-oued-en-crue-roman-de-la-moudjahida-baya-jurquet-bouhoune-et-le-colonialisme-de-reve-de-yasmina-khadra.html &quot;&amp;#x22;L'oued en crue&amp;#x22;, roman de la moudjahida Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune et le colonialisme de rêve de yasmina Khadra&quot;]. ''bouhamidimohamed'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-01-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamelin |first=David |date=2012-03-21 |title=Entretien avec Jacques Jurquet. Réalisé par David Hamelin le 1er mars 2010 |url=http://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/index.php?id=233 |journal=Dissidences |language=fr |issue=3 |issn=2118-6057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi aiki a kan lalata unguwanni da kuma kare baƙi na Marseille a kan National Front . A lokacin yakin basasar Aljeriya na shekarun 1990, ta shirya tsarin liyafa a Marseilles don marayu na kwaminisanci. An zabe ta babban sakatare na Union of Algerian Women a 1949 kuma memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Algeria (PCA), wanda ke tattara masu sauraro daban-daban a Kabyle, Larabci, da Faransanci, ya kasance yana hulɗa da FLN .

== Bayanan littattafai ==
- '''Mata na Aljeriya: daga Kahina zuwa Dokar Iyali''' / Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune, Jacques Jurquet . - Lokacin Cherry . &lt;ref&gt;Jurquet-Bouhoune, Baya, 1920-2007. et Impr. Laballery), Femmes algériennes : de la Kahina au Code de la famille : guerres, traditions, luttes, à travers nos lectures et souvenirs, Pantin, Le Temps des cerises, impr. 2007, 291 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-84109-711-1}} et 2841097110, OCLC 470717771, lire en ligne [archive])&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan littafin ya nuna mata masu jajircewa da ba za a iya ragewa ba kuma ya kalubalanci Dokar Iyali, wannan rubutun ya ƙasƙantar da mata wanda aka karɓa a shekarar 1984, ya haifar da koma baya kan hakkinsu: &quot;a ƙarƙashin al'ada, har ma da addini, muna lalata rabin dukan mutane. &quot; (ta rubuta a shafi na 12).

- '''Oued a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, ko rayuwar mahaifiyar Aljeriya''', Baya Jurquet-Bouhoune . Wannan aikin na biyu, an rubuta shi tare da mijinta, Jacques, littafin ya ba da labarin mai ban tsoro na iyalin Zerrouk da masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka lalata, iyalin ba su da wani abu da za su ci, mahaifin ba shi da aiki kuma an kashe ɗa a yaƙin. Labarin ya ba da labarin halin kisan kai na mazauna Faransa a lokacin daga 1940 zuwa 1960. Wannan labari kuma yana numfasawa da rayuwa a cikin jajircewar mata game da bautar da bautar, don 'yancinsu. Ya danganta matsayin matan Aljeriya game da tsare al'adun gargajiya waɗanda ke raina mata. Tana girmama mata kamar Djamila Bouhired, The Kahina ko Cherifa Kheddar .

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]]</text>
      <sha1>a7qvukrvhb806k27ffgnmujewfcdqxa</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Claudia J. Kennedy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816151</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:34:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323560836|Claudia J. Kennedy]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816151</origin>
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      <text bytes="2954" sha1="d5r96s8ydcpz7f1vcrgexoi6sacuedr" xml:space="preserve">'''Claudia Jean Kennedy''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1947) Laftanar Janar ce mai ritaya a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta kai matsayin [[Military star ranking|janar mai tauraro uku]] a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2000 bayan shekaru 31 na aikin soja.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Claudia Kennedy a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1947, a [[Frankfurt]], lokacin da Amurka ta mamaye kudancin Jamus bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Ta yi karatun Southwestern a Memphis (yanzu Rhodes College ), inda ta zama memba na ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta Kappa Delta kuma ta sami digiri na farko a [[Falsafa|fannin falsafa]] a shekarar 1969. An naɗa ta a matsayin laftanar ta biyu a rundunar sojojin Amurka a watan Yunin 1969.

== Aikin soja ==
Bayan karbar kwamishinta a shekarar 1969, Kennedy ta yi yawon shakatawa biyu a Jamus da kuma yawon shakata daya a Koriya ta Kudu kuma ta mayar da hankali ga yawancin aikin soja a fannonin leken asiri da cryptology.

A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1997, Kennedy ta zama mace ta farko a cikin Sojojin Amurka da ta rike matsayi na taurari uku.  (Latan Janar na [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] [[Leslie F. Kenne]], Mataimakin Admiral na Sojan Ruwa na Amurka Patricia Tracey, Mataimakan Admiral Vivien Crea na Amurka, da kuma Laatan Janar Carol Mutter na Amurka sun rike matsayi iri ɗaya a wasu rassan soja.) An nada ta Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki.

Kennedy memba ne na Hall of Fame na Intelligence na Soja .

=== Zargin da aka yi wa wani janar ===
A cikin 1999, Kennedy ta yi ikirarin cin zarafin jima'i a kan abokin aikinta, Manjo Janar Larry Smith, wanda ya samo asali ne daga wani abin da ya faru a cikin 1996 lokacin da take babban janar kuma shi Brigadier Janar ne. Kennedy ya gabatar da zargi bayan an shirya Smith don samun ci gaba zuwa matsayin Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na Sojoji, matsayin da ke da alhakin binciken da'awar cin zarafin jima'i. Kennedy ya yi iƙirarin cewa Smith ya yi ƙoƙari ya taɓa ta kuma sumbace ta; daga baya aka janye nadin Smith zuwa ofishin mai binciken janar. A shekara ta 2000, wani bincike da Sufeto Janar na Sojojin Amurka ya yi ya kammala cewa Kennedy ya sha wahala daga ci gaban jima'i mara kyau daga Smith.

== Kyaututtuka da kayan ado ==
Kyaututtukan Kennedy sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta National Intelligence Distinguished Service, lambar yabo ta Army Distinguished Services, Legion of Merit (ƙungiyoyin Oak Leaf guda uku), lambar yabo ta Defense Meritorious Service, lambar lambar yabo ta Meritorious (ƙungiyoyi uku na Oak Leaf), lambar yabo ce ta Army (ƙungiya uku na Oak), da lambar yabo.

== Bayan ritaya ==
[[Fayil:Claudia_Kennedy_DNC_2008.jpg|right|thumb|Kennedy ya yi magana a cikin dare na uku na Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Democrat ta 2008 a [[Colorado]]&quot; id=&quot;mwQA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Denver, Colorado&quot;&gt;Denver, Colorado.]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>d5r96s8ydcpz7f1vcrgexoi6sacuedr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816155</id>
      <parentid>816151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:35:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323560836|Claudia J. Kennedy]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3236" sha1="6averqgvqjes92djcb473d1gpouozr5" xml:space="preserve">'''Claudia Jean Kennedy''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1947) Laftanar Janar ce mai ritaya a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta kai matsayin [[Military star ranking|janar mai tauraro uku]] a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2000 bayan shekaru 31 na aikin soja.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Claudia Kennedy a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1947, a [[Frankfurt]], lokacin da Amurka ta mamaye kudancin Jamus bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Ta yi karatun Southwestern a Memphis (yanzu Rhodes College ), inda ta zama memba na ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta Kappa Delta kuma ta sami digiri na farko a [[Falsafa|fannin falsafa]] a shekarar 1969. An naɗa ta a matsayin laftanar ta biyu a rundunar sojojin Amurka a watan Yunin 1969.

== Aikin soja ==
Bayan karbar kwamishinta a shekarar 1969, Kennedy ta yi yawon shakatawa biyu a Jamus da kuma yawon shakata daya a Koriya ta Kudu kuma ta mayar da hankali ga yawancin aikin soja a fannonin leken asiri da cryptology.

A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1997, Kennedy ta zama mace ta farko a cikin Sojojin Amurka da ta rike matsayi na taurari uku.  (Latan Janar na [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] [[Leslie F. Kenne]], Mataimakin Admiral na Sojan Ruwa na Amurka Patricia Tracey, Mataimakan Admiral Vivien Crea na Amurka, da kuma Laatan Janar Carol Mutter na Amurka sun rike matsayi iri ɗaya a wasu rassan soja.) An nada ta Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki.

Kennedy memba ne na Hall of Fame na Intelligence na Soja .

=== Zargin da aka yi wa wani janar ===
A cikin 1999, Kennedy ta yi ikirarin cin zarafin jima'i a kan abokin aikinta, Manjo Janar Larry Smith, wanda ya samo asali ne daga wani abin da ya faru a cikin 1996 lokacin da take babban janar kuma shi Brigadier Janar ne. Kennedy ya gabatar da zargi bayan an shirya Smith don samun ci gaba zuwa matsayin Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na Sojoji, matsayin da ke da alhakin binciken da'awar cin zarafin jima'i. Kennedy ya yi iƙirarin cewa Smith ya yi ƙoƙari ya taɓa ta kuma sumbace ta; daga baya aka janye nadin Smith zuwa ofishin mai binciken janar. A shekara ta 2000, wani bincike da Sufeto Janar na Sojojin Amurka ya yi ya kammala cewa Kennedy ya sha wahala daga ci gaban jima'i mara kyau daga Smith.&lt;ref&gt;Marquis, Christopher (May 11, 2000). &quot;Army Confirms Officer's Claim Of Harassment&quot;. New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2008. Lt Gen Kennedy violated one of the principles of sexual harassment policy by not telling General Smith that she found his actions inappropriate.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da kayan ado ==
Kyaututtukan Kennedy sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta National Intelligence Distinguished Service, lambar yabo ta Army Distinguished Services, Legion of Merit (ƙungiyoyin Oak Leaf guda uku), lambar yabo ta Defense Meritorious Service, lambar lambar yabo ta Meritorious (ƙungiyoyi uku na Oak Leaf), lambar yabo ce ta Army (ƙungiya uku na Oak), da lambar yabo.

== Bayan ritaya ==
[[Fayil:Claudia_Kennedy_DNC_2008.jpg|right|thumb|Kennedy ya yi magana a cikin dare na uku na Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Democrat ta 2008 a [[Colorado]]&quot; id=&quot;mwQA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Denver, Colorado&quot;&gt;Denver, Colorado.]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>6averqgvqjes92djcb473d1gpouozr5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816157</id>
      <parentid>816155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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      <origin>816157</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3248" sha1="qjmad16l8tk4fj8gwu2quniqmw5ynct" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Claudia Jean Kennedy''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1947) Laftanar Janar ce mai ritaya a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta kai matsayin [[Military star ranking|janar mai tauraro uku]] a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2000 bayan shekaru 31 na aikin soja.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Claudia Kennedy a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1947, a [[Frankfurt]], lokacin da Amurka ta mamaye kudancin Jamus bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Ta yi karatun Southwestern a Memphis (yanzu Rhodes College ), inda ta zama memba na ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta Kappa Delta kuma ta sami digiri na farko a [[Falsafa|fannin falsafa]] a shekarar 1969. An naɗa ta a matsayin laftanar ta biyu a rundunar sojojin Amurka a watan Yunin 1969.

== Aikin soja ==
Bayan karbar kwamishinta a shekarar 1969, Kennedy ta yi yawon shakatawa biyu a Jamus da kuma yawon shakata daya a Koriya ta Kudu kuma ta mayar da hankali ga yawancin aikin soja a fannonin leken asiri da cryptology.

A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1997, Kennedy ta zama mace ta farko a cikin Sojojin Amurka da ta rike matsayi na taurari uku.  (Latan Janar na [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] [[Leslie F. Kenne]], Mataimakin Admiral na Sojan Ruwa na Amurka Patricia Tracey, Mataimakan Admiral Vivien Crea na Amurka, da kuma Laatan Janar Carol Mutter na Amurka sun rike matsayi iri ɗaya a wasu rassan soja.) An nada ta Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki.

Kennedy memba ne na Hall of Fame na Intelligence na Soja .

=== Zargin da aka yi wa wani janar ===
A cikin 1999, Kennedy ta yi ikirarin cin zarafin jima'i a kan abokin aikinta, Manjo Janar Larry Smith, wanda ya samo asali ne daga wani abin da ya faru a cikin 1996 lokacin da take babban janar kuma shi Brigadier Janar ne. Kennedy ya gabatar da zargi bayan an shirya Smith don samun ci gaba zuwa matsayin Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na Sojoji, matsayin da ke da alhakin binciken da'awar cin zarafin jima'i. Kennedy ya yi iƙirarin cewa Smith ya yi ƙoƙari ya taɓa ta kuma sumbace ta; daga baya aka janye nadin Smith zuwa ofishin mai binciken janar. A shekara ta 2000, wani bincike da Sufeto Janar na Sojojin Amurka ya yi ya kammala cewa Kennedy ya sha wahala daga ci gaban jima'i mara kyau daga Smith.&lt;ref&gt;Marquis, Christopher (May 11, 2000). &quot;Army Confirms Officer's Claim Of Harassment&quot;. New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2008. Lt Gen Kennedy violated one of the principles of sexual harassment policy by not telling General Smith that she found his actions inappropriate.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da kayan ado ==
Kyaututtukan Kennedy sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta National Intelligence Distinguished Service, lambar yabo ta Army Distinguished Services, Legion of Merit (ƙungiyoyin Oak Leaf guda uku), lambar yabo ta Defense Meritorious Service, lambar lambar yabo ta Meritorious (ƙungiyoyi uku na Oak Leaf), lambar yabo ce ta Army (ƙungiya uku na Oak), da lambar yabo.

== Bayan ritaya ==
[[Fayil:Claudia_Kennedy_DNC_2008.jpg|right|thumb|Kennedy ya yi magana a cikin dare na uku na Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Democrat ta 2008 a [[Colorado]]&quot; id=&quot;mwQA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Denver, Colorado&quot;&gt;Denver, Colorado.]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>qjmad16l8tk4fj8gwu2quniqmw5ynct</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amel Hadjadj</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816161</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:37:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342996068|Amel Hadjadj]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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&lt;references /&gt;
'''Amel Hadjadj''' (Arabic; an haife shi a shekara ta 1986) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ne na Aljeriya. Ita ce ta kafa Le Journal Féministe Algérien (lit. 'Algerian Feminist Journal'), wanda ke ba da rahoto game da labarai da shirye-shiryen [[Feminism|mata]]. Hadjadj ta kuma rubuta wa kafofin watsa labarai na kasa da na yanki game da mata da haƙƙin kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru, gami da Mutanen LGBTQ.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Hadjadj a shekara ta 1986 a [[Constantine, Aljeriya]] . Da farko ta yi aiki a kasuwa da kuma ba da shawara kan kasuwanci kafin ta yi aiki ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke mai da hankali kan jinsi da mata. 

Hadjadj memba ne na Kungiyar Mata ta Aljeriya, ban da ƙungiyar Kif Kif, wacce ke inganta haƙƙin LGBTQ+ a Aljeriya. Ta kafa Le Journal Féministe Algérien, wanda ke da niyyar raba labarai da shirye-shirye game da ƙungiyoyin mata.

A sakamakon gwagwarmayarta, jami'an tsaro na Aljeriya sun binciki Hadjadj, ciki har da yin tambayoyi a filin jirgin sama da kuma mamaye gidanta. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2019, jami'an 'yan sanda sun tsare Hadjadj kuma sun yi mata hari a waje da kotun [[Aljir|Algiers]]; jami'an sun kuma yi maganganu masu banƙyama game da ita yayin kamawa. Daga baya aka tsare Hadjadj na tsawon sa'o'i biyu, a lokacin da aka hana ta tuntuɓar iyalinta ko lauya, kafin a sake ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2020, Hadjadj ya soki shawarar da Gwamnatin Aljeriya ta yanke na soke dokar 2012 wacce ta gabatar da tsarin mata a cikin majalisa, larduna da matakan majalisa don kara yawan mata a siyasa; sabuwar dokar 2021 ta rage mafi ƙarancin tabbacin wakilcin mata daga 31.6% zuwa 8%. Ta bayyana shawarar a matsayin shaida game da &quot; nuna bambanci&quot; na hukumomin Aljeriya a kan matan Aljeriya, tana mai lura da cewa amfani da &quot;ƙwarewa&quot; don tabbatar da shawarar rage ƙididdigar ba gaskiya ba ne saboda matan Aljirai suna da ilimi fiye da maza. Hadjadj ya yi kira da a dawo da tsarin ƙididdigar.

Hadjadj ya ambaci sake zagayowar tsakanin fahimtar Aljeriya cewa mata &quot;mafi ƙanƙanta&quot;, wanda hakan ke sa matan Aljeriya su &quot;duba&quot; iyawar shugabancin su. Ta yi kira ga sake duba dokokin don soke duk wani sashi da ke nuna bambanci ga mata, musamman a cikin dokar iyali. Ta yi kira da a soke shi don ba da damar mata su karɓi gadonsu koda kuwa ba su da miji ko 'ya'ya maza. Hadjadj ta kasance mai sukar Dokar Iyali ta Aljeriya, dokar dokokin 1984 wacce ta bayyana a matsayin &quot;ba bisa ka'ida ba&quot; saboda ba ta cimma daidaito tsakanin maza da mata ba, gami da Mataki na 66, wanda ya sa mata su rasa kula da 'ya'yansu idan sun sake yin aure; ban da wasu labaran da suka ba da izinin maza su saki tare da adalci ko barin ƙasar tare da izini ba, yayin da mata ba. Hadjadj ya yaba da wasu matakai da gwamnati ta dauka, kamar sokewar 2005 wanda ya ga ka'idar &quot;aikin biyayya&quot; da doka ke sa ran mata an soke ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2024, Hadjadj ta wallafa wani ɗan gajeren labari, The Bitterness of Death, the Loneliness of Separation, wani labari ne na ainihi na 'yar asalin Aljeriya da ke makoki game da asarar abokin tarayya. An buga shi a cikin Untold Mag .  Ta rubuta wa kantin sayar da kayayyaki kamar ''SyriaUntold'' . 

A cikin 2025, Hadjadj ta shiga cikin Yakin Duniya zuwa Gaza daga Aljeriya zuwa Ƙetare kan iyakar Rafah tsakanin Masar da [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]], tare da Sarah Lalou da Yakouta Benrouguibi, don tallafawa haƙƙin Falasdinu. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816167</id>
      <parentid>816161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:38:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816167</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3701" sha1="edql7a4165i66nhpowbqex9ksldkbrh" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Amel Hadjadj''' (Arabic; an haife shi a shekara ta 1986) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ne na Aljeriya. Ita ce ta kafa Le Journal Féministe Algérien (lit. 'Algerian Feminist Journal'), wanda ke ba da rahoto game da labarai da shirye-shiryen [[Feminism|mata]]. Hadjadj ta kuma rubuta wa kafofin watsa labarai na kasa da na yanki game da mata da haƙƙin kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru, gami da Mutanen LGBTQ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Amel Hadjadj |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ar/profile/amel-hadjadj |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=[[Front Line Defenders]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Hadjadj a shekara ta 1986 a [[Constantine, Aljeriya]] . Da farko ta yi aiki a kasuwa da kuma ba da shawara kan kasuwanci kafin ta yi aiki ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke mai da hankali kan jinsi da mata. 

Hadjadj memba ne na Kungiyar Mata ta Aljeriya, ban da ƙungiyar Kif Kif, wacce ke inganta haƙƙin LGBTQ+ a Aljeriya. Ta kafa Le Journal Féministe Algérien, wanda ke da niyyar raba labarai da shirye-shirye game da ƙungiyoyin mata.

A sakamakon gwagwarmayarta, jami'an tsaro na Aljeriya sun binciki Hadjadj, ciki har da yin tambayoyi a filin jirgin sama da kuma mamaye gidanta. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2019, jami'an 'yan sanda sun tsare Hadjadj kuma sun yi mata hari a waje da kotun [[Aljir|Algiers]]; jami'an sun kuma yi maganganu masu banƙyama game da ita yayin kamawa. Daga baya aka tsare Hadjadj na tsawon sa'o'i biyu, a lokacin da aka hana ta tuntuɓar iyalinta ko lauya, kafin a sake ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2020, Hadjadj ya soki shawarar da Gwamnatin Aljeriya ta yanke na soke dokar 2012 wacce ta gabatar da tsarin mata a cikin majalisa, larduna da matakan majalisa don kara yawan mata a siyasa; sabuwar dokar 2021 ta rage mafi ƙarancin tabbacin wakilcin mata daga 31.6% zuwa 8%. Ta bayyana shawarar a matsayin shaida game da &quot; nuna bambanci&quot; na hukumomin Aljeriya a kan matan Aljeriya, tana mai lura da cewa amfani da &quot;ƙwarewa&quot; don tabbatar da shawarar rage ƙididdigar ba gaskiya ba ne saboda matan Aljirai suna da ilimi fiye da maza. Hadjadj ya yi kira da a dawo da tsarin ƙididdigar.

Hadjadj ya ambaci sake zagayowar tsakanin fahimtar Aljeriya cewa mata &quot;mafi ƙanƙanta&quot;, wanda hakan ke sa matan Aljeriya su &quot;duba&quot; iyawar shugabancin su. Ta yi kira ga sake duba dokokin don soke duk wani sashi da ke nuna bambanci ga mata, musamman a cikin dokar iyali. Ta yi kira da a soke shi don ba da damar mata su karɓi gadonsu koda kuwa ba su da miji ko 'ya'ya maza. Hadjadj ta kasance mai sukar Dokar Iyali ta Aljeriya, dokar dokokin 1984 wacce ta bayyana a matsayin &quot;ba bisa ka'ida ba&quot; saboda ba ta cimma daidaito tsakanin maza da mata ba, gami da Mataki na 66, wanda ya sa mata su rasa kula da 'ya'yansu idan sun sake yin aure; ban da wasu labaran da suka ba da izinin maza su saki tare da adalci ko barin ƙasar tare da izini ba, yayin da mata ba. Hadjadj ya yaba da wasu matakai da gwamnati ta dauka, kamar sokewar 2005 wanda ya ga ka'idar &quot;aikin biyayya&quot; da doka ke sa ran mata an soke ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2024, Hadjadj ta wallafa wani ɗan gajeren labari, The Bitterness of Death, the Loneliness of Separation, wani labari ne na ainihi na 'yar asalin Aljeriya da ke makoki game da asarar abokin tarayya. An buga shi a cikin Untold Mag .  Ta rubuta wa kantin sayar da kayayyaki kamar ''SyriaUntold'' . 

A cikin 2025, Hadjadj ta shiga cikin Yakin Duniya zuwa Gaza daga Aljeriya zuwa Ƙetare kan iyakar Rafah tsakanin Masar da [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]], tare da Sarah Lalou da Yakouta Benrouguibi, don tallafawa haƙƙin Falasdinu. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]</text>
      <sha1>edql7a4165i66nhpowbqex9ksldkbrh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816171</id>
      <parentid>816167</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:39:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tarihin rayuwa */</comment>
      <origin>816171</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4234" sha1="h1hp1w8gvmpazx5hsypvl2eptonuyv3" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Amel Hadjadj''' (Arabic; an haife shi a shekara ta 1986) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ne na Aljeriya. Ita ce ta kafa Le Journal Féministe Algérien (lit. 'Algerian Feminist Journal'), wanda ke ba da rahoto game da labarai da shirye-shiryen [[Feminism|mata]]. Hadjadj ta kuma rubuta wa kafofin watsa labarai na kasa da na yanki game da mata da haƙƙin kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru, gami da Mutanen LGBTQ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Amel Hadjadj |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ar/profile/amel-hadjadj |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=[[Front Line Defenders]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Hadjadj a shekara ta 1986 a [[Constantine, Aljeriya]] . Da farko ta yi aiki a kasuwa da kuma ba da shawara kan kasuwanci kafin ta yi aiki ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke mai da hankali kan jinsi da mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hadjadj |first=Amel |date=23 October 2024 |title=The bitterness of death, the loneliness of separation: On the right to grieve |url=https://untoldmag.org/the-bitterness-of-death-the-loneliness-of-separation-on-the-right-to-grieve/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=Untold Mag |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114185754/https://untoldmag.org/the-bitterness-of-death-the-loneliness-of-separation-on-the-right-to-grieve/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hadjadj memba ne na Kungiyar Mata ta Aljeriya, ban da ƙungiyar Kif Kif, wacce ke inganta haƙƙin LGBTQ+ a Aljeriya. Ta kafa Le Journal Féministe Algérien, wanda ke da niyyar raba labarai da shirye-shirye game da ƙungiyoyin mata.

A sakamakon gwagwarmayarta, jami'an tsaro na Aljeriya sun binciki Hadjadj, ciki har da yin tambayoyi a filin jirgin sama da kuma mamaye gidanta. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2019, jami'an 'yan sanda sun tsare Hadjadj kuma sun yi mata hari a waje da kotun [[Aljir|Algiers]]; jami'an sun kuma yi maganganu masu banƙyama game da ita yayin kamawa. Daga baya aka tsare Hadjadj na tsawon sa'o'i biyu, a lokacin da aka hana ta tuntuɓar iyalinta ko lauya, kafin a sake ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2020, Hadjadj ya soki shawarar da Gwamnatin Aljeriya ta yanke na soke dokar 2012 wacce ta gabatar da tsarin mata a cikin majalisa, larduna da matakan majalisa don kara yawan mata a siyasa; sabuwar dokar 2021 ta rage mafi ƙarancin tabbacin wakilcin mata daga 31.6% zuwa 8%. Ta bayyana shawarar a matsayin shaida game da &quot; nuna bambanci&quot; na hukumomin Aljeriya a kan matan Aljeriya, tana mai lura da cewa amfani da &quot;ƙwarewa&quot; don tabbatar da shawarar rage ƙididdigar ba gaskiya ba ne saboda matan Aljirai suna da ilimi fiye da maza. Hadjadj ya yi kira da a dawo da tsarin ƙididdigar.

Hadjadj ya ambaci sake zagayowar tsakanin fahimtar Aljeriya cewa mata &quot;mafi ƙanƙanta&quot;, wanda hakan ke sa matan Aljeriya su &quot;duba&quot; iyawar shugabancin su. Ta yi kira ga sake duba dokokin don soke duk wani sashi da ke nuna bambanci ga mata, musamman a cikin dokar iyali. Ta yi kira da a soke shi don ba da damar mata su karɓi gadonsu koda kuwa ba su da miji ko 'ya'ya maza. Hadjadj ta kasance mai sukar Dokar Iyali ta Aljeriya, dokar dokokin 1984 wacce ta bayyana a matsayin &quot;ba bisa ka'ida ba&quot; saboda ba ta cimma daidaito tsakanin maza da mata ba, gami da Mataki na 66, wanda ya sa mata su rasa kula da 'ya'yansu idan sun sake yin aure; ban da wasu labaran da suka ba da izinin maza su saki tare da adalci ko barin ƙasar tare da izini ba, yayin da mata ba. Hadjadj ya yaba da wasu matakai da gwamnati ta dauka, kamar sokewar 2005 wanda ya ga ka'idar &quot;aikin biyayya&quot; da doka ke sa ran mata an soke ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2024, Hadjadj ta wallafa wani ɗan gajeren labari, The Bitterness of Death, the Loneliness of Separation, wani labari ne na ainihi na 'yar asalin Aljeriya da ke makoki game da asarar abokin tarayya. An buga shi a cikin Untold Mag .  Ta rubuta wa kantin sayar da kayayyaki kamar ''SyriaUntold'' . 

A cikin 2025, Hadjadj ta shiga cikin Yakin Duniya zuwa Gaza daga Aljeriya zuwa Ƙetare kan iyakar Rafah tsakanin Masar da [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]], tare da Sarah Lalou da Yakouta Benrouguibi, don tallafawa haƙƙin Falasdinu.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]</text>
      <sha1>h1hp1w8gvmpazx5hsypvl2eptonuyv3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816173</id>
      <parentid>816171</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:40:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tarihin rayuwa */</comment>
      <origin>816173</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4639" sha1="p04p2jactium4b49tsc75jt3z8icd9m" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Amel Hadjadj''' (Arabic; an haife shi a shekara ta 1986) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ne na Aljeriya. Ita ce ta kafa Le Journal Féministe Algérien (lit. 'Algerian Feminist Journal'), wanda ke ba da rahoto game da labarai da shirye-shiryen [[Feminism|mata]]. Hadjadj ta kuma rubuta wa kafofin watsa labarai na kasa da na yanki game da mata da haƙƙin kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru, gami da Mutanen LGBTQ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Amel Hadjadj |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ar/profile/amel-hadjadj |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=[[Front Line Defenders]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Hadjadj a shekara ta 1986 a [[Constantine, Aljeriya]] . Da farko ta yi aiki a kasuwa da kuma ba da shawara kan kasuwanci kafin ta yi aiki ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke mai da hankali kan jinsi da mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hadjadj |first=Amel |date=23 October 2024 |title=The bitterness of death, the loneliness of separation: On the right to grieve |url=https://untoldmag.org/the-bitterness-of-death-the-loneliness-of-separation-on-the-right-to-grieve/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=Untold Mag |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114185754/https://untoldmag.org/the-bitterness-of-death-the-loneliness-of-separation-on-the-right-to-grieve/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hadjadj memba ne na Kungiyar Mata ta Aljeriya, ban da ƙungiyar Kif Kif, wacce ke inganta haƙƙin LGBTQ+ a Aljeriya. Ta kafa Le Journal Féministe Algérien, wanda ke da niyyar raba labarai da shirye-shirye game da ƙungiyoyin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 November 2019 |title=Arbitrary detention of woman human rights defender Amel Hadjadj |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ar/node/5466 |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=[[Front Line Defenders]] |language=en |archive-date=11 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311172853/https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ar/node/5466 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A sakamakon gwagwarmayarta, jami'an tsaro na Aljeriya sun binciki Hadjadj, ciki har da yin tambayoyi a filin jirgin sama da kuma mamaye gidanta. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2019, jami'an 'yan sanda sun tsare Hadjadj kuma sun yi mata hari a waje da kotun [[Aljir|Algiers]]; jami'an sun kuma yi maganganu masu banƙyama game da ita yayin kamawa. Daga baya aka tsare Hadjadj na tsawon sa'o'i biyu, a lokacin da aka hana ta tuntuɓar iyalinta ko lauya, kafin a sake ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2020, Hadjadj ya soki shawarar da Gwamnatin Aljeriya ta yanke na soke dokar 2012 wacce ta gabatar da tsarin mata a cikin majalisa, larduna da matakan majalisa don kara yawan mata a siyasa; sabuwar dokar 2021 ta rage mafi ƙarancin tabbacin wakilcin mata daga 31.6% zuwa 8%. Ta bayyana shawarar a matsayin shaida game da &quot; nuna bambanci&quot; na hukumomin Aljeriya a kan matan Aljeriya, tana mai lura da cewa amfani da &quot;ƙwarewa&quot; don tabbatar da shawarar rage ƙididdigar ba gaskiya ba ne saboda matan Aljirai suna da ilimi fiye da maza. Hadjadj ya yi kira da a dawo da tsarin ƙididdigar.

Hadjadj ya ambaci sake zagayowar tsakanin fahimtar Aljeriya cewa mata &quot;mafi ƙanƙanta&quot;, wanda hakan ke sa matan Aljeriya su &quot;duba&quot; iyawar shugabancin su. Ta yi kira ga sake duba dokokin don soke duk wani sashi da ke nuna bambanci ga mata, musamman a cikin dokar iyali. Ta yi kira da a soke shi don ba da damar mata su karɓi gadonsu koda kuwa ba su da miji ko 'ya'ya maza. Hadjadj ta kasance mai sukar Dokar Iyali ta Aljeriya, dokar dokokin 1984 wacce ta bayyana a matsayin &quot;ba bisa ka'ida ba&quot; saboda ba ta cimma daidaito tsakanin maza da mata ba, gami da Mataki na 66, wanda ya sa mata su rasa kula da 'ya'yansu idan sun sake yin aure; ban da wasu labaran da suka ba da izinin maza su saki tare da adalci ko barin ƙasar tare da izini ba, yayin da mata ba. Hadjadj ya yaba da wasu matakai da gwamnati ta dauka, kamar sokewar 2005 wanda ya ga ka'idar &quot;aikin biyayya&quot; da doka ke sa ran mata an soke ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2024, Hadjadj ta wallafa wani ɗan gajeren labari, The Bitterness of Death, the Loneliness of Separation, wani labari ne na ainihi na 'yar asalin Aljeriya da ke makoki game da asarar abokin tarayya. An buga shi a cikin Untold Mag .  Ta rubuta wa kantin sayar da kayayyaki kamar ''SyriaUntold'' . 

A cikin 2025, Hadjadj ta shiga cikin Yakin Duniya zuwa Gaza daga Aljeriya zuwa Ƙetare kan iyakar Rafah tsakanin Masar da [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]], tare da Sarah Lalou da Yakouta Benrouguibi, don tallafawa haƙƙin Falasdinu.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]</text>
      <sha1>p04p2jactium4b49tsc75jt3z8icd9m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary A. Legere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147034</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816162</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303859011|Mary A. Legere]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4418" sha1="dhc4gvzojtmmq40m6ccsahjq9nlr0xn" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary A. Legere''' tsohuwar Laftanar Janar ce mai ritaya kuma tsohuwar Mataimakiyar Babban Hafsan Sojoji kan Leken Asiri (G-2) na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka .

== Ayyukan soja ==
[[Fayil:Mary_A._Legere,_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps.jpg|thumb]]
Mary A. Legere, wacce ta shiga Sojoji a 1982 ta hanyar [[Reserve Officer Training Corps.|Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro.]]

Legere ta halarci Jami'ar New Hampshire, inda ta sami digiri na farko a [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a shekarar 1982. An ba ta izini ta hanyar shirin horar da jami'an jami'ar Sojoji, sannan daga baya ta shiga rundunar Sojojin Sojoji. Ta ce da farko ta yi niyyar yin aiki na shekaru hudu, sannan ta sami aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar leken asiri ta Amurka ko Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-05-23 |title=Lt. Gen. Mary Legere '82 2013 Commencement Speech &amp;#124; UNH Today |url=http://www.unh.edu/unhtoday/2013/05/lt-gen-mary-legere-82-2013-commencement-speech |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Unh.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilimi na soja na gaba ya haɗa da Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar da Kwaleji ta Sojojin Sojojin Amirka, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyya da Dabarun Soja, bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Mary A. Legere |url=http://www.dami.army.pentagon.mil/g2Docs/Z-Group/Legere,%20LTG%20Mary%20A.%20Apr12.pdf |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Dami.army.pentagon.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. General, UNH alum to speak at commencement – the New Hampshire – the University of New Hampshire's Student Newspaper |url=http://www.tnhonline.com/u-s-general-unh-alum-to-speak-at-commencement-1.3017311%23.UfdGsmQY1F8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130730054054/http://www.tnhonline.com/u-s-general-unh-alum-to-speak-at-commencement-1.3017311%23.UfdGsmQY1F8 |archive-date=30 July 2013 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=tnhonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Legere ya tashi a cikin matsayi, yana aiki a wasu mukamai masu leken asiri. Daga 1991 zuwa 2001, Ta kasance Kwamandan 312th Military Intelligence Battalion kuma daga 2002 zuwa 2004, ta kasance Kwamandan 501st Military Intelligence Brigade bayan haka ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] har zuwa 2008. Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2009, Brigadier Janar Legere ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki na Sojojin Kasa da Kasa - Iraki. Daga 2009 zuwa 2012, Manjo Janar Legere ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka na leken asiri da tsaro (tallafin sojojin ga Ƙungiyar leken asiri ta Amurka). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=Senior Army Intelligence Officer Speaks at DIAA Luncheon &amp;#124; Article |url=https://www.army.mil/article/91545/Senior_Army_Intelligence_Officer_Speaks_at_DIAA_Luncheon/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |publisher=United States Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-10-16 |title=MG Mary A. Legere &amp;#124; Article |url=https://www.army.mil/article/64363/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |publisher=United States Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2012, Legere ya sami ci gaba zuwa janar janar kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki (G-2) na Sojojin Amurka. Koyaya, lokacinta a matsayin G-2 ya kasance alama ce ta gardama lokacin da ta ba da umarnin sokewa da sake rubuta wani rahoto wanda ya soki tsarin bincike na DCGS na sojoji kuma a maimakon haka ya tura don sayen wani tsarin madadin da aka samar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.benning.army.mil/mcoe/maneuverconference/presentation/PDF/MrPales.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221192744/http://www.benning.army.mil/mcoe/maneuverconference/presentation/PDF/MrPales.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2013 |access-date=2013-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://unh.edu/army/alumni/halloffame/12legere.pdf]{{Dead link|date=June 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014 Legere ta kasance babban mai fafatawa don jagorantar Hukumar leken asiri ta tsaro, babbar kungiyar leken asiri ga sojojin Amurka. Idan aka zaba kuma aka tabbatar da ita, da ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci hukumar.[1] Duk da haka, ba ta sami matsayin ba. Legere ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017 kuma ya shiga Accenture Federal Services a matsayin manajan darakta na bayanan sirri na kasa da na tsaro.[2] Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kungiyar masu sana'a ta yanar gizo ta Sojoji (MCPA). [3]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <id>816165</id>
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'''Mary A. Legere''' tsohuwar Laftanar Janar ce mai ritaya kuma tsohuwar Mataimakiyar Babban Hafsan Sojoji kan Leken Asiri (G-2) na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka .

== Ayyukan soja ==
[[Fayil:Mary_A._Legere,_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps.jpg|thumb]]
Mary A. Legere, wacce ta shiga Sojoji a 1982 ta hanyar [[Reserve Officer Training Corps.|Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro.]]

Legere ta halarci Jami'ar New Hampshire, inda ta sami digiri na farko a [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a shekarar 1982. An ba ta izini ta hanyar shirin horar da jami'an jami'ar Sojoji, sannan daga baya ta shiga rundunar Sojojin Sojoji. Ta ce da farko ta yi niyyar yin aiki na shekaru hudu, sannan ta sami aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar leken asiri ta Amurka ko Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-05-23 |title=Lt. Gen. Mary Legere '82 2013 Commencement Speech &amp;#124; UNH Today |url=http://www.unh.edu/unhtoday/2013/05/lt-gen-mary-legere-82-2013-commencement-speech |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Unh.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilimi na soja na gaba ya haɗa da Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar da Kwaleji ta Sojojin Sojojin Amirka, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyya da Dabarun Soja, bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Mary A. Legere |url=http://www.dami.army.pentagon.mil/g2Docs/Z-Group/Legere,%20LTG%20Mary%20A.%20Apr12.pdf |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Dami.army.pentagon.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. General, UNH alum to speak at commencement – the New Hampshire – the University of New Hampshire's Student Newspaper |url=http://www.tnhonline.com/u-s-general-unh-alum-to-speak-at-commencement-1.3017311%23.UfdGsmQY1F8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130730054054/http://www.tnhonline.com/u-s-general-unh-alum-to-speak-at-commencement-1.3017311%23.UfdGsmQY1F8 |archive-date=30 July 2013 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=tnhonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Legere ya tashi a cikin matsayi, yana aiki a wasu mukamai masu leken asiri. Daga 1991 zuwa 2001, Ta kasance Kwamandan 312th Military Intelligence Battalion kuma daga 2002 zuwa 2004, ta kasance Kwamandan 501st Military Intelligence Brigade bayan haka ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] har zuwa 2008. Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2009, Brigadier Janar Legere ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki na Sojojin Kasa da Kasa - Iraki. Daga 2009 zuwa 2012, Manjo Janar Legere ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka na leken asiri da tsaro (tallafin sojojin ga Ƙungiyar leken asiri ta Amurka). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=Senior Army Intelligence Officer Speaks at DIAA Luncheon &amp;#124; Article |url=https://www.army.mil/article/91545/Senior_Army_Intelligence_Officer_Speaks_at_DIAA_Luncheon/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |publisher=United States Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-10-16 |title=MG Mary A. Legere &amp;#124; Article |url=https://www.army.mil/article/64363/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |publisher=United States Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2012, Legere ya sami ci gaba zuwa janar janar kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki (G-2) na Sojojin Amurka. Koyaya, lokacinta a matsayin G-2 ya kasance alama ce ta gardama lokacin da ta ba da umarnin sokewa da sake rubuta wani rahoto wanda ya soki tsarin bincike na DCGS na sojoji kuma a maimakon haka ya tura don sayen wani tsarin madadin da aka samar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.benning.army.mil/mcoe/maneuverconference/presentation/PDF/MrPales.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221192744/http://www.benning.army.mil/mcoe/maneuverconference/presentation/PDF/MrPales.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2013 |access-date=2013-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://unh.edu/army/alumni/halloffame/12legere.pdf]{{Dead link|date=June 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014 Legere ta kasance babban mai fafatawa don jagorantar Hukumar leken asiri ta tsaro, babbar kungiyar leken asiri ga sojojin Amurka. Idan aka zaba kuma aka tabbatar da ita, da ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci hukumar.[1] Duk da haka, ba ta sami matsayin ba. Legere ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017 kuma ya shiga Accenture Federal Services a matsayin manajan darakta na bayanan sirri na kasa da na tsaro.[2] Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kungiyar masu sana'a ta yanar gizo ta Sojoji (MCPA). [3]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816439</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <text bytes="5682" sha1="7qyvnfas4y4uxjh3xk763lj8xsdbd6u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Mary A. Legere''' tsohuwar Laftanar Janar ce mai ritaya kuma tsohuwar Mataimakiyar Babban Hafsan Sojoji kan Leken Asiri (G-2) na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka .

== Ayyukan soja ==
[[Fayil:Mary_A._Legere,_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps.jpg|thumb]]
Mary A. Legere, wacce ta shiga Sojoji a 1982 ta hanyar [[Reserve Officer Training Corps.|Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro.]]

Legere ta halarci Jami'ar New Hampshire, inda ta sami digiri na farko a [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a shekarar 1982. An ba ta izini ta hanyar shirin horar da jami'an jami'ar Sojoji, sannan daga baya ta shiga rundunar Sojojin Sojoji. Ta ce da farko ta yi niyyar yin aiki na shekaru hudu, sannan ta sami aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar leken asiri ta Amurka ko Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-05-23 |title=Lt. Gen. Mary Legere '82 2013 Commencement Speech &amp;#124; UNH Today |url=http://www.unh.edu/unhtoday/2013/05/lt-gen-mary-legere-82-2013-commencement-speech |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Unh.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilimi na soja na gaba ya haɗa da Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar da Kwaleji ta Sojojin Sojojin Amirka, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyya da Dabarun Soja, bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Mary A. Legere |url=http://www.dami.army.pentagon.mil/g2Docs/Z-Group/Legere,%20LTG%20Mary%20A.%20Apr12.pdf |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Dami.army.pentagon.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. General, UNH alum to speak at commencement – the New Hampshire – the University of New Hampshire's Student Newspaper |url=http://www.tnhonline.com/u-s-general-unh-alum-to-speak-at-commencement-1.3017311%23.UfdGsmQY1F8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130730054054/http://www.tnhonline.com/u-s-general-unh-alum-to-speak-at-commencement-1.3017311%23.UfdGsmQY1F8 |archive-date=30 July 2013 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=tnhonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Legere ya tashi a cikin matsayi, yana aiki a wasu mukamai masu leken asiri. Daga 1991 zuwa 2001, Ta kasance Kwamandan 312th Military Intelligence Battalion kuma daga 2002 zuwa 2004, ta kasance Kwamandan 501st Military Intelligence Brigade bayan haka ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] har zuwa 2008. Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2009, Brigadier Janar Legere ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki na Sojojin Kasa da Kasa - Iraki. Daga 2009 zuwa 2012, Manjo Janar Legere ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka na leken asiri da tsaro (tallafin sojojin ga Ƙungiyar leken asiri ta Amurka). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=Senior Army Intelligence Officer Speaks at DIAA Luncheon &amp;#124; Article |url=https://www.army.mil/article/91545/Senior_Army_Intelligence_Officer_Speaks_at_DIAA_Luncheon/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |publisher=United States Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-10-16 |title=MG Mary A. Legere &amp;#124; Article |url=https://www.army.mil/article/64363/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |publisher=United States Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2012, Legere ya sami ci gaba zuwa janar janar kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki (G-2) na Sojojin Amurka. Koyaya, lokacinta a matsayin G-2 ya kasance alama ce ta gardama lokacin da ta ba da umarnin sokewa da sake rubuta wani rahoto wanda ya soki tsarin bincike na DCGS na sojoji kuma a maimakon haka ya tura don sayen wani tsarin madadin da aka samar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.benning.army.mil/mcoe/maneuverconference/presentation/PDF/MrPales.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221192744/http://www.benning.army.mil/mcoe/maneuverconference/presentation/PDF/MrPales.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2013 |access-date=2013-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://unh.edu/army/alumni/halloffame/12legere.pdf]{{Dead link|date=June 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014 Legere ta kasance babban mai fafatawa don jagorantar Hukumar leken asiri ta tsaro, babbar kungiyar leken asiri ga sojojin Amurka. Idan aka zaba kuma aka tabbatar da ita, da ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci hukumar.[1] Duk da haka, ba ta sami matsayin ba. Legere ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017 kuma ya shiga Accenture Federal Services a matsayin manajan darakta na bayanan sirri na kasa da na tsaro. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexec.com/2017/05/accenture-federal-services-hires-lt-gen-mary-legere/|title=Accenture Federal Services Hires Lt. Gen. Mary Legere|website=Washingtonexec.com|date=9 May 2017|accessdate=2017-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also serves as an Advisor of the nonprofit Military Cyber Professionals Association (MCPA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|title=Advisors of the MCPA|website=milcyber.org|accessdate=2018-05-31|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082142/http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kungiyar masu sana'a ta yanar gizo ta Sojoji (MCPA). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexec.com/2017/05/accenture-federal-services-hires-lt-gen-mary-legere/|title=Accenture Federal Services Hires Lt. Gen. Mary Legere|website=Washingtonexec.com|date=9 May 2017|accessdate=2017-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also serves as an Advisor of the nonprofit Military Cyber Professionals Association (MCPA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|title=Advisors of the MCPA|website=milcyber.org|accessdate=2018-05-31|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082142/http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Mary A. Legere''' tsohuwar Laftanar Janar ce mai ritaya kuma tsohuwar Mataimakiyar Babban Hafsan Sojoji kan Leken Asiri (G-2) na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka .

== Ayyukan soja ==
[[Fayil:Mary_A._Legere,_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps.jpg|thumb]]
Mary A. Legere, wacce ta shiga Sojoji a 1982 ta hanyar [[Reserve Officer Training Corps.|Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro.]]

Legere ta halarci Jami'ar New Hampshire, inda ta sami digiri na farko a [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a shekarar 1982. An ba ta izini ta hanyar shirin horar da jami'an jami'ar Sojoji, sannan daga baya ta shiga rundunar Sojojin Sojoji. Ta ce da farko ta yi niyyar yin aiki na shekaru hudu, sannan ta sami aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar leken asiri ta Amurka ko Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-05-23 |title=Lt. Gen. Mary Legere '82 2013 Commencement Speech &amp;#124; UNH Today |url=http://www.unh.edu/unhtoday/2013/05/lt-gen-mary-legere-82-2013-commencement-speech |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Unh.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilimi na soja na gaba ya haɗa da Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar da Kwaleji ta Sojojin Sojojin Amirka, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyya da Dabarun Soja, bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Mary A. Legere |url=http://www.dami.army.pentagon.mil/g2Docs/Z-Group/Legere,%20LTG%20Mary%20A.%20Apr12.pdf |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Dami.army.pentagon.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. General, UNH alum to speak at commencement – the New Hampshire – the University of New Hampshire's Student Newspaper |url=http://www.tnhonline.com/u-s-general-unh-alum-to-speak-at-commencement-1.3017311%23.UfdGsmQY1F8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130730054054/http://www.tnhonline.com/u-s-general-unh-alum-to-speak-at-commencement-1.3017311%23.UfdGsmQY1F8 |archive-date=30 July 2013 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=tnhonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Legere ya tashi a cikin matsayi, yana aiki a wasu mukamai masu leken asiri. Daga 1991 zuwa 2001, Ta kasance Kwamandan 312th Military Intelligence Battalion kuma daga 2002 zuwa 2004, ta kasance Kwamandan 501st Military Intelligence Brigade bayan haka ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] har zuwa 2008. Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2009, Brigadier Janar Legere ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki na Sojojin Kasa da Kasa - Iraki. Daga 2009 zuwa 2012, Manjo Janar Legere ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka na leken asiri da tsaro (tallafin sojojin ga Ƙungiyar leken asiri ta Amurka). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=Senior Army Intelligence Officer Speaks at DIAA Luncheon &amp;#124; Article |url=https://www.army.mil/article/91545/Senior_Army_Intelligence_Officer_Speaks_at_DIAA_Luncheon/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |publisher=United States Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-10-16 |title=MG Mary A. Legere &amp;#124; Article |url=https://www.army.mil/article/64363/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |publisher=United States Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2012, Legere ya sami ci gaba zuwa janar janar kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki (G-2) na Sojojin Amurka. Koyaya, lokacinta a matsayin G-2 ya kasance alama ce ta gardama lokacin da ta ba da umarnin sokewa da sake rubuta wani rahoto wanda ya soki tsarin bincike na DCGS na sojoji kuma a maimakon haka ya tura don sayen wani tsarin madadin da aka samar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.benning.army.mil/mcoe/maneuverconference/presentation/PDF/MrPales.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221192744/http://www.benning.army.mil/mcoe/maneuverconference/presentation/PDF/MrPales.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2013 |access-date=2013-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://unh.edu/army/alumni/halloffame/12legere.pdf]{{Dead link|date=June 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014 Legere ta kasance babban mai fafatawa don jagorantar Hukumar leken asiri ta tsaro, babbar kungiyar leken asiri ga sojojin Amurka. Idan aka zaba kuma aka tabbatar da ita, da ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci hukumar.[1] Duk da haka, ba ta sami matsayin ba. Legere ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017 kuma ya shiga Accenture Federal Services a matsayin manajan darakta na bayanan sirri na kasa da na tsaro. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexec.com/2017/05/accenture-federal-services-hires-lt-gen-mary-legere/|title=Accenture Federal Services Hires Lt. Gen. Mary Legere|website=Washingtonexec.com|date=9 May 2017|accessdate=2017-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also serves as an Advisor of the nonprofit Military Cyber Professionals Association (MCPA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|title=Advisors of the MCPA|website=milcyber.org|accessdate=2018-05-31|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082142/http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kungiyar masu sana'a ta yanar gizo ta Sojoji (MCPA). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexec.com/2017/05/accenture-federal-services-hires-lt-gen-mary-legere/|title=Accenture Federal Services Hires Lt. Gen. Mary Legere|website=Washingtonexec.com|date=9 May 2017|accessdate=2017-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also serves as an Advisor of the nonprofit Military Cyber Professionals Association (MCPA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|title=Advisors of the MCPA|website=milcyber.org|accessdate=2018-05-31|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082142/http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]

A ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2012, Legere ya sami ci gaba zuwa janar janar kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki (G-2) na Sojojin Amurka. Koyaya, lokacinta a matsayin G-2 ya kasance alama ce ta gardama lokacin da ta ba da umarnin sokewa da sake rubuta wani rahoto wanda ya soki tsarin bincike na DCGS na sojoji kuma a maimakon haka ya tura don sayen wani tsarin madadin da aka samar da shi.[6][7]

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014 Legere ta kasance babban mai fafatawa don jagorantar Hukumar leken asiri ta tsaro, babbar kungiyar leken asiri ga sojojin Amurka. Idan aka zaba kuma aka tabbatar da ita, da ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci hukumar.[1] Duk da haka, ba ta sami matsayin ba. Legere ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017 kuma ya shiga Accenture Federal Services a matsayin manajan darakta na bayanan sirri na kasa da na tsaro. [8] She also serves as an Advisor of the nonprofit Military Cyber Professionals Association (MCPA).[9]Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kungiyar masu sana'a ta yanar gizo ta Sojoji (MCPA). [10] She also serves as an Advisor of the nonprofit Military Cyber Professionals Association (MCPA).[11]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816442</id>
      <parentid>816440</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:04:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5682" sha1="7qyvnfas4y4uxjh3xk763lj8xsdbd6u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Mary A. Legere''' tsohuwar Laftanar Janar ce mai ritaya kuma tsohuwar Mataimakiyar Babban Hafsan Sojoji kan Leken Asiri (G-2) na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka .

== Ayyukan soja ==
[[Fayil:Mary_A._Legere,_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps.jpg|thumb]]
Mary A. Legere, wacce ta shiga Sojoji a 1982 ta hanyar [[Reserve Officer Training Corps.|Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro.]]

Legere ta halarci Jami'ar New Hampshire, inda ta sami digiri na farko a [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a shekarar 1982. An ba ta izini ta hanyar shirin horar da jami'an jami'ar Sojoji, sannan daga baya ta shiga rundunar Sojojin Sojoji. Ta ce da farko ta yi niyyar yin aiki na shekaru hudu, sannan ta sami aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar leken asiri ta Amurka ko Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-05-23 |title=Lt. Gen. Mary Legere '82 2013 Commencement Speech &amp;#124; UNH Today |url=http://www.unh.edu/unhtoday/2013/05/lt-gen-mary-legere-82-2013-commencement-speech |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Unh.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilimi na soja na gaba ya haɗa da Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar da Kwaleji ta Sojojin Sojojin Amirka, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyya da Dabarun Soja, bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Mary A. Legere |url=http://www.dami.army.pentagon.mil/g2Docs/Z-Group/Legere,%20LTG%20Mary%20A.%20Apr12.pdf |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Dami.army.pentagon.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. General, UNH alum to speak at commencement – the New Hampshire – the University of New Hampshire's Student Newspaper |url=http://www.tnhonline.com/u-s-general-unh-alum-to-speak-at-commencement-1.3017311%23.UfdGsmQY1F8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130730054054/http://www.tnhonline.com/u-s-general-unh-alum-to-speak-at-commencement-1.3017311%23.UfdGsmQY1F8 |archive-date=30 July 2013 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=tnhonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Legere ya tashi a cikin matsayi, yana aiki a wasu mukamai masu leken asiri. Daga 1991 zuwa 2001, Ta kasance Kwamandan 312th Military Intelligence Battalion kuma daga 2002 zuwa 2004, ta kasance Kwamandan 501st Military Intelligence Brigade bayan haka ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] har zuwa 2008. Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2009, Brigadier Janar Legere ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki na Sojojin Kasa da Kasa - Iraki. Daga 2009 zuwa 2012, Manjo Janar Legere ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka na leken asiri da tsaro (tallafin sojojin ga Ƙungiyar leken asiri ta Amurka). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=Senior Army Intelligence Officer Speaks at DIAA Luncheon &amp;#124; Article |url=https://www.army.mil/article/91545/Senior_Army_Intelligence_Officer_Speaks_at_DIAA_Luncheon/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |publisher=United States Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-10-16 |title=MG Mary A. Legere &amp;#124; Article |url=https://www.army.mil/article/64363/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |publisher=United States Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2012, Legere ya sami ci gaba zuwa janar janar kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Lantarki (G-2) na Sojojin Amurka. Koyaya, lokacinta a matsayin G-2 ya kasance alama ce ta gardama lokacin da ta ba da umarnin sokewa da sake rubuta wani rahoto wanda ya soki tsarin bincike na DCGS na sojoji kuma a maimakon haka ya tura don sayen wani tsarin madadin da aka samar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.benning.army.mil/mcoe/maneuverconference/presentation/PDF/MrPales.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221192744/http://www.benning.army.mil/mcoe/maneuverconference/presentation/PDF/MrPales.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2013 |access-date=2013-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://unh.edu/army/alumni/halloffame/12legere.pdf]{{Dead link|date=June 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014 Legere ta kasance babban mai fafatawa don jagorantar Hukumar leken asiri ta tsaro, babbar kungiyar leken asiri ga sojojin Amurka. Idan aka zaba kuma aka tabbatar da ita, da ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci hukumar.[1] Duk da haka, ba ta sami matsayin ba. Legere ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017 kuma ya shiga Accenture Federal Services a matsayin manajan darakta na bayanan sirri na kasa da na tsaro. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexec.com/2017/05/accenture-federal-services-hires-lt-gen-mary-legere/|title=Accenture Federal Services Hires Lt. Gen. Mary Legere|website=Washingtonexec.com|date=9 May 2017|accessdate=2017-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also serves as an Advisor of the nonprofit Military Cyber Professionals Association (MCPA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|title=Advisors of the MCPA|website=milcyber.org|accessdate=2018-05-31|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082142/http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kungiyar masu sana'a ta yanar gizo ta Sojoji (MCPA). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexec.com/2017/05/accenture-federal-services-hires-lt-gen-mary-legere/|title=Accenture Federal Services Hires Lt. Gen. Mary Legere|website=Washingtonexec.com|date=9 May 2017|accessdate=2017-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also serves as an Advisor of the nonprofit Military Cyber Professionals Association (MCPA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|title=Advisors of the MCPA|website=milcyber.org|accessdate=2018-05-31|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082142/http://public.milcyber.org/leadership/advisors|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>7qyvnfas4y4uxjh3xk763lj8xsdbd6u</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jimmie O. Keenan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816168</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:38:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324816004|Jimmie O. Keenan]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816168</origin>
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      <text bytes="2620" sha1="432xm7isvngu4qznfwwxticnegg4etr" xml:space="preserve">'''Jimmie O. Keenan''' babban janar ne mai ritaya na Sojojin Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamandan Janar na Kwamandan Kiwon Lafiya da kuma Babban Jami'in Nurses na Sojojin Amurka kafin ta yi ritaya a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2013 |title=Maj. Gen. Keenan assumes command of SRMC |url=https://www.army.mil/article/105224/maj_gen_keenan_assumes_command_of_srmc |website=www.army.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanzu tana aiki a WellMed Medical Management a San Antonio, Texas .

== Ayyukan soja ==
[[Fayil:Jimmie_O._Keenan_takes_SRMC_command.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant Janar [[Patricia Horoho|Patricia D. Horoho]] ya ba da jagorancin Kwamandan Kiwon Lafiya na Yankin Kudancin ga Manjo Janar Jimmie O. Keenan (hagu) yayin bikin canjin umurni a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2013.]]
Keenan ya shiga Sojojin Amurka a matsayin Jami'in Nurses wanda aka ba shi izini ta hanyar Jami'ar Horar da Jami'ar Jihar Henderson. Ta kammala ayyuka da yawa kamar aikin jinya a cikin gida da na kasashen waje na Sojojin Amurka, kuma daga ƙarshe ta tashi zuwa mukamin Kwamandan, [[Evans Army Community Hospital|Asibitin Sojojin Evans]] a Fort Carson, [[Colorado]]. Ta kuma umurci Kwamandan Lafiya na Sojojin Amurka a Aberdeen Proving Ground . Ayyukanta na ƙarshe, kafin ta zama mataimakin kwamandan rundunar likitancin Sojojin Amurka (MEDCOM), ita ce Kwamandan Janar, Rundunar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kudancin Sojoji ta Amurka.

Keenan ya kasance fitaccen digiri na soja daga Jami'ar Jihar Henderson tare da Baccalaureate na Nursing . Har ila yau, tana da Jagora na Kimiyya a Gudanar da Nursing daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Georgia da Jagora a Nazarin Dabarun daga Kwalejin Yakin Sojojin Amurka. Ilimi na soja ya haɗa da Jami'in Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya na Sojoji na asali da Ci gaba, Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar da Kwaleji ta Sojojin Sojojin Amirka.

Kyaututtuka da kayan ado na Keenan sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Army Distinguished Service, Legion of Merit, lambar yabo ta Meritorious Service tare da Oak Leaf Clusters guda huɗu, lambar yabo na Army Commendation tare da Oak Clusters huɗu, da lambar yabo na Sojoji. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Kwararru ta Kwararre, lambar yabo ta Parachutist, lambar yabo na Air Assault, da lambar yabo ta Sojoji. Keenan ya kasance Janar Douglas MacArthur Leadership Award wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Hukumar Kula da Lafiya a shekarar 1988, dan wasan karshe na Yankin, shirin Fellowship na FY a shekarar 1992, kuma dan majalisa na Sojoji na FY 2001. Ita memba ce ta Order of Military Medical Merit kuma Fellow a Kwalejin Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>432xm7isvngu4qznfwwxticnegg4etr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816170</id>
      <parentid>816168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:39:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816170</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2632" sha1="iebz672fnqbflivgpbkgug7qo01ttig" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Jimmie O. Keenan''' babban janar ne mai ritaya na Sojojin Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamandan Janar na Kwamandan Kiwon Lafiya da kuma Babban Jami'in Nurses na Sojojin Amurka kafin ta yi ritaya a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2013 |title=Maj. Gen. Keenan assumes command of SRMC |url=https://www.army.mil/article/105224/maj_gen_keenan_assumes_command_of_srmc |website=www.army.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanzu tana aiki a WellMed Medical Management a San Antonio, Texas .

== Ayyukan soja ==
[[Fayil:Jimmie_O._Keenan_takes_SRMC_command.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant Janar [[Patricia Horoho|Patricia D. Horoho]] ya ba da jagorancin Kwamandan Kiwon Lafiya na Yankin Kudancin ga Manjo Janar Jimmie O. Keenan (hagu) yayin bikin canjin umurni a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2013.]]
Keenan ya shiga Sojojin Amurka a matsayin Jami'in Nurses wanda aka ba shi izini ta hanyar Jami'ar Horar da Jami'ar Jihar Henderson. Ta kammala ayyuka da yawa kamar aikin jinya a cikin gida da na kasashen waje na Sojojin Amurka, kuma daga ƙarshe ta tashi zuwa mukamin Kwamandan, [[Evans Army Community Hospital|Asibitin Sojojin Evans]] a Fort Carson, [[Colorado]]. Ta kuma umurci Kwamandan Lafiya na Sojojin Amurka a Aberdeen Proving Ground . Ayyukanta na ƙarshe, kafin ta zama mataimakin kwamandan rundunar likitancin Sojojin Amurka (MEDCOM), ita ce Kwamandan Janar, Rundunar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kudancin Sojoji ta Amurka.

Keenan ya kasance fitaccen digiri na soja daga Jami'ar Jihar Henderson tare da Baccalaureate na Nursing . Har ila yau, tana da Jagora na Kimiyya a Gudanar da Nursing daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Georgia da Jagora a Nazarin Dabarun daga Kwalejin Yakin Sojojin Amurka. Ilimi na soja ya haɗa da Jami'in Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya na Sojoji na asali da Ci gaba, Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar da Kwaleji ta Sojojin Sojojin Amirka.

Kyaututtuka da kayan ado na Keenan sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Army Distinguished Service, Legion of Merit, lambar yabo ta Meritorious Service tare da Oak Leaf Clusters guda huɗu, lambar yabo na Army Commendation tare da Oak Clusters huɗu, da lambar yabo na Sojoji. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Kwararru ta Kwararre, lambar yabo ta Parachutist, lambar yabo na Air Assault, da lambar yabo ta Sojoji. Keenan ya kasance Janar Douglas MacArthur Leadership Award wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Hukumar Kula da Lafiya a shekarar 1988, dan wasan karshe na Yankin, shirin Fellowship na FY a shekarar 1992, kuma dan majalisa na Sojoji na FY 2001. Ita memba ce ta Order of Military Medical Merit kuma Fellow a Kwalejin Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>iebz672fnqbflivgpbkgug7qo01ttig</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Djamila Debèche</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816174</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:43:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317132231|Djamila Debèche]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816174</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="8175" sha1="srakrlha8vu0erlohlt2r6ja3og1ivm" xml:space="preserve">'''Djamila Debèche''' (30 ga Yuni, 1926 - 10 ga Agusta, 2010), wani lokacin ana rubuta Debêche ko Debbeche, marubuciya ce ta mata ta Faransa da Algeria. Ta kasance 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya a Aljeriya, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata marubuta na farko na zamanin mulkin mallaka na Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAssouane2020&quot;&gt;Assouane, Mohamed-Karim (2020-05-09). [https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ &quot;Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie&quot;]. ''Mondes Francophones'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Djamila Debèche a shekara ta 1926 (ko da yake wasu kafofin sun sanya shekarar haihuwarta tun farkon shekara ta 1910) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Aïn Oulmene, lardin Setif, [[Aljeriya]] . Ta kasance maraya tun tana 'yar shekara biyu kuma kakanninta ne suka tashe ta. Ta yi karatu a [[Aljir|Algiers]], inda ta zauna har zuwa shekara 16.

A cikin 1942, Debèche ta fara karbar bakuncin shirin rediyo ga mata, wanda aka mayar da hankali musamman kan muhimmancin ilimi ga 'yan mata. Bayan 'yan shekaru, a 1946, ta wallafa wata kasida a kan &quot;Mata Musulmi a cikin Al'umma&quot; a cikin mujallar Terre d'Afrique . A shekara mai zuwa, ta ƙaddamar da wallafe-wallafen kowane wata, mujallar mata L'Action, wacce ta gudana don fitowar 10. A matsayinta na edita na wannan mujallar, ta halarci taron mata na kasa da kasa a birnin Paris a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1947.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-30 |title=Djamila Debèche, une écrivaine algérienne oubliée |url=https://www.algeriepatriotique.com/2013/11/30/djamila-debeche-une-ecrivaine-algerienne-oubliee/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Algérie Patriotique |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-21 |title=Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit ! |url=https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=[[Le Matin d'Algérie]] |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan shekarar, Debèche ta buga littafinta na farko, Leïla, jeune fille d'Algérie (&quot;Leïla, Young Girl From Algeria&quot;). Babban hali, Leïla, asalin Sahara ne, amma ta sami damar halartar makarantar 'yan mata ta Katolika a Algiers kuma dangin Turai ne suka karbe ta, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin malami ga' yan mata a kudancin Algeria. Debèche daga baya ya buga rubutun biyu a Algiers: Les Musulmans algériens et la scolarisation (&quot;Algerian Musulmai da Ilimi&quot;) a cikin 1950 da L'Enseignement de la langue arabe en Algérie et le droit de vote aux femmes algériennes (&quot;Arabic Language Education in Algeria and Algerian Women's Right to Vote&quot;) a cikin 1951.

Baya ga rubuce-rubucenta, Debèche ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko na Kungiyar PEN Club ta Algeria. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAssouane2020&quot;&gt;Assouane, Mohamed-Karim (2020-05-09). [https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ &quot;Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie&quot;]. ''Mondes Francophones'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Yaƙin Aljeriya]] ya fara ne a shekara ta 1954, kuma Debèche ya zaɓi ya koma Faransa kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa. Koyaya, ta yi aiki don kula da musayar al'adu tare da al'ummarta a ƙasarsu.

A shekara ta 1955, ta gabatar da littafinta na biyu, ''Aziza'', wanda aka buga a Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-21 |title=Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit ! |url=https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=[[Le Matin d'Algérie]] |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html &quot;Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit !&quot;]. ''[[Le Matin d'Algérie]]'' (in French). 2013-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aziza'' ta lashe Prix Roberge daga Académie Française a shekara ta 1957. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Djamila DEBÈCHE |url=http://www.academie-francaise.fr/djamila-debeche |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Académie française |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta na gaba, an buga wani rubutun da ake kira Les grandes étapes de l'évolution féminine en pays d'Islam (&quot;The Great Stages of Women's Evolution in an Islamic Country&quot;), a Faransa a shekarar 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kodayake ta kasance majagaba a cikin marubuta mata na Aljeriya na farko a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Debèche ta shiga cikin duhu a cikin shekarunta na baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-21 |title=Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit ! |url=https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=[[Le Matin d'Algérie]] |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html &quot;Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit !&quot;]. ''[[Le Matin d'Algérie]]'' (in French). 2013-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ta mutu a shekara ta 2010, a birnin Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAssouane2020&quot;&gt;Assouane, Mohamed-Karim (2020-05-09). [https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ &quot;Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie&quot;]. ''Mondes Francophones'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

=== Littattafai ===

* 1947: ''Leïla, yarinya daga Algeria''.
* 1955: ''Aziza''.  (Ya karbi Prix Roberge daga Académie Française a shekara ta 1957) 

=== Rubuce-rubuce ===

* 1950: ''Musulmai na Aljeriya da zuwa makaranta''.
* 1951: Koyar da harshen Larabci a Aljeriya da kuma 'yancin jefa kuri'a ga matan Aljeriya.
* 1959: Babban matakai na juyin halitta na mata a kasar Musulunci.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]]</text>
      <sha1>srakrlha8vu0erlohlt2r6ja3og1ivm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816176</id>
      <parentid>816174</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:44:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816176</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8187" sha1="1nate1a84c7iswzwhphv0fs33xpx5fp" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Djamila Debèche''' (30 ga Yuni, 1926 - 10 ga Agusta, 2010), wani lokacin ana rubuta Debêche ko Debbeche, marubuciya ce ta mata ta Faransa da Algeria. Ta kasance 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya a Aljeriya, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata marubuta na farko na zamanin mulkin mallaka na Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAssouane2020&quot;&gt;Assouane, Mohamed-Karim (2020-05-09). [https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ &quot;Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie&quot;]. ''Mondes Francophones'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Djamila Debèche a shekara ta 1926 (ko da yake wasu kafofin sun sanya shekarar haihuwarta tun farkon shekara ta 1910) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Aïn Oulmene, lardin Setif, [[Aljeriya]] . Ta kasance maraya tun tana 'yar shekara biyu kuma kakanninta ne suka tashe ta. Ta yi karatu a [[Aljir|Algiers]], inda ta zauna har zuwa shekara 16.

A cikin 1942, Debèche ta fara karbar bakuncin shirin rediyo ga mata, wanda aka mayar da hankali musamman kan muhimmancin ilimi ga 'yan mata. Bayan 'yan shekaru, a 1946, ta wallafa wata kasida a kan &quot;Mata Musulmi a cikin Al'umma&quot; a cikin mujallar Terre d'Afrique . A shekara mai zuwa, ta ƙaddamar da wallafe-wallafen kowane wata, mujallar mata L'Action, wacce ta gudana don fitowar 10. A matsayinta na edita na wannan mujallar, ta halarci taron mata na kasa da kasa a birnin Paris a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1947.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-30 |title=Djamila Debèche, une écrivaine algérienne oubliée |url=https://www.algeriepatriotique.com/2013/11/30/djamila-debeche-une-ecrivaine-algerienne-oubliee/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Algérie Patriotique |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-21 |title=Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit ! |url=https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=[[Le Matin d'Algérie]] |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan shekarar, Debèche ta buga littafinta na farko, Leïla, jeune fille d'Algérie (&quot;Leïla, Young Girl From Algeria&quot;). Babban hali, Leïla, asalin Sahara ne, amma ta sami damar halartar makarantar 'yan mata ta Katolika a Algiers kuma dangin Turai ne suka karbe ta, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin malami ga' yan mata a kudancin Algeria. Debèche daga baya ya buga rubutun biyu a Algiers: Les Musulmans algériens et la scolarisation (&quot;Algerian Musulmai da Ilimi&quot;) a cikin 1950 da L'Enseignement de la langue arabe en Algérie et le droit de vote aux femmes algériennes (&quot;Arabic Language Education in Algeria and Algerian Women's Right to Vote&quot;) a cikin 1951.

Baya ga rubuce-rubucenta, Debèche ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko na Kungiyar PEN Club ta Algeria. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAssouane2020&quot;&gt;Assouane, Mohamed-Karim (2020-05-09). [https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ &quot;Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie&quot;]. ''Mondes Francophones'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Yaƙin Aljeriya]] ya fara ne a shekara ta 1954, kuma Debèche ya zaɓi ya koma Faransa kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa. Koyaya, ta yi aiki don kula da musayar al'adu tare da al'ummarta a ƙasarsu.

A shekara ta 1955, ta gabatar da littafinta na biyu, ''Aziza'', wanda aka buga a Aljeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-21 |title=Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit ! |url=https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=[[Le Matin d'Algérie]] |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html &quot;Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit !&quot;]. ''[[Le Matin d'Algérie]]'' (in French). 2013-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aziza'' ta lashe Prix Roberge daga Académie Française a shekara ta 1957. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Djamila DEBÈCHE |url=http://www.academie-francaise.fr/djamila-debeche |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Académie française |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta na gaba, an buga wani rubutun da ake kira Les grandes étapes de l'évolution féminine en pays d'Islam (&quot;The Great Stages of Women's Evolution in an Islamic Country&quot;), a Faransa a shekarar 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kodayake ta kasance majagaba a cikin marubuta mata na Aljeriya na farko a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Debèche ta shiga cikin duhu a cikin shekarunta na baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-21 |title=Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit ! |url=https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=[[Le Matin d'Algérie]] |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html &quot;Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit !&quot;]. ''[[Le Matin d'Algérie]]'' (in French). 2013-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ta mutu a shekara ta 2010, a birnin Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAssouane2020&quot;&gt;Assouane, Mohamed-Karim (2020-05-09). [https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ &quot;Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie&quot;]. ''Mondes Francophones'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

=== Littattafai ===

* 1947: ''Leïla, yarinya daga Algeria''.
* 1955: ''Aziza''.  (Ya karbi Prix Roberge daga Académie Française a shekara ta 1957) 

=== Rubuce-rubuce ===

* 1950: ''Musulmai na Aljeriya da zuwa makaranta''.
* 1951: Koyar da harshen Larabci a Aljeriya da kuma 'yancin jefa kuri'a ga matan Aljeriya.
* 1959: Babban matakai na juyin halitta na mata a kasar Musulunci.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]]</text>
      <sha1>1nate1a84c7iswzwhphv0fs33xpx5fp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816177</id>
      <parentid>816176</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:45:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816177</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8173" sha1="3nsfc953gjg3j5uwnj3wmx3tvcmxhyj" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Djamila Debèche''' (30 ga Yuni, 1926 - 10 ga Agusta, 2010), wani lokacin ana rubuta Debêche ko Debbeche, marubuciya ce ta mata ta Faransa da Algeria. Ta kasance 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya a Aljeriya, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata marubuta na farko na zamanin mulkin mallaka na Faransa.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAssouane2020&quot;&gt;Assouane, Mohamed-Karim (2020-05-09). [https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ &quot;Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie&quot;]. ''Mondes Francophones'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Djamila Debèche a shekara ta 1926 (ko da yake wasu kafofin sun sanya shekarar haihuwarta tun farkon shekara ta 1910) &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Aïn Oulmene, lardin Setif, [[Aljeriya]] . Ta kasance maraya tun tana 'yar shekara biyu kuma kakanninta ne suka tashe ta. Ta yi karatu a [[Aljir|Algiers]], inda ta zauna har zuwa shekara 16.

A cikin 1942, Debèche ta fara karbar bakuncin shirin rediyo ga mata, wanda aka mayar da hankali musamman kan muhimmancin ilimi ga 'yan mata. Bayan 'yan shekaru, a 1946, ta wallafa wata kasida a kan &quot;Mata Musulmi a cikin Al'umma&quot; a cikin mujallar Terre d'Afrique . A shekara mai zuwa, ta ƙaddamar da wallafe-wallafen kowane wata, mujallar mata L'Action, wacce ta gudana don fitowar 10. A matsayinta na edita na wannan mujallar, ta halarci taron mata na kasa da kasa a birnin Paris a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1947.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-30 |title=Djamila Debèche, une écrivaine algérienne oubliée |url=https://www.algeriepatriotique.com/2013/11/30/djamila-debeche-une-ecrivaine-algerienne-oubliee/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Algérie Patriotique |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-21 |title=Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit ! |url=https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=[[Le Matin d'Algérie]] |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan shekarar, Debèche ta buga littafinta na farko, Leïla, jeune fille d'Algérie (&quot;Leïla, Young Girl From Algeria&quot;). Babban hali, Leïla, asalin Sahara ne, amma ta sami damar halartar makarantar 'yan mata ta Katolika a Algiers kuma dangin Turai ne suka karbe ta, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin malami ga' yan mata a kudancin Algeria. Debèche daga baya ya buga rubutun biyu a Algiers: Les Musulmans algériens et la scolarisation (&quot;Algerian Musulmai da Ilimi&quot;) a cikin 1950 da L'Enseignement de la langue arabe en Algérie et le droit de vote aux femmes algériennes (&quot;Arabic Language Education in Algeria and Algerian Women's Right to Vote&quot;) a cikin 1951.

Baya ga rubuce-rubucenta, Debèche ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko na Kungiyar PEN Club ta Algeria. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAssouane2020&quot;&gt;Assouane, Mohamed-Karim (2020-05-09). [https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ &quot;Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie&quot;]. ''Mondes Francophones'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Yaƙin Aljeriya]] ya fara ne a shekara ta 1954, kuma Debèche ya zaɓi ya koma Faransa kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa. Koyaya, ta yi aiki don kula da musayar al'adu tare da al'ummarta a ƙasarsu.

A shekara ta 1955, ta gabatar da littafinta na biyu, ''Aziza'', wanda aka buga a Aljeriya.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-21 |title=Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit ! |url=https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=[[Le Matin d'Algérie]] |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html &quot;Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit !&quot;]. ''[[Le Matin d'Algérie]]'' (in French). 2013-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aziza'' ta lashe Prix Roberge daga Académie Française a shekara ta 1957. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Djamila DEBÈCHE |url=http://www.academie-francaise.fr/djamila-debeche |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Académie française |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta na gaba, an buga wani rubutun da ake kira Les grandes étapes de l'évolution féminine en pays d'Islam (&quot;The Great Stages of Women's Evolution in an Islamic Country&quot;), a Faransa a shekarar 1959.

Kodayake ta kasance majagaba a cikin marubuta mata na Aljeriya na farko a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Debèche ta shiga cikin duhu a cikin shekarunta na baya.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-21 |title=Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit ! |url=https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=[[Le Matin d'Algérie]] |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.lematindz.net/news/12932-djamila-debeche-au-pays-du-non-dit.html &quot;Djamila Debèche : au pays du non-dit !&quot;]. ''[[Le Matin d'Algérie]]'' (in French). 2013-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ta mutu a shekara ta 2010, a birnin Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assouane |first=Mohamed-Karim |date=2020-05-09 |title=Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie |url=https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Mondes Francophones |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAssouane2020&quot;&gt;Assouane, Mohamed-Karim (2020-05-09). [https://mondesfrancophones.com/espaces/maghrebs/djamila-debeche-1915-2010-premiere-journaliste-feministe-dalgerie/ &quot;Djamila Debèche (1915-2010), première journaliste féministe d'Algérie&quot;]. ''Mondes Francophones'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

=== Littattafai ===

* 1947: ''Leïla, yarinya daga Algeria''.
* 1955: ''Aziza''.  (Ya karbi Prix Roberge daga Académie Française a shekara ta 1957) 

=== Rubuce-rubuce ===

* 1950: ''Musulmai na Aljeriya da zuwa makaranta''.
* 1951: Koyar da harshen Larabci a Aljeriya da kuma 'yancin jefa kuri'a ga matan Aljeriya.
* 1959: Babban matakai na juyin halitta na mata a kasar Musulunci.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]]</text>
      <sha1>3nsfc953gjg3j5uwnj3wmx3tvcmxhyj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zoubeida Bittari</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147037</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816179</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:52:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342308909|Zoubeida Bittari]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3057" sha1="an8klqhb7xhex982btod4br4n5ibe8f" xml:space="preserve">'''Zoubeïda Bittari''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1939) ita ce sunan alkalami na '''Louise Ali-Rachedi''', wata marubuciya 'yar Aljeriya wacce ta rubuta O, My Muslim Sisters, Weep, wacce aka buga a 1964 a Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTG Bittari&quot; /&gt; Wannan littafin ya yi tasiri sosai a kan hadin kan 'yan uwanta mata Musulmai.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Zouebeïda Bittari a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi a [[Aljeriya]]. Ta halarci makarantar Faransa. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha biyu, iyayenta sun janye ta daga makaranta don ta yi aure. Aure na yara al'ada ne; duk da haka, mata da yawa kamar [[Huda Sha'arawi]] sun ƙi kuma sun tattauna.

A shekara goma sha uku, Bittari ta haifi ɗa. Koyaya, surukar Bittari ta ɗauke ɗanta shekara guda bayan an sake Bittari. Daga baya, Zouebeïda ta tafi Faransa don ta iya rubuta kyauta game da gwagwarmayarta da tawaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telling Their Lives&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cooke |first=Miriam |year=1986 |title=Telling Their Lives: A Hundred Years of Arab Women's Writings |journal=World Literature Today |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=212–216 |doi=10.2307/40141684 |jstor=40141684}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ya, 'yan uwa mata Musulmi, kuka ==
Rayuwar farko da auren Bittari suna nunawa a rubuce-rubucenta. Zoubeïda ta wallafa littafinta: O mes soeurs musulmanes pleurez! ko O, 'yan uwa mata Musulmi, kuka, lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da biyar. Littafin yana kewaye da rayuwarta &quot;yana nuna ma'anar saki da farin ciki wanda ya zo tare da fitowar sani da ayyukan ƙiyayya&quot;.  Ko da yake ba a fassara dukan littafin ba, ana iya samun fassarar da ake kira &quot;Muryar Farin Ciki&quot; a cikin Opening the Gates: An Anthology of Arab Feminist Writing. 

Littafin Bittari ya faru ne a lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]], Yakin Independence, kuma ya gabatar da wallafe-wallafen da daga baya za a buga suna sukar juyin juya halin da kuma sakamakon auren mata da saki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two Algerian Wars&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stora |first=Benjamin |last2=Mitsch |first2=R. H. |title=Women's Writing between Two Algerian wars |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Women and war&quot; /&gt; An gano Faransanci a matsayin mata masu goyon bayan marubuta na Aljeriya. Littafin Zoubeida yana daya daga cikin na farko da ya nuna cewa al'ummar Aljeriya sun rinjayi kuma an kafa su da tasirin Faransanci. Ba zai yiwu a raba 'yan Aljeriya daga mulkin mallaka na baya tare da [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]] ba.

Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, littafin Zoubeïda Bittari yana nuna ra'ayi na saki da farin ciki. Matar da ke cikin littafin ta fara ne ta hanyar tafiya tare da ɗanta. Ta hanyar yin haka, ta fara neman 'yanci mafi girma. Ta ziyarci likitan hakora da wuri, kuma bayan dawowa, mijinta ya kira ta karuwa kuma ya kulle ta daga gidanta. Ta yi imanin cewa wannan saki ne kuma ta zama mai farin ciki game da halin da ake ciki. Kodayake ta yi nadamar barin ɗanta tare da mijinta, an sake ta don samun 'yancinta da' yancin kai.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]</text>
      <sha1>an8klqhb7xhex982btod4br4n5ibe8f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816180</id>
      <parentid>816179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:53:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816180</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3069" sha1="3it9djzb5jg0xv0l8qib1js8cln94e2" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Zoubeïda Bittari''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1939) ita ce sunan alkalami na '''Louise Ali-Rachedi''', wata marubuciya 'yar Aljeriya wacce ta rubuta O, My Muslim Sisters, Weep, wacce aka buga a 1964 a Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTG Bittari&quot; /&gt; Wannan littafin ya yi tasiri sosai a kan hadin kan 'yan uwanta mata Musulmai.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Zouebeïda Bittari a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi a [[Aljeriya]]. Ta halarci makarantar Faransa. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha biyu, iyayenta sun janye ta daga makaranta don ta yi aure. Aure na yara al'ada ne; duk da haka, mata da yawa kamar [[Huda Sha'arawi]] sun ƙi kuma sun tattauna.

A shekara goma sha uku, Bittari ta haifi ɗa. Koyaya, surukar Bittari ta ɗauke ɗanta shekara guda bayan an sake Bittari. Daga baya, Zouebeïda ta tafi Faransa don ta iya rubuta kyauta game da gwagwarmayarta da tawaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telling Their Lives&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cooke |first=Miriam |year=1986 |title=Telling Their Lives: A Hundred Years of Arab Women's Writings |journal=World Literature Today |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=212–216 |doi=10.2307/40141684 |jstor=40141684}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ya, 'yan uwa mata Musulmi, kuka ==
Rayuwar farko da auren Bittari suna nunawa a rubuce-rubucenta. Zoubeïda ta wallafa littafinta: O mes soeurs musulmanes pleurez! ko O, 'yan uwa mata Musulmi, kuka, lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da biyar. Littafin yana kewaye da rayuwarta &quot;yana nuna ma'anar saki da farin ciki wanda ya zo tare da fitowar sani da ayyukan ƙiyayya&quot;.  Ko da yake ba a fassara dukan littafin ba, ana iya samun fassarar da ake kira &quot;Muryar Farin Ciki&quot; a cikin Opening the Gates: An Anthology of Arab Feminist Writing. 

Littafin Bittari ya faru ne a lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]], Yakin Independence, kuma ya gabatar da wallafe-wallafen da daga baya za a buga suna sukar juyin juya halin da kuma sakamakon auren mata da saki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two Algerian Wars&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stora |first=Benjamin |last2=Mitsch |first2=R. H. |title=Women's Writing between Two Algerian wars |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Women and war&quot; /&gt; An gano Faransanci a matsayin mata masu goyon bayan marubuta na Aljeriya. Littafin Zoubeida yana daya daga cikin na farko da ya nuna cewa al'ummar Aljeriya sun rinjayi kuma an kafa su da tasirin Faransanci. Ba zai yiwu a raba 'yan Aljeriya daga mulkin mallaka na baya tare da [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]] ba.

Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, littafin Zoubeïda Bittari yana nuna ra'ayi na saki da farin ciki. Matar da ke cikin littafin ta fara ne ta hanyar tafiya tare da ɗanta. Ta hanyar yin haka, ta fara neman 'yanci mafi girma. Ta ziyarci likitan hakora da wuri, kuma bayan dawowa, mijinta ya kira ta karuwa kuma ya kulle ta daga gidanta. Ta yi imanin cewa wannan saki ne kuma ta zama mai farin ciki game da halin da ake ciki. Kodayake ta yi nadamar barin ɗanta tare da mijinta, an sake ta don samun 'yancinta da' yancin kai.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]</text>
      <sha1>3it9djzb5jg0xv0l8qib1js8cln94e2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816183</id>
      <parentid>816180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:53:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko */</comment>
      <origin>816183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3070" sha1="0clxgovegwf70jj1o1ya63ox9y2vl08" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Zoubeïda Bittari''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1939) ita ce sunan alkalami na '''Louise Ali-Rachedi''', wata marubuciya 'yar Aljeriya wacce ta rubuta O, My Muslim Sisters, Weep, wacce aka buga a 1964 a Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTG Bittari&quot; /&gt; Wannan littafin ya yi tasiri sosai a kan hadin kan 'yan uwanta mata Musulmai.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Zouebeïda Bittari a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi a [[Aljeriya]]. Ta halarci makarantar Faransa. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha biyu, iyayenta sun janye ta daga makaranta don ta yi aure. Aure na yara al'ada ne; duk da haka, mata da yawa kamar [[Huda Sha'arawi]] sun ƙi kuma sun tattauna.

A shekara goma sha uku, Bittari ta haifi ɗa. Koyaya, surukar Bittari ta ɗauke ɗanta shekara guda bayan an sake Bittari. Daga baya, Zouebeïda ta tafi Faransa don ta iya rubuta kyauta game da gwagwarmayarta da tawaye.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Telling Their Lives&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cooke |first=Miriam |year=1986 |title=Telling Their Lives: A Hundred Years of Arab Women's Writings |journal=World Literature Today |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=212–216 |doi=10.2307/40141684 |jstor=40141684}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ya, 'yan uwa mata Musulmi, kuka ==
Rayuwar farko da auren Bittari suna nunawa a rubuce-rubucenta. Zoubeïda ta wallafa littafinta: O mes soeurs musulmanes pleurez! ko O, 'yan uwa mata Musulmi, kuka, lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da biyar. Littafin yana kewaye da rayuwarta &quot;yana nuna ma'anar saki da farin ciki wanda ya zo tare da fitowar sani da ayyukan ƙiyayya&quot;.  Ko da yake ba a fassara dukan littafin ba, ana iya samun fassarar da ake kira &quot;Muryar Farin Ciki&quot; a cikin Opening the Gates: An Anthology of Arab Feminist Writing. 

Littafin Bittari ya faru ne a lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]], Yakin Independence, kuma ya gabatar da wallafe-wallafen da daga baya za a buga suna sukar juyin juya halin da kuma sakamakon auren mata da saki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two Algerian Wars&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stora |first=Benjamin |last2=Mitsch |first2=R. H. |title=Women's Writing between Two Algerian wars |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Women and war&quot; /&gt; An gano Faransanci a matsayin mata masu goyon bayan marubuta na Aljeriya. Littafin Zoubeida yana daya daga cikin na farko da ya nuna cewa al'ummar Aljeriya sun rinjayi kuma an kafa su da tasirin Faransanci. Ba zai yiwu a raba 'yan Aljeriya daga mulkin mallaka na baya tare da [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]] ba.

Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, littafin Zoubeïda Bittari yana nuna ra'ayi na saki da farin ciki. Matar da ke cikin littafin ta fara ne ta hanyar tafiya tare da ɗanta. Ta hanyar yin haka, ta fara neman 'yanci mafi girma. Ta ziyarci likitan hakora da wuri, kuma bayan dawowa, mijinta ya kira ta karuwa kuma ya kulle ta daga gidanta. Ta yi imanin cewa wannan saki ne kuma ta zama mai farin ciki game da halin da ake ciki. Kodayake ta yi nadamar barin ɗanta tare da mijinta, an sake ta don samun 'yancinta da' yancin kai.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]</text>
      <sha1>0clxgovegwf70jj1o1ya63ox9y2vl08</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816184</id>
      <parentid>816183</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:53:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3075" sha1="3vnvp5becjjjamd871ds476paezzeql" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Zoubeïda Bittari''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1939) ita ce sunan alkalami na '''Louise Ali-Rachedi''', wata marubuciya 'yar Aljeriya wacce ta rubuta O, My Muslim Sisters, Weep, wacce aka buga a 1964 a Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;OTG Bittari&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Wannan littafin ya yi tasiri sosai a kan hadin kan 'yan uwanta mata Musulmai.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Zouebeïda Bittari a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi a [[Aljeriya]]. Ta halarci makarantar Faransa. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha biyu, iyayenta sun janye ta daga makaranta don ta yi aure. Aure na yara al'ada ne; duk da haka, mata da yawa kamar [[Huda Sha'arawi]] sun ƙi kuma sun tattauna.

A shekara goma sha uku, Bittari ta haifi ɗa. Koyaya, surukar Bittari ta ɗauke ɗanta shekara guda bayan an sake Bittari. Daga baya, Zouebeïda ta tafi Faransa don ta iya rubuta kyauta game da gwagwarmayarta da tawaye.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Telling Their Lives&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cooke |first=Miriam |year=1986 |title=Telling Their Lives: A Hundred Years of Arab Women's Writings |journal=World Literature Today |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=212–216 |doi=10.2307/40141684 |jstor=40141684}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ya, 'yan uwa mata Musulmi, kuka ==
Rayuwar farko da auren Bittari suna nunawa a rubuce-rubucenta. Zoubeïda ta wallafa littafinta: O mes soeurs musulmanes pleurez! ko O, 'yan uwa mata Musulmi, kuka, lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da biyar. Littafin yana kewaye da rayuwarta &quot;yana nuna ma'anar saki da farin ciki wanda ya zo tare da fitowar sani da ayyukan ƙiyayya&quot;.  Ko da yake ba a fassara dukan littafin ba, ana iya samun fassarar da ake kira &quot;Muryar Farin Ciki&quot; a cikin Opening the Gates: An Anthology of Arab Feminist Writing. 

Littafin Bittari ya faru ne a lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]], Yakin Independence, kuma ya gabatar da wallafe-wallafen da daga baya za a buga suna sukar juyin juya halin da kuma sakamakon auren mata da saki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two Algerian Wars&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stora |first=Benjamin |last2=Mitsch |first2=R. H. |title=Women's Writing between Two Algerian wars |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Women and war&quot; /&gt; An gano Faransanci a matsayin mata masu goyon bayan marubuta na Aljeriya. Littafin Zoubeida yana daya daga cikin na farko da ya nuna cewa al'ummar Aljeriya sun rinjayi kuma an kafa su da tasirin Faransanci. Ba zai yiwu a raba 'yan Aljeriya daga mulkin mallaka na baya tare da [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]] ba.

Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, littafin Zoubeïda Bittari yana nuna ra'ayi na saki da farin ciki. Matar da ke cikin littafin ta fara ne ta hanyar tafiya tare da ɗanta. Ta hanyar yin haka, ta fara neman 'yanci mafi girma. Ta ziyarci likitan hakora da wuri, kuma bayan dawowa, mijinta ya kira ta karuwa kuma ya kulle ta daga gidanta. Ta yi imanin cewa wannan saki ne kuma ta zama mai farin ciki game da halin da ake ciki. Kodayake ta yi nadamar barin ɗanta tare da mijinta, an sake ta don samun 'yancinta da' yancin kai.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816185</id>
      <parentid>816184</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:54:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ya, 'yan uwa mata Musulmi, kuka */</comment>
      <origin>816185</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3081" sha1="hj0hnwrruqo80ncvx23yalgf1yym7yt" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Zoubeïda Bittari''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1939) ita ce sunan alkalami na '''Louise Ali-Rachedi''', wata marubuciya 'yar Aljeriya wacce ta rubuta O, My Muslim Sisters, Weep, wacce aka buga a 1964 a Paris, Faransa.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;OTG Bittari&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Wannan littafin ya yi tasiri sosai a kan hadin kan 'yan uwanta mata Musulmai.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Zouebeïda Bittari a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi a [[Aljeriya]]. Ta halarci makarantar Faransa. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha biyu, iyayenta sun janye ta daga makaranta don ta yi aure. Aure na yara al'ada ne; duk da haka, mata da yawa kamar [[Huda Sha'arawi]] sun ƙi kuma sun tattauna.

A shekara goma sha uku, Bittari ta haifi ɗa. Koyaya, surukar Bittari ta ɗauke ɗanta shekara guda bayan an sake Bittari. Daga baya, Zouebeïda ta tafi Faransa don ta iya rubuta kyauta game da gwagwarmayarta da tawaye.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Telling Their Lives&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cooke |first=Miriam |year=1986 |title=Telling Their Lives: A Hundred Years of Arab Women's Writings |journal=World Literature Today |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=212–216 |doi=10.2307/40141684 |jstor=40141684}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ya, 'yan uwa mata Musulmi, kuka ==
Rayuwar farko da auren Bittari suna nunawa a rubuce-rubucenta. Zoubeïda ta wallafa littafinta: O mes soeurs musulmanes pleurez! ko O, 'yan uwa mata Musulmi, kuka, lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da biyar. Littafin yana kewaye da rayuwarta &quot;yana nuna ma'anar saki da farin ciki wanda ya zo tare da fitowar sani da ayyukan ƙiyayya&quot;.  Ko da yake ba a fassara dukan littafin ba, ana iya samun fassarar da ake kira &quot;Muryar Farin Ciki&quot; a cikin Opening the Gates: An Anthology of Arab Feminist Writing. 

Littafin Bittari ya faru ne a lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya]], Yakin Independence, kuma ya gabatar da wallafe-wallafen da daga baya za a buga suna sukar juyin juya halin da kuma sakamakon auren mata da saki.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Two Algerian Wars&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stora |first=Benjamin |last2=Mitsch |first2=R. H. |title=Women's Writing between Two Algerian wars |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Women and war&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; An gano Faransanci a matsayin mata masu goyon bayan marubuta na Aljeriya. Littafin Zoubeida yana daya daga cikin na farko da ya nuna cewa al'ummar Aljeriya sun rinjayi kuma an kafa su da tasirin Faransanci. Ba zai yiwu a raba 'yan Aljeriya daga mulkin mallaka na baya tare da [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]] ba.

Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, littafin Zoubeïda Bittari yana nuna ra'ayi na saki da farin ciki. Matar da ke cikin littafin ta fara ne ta hanyar tafiya tare da ɗanta. Ta hanyar yin haka, ta fara neman 'yanci mafi girma. Ta ziyarci likitan hakora da wuri, kuma bayan dawowa, mijinta ya kira ta karuwa kuma ya kulle ta daga gidanta. Ta yi imanin cewa wannan saki ne kuma ta zama mai farin ciki game da halin da ake ciki. Kodayake ta yi nadamar barin ɗanta tare da mijinta, an sake ta don samun 'yancinta da' yancin kai.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]</text>
      <sha1>hj0hnwrruqo80ncvx23yalgf1yym7yt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Susan Achola Engola</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816181</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:53:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342303380|Susan Achola Engola]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816181</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1839" sha1="1p2k77jx1n32f0hsqvjcw4y1ttmndeu" xml:space="preserve">'''Achola Suzan Engola''' 'yar siyasa ce [[Uganda|a ƙasar Uganda]]. A shekarar 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta gundumar Apac. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=30 women line up for 9 Lango Woman MP seats |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/30-women-line-up-for-9-lango-woman-mp-seats-1899912 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Trumpet News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake zaɓen ta a babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2021, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, 2021.

Ita memba ce a jam'iyyar siyasa [[Majalisar Jama'ar Uganda|ta Uganda People's Congress]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UPC performed better in 2021 polls – Akena |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/upc-performed-better-in-2021-polls-akena-3296320 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 incumbents in Lango kicked out of Parliament |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/10-incumbents-in-lango-kicked-out-of-parliament-3260664 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Achola Susan Engola - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/achola-susan-engola-10132/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* [[Majalisar Jama'ar Uganda]]
* Ɗan Majalisa
* Majalisar Uganda
* Gundumar Apac

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>1p2k77jx1n32f0hsqvjcw4y1ttmndeu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816186</id>
      <parentid>816181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:55:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816186</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1852" sha1="5905dq38tmyxhdgxvz173csjrr297kh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Achola Suzan Engola''' 'yar siyasa ce [[Uganda|a ƙasar Uganda]]. A shekarar 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta gundumar Apac. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=30 women line up for 9 Lango Woman MP seats |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/30-women-line-up-for-9-lango-woman-mp-seats-1899912 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Trumpet News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake zaɓen ta a babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2021, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, 2021.

Ita memba ce a jam'iyyar siyasa [[Majalisar Jama'ar Uganda|ta Uganda People's Congress]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UPC performed better in 2021 polls – Akena |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/upc-performed-better-in-2021-polls-akena-3296320 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 incumbents in Lango kicked out of Parliament |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/10-incumbents-in-lango-kicked-out-of-parliament-3260664 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Achola Susan Engola - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/achola-susan-engola-10132/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* [[Majalisar Jama'ar Uganda]]
* Ɗan Majalisa
* Majalisar Uganda
* Gundumar Apac

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>5905dq38tmyxhdgxvz173csjrr297kh</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Acid attacks on women in Isfahan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147039</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816187</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T20:59:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316809099|Acid attacks on women in Isfahan]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816187</origin>
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Jerin hare-haren acid a kan mata a birnin [[Isfahan]] na Iran wanda ya fara a wani lokaci a kusa da Oktoba 2014, ya haifar da tsoro kuma ya haifar da rahotanni cewa an yi niyya ga wadanda abin ya shafa saboda ba a rufe su yadda ya kamata ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo-AFP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2014 |title='Bad hijab' link to acid attacks on Iranian women |url=https://news.yahoo.com/bad-hijab-acid-attacks-iranian-women-142736305.html |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=AFP}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2014, akalla irin wadannan hare-hare ashirin da biyar sun faru a Isfahan. Akalla mace daya ta mutu kuma wasu da yawa sun sami mummunan konewa a fuskokinsu da hannayensu.&lt;ref name=&quot;newsweek&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grant |first=Madeline |date=October 27, 2014 |title=Iran's Rouhani Promises &quot;Harshest Possible Sentence&quot; for Acid Attack Perpetrators |url=http://www.newsweek.com/irans-president-rouhani-promises-harshest-possible-sentence-acid-attack-279961 |journal=Newsweek |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan fushin jama'a game da hare-haren, majalisar dokokin Iran ta zartar da doka a cikin 2019 wanda ya ba da kariya ta doka ga waɗanda suka tsira kuma ya kara lokacin kurkuku ga masu aikata hare-harun acid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karimi |first=Azadeh |date=29 October 2019 |title=Iran's Guardian Council Passes Amendment Bill on Acid Attacks, Spokesman Says |url=https://kayhanlife.com/society/irans-guardian-council-passes-amendment-bill-on-acid-attacks-spokesman-says/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Kayhan Life}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bayar da rahoton cewa 'yan fashi 2 da ba a san su ba ne suka kai hare-haren tare a kan babur ɗaya. Sun sa kwalkwali tare da visors ƙasa don ɓoye fuskokinsu kuma sun jefa acid a cikin fuskokin mata waɗanda ke tafiya ko tuki motoci.&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo-AFP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2014 |title='Bad hijab' link to acid attacks on Iranian women |url=https://news.yahoo.com/bad-hijab-acid-attacks-iranian-women-142736305.html |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=AFP}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://news.yahoo.com/bad-hijab-acid-attacks-iranian-women-142736305.html &quot;'Bad hijab' link to acid attacks on Iranian women&quot;]. AFP. October 19, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 October&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Babu wani daga cikin masu aikata laifin da aka samu, kuma a sakamakon haka an ba wadanda abin ya shafa kudi na jini (&quot;Diyah&quot; a Farsi ) daga gwamnati. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iranian Acid Attack Victim Pursues Legal Fight Despite Claim 'Case Closed' |url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020211624/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed |archive-date=October 20, 2019 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bloodmoney&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 July 2018 |title=Gov't Pays Blood Money for 2014 Isfahan Acid Attacks as Culprits Not Caught |url=https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/govt-pays-blood-money-for-2014-isfahan-acid-attacks-as-culprits-not-caught/ |website=Iran Front Page}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sanannun wadanda aka shafa ==
'''Neda M''' wata budurwa ce a Isfahan wacce aka ruwaito tana tuki don ɗaukar tufafi ga aboki wanda ke bukatar su. Ta tsaya don amsa kiran mahaifiyarta lokacin da aka jefa acid a cikin taga ta mota. Ta rasa idanunta gaba ɗaya a cikin ido ɗaya kuma kawai tana da kashi 30% na idanunta ya rage a ɗayan ido.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=No Justice for Survivors of Acid Attacks in Iran |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020222148/http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html |archive-date=2019-10-20 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=www.payvand.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Maryamu''' (ba a ba da sunan karshe ba) ta yi tunanin cewa tana ɗaya daga cikin wadanda aka fara azabtarwa. Ita uwa ce kuma daliba ce a jami'ar wacce ta je sayayya don ranar haihuwar ɗanta mai zuwa. Ta bayyana cewa &quot;Wani mahayin ya jefa kusan lita biyu na acid ta taga na direban zuwa gare ni, wanda ya shafi fuskata, hannayena da jikina. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=No Justice for Survivors of Acid Attacks in Iran |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020222148/http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html |archive-date=2019-10-20 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=www.payvand.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020222148/http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html &quot;No Justice for Survivors of Acid Attacks in Iran&quot;]. ''www.payvand.com''. Archived from [http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html the original] on 2019-10-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Marziyeh Ebrahimi''' ta juya zuwa siyasa da gwagwarmaya bayan harin acid da aka kai mata a Isfahan a shekarar 2014. An nuna ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu gwagwarmaya mafi karfi ga gwamnatin Iran da ta zartar da doka game da hare-haren acid a watan Janairun 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran Parliament Makes New Law Against Acid Attacks |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-parliament-makes-new-law-against-acid-attacks/29989379.html |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=RFE/RL |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta nuna hotunan alamun ta a fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-04 |title=Acid attack victim pushes for law banning sale of acid in Iran |url=https://theiranproject.com/blog/2018/07/04/acid-attack-victim-pushes-for-law-banning-sale-of-acid-in-iran/ |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=The Iran Project |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dehkordi |first=Maryam |date=31 October 2020 |title=Iranian Women You Should Know: Marzieh Ebrahimi |url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/67918/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=IranWire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Sohelia Jorkesh''' ta rasa idonta na dama saboda harin acid kuma tana aiki tare da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Iran da Amurka don kokarin adana abin da ta bari a idonta na hagu. Jorkesh ta yi magana dalla-dalla game da rashin jin daɗinta da gwamnatin Iran, gami da yadda suka kasa samun masu laifin bayan hare-haren da kuma yadda ba su biya ta cikakken adadin da ake bukata don kuɗin jini ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iranian Acid Attack Victim Pursues Legal Fight Despite Claim 'Case Closed' |url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020211624/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed |archive-date=October 20, 2019 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020211624/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed &quot;Iranian Acid Attack Victim Pursues Legal Fight Despite Claim 'Case Closed'&quot;]. ''Voice of America''. Archived from [https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed the original] on October 20, 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shahrabi |first=Shima |date=5 October 2020 |title=Isfahan Remembers Acid Attacks as Cleric Speaks Out Against &quot;Bad Hijab&quot; |url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/67727/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Iran Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi ==
Duk da yake yawancin 'yan Iran sun yi imanin cewa maharan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ne na Islama da ke ƙoƙarin tsoratar da mata su sa (abin da masu tsattsan suka ɗauka) tufafi masu ladabi, &lt;ref name=&quot;Motevalli&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Motevalli |first=Golnar |date=October 26, 2014 |title=Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html |journal=Bloomberg |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; jami'an Iran sun musanta wannan. An ce hukumomi suna &quot;musamman fushi da duk wani shawarar cewa masu kai hari sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini, ko kuma wadanda abin ya shafa an yi niyya ne saboda suna sanye da tufafin da za a iya ɗauka ba su dace ba a idanun masu tsattstsauran ra-tsalle&quot;. Ɗaya daga cikin &quot;ƙananan hukuma&quot;, Ansar-e Hezbollah, wanda ya gudanar da 'tsaron ɗabi'a' don tilasta tufafin Islama a baya, ya zargi &quot;maƙiya&quot; da ƙoƙarin &quot;tabbatar da tsaro,&quot; don hare-haren acid.

Masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Iran sun yi imanin cewa hare-haren sun danganta da wani mataki na majalisa da aka zartar a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2014,  wanda &quot;ya haɗa da nagarta kuma ya haramta kuskure&quot; ta hanyar samar da kariya ga masu sa ido da ke sintiri a tituna da taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananin dabi'un zamantakewa na kasar kan tufafin jama'a ko halayyar jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Motevalli&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Motevalli |first=Golnar |date=October 26, 2014 |title=Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html |journal=Bloomberg |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMotevalli2014&quot;&gt;Motevalli, Golnar (October 26, 2014). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html &quot;Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women&quot;]. ''Bloomberg''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 October&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ioannou&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ioannou |first=Filipa |date=28 October 2014 |title=Iranian Journalists Arrested After Coverage of Acid Attacks Against Women |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/10/28/acid_attacks_against_iranian_women_protests_in_isfahan_arrest_of_journalists.html |journal=Slate |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Hadi Ghaemi, babban darakta na [[Cibiyar kare hakkin bil Adama a Iran|Yakin Kasa da Kasa na 'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran]], hare-haren sun zo &quot;a tsakiyar wani hari na tsawon shekara da sojojin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka kai wa mata hari saboda tufafinsu,&quot; suna ba da &quot;gargadi da kira cewa dole ne a zubar da jini. Waɗannan ba abubuwan da suka faru ba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;newsweek&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grant |first=Madeline |date=October 27, 2014 |title=Iran's Rouhani Promises &quot;Harshest Possible Sentence&quot; for Acid Attack Perpetrators |url=http://www.newsweek.com/irans-president-rouhani-promises-harshest-possible-sentence-acid-attack-279961 |journal=Newsweek |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGrant2014&quot;&gt;Grant, Madeline (October 27, 2014). [http://www.newsweek.com/irans-president-rouhani-promises-harshest-possible-sentence-acid-attack-279961 &quot;Iran's Rouhani Promises &quot;Harshest Possible Sentence&quot; for Acid Attack Perpetrators&quot;]. ''Newsweek''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 October&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halin da aka yi ==

=== Kaddamarwa ===
Hukumomin Iran sun kama mutane hudu da ake zargi da jefa acid a kan mata, a cewar rahoton da kamfanin dillancin labarai na IRNA ya bayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VAHDAT |first=AMIR |date=October 20, 2014 |title=Iran arrest 4 over acid attack |url=https://news.yahoo.com/iran-arrest-4-over-acid-attack-104559155.html |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amma Ministan Cikin Gida Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli ya bayyana cewa hukumomi ba su da isasshen shaida don tuhumar duk wanda ake zargi da hare-haren.&lt;ref name=&quot;Motevalli&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Motevalli |first=Golnar |date=October 26, 2014 |title=Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html |journal=Bloomberg |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMotevalli2014&quot;&gt;Motevalli, Golnar (October 26, 2014). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html &quot;Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women&quot;]. ''Bloomberg''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 October&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa 2018, babu wanda aka tuhume shi a cikin hare-haren. A sakamakon haka, gwamnati ta biya kudin jini ga wadanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloodmoney&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 July 2018 |title=Gov't Pays Blood Money for 2014 Isfahan Acid Attacks as Culprits Not Caught |url=https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/govt-pays-blood-money-for-2014-isfahan-acid-attacks-as-culprits-not-caught/ |website=Iran Front Page}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/govt-pays-blood-money-for-2014-isfahan-acid-attacks-as-culprits-not-caught/ &quot;Gov't Pays Blood Money for 2014 Isfahan Acid Attacks as Culprits Not Caught&quot;]. ''Iran Front Page''. 18 July 2018.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== zanga-zangar ===
An gudanar da zanga-zangar zanga-zambe don nuna rashin amincewa da hare-haren a Isfahan da babban birnin [[Tehran]]. Da yake suna da hankali game da hare-haren da suka gabata, duk da haka, masu zanga-zangar sun warwatse da sauri lokacin da 'yan sanda suka fuskanci su. A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, daruruwan jami'an tsaro na Iran sun rushe zanga-zangar da aka shirya a Tehran don neman matakin gwamnati mai tsauri game da hare-haren.&lt;ref name=&quot;Motevalli&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Motevalli |first=Golnar |date=October 26, 2014 |title=Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html |journal=Bloomberg |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMotevalli2014&quot;&gt;Motevalli, Golnar (October 26, 2014). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html &quot;Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women&quot;]. ''Bloomberg''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 October&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fushin gwamnati a cikin rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai ===
An kama 'yan jarida hudu da mai daukar hoto daga Hukumar Labaran Dalibai ta Musulunci bayan kungiyarsu ta rufe hare-haren, a cewar Al-Monitor. An saki 'yan jarida huɗu a cikin rana ɗaya, yayin da mai daukar hoto Arya Jafari ya kasance a tsare. ) 'Yan jarida na Iran ɗari da ashirin da tara sun sanya hannu kan wasikar zanga-zanga a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, kuma an saki Jafari a kan beli a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, kwana tara bayan kama shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=129 Journalists Sign Letter against Isfahan Arrests |url=https://iranwire.com/en/society/60684/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=IranWire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2014 |title=Reporter who covered Isfahan protests set free on bail |url=https://en.radiozamaneh.com/10387/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Zamaneh Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ministan cikin gida Fazli ya bayyana a ƙarshen Oktoba cewa &quot;Masu watsa labarai na ƙasashen waje suna wuce gona da iri game da hare-haren acid&quot;. A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, shugaban ma'aikatan Sojojin Iran, Hassan Firouzabadi, ya ce tasirin wasu rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai &quot;mafi muni fiye da hare-hare na acid&quot;.  Babban mai gabatar da kara na Iran, Ibrahim Raeesi, ya musanta cewa hare-haren acid suna da alaƙa ta kowace hanya da aikin 'yan sanda na jihar.

A cewar Jason Stern na Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida, &quot;wannan shari'ar ta shafi duk abin da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Iran ba za su iya tsayawa ba: ɗaukar hoto mai mahimmanci na kafofin watsa labarai, zanga-zangar titi, haƙƙin mata da lissafin gwamnati. &quot;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [['Yancin Dan Adam a Iran]]

== Manazarta ==

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Jerin hare-haren acid a kan mata a birnin [[Isfahan]] na Iran wanda ya fara a wani lokaci a kusa da Oktoba 2014, ya haifar da tsoro kuma ya haifar da rahotanni cewa an yi niyya ga wadanda abin ya shafa saboda ba a rufe su yadda ya kamata ba.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;yahoo-AFP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2014 |title='Bad hijab' link to acid attacks on Iranian women |url=https://news.yahoo.com/bad-hijab-acid-attacks-iranian-women-142736305.html |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=AFP}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2014, akalla irin wadannan hare-hare ashirin da biyar sun faru a Isfahan. Akalla mace daya ta mutu kuma wasu da yawa sun sami mummunan konewa a fuskokinsu da hannayensu.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;newsweek&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grant |first=Madeline |date=October 27, 2014 |title=Iran's Rouhani Promises &quot;Harshest Possible Sentence&quot; for Acid Attack Perpetrators |url=http://www.newsweek.com/irans-president-rouhani-promises-harshest-possible-sentence-acid-attack-279961 |journal=Newsweek |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan fushin jama'a game da hare-haren, majalisar dokokin Iran ta zartar da doka a cikin 2019 wanda ya ba da kariya ta doka ga waɗanda suka tsira kuma ya kara lokacin kurkuku ga masu aikata hare-harun acid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karimi |first=Azadeh |date=29 October 2019 |title=Iran's Guardian Council Passes Amendment Bill on Acid Attacks, Spokesman Says |url=https://kayhanlife.com/society/irans-guardian-council-passes-amendment-bill-on-acid-attacks-spokesman-says/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Kayhan Life}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bayar da rahoton cewa 'yan fashi 2 da ba a san su ba ne suka kai hare-haren tare a kan babur ɗaya. Sun sa kwalkwali tare da visors ƙasa don ɓoye fuskokinsu kuma sun jefa acid a cikin fuskokin mata waɗanda ke tafiya ko tuki motoci.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;yahoo-AFP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2014 |title='Bad hijab' link to acid attacks on Iranian women |url=https://news.yahoo.com/bad-hijab-acid-attacks-iranian-women-142736305.html |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=AFP}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://news.yahoo.com/bad-hijab-acid-attacks-iranian-women-142736305.html &quot;'Bad hijab' link to acid attacks on Iranian women&quot;]. AFP. October 19, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 October&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Babu wani daga cikin masu aikata laifin da aka samu, kuma a sakamakon haka an ba wadanda abin ya shafa kudi na jini (&quot;Diyah&quot; a Farsi ) daga gwamnati. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iranian Acid Attack Victim Pursues Legal Fight Despite Claim 'Case Closed' |url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020211624/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed |archive-date=October 20, 2019 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bloodmoney&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 July 2018 |title=Gov't Pays Blood Money for 2014 Isfahan Acid Attacks as Culprits Not Caught |url=https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/govt-pays-blood-money-for-2014-isfahan-acid-attacks-as-culprits-not-caught/ |website=Iran Front Page}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sanannun wadanda aka shafa ==
'''Neda M''' wata budurwa ce a Isfahan wacce aka ruwaito tana tuki don ɗaukar tufafi ga aboki wanda ke bukatar su. Ta tsaya don amsa kiran mahaifiyarta lokacin da aka jefa acid a cikin taga ta mota. Ta rasa idanunta gaba ɗaya a cikin ido ɗaya kuma kawai tana da kashi 30% na idanunta ya rage a ɗayan ido.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=No Justice for Survivors of Acid Attacks in Iran |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020222148/http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html |archive-date=2019-10-20 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=www.payvand.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Maryamu''' (ba a ba da sunan karshe ba) ta yi tunanin cewa tana ɗaya daga cikin wadanda aka fara azabtarwa. Ita uwa ce kuma daliba ce a jami'ar wacce ta je sayayya don ranar haihuwar ɗanta mai zuwa. Ta bayyana cewa &quot;Wani mahayin ya jefa kusan lita biyu na acid ta taga na direban zuwa gare ni, wanda ya shafi fuskata, hannayena da jikina. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=No Justice for Survivors of Acid Attacks in Iran |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020222148/http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html |archive-date=2019-10-20 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=www.payvand.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020222148/http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html &quot;No Justice for Survivors of Acid Attacks in Iran&quot;]. ''www.payvand.com''. Archived from [http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1157.html the original] on 2019-10-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Marziyeh Ebrahimi''' ta juya zuwa siyasa da gwagwarmaya bayan harin acid da aka kai mata a Isfahan a shekarar 2014. An nuna ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu gwagwarmaya mafi karfi ga gwamnatin Iran da ta zartar da doka game da hare-haren acid a watan Janairun 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran Parliament Makes New Law Against Acid Attacks |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-parliament-makes-new-law-against-acid-attacks/29989379.html |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=RFE/RL |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta nuna hotunan alamun ta a fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-04 |title=Acid attack victim pushes for law banning sale of acid in Iran |url=https://theiranproject.com/blog/2018/07/04/acid-attack-victim-pushes-for-law-banning-sale-of-acid-in-iran/ |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=The Iran Project |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dehkordi |first=Maryam |date=31 October 2020 |title=Iranian Women You Should Know: Marzieh Ebrahimi |url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/67918/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=IranWire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Sohelia Jorkesh''' ta rasa idonta na dama saboda harin acid kuma tana aiki tare da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Iran da Amurka don kokarin adana abin da ta bari a idonta na hagu. Jorkesh ta yi magana dalla-dalla game da rashin jin daɗinta da gwamnatin Iran, gami da yadda suka kasa samun masu laifin bayan hare-haren da kuma yadda ba su biya ta cikakken adadin da ake bukata don kuɗin jini ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iranian Acid Attack Victim Pursues Legal Fight Despite Claim 'Case Closed' |url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020211624/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed |archive-date=October 20, 2019 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020211624/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed &quot;Iranian Acid Attack Victim Pursues Legal Fight Despite Claim 'Case Closed'&quot;]. ''Voice of America''. Archived from [https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/iranian-acid-attack-victim-pursues-legal-fight-despite-claim-case-closed the original] on October 20, 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shahrabi |first=Shima |date=5 October 2020 |title=Isfahan Remembers Acid Attacks as Cleric Speaks Out Against &quot;Bad Hijab&quot; |url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/67727/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Iran Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi ==
Duk da yake yawancin 'yan Iran sun yi imanin cewa maharan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ne na Islama da ke ƙoƙarin tsoratar da mata su sa (abin da masu tsattsan suka ɗauka) tufafi masu ladabi, &lt;ref name=&quot;Motevalli&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Motevalli |first=Golnar |date=October 26, 2014 |title=Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html |journal=Bloomberg |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; jami'an Iran sun musanta wannan. An ce hukumomi suna &quot;musamman fushi da duk wani shawarar cewa masu kai hari sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini, ko kuma wadanda abin ya shafa an yi niyya ne saboda suna sanye da tufafin da za a iya ɗauka ba su dace ba a idanun masu tsattstsauran ra-tsalle&quot;. Ɗaya daga cikin &quot;ƙananan hukuma&quot;, Ansar-e Hezbollah, wanda ya gudanar da 'tsaron ɗabi'a' don tilasta tufafin Islama a baya, ya zargi &quot;maƙiya&quot; da ƙoƙarin &quot;tabbatar da tsaro,&quot; don hare-haren acid.

Masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Iran sun yi imanin cewa hare-haren sun danganta da wani mataki na majalisa da aka zartar a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2014,  wanda &quot;ya haɗa da nagarta kuma ya haramta kuskure&quot; ta hanyar samar da kariya ga masu sa ido da ke sintiri a tituna da taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananin dabi'un zamantakewa na kasar kan tufafin jama'a ko halayyar jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Motevalli&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Motevalli |first=Golnar |date=October 26, 2014 |title=Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html |journal=Bloomberg |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMotevalli2014&quot;&gt;Motevalli, Golnar (October 26, 2014). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html &quot;Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women&quot;]. ''Bloomberg''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 October&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ioannou&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ioannou |first=Filipa |date=28 October 2014 |title=Iranian Journalists Arrested After Coverage of Acid Attacks Against Women |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/10/28/acid_attacks_against_iranian_women_protests_in_isfahan_arrest_of_journalists.html |journal=Slate |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Hadi Ghaemi, babban darakta na [[Cibiyar kare hakkin bil Adama a Iran|Yakin Kasa da Kasa na 'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran]], hare-haren sun zo &quot;a tsakiyar wani hari na tsawon shekara da sojojin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka kai wa mata hari saboda tufafinsu,&quot; suna ba da &quot;gargadi da kira cewa dole ne a zubar da jini. Waɗannan ba abubuwan da suka faru ba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;newsweek&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grant |first=Madeline |date=October 27, 2014 |title=Iran's Rouhani Promises &quot;Harshest Possible Sentence&quot; for Acid Attack Perpetrators |url=http://www.newsweek.com/irans-president-rouhani-promises-harshest-possible-sentence-acid-attack-279961 |journal=Newsweek |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGrant2014&quot;&gt;Grant, Madeline (October 27, 2014). [http://www.newsweek.com/irans-president-rouhani-promises-harshest-possible-sentence-acid-attack-279961 &quot;Iran's Rouhani Promises &quot;Harshest Possible Sentence&quot; for Acid Attack Perpetrators&quot;]. ''Newsweek''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 October&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halin da aka yi ==

=== Kaddamarwa ===
Hukumomin Iran sun kama mutane hudu da ake zargi da jefa acid a kan mata, a cewar rahoton da kamfanin dillancin labarai na IRNA ya bayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VAHDAT |first=AMIR |date=October 20, 2014 |title=Iran arrest 4 over acid attack |url=https://news.yahoo.com/iran-arrest-4-over-acid-attack-104559155.html |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amma Ministan Cikin Gida Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli ya bayyana cewa hukumomi ba su da isasshen shaida don tuhumar duk wanda ake zargi da hare-haren.&lt;ref name=&quot;Motevalli&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Motevalli |first=Golnar |date=October 26, 2014 |title=Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html |journal=Bloomberg |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMotevalli2014&quot;&gt;Motevalli, Golnar (October 26, 2014). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html &quot;Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women&quot;]. ''Bloomberg''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 October&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa 2018, babu wanda aka tuhume shi a cikin hare-haren. A sakamakon haka, gwamnati ta biya kudin jini ga wadanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloodmoney&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 July 2018 |title=Gov't Pays Blood Money for 2014 Isfahan Acid Attacks as Culprits Not Caught |url=https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/govt-pays-blood-money-for-2014-isfahan-acid-attacks-as-culprits-not-caught/ |website=Iran Front Page}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/govt-pays-blood-money-for-2014-isfahan-acid-attacks-as-culprits-not-caught/ &quot;Gov't Pays Blood Money for 2014 Isfahan Acid Attacks as Culprits Not Caught&quot;]. ''Iran Front Page''. 18 July 2018.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== zanga-zangar ===
An gudanar da zanga-zangar zanga-zambe don nuna rashin amincewa da hare-haren a Isfahan da babban birnin [[Tehran]]. Da yake suna da hankali game da hare-haren da suka gabata, duk da haka, masu zanga-zangar sun warwatse da sauri lokacin da 'yan sanda suka fuskanci su. A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, daruruwan jami'an tsaro na Iran sun rushe zanga-zangar da aka shirya a Tehran don neman matakin gwamnati mai tsauri game da hare-haren.&lt;ref name=&quot;Motevalli&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Motevalli |first=Golnar |date=October 26, 2014 |title=Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html |journal=Bloomberg |access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMotevalli2014&quot;&gt;Motevalli, Golnar (October 26, 2014). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-26/iran-plan-to-boost-security-to-end-acid-attacks-on-women.html &quot;Iran Plan to Boost Security to End Acid Attacks on Women&quot;]. ''Bloomberg''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 October&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fushin gwamnati a cikin rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai ===
An kama 'yan jarida hudu da mai daukar hoto daga Hukumar Labaran Dalibai ta Musulunci bayan kungiyarsu ta rufe hare-haren, a cewar Al-Monitor. An saki 'yan jarida huɗu a cikin rana ɗaya, yayin da mai daukar hoto Arya Jafari ya kasance a tsare. ) 'Yan jarida na Iran ɗari da ashirin da tara sun sanya hannu kan wasikar zanga-zanga a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, kuma an saki Jafari a kan beli a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, kwana tara bayan kama shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=129 Journalists Sign Letter against Isfahan Arrests |url=https://iranwire.com/en/society/60684/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=IranWire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2014 |title=Reporter who covered Isfahan protests set free on bail |url=https://en.radiozamaneh.com/10387/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Zamaneh Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ministan cikin gida Fazli ya bayyana a ƙarshen Oktoba cewa &quot;Masu watsa labarai na ƙasashen waje suna wuce gona da iri game da hare-haren acid&quot;. A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, shugaban ma'aikatan Sojojin Iran, Hassan Firouzabadi, ya ce tasirin wasu rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai &quot;mafi muni fiye da hare-hare na acid&quot;.  Babban mai gabatar da kara na Iran, Ibrahim Raeesi, ya musanta cewa hare-haren acid suna da alaƙa ta kowace hanya da aikin 'yan sanda na jihar.

A cewar Jason Stern na Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida, &quot;wannan shari'ar ta shafi duk abin da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Iran ba za su iya tsayawa ba: ɗaukar hoto mai mahimmanci na kafofin watsa labarai, zanga-zangar titi, haƙƙin mata da lissafin gwamnati. &quot;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [['Yancin Dan Adam a Iran]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Linda Gaboriau</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1264965922|Linda Gaboriau]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Linda_Gaboriau_au_théâtre_Aux_Écuries.jpg|thumb|Gaboriau a Montreal, Quebec, a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aux Écuries]]
'''Linda Gaboriau''' (née '''Johnson''')  marubuciya ce ta wasan kwaikwayo ta Kanada kuma mai fassara wallafe-wallafen wacce ta fassara wasu wasanni 125 da litattafai na marubuta na [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], gami da yawancin wasan kwaikwayo na Quebec da aka fi sani da masu sauraron Turanci. 

== Tarihi ==
'Yar asalin [[Boston]] ce,  ta koma [[Montréal|Montreal]] a 1963 don ci gaba da karatunta a [[Jami'ar McGill]] inda ta sami B.A. da MA a cikin harshen Faransanci da adabi. Yayinda take daliba, ta yi aure ga wani mutum wanda sunansa Gaboriau ne; kodayake auren bai daɗe ba, ta ci gaba da sunan mahaifiyarsa a matsayin sunanta na sana'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;challenge&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;challenge&quot; /&gt;

Ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida mai zaman kanta ga Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada (CBC), Rediyon Kanada da Montreal Gazette, ta bi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada da Quebec kuma, a cikin 2000s, ta yi aiki a kasada ta kafa Cibiyar Fassara ta Duniya ta Banff.

== Ayyuka ==
Fassarorinta sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da kyaututtuka uku na Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Awards ga Michel Marc Bouchard 's ''Lilies (Les Feluettes)'' a 1992,  Normand Chaurette 's ''The Queens (Les Reines)'' a 1993  da kuma ''The Orphan Muses (Les Muses orphelines)'' na Bouchard a 1999;  kyautar Dora Mavor Moore Award don Fitaccen Sabon Wasan Kwaikwayo a 1991 ga ''Lilies''  da kuma a 2000 ga Michel Tremblay 's ''For the Pleasure of See Her Again (Encore une fois si vous permettez)'' ;  kyaututtuka uku na Gwamna Janar don fassarar Faransanci zuwa Turanci a 1996 don Daniel Danis 's ''Stone and Ashes (Cendres de cailloux)'',  a 2010 don Wajdi Mouawad 's ''Forests (Forêts)''  da kuma a 2019 don Mouawad's ''Tsuntsaye na Kind (Tous des oiseaux)'' ;  da kuma kyautar Adabi ta Lambda ta 2014 don wasan kwaikwayo ga ''Tom at the Farm na Bouchard (Tom à la ferme)'' . 

An nada ta memba na Order of Canada a shekarar 2015  kuma Jami'in Ordre National du Québec a shekarar 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ordre national du Québec - cérémonie de remise des insignes 2023 - Dévoilement des récipiendaires de l'Ordre national du Québec |url=https://www.quebec.ca/nouvelles/actualites/details/ordre-national-du-quebec-ceremonie-de-remise-des-insignes-2023-devoilement-des-recipiendaires-de-lordre-national-du-quebec-48817 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Gouvernement du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Gaboriau ta taɓa auren kansilan birnin Montreal Nick Auf der Maur,  kuma ita ce mahaifiyar mawakiyar rock Melissa Auf der Maur . Ita da marigayiyar abokiyar zamanta na shekaru 35, marubuciya kuma farfesa Hervé de Fontenay, suna da ɗa ɗaya, mai zane Yves de Fontenay.

== Ayyukan da aka fassara ==
Jerin da aka zaɓa na fassarorin Gaboriau sun haɗa da:

* 1983 - Saga of the Wet Hens (Jovette Marchessault, La Saga des poules mouillées) 
* 1987 - ''Kasancewa a Gida tare da Claude'' (René-Daniel Dubois, Kasancewa A Gida tare
* 1989 - Warriors (Michel Garneau, Warriors) 
* 1991 - ''Lilies'' (Michel Marc Bouchard, Les ''Feluettes'') 
* 1992 - ''Babban Tafiyar Emily Carr'' (Jovette Marchessault, Babban Tafiyewar Emily Carr) 
* 1993 - Ido ne Eagle (Pierre Morency, Ido na Amurka) 
* 1993 - The Orphan Muses (Michel Marc Bouchard, Les muses orphelines) 
* 1996 - Littafin Bayani na Amurka (Marie-Claire Blais, ''Bayanan Amurka / Tarihin marubuci'') 
* 1996 - Stone and Ashes (Daniel Danis, Ashes na duwatsu) 
* 1998 - Wannan Matar (Daniel Danis, Celle-là) 
* 1998 - The Tale of Teeka (Michel Marc Bouchard, ''Tarihin Goose'') 
* 1998 - ''Fragments of a Farewell Letter Read by Geologists'' (Normand Chaurette, Fragments d'une lettre d'adieu read by geologists) 
* 1998 - Queens (Normand Chaurette, Les Reines) 
* 1998 - Don jin daɗin sake ganinta (Michel Tremblay, Har ila yau, idan kun yarda) 
* 1999 - The Coronation Voyage (Michel Marc Bouchard, Tafiyar Coronation) 
* 1999 - ''Waƙar Say-Sayer'' (Daniel Danis, La chant du Dire-Dire) 
* 2000 - Hanyar Hanyar Harin Harin Hanyar Halin Hanyar Hadin Harin Halin Harin Hadin Hanyar Hanin Hanyar Hellen Hanyar Harshe Hanyar Hann Hanyar H
* 2000 - All the Verdis of Venice (Normand Chaurette, ''Ina rubuta muku daga Alkahira'') 
* 2002 - ''Ba zato ba tsammani a tsibirin Nuns'' (Michel Tremblay, Jihar Wuraren) 
* 2003 - An rarraba shi a cikin iska mai tasowa (Jean-Marc Dalpé, Wani iska ya tashi wanda ya warwatse) 
* 2004 - ''An rubuta shi a kan Ruwa'' (Michel Marc Bouchard, Littattafan Rigyawa) 
* 2004 - Past Perfect (Michel Tremblay, The Past Past Past) 
* 2005 - ''An ƙone shi'' (Wajdi Mouawad, ''Wutar wuta'') 
* 2006 - ''Kayan zuma iri-iri'' (Michel Tremblay, Kayan zamba iri-iri) 
* 2009 - Albertine in Five Times (Michel Tremblay, Albertine, a cikin lokaci biyar) 
* 2010 - ''dazuzzuka'' (Wajdi Mouawad, dazuzzuka) 
* 2013 - ''Sama'' (Wajdi Mouawad, ''Sama'') 
* 2014 - ''Christina, Yarinyar Sarki'' (Michel Marc Bouchard, ''Christine, Sarauniyar Yaro'') 
* 2015 - ''''Tom a gona'''' (Michel Marc Bouchard, Tom a gona) 
* 2015 - The Divine, Wasanni ga Sarah Bernhardt (Michel Marc Bouchard, La Divine illusion) 
* 2015 - ''Kai Har abada, Marie-Lou'' (Michel Tremblay, A gare ka, har abada, Marie'Lou ka) 
* 2017 - Anima (Wajdi Mouawad, Anima) 
* 2019 - Tsuntsaye na Wani Irin (Wajdi Mouawad, ''Dukan tsuntsaye'') 
* 2019 - Rite of Passage (Michel Tremblay, The Passage obliged) 
* 2022 - Kisses Deep (Michel Marc Bouchard, Embrasse) 
* 2022 - Twists of Fate (Michel Tremblay, Au hasard la chance da Les cléfs du Paradis) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Linda_Gaboriau_au_théâtre_Aux_Écuries.jpg|thumb|Gaboriau a Montreal, Quebec, a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aux Écuries]]
'''Linda Gaboriau''' (née '''Johnson''')  marubuciya ce ta wasan kwaikwayo ta Kanada kuma mai fassara wallafe-wallafen wacce ta fassara wasu wasanni 125 da litattafai na marubuta na [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], gami da yawancin wasan kwaikwayo na Quebec da aka fi sani da masu sauraron Turanci. 

== Tarihi ==
'Yar asalin [[Boston]] ce,  ta koma [[Montréal|Montreal]] a 1963 don ci gaba da karatunta a [[Jami'ar McGill]] inda ta sami B.A. da MA a cikin harshen Faransanci da adabi. Yayinda take daliba, ta yi aure ga wani mutum wanda sunansa Gaboriau ne; kodayake auren bai daɗe ba, ta ci gaba da sunan mahaifiyarsa a matsayin sunanta na sana'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;challenge&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;challenge&quot; /&gt;

Ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida mai zaman kanta ga Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada (CBC), Rediyon Kanada da Montreal Gazette, ta bi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada da Quebec kuma, a cikin 2000s, ta yi aiki a kasada ta kafa Cibiyar Fassara ta Duniya ta Banff.

== Ayyuka ==
Fassarorinta sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da kyaututtuka uku na Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Awards ga Michel Marc Bouchard 's ''Lilies (Les Feluettes)'' a 1992,  Normand Chaurette 's ''The Queens (Les Reines)'' a 1993  da kuma ''The Orphan Muses (Les Muses orphelines)'' na Bouchard a 1999;  kyautar Dora Mavor Moore Award don Fitaccen Sabon Wasan Kwaikwayo a 1991 ga ''Lilies''  da kuma a 2000 ga Michel Tremblay 's ''For the Pleasure of See Her Again (Encore une fois si vous permettez)'' ;  kyaututtuka uku na Gwamna Janar don fassarar Faransanci zuwa Turanci a 1996 don Daniel Danis 's ''Stone and Ashes (Cendres de cailloux)'',  a 2010 don Wajdi Mouawad 's ''Forests (Forêts)''  da kuma a 2019 don Mouawad's ''Tsuntsaye na Kind (Tous des oiseaux)'' ;  da kuma kyautar Adabi ta Lambda ta 2014 don wasan kwaikwayo ga ''Tom at the Farm na Bouchard (Tom à la ferme)'' . 

An nada ta memba na Order of Canada a shekarar 2015  kuma Jami'in Ordre National du Québec a shekarar 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ordre national du Québec - cérémonie de remise des insignes 2023 - Dévoilement des récipiendaires de l'Ordre national du Québec |url=https://www.quebec.ca/nouvelles/actualites/details/ordre-national-du-quebec-ceremonie-de-remise-des-insignes-2023-devoilement-des-recipiendaires-de-lordre-national-du-quebec-48817 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Gouvernement du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Gaboriau ta taɓa auren kansilan birnin Montreal Nick Auf der Maur,  kuma ita ce mahaifiyar mawakiyar rock Melissa Auf der Maur . Ita da marigayiyar abokiyar zamanta na shekaru 35, marubuciya kuma farfesa Hervé de Fontenay, suna da ɗa ɗaya, mai zane Yves de Fontenay.

== Ayyukan da aka fassara ==
Jerin da aka zaɓa na fassarorin Gaboriau sun haɗa da:

* 1983 - Saga of the Wet Hens (Jovette Marchessault, La Saga des poules mouillées) 
* 1987 - ''Kasancewa a Gida tare da Claude'' (René-Daniel Dubois, Kasancewa A Gida tare
* 1989 - Warriors (Michel Garneau, Warriors) 
* 1991 - ''Lilies'' (Michel Marc Bouchard, Les ''Feluettes'') 
* 1992 - ''Babban Tafiyar Emily Carr'' (Jovette Marchessault, Babban Tafiyewar Emily Carr) 
* 1993 - Ido ne Eagle (Pierre Morency, Ido na Amurka) 
* 1993 - The Orphan Muses (Michel Marc Bouchard, Les muses orphelines) 
* 1996 - Littafin Bayani na Amurka (Marie-Claire Blais, ''Bayanan Amurka / Tarihin marubuci'') 
* 1996 - Stone and Ashes (Daniel Danis, Ashes na duwatsu) 
* 1998 - Wannan Matar (Daniel Danis, Celle-là) 
* 1998 - The Tale of Teeka (Michel Marc Bouchard, ''Tarihin Goose'') 
* 1998 - ''Fragments of a Farewell Letter Read by Geologists'' (Normand Chaurette, Fragments d'une lettre d'adieu read by geologists) 
* 1998 - Queens (Normand Chaurette, Les Reines) 
* 1998 - Don jin daɗin sake ganinta (Michel Tremblay, Har ila yau, idan kun yarda) 
* 1999 - The Coronation Voyage (Michel Marc Bouchard, Tafiyar Coronation) 
* 1999 - ''Waƙar Say-Sayer'' (Daniel Danis, La chant du Dire-Dire) 
* 2000 - Hanyar Hanyar Harin Harin Hanyar Halin Hanyar Hadin Harin Halin Harin Hadin Hanyar Hanin Hanyar Hellen Hanyar Harshe Hanyar Hann Hanyar H
* 2000 - All the Verdis of Venice (Normand Chaurette, ''Ina rubuta muku daga Alkahira'') 
* 2002 - ''Ba zato ba tsammani a tsibirin Nuns'' (Michel Tremblay, Jihar Wuraren) 
* 2003 - An rarraba shi a cikin iska mai tasowa (Jean-Marc Dalpé, Wani iska ya tashi wanda ya warwatse) 
* 2004 - ''An rubuta shi a kan Ruwa'' (Michel Marc Bouchard, Littattafan Rigyawa) 
* 2004 - Past Perfect (Michel Tremblay, The Past Past Past) 
* 2005 - ''An ƙone shi'' (Wajdi Mouawad, ''Wutar wuta'') 
* 2006 - ''Kayan zuma iri-iri'' (Michel Tremblay, Kayan zamba iri-iri) 
* 2009 - Albertine in Five Times (Michel Tremblay, Albertine, a cikin lokaci biyar) 
* 2010 - ''dazuzzuka'' (Wajdi Mouawad, dazuzzuka) 
* 2013 - ''Sama'' (Wajdi Mouawad, ''Sama'') 
* 2014 - ''Christina, Yarinyar Sarki'' (Michel Marc Bouchard, ''Christine, Sarauniyar Yaro'') 
* 2015 - ''''Tom a gona'''' (Michel Marc Bouchard, Tom a gona) 
* 2015 - The Divine, Wasanni ga Sarah Bernhardt (Michel Marc Bouchard, La Divine illusion) 
* 2015 - ''Kai Har abada, Marie-Lou'' (Michel Tremblay, A gare ka, har abada, Marie'Lou ka) 
* 2017 - Anima (Wajdi Mouawad, Anima) 
* 2019 - Tsuntsaye na Wani Irin (Wajdi Mouawad, ''Dukan tsuntsaye'') 
* 2019 - Rite of Passage (Michel Tremblay, The Passage obliged) 
* 2022 - Kisses Deep (Michel Marc Bouchard, Embrasse) 
* 2022 - Twists of Fate (Michel Tremblay, Au hasard la chance da Les cléfs du Paradis) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>kalsq7c9z1p7b1qyll5yu0cwds18zzl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lorena Gale</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>816192</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:09:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340113643|Lorena Gale]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9490" sha1="i93qbgt3lvk3b6mcm6z4rl6bvzfju6x" xml:space="preserve">'''Lorena Gale''' (9 ga Mayu, 1958 - 21 ga Yuni, 2009)  'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Kanada, marubuciya kuma darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kasance mai aiki a kan mataki da fina-finai da talabijin tun daga shekarun 1980. Ta kuma rubuta wasannin da suka lashe lambar yabo guda biyu, Angélique da Je me souviens .&amp;nbsp;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Gale a Montreal, Quebec ga dangin Afirka-Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Concordia da Makarantar Wasanni ta Kasa kuma ta kammala Master of Arts a Nazarin Liberal daga Jami'ar Simon Fraser da ke Vancouver a shekara ta 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ayyukanta a kan mataki don Lorraine Hansberry's Raisin in the Sun da Joseph A. Walker's River Niger sun lashe lambar yabo ta Montreal Gazette Theatre Critics Award for Outstanding Performance a 1981. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1985, ta zama darektan zane-zane na Black Theatre Workshop na Montreal . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bayne |first=Clarence |year=2001 |title=Le Black Theatre Workshop de Montréal: un nouveau bilan |journal=L'Annuaire théâtral: Revue québécoise d'études théâtrales |volume=29 |pages=141–155 |via=Erudit}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ta yi karatun rubuce-rubuce a Playwrights' Workshop Montréal . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta koma Vancouver a shekarar 1988, Lorena ta lashe lambar yabo ta Jessie Richardson ta 1991 don mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin Normal Jean a cikin The Colored Museum (1990). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasanta, Angélique, labarin da aka kashe [[Bauta|bawa]] Marie-Joseph Angelique, ita ce ta lashe gasar cin kofin wasan kwaikwayo ta duMaurier ta 1995 a Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gale |first=Lorena |year=1995 |title=Writing &quot;Angelique&quot; (Includes excerpt) |journal=Canadian Theatre Review |volume=83 |pages=20–23 |doi=10.3138/ctr.83.005 |id={{ProQuest|211995628}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Rubuce-rubucenta suna bincika yanayin kasancewa baƙar fata da gauraye-ƙabilar da kuma kasancewa a Kanada. A shekara ta 2000, ta samar da wasan kwaikwayonta na Je me souviens, wani jawabi game da abubuwan da ta samu tun tana girma a Montreal, a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Firehall a Vancouver, BC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BC |first=Popgun Media-- Vancouver |title=Our History |url=https://firehallartscentre.ca/about-us/our-history/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Firehall Arts Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talonbooks ne suka buga wasan a shekara ta 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Je me souviens » Books » Talonbooks |url=https://talonbooks.com/books/je-me-souviens |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=talonbooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fito a cikin fina-finai kamar The Hotel New Hampshire, Wani Labari na Cinderella, Ernest Goes to School, Fantastic Four, Traitor, The Chronicles of Riddick, The Mermaid Chair, da The Exorcism of Emily Rose . Ta yi baƙo a shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar The X-Files, Stargate SG-1, Smallville da Kingdom Hospital . Har zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2005, ta fito a matsayin Firist Elosha a shirin talabijin na Sci-Fi Channel Battlestar Galactica .

Gale ta kuma ba da muryarta ga ayyukan motsa jiki da yawa kamar su ''RoboCop: Alpha Commando'', The Bitsy Bears, ''Camp Candy'', The Adventures of Corduroy da Hurricanes .

Matsayin fim na karshe na Gale ya kasance a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu a ''Scooby-Doo! '' The Mystery Begins, wanda aka keɓe mata.

== Mutuwa ==
Gale ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2009, yana da shekaru 51, bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya da [[Ciwon Daji na Kai da Wuya|ciwon daji na makogwaro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|1982
|''Sa'o'in Ziyarar''
|Ma'aikaciyar jinya 1
|
|-
|1984
| data-sort-value=&quot;Hotel New Hampshir, The&quot; |''Otal din New Hampshire''
|Dark Inge
|
|-
|1987
|''Abubuwan daji''
|Jirgin jirgi
|
|-
|1989
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwan juna''
|Mai nuna kayan kwalliya
|
|-
|1989
| data-sort-value=&quot;Fly II, The&quot; |''Fly II''
|Mace
|
|-
|1992
|''Ƙarin Yamma''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''Ernest Ya tafi Makaranta''
|Malamin Tarihi
|
|-
|1996
|''Halin uwa''
|Anita
|
|-
|1997
|''Ba za a iya karewa ba: Gaskiya Game da Edward Brannigan''
|Cheryl Drew
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|1998
|''Dragons na Amurka''
|Kyaftin Talman
|
|-
|2000
|''Ranar dusar ƙanƙara''
|Uwar Rediyo
|
|-
|2000
|''Zuciya ta hutu''
|Misis Owens
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|2000
|''An yi kuka''
|Mama Mai Fushi
|
|-
|2001
|''Freddy ya sami yatsun hannu''
|Likitan kwakwalwa / Ma'aikacin Jama'a
|
|-
|2002
|''Halloween: Tashin matattu''
|Nurses Wells
|
|-
|2003
|''Wakilin Cody Banks''
|Mai ba da abinci
|
|-
|2003
|''Yakin Galactica''
|Elosha
|Ministoci
|-
|2004–2005, 2008
|''Yakin Galactica''
|Elosha
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|2004
| data-sort-value=&quot;Butterfly Effect, The&quot; |''Tasirin Butterfly''
|Misis Boswell
|
|-
|2004
| data-sort-value=&quot;Perfect Score, The&quot; |''Cikakken Sakamakon''
|Proctor
|
|-
|2004
| data-sort-value=&quot;Chronicles of Riddick, The&quot; |''Tarihin Riddick''
|Ministan Tsaro
|
|-
|2005
|''Bob mai kula da gida''
|Dokta Wilma
|
|-
|2005
|''Hudu Masu Kyau''
|Tsohuwar mace tare da mota # 1
|
|-
|2005
| data-sort-value=&quot;Exorcism of Emily Rose, The&quot; |''Cutar da aljanu ta Emily Rose''
|Mai ba da shawara ga juri
|
|-
|2005
|''Ba a taɓa yin hakan ba''
|Judy
|
|-
|2006
|''Ruwa mai laushi''
|Janene
|
|-
|2006
| data-sort-value=&quot;Mermaid Chair, The&quot; |''Cibiyar Mahaifiyar''
|Hepzibah
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|2006
| data-sort-value=&quot;Foursome, The&quot; |''Ɗaya daga cikin Hudu''
|Marjorie
|
|-
|2006
|''Fiye da na halitta''
|Rashin ƙarfi
|
|-
|2007
|''Bayanan soyayya''
|Aveva Marley
|
|-
|2007
|''Abubuwan da muka rasa a cikin wuta''
|N.A. Mutumin da ke haɗuwa
|
|-
|2008
|''Wani Labari na Cinderella''
|Helga
|
|-
|2008
| data-sort-value=&quot;X-Files: I Want to Believe, The&quot; |''X-Files: Ina so in yi imani''
|A kan allo Doctor
|
|-
|2008
|''Mai cin amana''
|Ƙaho Mai Dashi
|
|-
|2008
| data-sort-value=&quot;Day the Earth Stood Still, The&quot; |''Ranar da Duniya ta Tsaya Har yanzu''
|Masanin kimiyya # 2
|
|-
|2009
|''Scooby-Doo! Asirin Ya fara''
|Mai kula da Laburaren
|Fim din talabijin, wanda aka saki bayan mutuwarsa
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>i93qbgt3lvk3b6mcm6z4rl6bvzfju6x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816193</id>
      <parentid>816192</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:09:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9502" sha1="rl7y60y0ouzeubbmucg8gt58ac9k58e" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Lorena Gale''' (9 ga Mayu, 1958 - 21 ga Yuni, 2009)  'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Kanada, marubuciya kuma darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kasance mai aiki a kan mataki da fina-finai da talabijin tun daga shekarun 1980. Ta kuma rubuta wasannin da suka lashe lambar yabo guda biyu, Angélique da Je me souviens .&amp;nbsp;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Gale a Montreal, Quebec ga dangin Afirka-Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Concordia da Makarantar Wasanni ta Kasa kuma ta kammala Master of Arts a Nazarin Liberal daga Jami'ar Simon Fraser da ke Vancouver a shekara ta 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ayyukanta a kan mataki don Lorraine Hansberry's Raisin in the Sun da Joseph A. Walker's River Niger sun lashe lambar yabo ta Montreal Gazette Theatre Critics Award for Outstanding Performance a 1981. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1985, ta zama darektan zane-zane na Black Theatre Workshop na Montreal . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bayne |first=Clarence |year=2001 |title=Le Black Theatre Workshop de Montréal: un nouveau bilan |journal=L'Annuaire théâtral: Revue québécoise d'études théâtrales |volume=29 |pages=141–155 |via=Erudit}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ta yi karatun rubuce-rubuce a Playwrights' Workshop Montréal . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta koma Vancouver a shekarar 1988, Lorena ta lashe lambar yabo ta Jessie Richardson ta 1991 don mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin Normal Jean a cikin The Colored Museum (1990). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasanta, Angélique, labarin da aka kashe [[Bauta|bawa]] Marie-Joseph Angelique, ita ce ta lashe gasar cin kofin wasan kwaikwayo ta duMaurier ta 1995 a Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gale |first=Lorena |year=1995 |title=Writing &quot;Angelique&quot; (Includes excerpt) |journal=Canadian Theatre Review |volume=83 |pages=20–23 |doi=10.3138/ctr.83.005 |id={{ProQuest|211995628}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Rubuce-rubucenta suna bincika yanayin kasancewa baƙar fata da gauraye-ƙabilar da kuma kasancewa a Kanada. A shekara ta 2000, ta samar da wasan kwaikwayonta na Je me souviens, wani jawabi game da abubuwan da ta samu tun tana girma a Montreal, a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Firehall a Vancouver, BC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BC |first=Popgun Media-- Vancouver |title=Our History |url=https://firehallartscentre.ca/about-us/our-history/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Firehall Arts Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talonbooks ne suka buga wasan a shekara ta 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Je me souviens » Books » Talonbooks |url=https://talonbooks.com/books/je-me-souviens |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=talonbooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fito a cikin fina-finai kamar The Hotel New Hampshire, Wani Labari na Cinderella, Ernest Goes to School, Fantastic Four, Traitor, The Chronicles of Riddick, The Mermaid Chair, da The Exorcism of Emily Rose . Ta yi baƙo a shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar The X-Files, Stargate SG-1, Smallville da Kingdom Hospital . Har zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2005, ta fito a matsayin Firist Elosha a shirin talabijin na Sci-Fi Channel Battlestar Galactica .

Gale ta kuma ba da muryarta ga ayyukan motsa jiki da yawa kamar su ''RoboCop: Alpha Commando'', The Bitsy Bears, ''Camp Candy'', The Adventures of Corduroy da Hurricanes .

Matsayin fim na karshe na Gale ya kasance a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu a ''Scooby-Doo! '' The Mystery Begins, wanda aka keɓe mata.

== Mutuwa ==
Gale ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2009, yana da shekaru 51, bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya da [[Ciwon Daji na Kai da Wuya|ciwon daji na makogwaro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|1982
|''Sa'o'in Ziyarar''
|Ma'aikaciyar jinya 1
|
|-
|1984
| data-sort-value=&quot;Hotel New Hampshir, The&quot; |''Otal din New Hampshire''
|Dark Inge
|
|-
|1987
|''Abubuwan daji''
|Jirgin jirgi
|
|-
|1989
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwan juna''
|Mai nuna kayan kwalliya
|
|-
|1989
| data-sort-value=&quot;Fly II, The&quot; |''Fly II''
|Mace
|
|-
|1992
|''Ƙarin Yamma''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''Ernest Ya tafi Makaranta''
|Malamin Tarihi
|
|-
|1996
|''Halin uwa''
|Anita
|
|-
|1997
|''Ba za a iya karewa ba: Gaskiya Game da Edward Brannigan''
|Cheryl Drew
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|1998
|''Dragons na Amurka''
|Kyaftin Talman
|
|-
|2000
|''Ranar dusar ƙanƙara''
|Uwar Rediyo
|
|-
|2000
|''Zuciya ta hutu''
|Misis Owens
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|2000
|''An yi kuka''
|Mama Mai Fushi
|
|-
|2001
|''Freddy ya sami yatsun hannu''
|Likitan kwakwalwa / Ma'aikacin Jama'a
|
|-
|2002
|''Halloween: Tashin matattu''
|Nurses Wells
|
|-
|2003
|''Wakilin Cody Banks''
|Mai ba da abinci
|
|-
|2003
|''Yakin Galactica''
|Elosha
|Ministoci
|-
|2004–2005, 2008
|''Yakin Galactica''
|Elosha
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|2004
| data-sort-value=&quot;Butterfly Effect, The&quot; |''Tasirin Butterfly''
|Misis Boswell
|
|-
|2004
| data-sort-value=&quot;Perfect Score, The&quot; |''Cikakken Sakamakon''
|Proctor
|
|-
|2004
| data-sort-value=&quot;Chronicles of Riddick, The&quot; |''Tarihin Riddick''
|Ministan Tsaro
|
|-
|2005
|''Bob mai kula da gida''
|Dokta Wilma
|
|-
|2005
|''Hudu Masu Kyau''
|Tsohuwar mace tare da mota # 1
|
|-
|2005
| data-sort-value=&quot;Exorcism of Emily Rose, The&quot; |''Cutar da aljanu ta Emily Rose''
|Mai ba da shawara ga juri
|
|-
|2005
|''Ba a taɓa yin hakan ba''
|Judy
|
|-
|2006
|''Ruwa mai laushi''
|Janene
|
|-
|2006
| data-sort-value=&quot;Mermaid Chair, The&quot; |''Cibiyar Mahaifiyar''
|Hepzibah
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|2006
| data-sort-value=&quot;Foursome, The&quot; |''Ɗaya daga cikin Hudu''
|Marjorie
|
|-
|2006
|''Fiye da na halitta''
|Rashin ƙarfi
|
|-
|2007
|''Bayanan soyayya''
|Aveva Marley
|
|-
|2007
|''Abubuwan da muka rasa a cikin wuta''
|N.A. Mutumin da ke haɗuwa
|
|-
|2008
|''Wani Labari na Cinderella''
|Helga
|
|-
|2008
| data-sort-value=&quot;X-Files: I Want to Believe, The&quot; |''X-Files: Ina so in yi imani''
|A kan allo Doctor
|
|-
|2008
|''Mai cin amana''
|Ƙaho Mai Dashi
|
|-
|2008
| data-sort-value=&quot;Day the Earth Stood Still, The&quot; |''Ranar da Duniya ta Tsaya Har yanzu''
|Masanin kimiyya # 2
|
|-
|2009
|''Scooby-Doo! Asirin Ya fara''
|Mai kula da Laburaren
|Fim din talabijin, wanda aka saki bayan mutuwarsa
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>rl7y60y0ouzeubbmucg8gt58ac9k58e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816194</id>
      <parentid>816193</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:10:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <origin>816194</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9506" sha1="m4xe64krcov1jaql2hc9dws2whfauz3" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Lorena Gale''' (9 ga Mayu, 1958 - 21 ga Yuni, 2009)  'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Kanada, marubuciya kuma darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kasance mai aiki a kan mataki da fina-finai da talabijin tun daga shekarun 1980. Ta kuma rubuta wasannin da suka lashe lambar yabo guda biyu, Angélique da Je me souviens .&amp;nbsp;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Gale a Montreal, Quebec ga dangin Afirka-Caribbean.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Concordia da Makarantar Wasanni ta Kasa kuma ta kammala Master of Arts a Nazarin Liberal daga Jami'ar Simon Fraser da ke Vancouver a shekara ta 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ayyukanta a kan mataki don Lorraine Hansberry's Raisin in the Sun da Joseph A. Walker's River Niger sun lashe lambar yabo ta Montreal Gazette Theatre Critics Award for Outstanding Performance a 1981. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1985, ta zama darektan zane-zane na Black Theatre Workshop na Montreal . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bayne |first=Clarence |year=2001 |title=Le Black Theatre Workshop de Montréal: un nouveau bilan |journal=L'Annuaire théâtral: Revue québécoise d'études théâtrales |volume=29 |pages=141–155 |via=Erudit}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ta yi karatun rubuce-rubuce a Playwrights' Workshop Montréal . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta koma Vancouver a shekarar 1988, Lorena ta lashe lambar yabo ta Jessie Richardson ta 1991 don mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin Normal Jean a cikin The Colored Museum (1990). &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasanta, Angélique, labarin da aka kashe [[Bauta|bawa]] Marie-Joseph Angelique, ita ce ta lashe gasar cin kofin wasan kwaikwayo ta duMaurier ta 1995 a Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gale |first=Lorena |year=1995 |title=Writing &quot;Angelique&quot; (Includes excerpt) |journal=Canadian Theatre Review |volume=83 |pages=20–23 |doi=10.3138/ctr.83.005 |id={{ProQuest|211995628}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Rubuce-rubucenta suna bincika yanayin kasancewa baƙar fata da gauraye-ƙabilar da kuma kasancewa a Kanada. A shekara ta 2000, ta samar da wasan kwaikwayonta na Je me souviens, wani jawabi game da abubuwan da ta samu tun tana girma a Montreal, a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Firehall a Vancouver, BC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BC |first=Popgun Media-- Vancouver |title=Our History |url=https://firehallartscentre.ca/about-us/our-history/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Firehall Arts Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talonbooks ne suka buga wasan a shekara ta 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Je me souviens » Books » Talonbooks |url=https://talonbooks.com/books/je-me-souviens |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=talonbooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fito a cikin fina-finai kamar The Hotel New Hampshire, Wani Labari na Cinderella, Ernest Goes to School, Fantastic Four, Traitor, The Chronicles of Riddick, The Mermaid Chair, da The Exorcism of Emily Rose . Ta yi baƙo a shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar The X-Files, Stargate SG-1, Smallville da Kingdom Hospital . Har zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2005, ta fito a matsayin Firist Elosha a shirin talabijin na Sci-Fi Channel Battlestar Galactica .

Gale ta kuma ba da muryarta ga ayyukan motsa jiki da yawa kamar su ''RoboCop: Alpha Commando'', The Bitsy Bears, ''Camp Candy'', The Adventures of Corduroy da Hurricanes .

Matsayin fim na karshe na Gale ya kasance a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu a ''Scooby-Doo! '' The Mystery Begins, wanda aka keɓe mata.

== Mutuwa ==
Gale ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2009, yana da shekaru 51, bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya da [[Ciwon Daji na Kai da Wuya|ciwon daji na makogwaro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHustak2010&quot;&gt;Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ &quot;Lorena Gale&quot;]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|1982
|''Sa'o'in Ziyarar''
|Ma'aikaciyar jinya 1
|
|-
|1984
| data-sort-value=&quot;Hotel New Hampshir, The&quot; |''Otal din New Hampshire''
|Dark Inge
|
|-
|1987
|''Abubuwan daji''
|Jirgin jirgi
|
|-
|1989
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwan juna''
|Mai nuna kayan kwalliya
|
|-
|1989
| data-sort-value=&quot;Fly II, The&quot; |''Fly II''
|Mace
|
|-
|1992
|''Ƙarin Yamma''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''Ernest Ya tafi Makaranta''
|Malamin Tarihi
|
|-
|1996
|''Halin uwa''
|Anita
|
|-
|1997
|''Ba za a iya karewa ba: Gaskiya Game da Edward Brannigan''
|Cheryl Drew
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|1998
|''Dragons na Amurka''
|Kyaftin Talman
|
|-
|2000
|''Ranar dusar ƙanƙara''
|Uwar Rediyo
|
|-
|2000
|''Zuciya ta hutu''
|Misis Owens
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|2000
|''An yi kuka''
|Mama Mai Fushi
|
|-
|2001
|''Freddy ya sami yatsun hannu''
|Likitan kwakwalwa / Ma'aikacin Jama'a
|
|-
|2002
|''Halloween: Tashin matattu''
|Nurses Wells
|
|-
|2003
|''Wakilin Cody Banks''
|Mai ba da abinci
|
|-
|2003
|''Yakin Galactica''
|Elosha
|Ministoci
|-
|2004–2005, 2008
|''Yakin Galactica''
|Elosha
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|2004
| data-sort-value=&quot;Butterfly Effect, The&quot; |''Tasirin Butterfly''
|Misis Boswell
|
|-
|2004
| data-sort-value=&quot;Perfect Score, The&quot; |''Cikakken Sakamakon''
|Proctor
|
|-
|2004
| data-sort-value=&quot;Chronicles of Riddick, The&quot; |''Tarihin Riddick''
|Ministan Tsaro
|
|-
|2005
|''Bob mai kula da gida''
|Dokta Wilma
|
|-
|2005
|''Hudu Masu Kyau''
|Tsohuwar mace tare da mota # 1
|
|-
|2005
| data-sort-value=&quot;Exorcism of Emily Rose, The&quot; |''Cutar da aljanu ta Emily Rose''
|Mai ba da shawara ga juri
|
|-
|2005
|''Ba a taɓa yin hakan ba''
|Judy
|
|-
|2006
|''Ruwa mai laushi''
|Janene
|
|-
|2006
| data-sort-value=&quot;Mermaid Chair, The&quot; |''Cibiyar Mahaifiyar''
|Hepzibah
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|2006
| data-sort-value=&quot;Foursome, The&quot; |''Ɗaya daga cikin Hudu''
|Marjorie
|
|-
|2006
|''Fiye da na halitta''
|Rashin ƙarfi
|
|-
|2007
|''Bayanan soyayya''
|Aveva Marley
|
|-
|2007
|''Abubuwan da muka rasa a cikin wuta''
|N.A. Mutumin da ke haɗuwa
|
|-
|2008
|''Wani Labari na Cinderella''
|Helga
|
|-
|2008
| data-sort-value=&quot;X-Files: I Want to Believe, The&quot; |''X-Files: Ina so in yi imani''
|A kan allo Doctor
|
|-
|2008
|''Mai cin amana''
|Ƙaho Mai Dashi
|
|-
|2008
| data-sort-value=&quot;Day the Earth Stood Still, The&quot; |''Ranar da Duniya ta Tsaya Har yanzu''
|Masanin kimiyya # 2
|
|-
|2009
|''Scooby-Doo! Asirin Ya fara''
|Mai kula da Laburaren
|Fim din talabijin, wanda aka saki bayan mutuwarsa
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>m4xe64krcov1jaql2hc9dws2whfauz3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Josephine Ibaseret</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816195</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:11:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346111147|Josephine Ibaseret]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816195</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4263" sha1="czlemcwwv8g9wypfqf0sojo2kkf37eu" xml:space="preserve">'''Josephine Ibaseret''' 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda,]] kuma sabuwar 'yar majalisar dokoki ce da aka zaɓa a gundumar Agule a gundumar Pallisa a lokacin babban zaɓen shekarar 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Vision |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Uganda's parliament takes shape, new faces rise to top |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/ugandas-parliament-takes-shape-new-faces-rise-NV_226398_032026 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Introducing the winners of the MP polls... |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/introducing-the-winners-of-the-mp-polls-NV_226401_032026 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin ƙungiyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okwakol |first=Lawrence |date=2026-01-22 |title=Okello concedes defeat in Agule MP Race, congratulates Ibaseret on deserved victory |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2026/01/22/okello-concedes-defeat-in-agule-mp-race-congratulates-ibaseret-on-deserved-victory/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Ibaseret ta kasance mataimakiyar Kwamishinan Gundumar Mazauna (RDC) na Namisindwa amma ta yi murabus a watan Mayu na shekarar 2025 don shirin tsayawa takara a matsayin 'yar Majalisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibaseret Josephine Archives |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/topics/ibaseret-josephine/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fara takara a lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na National Resistance Movement inda ta lashe maza shida, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mai riƙe tuta na NRM. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okwakol |first=Lawrence |date=2025-07-18 |title=Ex-RDC Ibaseret Josephine trounces six men to clinch NRM flag for Agule County |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2025/07/18/ex-rdc-ibaseret-josephine-trounces-six-men-to-clinch-nrm-flag-for-agule-county/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga takarar gundumar Agile gabaɗaya kuma ta yi nasara a lokacin zaɓen watan Janairu 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Introducing the winners of the MP polls... |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/introducing-the-winners-of-the-mp-polls-NV_226401_032026 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=New Vision}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdmin2026&quot;&gt;Admin (2026-01-17). [https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/introducing-the-winners-of-the-mp-polls-NV_226401_032026 &quot;Ugandaelections2026: Introducing the winners of the MP polls...&quot;] ''New Vision''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ibaseret ta girma a Agule kuma ta yi aure a can. Kafin a zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa, ta kan tallafa wa al'ummomin yankin kamar rarraba kujerun guragu ta hanyar Gidauniyar Kula da Yara ta OJ, tana tallafa wa zawarawa da kayan aikin noma da tufafi ta hanyar wani shiri na tausayawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okwakol |first=Lawrence |date=2025-07-18 |title=Ex-RDC Ibaseret Josephine trounces six men to clinch NRM flag for Agule County |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2025/07/18/ex-rdc-ibaseret-josephine-trounces-six-men-to-clinch-nrm-flag-for-agule-county/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOkwakol2025&quot;&gt;Okwakol, Lawrence (2025-07-18). [https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2025/07/18/ex-rdc-ibaseret-josephine-trounces-six-men-to-clinch-nrm-flag-for-agule-county/ &quot;Ex-RDC Ibaseret Josephine trounces six men to clinch NRM flag for Agule County&quot;]. ''Daily Express''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Majalisar Uganda
* Ɗan Majalisa
* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 12
* Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa

== Manazarta ==
08105834882Josephine Ibaseret08105834882Angwech CollineJosephine Ibaseret
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:12:00Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="4201" sha1="prfgmm25veic41phkv6fg3sao0q9t7z" xml:space="preserve">'''Josephine Ibaseret''' 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda,]] kuma sabuwar 'yar majalisar dokoki ce da aka zaɓa a gundumar Agule a gundumar Pallisa a lokacin babban zaɓen shekarar 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Vision |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Uganda's parliament takes shape, new faces rise to top |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/ugandas-parliament-takes-shape-new-faces-rise-NV_226398_032026 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Introducing the winners of the MP polls... |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/introducing-the-winners-of-the-mp-polls-NV_226401_032026 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin ƙungiyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okwakol |first=Lawrence |date=2026-01-22 |title=Okello concedes defeat in Agule MP Race, congratulates Ibaseret on deserved victory |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2026/01/22/okello-concedes-defeat-in-agule-mp-race-congratulates-ibaseret-on-deserved-victory/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Ibaseret ta kasance mataimakiyar Kwamishinan Gundumar Mazauna (RDC) na Namisindwa amma ta yi murabus a watan Mayu na shekarar 2025 don shirin tsayawa takara a matsayin 'yar Majalisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibaseret Josephine Archives |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/topics/ibaseret-josephine/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fara takara a lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na National Resistance Movement inda ta lashe maza shida, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mai riƙe tuta na NRM. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okwakol |first=Lawrence |date=2025-07-18 |title=Ex-RDC Ibaseret Josephine trounces six men to clinch NRM flag for Agule County |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2025/07/18/ex-rdc-ibaseret-josephine-trounces-six-men-to-clinch-nrm-flag-for-agule-county/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga takarar gundumar Agile gabaɗaya kuma ta yi nasara a lokacin zaɓen watan Janairu 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Introducing the winners of the MP polls... |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/introducing-the-winners-of-the-mp-polls-NV_226401_032026 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=New Vision}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdmin2026&quot;&gt;Admin (2026-01-17). [https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/introducing-the-winners-of-the-mp-polls-NV_226401_032026 &quot;Ugandaelections2026: Introducing the winners of the MP polls...&quot;] ''New Vision''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ibaseret ta girma a Agule kuma ta yi aure a can. Kafin a zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa, ta kan tallafa wa al'ummomin yankin kamar rarraba kujerun guragu ta hanyar Gidauniyar Kula da Yara ta OJ, tana tallafa wa zawarawa da kayan aikin noma da tufafi ta hanyar wani shiri na tausayawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okwakol |first=Lawrence |date=2025-07-18 |title=Ex-RDC Ibaseret Josephine trounces six men to clinch NRM flag for Agule County |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2025/07/18/ex-rdc-ibaseret-josephine-trounces-six-men-to-clinch-nrm-flag-for-agule-county/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOkwakol2025&quot;&gt;Okwakol, Lawrence (2025-07-18). [https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2025/07/18/ex-rdc-ibaseret-josephine-trounces-six-men-to-clinch-nrm-flag-for-agule-county/ &quot;Ex-RDC Ibaseret Josephine trounces six men to clinch NRM flag for Agule County&quot;]. ''Daily Express''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Majalisar Uganda
* Ɗan Majalisa
* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 12
* Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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      <text bytes="4214" sha1="8hvn53yf4mvsrc2x69rdpnuhuo2b61w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Josephine Ibaseret''' 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda,]] kuma sabuwar 'yar majalisar dokoki ce da aka zaɓa a gundumar Agule a gundumar Pallisa a lokacin babban zaɓen shekarar 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Vision |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Uganda's parliament takes shape, new faces rise to top |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/ugandas-parliament-takes-shape-new-faces-rise-NV_226398_032026 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Introducing the winners of the MP polls... |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/introducing-the-winners-of-the-mp-polls-NV_226401_032026 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin ƙungiyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okwakol |first=Lawrence |date=2026-01-22 |title=Okello concedes defeat in Agule MP Race, congratulates Ibaseret on deserved victory |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2026/01/22/okello-concedes-defeat-in-agule-mp-race-congratulates-ibaseret-on-deserved-victory/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Ibaseret ta kasance mataimakiyar Kwamishinan Gundumar Mazauna (RDC) na Namisindwa amma ta yi murabus a watan Mayu na shekarar 2025 don shirin tsayawa takara a matsayin 'yar Majalisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibaseret Josephine Archives |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/topics/ibaseret-josephine/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fara takara a lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na National Resistance Movement inda ta lashe maza shida, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mai riƙe tuta na NRM. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okwakol |first=Lawrence |date=2025-07-18 |title=Ex-RDC Ibaseret Josephine trounces six men to clinch NRM flag for Agule County |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2025/07/18/ex-rdc-ibaseret-josephine-trounces-six-men-to-clinch-nrm-flag-for-agule-county/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga takarar gundumar Agile gabaɗaya kuma ta yi nasara a lokacin zaɓen watan Janairu 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Introducing the winners of the MP polls... |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/introducing-the-winners-of-the-mp-polls-NV_226401_032026 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=New Vision}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdmin2026&quot;&gt;Admin (2026-01-17). [https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/introducing-the-winners-of-the-mp-polls-NV_226401_032026 &quot;Ugandaelections2026: Introducing the winners of the MP polls...&quot;] ''New Vision''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ibaseret ta girma a Agule kuma ta yi aure a can. Kafin a zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa, ta kan tallafa wa al'ummomin yankin kamar rarraba kujerun guragu ta hanyar Gidauniyar Kula da Yara ta OJ, tana tallafa wa zawarawa da kayan aikin noma da tufafi ta hanyar wani shiri na tausayawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okwakol |first=Lawrence |date=2025-07-18 |title=Ex-RDC Ibaseret Josephine trounces six men to clinch NRM flag for Agule County |url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2025/07/18/ex-rdc-ibaseret-josephine-trounces-six-men-to-clinch-nrm-flag-for-agule-county/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Express |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOkwakol2025&quot;&gt;Okwakol, Lawrence (2025-07-18). [https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2025/07/18/ex-rdc-ibaseret-josephine-trounces-six-men-to-clinch-nrm-flag-for-agule-county/ &quot;Ex-RDC Ibaseret Josephine trounces six men to clinch NRM flag for Agule County&quot;]. ''Daily Express''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-03-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Majalisar Uganda
* Ɗan Majalisa
* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 12
* Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Haley McGee</title>
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      <id>816197</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:13:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343285438|Haley McGee]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Haley McGee''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Kanada, marubuciya kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo da ke zaune a [[Landan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Haley McGee |url=http://www.haleymcgee.ca/about |publisher=Haley McGee}}&lt;/ref&gt; McGee an fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Dorothy Skerritt, mataimakin [[Nikola Tesla]] a cikin Doctor Who episode &quot;Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror&quot;. An kuma san ta da wasan kwaikwayon kanta, kwanan nan Age Is A Feeling da The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale .

== ''Shekaru Jin Jin Jin'' ==
McGee ta 2022 show ya fara ne a Edinburgh Festival kuma ya lashe Fringe First Award. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Scotsman Fringe Awards: this year's Edinburgh festival prize-winners |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/edinburgh-festivals/scotsman-fringe-awards-this-years-edinburgh-festival-prize-winners-3818569 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.scotsman.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana ba da labarin rayuwar mutum guda ɗaya daga ranar haihuwar 25 har zuwa mutuwa. An ba da labarin gaba ɗaya a cikin mutum na biyu kuma ya haɗa da sassan labarin reshe bisa ga zaɓin masu sauraro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=Age Is a Feeling review – an astonishing dive into the future |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/aug/10/age-is-a-feeling-review-haley-mcgee-summerhall-edinburgh |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nunin ya fara ne a Edinburgh a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2022,  kuma ya ci gaba a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Soho a London daga 6 ga Satumba 2022 har zuwa 11 ga Maris 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGee |first=Haley |date=2022-08-02 |title='This show is starting to live under my fingernails': the road to Edinburgh fringe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/aug/02/haley-mcgee-edinburgh-fringe-age-is-a-feeling |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Age Is A Feeling |url=https://sohotheatre.com/shows/age-is-a-feeling/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Soho Theatre |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabi wannan yanki don Kyautar Olivier a shekarar 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Haley McGee’s Age is a Feeling nominated for an Olivier Award |url=https://www.morgangreencreatives.com/news-items/haley-mcgees-age-is-a-feeling-nominated-for-an-olivier-award |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Morgan Green Creatives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fergus Morgan na Scotsman ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin &quot;kyakkyawan aiki da kuma mai hankali, rubuce-rubuce mai basira, cike da basira da kuma hikima mai ban mamaki daga wani wanda ke da shekaru 36 kawai. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ingenthron |first=Blair |title=Haley McGee's AGE IS A FEELING Wins Fringe First Award |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/scotland/article/Haley-McGees-AGE-IS-A-FEELING-Wins-Fringe-First-Award-20220826 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ''Sayar da Tsohon Aboki Yard'' ==
McGee ta 2018 solo show ya gayyaci masu sauraro su darajar abubuwa takwas, kowannensu kyauta daga tsohon saurayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ex-boyfriend-guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wiegand |first=Chris |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale: can you put a price on sentimental value? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/nov/27/the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale-haley-mcgee |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; McGee ta bayyana cewa wahayi zuwa ga wasan kwaikwayon shine samun kanta cikin bashi bayan ta koma London, kuma tana buƙatar yin aiki game da waɗanne abubuwa ya kamata a sayar don biyan bashin ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;ex-boyfriend-guardian&quot; /&gt;

McGee ta haɓaka wasan kwaikwayon tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Melanie Frances, masanin lissafi da mai zane-zane na dijital wanda ya taimaka wajen haɓaka tsari wanda ya haɗa da shigarwa kamar &quot;ƙididdigar dangantaka&quot;, ya auna lokacinta tare da kowane tsohon a kan sikelin ɗaya zuwa goma, &quot;yadda suka sa ka dariya, rabo na nishaɗi zuwa baƙin ciki da kuma yadda jima'i yake da kyau&quot;. McGee ya bayyana yadda aka samo tsari yayin da wasan kwaikwayon ke gudana.

An daidaita wasan kwaikwayon a cikin littafi wanda aka buga a watan Mayu 2021 ta Penguin Random House Canada &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2014 |title=Daily Deals: HarperCollins acquires Alex Light's YA novel from Wattpad; Doubleday picks up Haley McGee's The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/daily-deals-harpercollins-acquires-alex-lights-ya-novel-from-wattpad-doubleday-picks-up-haley-mcgees-the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale/}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Hodder &amp;amp;amp; Stougton a Burtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ex Boyfriend Yard Sale |url=https://www.foyles.co.uk/witem/biography/the-exboyfriend-yard-sale,haley-mcgee-9781529391497 |publisher=Foyles}}&lt;/ref&gt; McGee McGee kuma ya haɓaka wannan ra'ayi a cikin jerin sauti, The Cost of Love, tsarin kwasfan fayiloli da aka saki a lokaci guda tare da littafin.

== Ƙalubalen Ƙwarewa na Rana 14 ==
A lokacin [[Rufewar COVID-19|COVID-19 Lockdown]] na lokacin rani na 2020, McGee ya haɓaka kuma ya jagoranci ƙalubalen ƙwarewar rana 14, shirin da aka tsara don ba da damar masu fasaha su kasance masu kirkira a lokacin da wuraren aikin kirkira suka kasance a rufe. Shirin ya kai ga masu sauraro na kan layi sama da 1000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-22 |title='What even is theatre now?': the fringe artists left out in the cold |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/may/22/what-even-is-theatre-now-the-fringe-artists-left-out-in-the-cold-covid-19 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sumi |first=Glenn |date=2020-06-06 |title=Meet the brains behind the 14-Day Creative Quarantine Challenge |url=https://nowtoronto.com/lifestyle/education/haley-mcgee-14-day-creative-quarantine-challenge |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=NOW Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

* Oh My Irma (2011) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-08-15 |title=Oh My Irma: An Edinburgh Fringe Review |url=https://www.ayoungertheatre.com/edinburgh-fringe-review-oh-my-irma-never-mind-the-noise-hill-street-theatre/ |publisher=A Younger Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Yanayi Yanayi'' (2013) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lynn Slotkin |date=2013-12-14 |title=DANNY AND THE DEEP BLUE SEA and WEATHER THE WEATHER |url=http://slotkinletter.com/?s=weather+the+weather |publisher=The Slotkin Letter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ina yin hakan a gare ku'' (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Glen Sumi |date=2017-05-05 |title=I'm Doing This For You is cause for celebration |url=https://nowtoronto.com/stage/theatre/i-m-doing-this-for-you-is-cause-for-celebration/ |publisher=Now Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ma'aikacin Jama'a'' (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Public Servant |url=http://www.commonbootstheatre.ca/public-servant/ |publisher=Common Boots Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tsohon Abokin Yard Sale (2018) &lt;ref name=&quot;ex-boyfriend-guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wiegand |first=Chris |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale: can you put a price on sentimental value? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/nov/27/the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale-haley-mcgee |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWiegand2018&quot;&gt;Wiegand, Chris (27 November 2018). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Shekaru Yana da Jin'' Jin Jin (2022) 

A cikin 2022, McGee ta kasance mai tseren karshe don Kyautar Offies don wasan kwaikwayonta na solo Age Is a Feeling, ta sami karbuwa a cikin Mafi kyawun Ayyuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Offies 2022 Finalists – Age Is a Feeling |url=https://www.offies.london/2022-finalists/age-is-a-feeling |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=Offies.London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|2009
|''Labaran Birane''
|Bethany Dickson
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin, labarin: &quot;Hamuran Iyali&quot;
|-
|2015
|''Asirin Murdoch''
|Susan Trent
|Jerin talabijin, fasalin: &quot;Pipe Dreamzzz&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|''Ka rufe ido''
|Haley
|Gajeren fim
|-
|''Star Ocean: Anamnesis''
|Mystina
|Wasan bidiyo, wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin ''Haylee'' McGee
|-
|2020
|''Dokta Wanene''
|Dorothy Skerritt
|Jerin talabijin, labarin: &quot;Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror&quot;
|-
|2023
|''Ƙaunar Har ila yau''
|PR Lady
|Fim mai tsawo
|-
|
|''Ganuwar''
|
|Gajeren fim
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="8375" sha1="1ogmjpduuk9hf44nb1p7ydj2ty93daz" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Haley McGee''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Kanada, marubuciya kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo da ke zaune a [[Landan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Haley McGee |url=http://www.haleymcgee.ca/about |publisher=Haley McGee}}&lt;/ref&gt; McGee an fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Dorothy Skerritt, mataimakin [[Nikola Tesla]] a cikin Doctor Who episode &quot;Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror&quot;. An kuma san ta da wasan kwaikwayon kanta, kwanan nan Age Is A Feeling da The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale .

== ''Shekaru Jin Jin Jin'' ==
McGee ta 2022 show ya fara ne a Edinburgh Festival kuma ya lashe Fringe First Award. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Scotsman Fringe Awards: this year's Edinburgh festival prize-winners |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/edinburgh-festivals/scotsman-fringe-awards-this-years-edinburgh-festival-prize-winners-3818569 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.scotsman.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana ba da labarin rayuwar mutum guda ɗaya daga ranar haihuwar 25 har zuwa mutuwa. An ba da labarin gaba ɗaya a cikin mutum na biyu kuma ya haɗa da sassan labarin reshe bisa ga zaɓin masu sauraro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=Age Is a Feeling review – an astonishing dive into the future |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/aug/10/age-is-a-feeling-review-haley-mcgee-summerhall-edinburgh |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nunin ya fara ne a Edinburgh a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2022,  kuma ya ci gaba a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Soho a London daga 6 ga Satumba 2022 har zuwa 11 ga Maris 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGee |first=Haley |date=2022-08-02 |title='This show is starting to live under my fingernails': the road to Edinburgh fringe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/aug/02/haley-mcgee-edinburgh-fringe-age-is-a-feeling |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Age Is A Feeling |url=https://sohotheatre.com/shows/age-is-a-feeling/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Soho Theatre |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabi wannan yanki don Kyautar Olivier a shekarar 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Haley McGee’s Age is a Feeling nominated for an Olivier Award |url=https://www.morgangreencreatives.com/news-items/haley-mcgees-age-is-a-feeling-nominated-for-an-olivier-award |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Morgan Green Creatives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fergus Morgan na Scotsman ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin &quot;kyakkyawan aiki da kuma mai hankali, rubuce-rubuce mai basira, cike da basira da kuma hikima mai ban mamaki daga wani wanda ke da shekaru 36 kawai. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ingenthron |first=Blair |title=Haley McGee's AGE IS A FEELING Wins Fringe First Award |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/scotland/article/Haley-McGees-AGE-IS-A-FEELING-Wins-Fringe-First-Award-20220826 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ''Sayar da Tsohon Aboki Yard'' ==
McGee ta 2018 solo show ya gayyaci masu sauraro su darajar abubuwa takwas, kowannensu kyauta daga tsohon saurayi.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;ex-boyfriend-guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wiegand |first=Chris |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale: can you put a price on sentimental value? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/nov/27/the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale-haley-mcgee |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; McGee ta bayyana cewa wahayi zuwa ga wasan kwaikwayon shine samun kanta cikin bashi bayan ta koma London, kuma tana buƙatar yin aiki game da waɗanne abubuwa ya kamata a sayar don biyan bashin ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;ex-boyfriend-guardian&quot; /&gt;

McGee ta haɓaka wasan kwaikwayon tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Melanie Frances, masanin lissafi da mai zane-zane na dijital wanda ya taimaka wajen haɓaka tsari wanda ya haɗa da shigarwa kamar &quot;ƙididdigar dangantaka&quot;, ya auna lokacinta tare da kowane tsohon a kan sikelin ɗaya zuwa goma, &quot;yadda suka sa ka dariya, rabo na nishaɗi zuwa baƙin ciki da kuma yadda jima'i yake da kyau&quot;. McGee ya bayyana yadda aka samo tsari yayin da wasan kwaikwayon ke gudana.

An daidaita wasan kwaikwayon a cikin littafi wanda aka buga a watan Mayu 2021 ta Penguin Random House Canada &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2014 |title=Daily Deals: HarperCollins acquires Alex Light's YA novel from Wattpad; Doubleday picks up Haley McGee's The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/daily-deals-harpercollins-acquires-alex-lights-ya-novel-from-wattpad-doubleday-picks-up-haley-mcgees-the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale/}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Hodder &amp;amp;amp; Stougton a Burtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ex Boyfriend Yard Sale |url=https://www.foyles.co.uk/witem/biography/the-exboyfriend-yard-sale,haley-mcgee-9781529391497 |publisher=Foyles}}&lt;/ref&gt; McGee McGee kuma ya haɓaka wannan ra'ayi a cikin jerin sauti, The Cost of Love, tsarin kwasfan fayiloli da aka saki a lokaci guda tare da littafin.

== Ƙalubalen Ƙwarewa na Rana 14 ==
A lokacin [[Rufewar COVID-19|COVID-19 Lockdown]] na lokacin rani na 2020, McGee ya haɓaka kuma ya jagoranci ƙalubalen ƙwarewar rana 14, shirin da aka tsara don ba da damar masu fasaha su kasance masu kirkira a lokacin da wuraren aikin kirkira suka kasance a rufe. Shirin ya kai ga masu sauraro na kan layi sama da 1000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-22 |title='What even is theatre now?': the fringe artists left out in the cold |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/may/22/what-even-is-theatre-now-the-fringe-artists-left-out-in-the-cold-covid-19 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sumi |first=Glenn |date=2020-06-06 |title=Meet the brains behind the 14-Day Creative Quarantine Challenge |url=https://nowtoronto.com/lifestyle/education/haley-mcgee-14-day-creative-quarantine-challenge |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=NOW Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

* Oh My Irma (2011) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-08-15 |title=Oh My Irma: An Edinburgh Fringe Review |url=https://www.ayoungertheatre.com/edinburgh-fringe-review-oh-my-irma-never-mind-the-noise-hill-street-theatre/ |publisher=A Younger Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Yanayi Yanayi'' (2013) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lynn Slotkin |date=2013-12-14 |title=DANNY AND THE DEEP BLUE SEA and WEATHER THE WEATHER |url=http://slotkinletter.com/?s=weather+the+weather |publisher=The Slotkin Letter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ina yin hakan a gare ku'' (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Glen Sumi |date=2017-05-05 |title=I'm Doing This For You is cause for celebration |url=https://nowtoronto.com/stage/theatre/i-m-doing-this-for-you-is-cause-for-celebration/ |publisher=Now Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ma'aikacin Jama'a'' (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Public Servant |url=http://www.commonbootstheatre.ca/public-servant/ |publisher=Common Boots Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tsohon Abokin Yard Sale (2018) &lt;ref name=&quot;ex-boyfriend-guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wiegand |first=Chris |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale: can you put a price on sentimental value? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/nov/27/the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale-haley-mcgee |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWiegand2018&quot;&gt;Wiegand, Chris (27 November 2018). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Shekaru Yana da Jin'' Jin Jin (2022) 

A cikin 2022, McGee ta kasance mai tseren karshe don Kyautar Offies don wasan kwaikwayonta na solo Age Is a Feeling, ta sami karbuwa a cikin Mafi kyawun Ayyuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Offies 2022 Finalists – Age Is a Feeling |url=https://www.offies.london/2022-finalists/age-is-a-feeling |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=Offies.London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|2009
|''Labaran Birane''
|Bethany Dickson
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin, labarin: &quot;Hamuran Iyali&quot;
|-
|2015
|''Asirin Murdoch''
|Susan Trent
|Jerin talabijin, fasalin: &quot;Pipe Dreamzzz&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|''Ka rufe ido''
|Haley
|Gajeren fim
|-
|''Star Ocean: Anamnesis''
|Mystina
|Wasan bidiyo, wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin ''Haylee'' McGee
|-
|2020
|''Dokta Wanene''
|Dorothy Skerritt
|Jerin talabijin, labarin: &quot;Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror&quot;
|-
|2023
|''Ƙaunar Har ila yau''
|PR Lady
|Fim mai tsawo
|-
|
|''Ganuwar''
|
|Gajeren fim
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>1ogmjpduuk9hf44nb1p7ydj2ty93daz</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pauline Irene Nguene</title>
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      <id>816200</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:14:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1281493029|Pauline Irene Nguene]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816200</origin>
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Pauline Irene Nguene ƙwararriyar injiniyar mai ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Kamaru. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministar Harkokin Jama'a ta Kamaru.

== Rayuwar farko ==
Nguene ta fito ne daga ƙauyen Minka (Makak)  a Sashen Nyong-et-Kellé, Yankin Tsakiya, na [[Kamaru|Jamhuriyar Kamaru]] . Tana da digirin farko a fannin injiniyan man fetur daga Cibiyar Haƙar Ma'adinai da Fasaha ta New-Mexico da ke [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Ta kammala karatunta ta hanyar samun takardar shaidar digiri na biyu (&quot;maîtrise&quot;/ Master) a fannin kimiyyar ƙasa daga [[Jami'ar Yaoundé|Jami'ar Yaounde]] . Daga baya ta sami takardar shaidar digiri na musamman a fannin gudanar da kamfanonin mai a HEC Montréal .
[[Fayil:PaulineIreneNguene1.jpg|left|thumb|Ministan Harkokin Jama'a na Kamaru, bikin da aka yi a Babban Taron Cibiyar Gyaran Nakasassu ta LEGER (CNRPH-CPEL), Yaounde, a ranar Litinin.]]

== Nazarin ==
1-Cibiyar Haƙar Ma'adinai da Fasaha ta New-Mexico a Amurka: Digiri na farko a fannin injiniyan man fetur; 2-Jami'ar Yaounde: difloma ta gaba da digiri (&quot;maîtrise&quot;/Master) a fannin kimiyyar ƙasa; 3-Manyan Nazarin Kasuwanci (HEC) - Montreal a Kanada: Takardun Digiri na Musamman a Gudanar da Kamfanonin Mai;

== Sana'a ==
Ta koma Kamaru a shekarar 1983. Bayan 'yan shekaru, an nada ta a matsayin Shugaba na Sabis don Binciken Hydrocarbons a Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Makamashi. Yayinda take aiki a wannan Ma'aikatar, ta kammala karatunta a fannin injiniya a Jami'ar Yaounde inda ta sami difloma na digiri (&quot;maîtrise&quot;) a kimiyyar ƙasa. Bayan ta sami tallafin karatu na ACDI ([[Kanada]]) don karatu a Makarantar Nazarin Kasuwanci mafi girma a Montreal, ta sami Digiri na Musamman a cikin gudanar da kamfanonin mai a wannan ma'aikatar a shekarar 1988. Daga 1991 zuwa 2009, Mrs. NGUENE ta ci gaba da rike wadannan mukamai a Ofishin Firayim Minista:

* Mai Haɗawa (1991-1992);
* Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin (1992-2001);
* Mai Ba da Shawara kan Fasaha (2001-2009).

A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, an nada ta ta ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban kasa a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka don Kwarewar Kwarewar Kasuwanci (CARPA), wata hukuma da ke kula da aiwatar da Hadin gwiwar Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu (PPP) a Kamaru. A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2015, an nada ta Ministan SOCIAL AFFAIRS . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Nguene née Kendeck Pauline Irène – Portail du gouvernement du Cameroun |url=https://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/gouvernement/composition/nguene-nee-kendeck-pauline-irene.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20151015000000/http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/gouvernement/composition/nguene-nee-kendeck-pauline-irene.html |archive-date=October 15, 2015 |access-date=August 17, 2018 |website=spm.gov.cm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 2016, Mrs. NGUENE ita ce shugabar kwamitin daraktoci na Cibiyar Kula da Kaddada Paul Emile LEGER ta Kasa don Maido da Kwararrun (CNRPH-CPEL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Madame Nguene, née Kendeck Pauline Irène est le nouveau PCA du CNRPH Cardinal Paul Emile Leger |url=https://presidenceducameroun.com/en/news |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20080608000000/http://www.presidenceducameroun.com/news/?lang=fr |archive-date=June 8, 2008 |access-date=August 17, 2018 |website=presidenceducameroun.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu manyan ayyuka na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a ==
-Gyara da sabunta Cibiyar Yara ta Kamaru (l'institution Camerounaise de l'Enfance (ICE)) ta Betamba  a Ntui (Yankin Tsakiya); -Gina Cibiyar Gyaran Gaggawa ga Nakasassu (CRPH) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SITE WEB MINAS - Vacances citoyennes et patriotiques |url=http://minas.cm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=153&amp;Itemid=177&amp;lang=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Marwa|Maroua]] (Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa); -Yaƙi da wariyar al'umma da kuma aiwatar da harkokin kasuwanci na zamantakewa; - Sanya Rijistar Jama'a Mai Haɗaka (taswirar mutanen da ke cikin mawuyacin hali a zamantakewa); -Zamanin zamani na Cibiyar Kula da Nakasassu ta Kasa ta Cardinal Paul Emile LEGER (CNRPH-CPEL).

== Bambancin Daraja ==
Babban Jami'in Umarni na Valour (2019).

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>da9libmweox80abw7jimu5dwprfp38h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816201</id>
      <parentid>816200</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:14:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>816201</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4201" sha1="j2gmootjxshmev1k2i9ttg8u36jxlsm" xml:space="preserve"> 

{{Databox}}

Pauline Irene Nguene ƙwararriyar injiniyar mai ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Kamaru. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministar Harkokin Jama'a ta Kamaru.

== Rayuwar farko ==
Nguene ta fito ne daga ƙauyen Minka (Makak)  a Sashen Nyong-et-Kellé, Yankin Tsakiya, na [[Kamaru|Jamhuriyar Kamaru]] . Tana da digirin farko a fannin injiniyan man fetur daga Cibiyar Haƙar Ma'adinai da Fasaha ta New-Mexico da ke [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Ta kammala karatunta ta hanyar samun takardar shaidar digiri na biyu (&quot;maîtrise&quot;/ Master) a fannin kimiyyar ƙasa daga [[Jami'ar Yaoundé|Jami'ar Yaounde]] . Daga baya ta sami takardar shaidar digiri na musamman a fannin gudanar da kamfanonin mai a HEC Montréal .
[[Fayil:PaulineIreneNguene1.jpg|left|thumb|Ministan Harkokin Jama'a na Kamaru, bikin da aka yi a Babban Taron Cibiyar Gyaran Nakasassu ta LEGER (CNRPH-CPEL), Yaounde, a ranar Litinin.]]

== Nazarin ==
1-Cibiyar Haƙar Ma'adinai da Fasaha ta New-Mexico a Amurka: Digiri na farko a fannin injiniyan man fetur; 2-Jami'ar Yaounde: difloma ta gaba da digiri (&quot;maîtrise&quot;/Master) a fannin kimiyyar ƙasa; 3-Manyan Nazarin Kasuwanci (HEC) - Montreal a Kanada: Takardun Digiri na Musamman a Gudanar da Kamfanonin Mai;

== Sana'a ==
Ta koma Kamaru a shekarar 1983. Bayan 'yan shekaru, an nada ta a matsayin Shugaba na Sabis don Binciken Hydrocarbons a Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai, Ruwa da Makamashi. Yayinda take aiki a wannan Ma'aikatar, ta kammala karatunta a fannin injiniya a Jami'ar Yaounde inda ta sami difloma na digiri (&quot;maîtrise&quot;) a kimiyyar ƙasa. Bayan ta sami tallafin karatu na ACDI ([[Kanada]]) don karatu a Makarantar Nazarin Kasuwanci mafi girma a Montreal, ta sami Digiri na Musamman a cikin gudanar da kamfanonin mai a wannan ma'aikatar a shekarar 1988. Daga 1991 zuwa 2009, Mrs. NGUENE ta ci gaba da rike wadannan mukamai a Ofishin Firayim Minista:

* Mai Haɗawa (1991-1992);
* Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin (1992-2001);
* Mai Ba da Shawara kan Fasaha (2001-2009).

A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, an nada ta ta ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban kasa a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka don Kwarewar Kwarewar Kasuwanci (CARPA), wata hukuma da ke kula da aiwatar da Hadin gwiwar Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu (PPP) a Kamaru. A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2015, an nada ta Ministan SOCIAL AFFAIRS . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Nguene née Kendeck Pauline Irène – Portail du gouvernement du Cameroun |url=https://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/gouvernement/composition/nguene-nee-kendeck-pauline-irene.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20151015000000/http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/gouvernement/composition/nguene-nee-kendeck-pauline-irene.html |archive-date=October 15, 2015 |access-date=August 17, 2018 |website=spm.gov.cm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 2016, Mrs. NGUENE ita ce shugabar kwamitin daraktoci na Cibiyar Kula da Kaddada Paul Emile LEGER ta Kasa don Maido da Kwararrun (CNRPH-CPEL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Madame Nguene, née Kendeck Pauline Irène est le nouveau PCA du CNRPH Cardinal Paul Emile Leger |url=https://presidenceducameroun.com/en/news |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20080608000000/http://www.presidenceducameroun.com/news/?lang=fr |archive-date=June 8, 2008 |access-date=August 17, 2018 |website=presidenceducameroun.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasu manyan ayyuka na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a ==
-Gyara da sabunta Cibiyar Yara ta Kamaru (l'institution Camerounaise de l'Enfance (ICE)) ta Betamba  a Ntui (Yankin Tsakiya); -Gina Cibiyar Gyaran Gaggawa ga Nakasassu (CRPH) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SITE WEB MINAS - Vacances citoyennes et patriotiques |url=http://minas.cm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=153&amp;Itemid=177&amp;lang=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Marwa|Maroua]] (Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa); -Yaƙi da wariyar al'umma da kuma aiwatar da harkokin kasuwanci na zamantakewa; - Sanya Rijistar Jama'a Mai Haɗaka (taswirar mutanen da ke cikin mawuyacin hali a zamantakewa); -Zamanin zamani na Cibiyar Kula da Nakasassu ta Kasa ta Cardinal Paul Emile LEGER (CNRPH-CPEL).

== Bambancin Daraja ==
Babban Jami'in Umarni na Valour (2019).

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>j2gmootjxshmev1k2i9ttg8u36jxlsm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Louise Dupré</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147045</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816202</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:15:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343598839|Louise Dupré]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816202</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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[[Fayil:Louise_Dupré.jpg|thumb|Louise Dupré a Montreal a cikin 2016]]
Yar Cécile Paré da Arthur Dupré, an haife ta ne a Sherbrooke kuma ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Sherbrooke da Jami'ar Montréal, ta sami PhD a cikin adabi daga wannan ma'aikatar. Daga 1981 zuwa 1984, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar buga littattafai ta Éditions du Remue-Ménage . A shekara ta 1988, ta zama memba na kwamitin edita na mujallar Voix et Images: Littérature québécoise; ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta daga 1995 zuwa 1998. Ta koyar a Jami'ar Quebec a Montreal .

Tarin waƙoƙinta La Peau familière (1983) ya sami kyautar Alfred-DesRochers . A shekara ta 1999, an shigar da ita a cikin Académie des lettres du Québec kuma, a shekara ta 2002, zuwa Royal Society of Canada . &lt;ref name=&quot;lile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dupré, Louise |url=http://www.litterature.org/recherche/ecrivains/dupre-louise-188/ |publisher=Infocentre littéraire des écrivains |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==
Tushen: &lt;ref name=&quot;lile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dupré, Louise |url=http://www.litterature.org/recherche/ecrivains/dupre-louise-188/ |publisher=Infocentre littéraire des écrivains |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.litterature.org/recherche/ecrivains/dupre-louise-188/ &quot;Dupré, Louise&quot;] (in French). Infocentre littéraire des écrivains.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waƙoƙi ===

* ''Noir déjà'', poetry (1993), received the Grand Prix de poésie from the Festival international de Trois-Rivières
* ''Tout près'', Éditions du Noroît, Saint-Hippolyte, 1998, 93 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-89018-403-9}}) New ed. 2021.
* ''Tout comme elle'', play (2006), received the Critics' prize for 2005–2006 in the category Montreal from the Association québécoise des critiques de théâtre
* ''Plus haut que les flammes'' (2011), received the Governor General's Award for French-language poetry and the Grand Prix Québécor from the Festival international de la poésie
* ''La Main hantée'' (2017) won the Governor General's Award for French-language poetry
* ''Exercices de joie'', Éditions du Noroît, Montréal, 2022, 144 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-89766-370-4|978-2-89766-371-1}})
* ''Bleu cendres'' (ill. Armelle Mourier), L'Atelier des Noyers, coll. « Carnets de Couleurs A5 », Perrigny-lès-Dijon, 2024, 40 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-494676-20-6}})

=== Labari ne ===

* La Memoria, littafin (1997), ya sami Prix Ringuet daga Académie des lettres du Québec da kyautar da Société des écrivains Canadiens ta bayar
* ( ) {{ISBN|978-2-89406-313-2}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Andrea Krotthammer: &quot;''&quot;Rayuwar mace ita ce tafiya a kan igiya&quot;.''. &quot; &quot;Rubuce-rubucen funambuleʹa na Louise Dupré a matsayin misali na dangantakar uwa da 'yar&quot;. - Masterarbeit, Universität Innsbruck. An girmama shi da &quot;Lambar Kyautar Kyautar Gwamnatin Quebec&quot; 2016/2017.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]]</text>
      <sha1>o15js8de7d4gy040hj6y8965ftmgxi7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816203</id>
      <parentid>816202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:16:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3004" sha1="qjtp58ecipo3q9anlcmoev5zry9r9mq" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Louise_Dupré.jpg|thumb|Louise Dupré a Montreal a cikin 2016]]
Yar Cécile Paré da Arthur Dupré, an haife ta ne a Sherbrooke kuma ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Sherbrooke da Jami'ar Montréal, ta sami PhD a cikin adabi daga wannan ma'aikatar. Daga 1981 zuwa 1984, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar buga littattafai ta Éditions du Remue-Ménage . A shekara ta 1988, ta zama memba na kwamitin edita na mujallar Voix et Images: Littérature québécoise; ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta daga 1995 zuwa 1998. Ta koyar a Jami'ar Quebec a Montreal .

Tarin waƙoƙinta La Peau familière (1983) ya sami kyautar Alfred-DesRochers . A shekara ta 1999, an shigar da ita a cikin Académie des lettres du Québec kuma, a shekara ta 2002, zuwa Royal Society of Canada . &lt;ref name=&quot;lile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dupré, Louise |url=http://www.litterature.org/recherche/ecrivains/dupre-louise-188/ |publisher=Infocentre littéraire des écrivains |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==
Tushen: &lt;ref name=&quot;lile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dupré, Louise |url=http://www.litterature.org/recherche/ecrivains/dupre-louise-188/ |publisher=Infocentre littéraire des écrivains |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.litterature.org/recherche/ecrivains/dupre-louise-188/ &quot;Dupré, Louise&quot;] (in French). Infocentre littéraire des écrivains.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waƙoƙi ===

* ''Noir déjà'', poetry (1993), received the Grand Prix de poésie from the Festival international de Trois-Rivières
* ''Tout près'', Éditions du Noroît, Saint-Hippolyte, 1998, 93 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-89018-403-9}}) New ed. 2021.
* ''Tout comme elle'', play (2006), received the Critics' prize for 2005–2006 in the category Montreal from the Association québécoise des critiques de théâtre
* ''Plus haut que les flammes'' (2011), received the Governor General's Award for French-language poetry and the Grand Prix Québécor from the Festival international de la poésie
* ''La Main hantée'' (2017) won the Governor General's Award for French-language poetry
* ''Exercices de joie'', Éditions du Noroît, Montréal, 2022, 144 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-89766-370-4|978-2-89766-371-1}})
* ''Bleu cendres'' (ill. Armelle Mourier), L'Atelier des Noyers, coll. « Carnets de Couleurs A5 », Perrigny-lès-Dijon, 2024, 40 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-494676-20-6}})

=== Labari ne ===

* La Memoria, littafin (1997), ya sami Prix Ringuet daga Académie des lettres du Québec da kyautar da Société des écrivains Canadiens ta bayar
* ( ) {{ISBN|978-2-89406-313-2}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Andrea Krotthammer: &quot;''&quot;Rayuwar mace ita ce tafiya a kan igiya&quot;.''. &quot; &quot;Rubuce-rubucen funambuleʹa na Louise Dupré a matsayin misali na dangantakar uwa da 'yar&quot;. - Masterarbeit, Universität Innsbruck. An girmama shi da &quot;Lambar Kyautar Kyautar Gwamnatin Quebec&quot; 2016/2017.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]]</text>
      <sha1>qjtp58ecipo3q9anlcmoev5zry9r9mq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816217</id>
      <parentid>816203</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:24:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816217</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3245" sha1="pklupae4kyp22rana02m4oh5kzth6rg" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Louise_Dupré.jpg|thumb|Louise Dupré a Montreal a cikin 2016]]
Yar Cécile Paré da Arthur Dupré, an haife ta ne a Sherbrooke kuma ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Sherbrooke da Jami'ar Montréal, ta sami PhD a cikin adabi daga wannan ma'aikatar. Daga 1981 zuwa 1984, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar buga littattafai ta Éditions du Remue-Ménage . A shekara ta 1988, ta zama memba na kwamitin edita na mujallar Voix et Images: Littérature québécoise; ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta daga 1995 zuwa 1998. Ta koyar a Jami'ar Quebec a Montreal .&lt;ref name=elic&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&amp;pg=PA323 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada |page=323 |editor=New, William H |year=2002 |isbn=0-8020-0761-9 |title=Dupré, Louise}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tarin waƙoƙinta La Peau familière (1983) ya sami kyautar Alfred-DesRochers . A shekara ta 1999, an shigar da ita a cikin Académie des lettres du Québec kuma, a shekara ta 2002, zuwa Royal Society of Canada . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;lile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dupré, Louise |url=http://www.litterature.org/recherche/ecrivains/dupre-louise-188/ |publisher=Infocentre littéraire des écrivains |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==
Tushen: &lt;ref name=&quot;lile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dupré, Louise |url=http://www.litterature.org/recherche/ecrivains/dupre-louise-188/ |publisher=Infocentre littéraire des écrivains |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.litterature.org/recherche/ecrivains/dupre-louise-188/ &quot;Dupré, Louise&quot;] (in French). Infocentre littéraire des écrivains.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waƙoƙi ===

* ''Noir déjà'', poetry (1993), received the Grand Prix de poésie from the Festival international de Trois-Rivières
* ''Tout près'', Éditions du Noroît, Saint-Hippolyte, 1998, 93 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-89018-403-9}}) New ed. 2021.
* ''Tout comme elle'', play (2006), received the Critics' prize for 2005–2006 in the category Montreal from the Association québécoise des critiques de théâtre
* ''Plus haut que les flammes'' (2011), received the Governor General's Award for French-language poetry and the Grand Prix Québécor from the Festival international de la poésie
* ''La Main hantée'' (2017) won the Governor General's Award for French-language poetry
* ''Exercices de joie'', Éditions du Noroît, Montréal, 2022, 144 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-89766-370-4|978-2-89766-371-1}})
* ''Bleu cendres'' (ill. Armelle Mourier), L'Atelier des Noyers, coll. « Carnets de Couleurs A5 », Perrigny-lès-Dijon, 2024, 40 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-494676-20-6}})

=== Labari ne ===

* La Memoria, littafin (1997), ya sami Prix Ringuet daga Académie des lettres du Québec da kyautar da Société des écrivains Canadiens ta bayar
* ( ) {{ISBN|978-2-89406-313-2}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Andrea Krotthammer: &quot;''&quot;Rayuwar mace ita ce tafiya a kan igiya&quot;.''. &quot; &quot;Rubuce-rubucen funambuleʹa na Louise Dupré a matsayin misali na dangantakar uwa da 'yar&quot;. - Masterarbeit, Universität Innsbruck. An girmama shi da &quot;Lambar Kyautar Kyautar Gwamnatin Quebec&quot; 2016/2017.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]]</text>
      <sha1>pklupae4kyp22rana02m4oh5kzth6rg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emem Essien</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816204</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:18:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346242992|Emem Essien]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7221" sha1="q8tc6deicoo0o2d3cjyq696d69lll6y" xml:space="preserve">'''Emem Peace Essien''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2001) ƙwararriyar ' yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta mata wacce a halin yanzu take bugawa Kickstart FC a gasar Indian Women's League . &lt;ref name=&quot;CAF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Emem Essien: A journey from street football to continental glory |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/emem-essien-a-journey-from-street-football-to-continental-glory/ |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

 
== Aikin kulob ==
Bayan ta buga wasa a kungiyoyi kamar Ibom Angels, Sunshine Queens da [[Bayelsa Queens F.C.|Bayelsa Queens]], Emem Essien ta koma Edo Queens a 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;Essien&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=My dream is to help Nigeria win World Cup - Emem Essien |url=https://punchng.com/my-dream-is-to-help-nigeria-win-world-cup-emem-essien/ |website=Punch Newspapers}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=Flying Officers Cup 2021: Emem Essien lifts Edo Queens past Confluence Queens into final |url=https://www.sports247.ng/flying-officers-cup-2021-emem-essien-lifts-edo-queens-past-confluence-queens-into-final-as-fc-robo-queens-ends-osun-babes-dream/ |website=Sports247}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance muhimmiyar rawa ga rawar da Edo Queens ta taka a kakar wasa ta 2023–24, wanda ya sa suka lashe gasar kuma suka cancanci shiga gasar zakarun CAF a karon farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=NWFL Playoffs: Edo Queens win first-ever league title |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/697983-nwfl-playoffs-edo-queens-win-first-ever-league-title.html |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan kakar, ta zura kwallaye 6 kuma an zabe ta a matsayin 'yar wasa mafi daraja a kakar wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Edo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=&quot;No room for complacency&quot; - Emem Essien leads Edo Queens with steely resolve |url=https://www.sports247.ng/no-room-for-complacency-emem-essien-leads-edo-queens-with-steely-resolve/ |website=Sports247}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasannin share fagen shiga gasar zakarun CAF ta 2024, ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye da kwallaye 6. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=CAFWCL: Emem Essien eye top finish with Edo Queens |url=https://nigeriasoccernet.com/cafwcl-emem-essien-eye-top-finish-with-edo-queens |website=Nigeria Soccer Net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ci kwallaye uku a babban gasar; inda ta ci kwallaye a matakin rukuni a nasarar da ta samu a kan kungiyar CBE ta Habasha da Mamelodi Sundowns, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 November 2024 |title=Dominant Edo Queens victorious over CBE with commanding win |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/dominant-edo-queens-victorious-over-cbe-with-commanding-win/ |website=CAF}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=Emem Essien bags Woman of the Match award after epic performance |url=https://naijafeministsmedia.org.ng/emem-essien-bags-woman-of-the-march-award-after-epic-performance/ |website=Naija Feminists Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta lashe kyautar 'Woman of the Match', kwallo daya tilo da ta ci a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun TP Mazembe a wasan kusa da na karshe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=TP Mazembe deny Edo Queens historic CAF Women's Champions League final |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/755612-tp-mazembe-deny-edo-queens-historic-caf-womens-champions-league-final-ticket.html |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Essien&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=My dream is to help Nigeria win World Cup - Emem Essien |url=https://punchng.com/my-dream-is-to-help-nigeria-win-world-cup-emem-essien/ |website=Punch Newspapers}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://punchng.com/my-dream-is-to-help-nigeria-win-world-cup-emem-essien/ &quot;My dream is to help Nigeria win World Cup - Emem Essien&quot;]. ''Punch Newspapers''. 16 May 2025.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Aikinta a wannan shekarar ya sa aka zabe ta a matsayin 'yar wasan CAF Interclub na shekara ta 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Edo Queens' Essien, Oyono Nominated for CAF Interclub |url=https://firstdaily.ng/edo-queens-essien-oyono-nominated-for-caf-interclub-player-award/ |website=First Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The following season, she scored 7 goals in the 2024–25 NWFL, finishing as one of the top scorers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=NWFL Super Six: Emem Essien and other top stars to watch out for |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/story/nwfl-super-six-emem-essien-and-other-top-stars-to-watch-out-for-2025050911000670807 |website=Pulse Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Edo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=&quot;No room for complacency&quot; - Emem Essien leads Edo Queens with steely resolve |url=https://www.sports247.ng/no-room-for-complacency-emem-essien-leads-edo-queens-with-steely-resolve/ |website=Sports247}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports247.ng/no-room-for-complacency-emem-essien-leads-edo-queens-with-steely-resolve/ &quot;&quot;No room for complacency&quot; - Emem Essien leads Edo Queens with steely resolve&quot;]. ''Sports247''. 9 May 2025.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2025, ta koma ƙungiyar Kickstart FC ta Indiya bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci da ta yi da Bayelsa Queens . [1]

== Aikin ƙungiyar ƙasa ==
A watan Mayun 2025, an kira ta zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya]] a wasannin sada zumunci da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kamaru|Kamaru]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2025 |title=Ememe Essie ready for Cameroon friendly |url=https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/super-falcons-emem-essien-ready-for-cameroon-friendly/ |website=Pan Africa Football}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=Falcons to face Cameroon in Ikenne, Abeokuta |url=https://punchng.com/falcons-to-face-cameroon-in-ikenne-abeokuta/ |website=The Punch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ta fito daga dangin 'ya'yana. Ta ayyana mahaifinta a matsayin mai ba ta shawara. &lt;ref name=&quot;CAF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Emem Essien: A journey from street football to continental glory |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/emem-essien-a-journey-from-street-football-to-continental-glory/ |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/emem-essien-a-journey-from-street-football-to-continental-glory/ &quot;Emem Essien: A journey from street football to continental glory&quot;]. ''[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]''. 21 November 2024.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Essien&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=My dream is to help Nigeria win World Cup - Emem Essien |url=https://punchng.com/my-dream-is-to-help-nigeria-win-world-cup-emem-essien/ |website=Punch Newspapers}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://punchng.com/my-dream-is-to-help-nigeria-win-world-cup-emem-essien/ &quot;My dream is to help Nigeria win World Cup - Emem Essien&quot;]. ''Punch Newspapers''. 16 May 2025.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==

* [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Najeriya|Gasar Firimiya ta NWFL]] : 2023–24
* MVP na NWFL : 2024

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>q8tc6deicoo0o2d3cjyq696d69lll6y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816205</id>
      <parentid>816204</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:18:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>816205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7234" sha1="h4bhgpcmazu8o931fgg89a3ki5rx9h1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Emem Peace Essien''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2001) ƙwararriyar ' yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta mata wacce a halin yanzu take bugawa Kickstart FC a gasar Indian Women's League . &lt;ref name=&quot;CAF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Emem Essien: A journey from street football to continental glory |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/emem-essien-a-journey-from-street-football-to-continental-glory/ |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

 
== Aikin kulob ==
Bayan ta buga wasa a kungiyoyi kamar Ibom Angels, Sunshine Queens da [[Bayelsa Queens F.C.|Bayelsa Queens]], Emem Essien ta koma Edo Queens a 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;Essien&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=My dream is to help Nigeria win World Cup - Emem Essien |url=https://punchng.com/my-dream-is-to-help-nigeria-win-world-cup-emem-essien/ |website=Punch Newspapers}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=Flying Officers Cup 2021: Emem Essien lifts Edo Queens past Confluence Queens into final |url=https://www.sports247.ng/flying-officers-cup-2021-emem-essien-lifts-edo-queens-past-confluence-queens-into-final-as-fc-robo-queens-ends-osun-babes-dream/ |website=Sports247}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance muhimmiyar rawa ga rawar da Edo Queens ta taka a kakar wasa ta 2023–24, wanda ya sa suka lashe gasar kuma suka cancanci shiga gasar zakarun CAF a karon farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=NWFL Playoffs: Edo Queens win first-ever league title |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/697983-nwfl-playoffs-edo-queens-win-first-ever-league-title.html |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan kakar, ta zura kwallaye 6 kuma an zabe ta a matsayin 'yar wasa mafi daraja a kakar wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Edo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=&quot;No room for complacency&quot; - Emem Essien leads Edo Queens with steely resolve |url=https://www.sports247.ng/no-room-for-complacency-emem-essien-leads-edo-queens-with-steely-resolve/ |website=Sports247}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasannin share fagen shiga gasar zakarun CAF ta 2024, ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye da kwallaye 6. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=CAFWCL: Emem Essien eye top finish with Edo Queens |url=https://nigeriasoccernet.com/cafwcl-emem-essien-eye-top-finish-with-edo-queens |website=Nigeria Soccer Net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ci kwallaye uku a babban gasar; inda ta ci kwallaye a matakin rukuni a nasarar da ta samu a kan kungiyar CBE ta Habasha da Mamelodi Sundowns, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 November 2024 |title=Dominant Edo Queens victorious over CBE with commanding win |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/dominant-edo-queens-victorious-over-cbe-with-commanding-win/ |website=CAF}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=Emem Essien bags Woman of the Match award after epic performance |url=https://naijafeministsmedia.org.ng/emem-essien-bags-woman-of-the-march-award-after-epic-performance/ |website=Naija Feminists Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta lashe kyautar 'Woman of the Match', kwallo daya tilo da ta ci a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun TP Mazembe a wasan kusa da na karshe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=TP Mazembe deny Edo Queens historic CAF Women's Champions League final |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/755612-tp-mazembe-deny-edo-queens-historic-caf-womens-champions-league-final-ticket.html |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Essien&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=My dream is to help Nigeria win World Cup - Emem Essien |url=https://punchng.com/my-dream-is-to-help-nigeria-win-world-cup-emem-essien/ |website=Punch Newspapers}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://punchng.com/my-dream-is-to-help-nigeria-win-world-cup-emem-essien/ &quot;My dream is to help Nigeria win World Cup - Emem Essien&quot;]. ''Punch Newspapers''. 16 May 2025.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Aikinta a wannan shekarar ya sa aka zabe ta a matsayin 'yar wasan CAF Interclub na shekara ta 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Edo Queens' Essien, Oyono Nominated for CAF Interclub |url=https://firstdaily.ng/edo-queens-essien-oyono-nominated-for-caf-interclub-player-award/ |website=First Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The following season, she scored 7 goals in the 2024–25 NWFL, finishing as one of the top scorers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=NWFL Super Six: Emem Essien and other top stars to watch out for |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/story/nwfl-super-six-emem-essien-and-other-top-stars-to-watch-out-for-2025050911000670807 |website=Pulse Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Edo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=&quot;No room for complacency&quot; - Emem Essien leads Edo Queens with steely resolve |url=https://www.sports247.ng/no-room-for-complacency-emem-essien-leads-edo-queens-with-steely-resolve/ |website=Sports247}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports247.ng/no-room-for-complacency-emem-essien-leads-edo-queens-with-steely-resolve/ &quot;&quot;No room for complacency&quot; - Emem Essien leads Edo Queens with steely resolve&quot;]. ''Sports247''. 9 May 2025.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2025, ta koma ƙungiyar Kickstart FC ta Indiya bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci da ta yi da Bayelsa Queens . [1]

== Aikin ƙungiyar ƙasa ==
A watan Mayun 2025, an kira ta zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya]] a wasannin sada zumunci da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kamaru|Kamaru]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2025 |title=Ememe Essie ready for Cameroon friendly |url=https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/super-falcons-emem-essien-ready-for-cameroon-friendly/ |website=Pan Africa Football}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=Falcons to face Cameroon in Ikenne, Abeokuta |url=https://punchng.com/falcons-to-face-cameroon-in-ikenne-abeokuta/ |website=The Punch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ta fito daga dangin 'ya'yana. Ta ayyana mahaifinta a matsayin mai ba ta shawara. &lt;ref name=&quot;CAF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Emem Essien: A journey from street football to continental glory |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/emem-essien-a-journey-from-street-football-to-continental-glory/ |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/emem-essien-a-journey-from-street-football-to-continental-glory/ &quot;Emem Essien: A journey from street football to continental glory&quot;]. ''[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]''. 21 November 2024.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Essien&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=My dream is to help Nigeria win World Cup - Emem Essien |url=https://punchng.com/my-dream-is-to-help-nigeria-win-world-cup-emem-essien/ |website=Punch Newspapers}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://punchng.com/my-dream-is-to-help-nigeria-win-world-cup-emem-essien/ &quot;My dream is to help Nigeria win World Cup - Emem Essien&quot;]. ''Punch Newspapers''. 16 May 2025.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==

* [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Najeriya|Gasar Firimiya ta NWFL]] : 2023–24
* MVP na NWFL : 2024

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>h4bhgpcmazu8o931fgg89a3ki5rx9h1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aisha Kabanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816206</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:20:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333226245|Aisha Kabanda]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2915" sha1="dj5i6l8h4u2o7lh5535cmfk2pusajlx" xml:space="preserve">'''Nalule Asha Aisha Kabanda''' 'yar siyasa ce [[Uganda|a ƙasar Uganda,]] kuma wakiliyar mata a majalisar dokoki ta Butambala da dandalin haɗin kan ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aisha Kabanda Wins Butambala Woman MP Seat |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/aisha-kabanda-wins-butambala-woman-mp-seat-}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nalule Asha Aisha Kabanda - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/nalule-asha-aisha-kabanda-10214/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cikakkun bayanai na sirri ==
Aisha Kabanda tana auren Omar Kalinge-Nnyago, manajan bincike da ilmantarwa na kamfanin ba da shawara na Wasafiri na Uganda. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I like his deep voice and accent — Aisha Kabanda |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/106282}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Aisha Kabanda ta fara aikinta a matsayin Kwamishina a birnin Kampala a shekarar 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Female faces emerging on the political horizon |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/female-faces-emerging-on-the-political-horizon-1622966 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=I defeated walk protests - Hashaka |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/i-defeated-walk-protests-hashaka-1566020 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi murabus ta kuma tsaya takarar wakiliyar Mata na Gundumar Butambala, a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kampala RCC Aisha Kabanda quits for Butambala |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1331570 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana riƙe da matsayin mataimakiyar sakatare janar na Dandalin Haɗin Kan Ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NUP’s Deputy Secretary General Aisha Kabanda released |url=https://whispereye.co.ug/2020/10/18/nups-deputy-secretary-general-aisha-kabanda-released/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928152007/https://whispereye.co.ug/2020/10/18/nups-deputy-secretary-general-aisha-kabanda-released/ |archive-date=2023-09-28 |access-date=2022-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I like his deep voice and accent — Aisha Kabanda |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/106282 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kisakye |first=Frank |date=2020-08-04 |title=Jeema, Bobi Wine in war over NUP |url=https://observer.ug/news/jeema-bobi-wine-in-war-over-nup/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=The Observer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Dandalin Haɗin Kan Ƙasa
* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://butambala.go.ug/ Karamar hukumar gundumar Butambala]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2928" sha1="hj02rkap6919q5hna0a0rxstgeml8jn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Nalule Asha Aisha Kabanda''' 'yar siyasa ce [[Uganda|a ƙasar Uganda,]] kuma wakiliyar mata a majalisar dokoki ta Butambala da dandalin haɗin kan ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aisha Kabanda Wins Butambala Woman MP Seat |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/aisha-kabanda-wins-butambala-woman-mp-seat-}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nalule Asha Aisha Kabanda - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/nalule-asha-aisha-kabanda-10214/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cikakkun bayanai na sirri ==
Aisha Kabanda tana auren Omar Kalinge-Nnyago, manajan bincike da ilmantarwa na kamfanin ba da shawara na Wasafiri na Uganda. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I like his deep voice and accent — Aisha Kabanda |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/106282}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Aisha Kabanda ta fara aikinta a matsayin Kwamishina a birnin Kampala a shekarar 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Female faces emerging on the political horizon |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/female-faces-emerging-on-the-political-horizon-1622966 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=I defeated walk protests - Hashaka |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/i-defeated-walk-protests-hashaka-1566020 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi murabus ta kuma tsaya takarar wakiliyar Mata na Gundumar Butambala, a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kampala RCC Aisha Kabanda quits for Butambala |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1331570 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana riƙe da matsayin mataimakiyar sakatare janar na Dandalin Haɗin Kan Ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NUP’s Deputy Secretary General Aisha Kabanda released |url=https://whispereye.co.ug/2020/10/18/nups-deputy-secretary-general-aisha-kabanda-released/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928152007/https://whispereye.co.ug/2020/10/18/nups-deputy-secretary-general-aisha-kabanda-released/ |archive-date=2023-09-28 |access-date=2022-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I like his deep voice and accent — Aisha Kabanda |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/106282 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kisakye |first=Frank |date=2020-08-04 |title=Jeema, Bobi Wine in war over NUP |url=https://observer.ug/news/jeema-bobi-wine-in-war-over-nup/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=The Observer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Dandalin Haɗin Kan Ƙasa
* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://butambala.go.ug/ Karamar hukumar gundumar Butambala]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Archies2804! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Archies2804|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6w899mql8e91qrccsrsff7j0cuo5jub</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816210</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Will629! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Will629|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j7sqhhyvxfbwm3qclrac13yqk58p4u0</sha1>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816212</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DasLabra! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DasLabra|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:9P10LOH</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816213</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="ghh91cxizms4nluid3hys3bg8esc4k6" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 9P10LOH! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/9P10LOH|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ghh91cxizms4nluid3hys3bg8esc4k6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:DédéBösig</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147052</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816214</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1200" sha1="nwfuq6wksu8mna8ysunmaosf4do6tr6" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DédéBösig! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DédéBösig|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>nwfuq6wksu8mna8ysunmaosf4do6tr6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Shayd 2010l</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816215</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:24:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816215</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1198" sha1="ix5eoc741cz34cbthx4yu8gjw8cnmw8" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shayd 2010l! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shayd 2010l|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ix5eoc741cz34cbthx4yu8gjw8cnmw8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Deddy Kuncir Supriadi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816216</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:24:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816216</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1218" sha1="t5ko5xzs726l074o1p07oyg4wm7qhnq" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Deddy Kuncir Supriadi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Deddy Kuncir Supriadi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>t5ko5xzs726l074o1p07oyg4wm7qhnq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Walrasiad</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147055</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816218</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:24:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816218</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="hhjalcevhb1w1q3w5ip3vtm605ncm94" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Walrasiad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Walrasiad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>hhjalcevhb1w1q3w5ip3vtm605ncm94</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mustapha Kabir Dan Iggi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816219</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:24:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816219</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1222" sha1="95azel8jh99ja7133jw5if1ft1a12p4" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mustapha Kabir Dan Iggi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mustapha Kabir Dan Iggi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>95azel8jh99ja7133jw5if1ft1a12p4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Nuhu100</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147057</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816220</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:24:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816220</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="onr5n8yl3pvb10ll5497euwp0llu6l2" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nuhu100! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nuhu100|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>onr5n8yl3pvb10ll5497euwp0llu6l2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Historiesman</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816222</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:24:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816222</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1200" sha1="gxjpa9sbj0fx8j28bxv0py1q2j9y504" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Historiesman! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Historiesman|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gxjpa9sbj0fx8j28bxv0py1q2j9y504</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mdu02</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816223</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:25:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816223</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1186" sha1="t1pe9hybnbpmvkomlilkd4yixkpbqyj" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mdu02! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mdu02|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>t1pe9hybnbpmvkomlilkd4yixkpbqyj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Majoiehoundji</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147060</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816224</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:25:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816224</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1202" sha1="s80twoatrr3qqec7fruexecv9202rrg" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Majoiehoundji! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Majoiehoundji|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>s80twoatrr3qqec7fruexecv9202rrg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sd5605</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816225</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:25:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816225</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1188" sha1="pcc65yhxwzvmb0ccysiqmrbxp0eewfz" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sd5605! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sd5605|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pcc65yhxwzvmb0ccysiqmrbxp0eewfz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Hiheyhoyo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147062</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816226</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:25:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816226</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="pm9ip58ffkbfxjx244bh1xejuanhjjk" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hiheyhoyo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hiheyhoyo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pm9ip58ffkbfxjx244bh1xejuanhjjk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Andy02124</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147063</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816227</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:25:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816227</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="m05onk06zgb7rco25srqpae55v1xmi6" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Andy02124! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Andy02124|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>m05onk06zgb7rco25srqpae55v1xmi6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Luxferuer</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147064</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816228</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:25:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816228</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="182gdthwc1lay5ejcp7fh9ho0llvui5" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Luxferuer! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Luxferuer|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>182gdthwc1lay5ejcp7fh9ho0llvui5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Dan Gwandu</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147065</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816230</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:26:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816230</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="qswp1hoi7evik1eqltt7atykbxejk34" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dan Gwandu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dan Gwandu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qswp1hoi7evik1eqltt7atykbxejk34</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Shulmj077</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147066</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816231</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:26:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816231</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="c3vf5mpft9rftfmbh0h0f9mavpgomtr" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shulmj077! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shulmj077|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>c3vf5mpft9rftfmbh0h0f9mavpgomtr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Hashimu1</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147067</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816232</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:26:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816232</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="p56gj108gc07ro0lr2edvfv9lay41d1" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hashimu1! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hashimu1|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>p56gj108gc07ro0lr2edvfv9lay41d1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Shad.sakr</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816233</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:26:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816233</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="s8tmg0lwxsooc1r2rabwhahon0mkv74" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shad.sakr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shad.sakr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>s8tmg0lwxsooc1r2rabwhahon0mkv74</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:MC.phyn</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816234</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:26:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816234</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="ia9dhvtzaui11aapoxfc70e0kh885ll" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MC.phyn! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MC.phyn|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ia9dhvtzaui11aapoxfc70e0kh885ll</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Yixpoleg</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147070</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816235</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:26:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816235</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="gzcq1x5w7d5pk236w9en9z7qbzyrhhu" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yixpoleg! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yixpoleg|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gzcq1x5w7d5pk236w9en9z7qbzyrhhu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Cryix06</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816236</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:27:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>816236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="me8j8g4hetsz9dz8g5fhtc5gzzigr2c" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cryix06! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cryix06|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>me8j8g4hetsz9dz8g5fhtc5gzzigr2c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mafille Woedikou</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147072</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816239</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:29:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303254606|Mafille Woedikou]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816239</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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Afi Apeafa &quot;Mafille&quot; Woedikou (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1994) ƴar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Togo wacce ke buga wasa a matsayin ƴar wasan gaba a ƙungiyar GPO Kastoria ta Girka da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Togo .

== Aikin kulob ==
Woedikou ya buga wa Athléta FC a Togo da ES Trois Cités Poitiers da AJ Auxerre da FF Yzeure Allier Auvergne a Faransa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Woedikou Mafille, la Togolaise désormais en D2 française |url=https://icilome.com/2021/06/woedikou-mafille-la-togolaise-desormais-en-d2-francaise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://icilome.com/2021/06/woedikou-mafille-la-togolaise-desormais-en-d2-francaise/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Ici Lomé |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Woedikou capped for Togo at senior level during the 2022 Africa Women Cup of Nations qualification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singbo |first=Trinité |date=22 October 2021 |title=Elim CAN (F) 2022 : Le Togo écrase le Sao Tomé-et-Principe |url=https://africafootunited.com/elim-can-f-2022-le-togo-ecrase-le-sao-tome-et-principe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://africafootunited.com/elim-can-f-2022-le-togo-ecrase-le-sao-tome-et-principe/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Africa Foot United |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ===

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamakon sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Togo ta ci.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;
!A'a.
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasar
|-
| 1.
| 19 Fabrairu 2018
| Filin wasa na Robert Champroux, [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]]
|{{Fbw|NGA}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' –3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1–3
| Kofin Mata na WAFU Zone B na 2018
|-
| 2.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 13 Mayu 2019
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Filin wasa na Robert Champroux, [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fbw|SEN}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin Mata na WAFU Zone B na 2019
|-
| 3.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''2''' – 1
|-
| 4.
| 18 Oktoba 2021
| Estádio Nacional 12 de Julho, [[Sao Tomé|São Tomé]], [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé and Principe]]
|{{Fbw|STP}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''2''' – 0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5–0
| Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2022
|-
| 5.
| 29 Yuni 2022
| Stade de Marrakech, [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]], [[Moroko|Morocco]]
|{{Fbw|BOT}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1–1
| Aboki
|-
| 6.
| 6 ga Yuli 2022
| Stade Mohammed V, [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], [[Moroko|Morocco]]
|{{Fbw|CMR}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1–1
| Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2022
|-
| 7.
| 9 ga Yuli 2022
| Stade Moulay Hassan, [[Rabat]], [[Moroko|Morocco]]
|{{Fbw|ZAM}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1–4
| Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2022
|-
| 8.
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 22 Satumba 2023
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Stade de Kegué, [[Lomé]], [[Togo]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{Fbw|DJI}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 7–0
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2024
|-
| 9.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''4''' – 0
|-
| 10.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''6''' – 0
|-
| 11.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''7''' – 0
|-
| 12.
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 26 Satumba 2023
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Stade de Kegué, [[Lomé]], [[Togo]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fbw|DJI}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2024
|-
| 13.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''2''' – 0
|-
| 14.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''4''' – 0
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; | &lt;small&gt;An sabunta shi na ƙarshe a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2023&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Cite web |last=Etia |first=Lise-Laure |date=11 October 2020 |title=Mafille Woedikou Apeafa, première footballeuse togolaise à jouer à l'étranger : portrait d'une battante |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/mafille-woedikou-apeafa-premiere-footballeuse-togolaise-jouer-l-etranger-portrait-d-une |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/mafille-woedikou-apeafa-premiere-footballeuse-togolaise-jouer-l-etranger-portrait-d-une |archive-date=11 February 2022 |website=TV5Monde |language=fr}}{{Cbignore}}
* Mafille Woedikou on Facebook
{{Togo squad 2022 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:29:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
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{{Databox}}

Afi Apeafa &quot;Mafille&quot; Woedikou (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1994) ƴar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Togo wacce ke buga wasa a matsayin ƴar wasan gaba a ƙungiyar GPO Kastoria ta Girka da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Togo .

== Aikin kulob ==
Woedikou ya buga wa Athléta FC a Togo da ES Trois Cités Poitiers da AJ Auxerre da FF Yzeure Allier Auvergne a Faransa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Woedikou Mafille, la Togolaise désormais en D2 française |url=https://icilome.com/2021/06/woedikou-mafille-la-togolaise-desormais-en-d2-francaise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://icilome.com/2021/06/woedikou-mafille-la-togolaise-desormais-en-d2-francaise/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Ici Lomé |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Woedikou capped for Togo at senior level during the 2022 Africa Women Cup of Nations qualification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singbo |first=Trinité |date=22 October 2021 |title=Elim CAN (F) 2022 : Le Togo écrase le Sao Tomé-et-Principe |url=https://africafootunited.com/elim-can-f-2022-le-togo-ecrase-le-sao-tome-et-principe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://africafootunited.com/elim-can-f-2022-le-togo-ecrase-le-sao-tome-et-principe/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Africa Foot United |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ===

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamakon sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Togo ta ci.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;
!A'a.
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasar
|-
| 1.
| 19 Fabrairu 2018
| Filin wasa na Robert Champroux, [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]]
|{{Fbw|NGA}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' –3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1–3
| Kofin Mata na WAFU Zone B na 2018
|-
| 2.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 13 Mayu 2019
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Filin wasa na Robert Champroux, [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fbw|SEN}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin Mata na WAFU Zone B na 2019
|-
| 3.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''2''' – 1
|-
| 4.
| 18 Oktoba 2021
| Estádio Nacional 12 de Julho, [[Sao Tomé|São Tomé]], [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé and Principe]]
|{{Fbw|STP}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''2''' – 0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5–0
| Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2022
|-
| 5.
| 29 Yuni 2022
| Stade de Marrakech, [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]], [[Moroko|Morocco]]
|{{Fbw|BOT}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1–1
| Aboki
|-
| 6.
| 6 ga Yuli 2022
| Stade Mohammed V, [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], [[Moroko|Morocco]]
|{{Fbw|CMR}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1–1
| Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2022
|-
| 7.
| 9 ga Yuli 2022
| Stade Moulay Hassan, [[Rabat]], [[Moroko|Morocco]]
|{{Fbw|ZAM}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1–4
| Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2022
|-
| 8.
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 22 Satumba 2023
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Stade de Kegué, [[Lomé]], [[Togo]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{Fbw|DJI}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 7–0
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2024
|-
| 9.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''4''' – 0
|-
| 10.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''6''' – 0
|-
| 11.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''7''' – 0
|-
| 12.
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 26 Satumba 2023
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Stade de Kegué, [[Lomé]], [[Togo]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fbw|DJI}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2024
|-
| 13.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''2''' – 0
|-
| 14.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''4''' – 0
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; | &lt;small&gt;An sabunta shi na ƙarshe a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2023&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Cite web |last=Etia |first=Lise-Laure |date=11 October 2020 |title=Mafille Woedikou Apeafa, première footballeuse togolaise à jouer à l'étranger : portrait d'une battante |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/mafille-woedikou-apeafa-premiere-footballeuse-togolaise-jouer-l-etranger-portrait-d-une |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/mafille-woedikou-apeafa-premiere-footballeuse-togolaise-jouer-l-etranger-portrait-d-une |archive-date=11 February 2022 |website=TV5Monde |language=fr}}{{Cbignore}}
* Mafille Woedikou on Facebook
{{Togo squad 2022 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abusule dankofa</username>
        <id>24259</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345107479|Leonid Kuchma]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Leonid Danylovych Kuchma''' [ b ] ( Ukrainian  ,  ; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Agusta 1938) ɗan siyasa ne na Ukraine wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ukraine na biyu daga 19 ga Yuli 1994 zuwa 23 ga Janairu 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leonid Kuchma |url=http://president.gov.ua/en/content/history_kuchma.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529221112/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/content/history_kuchma.html |archive-date=29 May 2014 |access-date=29 March 2015 |website=Official web-site of President of Ukraine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Ukraine tilo da ya yi wa'adi biyu, shugabancinsa ya kasance mai cike da kwanciyar hankali a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma inganta dangantakar Rasha da Ukraine, amma a lokaci guda ya kasance tare da koma bayan dimokuradiyya da kuma ci gaban tasirin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Ukraine, da kuma wasu badakaloli da dama.

Bayan ya yi nasara a fannin gina injina na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], Kuchma ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a shekarar 1990, lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Ukraine ( Verkhovna Rada ); an sake zaɓensa a shekarar 1994. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Ukraine tsakanin Oktoba 1992 da Satumba 1993. Kuchma ya karɓi mulki bayan ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1994 a kan abokin hamayyarsa, shugaban ƙasa mai ci Leonid Kravchuk . Kuchma ya sake lashe zaɓe na ƙarin wa'adi na shekaru biyar a 1999. Cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙaru bayan zaɓen Kuchma a 1994, amma a tsakanin 2000-2001, ikonsa ya fara raguwa a fuskar fallasa a kafofin watsa labarai. 

Gwamnatin Kuchma ta fara kamfen na takunkumin kafofin watsa labarai a shekarar 1999, wanda ya haifar da kama 'yan jarida, mutuwar Georgiy Gongadze, da kuma abin kunya na Cassette da kuma zanga-zangar jama'a . [1] Tattalin arzikin Ukraine ya ci gaba da raguwa har zuwa 1999, yayin da aka sami ci gaba tun daga 2000, wanda ya kawo wadata ga wasu sassan mazauna birane. A lokacin shugabancinsa, dangantakar Ukraine da Rasha ta fara inganta. [2] Kuchma ya ki neman wa'adi na uku a kan mulki, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan dan takarar Jam'iyyar Yankuna Viktor Yanukovych a zaben 2004. Bayan zanga-zangar jama'a kan zargin magudin zabe wanda ya rikide zuwa juyin juya halin Orange, Kuchma ya dauki matsaya tsakani kuma ya kasance mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Viktor Yushchenko da Viktor Yanukovych. Tsakanin 2014 da 2020, Kuchma ya kasance wakilin shugaban kasa na musamman na Ukraine a tattaunawar zaman lafiya game da yakin Donbas .

Gadon Kuchma ya zama abin cece-kuce, kuma majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana shi a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya . Cin hanci da rashawa da kuma takunkumin kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Kuchma suna ci gaba da yin tasiri ga Ukraine a yau, kuma ana zarginsa da haɓaka mulkin kama-karya .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Leonid Danylovych Kuchma a ƙauyen Chaikyne da ke yankin karkara na Chernihiv a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1938. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leonid Kuchma {{!}} president of Ukraine |url=http://global.britannica.com/biography/Leonid-Kuchma |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa, Danylo Prokopovych Kuchma (1901–1942) ya ji rauni a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] kuma daga ƙarshe ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a asibitin filin wasa #756 (kusa da ƙauyen Novoselytsia) lokacin Leonid yana ɗan shekara huɗu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=single {{!}} The Jamestown Foundation |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D=11795&amp;tx_ttnews%255BbackPid%255D=213&amp;no_cache=1#.VlNnVPmrTIU |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=www.jamestown.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Engology,Engineer, Leonid Kuchma – President of the Ukraine |url=http://www.engology.com/eng5kuchma.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030923160423/http://www.engology.com/eng5kuchma.htm |archive-date=2003-09-23 |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=www.engology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarsa Paraska Trokhymivna Kuchma tana aiki a kan kolkhoz . 

Kuchma ya halarci makarantar koyar da manyan makarantu ta Kostobobriv da ke makwabtaka da Semenivka Raion . Daga baya ya shiga Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Dnipropetrovsk kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1960 da digiri a fannin injiniyan injiniya (babban injiniyan sararin samaniya ), daga ƙarshe ya zama ɗan takarar kimiyyar fasaha .  A shekarar 1960 ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet . 

== Aiki kafin shugabancin ƙasa ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Kuchma ya yi aiki a fannin injiniyan sararin samaniya a Ofishin Zane na Yuzhnoye da ke [[Dnipro|Dnipropetrovsk]] . Yana da shekaru 28 ya zama darektan gwaji na Ofishin da aka tura a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Baikonur .

Wasu masu lura da harkokin siyasa sun nuna cewa farkon rayuwar Kuchma ta samu ƙaruwa sosai sakamakon aurensa da Lyudmyla Talalayeva, 'yar da Gennadiy Tumanov ya ɗauka, babban jami'in injiniya na Yuzhmash kuma daga baya Ministan Gina Injin Tsakiya na Tarayyar Soviet.  

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 38, Kuchma ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar Kwaminis a Yuzhny Machine-building Plant kuma memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ukraine . Ya kasance wakili na Majalisar Dokoki ta 27 da 28 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Kuchma ya yi suka ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a fili. 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]]
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'''Leonid Danylovych Kuchma''' [ b ] ( Ukrainian  ,  ; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Agusta 1938) ɗan siyasa ne na Ukraine wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ukraine na biyu daga 19 ga Yuli 1994 zuwa 23 ga Janairu 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leonid Kuchma |url=http://president.gov.ua/en/content/history_kuchma.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529221112/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/content/history_kuchma.html |archive-date=29 May 2014 |access-date=29 March 2015 |website=Official web-site of President of Ukraine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Ukraine tilo da ya yi wa'adi biyu, shugabancinsa ya kasance mai cike da kwanciyar hankali a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma inganta dangantakar Rasha da Ukraine, amma a lokaci guda ya kasance tare da koma bayan dimokuradiyya da kuma ci gaban tasirin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Ukraine, da kuma wasu badakaloli da dama.

Bayan ya yi nasara a fannin gina injina na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], Kuchma ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a shekarar 1990, lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Ukraine ( Verkhovna Rada ); an sake zaɓensa a shekarar 1994. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Ukraine tsakanin Oktoba 1992 da Satumba 1993. Kuchma ya karɓi mulki bayan ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1994 a kan abokin hamayyarsa, shugaban ƙasa mai ci Leonid Kravchuk . Kuchma ya sake lashe zaɓe na ƙarin wa'adi na shekaru biyar a 1999. Cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙaru bayan zaɓen Kuchma a 1994, amma a tsakanin 2000-2001, ikonsa ya fara raguwa a fuskar fallasa a kafofin watsa labarai. 

Gwamnatin Kuchma ta fara kamfen na takunkumin kafofin watsa labarai a shekarar 1999, wanda ya haifar da kama 'yan jarida, mutuwar Georgiy Gongadze, da kuma abin kunya na Cassette da kuma zanga-zangar jama'a . [1] Tattalin arzikin Ukraine ya ci gaba da raguwa har zuwa 1999, yayin da aka sami ci gaba tun daga 2000, wanda ya kawo wadata ga wasu sassan mazauna birane. A lokacin shugabancinsa, dangantakar Ukraine da Rasha ta fara inganta. [2] Kuchma ya ki neman wa'adi na uku a kan mulki, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan dan takarar Jam'iyyar Yankuna Viktor Yanukovych a zaben 2004. Bayan zanga-zangar jama'a kan zargin magudin zabe wanda ya rikide zuwa juyin juya halin Orange, Kuchma ya dauki matsaya tsakani kuma ya kasance mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Viktor Yushchenko da Viktor Yanukovych. Tsakanin 2014 da 2020, Kuchma ya kasance wakilin shugaban kasa na musamman na Ukraine a tattaunawar zaman lafiya game da yakin Donbas .

Gadon Kuchma ya zama abin cece-kuce, kuma majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana shi a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya . Cin hanci da rashawa da kuma takunkumin kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Kuchma suna ci gaba da yin tasiri ga Ukraine a yau, kuma ana zarginsa da haɓaka mulkin kama-karya .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Leonid Danylovych Kuchma a ƙauyen Chaikyne da ke yankin karkara na Chernihiv a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1938. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leonid Kuchma {{!}} president of Ukraine |url=http://global.britannica.com/biography/Leonid-Kuchma |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa, Danylo Prokopovych Kuchma (1901–1942) ya ji rauni a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] kuma daga ƙarshe ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a asibitin filin wasa #756 (kusa da ƙauyen Novoselytsia) lokacin Leonid yana ɗan shekara huɗu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=single {{!}} The Jamestown Foundation |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D=11795&amp;tx_ttnews%255BbackPid%255D=213&amp;no_cache=1#.VlNnVPmrTIU |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=www.jamestown.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Engology,Engineer, Leonid Kuchma – President of the Ukraine |url=http://www.engology.com/eng5kuchma.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030923160423/http://www.engology.com/eng5kuchma.htm |archive-date=2003-09-23 |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=www.engology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarsa Paraska Trokhymivna Kuchma tana aiki a kan kolkhoz . 

Kuchma ya halarci makarantar koyar da manyan makarantu ta Kostobobriv da ke makwabtaka da Semenivka Raion . Daga baya ya shiga Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Dnipropetrovsk kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1960 da digiri a fannin injiniyan injiniya (babban injiniyan sararin samaniya ), daga ƙarshe ya zama ɗan takarar kimiyyar fasaha .  A shekarar 1960 ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet . 

== Aiki kafin shugabancin ƙasa ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Kuchma ya yi aiki a fannin injiniyan sararin samaniya a Ofishin Zane na Yuzhnoye da ke [[Dnipro|Dnipropetrovsk]] . Yana da shekaru 28 ya zama darektan gwaji na Ofishin da aka tura a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Baikonur .

Wasu masu lura da harkokin siyasa sun nuna cewa farkon rayuwar Kuchma ta samu ƙaruwa sosai sakamakon aurensa da Lyudmyla Talalayeva, 'yar da Gennadiy Tumanov ya ɗauka, babban jami'in injiniya na Yuzhmash kuma daga baya Ministan Gina Injin Tsakiya na Tarayyar Soviet.  

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 38, Kuchma ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar Kwaminis a Yuzhny Machine-building Plant kuma memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ukraine . Ya kasance wakili na Majalisar Dokoki ta 27 da 28 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Kuchma ya yi suka ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a fili. 
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'''Leonid Danylovych Kuchma''' [ b ] ( Ukrainian  ,  ; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Agusta 1938) ɗan siyasa ne na Ukraine wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ukraine na biyu daga 19 ga Yuli 1994 zuwa 23 ga Janairu 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leonid Kuchma |url=http://president.gov.ua/en/content/history_kuchma.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529221112/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/content/history_kuchma.html |archive-date=29 May 2014 |access-date=29 March 2015 |website=Official web-site of President of Ukraine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Ukraine tilo da ya yi wa'adi biyu, shugabancinsa ya kasance mai cike da kwanciyar hankali a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma inganta dangantakar Rasha da Ukraine, amma a lokaci guda ya kasance tare da koma bayan dimokuradiyya da kuma ci gaban tasirin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Ukraine, da kuma wasu badakaloli da dama.

Bayan ya yi nasara a fannin gina injina na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], Kuchma ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a shekarar 1990, lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Ukraine ( Verkhovna Rada ); an sake zaɓensa a shekarar 1994. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Ukraine tsakanin Oktoba 1992 da Satumba 1993. Kuchma ya karɓi mulki bayan ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1994 a kan abokin hamayyarsa, shugaban ƙasa mai ci Leonid Kravchuk . Kuchma ya sake lashe zaɓe na ƙarin wa'adi na shekaru biyar a 1999. Cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙaru bayan zaɓen Kuchma a 1994, amma a tsakanin 2000-2001, ikonsa ya fara raguwa a fuskar fallasa a kafofin watsa labarai. 

Gwamnatin Kuchma ta fara kamfen na takunkumin kafofin watsa labarai a shekarar 1999, wanda ya haifar da kama 'yan jarida, mutuwar Georgiy Gongadze, da kuma abin kunya na Cassette da kuma zanga-zangar jama'a . [1] Tattalin arzikin Ukraine ya ci gaba da raguwa har zuwa 1999, yayin da aka sami ci gaba tun daga 2000, wanda ya kawo wadata ga wasu sassan mazauna birane. A lokacin shugabancinsa, dangantakar Ukraine da Rasha ta fara inganta. [2] Kuchma ya ki neman wa'adi na uku a kan mulki, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan dan takarar Jam'iyyar Yankuna Viktor Yanukovych a zaben 2004. Bayan zanga-zangar jama'a kan zargin magudin zabe wanda ya rikide zuwa juyin juya halin Orange, Kuchma ya dauki matsaya tsakani kuma ya kasance mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Viktor Yushchenko da Viktor Yanukovych. Tsakanin 2014 da 2020, Kuchma ya kasance wakilin shugaban kasa na musamman na Ukraine a tattaunawar zaman lafiya game da yakin Donbas .

Gadon Kuchma ya zama abin cece-kuce, kuma majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana shi a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya . Cin hanci da rashawa da kuma takunkumin kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Kuchma suna ci gaba da yin tasiri ga Ukraine a yau, kuma ana zarginsa da haɓaka mulkin kama-karya .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Leonid Danylovych Kuchma a ƙauyen Chaikyne da ke yankin karkara na Chernihiv a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1938. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leonid Kuchma {{!}} president of Ukraine |url=http://global.britannica.com/biography/Leonid-Kuchma |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa, Danylo Prokopovych Kuchma (1901–1942) ya ji rauni a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] kuma daga ƙarshe ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a asibitin filin wasa #756 (kusa da ƙauyen Novoselytsia) lokacin Leonid yana ɗan shekara huɗu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=single {{!}} The Jamestown Foundation |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D=11795&amp;tx_ttnews%255BbackPid%255D=213&amp;no_cache=1#.VlNnVPmrTIU |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=www.jamestown.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Engology,Engineer, Leonid Kuchma – President of the Ukraine |url=http://www.engology.com/eng5kuchma.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030923160423/http://www.engology.com/eng5kuchma.htm |archive-date=2003-09-23 |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=www.engology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarsa Paraska Trokhymivna Kuchma tana aiki a kan kolkhoz . 

Kuchma ya halarci makarantar koyar da manyan makarantu ta Kostobobriv da ke makwabtaka da Semenivka Raion . Daga baya ya shiga Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Dnipropetrovsk kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1960 da digiri a fannin injiniyan injiniya (babban injiniyan sararin samaniya ), daga ƙarshe ya zama ɗan takarar kimiyyar fasaha .  A shekarar 1960 ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet . 

== Aiki kafin shugabancin ƙasa ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Kuchma ya yi aiki a fannin injiniyan sararin samaniya a Ofishin Zane na Yuzhnoye da ke [[Dnipro|Dnipropetrovsk]] . Yana da shekaru 28 ya zama darektan gwaji na Ofishin da aka tura a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Baikonur .

Wasu masu lura da harkokin siyasa sun nuna cewa farkon rayuwar Kuchma ta samu ƙaruwa sosai sakamakon aurensa da Lyudmyla Talalayeva, 'yar da Gennadiy Tumanov ya ɗauka, babban jami'in injiniya na Yuzhmash kuma daga baya Ministan Gina Injin Tsakiya na Tarayyar Soviet.  

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 38, Kuchma ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar Kwaminis a Yuzhny Machine-building Plant kuma memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ukraine . Ya kasance wakili na Majalisar Dokoki ta 27 da 28 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Kuchma ya yi suka ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a fili. 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]]
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===Manazarta===</text>
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    <title>Jennifer Riria</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344445423|Jennifer Riria]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Jennifer Riria''', is a Kenyan businesswoman, corporate executive, [[Banki|banker]], and academic who serves as the group chief executive officer of '''Kenya Women Holding Group''', a microfinance, banking and insurance group serving nearly one million mostly rural Kenyan women.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melanie Hawken |date=12 January 2012 |title=Dr Jennifer Riria: The start up story of an inspiring entrepreneur who has transformed the lives of millions of Kenyan women |url=http://www.lionessesofafrica.com/blog/2015/1/11/dr-jennifer-riria-the-start-up-story-of-a-inspiring-entrepreneur-who-has-transformed-the-lives-of-hundreds-of-thousands-of-kenyan-women |access-date=3 March 2018 |publisher=Lionessesofafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kahongeh |first=James |date=18 January 2018 |title=Riria: There is no worrying crisis among boys |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/mynetwork/Jennifer-Riria-Kenya-Women-Holding-CEO/3141096-4268122-mafojaz/index.html |access-date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murathe |first=Eunice |date=2 March 2018 |title=KWFT offshoot to empower women ahead of 2022 elections |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Kenya-Women-Holding-empower-women-2022-elections/539546-4326312-132nguqz/index.html |access-date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silah |first=Barry |date=5 April 2016 |title=Raring women to roar – meet Dr Jennifer Riria |url=http://www.mediamaxnetwork.co.ke/people-daily/211425/raring-women-to-roar-meet-dr-jennifer-riria/ |access-date=8 March 2018 |publisher=Mediamaxnetwork.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Riria a Kenya. Ita ce ta huɗu a cikin iyali mai yara 10. Ta halarci makarantar firamare kowace rana, kimanin kilomita 4 (2 , daga gida, tana tafiya tsirara.

An shigar da ita a makarantar sakandare ta Precious Blood, [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] ta mata da ke gudanar da tsarin addini na Sisters of the Precious Blood,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prescious Blood Secondary School, Riruta |date=3 March 2018 |title=Precious Blood Secondary School, Riruta |url=http://www.preciousbloodriruta.com/content.php?pid=1 |access-date=3 March 2018 |publisher=Preciousbloodriruta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke cikin [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya kuma birni mafi girma. A ƙarshen makarantar sakandare, Riria ta yi juna biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melanie Hawken |date=12 January 2012 |title=Dr Jennifer Riria: The start up story of an inspiring entrepreneur who has transformed the lives of millions of Kenyan women |url=http://www.lionessesofafrica.com/blog/2015/1/11/dr-jennifer-riria-the-start-up-story-of-a-inspiring-entrepreneur-who-has-transformed-the-lives-of-hundreds-of-thousands-of-kenyan-women |access-date=3 March 2018 |publisher=Lionessesofafrica.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMelanie_Hawken2012&quot;&gt;Melanie Hawken (12 January 2012). [http://www.lionessesofafrica.com/blog/2015/1/11/dr-jennifer-riria-the-start-up-story-of-a-inspiring-entrepreneur-who-has-transformed-the-lives-of-hundreds-of-thousands-of-kenyan-women &quot;Dr Jennifer Riria: The start up story of an inspiring entrepreneur who has transformed the lives of millions of Kenyan women&quot;]. Lionessesofafrica.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 March&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta haihu, ta ci gaba da karatu a [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]] a kan tallafin karatu. Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin ilimi. Daga nan sai ta sami digiri na Master of Arts a cikin Gudanar da Ilimi daga [[University of Leeds|Jami'ar Leeds]] a Ingila . Daga baya, Riria ta sami [[Doctor of Philosophy|Dokta na Falsafa]] a Ilimi da Ci gaban Mata, daga [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;One2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melanie Hawken |date=12 January 2012 |title=Dr Jennifer Riria: The start up story of an inspiring entrepreneur who has transformed the lives of millions of Kenyan women |url=http://www.lionessesofafrica.com/blog/2015/1/11/dr-jennifer-riria-the-start-up-story-of-a-inspiring-entrepreneur-who-has-transformed-the-lives-of-hundreds-of-thousands-of-kenyan-women |access-date=3 March 2018 |publisher=Lionessesofafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Two2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kanake |first=Anne |date=3 September 2017 |title=Jennifer Riria: CEO of Kenya Women Holding Limited |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2001253449/jennifer-riria-ceo-of-kenya-women-holding-limited |access-date=3 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan digiri na farko, Riria ta koyar a [[Kabete National Polytechnic|Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kabete]] na watanni shida sannan ta biyo bayan shekara guda a Makarantar 'yan mata ta Jihar da aka adana   . &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kanake |first=Anne |date=3 September 2017 |title=Jennifer Riria: CEO of Kenya Women Holding Limited |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2001253449/jennifer-riria-ceo-of-kenya-women-holding-limited |access-date=3 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1979, bayan digiri na biyu, ta koma ƙasarsu ta Kenya kuma ta yi rajista don digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Kenyatta . Ta kuma fara koyarwa, na ɗan lokaci a wannan jami'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mary Fu |date=9 January 2008 |title=Who's Who in Microfinance: Dr. Jennifer Riria |url=https://www.microcapital.org/who%E2%80%99s-who-in-microfinance-dr-jennifer-riria/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515021341/http://www.microcapital.org/who%e2%80%99s-who-in-microfinance-dr-jennifer-riria/ |archive-date=15 May 2013 |access-date=3 March 2018 |publisher=Microcapital.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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Jennifer Riira, 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Kenya, babbar jami'a, ma'aikaciyar banki, kuma malamar jami'a wacce ke aiki a matsayin babbar jami'ar gudanarwa ta ƙungiyar Kenya Women Holding Group, wata ƙungiyar kuɗi ta ƙananan kuɗi, banki da inshora da ke kula da kusan mata miliyan ɗaya galibin mazauna karkara na Kenya.

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Riria a Kenya. Ita ce ta huɗu a cikin iyali mai yara 10. Ta halarci makarantar firamare kowace rana, kimanin kilomita 4 (2 , daga gida, tana tafiya tsirara.

An shigar da ita a makarantar sakandare ta Precious Blood, [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] ta mata da ke gudanar da tsarin addini na Sisters of the Precious Blood,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prescious Blood Secondary School, Riruta |date=3 March 2018 |title=Precious Blood Secondary School, Riruta |url=http://www.preciousbloodriruta.com/content.php?pid=1 |access-date=3 March 2018 |publisher=Preciousbloodriruta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke cikin [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya kuma birni mafi girma. A ƙarshen makarantar sakandare, Riria ta yi juna biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melanie Hawken |date=12 January 2012 |title=Dr Jennifer Riria: The start up story of an inspiring entrepreneur who has transformed the lives of millions of Kenyan women |url=http://www.lionessesofafrica.com/blog/2015/1/11/dr-jennifer-riria-the-start-up-story-of-a-inspiring-entrepreneur-who-has-transformed-the-lives-of-hundreds-of-thousands-of-kenyan-women |access-date=3 March 2018 |publisher=Lionessesofafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta haihu, ta ci gaba da karatu a [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]] a kan tallafin karatu. Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin ilimi. Daga nan sai ta sami digiri na Master of Arts a cikin Gudanar da Ilimi daga [[University of Leeds|Jami'ar Leeds]] a Ingila . Daga baya, Riria ta sami [[Doctor of Philosophy|Dokta na Falsafa]] a Ilimi da Ci gaban Mata, daga [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;One2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melanie Hawken |date=12 January 2012 |title=Dr Jennifer Riria: The start up story of an inspiring entrepreneur who has transformed the lives of millions of Kenyan women |url=http://www.lionessesofafrica.com/blog/2015/1/11/dr-jennifer-riria-the-start-up-story-of-a-inspiring-entrepreneur-who-has-transformed-the-lives-of-hundreds-of-thousands-of-kenyan-women |access-date=3 March 2018 |publisher=Lionessesofafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Two2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kanake |first=Anne |date=3 September 2017 |title=Jennifer Riria: CEO of Kenya Women Holding Limited |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2001253449/jennifer-riria-ceo-of-kenya-women-holding-limited |access-date=3 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan digiri na farko, Riria ta koyar a [[Kabete National Polytechnic|Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kabete]] na watanni shida sannan ta biyo bayan shekara guda a Makarantar 'yan mata ta Jihar da aka adana   . &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kanake |first=Anne |date=3 September 2017 |title=Jennifer Riria: CEO of Kenya Women Holding Limited |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2001253449/jennifer-riria-ceo-of-kenya-women-holding-limited |access-date=3 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1979, bayan digiri na biyu, ta koma ƙasarsu ta Kenya kuma ta yi rajista don digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Kenyatta . Ta kuma fara koyarwa, na ɗan lokaci a wannan jami'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mary Fu |date=9 January 2008 |title=Who's Who in Microfinance: Dr. Jennifer Riria |url=https://www.microcapital.org/who%E2%80%99s-who-in-microfinance-dr-jennifer-riria/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515021341/http://www.microcapital.org/who%e2%80%99s-who-in-microfinance-dr-jennifer-riria/ |archive-date=15 May 2013 |access-date=3 March 2018 |publisher=Microcapital.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Juliet Rainer Kafiire</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330097662|Juliet Rainer Kafiire]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3208" sha1="a90lbokh11w2nbxebo7kgnfne8xk958" xml:space="preserve">'''Juliet Rainer Kafiire''' 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar majalisa a ƙasar Uganda wacce ta wakilci gundumar Kibuku a Pallisa tsakanin shekarun 1994 da 2006. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaba Janar na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Uganda (DP).

== Aiki ==
A lokacin zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na shekarar 1994, an zaɓi Kafiire a matsayin wakiliya don wakiltar Pallisa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Complete Guide to Uganda's Fourth Constitution - History, Politics and the Law (Fountain Publishers, 1995, 118 p.): Appendices: Appendix IV: Constituent Assembly Delegates |url=http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&amp;cl=CL1.2&amp;d=HASH016d9c404a032ce0564b7ae4.11.4&amp;x=1 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.nzdl.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; a matsayin memba ta Ƙungiyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Ƙasa (NCD), Kafiire tana ɗaya daga cikin Wakilan Majalisar Dokokin Yankin guda hamsin da uku waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1995 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=[Ugnet] FLASHBACK: The 53 who refused to sign Constitution |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/ugandanet@kym.net/msg17291.html |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.mail-archive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafiire ta wakilci gundumar Kibuku a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, tsakanin shekarun 1996 da 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=joomlasupport |title=COVER STORY: Women who fear no man |url=https://www.observer.ug/entertainment-news/8819-cover-story-women-who-fear-no-man |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831224537/https://www.observer.ug/entertainment-news/8819-cover-story-women-who-fear-no-man |archive-date=2022-08-31 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe ta rasa wannan matsayi a babban zaɓen 2006 ga Saleh Kamba wanda ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kai ta Ƙasa (NRM) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Former DP vice-president jailed over debt |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1288787 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elunya |first=Joseph |title=Court Dismisses DP Vice Presidents Election Petition |url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/court-dismisses-dp-vice-presidents-election-petition |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Uganda Radio Network |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2005, an zaɓi Kafiire a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban Janar na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Uganda (DP) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top DP Seats for Ranier Kafiire, Joseph Mukiibi and Betty Nambooze : |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/top-dp-seats-for-ranier-kafiire-joseph-mukiibi-and-betty-nambooze |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Kafiire ta auri Joseph Rainer, wani ɗan ƙasar Jamus wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Child activist mourned |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1167878 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jam'iyyar Democrat (Uganda)
* Saleh Kamba
* Gundumar Pallisa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Juliet Rainer Kafiire''' 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar majalisa a ƙasar Uganda wacce ta wakilci gundumar Kibuku a Pallisa tsakanin shekarun 1994 da 2006. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaba Janar na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Uganda (DP).

== Aiki ==
A lokacin zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na shekarar 1994, an zaɓi Kafiire a matsayin wakiliya don wakiltar Pallisa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Complete Guide to Uganda's Fourth Constitution - History, Politics and the Law (Fountain Publishers, 1995, 118 p.): Appendices: Appendix IV: Constituent Assembly Delegates |url=http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&amp;cl=CL1.2&amp;d=HASH016d9c404a032ce0564b7ae4.11.4&amp;x=1 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.nzdl.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; a matsayin memba ta Ƙungiyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Ƙasa (NCD), Kafiire tana ɗaya daga cikin Wakilan Majalisar Dokokin Yankin guda hamsin da uku waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1995 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=[Ugnet] FLASHBACK: The 53 who refused to sign Constitution |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/ugandanet@kym.net/msg17291.html |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.mail-archive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafiire ta wakilci gundumar Kibuku a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, tsakanin shekarun 1996 da 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=joomlasupport |title=COVER STORY: Women who fear no man |url=https://www.observer.ug/entertainment-news/8819-cover-story-women-who-fear-no-man |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831224537/https://www.observer.ug/entertainment-news/8819-cover-story-women-who-fear-no-man |archive-date=2022-08-31 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe ta rasa wannan matsayi a babban zaɓen 2006 ga Saleh Kamba wanda ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kai ta Ƙasa (NRM) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Former DP vice-president jailed over debt |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1288787 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elunya |first=Joseph |title=Court Dismisses DP Vice Presidents Election Petition |url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/court-dismisses-dp-vice-presidents-election-petition |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Uganda Radio Network |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2005, an zaɓi Kafiire a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban Janar na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Uganda (DP) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top DP Seats for Ranier Kafiire, Joseph Mukiibi and Betty Nambooze : |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/top-dp-seats-for-ranier-kafiire-joseph-mukiibi-and-betty-nambooze |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Kafiire ta auri Joseph Rainer, wani ɗan ƙasar Jamus wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Child activist mourned |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1167878 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jam'iyyar Democrat (Uganda)
* Saleh Kamba
* Gundumar Pallisa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Kissar Annabi Yusufu da Zulaihatu</title>
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      <comment>Baban Asiya moved page [[Kissar Annabi Yusufu da Zulaihatu]] to [[Kissar Annabi Yusuf]]</comment>
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    <title>Leon Trotsky</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344787686|Leon Trotsky]]&quot;</comment>
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An haifi Lev Davidovich Bronstein a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1879 a cikin wani iyali mai arziki amma mara ilimi na Yahudawa a Yanovka, wani ƙauye a cikin Gundumar Kherson ta Daular Rasha . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Библиотека газеты &quot;Революция&quot;. Клушин В.И. Малоизвестное о Троцком |url=http://www.revolucia.ru/otrozkom.htm |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=www.revolucia.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙauyen, wanda Bereslavka ta san shi yanzu, wani ɓangare ne na Kropyvnytskyi Raion na yanzu a Yankin Kirovohrad na [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] . Shi ne ɗa na biyar ga David Leontyevich Bronstein (1847–1922), da Anna Lvovna ( née Zhivotovskaya, 1850–1910). Ƙanwar Trotsky, Olga (1883–1941), ita ma ta zama ƴar siyasa ta Bolshevik da Soviet, kuma ta auri abokin aikinta - Bolshevik Lev Kamenev . {{Sfn|Parrish|1996}}

Wasu marubuta, musamman Robert Service, sun yi iƙirarin cewa sunan farko na Trotsky na lokacin yarinta shine Yiddish ''Leiba'' . {{Sfn|Service|2010}} Duk da haka, marubucin Trotsky David North ya yi jayayya cewa wannan zato ne bisa ga tarihin Yahudawa na Trotsky, ba shi da shaidar takardu, musamman ganin cewa iyalinsa ba su yi magana da Yiddish ba. North da masanin tarihi Walter Laqueur sun bayyana cewa sunan yarinta na Trotsky shine ''Lyova'', wani ɗan ƙaramin ɗan Rashanci na ''Lev'' . North ya yi kama da juna tsakanin hasashe da kuma binciken da ba a yi daidai ba game da gadon Yahudawa na Trotsky. {{Sfn|North|2010}} {{Sfn|Laqueur|1990}} Maimakon Yiddish, iyalin sun yi magana da cakuda [[Rashanci]] da [[Harshan Ukraniya|Yukiren]] ( Surzhyk ).  {{Sfn|North|2010}} Duk da cewa ya sami ƙwarewa sosai a Faransanci, Turanci, da Jamusanci, Trotsky ya bayyana a cikin tarihin ''rayuwarsa ta My Life'' cewa da gaske yana iya magana da Rashanci da Yukirenanci kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trotsky |first=Leon |title=My Life – Chapter VIII, My First Prisons |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch08.htm |access-date=20 May 2021 |publisher=Marxists Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raymond Molinier ya lura cewa Trotsky ya yi magana da Faransanci sosai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Molinier |first=Raymond |title=On Meeting with Trotsky |url=https://www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130110549/https://www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/ |archive-date=30 January 2022 |access-date=29 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

David ya aika Trotsky zuwa [[Odessa]] don neman ilimi lokacin da na biyun yana ɗan shekara takwas.  Trotsky ya yi rajista a wata makarantar koyar da harsunan Lutheran (St Paul's Realschule), wadda ta ɗauki ɗaliban addinai daban-daban  kuma ta ƙara zama Russified a lokacin da yake can saboda manufar gwamnatin Daular Masarautar.  Trotsky da matarsa Natalia daga baya sun yi wa 'ya'yansu rijista a matsayin Lutheran, kamar yadda dokar Austria ta buƙaci yara su sami ilimin addini &quot;a cikin imanin iyayensu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trotsky |first=Leon |title=My Life – Chapter XVII, Preparing for a New Revolution |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch17.htm |access-date=7 April 2022 |publisher=Marxists Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Odessa, birni mai cike da jama'a na tashar jiragen ruwa, ya bambanta sosai da biranen Rasha kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban hangen nesa na matasa na Trotsky na duniya. Ya yi fice a fannin ilimi, musamman a fannin kimiyya da lissafi, kuma mai karatu ne mai yawan ƙwazo, wanda galibi ana horar da shi don karanta littattafan da ba na manhaja ba a lokacin aji. {{Sfn|Deutscher|2003a}}

== Ayyukan siyasa na farko da rayuwa (1896–1917) ==

=== Ayyukan juyin juya hali da ɗaurin kurkuku (1896–1898) ===
[[Fayil:LeonTrotsky1897.jpg|thumb|Trotsky a shekarar 1897]]
Trotsky ya shiga cikin ayyukan juyin juya hali a shekarar 1896 bayan ya koma garin Nikolayev mai tashar jiragen ruwa (wanda yanzu Mykolaiv ne) a bakin [[Black Sea|Tekun Baƙi]] . {{Sfn|Deutscher|2003a}} Da farko ya kasance ɗan ''gurguzu'' ( mai ra'ayin gurguzu na gurguzu mai ra'ayin sauyi), ya yi adawa da akidar Marx amma matarsa ta farko, Aleksandra Sokolovskaya, ta musulunta. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare da lambar yabo ta farko a wannan shekarar. {{Sfn|Deutscher|2003a}} Mahaifinsa ya yi niyyar zama injiniyan injiniya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Paul}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Trotsky ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Odessa na ɗan lokaci, inda ya karanci injiniyanci da lissafi. Wani abokin aikinsa na jami'a ya lura da baiwar lissafi da yake da ita. Duk da haka, ya gaji da karatunsa, ya ƙara mai da hankali kan falsafar siyasa da ayyukan juyin juya hali na ɓoye. {{Sfn|Renton|2004}} Ya ajiye aiki a farkon 1897 don taimakawa wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Kudancin Rasha a Nikolayev. {{Sfn|Deutscher|2003a}}  Ta amfani da sunan &quot;Lvov&quot;,  ya rubuta kuma ya buga takardu, ya rarraba ƙasidu na juyin juya hali, kuma ya yaɗa ra'ayoyin gurguzu tsakanin ma'aikatan masana'antu da ɗalibai. {{Sfn|Renton|2004}}

A watan Janairun 1898, an kama sama da membobin ƙungiyar kwadago 200, ciki har da Trotsky. Ya shafe shekaru biyu a gidan yari yana jiran shari'a, da farko a Nikolayev, sannan Kherson, Odessa, sannan a ƙarshe a Moscow. [1] A Moscow, ya haɗu da wasu masu juyin juya hali, ya ji labarin Lenin, kuma ya karanta littafin Lenin mai suna The Development of Capitalism in Russia . [1] Watanni biyu bayan ɗaurin kurkuku, an gudanar da taron farko na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Social Democratic Party (RSDLP) (1-3 Maris 1898). [1] Tun daga lokacin, Trotsky ya gano cewa memba ne na RSDLP.

=== Aure na farko da kuma gudun hijirar Siberia (1899–1902) ===
 
[[Fayil:Leo_Trotzki_1897.jpg|thumb|Matar Trotsky ta farko Aleksandra Sokolovskaya (tsakiya) tare da ɗan'uwanta (hagu), Trotsky (dama), da Dr. GA Ziv (ƙasa) a shekarar 1897]]
Yayin da yake tsare a Moscow a lokacin bazara na 1900, Trotsky ya auri abokin aikinsa na Marxist Aleksandra Sokolovskaya (1872–1938) a wani biki da wani limamin Yahudawa ya yi. {{Sfn|Deutscher|2003a}} A shekara ta 1900 an yanke wa Trotsky hukuncin zaman gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru huɗu a Siberia . Saboda aurensu, an kai Trotsky da matarsa tare zuwa Ust-Kut da Verkholensk a yankin Baikal . Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Zinaida (1901–1933) da Nina (1902–1928), dukkansu an haife su a Siberia.
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An haifi Lev Davidovich Bronstein a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1879 a cikin wani iyali mai arziki amma mara ilimi na Yahudawa a Yanovka, wani ƙauye a cikin Gundumar Kherson ta Daular Rasha . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Библиотека газеты &quot;Революция&quot;. Клушин В.И. Малоизвестное о Троцком |url=http://www.revolucia.ru/otrozkom.htm |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=www.revolucia.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙauyen, wanda Bereslavka ta san shi yanzu, wani ɓangare ne na Kropyvnytskyi Raion na yanzu a Yankin Kirovohrad na [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] . Shi ne ɗa na biyar ga David Leontyevich Bronstein (1847–1922), da Anna Lvovna ( née Zhivotovskaya, 1850–1910). Ƙanwar Trotsky, Olga (1883–1941), ita ma ta zama ƴar siyasa ta Bolshevik da Soviet, kuma ta auri abokin aikinta - Bolshevik Lev Kamenev . {{Sfn|Parrish|1996}}

Wasu marubuta, musamman Robert Service, sun yi iƙirarin cewa sunan farko na Trotsky na lokacin yarinta shine Yiddish ''Leiba'' . {{Sfn|Service|2010}} Duk da haka, marubucin Trotsky David North ya yi jayayya cewa wannan zato ne bisa ga tarihin Yahudawa na Trotsky, ba shi da shaidar takardu, musamman ganin cewa iyalinsa ba su yi magana da Yiddish ba. North da masanin tarihi Walter Laqueur sun bayyana cewa sunan yarinta na Trotsky shine ''Lyova'', wani ɗan ƙaramin ɗan Rashanci na ''Lev'' . North ya yi kama da juna tsakanin hasashe da kuma binciken da ba a yi daidai ba game da gadon Yahudawa na Trotsky. {{Sfn|North|2010}} {{Sfn|Laqueur|1990}} Maimakon Yiddish, iyalin sun yi magana da cakuda [[Rashanci]] da [[Harshan Ukraniya|Yukiren]] ( Surzhyk ).  {{Sfn|North|2010}} Duk da cewa ya sami ƙwarewa sosai a Faransanci, Turanci, da Jamusanci, Trotsky ya bayyana a cikin tarihin ''rayuwarsa ta My Life'' cewa da gaske yana iya magana da Rashanci da Yukirenanci kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trotsky |first=Leon |title=My Life – Chapter VIII, My First Prisons |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch08.htm |access-date=20 May 2021 |publisher=Marxists Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raymond Molinier ya lura cewa Trotsky ya yi magana da Faransanci sosai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Molinier |first=Raymond |title=On Meeting with Trotsky |url=https://www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130110549/https://www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/ |archive-date=30 January 2022 |access-date=29 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

David ya aika Trotsky zuwa [[Odessa]] don neman ilimi lokacin da na biyun yana ɗan shekara takwas.  Trotsky ya yi rajista a wata makarantar koyar da harsunan Lutheran (St Paul's Realschule), wadda ta ɗauki ɗaliban addinai daban-daban  kuma ta ƙara zama Russified a lokacin da yake can saboda manufar gwamnatin Daular Masarautar.  Trotsky da matarsa Natalia daga baya sun yi wa 'ya'yansu rijista a matsayin Lutheran, kamar yadda dokar Austria ta buƙaci yara su sami ilimin addini &quot;a cikin imanin iyayensu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trotsky |first=Leon |title=My Life – Chapter XVII, Preparing for a New Revolution |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch17.htm |access-date=7 April 2022 |publisher=Marxists Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Odessa, birni mai cike da jama'a na tashar jiragen ruwa, ya bambanta sosai da biranen Rasha kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban hangen nesa na matasa na Trotsky na duniya. Ya yi fice a fannin ilimi, musamman a fannin kimiyya da lissafi, kuma mai karatu ne mai yawan ƙwazo, wanda galibi ana horar da shi don karanta littattafan da ba na manhaja ba a lokacin aji. {{Sfn|Deutscher|2003a}}

== Ayyukan siyasa na farko da rayuwa (1896–1917) ==

=== Ayyukan juyin juya hali da ɗaurin kurkuku (1896–1898) ===
[[Fayil:LeonTrotsky1897.jpg|thumb|Trotsky a shekarar 1897]]
Trotsky ya shiga cikin ayyukan juyin juya hali a shekarar 1896 bayan ya koma garin Nikolayev mai tashar jiragen ruwa (wanda yanzu Mykolaiv ne) a bakin [[Black Sea|Tekun Baƙi]] . {{Sfn|Deutscher|2003a}} Da farko ya kasance ɗan ''gurguzu'' ( mai ra'ayin gurguzu na gurguzu mai ra'ayin sauyi), ya yi adawa da akidar Marx amma matarsa ta farko, Aleksandra Sokolovskaya, ta musulunta. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare da lambar yabo ta farko a wannan shekarar. {{Sfn|Deutscher|2003a}} Mahaifinsa ya yi niyyar zama injiniyan injiniya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Paul}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Trotsky ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Odessa na ɗan lokaci, inda ya karanci injiniyanci da lissafi. Wani abokin aikinsa na jami'a ya lura da baiwar lissafi da yake da ita. Duk da haka, ya gaji da karatunsa, ya ƙara mai da hankali kan falsafar siyasa da ayyukan juyin juya hali na ɓoye. {{Sfn|Renton|2004}} Ya ajiye aiki a farkon 1897 don taimakawa wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Kudancin Rasha a Nikolayev. {{Sfn|Deutscher|2003a}}  Ta amfani da sunan &quot;Lvov&quot;,  ya rubuta kuma ya buga takardu, ya rarraba ƙasidu na juyin juya hali, kuma ya yaɗa ra'ayoyin gurguzu tsakanin ma'aikatan masana'antu da ɗalibai. {{Sfn|Renton|2004}}

A watan Janairun 1898, an kama sama da membobin ƙungiyar kwadago 200, ciki har da Trotsky. Ya shafe shekaru biyu a gidan yari yana jiran shari'a, da farko a Nikolayev, sannan Kherson, Odessa, sannan a ƙarshe a Moscow. [1] A Moscow, ya haɗu da wasu masu juyin juya hali, ya ji labarin Lenin, kuma ya karanta littafin Lenin mai suna The Development of Capitalism in Russia . [1] Watanni biyu bayan ɗaurin kurkuku, an gudanar da taron farko na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Social Democratic Party (RSDLP) (1-3 Maris 1898). [1] Tun daga lokacin, Trotsky ya gano cewa memba ne na RSDLP.

=== Aure na farko da kuma gudun hijirar Siberia (1899–1902) ===
 
[[Fayil:Leo_Trotzki_1897.jpg|thumb|Matar Trotsky ta farko Aleksandra Sokolovskaya (tsakiya) tare da ɗan'uwanta (hagu), Trotsky (dama), da Dr. GA Ziv (ƙasa) a shekarar 1897]]
Yayin da yake tsare a Moscow a lokacin bazara na 1900, Trotsky ya auri abokin aikinsa na Marxist Aleksandra Sokolovskaya (1872–1938) a wani biki da wani limamin Yahudawa ya yi. {{Sfn|Deutscher|2003a}} A shekara ta 1900 an yanke wa Trotsky hukuncin zaman gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru huɗu a Siberia . Saboda aurensu, an kai Trotsky da matarsa tare zuwa Ust-Kut da Verkholensk a yankin Baikal . Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Zinaida (1901–1933) da Nina (1902–1928), dukkansu an haife su a Siberia.
[[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]]
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  <page>
    <title>Leonid</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344972717|Leonid]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1125" sha1="4k476uvmruu5913zdjfoloydiamtokn" xml:space="preserve">'''Leonid''' ( Russian   {{IPA|ru|lʲɪɐˈnʲit|}} ; Ukrainian   {{IPA|uk|leoˈn⁽ʲ⁾id|}} ; Belarusian     {{IPA|be|lʲɛaˈnʲit|}} ) sigar Slavic ce ta sunan da aka bayar '''Leonidas''' . Sigar [[Faransanci|Faransa]] ita ce Leonide .

Mutanen da ke da sunan sun haɗa da

Halayen almara sun haɗa da:

* Leonid, jarumi a cikin littafin Alexander Bogdanov na almarar kimiyya na Rasha na 1908 ''Red Star''
* Leonid, jarumi a cikin jerin littattafan Labyrinth guda uku na litattafan cyberpunk da aka rubuta a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 ta marubucin almarar kimiyya na Rasha Sergei Lukyanenko ( ''Labyrinth of Reflections'', ''False Mirrors'', and ''Transparent Stained-Glass Tagogi'' ).
* Leonid, jarumin fim ɗin Jonathan Hickman mai suna SHIELD.
* Leonid Gorbovsky, a cikin jerin littattafan almara na kimiyya na Arkady da Boris Strugatsky da aka saita a cikin Noon Universe
* Leonid Kovar, jarumin Rasha wanda aka fi sani da Red Star
* Leonid McGill, mai binciken sirri na Manhattan a cikin almara wanda Walter Mosley ya rubuta
* Leonid Pavel, masanin kimiyyar nukiliya na Rasha a cikin ''fim ɗin The Dark Knight Rises.''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sandra Nabweteme</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343571297|Sandra Nabweteme]]&quot;</comment>
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Sandra Nabweteme (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1996) ƙwararriyar 'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Uganda wadda ke taka leda a matsayin ' yar wasan gefe ta hagu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Liga MX da ke Santos Laguna da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Uganda .

Ta buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar Kudu maso Yamma ta Oklahoma daga 2016 zuwa 2019 inda ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa.  A shekarar 2015, an naɗa ta a matsayin 'yar wasan mata ta FUFA ta shekara. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Nabweteme a [[Kampala]] .  Ta fara horar da ƙwallon ƙafa tana da shekaru biyar kuma ta yi wasa da ƙungiyoyin samari na gida har sai da ta kai shekara 14. An gayyace ta zuwa Kawempe Muslim inda ta ci gaba da buga ƙwallon ƙafa. 

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Nabweteme ya buga wa Jami'ar Jihar Kudu maso Yamma ta Oklahoma da ke Amurka daga 2016 zuwa 2019 kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digiri a fannin Injiniyan Kimiyyar Lissafi a watan Nuwamba na 2020. 

== Aikin kulob ==
Nabweteme ta buga kakar wasa biyu tare da Kawempe Muslim a gasar [[Gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Uganda|FUFA Women Elite League]] ta Uganda a wancan lokacin. Ta jagoranci gasar a kwallayen da aka ci a kakar wasa biyu, inda ta zura kwallaye 17 a wasanni 9 a kakar wasa ta farko da kuma kwallaye 23 a wasanni 14 a kakar wasa ta biyu, wanda hakan ya sa Kawempe ta kai ga gasar sau biyu. 

A watan Maris na 2021, Nabweteme ta sanya hannu da Þór/KA na ƙungiyar Icelandic Úrvalsdeild kvenna .  A ranar 20 ga Yulin 2021, an ba ta aro ga ƙungiyar FH ta 1. deild kvenna har tsawon sauran kakar wasa bayan ta buga wasanni 7 na gasar lig tare da Þór/KA, inda ta zura kwallaye 3. 

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==

=== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ===
''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun nuna adadin kwallayen Uganda a karon farko''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!A'a.
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasar
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1
| 3 Oktoba 2021
| Gelvandale Stadium, [[Port Elizabeth]], Afirka ta Kudu
|{{Fbw|ESW}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''3''' – 1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5–1
| Gasar Mata ta COSAFA ta 2021
|}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mahaifiyar Nabweteme, Angela Nabukeera, ta buga wa [[Kampala United]] wasa a farkon shekarun 2000. 

== Daraja ==

=== Kulob ===

* Zakaran [[Gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Uganda|gasar FUFA ta mata]] : 2015, 2016
* Zakarun Gasar GAC : 2017, 2019

=== Mutum ɗaya ===

* 'Yar wasan mata ta FUFA ta shekara: 2015
* 'Yar wasan da ta fi zura kwallaye a [[Gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Uganda|gasar FUFA Women Elite League]] : 2015, 2016
* Gasar MVP ta GAC : 2019
* Zaɓin ƙungiyar farko ta All- GAC : 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
* Sabon ɗan shekara na GAC : 2016
* GAC Mai Zafi Na Shekara: 2019
* Babban ɗan wasan GAC mai zura ƙwallo: 2019

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Soccerway|sandra-nabweteme/698189}}
* Sandra Nabweteme at KSÍ (in Icelandic)
* {{Cite web |title=Sandra Nabweteme - Women's Soccer |url=https://swosuathletics.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/sandra-nabweteme/2772 |website=Southwestern Oklahoma State Bulldogs}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{Succession box}}
{{Succession box}}
{{S-end}}{{Uganda squad 2022 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3345" sha1="8cduva148h80jmu6l1m9f0vo14lbquw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Sandra Nabweteme (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1996) ƙwararriyar 'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Uganda wadda ke taka leda a matsayin ' yar wasan gefe ta hagu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Liga MX da ke Santos Laguna da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Uganda .

Ta buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar Kudu maso Yamma ta Oklahoma daga 2016 zuwa 2019 inda ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa.  A shekarar 2015, an naɗa ta a matsayin 'yar wasan mata ta FUFA ta shekara. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Nabweteme a [[Kampala]] .  Ta fara horar da ƙwallon ƙafa tana da shekaru biyar kuma ta yi wasa da ƙungiyoyin samari na gida har sai da ta kai shekara 14. An gayyace ta zuwa Kawempe Muslim inda ta ci gaba da buga ƙwallon ƙafa. 

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Nabweteme ya buga wa Jami'ar Jihar Kudu maso Yamma ta Oklahoma da ke Amurka daga 2016 zuwa 2019 kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digiri a fannin Injiniyan Kimiyyar Lissafi a watan Nuwamba na 2020. 

== Aikin kulob ==
Nabweteme ta buga kakar wasa biyu tare da Kawempe Muslim a gasar [[Gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Uganda|FUFA Women Elite League]] ta Uganda a wancan lokacin. Ta jagoranci gasar a kwallayen da aka ci a kakar wasa biyu, inda ta zura kwallaye 17 a wasanni 9 a kakar wasa ta farko da kuma kwallaye 23 a wasanni 14 a kakar wasa ta biyu, wanda hakan ya sa Kawempe ta kai ga gasar sau biyu. 

A watan Maris na 2021, Nabweteme ta sanya hannu da Þór/KA na ƙungiyar Icelandic Úrvalsdeild kvenna .  A ranar 20 ga Yulin 2021, an ba ta aro ga ƙungiyar FH ta 1. deild kvenna har tsawon sauran kakar wasa bayan ta buga wasanni 7 na gasar lig tare da Þór/KA, inda ta zura kwallaye 3. 

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==

=== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ===
''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun nuna adadin kwallayen Uganda a karon farko''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!A'a.
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasar
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1
| 3 Oktoba 2021
| Gelvandale Stadium, [[Port Elizabeth]], Afirka ta Kudu
|{{Fbw|ESW}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''3''' – 1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5–1
| Gasar Mata ta COSAFA ta 2021
|}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mahaifiyar Nabweteme, Angela Nabukeera, ta buga wa [[Kampala United]] wasa a farkon shekarun 2000. 

== Daraja ==

=== Kulob ===

* Zakaran [[Gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Uganda|gasar FUFA ta mata]] : 2015, 2016
* Zakarun Gasar GAC : 2017, 2019

=== Mutum ɗaya ===

* 'Yar wasan mata ta FUFA ta shekara: 2015
* 'Yar wasan da ta fi zura kwallaye a [[Gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Uganda|gasar FUFA Women Elite League]] : 2015, 2016
* Gasar MVP ta GAC : 2019
* Zaɓin ƙungiyar farko ta All- GAC : 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
* Sabon ɗan shekara na GAC : 2016
* GAC Mai Zafi Na Shekara: 2019
* Babban ɗan wasan GAC mai zura ƙwallo: 2019

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Soccerway|sandra-nabweteme/698189}}
* Sandra Nabweteme at KSÍ (in Icelandic)
* {{Cite web |title=Sandra Nabweteme - Women's Soccer |url=https://swosuathletics.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/sandra-nabweteme/2772 |website=Southwestern Oklahoma State Bulldogs}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{Succession box}}
{{Succession box}}
{{S-end}}{{Uganda squad 2022 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Karen Kandie</title>
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        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305503728|Karen Kandie]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Karen Njeri Kandie''' (née Karen Njeri), amma wanda aka fi sani da '''Karen Kandie''', masanin lissafi ne kuma mai gudanar da kasuwanci na Kenya, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Darakta, Gyaran Kasuwanci (Financial) a Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Kasa ta Kenya . An kuma san ta da yawa a matsayin uwa mafi girma a duniya (Davies Kandie, 2024). Kafin wannan, ta kasance babban jami'in zartarwa na IDB Capital Limited (tsohon Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Kenya), wani bangare na Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antar Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ongwae |first=Evans |date=29 June 2018 |title=IDB Capital keen to promote SMEs in Kenya |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/sponsored/IDB-Capital-keen-to-promote-SMEs-in-Kenya/3847448-4638206-rr5aa1/index.html |access-date=27 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta taba aiki a matsayin darektan kudi a Shelter Afrique, wata cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta [[Afirka]], da ke da hedikwata a [[Nairobi]]&quot; id=&quot;mwFw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Upper Hill, Nairobi&quot;&gt;Upper Hill, wani yanki mai girma, a cikin babban birnin Nairobi, a Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wasuna |first=Brian |date=16 February 2015 |title=Ex-Shelter Afrique finance chief loses job suit |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/Ex-Shelter-Afrique-finance-chief-loses-job-suit-job-suit/539550-2625694-2gybq1z/index.html |access-date=27 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a Kenya. Ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida. A shekara ta 1987, an shigar da ita a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], inda ta kammala shekaru uku bayan haka, tare da digiri na farko na Kasuwanci tare da babban Lissafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, tana da digiri na Master of Business Administration a cikin Strategic Management, wanda Jami'ar Murdoch ta bayar, a [[Perth]], Western Australia, a 1999. Ta sami digiri na Doctor of Business Administration, mai girma a fannin Kudi, wanda Jami'ar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka, a Nairobi ta bayar.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karen Kandie ƙwararren mai ba da lissafin jama'a ne, wanda Cibiyar ƙwararren masu ba da lissafi ta jama'a ta Kenya ta tabbatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara aikinta na lissafi a PriceWaterhouseCoopers, a ofisoshin su a Nairobi, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Audit, kusan kusan shekaru biyu a cikin shekarun 1990. Daga nan aka kara mata girma zuwa Babban Mai Bincike kuma ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin na wasu shekaru biyu da rabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1994, ABN AMRO Bank N.V. ta hayar da ita kuma ta kasance a ofishinsu na Nairobi, da farko a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Bincike na Cikin Gida, ta tashi zuwa Jami'in Kudi. Bayan shekaru shida a ABN AMRO, ta koma Bankin hadin gwiwa na Kenya, tana aiki a matsayin Mai kula da Kudi har zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shekara guda bayan haka, ta shiga Faulu Microfinance Bank Limited, a matsayin Manajan Audit na Cikin Gida, ta yi aiki a can na shekaru biyu da rabi. Daga nan ne aka hayar ta da Nairobi Stock Exchange inda ta yi aiki sama da shekaru hudu, a matsayin shugaban kudi da gudanarwa. Ta kuma yi aiki a Shelter Afrique, a matsayin darektan kudi, na tsawon shekaru uku har zuwa Disamba 2012. [1] An nada ta a matsayin da take a yanzu a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017.[1]

== Sauran la'akari ==
Karen Kandie tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Micro-Enterprise Support Programme Trust (MESPT), shirin hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatin Kenya da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Denmark, wanda aka yi niyyar rage talauci ta hanyar samar da shawarwari na kudi da fasaha ga 'yan Kenya da kamfanonin su. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga watan Yulin 2014, Ministan Kudi na Kenya ne ya nada ta a Kotun Kasuwancin Babban Birni, wani madadin shirin warware rikice-rikice ga masu ruwa da tsaki na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, gami da masu saka hannun jari, masu hannun jari, kamfanonin da aka jera, bankunan saka hannun jari da masu ba da lasisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Carole Kariuki
* Kellen Kariuki
* Agnes Odhiambo

== Hotuna da zane-zane ==

* [[google:Karen+Kandie&amp;rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS814US814&amp;source=lnms&amp;tbm=isch&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi7-77bp6feAhVH94MKHYQIDwcQ_AUIDigB&amp;biw=780&amp;bih=358|Hoton Karen Kandie A Google.com]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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      <id>816285</id>
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{{Databox}}'''Karen Njeri Kandie''' (née Karen Njeri), amma wanda aka fi sani da '''Karen Kandie''', masanin lissafi ne kuma mai gudanar da kasuwanci na Kenya, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Darakta, Gyaran Kasuwanci (Financial) a Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Kasa ta Kenya . An kuma san ta da yawa a matsayin uwa mafi girma a duniya (Davies Kandie, 2024). Kafin wannan, ta kasance babban jami'in zartarwa na IDB Capital Limited (tsohon Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Kenya), wani bangare na Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antar Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ongwae |first=Evans |date=29 June 2018 |title=IDB Capital keen to promote SMEs in Kenya |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/sponsored/IDB-Capital-keen-to-promote-SMEs-in-Kenya/3847448-4638206-rr5aa1/index.html |access-date=27 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta taba aiki a matsayin darektan kudi a Shelter Afrique, wata cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta [[Afirka]], da ke da hedikwata a [[Nairobi]]&quot; id=&quot;mwFw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Upper Hill, Nairobi&quot;&gt;Upper Hill, wani yanki mai girma, a cikin babban birnin Nairobi, a Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wasuna |first=Brian |date=16 February 2015 |title=Ex-Shelter Afrique finance chief loses job suit |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/Ex-Shelter-Afrique-finance-chief-loses-job-suit-job-suit/539550-2625694-2gybq1z/index.html |access-date=27 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a Kenya. Ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida. A shekara ta 1987, an shigar da ita a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], inda ta kammala shekaru uku bayan haka, tare da digiri na farko na Kasuwanci tare da babban Lissafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, tana da digiri na Master of Business Administration a cikin Strategic Management, wanda Jami'ar Murdoch ta bayar, a [[Perth]], Western Australia, a 1999. Ta sami digiri na Doctor of Business Administration, mai girma a fannin Kudi, wanda Jami'ar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka, a Nairobi ta bayar.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karen Kandie ƙwararren mai ba da lissafin jama'a ne, wanda Cibiyar ƙwararren masu ba da lissafi ta jama'a ta Kenya ta tabbatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara aikinta na lissafi a PriceWaterhouseCoopers, a ofisoshin su a Nairobi, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Audit, kusan kusan shekaru biyu a cikin shekarun 1990. Daga nan aka kara mata girma zuwa Babban Mai Bincike kuma ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin na wasu shekaru biyu da rabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1994, ABN AMRO Bank N.V. ta hayar da ita kuma ta kasance a ofishinsu na Nairobi, da farko a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Bincike na Cikin Gida, ta tashi zuwa Jami'in Kudi. Bayan shekaru shida a ABN AMRO, ta koma Bankin hadin gwiwa na Kenya, tana aiki a matsayin Mai kula da Kudi har zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shekara guda bayan haka, ta shiga Faulu Microfinance Bank Limited, a matsayin Manajan Audit na Cikin Gida, ta yi aiki a can na shekaru biyu da rabi. Daga nan ne aka hayar ta da Nairobi Stock Exchange inda ta yi aiki sama da shekaru hudu, a matsayin shugaban kudi da gudanarwa. Ta kuma yi aiki a Shelter Afrique, a matsayin darektan kudi, na tsawon shekaru uku har zuwa Disamba 2012. [1] An nada ta a matsayin da take a yanzu a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017.[1]

== Sauran la'akari ==
Karen Kandie tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Micro-Enterprise Support Programme Trust (MESPT), shirin hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatin Kenya da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Denmark, wanda aka yi niyyar rage talauci ta hanyar samar da shawarwari na kudi da fasaha ga 'yan Kenya da kamfanonin su. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga watan Yulin 2014, Ministan Kudi na Kenya ne ya nada ta a Kotun Kasuwancin Babban Birni, wani madadin shirin warware rikice-rikice ga masu ruwa da tsaki na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, gami da masu saka hannun jari, masu hannun jari, kamfanonin da aka jera, bankunan saka hannun jari da masu ba da lasisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karen Kandie |date=27 October 2018 |title=Karen Kandie: Managing Director at IDB Capital Limited, Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-kandie-40696248/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Carole Kariuki
* Kellen Kariuki
* Agnes Odhiambo

== Hotuna da zane-zane ==

* [[google:Karen+Kandie&amp;rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS814US814&amp;source=lnms&amp;tbm=isch&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi7-77bp6feAhVH94MKHYQIDwcQ_AUIDigB&amp;biw=780&amp;bih=358|Hoton Karen Kandie A Google.com]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>7foxhus5pf17316g4q4zpi06vu0ukqx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kellen Kariuki</title>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301215476|Kellen Kariuki]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816261</origin>
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      <text bytes="5046" sha1="bx9q7hmgoixqfyn6gm07iy9zyr3jk14" xml:space="preserve">'''Kellen Eileen Kariuki''' mai lissafi ce, 'yar kasuwa kuma Shugaba kamfanoni a Kenya . Tun daga watan Janairun 2015, ita ce babban darakta kuma Shugaba na Unclaimed Financial Assets Authority (UFAA), wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin tsakiya ta Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prof&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SBS |date=10 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Kellen Eileen Kariuki, MBS |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/kellen-eileen-kariuki-mbs/ |access-date=10 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University|Strathmore Business School]] (SBS)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar gwamnati, wacce Dokar majalisa ta kirkira a cikin shekara ta 2011, tana tattara kudaden da ba a nema a cikin tsarin kudi ba, gami da takardun da ba a biya ba, kudaden inshora da ba a nemi ba, tsabar kudi a cikin asusun banki da kuma kudi a irin wannan yanayi a cibiyoyin kudi. UFAA sa'an nan kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya sake haɗa kudaden tare da masu mallakar su ko magada, bayan ganowa da ya dace. A halin yanzu, UFAA tana saka hannun jari a madadin masu shi, don ci gaba da hauhawar farashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Costweek |date=3 November 2017 |title=Banking Industry Partners with Unclaimed Financial Assets Authority to Raise Awareness |url=http://www.coastweek.com/3840-itn-01.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003164535/http://www.coastweek.com/3840-itn-01.htm |archive-date=3 October 2015 |access-date=11 November 2017 |publisher=Coastweek Newspapers Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kariuki |first=James |date=8 February 2018 |title=Assets agency takes up over 1,000 bank treasure troves |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/marketnews/Assets-agency-takes-up-over-1-000-bank-treasure-troves/3815534-4296954-4rpd66z/index.html |access-date=8 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Kellen a Kenya kuma ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun jami'a. An samo digiri na farko na Kimiyya (BSc) a cikin Lissafi daga Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka (USIU), a Nairobi . Ta ci gaba da samun Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) a cikin Gudanar da dabarun, kuma daga USIU. Daga baya ta sami digiri na Master of Arts a cikin Gudanar da Harkokin Dan Adam na Duniya, daga Jami'ar Cranfield a Ingila. Har ila yau, ita ma Mai ba da takardar shaidar lissafin jama'a ce (CPA). [1]

== Ayyuka ==
Shekaru kusan 20, tun kafin 1995, Kellen Kariuki ya yi aiki da Citibank, a ofishinsa na Nairobi. Ta yi aiki a manyan mukamai na gudanarwa ciki har da matsayin babban jami'in kudi da kuma babban jami'an albarkatun ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngigi |first=George |date=15 January 2015 |title=Top Citi official to bag job as unclaimed assets CEO |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/Top-Citi-official-to-bag-unclaimed-assets-CEO-job/539552-2590616-118fdb2/index.html |access-date=10 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekaru, ta rike ko har yanzu tana riƙe da nadin kwamiti da yawa, a matsayin (1) Shugaban Citibank Tanzania Limited (2) Darakta Citibank Uganda Limited (3) Shugaban Asusun Gudanar da Citibank Kenya Limited (4) Darakta na Cititrust Kenya Limited (5) Darakta Kenya Roads Board (KRB) (6) Darakta Resolution Insurance Limited (7) Darakta AMREF International (8) Darakta Likitoci da (9) Shugaban Hukumar Standard Chartered Bank, Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.sc.com/ke/board-of-directors/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www.sc.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na bangaren ilimi a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Strathmore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prof&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SBS |date=10 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Kellen Eileen Kariuki, MBS |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/kellen-eileen-kariuki-mbs/ |access-date=10 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University|Strathmore Business School]] (SBS)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strathmore University Business School |date=2023 |title=Faculty |url=https://sbs.strathmore.edu/kellen-eileen-kariuki-mbs/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=Strathmore University Business School}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisa mai kula da Cibiyar Tabbatar da Masu Bayar da Bayani na Jama'a ta Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngigi |first=George |date=15 January 2015 |title=Top Citi official to bag job as unclaimed assets CEO |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/Top-Citi-official-to-bag-unclaimed-assets-CEO-job/539552-2590616-118fdb2/index.html |access-date=10 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2016, hukumar da ta jagoranci tana da kusan KES biliyan 6 (kimanin dala miliyan 60) a karkashin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kariuki |first=James |date=26 January 2016 |title=We Have Sh6&amp;nbsp;billion For You, Says Unclaimed Assets Agency |url=http://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/jobs/we-have-sh6bn-for-you-says-unclaimed-assets-agency/ |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Stella Kilonzo
* [[Catherine Mturi-Wairi]]
* Nancy Onyango
* Esther Nyaiyaki

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816287</id>
      <parentid>816261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:51:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <text bytes="5059" sha1="aip6gfw8n2oyp0i08fnf6vn1rv25vfz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kellen Eileen Kariuki''' mai lissafi ce, 'yar kasuwa kuma Shugaba kamfanoni a Kenya . Tun daga watan Janairun 2015, ita ce babban darakta kuma Shugaba na Unclaimed Financial Assets Authority (UFAA), wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin tsakiya ta Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prof&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SBS |date=10 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Kellen Eileen Kariuki, MBS |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/kellen-eileen-kariuki-mbs/ |access-date=10 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University|Strathmore Business School]] (SBS)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar gwamnati, wacce Dokar majalisa ta kirkira a cikin shekara ta 2011, tana tattara kudaden da ba a nema a cikin tsarin kudi ba, gami da takardun da ba a biya ba, kudaden inshora da ba a nemi ba, tsabar kudi a cikin asusun banki da kuma kudi a irin wannan yanayi a cibiyoyin kudi. UFAA sa'an nan kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya sake haɗa kudaden tare da masu mallakar su ko magada, bayan ganowa da ya dace. A halin yanzu, UFAA tana saka hannun jari a madadin masu shi, don ci gaba da hauhawar farashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Costweek |date=3 November 2017 |title=Banking Industry Partners with Unclaimed Financial Assets Authority to Raise Awareness |url=http://www.coastweek.com/3840-itn-01.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003164535/http://www.coastweek.com/3840-itn-01.htm |archive-date=3 October 2015 |access-date=11 November 2017 |publisher=Coastweek Newspapers Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kariuki |first=James |date=8 February 2018 |title=Assets agency takes up over 1,000 bank treasure troves |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/marketnews/Assets-agency-takes-up-over-1-000-bank-treasure-troves/3815534-4296954-4rpd66z/index.html |access-date=8 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Kellen a Kenya kuma ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun jami'a. An samo digiri na farko na Kimiyya (BSc) a cikin Lissafi daga Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka (USIU), a Nairobi . Ta ci gaba da samun Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) a cikin Gudanar da dabarun, kuma daga USIU. Daga baya ta sami digiri na Master of Arts a cikin Gudanar da Harkokin Dan Adam na Duniya, daga Jami'ar Cranfield a Ingila. Har ila yau, ita ma Mai ba da takardar shaidar lissafin jama'a ce (CPA). [1]

== Ayyuka ==
Shekaru kusan 20, tun kafin 1995, Kellen Kariuki ya yi aiki da Citibank, a ofishinsa na Nairobi. Ta yi aiki a manyan mukamai na gudanarwa ciki har da matsayin babban jami'in kudi da kuma babban jami'an albarkatun ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngigi |first=George |date=15 January 2015 |title=Top Citi official to bag job as unclaimed assets CEO |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/Top-Citi-official-to-bag-unclaimed-assets-CEO-job/539552-2590616-118fdb2/index.html |access-date=10 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekaru, ta rike ko har yanzu tana riƙe da nadin kwamiti da yawa, a matsayin (1) Shugaban Citibank Tanzania Limited (2) Darakta Citibank Uganda Limited (3) Shugaban Asusun Gudanar da Citibank Kenya Limited (4) Darakta na Cititrust Kenya Limited (5) Darakta Kenya Roads Board (KRB) (6) Darakta Resolution Insurance Limited (7) Darakta AMREF International (8) Darakta Likitoci da (9) Shugaban Hukumar Standard Chartered Bank, Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.sc.com/ke/board-of-directors/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www.sc.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na bangaren ilimi a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Strathmore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prof&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SBS |date=10 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Kellen Eileen Kariuki, MBS |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/kellen-eileen-kariuki-mbs/ |access-date=10 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University|Strathmore Business School]] (SBS)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strathmore University Business School |date=2023 |title=Faculty |url=https://sbs.strathmore.edu/kellen-eileen-kariuki-mbs/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=Strathmore University Business School}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisa mai kula da Cibiyar Tabbatar da Masu Bayar da Bayani na Jama'a ta Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngigi |first=George |date=15 January 2015 |title=Top Citi official to bag job as unclaimed assets CEO |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/Top-Citi-official-to-bag-unclaimed-assets-CEO-job/539552-2590616-118fdb2/index.html |access-date=10 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2016, hukumar da ta jagoranci tana da kusan KES biliyan 6 (kimanin dala miliyan 60) a karkashin gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kariuki |first=James |date=26 January 2016 |title=We Have Sh6&amp;nbsp;billion For You, Says Unclaimed Assets Agency |url=http://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/jobs/we-have-sh6bn-for-you-says-unclaimed-assets-agency/ |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Stella Kilonzo
* [[Catherine Mturi-Wairi]]
* Nancy Onyango
* Esther Nyaiyaki

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>aip6gfw8n2oyp0i08fnf6vn1rv25vfz</sha1>
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    <title>Stella Kilonzo</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306013164|Stella Kilonzo]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Succession box||title=CEO Capital Markets Authority (Kenya)|before=[[Edward H. Ntalami]]&lt;br/&gt; 2002 - 2007|after=[[Paul Muthaura]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Muthaura-eligible-to-apply-for-position-of-CMA-chief/-/539552/1908908/-/jo6v22z/-/index.html|title=Muthaura 'eligible to apply' for Position of CMA Chief|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=8 July 2013|first=Charles|last=Mwaniki|newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]] (Nairobi)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 2012 - Present|years='''2008 - 2012'''}}
{{S-end}}'''Stella Kilonzo''' ƴar Kenya ce mai lissafin kuɗi kuma Mai gudanar da kasuwanci. Ita ce Babban Jami'in Babban Birni na Babban Birnin (Kenya). An nada ta a wannan mukamin a watan Yulin 2008, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=Kilonzo Appointment To Boost Market Confidence |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2008/07/kilonzo-appointment-to-boost-market-confidence/ |access-date=3 February 2015 |publisher=[[98.4 Capital FM]] (Nairobi)}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta sauka da son rai a ƙarshen wa'adinta na shekaru huɗu a watan Yunin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;Step&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gachenge |first=Beatrice |date=24 April 2012 |title=Kenya's Markets Regulator CEO To Step Down In June |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/kenya-capitalmarkets-idINL5E8FOEXV20120424 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925014614/http://in.reuters.com/article/kenya-capitalmarkets-idINL5E8FOEXV20120424 |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=3 February 2015 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin manajan sashen ci gaban bangaren kudi, a [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]]. An nada ta a wannan mukamin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clinches&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngigi |first=George |date=10 December 2013 |title=Former CMA Chief Clinches Top Bank Job |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/stella-kilonzo-clinches-top-bank-job/-/539552/2106728/-/y9v64qz/-/index.html |access-date=3 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka (CUEA), ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kasuwanci . Daga baya, ta halarci Jami'ar Loyola da ke Chicago, Illinois a Amurka. Ta kammala karatu daga Loyola tare da digiri na Master of Business Administration, ƙwararre a cikin kudaden kamfanoni. Kilonzo kuma yana da cancanta a matsayin Certified Public Accountant (CPA), wanda aka samu a Amurka.[1][2]

== Tarihin aiki ==
Bayan karatunta a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Kilonzo ta yi aiki a cikin tsarin kasuwar tsaro a Hukumar Kula da Masana'antar Kudi (FINRA) a Birnin [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], Amurka na tsawon shekaru hudu da rabi. Daga nan sai ta koma Kenya kuma ta yi aiki a Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC), a matsayin Babban Mataimakin a Sashen Ba da Shawara na Kudi. Ta kasance Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Gabashin Afirka (EASRA), wani taro na masu kula da kasuwannin Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka, daga 2008 zuwa 2010. A matsayinta na Shugaba a CMA (Kenya), ta kuma zauna a Hukumar Kula da Inshora a Kenya. Kilonzo ya kuma kasance memba na hukuma na ''Hukumar Amfanin Fensho ta Kenya''. Kafin a tabbatar da ita a matsayin Shugaba na CMA Kenya, ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in CMA (Kenya) daga 2007 har zuwa 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=President Kibaki Confirms Stella Kilonzo As CEO of Capital Markets Authority |url=https://jamaapoa.blogspot.com/2008/07/president-kibaki-confirms-stella.html |access-date=3 February 2015 |publisher=Jamaapoa.blogspot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekaru hudu a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na CMA, ta ki amincewa da yin aiki na biyu na shekaru hudu a matsayinta na Shugaba. Ta sauka a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;Step&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gachenge |first=Beatrice |date=24 April 2012 |title=Kenya's Markets Regulator CEO To Step Down In June |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/kenya-capitalmarkets-idINL5E8FOEXV20120424 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925014614/http://in.reuters.com/article/kenya-capitalmarkets-idINL5E8FOEXV20120424 |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=3 February 2015 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Were |first=Emmanuel |last2=Thiong'o |first2=Peterson |date=24 June 2012 |title=Two Kenyan Firms, CMA Brace For Change of Guard Next Week |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Two+Kenyan+firms++CMA+brace+for+change+of+guard+next+week/-/2560/1434278/-/view/printVersion/-/bkl5g1/-/index.html |access-date=3 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, an nada ta a matsayin manajan a Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB), a matsayin shugabar sashen ci gaban bangaren kudi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Clinches&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngigi |first=George |date=10 December 2013 |title=Former CMA Chief Clinches Top Bank Job |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/stella-kilonzo-clinches-top-bank-job/-/539552/2106728/-/y9v64qz/-/index.html |access-date=3 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Watch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 December 2014 |title=African Women To Watch: Capital Markets - Stella Kilonzo, Division Chief of the African Development Bank; Former CEO of Kenya's Capital Markets Authority and Chairwoman of the East African Securities Regulatory Authority |url=http://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2014/12/29/african-women-to-watch-capital-markets-video/ |access-date=3 February 2015 |website=Africanbusinesscentral.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Stella Kilonzo ta yi aure kuma mahaifiyar 'ya'ya maza biyu ce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 2014 |title=Interview Featuring Mrs. Stella Kilonzo, MBS: division manager, financial sector development department, African Development Bank Group (AfDB) |url=http://www.african-exchanges.org/download/newsletter/ASEA_Newsletter_July_%202014a.pdf |journal=African Exchanges Newsletter |location=Nairobi |volume=2 |pages=11 to 13 |access-date=24 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Nancy Onyango
* Babban Birnin Kasuwanci (Kenya) 
* Jami'ar Loyola Chicago
* Jami'ar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka

== Tebur na maye gurbin a CMA (Kenya) ==
{{Reflist}}
Tsohon Shugabannin CMA (Kenya), sun hada da (a) [[William Chelashaw]], wanda ya yi aiki daga 1992 har zuwa 1997 da (b) [[Paul K. Melly]], wanda ya kasance daga 1998 har zuwa 2002.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
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{{Succession box||title=CEO Capital Markets Authority (Kenya)|before=[[Edward H. Ntalami]]&lt;br/&gt; 2002 - 2007|after=[[Paul Muthaura]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Muthaura-eligible-to-apply-for-position-of-CMA-chief/-/539552/1908908/-/jo6v22z/-/index.html|title=Muthaura 'eligible to apply' for Position of CMA Chief|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=8 July 2013|first=Charles|last=Mwaniki|newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]] (Nairobi)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 2012 - Present|years='''2008 - 2012'''}}
{{S-end}}{{Databox}}
'''Stella Kilonzo''' ƴar Kenya ce mai lissafin kuɗi kuma Mai gudanar da kasuwanci. Ita ce Babban Jami'in Babban Birni na Babban Birnin (Kenya). An nada ta a wannan mukamin a watan Yulin 2008, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=Kilonzo Appointment To Boost Market Confidence |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2008/07/kilonzo-appointment-to-boost-market-confidence/ |access-date=3 February 2015 |publisher=[[98.4 Capital FM]] (Nairobi)}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta sauka da son rai a ƙarshen wa'adinta na shekaru huɗu a watan Yunin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;Step&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gachenge |first=Beatrice |date=24 April 2012 |title=Kenya's Markets Regulator CEO To Step Down In June |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/kenya-capitalmarkets-idINL5E8FOEXV20120424 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925014614/http://in.reuters.com/article/kenya-capitalmarkets-idINL5E8FOEXV20120424 |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=3 February 2015 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin manajan sashen ci gaban bangaren kudi, a [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]]. An nada ta a wannan mukamin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clinches&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngigi |first=George |date=10 December 2013 |title=Former CMA Chief Clinches Top Bank Job |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/stella-kilonzo-clinches-top-bank-job/-/539552/2106728/-/y9v64qz/-/index.html |access-date=3 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka (CUEA), ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kasuwanci . Daga baya, ta halarci Jami'ar Loyola da ke Chicago, Illinois a Amurka. Ta kammala karatu daga Loyola tare da digiri na Master of Business Administration, ƙwararre a cikin kudaden kamfanoni. Kilonzo kuma yana da cancanta a matsayin Certified Public Accountant (CPA), wanda aka samu a Amurka.[1][2]

== Tarihin aiki ==
Bayan karatunta a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Kilonzo ta yi aiki a cikin tsarin kasuwar tsaro a Hukumar Kula da Masana'antar Kudi (FINRA) a Birnin [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], Amurka na tsawon shekaru hudu da rabi. Daga nan sai ta koma Kenya kuma ta yi aiki a Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC), a matsayin Babban Mataimakin a Sashen Ba da Shawara na Kudi. Ta kasance Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Gabashin Afirka (EASRA), wani taro na masu kula da kasuwannin Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka, daga 2008 zuwa 2010. A matsayinta na Shugaba a CMA (Kenya), ta kuma zauna a Hukumar Kula da Inshora a Kenya. Kilonzo ya kuma kasance memba na hukuma na ''Hukumar Amfanin Fensho ta Kenya''. Kafin a tabbatar da ita a matsayin Shugaba na CMA Kenya, ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in CMA (Kenya) daga 2007 har zuwa 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=President Kibaki Confirms Stella Kilonzo As CEO of Capital Markets Authority |url=https://jamaapoa.blogspot.com/2008/07/president-kibaki-confirms-stella.html |access-date=3 February 2015 |publisher=Jamaapoa.blogspot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekaru hudu a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na CMA, ta ki amincewa da yin aiki na biyu na shekaru hudu a matsayinta na Shugaba. Ta sauka a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;Step&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gachenge |first=Beatrice |date=24 April 2012 |title=Kenya's Markets Regulator CEO To Step Down In June |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/kenya-capitalmarkets-idINL5E8FOEXV20120424 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925014614/http://in.reuters.com/article/kenya-capitalmarkets-idINL5E8FOEXV20120424 |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=3 February 2015 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Were |first=Emmanuel |last2=Thiong'o |first2=Peterson |date=24 June 2012 |title=Two Kenyan Firms, CMA Brace For Change of Guard Next Week |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Two+Kenyan+firms++CMA+brace+for+change+of+guard+next+week/-/2560/1434278/-/view/printVersion/-/bkl5g1/-/index.html |access-date=3 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, an nada ta a matsayin manajan a Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB), a matsayin shugabar sashen ci gaban bangaren kudi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Clinches&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngigi |first=George |date=10 December 2013 |title=Former CMA Chief Clinches Top Bank Job |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/stella-kilonzo-clinches-top-bank-job/-/539552/2106728/-/y9v64qz/-/index.html |access-date=3 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Watch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 December 2014 |title=African Women To Watch: Capital Markets - Stella Kilonzo, Division Chief of the African Development Bank; Former CEO of Kenya's Capital Markets Authority and Chairwoman of the East African Securities Regulatory Authority |url=http://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2014/12/29/african-women-to-watch-capital-markets-video/ |access-date=3 February 2015 |website=Africanbusinesscentral.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Stella Kilonzo ta yi aure kuma mahaifiyar 'ya'ya maza biyu ce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 2014 |title=Interview Featuring Mrs. Stella Kilonzo, MBS: division manager, financial sector development department, African Development Bank Group (AfDB) |url=http://www.african-exchanges.org/download/newsletter/ASEA_Newsletter_July_%202014a.pdf |journal=African Exchanges Newsletter |location=Nairobi |volume=2 |pages=11 to 13 |access-date=24 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Nancy Onyango
* Babban Birnin Kasuwanci (Kenya) 
* Jami'ar Loyola Chicago
* Jami'ar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka

== Tebur na maye gurbin a CMA (Kenya) ==
{{Reflist}}
Tsohon Shugabannin CMA (Kenya), sun hada da (a) [[William Chelashaw]], wanda ya yi aiki daga 1992 har zuwa 1997 da (b) [[Paul K. Melly]], wanda ya kasance daga 1998 har zuwa 2002.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343326757|Anne Kiunuhe]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Anne Kiunuhe''' [[lauya]] ce kuma mai lissafin kuɗi a Kenya, wacce ita ce abokin tarayya a Sashen Kamfanin Anjarwalla &amp; Khanna Law Firm, a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya. Tana aiki a matsayin edita na Legal Notes, wata jarida ta kwata-kwata da aka buga ta hanyar Afirka Legal Network (ALN), ƙungiyar kamfanonin lauyoyi a cikin yankuna 16 na Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa Legal Network |date=21 December 2018 |title=Anne Kiunuhe: Partner at Anjarwalla &amp; Khanna |url=https://www.africalegalnetwork.com/kenya/ourteam/anne-kiunuhe-partner/ |access-date=21 December 2018 |publisher=Africa Legal Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An haife ta ne a Kenya a cikin shekarun 1970s. Bayan ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida, an shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], inda ta yi karatun shari'a, ta kammala a 2003 tare da digiri na farko na Shari'a. Ta sami horo a cikin Shirin Horar da Lauyoyi, a [[Kenya School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya]] a shekara ta 2004. Kiunuhe kuma ƙwararren CPA ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa Legal Network |date=21 December 2018 |title=Anne Kiunuhe: Partner at Anjarwalla &amp; Khanna |url=https://www.africalegalnetwork.com/kenya/ourteam/anne-kiunuhe-partner/ |access-date=21 December 2018 |publisher=Africa Legal Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Tana da kwarewar shari'a sama da shekaru 10, tun daga watan Disamba 2018. Ta ƙware a cikin dokar gasa, dokar mallakar ilimi, dokar fasahar bayanai, dokar sadarwa da haɗuwa da saye-saye.[1] Tana aiki a matsayin co-shugaban Sashen Shari'a na Gasar a ofishinta na lauya. An san ta a matsayin jagora a cikin dokar gasa ta takwarorinta.[2]

== Sauran la'akari ==
Anne Kiunuhe ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a cikin dokar adawa da amincewa ga Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora-mai shirya taron hadin gwiwa na farko na [[Kasuwa gama gari na Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka|COMESA]] / Kenya . Ta wakilci bukatun Kenya a Gasar Gasar COMESA ta 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Bar Association |date=2018 |title=Faculty Name: Anne Kiunuhe: Partner at Anjarwalla &amp; Khanna |url=https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/events/antitrust_law/kiunuhe.pdf |access-date=21 December 2018 |publisher=[[American Bar Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita marubuciya ce mai yawa a kan batutuwan shari'a na zamani kuma mai magana na yau da kullun a taron shari'ar kamfanoni. A shekara ta 2015, ta lashe lambar yabo ta CFC Stanbic Rising Star, a cikin rukunin Ayyuka na Kwararru. Kyautar &quot;ta san matasa, masu basira, masu shekaru 28-40, waɗanda ke da damar samun nasara, nasara da yin bambanci mai mahimmanci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ICLG |date=2018 |title=Anne Kiunuhe: Partner at Anjarwalla &amp; Khanna |url=https://iclg.com/firms/anjarwalla-and-khanna/anne-kiunuhe |publisher=International Comparative Legal Guides (ICLG) © 2018 Global Legal Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin alƙalai biyar waɗanda suka zaɓi &quot;Top 40 Men Under 40 A Kenya 2018&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Team |date=21 December 2018 |title=Top 40 Men Under 40 In Kenya 2018: Meet the Judges |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/society/Top-40-Men-2018--Meet-the-Judges/3405664-4905606-2c7se1z/index.html |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Anne Kiunuhe''' [[lauya]] ce kuma mai lissafin kuɗi a Kenya, wacce ita ce abokin tarayya a Sashen Kamfanin Anjarwalla &amp; Khanna Law Firm, a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya. Tana aiki a matsayin edita na Legal Notes, wata jarida ta kwata-kwata da aka buga ta hanyar Afirka Legal Network (ALN), ƙungiyar kamfanonin lauyoyi a cikin yankuna 16 na Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa Legal Network |date=21 December 2018 |title=Anne Kiunuhe: Partner at Anjarwalla &amp; Khanna |url=https://www.africalegalnetwork.com/kenya/ourteam/anne-kiunuhe-partner/ |access-date=21 December 2018 |publisher=Africa Legal Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An haife ta ne a Kenya a cikin shekarun 1970s. Bayan ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida, an shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], inda ta yi karatun shari'a, ta kammala a 2003 tare da digiri na farko na Shari'a. Ta sami horo a cikin Shirin Horar da Lauyoyi, a [[Kenya School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya]] a shekara ta 2004. Kiunuhe kuma ƙwararren CPA ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa Legal Network |date=21 December 2018 |title=Anne Kiunuhe: Partner at Anjarwalla &amp; Khanna |url=https://www.africalegalnetwork.com/kenya/ourteam/anne-kiunuhe-partner/ |access-date=21 December 2018 |publisher=Africa Legal Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Tana da kwarewar shari'a sama da shekaru 10, tun daga watan Disamba 2018. Ta ƙware a cikin dokar gasa, dokar mallakar ilimi, dokar fasahar bayanai, dokar sadarwa da haɗuwa da saye-saye.[1] Tana aiki a matsayin co-shugaban Sashen Shari'a na Gasar a ofishinta na lauya. An san ta a matsayin jagora a cikin dokar gasa ta takwarorinta.[2]

== Sauran la'akari ==
Anne Kiunuhe ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a cikin dokar adawa da amincewa ga Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora-mai shirya taron hadin gwiwa na farko na [[Kasuwa gama gari na Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka|COMESA]] / Kenya . Ta wakilci bukatun Kenya a Gasar Gasar COMESA ta 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Bar Association |date=2018 |title=Faculty Name: Anne Kiunuhe: Partner at Anjarwalla &amp; Khanna |url=https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/events/antitrust_law/kiunuhe.pdf |access-date=21 December 2018 |publisher=[[American Bar Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita marubuciya ce mai yawa a kan batutuwan shari'a na zamani kuma mai magana na yau da kullun a taron shari'ar kamfanoni. A shekara ta 2015, ta lashe lambar yabo ta CFC Stanbic Rising Star, a cikin rukunin Ayyuka na Kwararru. Kyautar &quot;ta san matasa, masu basira, masu shekaru 28-40, waɗanda ke da damar samun nasara, nasara da yin bambanci mai mahimmanci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ICLG |date=2018 |title=Anne Kiunuhe: Partner at Anjarwalla &amp; Khanna |url=https://iclg.com/firms/anjarwalla-and-khanna/anne-kiunuhe |publisher=International Comparative Legal Guides (ICLG) © 2018 Global Legal Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin alƙalai biyar waɗanda suka zaɓi &quot;Top 40 Men Under 40 A Kenya 2018&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Team |date=21 December 2018 |title=Top 40 Men Under 40 In Kenya 2018: Meet the Judges |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/society/Top-40-Men-2018--Meet-the-Judges/3405664-4905606-2c7se1z/index.html |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rebecca Mbithi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338150711|Rebecca Mbithi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Rebecca Mbithi''', [[lauya]] ce, mai lissafi kuma mai gudanar da kamfanoni a [[Kenya]], babbar tattalin arziki a Gabashin Afirka. Ita ce manajan darektan kuma babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Ecobank Kenya, tun daga 9 ga Fabrairu 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;0R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faith Mwangi |date=11 February 2026 |title=Ecobank Kenya Appoints Rebecca Mbithi as Managing Director |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/jobs-careers/ecobank-kenya-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-managing-director/ |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=The Kenya Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce Shugaba ta baya ta Bankin Iyali, mai ba da sabis na kuɗi tare da kadarorin da suka kai kimanin dala miliyan 789 (KSh120 biliyan), tun daga ranar 30 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phyllis Muchoki |date=23 November 2023 |title=Nancy Njau Replaces Rebecca Mbithi As New Family Bank Kenya CEO |url=https://www.financialfortunemedia.com/nancy-njau-replaces-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-family-bank-kenya-ceo/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Financial Fortune Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nada ta a wannan mukamin a watan Fabrairun 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brian Ngugi |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank board taps insider as new chief executive |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/business/Family-Bank-board-taps-insider-as-new-chief-executive/996-5001114-869cuu/index.html |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Daily Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta yi murabus a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a Kenya. Bayan ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida, an shigar da ita Jami'ar Nairobi, tsohuwar jami'ar jama'a ta Kenya, inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Shari'a. Ta ci gaba da yin rajista a cikin Shirin Horar da Lauyoyi a Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya . Bayan nasarar kammala wannan horo, an shigar da ita cikin Kotun Kenya.[1]

Matsayinta na biyu shine Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Gudanar da Dabarun, wanda Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka ta Afirka ta bayar, a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya. Har ila yau, ita ma mai ba da takardar shaidar jama'a ce, kuma Sakatariyar Jama'a ce.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhatia |first=Abel |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank appoints Rebecca Mbithi as new CEO |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090531/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kafin ta shiga Bankin Iyali, Mbithi ta yi aiki a Kenya Tea Development Agencies (KTDA) da kuma Rift Valley Railways . A lokacin da aka nada ta Shugaba, ita ce Sakatariyar Kamfanin da Daraktan Ayyukan Shari'a a Bankin Iyali, matsayin da ta rike tun 2015. Naɗin ta a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Bankin Iyali yana ƙarƙashin amincewar [[Babban Banki|Babban bankin]] Kenya, babban bankin gundumar da kuma mai kula da banki na ƙasa. Ta maye gurbin David Thuku, wanda ya yi murabus daga bankin a watan Satumbar 2018, don neman bukatun kansa. Ya zauna a bankin yayin da ake daukar wani maye gurbinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhatia |first=Abel |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank appoints Rebecca Mbithi as new CEO |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090531/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na 2019, Babban Bankin Kenya ya amince da nadin Rebecca Mbithi a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na Bankin Iyali. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Okoth |date=2 October 2019 |title=New Family Bank Chief Executive Gets CBK Nod |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/economy/New-Family-Bank-chief-executive-gets-CBK-nod/3946234-5296366-vk1dm4z/index.html |access-date=4 October 2019 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]] |place=Nairobi, Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan shekaru biyar a matsayin Shugaba a Bankin Iyali, ta yi murabus kuma ta bar bankin don neman wasu dama. Nancy Njau ce ta maye gurbin ta, tsohon mukaddashin Babban Jami'in Kasuwanci a wannan bankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dominic Omondi |date=23 December 2023 |title=Rebecca Mbithi exits after five years |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/news/family-bank-ceo-rebecca-mbithi-exits-after-five-years-4442792 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2026, kwamitin daraktocin Ecobank Kenya ya nada Shugaba da manajan darakta, wanda ya fara aiki a wannan rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;0R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faith Mwangi |date=11 February 2026 |title=Ecobank Kenya Appoints Rebecca Mbithi as Managing Director |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/jobs-careers/ecobank-kenya-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-managing-director/ |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=The Kenya Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Rebecca Mbithi lauya ce ta Babban Kotun Kenya kuma memba ne na Law Society of Kenya . Har ila yau, memba ne na Cibiyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Jama'a ta Kenya kuma Sakatariyar Jama'a ce. Rebecca Mbithi ita ce Shugaba ta biyar a bangaren banki na kasuwanci na Kenya. Sauran hudu sune (a) Nasim Devji, a Bankin Diamond Trust (b) Betty Korir a Bankin Credit (c) Anne Karanja, a Bankan Tattalin Arziki na Kenya da (d) Joyce Ann Waina, a Citibank Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhatia |first=Abel |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank appoints Rebecca Mbithi as new CEO |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090531/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Okoth |date=2 October 2019 |title=New Family Bank Chief Executive Gets CBK Nod |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/economy/New-Family-Bank-chief-executive-gets-CBK-nod/3946234-5296366-vk1dm4z/index.html |access-date=4 October 2019 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]] |place=Nairobi, Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin bankunan a Kenya
* Tattalin arzikin Kenya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Rebecca Mbithi''', [[lauya]] ce, mai lissafi kuma mai gudanar da kamfanoni a [[Kenya]], babbar tattalin arziki a Gabashin Afirka. Ita ce manajan darektan kuma babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Ecobank Kenya, tun daga 9 ga Fabrairu 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;0R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faith Mwangi |date=11 February 2026 |title=Ecobank Kenya Appoints Rebecca Mbithi as Managing Director |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/jobs-careers/ecobank-kenya-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-managing-director/ |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=The Kenya Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce Shugaba ta baya ta Bankin Iyali, mai ba da sabis na kuɗi tare da kadarorin da suka kai kimanin dala miliyan 789 (KSh120 biliyan), tun daga ranar 30 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phyllis Muchoki |date=23 November 2023 |title=Nancy Njau Replaces Rebecca Mbithi As New Family Bank Kenya CEO |url=https://www.financialfortunemedia.com/nancy-njau-replaces-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-family-bank-kenya-ceo/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Financial Fortune Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nada ta a wannan mukamin a watan Fabrairun 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brian Ngugi |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank board taps insider as new chief executive |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/business/Family-Bank-board-taps-insider-as-new-chief-executive/996-5001114-869cuu/index.html |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Daily Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta yi murabus a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a Kenya. Bayan ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida, an shigar da ita Jami'ar Nairobi, tsohuwar jami'ar jama'a ta Kenya, inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Shari'a. Ta ci gaba da yin rajista a cikin Shirin Horar da Lauyoyi a Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya . Bayan nasarar kammala wannan horo, an shigar da ita cikin Kotun Kenya.[1]

Matsayinta na biyu shine Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Gudanar da Dabarun, wanda Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka ta Afirka ta bayar, a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya. Har ila yau, ita ma mai ba da takardar shaidar jama'a ce, kuma Sakatariyar Jama'a ce.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhatia |first=Abel |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank appoints Rebecca Mbithi as new CEO |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090531/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kafin ta shiga Bankin Iyali, Mbithi ta yi aiki a Kenya Tea Development Agencies (KTDA) da kuma Rift Valley Railways . A lokacin da aka nada ta Shugaba, ita ce Sakatariyar Kamfanin da Daraktan Ayyukan Shari'a a Bankin Iyali, matsayin da ta rike tun 2015. Naɗin ta a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Bankin Iyali yana ƙarƙashin amincewar [[Babban Banki|Babban bankin]] Kenya, babban bankin gundumar da kuma mai kula da banki na ƙasa. Ta maye gurbin David Thuku, wanda ya yi murabus daga bankin a watan Satumbar 2018, don neman bukatun kansa. Ya zauna a bankin yayin da ake daukar wani maye gurbinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhatia |first=Abel |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank appoints Rebecca Mbithi as new CEO |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090531/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na 2019, Babban Bankin Kenya ya amince da nadin Rebecca Mbithi a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na Bankin Iyali. &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Okoth |date=2 October 2019 |title=New Family Bank Chief Executive Gets CBK Nod |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/economy/New-Family-Bank-chief-executive-gets-CBK-nod/3946234-5296366-vk1dm4z/index.html |access-date=4 October 2019 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]] |place=Nairobi, Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan shekaru biyar a matsayin Shugaba a Bankin Iyali, ta yi murabus kuma ta bar bankin don neman wasu dama. Nancy Njau ce ta maye gurbin ta, tsohon mukaddashin Babban Jami'in Kasuwanci a wannan bankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dominic Omondi |date=23 December 2023 |title=Rebecca Mbithi exits after five years |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/news/family-bank-ceo-rebecca-mbithi-exits-after-five-years-4442792 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2026, kwamitin daraktocin Ecobank Kenya ya nada Shugaba da manajan darakta, wanda ya fara aiki a wannan rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;0R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faith Mwangi |date=11 February 2026 |title=Ecobank Kenya Appoints Rebecca Mbithi as Managing Director |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/jobs-careers/ecobank-kenya-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-managing-director/ |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=The Kenya Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Rebecca Mbithi lauya ce ta Babban Kotun Kenya kuma memba ne na Law Society of Kenya . Har ila yau, memba ne na Cibiyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Jama'a ta Kenya kuma Sakatariyar Jama'a ce. Rebecca Mbithi ita ce Shugaba ta biyar a bangaren banki na kasuwanci na Kenya. Sauran hudu sune (a) Nasim Devji, a Bankin Diamond Trust (b) Betty Korir a Bankin Credit (c) Anne Karanja, a Bankan Tattalin Arziki na Kenya da (d) Joyce Ann Waina, a Citibank Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhatia |first=Abel |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank appoints Rebecca Mbithi as new CEO |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090531/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Okoth |date=2 October 2019 |title=New Family Bank Chief Executive Gets CBK Nod |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/economy/New-Family-Bank-chief-executive-gets-CBK-nod/3946234-5296366-vk1dm4z/index.html |access-date=4 October 2019 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]] |place=Nairobi, Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin bankunan a Kenya
* Tattalin arzikin Kenya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>g79azlpqevhoxooa848yzc0lmbhprh5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Esther Muchemi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344863806|Esther Muchemi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Esther Mūchemi''', mai lissafi, 'ɗan kasuwa, 'yar kasuwanci da kuma shugaban kamfanoni a [[Kenya]], wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa na Samchi Group of Companies, wani kamfani daban-daban na Kenya, wanda kamfanoninsa suka hada da sadarwa, microfinance, karɓar baƙi, dukiya, gidajen cin abinci da ICT.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kyatusiimire |first=Sharon |date=13 July 2018 |title=Meet Esther Muchemi, the Kenyan Entrepreneur Inspiring Ugandan Businesswomen |url=https://chimpreports.com/meet-esther-muchemi-the-kenyan-entrepreneur-inspiring-ugandan-businesswomen/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Chimprepots.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An haifi Mūchemi a Kenya kuma ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun firamare da sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] tare da digiri na farko na Kasuwanci . Daga nan sai ta horar da ita a matsayin mai lissafi kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken kudi na shekaru ashirin, kafin ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar kasuwa, da kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mulupi |first=Dinfin |date=26 August 2014 |title=How Esther Muchemi's early bet on the growth of mobile telecoms paid off |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/how-esther-muchemis-early-bet-on-the-growth-of-mobile-telecoms-paid-off/42824/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=How We Made It In Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okoti |first=Daisy |date=2 February 2018 |title=Youth have many opportunities, they just don't see them |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/mynetwork/PERSONALITY-OF-THE-WEEK-Esther-Muchemi-/3141096-4287602-155ajcgz/index.html |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ita ma Mai ba da takardar shaidar lissafin jama'a ce (CPA), tare da Cibiyar Masu ba da takaddun shaida na jama'a ta Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwitari |first=David |date=September 2017 |title=10 tips on building an impressive business - Esther Muchemi CEO of Samchi Group of Companies |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001236514/10-tips-on-building-an-impressive-business-esther-muchemi-ceo-of-samchi-group-of-companies |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=SDE.CO.KE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Shekaru 16, tun daga shekarar 1984, ta yi aiki a masana'antar lissafi a matsayin mai binciken kudi. A shekara ta 2000, ta bar aikinta na yau da kullun kuma ta bude kantin sayar da kayayyaki a kan titin Koinange, a cikin gari [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya, tana sayar da katunan sim na Safaricom da lokacin iska.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okoti |first=Daisy |date=2 February 2018 |title=Youth have many opportunities, they just don't see them |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/mynetwork/PERSONALITY-OF-THE-WEEK-Esther-Muchemi-/3141096-4287602-155ajcgz/index.html |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekaru ta sannu a hankali ta fadada daularta zuwa ƙungiyar saka hannun jari tare da kusan kamfanoni goma sha biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kyatusiimire |first=Sharon |date=13 July 2018 |title=Meet Esther Muchemi, the Kenyan Entrepreneur Inspiring Ugandan Businesswomen |url=https://chimpreports.com/meet-esther-muchemi-the-kenyan-entrepreneur-inspiring-ugandan-businesswomen/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Chimprepots.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kungiyar Samchi ==
Mūchemi ta shirya kasuwancinta a karkashin laima da aka sani da Samchi Group of Companies . Kungiyar ta haɗa da: (a) Samchi Telecommunications Limited (b) Jumbo Communications Limited (c) Forward Airtime Limited da (d) Mergut Limited. Wadannan hudu na farko duk suna cikin sashin sadarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kyatusiimire |first=Sharon |date=13 July 2018 |title=Meet Esther Muchemi, the Kenyan Entrepreneur Inspiring Ugandan Businesswomen |url=https://chimpreports.com/meet-esther-muchemi-the-kenyan-entrepreneur-inspiring-ugandan-businesswomen/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Chimprepots.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran kamfanoni a cikin rukuni sune: (e) Samchi Credit Limited, kamfani na microfinance (f) Samchi Heights Limited, kamfanin ci gaban ƙasa (g) Bayan 40 Hotel Limited, wanda ke kan titin Biashara a Nairobi (h) El-Roi Plaza, gidan cin kasuwa da ke kan titinin Tom Mboya a Nairobi (i) Heavenly Wings Limited, gidan cin abinci a cikin El-Rei Plaza da (j) kamfanin ofishin kama-da-wane da ake kira Space International Limited.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kyatusiimire |first=Sharon |date=13 July 2018 |title=Meet Esther Muchemi, the Kenyan Entrepreneur Inspiring Ugandan Businesswomen |url=https://chimpreports.com/meet-esther-muchemi-the-kenyan-entrepreneur-inspiring-ugandan-businesswomen/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Chimprepots.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2018, Kungiyar Samchi ta dauki ma'aikata 560 . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A cikin 2017, Mūchemi ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Mata ta Duniya ta 2017, wanda Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaban Jagora ta bayar. Ta sami lambar yabo a taron mata na Kudancin Amurka-Afirka-Middle East-Asia na 2017, wanda aka gudanar a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa . [1] A cikin wannan shekarar, an shigar da ita cikin 100 Global Women Leaders Hall of Fame na Amazon. [1]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Stella Kilonzo
* [[Catherine Mturi-Wairi]]
* Nancy Onyango
* Esther Nyaiyaki

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Esther Mūchemi''', mai lissafi, 'ɗan kasuwa, 'yar kasuwanci da kuma shugaban kamfanoni a [[Kenya]], wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa na Samchi Group of Companies, wani kamfani daban-daban na Kenya, wanda kamfanoninsa suka hada da sadarwa, microfinance, karɓar baƙi, dukiya, gidajen cin abinci da ICT.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kyatusiimire |first=Sharon |date=13 July 2018 |title=Meet Esther Muchemi, the Kenyan Entrepreneur Inspiring Ugandan Businesswomen |url=https://chimpreports.com/meet-esther-muchemi-the-kenyan-entrepreneur-inspiring-ugandan-businesswomen/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Chimprepots.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An haifi Mūchemi a Kenya kuma ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun firamare da sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] tare da digiri na farko na Kasuwanci . Daga nan sai ta horar da ita a matsayin mai lissafi kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken kudi na shekaru ashirin, kafin ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar kasuwa, da kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mulupi |first=Dinfin |date=26 August 2014 |title=How Esther Muchemi's early bet on the growth of mobile telecoms paid off |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/how-esther-muchemis-early-bet-on-the-growth-of-mobile-telecoms-paid-off/42824/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=How We Made It In Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okoti |first=Daisy |date=2 February 2018 |title=Youth have many opportunities, they just don't see them |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/mynetwork/PERSONALITY-OF-THE-WEEK-Esther-Muchemi-/3141096-4287602-155ajcgz/index.html |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ita ma Mai ba da takardar shaidar lissafin jama'a ce (CPA), tare da Cibiyar Masu ba da takaddun shaida na jama'a ta Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwitari |first=David |date=September 2017 |title=10 tips on building an impressive business - Esther Muchemi CEO of Samchi Group of Companies |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001236514/10-tips-on-building-an-impressive-business-esther-muchemi-ceo-of-samchi-group-of-companies |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=SDE.CO.KE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Shekaru 16, tun daga shekarar 1984, ta yi aiki a masana'antar lissafi a matsayin mai binciken kudi. A shekara ta 2000, ta bar aikinta na yau da kullun kuma ta bude kantin sayar da kayayyaki a kan titin Koinange, a cikin gari [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya, tana sayar da katunan sim na Safaricom da lokacin iska.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okoti |first=Daisy |date=2 February 2018 |title=Youth have many opportunities, they just don't see them |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/mynetwork/PERSONALITY-OF-THE-WEEK-Esther-Muchemi-/3141096-4287602-155ajcgz/index.html |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekaru ta sannu a hankali ta fadada daularta zuwa ƙungiyar saka hannun jari tare da kusan kamfanoni goma sha biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kyatusiimire |first=Sharon |date=13 July 2018 |title=Meet Esther Muchemi, the Kenyan Entrepreneur Inspiring Ugandan Businesswomen |url=https://chimpreports.com/meet-esther-muchemi-the-kenyan-entrepreneur-inspiring-ugandan-businesswomen/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Chimprepots.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kungiyar Samchi ==
Mūchemi ta shirya kasuwancinta a karkashin laima da aka sani da Samchi Group of Companies . Kungiyar ta haɗa da: (a) Samchi Telecommunications Limited (b) Jumbo Communications Limited (c) Forward Airtime Limited da (d) Mergut Limited. Wadannan hudu na farko duk suna cikin sashin sadarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kyatusiimire |first=Sharon |date=13 July 2018 |title=Meet Esther Muchemi, the Kenyan Entrepreneur Inspiring Ugandan Businesswomen |url=https://chimpreports.com/meet-esther-muchemi-the-kenyan-entrepreneur-inspiring-ugandan-businesswomen/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Chimprepots.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran kamfanoni a cikin rukuni sune: (e) Samchi Credit Limited, kamfani na microfinance (f) Samchi Heights Limited, kamfanin ci gaban ƙasa (g) Bayan 40 Hotel Limited, wanda ke kan titin Biashara a Nairobi (h) El-Roi Plaza, gidan cin kasuwa da ke kan titinin Tom Mboya a Nairobi (i) Heavenly Wings Limited, gidan cin abinci a cikin El-Rei Plaza da (j) kamfanin ofishin kama-da-wane da ake kira Space International Limited.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kyatusiimire |first=Sharon |date=13 July 2018 |title=Meet Esther Muchemi, the Kenyan Entrepreneur Inspiring Ugandan Businesswomen |url=https://chimpreports.com/meet-esther-muchemi-the-kenyan-entrepreneur-inspiring-ugandan-businesswomen/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Chimprepots.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2018, Kungiyar Samchi ta dauki ma'aikata 560 . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A cikin 2017, Mūchemi ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Mata ta Duniya ta 2017, wanda Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaban Jagora ta bayar. Ta sami lambar yabo a taron mata na Kudancin Amurka-Afirka-Middle East-Asia na 2017, wanda aka gudanar a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa . [1] A cikin wannan shekarar, an shigar da ita cikin 100 Global Women Leaders Hall of Fame na Amazon. [1]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Stella Kilonzo
* [[Catherine Mturi-Wairi]]
* Nancy Onyango
* Esther Nyaiyaki

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anne Muraya</title>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340531217|Anne Muraya]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Anne Mūraya''' is a Kenyan accountant, businesswoman, and corporate executive who was appointed as the chief executive officer of Deloitte East Africa, effective 1 June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anne Muraya {{!}} CEO, Deloitte East Africa |url=https://www.deloitte.com/ke/en/about/people/profiles.amuraya+6bbd74c6.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=www.deloitte.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Up until then, she served as the Africa Managing Partner for Responsible Business and Public Policy at Deloitte. She concurrently worked as the audit leader for East Africa. In her new position, Mūraya oversees the company's business in eight countries, namely: [[Burundi]], [[Itofiya|Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Sudan ta Kudu|South Sudan]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] and [[Uganda]]. She is the first female executive to serve in that position, in the history of the firm.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=James Kahongey |date=14 February 2022 |title=Deloitte appoints first woman chief executive |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/deloitte-appoints-first-woman-chief-executive-3716458 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Mūraya 'yar kasar Kenya ce. Tana da digiri na farko na ilimi (B.Ed.) a cikin [[Lissafi]] da ilmin sunadarai, wanda [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]] ta bayar a shekarar 1994. Ita ƙwararren mai lissafin jama'a ce kuma memba ne na Cibiyar ƙwararrun masu lissafin jama-a ta Kenya (ICPAK), Cibiyar ƙwararren masu lissafin kuɗi na jama'a ta Uganda (ICPAU) da Cibiyar ƙwarewar ƙwararren ma'aikatan lissafin jamaʼa ta Rwanda (ICPAR). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=James Kahongey |date=14 February 2022 |title=Deloitte appoints first woman chief executive |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/deloitte-appoints-first-woman-chief-executive-3716458 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deloitte Africa |date=16 February 2022 |title=Anne Muraya: Audit &amp; Assurance Leader (CEO-Elect) |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/za/en/kenya/profiles/amuraya.html |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=Deloitte Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1994, Mūraya ta shiga Deloitte a matsayin mai binciken kudi, a ofishinsu a Nairobi, babban birnin Kenya. A cikin shekaru, ta tashi ta hanyar matsayi kuma a cikin 2017, an nada ta mace ta farko &quot;shugaban binciken&quot;, a yankin Deloitte na Gabashin Afirka. Daga baya, an nada ta a matsayin Manajan Abokin Hulɗa na Kasuwanci da Manufofin Jama'a na yankin Deloitte na Afirka. A can ma, ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan rawar.[1]

== Sauran la'akari ==
Mūraya memba ne na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Deloitte Africa Audit (Exco). EXCO ta kafa dabarun dabarun binciken da tabbatar da kasuwancin yankin Afirka kuma tana sa ido kan aiwatar da wannan dabarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deloitte Africa |date=16 February 2022 |title=Anne Muraya: Audit &amp; Assurance Leader (CEO-Elect) |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/za/en/kenya/profiles/amuraya.html |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=Deloitte Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, memba ne na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Duniya ta Deloitte . Wannan rukuni ya ƙunshi abokan hulɗa na Deloitte 30, waɗanda aka zaba a duniya don ba da shawara ga babban jami'in Deloitte Global.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grace Matheka |date=15 February 2022 |title=Anne Muraya appointed as the first woman CEO for Deloitte East Africa |url=https://hapakenya.com/2022/02/15/anne-muraya-appointed-as-the-first-woman-ceo-for-deloitte-east-africa/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=HapaKenya.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rita Kavashe
* [[Ruth Doreen Mutebe]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Anne Mūraya''' is a Kenyan accountant, businesswoman, and corporate executive who was appointed as the chief executive officer of Deloitte East Africa, effective 1 June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anne Muraya {{!}} CEO, Deloitte East Africa |url=https://www.deloitte.com/ke/en/about/people/profiles.amuraya+6bbd74c6.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=www.deloitte.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Up until then, she served as the Africa Managing Partner for Responsible Business and Public Policy at Deloitte. She concurrently worked as the audit leader for East Africa. In her new position, Mūraya oversees the company's business in eight countries, namely: [[Burundi]], [[Itofiya|Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Sudan ta Kudu|South Sudan]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] and [[Uganda]]. She is the first female executive to serve in that position, in the history of the firm.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=James Kahongey |date=14 February 2022 |title=Deloitte appoints first woman chief executive |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/deloitte-appoints-first-woman-chief-executive-3716458 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Mūraya 'yar kasar Kenya ce. Tana da digiri na farko na ilimi (B.Ed.) a cikin [[Lissafi]] da ilmin sunadarai, wanda [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]] ta bayar a shekarar 1994. Ita ƙwararren mai lissafin jama'a ce kuma memba ne na Cibiyar ƙwararrun masu lissafin jama-a ta Kenya (ICPAK), Cibiyar ƙwararren masu lissafin kuɗi na jama'a ta Uganda (ICPAU) da Cibiyar ƙwarewar ƙwararren ma'aikatan lissafin jamaʼa ta Rwanda (ICPAR). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=James Kahongey |date=14 February 2022 |title=Deloitte appoints first woman chief executive |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/deloitte-appoints-first-woman-chief-executive-3716458 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deloitte Africa |date=16 February 2022 |title=Anne Muraya: Audit &amp; Assurance Leader (CEO-Elect) |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/za/en/kenya/profiles/amuraya.html |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=Deloitte Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1994, Mūraya ta shiga Deloitte a matsayin mai binciken kudi, a ofishinsu a Nairobi, babban birnin Kenya. A cikin shekaru, ta tashi ta hanyar matsayi kuma a cikin 2017, an nada ta mace ta farko &quot;shugaban binciken&quot;, a yankin Deloitte na Gabashin Afirka. Daga baya, an nada ta a matsayin Manajan Abokin Hulɗa na Kasuwanci da Manufofin Jama'a na yankin Deloitte na Afirka. A can ma, ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan rawar.[1]

== Sauran la'akari ==
Mūraya memba ne na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Deloitte Africa Audit (Exco). EXCO ta kafa dabarun dabarun binciken da tabbatar da kasuwancin yankin Afirka kuma tana sa ido kan aiwatar da wannan dabarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deloitte Africa |date=16 February 2022 |title=Anne Muraya: Audit &amp; Assurance Leader (CEO-Elect) |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/za/en/kenya/profiles/amuraya.html |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=Deloitte Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, memba ne na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Duniya ta Deloitte . Wannan rukuni ya ƙunshi abokan hulɗa na Deloitte 30, waɗanda aka zaba a duniya don ba da shawara ga babban jami'in Deloitte Global.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grace Matheka |date=15 February 2022 |title=Anne Muraya appointed as the first woman CEO for Deloitte East Africa |url=https://hapakenya.com/2022/02/15/anne-muraya-appointed-as-the-first-woman-ceo-for-deloitte-east-africa/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=HapaKenya.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rita Kavashe
* [[Ruth Doreen Mutebe]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flora Mutahi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816267</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1262478761|Flora Mutahi]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2266" sha1="rukc6rp0jtzo88q59h6pimz28cmnhft" xml:space="preserve">'''Flora Mutahi''' ɗan kasuwa ne na Kenya tare da ƙwarewa a cikin jagorancin dabarun, ci gaban kasuwanci da tallace-tallace.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biko |first=Jackson |date=24 August 2017 |title=From selling salt |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/society/From-selling-salt-to-creating-Melvins-Tea/3405664-4069564-30ckio/index.html |access-date=5 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
An haifi Mutahi a Kenya kuma ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun firamare da sakandare. Tana da B.Sc. Kudi da asusun (UK), da kuma Babban Jagoran Gudanar da Kasuwanci, wanda [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] a Afirka ta Kudu ta bayar.

== Ayyuka ==
Mutahi shine wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Melvin Marsh International Ltd, kamfani wanda ya gabatar da shayi mai ɗanɗano a Kenya. Melvins ya sami lambar yabo ta Top 100, lambar yabo ta wuta don bayar da rahoto na kudi, da kuma Kasuwanci mafi Kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flora Mutahi |date=5 January 2018 |title=Flora Mutahi: Chairlady Kenya Association of Manufacturers and Founder &amp; CEO Melvins Tea |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/flora-mutahi-71769052/ |access-date=5 January 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2011 Mutahi ya kafa kamfanin ƙasa mai suna Azizi Realtors .  Ta kuma ƙaddamar da Shirin Tasirin Jagorancin Melvins don samar da horo ga 'yan kasuwa mata.

A watan Yulin 2016, an nada Mutahi a matsayin shugabar kungiyar masana'antun Kenya, mace ta farko da ta zauna a wannan ofishin.[1] A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, an zabe ta mataimakiyar shugabar majalisar kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin Gabas da Kudancin Afirka. [2]

A watan Yunin 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa an nada ta a cikin Kwamitin Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . 

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2021 ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA); ita ma memba ce ta kwamitin SBM Bank Kenya . 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Mutahi uwar aure ce mai 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biko |first=Jackson |date=24 August 2017 |title=From selling salt |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/society/From-selling-salt-to-creating-Melvins-Tea/3405664-4069564-30ckio/index.html |access-date=5 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:57:58Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Databox</comment>
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'''Flora Mutahi''' ɗan kasuwa ne na Kenya tare da ƙwarewa a cikin jagorancin dabarun, ci gaban kasuwanci da tallace-tallace.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biko |first=Jackson |date=24 August 2017 |title=From selling salt |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/society/From-selling-salt-to-creating-Melvins-Tea/3405664-4069564-30ckio/index.html |access-date=5 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
An haifi Mutahi a Kenya kuma ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun firamare da sakandare. Tana da B.Sc. Kudi da asusun (UK), da kuma Babban Jagoran Gudanar da Kasuwanci, wanda [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] a Afirka ta Kudu ta bayar.

== Ayyuka ==
Mutahi shine wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Melvin Marsh International Ltd, kamfani wanda ya gabatar da shayi mai ɗanɗano a Kenya. Melvins ya sami lambar yabo ta Top 100, lambar yabo ta wuta don bayar da rahoto na kudi, da kuma Kasuwanci mafi Kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flora Mutahi |date=5 January 2018 |title=Flora Mutahi: Chairlady Kenya Association of Manufacturers and Founder &amp; CEO Melvins Tea |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/flora-mutahi-71769052/ |access-date=5 January 2018 |publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2011 Mutahi ya kafa kamfanin ƙasa mai suna Azizi Realtors .  Ta kuma ƙaddamar da Shirin Tasirin Jagorancin Melvins don samar da horo ga 'yan kasuwa mata.

A watan Yulin 2016, an nada Mutahi a matsayin shugabar kungiyar masana'antun Kenya, mace ta farko da ta zauna a wannan ofishin.[1] A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, an zabe ta mataimakiyar shugabar majalisar kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin Gabas da Kudancin Afirka. [2]

A watan Yunin 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa an nada ta a cikin Kwamitin Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . 

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2021 ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA); ita ma memba ce ta kwamitin SBM Bank Kenya . 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Mutahi uwar aure ce mai 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biko |first=Jackson |date=24 August 2017 |title=From selling salt |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/society/From-selling-salt-to-creating-Melvins-Tea/3405664-4069564-30ckio/index.html |access-date=5 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Margaret Nyakang'o</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341949193|Margaret Nyakang'o]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Margaret Nyakang'o''', mai lissafi ce, Manajan kudi kuma ma'aikaciyar gwamnati a [[Kenya]], wacce ta zama &quot;Mai kula da kasafin kudi na Jamhuriyar Kenya&quot;, a watan Disamba na 2019, mutum na biyu da ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin, tun lokacin da aka kafa ofishin.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Mutai |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Picks New Controller of Budget |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Uhuru-picks-new-Controller-of-Budget/539546-5355046-19q51ez/index.html |access-date=20 November 2019 |place=Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moses Odhiambo |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Nominates Margaret Nyakango As Controller of Budget |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-11-19-uhuru-picks-margaret-nyakango-as-controller-of-budget/ |access-date=20 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rantsar da ita a ofis a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2019, bayan da majalisar ta amince da ita, a ranar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abiud Ochieng |date=4 December 2019 |title=Margaret Nyakang'o sworn-in as Controller of Budget |url=https://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/Margaret-Nyakango-takes-over-budget-office/1950946-5373034-ljfrle/index.html |access-date=10 December 2019 |place=Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan kafin aikinta na yanzu, ta kasance darakta a Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Kenya (KNBS). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Margaret Nyakang'o a Kenya a shekara ta 1959.[1] Tana da digiri na Doctor of Business Administration (DrBA), wanda aka samu daga Jami'ar Liverpool, a Ingila. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na Cibiyar Tabbatar da Masu Bayar da Bayani na Jama'a ta Kenya (ICPAK). [2][3]

== Ayyuka ==
Nyakang'o ƙwararren mai lissafin jama'a ne (CPA). Ta taba aiki a matsayin Darakta na Kudi a Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Afirka, a Karen, Nairobi, Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Mutai |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Picks New Controller of Budget |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Uhuru-picks-new-Controller-of-Budget/539546-5355046-19q51ez/index.html |access-date=20 November 2019 |place=Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moses Odhiambo |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Nominates Margaret Nyakango As Controller of Budget |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-11-19-uhuru-picks-margaret-nyakango-as-controller-of-budget/ |access-date=20 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaba ta a matsayin dan takara mafi kyau daga cikin masu neman goma sha biyar, gami da mai kula da kasafin kudi, Stephen Masha . Kwamitin Majalisar Dokoki kan Kudi da Shirye-shiryen Kasa ya yi mata tambayoyi kuma ya tura ta ga Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta don amincewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt; Ta maye gurbin Agnes Odhiambo, mai kula da kasafin kudi na farko, wanda wa'adinsa na shekaru takwas da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba ya ƙare a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt; Ta fara wa'adin ta ne a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 2019.

== Iyali ==
Dokta Margaret Nyakang'o ta auri David Nyakang'O . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Mutai |date=29 November 2019 |title=I Am Worth Sh68 Million, Says Controller of Budget Nominee |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/I-am-worth-Sh68m/539546-5366520-abfe90z/index.html |access-date=29 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗan Talata nyakang'o

== Sauran la'akari ==
Margaret Nyakang'o memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Bayar da Bayani na Kenya, inda take ba da shawara ga matasa, masu burin, ƙwararrun mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Mutai |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Picks New Controller of Budget |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Uhuru-picks-new-Controller-of-Budget/539546-5355046-19q51ez/index.html |access-date=20 November 2019 |place=Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moses Odhiambo |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Nominates Margaret Nyakango As Controller of Budget |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-11-19-uhuru-picks-margaret-nyakango-as-controller-of-budget/ |access-date=20 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Gwamnatin Kenya
* Yankuna na Kenya
* Tattalin arzikin Kenya
* Stella Kilonzo

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <id>816303</id>
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'''Margaret Nyakang'o''', mai lissafi ce, Manajan kudi kuma ma'aikaciyar gwamnati a [[Kenya]], wacce ta zama &quot;Mai kula da kasafin kudi na Jamhuriyar Kenya&quot;, a watan Disamba na 2019, mutum na biyu da ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin, tun lokacin da aka kafa ofishin.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Mutai |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Picks New Controller of Budget |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Uhuru-picks-new-Controller-of-Budget/539546-5355046-19q51ez/index.html |access-date=20 November 2019 |place=Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moses Odhiambo |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Nominates Margaret Nyakango As Controller of Budget |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-11-19-uhuru-picks-margaret-nyakango-as-controller-of-budget/ |access-date=20 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rantsar da ita a ofis a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2019, bayan da majalisar ta amince da ita, a ranar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abiud Ochieng |date=4 December 2019 |title=Margaret Nyakang'o sworn-in as Controller of Budget |url=https://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/Margaret-Nyakango-takes-over-budget-office/1950946-5373034-ljfrle/index.html |access-date=10 December 2019 |place=Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan kafin aikinta na yanzu, ta kasance darakta a Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Kenya (KNBS). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Margaret Nyakang'o a Kenya a shekara ta 1959.[1] Tana da digiri na Doctor of Business Administration (DrBA), wanda aka samu daga Jami'ar Liverpool, a Ingila. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na Cibiyar Tabbatar da Masu Bayar da Bayani na Jama'a ta Kenya (ICPAK). [2][3]

== Ayyuka ==
Nyakang'o ƙwararren mai lissafin jama'a ne (CPA). Ta taba aiki a matsayin Darakta na Kudi a Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Afirka, a Karen, Nairobi, Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Mutai |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Picks New Controller of Budget |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Uhuru-picks-new-Controller-of-Budget/539546-5355046-19q51ez/index.html |access-date=20 November 2019 |place=Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moses Odhiambo |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Nominates Margaret Nyakango As Controller of Budget |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-11-19-uhuru-picks-margaret-nyakango-as-controller-of-budget/ |access-date=20 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaba ta a matsayin dan takara mafi kyau daga cikin masu neman goma sha biyar, gami da mai kula da kasafin kudi, Stephen Masha . Kwamitin Majalisar Dokoki kan Kudi da Shirye-shiryen Kasa ya yi mata tambayoyi kuma ya tura ta ga Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta don amincewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt; Ta maye gurbin Agnes Odhiambo, mai kula da kasafin kudi na farko, wanda wa'adinsa na shekaru takwas da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba ya ƙare a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt; Ta fara wa'adin ta ne a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 2019.

== Iyali ==
Dokta Margaret Nyakang'o ta auri David Nyakang'O . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Mutai |date=29 November 2019 |title=I Am Worth Sh68 Million, Says Controller of Budget Nominee |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/I-am-worth-Sh68m/539546-5366520-abfe90z/index.html |access-date=29 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗan Talata nyakang'o

== Sauran la'akari ==
Margaret Nyakang'o memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Bayar da Bayani na Kenya, inda take ba da shawara ga matasa, masu burin, ƙwararrun mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edwin Mutai |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Picks New Controller of Budget |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Uhuru-picks-new-Controller-of-Budget/539546-5355046-19q51ez/index.html |access-date=20 November 2019 |place=Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moses Odhiambo |date=19 November 2019 |title=Uhuru Nominates Margaret Nyakango As Controller of Budget |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-11-19-uhuru-picks-margaret-nyakango-as-controller-of-budget/ |access-date=20 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Gwamnatin Kenya
* Yankuna na Kenya
* Tattalin arzikin Kenya
* Stella Kilonzo

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nancy Njau</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816269</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:46:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342217798|Nancy Njau]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Nancy Njaū''' mai lissafi ne kuma mai gudanar da kamfanoni a [[Kenya]] . Ita ce manajan darektan kuma babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Bankin Iyali, mai ba da sabis na kudi a kasar, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2024. Ta maye gurbin Rebecca Mbithi, wacce ta yi murabus bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin MD / Shugaba na shekaru biyar 2019 - 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kevin Rotich |date=23 November 2023 |title=Family Bank CEO Rebecca Mbithi's Term Ends After 5 Years At The Helm |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2023/11/family-bank-ceo-rebecca-mbithis-term-ends-after-5-years-at-the-helm/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[98.4 Capital FM|Capital FM Kenya]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wairimu Waweru |date=23 November 2023 |title=From Clerk To CEO, Inspiring Story of Family Bank New Boss |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/latest-kenya-times-news/from-clerk-to-ceo-inspiring-story-of-family-bank-new-boss/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=The Kenya Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a Kenya kuma 'yar kasar Kenya ce. Bayan ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida, an shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]], inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kasuwanci, wanda ya fi dacewa da lissafi. Ta ci gaba da samun difloma mafi girma a cikin Gudanar da Harkokin Dan Adam daga wannan jami'a. Har ila yau, tana da Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta . Bugu da kari, ita Mai ba da takardar shaidar lissafin jama'a ce wanda Cibiyar Masu ba da takardun lissafin jamaʼa ta Kenya ta amince da ita. Har ila yau, ita ma mai horar da zartarwa ce. Ta halarci Ci gaban Gudanarwa a Jami'ar Strathmore da ke [[Nairobi]], Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phyllis Muchoki |date=23 November 2023 |title=Nancy Njau Replaces Rebecca Mbithi As New Family Bank Kenya CEO |url=https://www.financialfortunemedia.com/nancy-njau-replaces-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-family-bank-kenya-ceo/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Financial Fortune Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=BNK |date=23 November 2023 |title=Nancy Njau takes over from Rebecca Mbithi as Family Bank MD |url=https://businessnow.co.ke/nancy-njau-takes-over-from-rebecca-mbithi-as-family-bank-md/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Business Now Kenya (BNK)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dominic Omondi |date=23 November 2023 |title=Family Bank CEO Rebecca Mbithi exits after five years |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/news/family-bank-ceo-rebecca-mbithi-exits-after-five-years-4442792 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
She joined Family Bank 2002 as a graduate clerk. Over the years she served in various banking roles, including as Branch Manager, Regional Manager, Head of Retail Banking, Chief Officer Public Sector, and Acting Chief Commercial Officer, her last assigned role before promotion to CEO.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phyllis Muchoki |date=23 November 2023 |title=Nancy Njau Replaces Rebecca Mbithi As New Family Bank Kenya CEO |url=https://www.financialfortunemedia.com/nancy-njau-replaces-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-family-bank-kenya-ceo/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Financial Fortune Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=BNK |date=23 November 2023 |title=Nancy Njau takes over from Rebecca Mbithi as Family Bank MD |url=https://businessnow.co.ke/nancy-njau-takes-over-from-rebecca-mbithi-as-family-bank-md/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Business Now Kenya (BNK)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dominic Omondi |date=23 November 2023 |title=Family Bank CEO Rebecca Mbithi exits after five years |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/news/family-bank-ceo-rebecca-mbithi-exits-after-five-years-4442792 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She replaced Rebecca Mbithi, who led the bank for the previous five consecutive years. The position requires regulatory approval from the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK).&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot; /&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta na farko a matsayin Shugaba shine kafa &quot;kamfanin da ba ya aiki wanda zai riƙe hannun jari a Bankin Iyali na Kenya da sauran rassan da ba na banki ba&quot;. Bayan kafa tsarin rukuni, wanda masu hannun jari suka amince da shi a watan Yunin 2024, Bankin Iyali ya shirya fadada zuwa Gabas, Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka. [1]

== Sauran la'akari ==
Bayan tabbatarwa Njaū ta shiga wasu shugabannin mata a bangaren banki na kasuwanci na Kenya. Sauran hudu sune Nasim Devji, a Bankin Diamond Trust, Betty Korir a Bankin Credit, Anne Karanja, a Bankan Tattalin Arziki na Kenya da Joyce Ann Waina, a Citibank Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abel Muhatia |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank appoints Rebecca Mbithi as new CEO |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090531/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[The Star (Kenya)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin bankunan a Kenya
* Tattalin arzikin Kenya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
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'''Nancy Njaū''' mai lissafi ne kuma mai gudanar da kamfanoni a [[Kenya]] . Ita ce manajan darektan kuma babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Bankin Iyali, mai ba da sabis na kudi a kasar, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2024. Ta maye gurbin Rebecca Mbithi, wacce ta yi murabus bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin MD / Shugaba na shekaru biyar 2019 - 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kevin Rotich |date=23 November 2023 |title=Family Bank CEO Rebecca Mbithi's Term Ends After 5 Years At The Helm |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2023/11/family-bank-ceo-rebecca-mbithis-term-ends-after-5-years-at-the-helm/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[98.4 Capital FM|Capital FM Kenya]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wairimu Waweru |date=23 November 2023 |title=From Clerk To CEO, Inspiring Story of Family Bank New Boss |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/latest-kenya-times-news/from-clerk-to-ceo-inspiring-story-of-family-bank-new-boss/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=The Kenya Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a Kenya kuma 'yar kasar Kenya ce. Bayan ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida, an shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]], inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kasuwanci, wanda ya fi dacewa da lissafi. Ta ci gaba da samun difloma mafi girma a cikin Gudanar da Harkokin Dan Adam daga wannan jami'a. Har ila yau, tana da Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta . Bugu da kari, ita Mai ba da takardar shaidar lissafin jama'a ce wanda Cibiyar Masu ba da takardun lissafin jamaʼa ta Kenya ta amince da ita. Har ila yau, ita ma mai horar da zartarwa ce. Ta halarci Ci gaban Gudanarwa a Jami'ar Strathmore da ke [[Nairobi]], Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phyllis Muchoki |date=23 November 2023 |title=Nancy Njau Replaces Rebecca Mbithi As New Family Bank Kenya CEO |url=https://www.financialfortunemedia.com/nancy-njau-replaces-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-family-bank-kenya-ceo/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Financial Fortune Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=BNK |date=23 November 2023 |title=Nancy Njau takes over from Rebecca Mbithi as Family Bank MD |url=https://businessnow.co.ke/nancy-njau-takes-over-from-rebecca-mbithi-as-family-bank-md/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Business Now Kenya (BNK)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dominic Omondi |date=23 November 2023 |title=Family Bank CEO Rebecca Mbithi exits after five years |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/news/family-bank-ceo-rebecca-mbithi-exits-after-five-years-4442792 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
She joined Family Bank 2002 as a graduate clerk. Over the years she served in various banking roles, including as Branch Manager, Regional Manager, Head of Retail Banking, Chief Officer Public Sector, and Acting Chief Commercial Officer, her last assigned role before promotion to CEO.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phyllis Muchoki |date=23 November 2023 |title=Nancy Njau Replaces Rebecca Mbithi As New Family Bank Kenya CEO |url=https://www.financialfortunemedia.com/nancy-njau-replaces-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-family-bank-kenya-ceo/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Financial Fortune Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=BNK |date=23 November 2023 |title=Nancy Njau takes over from Rebecca Mbithi as Family Bank MD |url=https://businessnow.co.ke/nancy-njau-takes-over-from-rebecca-mbithi-as-family-bank-md/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Business Now Kenya (BNK)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dominic Omondi |date=23 November 2023 |title=Family Bank CEO Rebecca Mbithi exits after five years |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/news/family-bank-ceo-rebecca-mbithi-exits-after-five-years-4442792 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She replaced Rebecca Mbithi, who led the bank for the previous five consecutive years. The position requires regulatory approval from the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK).&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot; /&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta na farko a matsayin Shugaba shine kafa &quot;kamfanin da ba ya aiki wanda zai riƙe hannun jari a Bankin Iyali na Kenya da sauran rassan da ba na banki ba&quot;. Bayan kafa tsarin rukuni, wanda masu hannun jari suka amince da shi a watan Yunin 2024, Bankin Iyali ya shirya fadada zuwa Gabas, Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka. [1]

== Sauran la'akari ==
Bayan tabbatarwa Njaū ta shiga wasu shugabannin mata a bangaren banki na kasuwanci na Kenya. Sauran hudu sune Nasim Devji, a Bankin Diamond Trust, Betty Korir a Bankin Credit, Anne Karanja, a Bankan Tattalin Arziki na Kenya da Joyce Ann Waina, a Citibank Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abel Muhatia |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank appoints Rebecca Mbithi as new CEO |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090531/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[The Star (Kenya)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin bankunan a Kenya
* Tattalin arzikin Kenya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Leonid Radvinsky</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346146766|Leonid Radvinsky]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Leonid Radvinsky''' {{Efn|{{langx|uk|Леонід Савелійович Радвінський|{{transliteration|uk|ukrainian|Leonid Saveliyovych Radvinskyi}}}}}} (30 ga Mayu, 1982 - 20 ga Maris, 2026) ɗan kasuwa ne na Amurka kuma mai rinjayen mallakar OnlyFans . 

An haife shi a SSR na Ukraine, Radvinsky shi ne wanda ya kafa shafin yanar gizo na MyFreeCams (ta kamfaninsa na riƙo, MFCXY, Inc.), &lt;ref name=&quot;dnb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mfcxy, Inc. Company Profile |url=https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.mfcxy_inc.208bac555992f796ec1dff0ab9f258a4.html |access-date=July 2, 2021 |publisher=[[D&amp;B]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma shine mafi yawan mamallakin OnlyFans, gidan yanar gizo na sabis na biyan kuɗi . Gidan yanar gizon sa ya lissafa fayil ɗin saka hannun jari na kansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=lr.com |url=https://lr.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar ''Forbes'', yana da kimanin dukiyar da ta kai dala biliyan 4.7 a lokacin mutuwarsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Conor |date=March 23, 2026 |title=Billionaire OnlyFans Owner Leonid Radvinsky Dies At 43 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2026/03/23/billionaire-onlyfans-owner-leonid-radvinsky-dies-at-43/ |access-date=March 23, 2026 |website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Radvinsky a [[Odessa|Odesa]] a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1982, ga dangin Yahudawa.  Daga baya iyalansa suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[Chicago]] tun yana ƙarami.  Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Glenbrook ta Kudu a Glenview, Illinois .  A shekarar 2002, ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Northwestern da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki.  

== Sana'a ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
A shekarar 1999, lokacin da Radvinsky yake ɗan shekara 17, ya taimaka wajen haɗa Cybertania Inc., wani kamfanin aika saƙonnin yanar gizo.  A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000, Radvinsky ya ƙirƙiri gidajen yanar gizo sama da goma kamar Password Universe, Working Passes, da Ultra Passwords waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin kuma aka tallata su don samar wa masu amfani da [[Password cracking|kalmomin shiga]] &quot;ba bisa ƙa'ida ba&quot; da &quot;kutse&quot; ga shafukan batsa, inda yake samun kuɗi akan kowane dannawa; &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph2&quot; /&gt;  ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yanar gizon da abin ya shafa ya tallata fiye da &quot;kalmomin shiga ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kafin shekaru matasa&quot; 10,000.  Duk da haka, a cewar ''[[Forbes]]'', babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa shafukan suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ruwaito cewa Ultra Passwords sun sami dala miliyan 1.8 a shekara a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 2000. 

A shekara ta 2004, Radvinsky ya kafa MyFreeCams, wani gidan yanar gizo na watsa shirye-shirye na manya.  A wannan shekarar, [[Microsoft]] ta kai karar Radvinsky kan zargin aika miliyoyin imel na yaudara ga masu amfani da Hotmail, amma daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da shari'ar.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2004 |title=Amazon.com, Microsoft Team Against Online Fraud |url=https://news.microsoft.com/2004/09/28/amazon-com-microsoft-team-against-online-fraud/ |access-date=July 2, 2021 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |quote=Microsoft, too, filed a new and separate [[lawsuit]] against Leonid (&quot;Leo&quot;) Radvinsky and his Chicago-based businesses Activsoft, Inc., and Cybertania, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Babban jarin kasuwanci ===
Radvinsky ya gudanar da wani asusun jari mai suna &quot;Leo&quot;, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2009, &lt;ref name=&quot;li1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2026 |title=OnlyFans owner Leonid Radvinsky dies of cancer at 43 - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/leonid-radvinsky-onlyfans-owner-cancer-death-age-43/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325054026/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/onlyfans-owner-leonid-radvinsky-dies-cancer-43-bloomberg-news-reports-2026-03-23/ |archive-date=March 25, 2026 |access-date=March 26, 2026 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/leonid-radvinsky-onlyfans-owner-cancer-death-age-43/ &quot;OnlyFans owner Leonid Radvinsky dies of cancer at 43 - CBS News&quot;]. ''www.cbsnews.com''. March 23, 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260325054026/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/onlyfans-owner-leonid-radvinsky-dies-cancer-43-bloomberg-news-reports-2026-03-23/ Archived] from the original on March 25, 2026&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke zuba jari galibi a kamfanonin fasaha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leo.com |url=https://leo.com |access-date=June 11, 2021 |publisher=Leo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan jarin da asusun ya zuba sun hada da B4X da ke Isra'ila da kuma manhajar sada zumunta ta Pleroma . &lt;ref name=&quot;insider&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jyoti Mann |title=OnlyFans owner Leonid Radvinsky's quest to join the super-rich |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/onlyfans-owner-leonid-radvinsky-quest-to-join-the-super-rich-2022-10 |publisher=Business Insider}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJyoti_Mann&quot;&gt;Jyoti Mann. [https://www.businessinsider.com/onlyfans-owner-leonid-radvinsky-quest-to-join-the-super-rich-2022-10 &quot;OnlyFans owner Leonid Radvinsky's quest to join the super-rich&quot;]. Business Insider.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masoyan Kawai ===
A shekarar 2018, Radvinsky ya sayi hannun jari na kashi 75% a kamfanin iyaye na OnlyFans Fenix International Ltd. daga waɗanda suka kafa kamfanin na Burtaniya Tim Stokely da mahaifinsa Guy Stokely .    Bayan haka, OnlyFans ya ƙara mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ba su da aminci ga aiki (NSFW) kuma ya &quot;sami suna mai kyau ga al'adun pop saboda kasancewarsa tarin batsa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;The Independent&quot; /&gt; OnlyFans yana da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara sama da $6.6{{Spaces}}biliyan kamar yadda ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2023, tare da karuwar kudaden shiga da kashi 19% a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fenix International Limited – Filing History |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10354575/filing-history |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=GOV.UK}}&lt;/ref&gt; Radvinsky ya sami dala $472{{Spaces}}ribar da aka samu daga gidan yanar gizon a shekarar 2023, ta karu daga dala $338{{Spaces}}miliyan da kuma dala $284{{Spaces}}miliyan a shekarar 2022 da 2021, bi da bi. &lt;ref name=&quot;find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk&quot; /&gt; An biya Radvinsky dala miliyan 701 daga OnlyFans a shekarar 2024. 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]</text>
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'''Leonid Radvinsky''' {{Efn|{{langx|uk|Леонід Савелійович Радвінський|{{transliteration|uk|ukrainian|Leonid Saveliyovych Radvinskyi}}}}}} (30 ga Mayu, 1982 - 20 ga Maris, 2026) ɗan kasuwa ne na Amurka kuma mai rinjayen mallakar OnlyFans . 

An haife shi a SSR na Ukraine, Radvinsky shi ne wanda ya kafa shafin yanar gizo na MyFreeCams (ta kamfaninsa na riƙo, MFCXY, Inc.), &lt;ref name=&quot;dnb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mfcxy, Inc. Company Profile |url=https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.mfcxy_inc.208bac555992f796ec1dff0ab9f258a4.html |access-date=July 2, 2021 |publisher=[[D&amp;B]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma shine mafi yawan mamallakin OnlyFans, gidan yanar gizo na sabis na biyan kuɗi . Gidan yanar gizon sa ya lissafa fayil ɗin saka hannun jari na kansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=lr.com |url=https://lr.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar ''Forbes'', yana da kimanin dukiyar da ta kai dala biliyan 4.7 a lokacin mutuwarsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Conor |date=March 23, 2026 |title=Billionaire OnlyFans Owner Leonid Radvinsky Dies At 43 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2026/03/23/billionaire-onlyfans-owner-leonid-radvinsky-dies-at-43/ |access-date=March 23, 2026 |website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Radvinsky a [[Odessa|Odesa]] a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1982, ga dangin Yahudawa.  Daga baya iyalansa suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[Chicago]] tun yana ƙarami.  Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Glenbrook ta Kudu a Glenview, Illinois .  A shekarar 2002, ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Northwestern da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki.  

== Sana'a ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
A shekarar 1999, lokacin da Radvinsky yake ɗan shekara 17, ya taimaka wajen haɗa Cybertania Inc., wani kamfanin aika saƙonnin yanar gizo.  A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000, Radvinsky ya ƙirƙiri gidajen yanar gizo sama da goma kamar Password Universe, Working Passes, da Ultra Passwords waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin kuma aka tallata su don samar wa masu amfani da [[Password cracking|kalmomin shiga]] &quot;ba bisa ƙa'ida ba&quot; da &quot;kutse&quot; ga shafukan batsa, inda yake samun kuɗi akan kowane dannawa; &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph2&quot; /&gt;  ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yanar gizon da abin ya shafa ya tallata fiye da &quot;kalmomin shiga ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kafin shekaru matasa&quot; 10,000.  Duk da haka, a cewar ''[[Forbes]]'', babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa shafukan suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ruwaito cewa Ultra Passwords sun sami dala miliyan 1.8 a shekara a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 2000. 

A shekara ta 2004, Radvinsky ya kafa MyFreeCams, wani gidan yanar gizo na watsa shirye-shirye na manya.  A wannan shekarar, [[Microsoft]] ta kai karar Radvinsky kan zargin aika miliyoyin imel na yaudara ga masu amfani da Hotmail, amma daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da shari'ar.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2004 |title=Amazon.com, Microsoft Team Against Online Fraud |url=https://news.microsoft.com/2004/09/28/amazon-com-microsoft-team-against-online-fraud/ |access-date=July 2, 2021 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |quote=Microsoft, too, filed a new and separate [[lawsuit]] against Leonid (&quot;Leo&quot;) Radvinsky and his Chicago-based businesses Activsoft, Inc., and Cybertania, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Babban jarin kasuwanci ===
Radvinsky ya gudanar da wani asusun jari mai suna &quot;Leo&quot;, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2009, &lt;ref name=&quot;li1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2026 |title=OnlyFans owner Leonid Radvinsky dies of cancer at 43 - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/leonid-radvinsky-onlyfans-owner-cancer-death-age-43/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325054026/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/onlyfans-owner-leonid-radvinsky-dies-cancer-43-bloomberg-news-reports-2026-03-23/ |archive-date=March 25, 2026 |access-date=March 26, 2026 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/leonid-radvinsky-onlyfans-owner-cancer-death-age-43/ &quot;OnlyFans owner Leonid Radvinsky dies of cancer at 43 - CBS News&quot;]. ''www.cbsnews.com''. March 23, 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260325054026/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/onlyfans-owner-leonid-radvinsky-dies-cancer-43-bloomberg-news-reports-2026-03-23/ Archived] from the original on March 25, 2026&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke zuba jari galibi a kamfanonin fasaha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leo.com |url=https://leo.com |access-date=June 11, 2021 |publisher=Leo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan jarin da asusun ya zuba sun hada da B4X da ke Isra'ila da kuma manhajar sada zumunta ta Pleroma . &lt;ref name=&quot;insider&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jyoti Mann |title=OnlyFans owner Leonid Radvinsky's quest to join the super-rich |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/onlyfans-owner-leonid-radvinsky-quest-to-join-the-super-rich-2022-10 |publisher=Business Insider}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJyoti_Mann&quot;&gt;Jyoti Mann. [https://www.businessinsider.com/onlyfans-owner-leonid-radvinsky-quest-to-join-the-super-rich-2022-10 &quot;OnlyFans owner Leonid Radvinsky's quest to join the super-rich&quot;]. Business Insider.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masoyan Kawai ===
A shekarar 2018, Radvinsky ya sayi hannun jari na kashi 75% a kamfanin iyaye na OnlyFans Fenix International Ltd. daga waɗanda suka kafa kamfanin na Burtaniya Tim Stokely da mahaifinsa Guy Stokely .    Bayan haka, OnlyFans ya ƙara mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ba su da aminci ga aiki (NSFW) kuma ya &quot;sami suna mai kyau ga al'adun pop saboda kasancewarsa tarin batsa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;The Independent&quot; /&gt; OnlyFans yana da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara sama da $6.6{{Spaces}}biliyan kamar yadda ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2023, tare da karuwar kudaden shiga da kashi 19% a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fenix International Limited – Filing History |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10354575/filing-history |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=GOV.UK}}&lt;/ref&gt; Radvinsky ya sami dala $472{{Spaces}}ribar da aka samu daga gidan yanar gizon a shekarar 2023, ta karu daga dala $338{{Spaces}}miliyan da kuma dala $284{{Spaces}}miliyan a shekarar 2022 da 2021, bi da bi. &lt;ref name=&quot;find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk&quot; /&gt; An biya Radvinsky dala miliyan 701 daga OnlyFans a shekarar 2024. 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]
===manazarta===</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T21:46:56Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332411928|Agnes Odhiambo (accountant)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7137" sha1="32fdsjqr5edpqdnibtfgq2chg7g5p35" xml:space="preserve">{{Reflist}}

'''Agnes Nangila Odhiambo''', mai lissafi ce, Manajan kudi kuma ma'aikaciyar gwamnati a [[Kenya]], wacce aka nada ta a matsayin shugaban ''Hukumar Kula da Sufuri da Tsaro ta Kasa ta Kenya'', wata hukumar da ke da alhakin saka idanu da tsara amfani da sufuri na jama'a da masu zaman kansu a kasar. An nada ta ne a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2020, don wa'adin shekaru uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Otieno |first=Bonface |date=15 May 2020 |title=Uhuru appoints former Controller of Budget as new NTSA chair |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Uhuru-appoints-former-Controller-of-Budget/539546-5553804-14lv0qc/index.html |access-date=16 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin wannan, ta yi aiki a matsayin &quot;Mai kula da kasafin kudi na Jamhuriyar Kenya&quot;, daga watan Agustan 2011, mutum na farko da ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin, tun lokacin da aka kafa ofishin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=TOCOB |date=13 November 2017 |title=The Office of the Controller of Budget: Management Team : Controller of Budget, Mrs. Agnes Odhiambo |url=http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819123241/http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=The Office of the Controller of Budget (TOCOB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayinta a can ya ƙare a watan Agustan 2019, bayan wa'adin shekaru hudu a jere, matsakaicin da doka ta ba da izini.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Otieno |first=Bonface |date=15 May 2020 |title=Uhuru appoints former Controller of Budget as new NTSA chair |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Uhuru-appoints-former-Controller-of-Budget/539546-5553804-14lv0qc/index.html |access-date=16 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan da nan kafin wannan aikin, ta kasance babban jami'in zartarwa kuma sakatariyar Hukumar Kula da Ci gaban Mazabar (Kwamitin CDF). &lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=TOCOB |date=13 November 2017 |title=The Office of the Controller of Budget: Management Team : Controller of Budget, Mrs. Agnes Odhiambo |url=http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819123241/http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=The Office of the Controller of Budget (TOCOB)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Tana da digiri na farko na kasuwanci (BCom), wanda aka samu daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] (UON). UON ta kuma ba da digiri na Master of Business Administration (MBA). Ita memba ce ta Cibiyar Tabbatar da Kasuwancin Jama'a ta Kenya, (FICPAK), girmamawa da aka ba ta a cikin 2014, don nuna godiya ga aikinta da gudummawa ga sana'ar a Kenya. Ta halarci darussan da yawa a cikin lissafi, kudi, albarkatun ɗan adam, fasahar bayanai da jagoranci, a lokacin aikinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=TOCOB |date=13 November 2017 |title=The Office of the Controller of Budget: Management Team : Controller of Budget, Mrs. Agnes Odhiambo |url=http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819123241/http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=The Office of the Controller of Budget (TOCOB)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarewar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ==
Ta fara aikinta na lissafi a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a 1983 a matsayin mataimakiyar mai lissafi a BAT Kenya . Bayan shekara guda a BAT, ta koma kamfanin lissafi na Deloitte da Touche, tana aiki a can a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan kudi. A shekara ta 1985, Unga Group Limited ta hayar da ita, a matsayin mai ba da lissafin gudanarwa. A cikin shekaru, an inganta ta, zuwa matsayin Manajan Kudi na reshen Unga Group, &quot;Unga Feeds Limited&quot;. A shekara ta 1998, ta sauya ma'aikata, ta shiga sarkar manyan kantuna, Metro Cash da Carry Kenya Limited, a matsayin manajan kudi. A shekara ta 2003, an inganta ta zuwa Darakta na Kudi, wanda ke da alhakin rassa guda biyu, (1) Metro Cash da Carry Kenya Limited da (2) Metro Cash da Cary Uganda Limited.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=TOCOB |date=13 November 2017 |title=The Office of the Controller of Budget: Management Team : Controller of Budget, Mrs. Agnes Odhiambo |url=http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819123241/http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=The Office of the Controller of Budget (TOCOB)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan jama'a ==
Ta fara aikinta na jama'a ne a bankin ajiyar kuɗi na Kenya Post Office (Postbank), inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Kudi da Gudanarwa. Lokacin da ta bar Postbank, an nada ta babban jami'in zartarwa da kuma sakataren kamfanin na Kwamitin CDF. A cikin wannan rawar, ta kula da rarraba kudade a kan lokaci ga Mazabar, tare da ingantaccen tsari a tsawon lokaci, gami da rarraba kudi a kan lokaci da kuma binciken kudaden da aka saki a kan lokaci.[1]

A matsayinta na yanzu a matsayin mai kula da kasafin kudi, ta fito ne daga kasashen waje wajen aiwatar da kasafin kudin kananan hukumomi 47, na Majalisar Dattijai, na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da na Zartarwa, don tabbatar da cewa duk kudade an lissafa su kuma an ba da su bisa ga dokokin kasa da ke akwai. Ofishinta yana samar da rahotanni na kwata-kwata waɗanda ake rarraba ga zartarwa, majalisar dattijai, majalisa da majalisun gundumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=TOCOB |date=13 November 2017 |title=The Office of the Controller of Budget: Management Team : Controller of Budget, Mrs. Agnes Odhiambo |url=http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819123241/http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=The Office of the Controller of Budget (TOCOB)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Igadwah |first=Lynet |date=12 November 2017 |title=Government spending on travel hits KSh27 billion |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/economy/Govt-spending-on-travel-hits-Sh27bn/3946234-4184188-xxv5vj/index.html |access-date=13 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Agnes Odhiambo tana aiki a cikin kwamitin daraktoci Bankin Microfinance na Mata na Kenya, tun watan Agustan 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KWMFB |date=13 November 2017 |title=Kenya Women Microfinance Bank: Board of Directors - Agnes Odhiambo |url=https://www.kwftbank.com/our-story/governance/board-of-directors/agnes-odhiambo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114093038/https://www.kwftbank.com/our-story/governance/board-of-directors/agnes-odhiambo |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=[[Kenya Women Microfinance Bank]] (KWMFB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mahaifiyar da ta yi aure da yara uku.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Gwamnatin Kenya
* Yankuna na Kenya
* Tattalin arzikin Kenya
* Stella Kilonzo

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <id>816306</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-30T22:01:36Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="7149" sha1="obpzrpvop9egrwj5lb9s6ipbskjcdwe" xml:space="preserve">{{Reflist}}

{{Databox}}
'''Agnes Nangila Odhiambo''', mai lissafi ce, Manajan kudi kuma ma'aikaciyar gwamnati a [[Kenya]], wacce aka nada ta a matsayin shugaban ''Hukumar Kula da Sufuri da Tsaro ta Kasa ta Kenya'', wata hukumar da ke da alhakin saka idanu da tsara amfani da sufuri na jama'a da masu zaman kansu a kasar. An nada ta ne a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2020, don wa'adin shekaru uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Otieno |first=Bonface |date=15 May 2020 |title=Uhuru appoints former Controller of Budget as new NTSA chair |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Uhuru-appoints-former-Controller-of-Budget/539546-5553804-14lv0qc/index.html |access-date=16 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin wannan, ta yi aiki a matsayin &quot;Mai kula da kasafin kudi na Jamhuriyar Kenya&quot;, daga watan Agustan 2011, mutum na farko da ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin, tun lokacin da aka kafa ofishin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=TOCOB |date=13 November 2017 |title=The Office of the Controller of Budget: Management Team : Controller of Budget, Mrs. Agnes Odhiambo |url=http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819123241/http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=The Office of the Controller of Budget (TOCOB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayinta a can ya ƙare a watan Agustan 2019, bayan wa'adin shekaru hudu a jere, matsakaicin da doka ta ba da izini.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Otieno |first=Bonface |date=15 May 2020 |title=Uhuru appoints former Controller of Budget as new NTSA chair |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Uhuru-appoints-former-Controller-of-Budget/539546-5553804-14lv0qc/index.html |access-date=16 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan da nan kafin wannan aikin, ta kasance babban jami'in zartarwa kuma sakatariyar Hukumar Kula da Ci gaban Mazabar (Kwamitin CDF). &lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=TOCOB |date=13 November 2017 |title=The Office of the Controller of Budget: Management Team : Controller of Budget, Mrs. Agnes Odhiambo |url=http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819123241/http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=The Office of the Controller of Budget (TOCOB)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Tana da digiri na farko na kasuwanci (BCom), wanda aka samu daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] (UON). UON ta kuma ba da digiri na Master of Business Administration (MBA). Ita memba ce ta Cibiyar Tabbatar da Kasuwancin Jama'a ta Kenya, (FICPAK), girmamawa da aka ba ta a cikin 2014, don nuna godiya ga aikinta da gudummawa ga sana'ar a Kenya. Ta halarci darussan da yawa a cikin lissafi, kudi, albarkatun ɗan adam, fasahar bayanai da jagoranci, a lokacin aikinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=TOCOB |date=13 November 2017 |title=The Office of the Controller of Budget: Management Team : Controller of Budget, Mrs. Agnes Odhiambo |url=http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819123241/http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=The Office of the Controller of Budget (TOCOB)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarewar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ==
Ta fara aikinta na lissafi a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a 1983 a matsayin mataimakiyar mai lissafi a BAT Kenya . Bayan shekara guda a BAT, ta koma kamfanin lissafi na Deloitte da Touche, tana aiki a can a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan kudi. A shekara ta 1985, Unga Group Limited ta hayar da ita, a matsayin mai ba da lissafin gudanarwa. A cikin shekaru, an inganta ta, zuwa matsayin Manajan Kudi na reshen Unga Group, &quot;Unga Feeds Limited&quot;. A shekara ta 1998, ta sauya ma'aikata, ta shiga sarkar manyan kantuna, Metro Cash da Carry Kenya Limited, a matsayin manajan kudi. A shekara ta 2003, an inganta ta zuwa Darakta na Kudi, wanda ke da alhakin rassa guda biyu, (1) Metro Cash da Carry Kenya Limited da (2) Metro Cash da Cary Uganda Limited.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=TOCOB |date=13 November 2017 |title=The Office of the Controller of Budget: Management Team : Controller of Budget, Mrs. Agnes Odhiambo |url=http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819123241/http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=The Office of the Controller of Budget (TOCOB)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan jama'a ==
Ta fara aikinta na jama'a ne a bankin ajiyar kuɗi na Kenya Post Office (Postbank), inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Kudi da Gudanarwa. Lokacin da ta bar Postbank, an nada ta babban jami'in zartarwa da kuma sakataren kamfanin na Kwamitin CDF. A cikin wannan rawar, ta kula da rarraba kudade a kan lokaci ga Mazabar, tare da ingantaccen tsari a tsawon lokaci, gami da rarraba kudi a kan lokaci da kuma binciken kudaden da aka saki a kan lokaci.[1]

A matsayinta na yanzu a matsayin mai kula da kasafin kudi, ta fito ne daga kasashen waje wajen aiwatar da kasafin kudin kananan hukumomi 47, na Majalisar Dattijai, na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da na Zartarwa, don tabbatar da cewa duk kudade an lissafa su kuma an ba da su bisa ga dokokin kasa da ke akwai. Ofishinta yana samar da rahotanni na kwata-kwata waɗanda ake rarraba ga zartarwa, majalisar dattijai, majalisa da majalisun gundumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=TOCOB |date=13 November 2017 |title=The Office of the Controller of Budget: Management Team : Controller of Budget, Mrs. Agnes Odhiambo |url=http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819123241/http://cob.go.ke/management-team/controller-of-the-budget/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=The Office of the Controller of Budget (TOCOB)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Igadwah |first=Lynet |date=12 November 2017 |title=Government spending on travel hits KSh27 billion |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/economy/Govt-spending-on-travel-hits-Sh27bn/3946234-4184188-xxv5vj/index.html |access-date=13 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Agnes Odhiambo tana aiki a cikin kwamitin daraktoci Bankin Microfinance na Mata na Kenya, tun watan Agustan 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KWMFB |date=13 November 2017 |title=Kenya Women Microfinance Bank: Board of Directors - Agnes Odhiambo |url=https://www.kwftbank.com/our-story/governance/board-of-directors/agnes-odhiambo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114093038/https://www.kwftbank.com/our-story/governance/board-of-directors/agnes-odhiambo |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=[[Kenya Women Microfinance Bank]] (KWMFB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mahaifiyar da ta yi aure da yara uku.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Gwamnatin Kenya
* Yankuna na Kenya
* Tattalin arzikin Kenya
* Stella Kilonzo

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>obpzrpvop9egrwj5lb9s6ipbskjcdwe</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rose Ogega</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343328942|Rose Ogega]]&quot;</comment>
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''''''Rose Nyaboke''' Ogega''' (née Rose Nyaboka) 'yar [[Kenya]] ce mai lissafin kuɗi, 'yar kasuwa kuma mai gudanarwa ta kamfanoni, wacce ita ce babban jami'in zartarwa na Bloom Consultancy Limited, ƙungiyar da ke [[Nairobi]] wacce ke haɓaka ƙwarewar jagoranci ta hanyar jagorancin zartarwa da horarwa. Ta kasance memba na kwamitin manyan kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa, gami da Safaricom, babbar kamfanin sadarwar wayar hannu a Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Safaricom appoints Executive Coach to its board |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/rose-ogega-appointed-safaricom-board-directors/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=Business Today Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Ogega a [[Kenya]] a kusa da 1965. Tana da digiri na farko na kasuwanci, wanda [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] ta bayar. Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta Cibiyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Jama'a ta Kenya . Har ila yau, ita ce abokiyar kungiyar Afirka Leadership Initiative (Afirka ta Gabas) kuma memba ce ta Aspen Global Leadership Network . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Safaricom appoints Executive Coach to its board |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/rose-ogega-appointed-safaricom-board-directors/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=Business Today Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangui |first=Miriam |date=15 February 2019 |title=Rose Ogega Appointed to Board of Safaricom |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/rose-ogega-appointed-to-safaricom-board%EF%BB%BF/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aspen Institute |date=2018 |title=Biography of Rose Ogega |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/2486 |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=[[Aspen Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ogega ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai lissafi a PriceWaterhouse Kenya a shekarar 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=Safaricom Director Rose Ogega Resigns After 5 Years |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/latest-kenya-times-news/safaricom-director-resigns-after-5-years/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta yi aiki a DHL International a matsayin darektan kudi na [[Gabashin Afirka]], wanda ke zaune a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangui |first=Miriam |date=15 February 2019 |title=Rose Ogega Appointed to Board of Safaricom |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/rose-ogega-appointed-to-safaricom-board%EF%BB%BF/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KANGETHE |first=KENNEDY |date=2019-02-15 |title=Executive Coach Rose Ogega joins Safaricom Board |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2019/02/executive-coach-rose-ogega-joins-safaricom-board/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Capital Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2009, tana da shekaru 34, ta bar DHL kuma ta fara kamfaninta na ba da shawara, Bloom Consultancy Limited . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=User Profile |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/2486 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=AGLN - Aspen Global Leadership Network |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rose Nyaboke Ogega: Positions, Relations and Network - MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/insider/ROSE-NYABOKE-OGEGA-A0X2XT/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can, ta kasance mai lissafi, ƙwararren masaniyar gudanarwa, ɗan kasuwa, mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa, wanda ba babban darakta ba kuma jami'in gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Safaricom appoints Executive Coach to its board |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/rose-ogega-appointed-safaricom-board-directors/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=Business Today Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aspen Institute |date=2018 |title=Biography of Rose Ogega |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/2486 |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=[[Aspen Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2024, Standard Bank Group Limited ta sanar da nadin ta a kwamitin su, daga watan Janairun 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IQ |first=S&amp;P Capital |date=2024-12-13 |title=Standard Bank Group Limited Appoints Rose Nyaboke Ogega to Its Board with Effect from 1 January 2025 {{!}} MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/STANDARD-BANK-GROUP-LIMIT-1413410/news/Standard-Bank-Group-Limited-Appoints-Rose-Nyaboke-Ogega-to-Its-Board-with-Effect-from-1-January-2025-48610244/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=sbkj.j - {{!}} Stock Price &amp; Latest News {{!}} Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/sbkj.j |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.reuters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Ogega ya kasance memba na allon Barclays Bank of Kenya da UAP Old Mutual Holdings . Ta kasance shugabar kwamitin ba da shawara na Asusun Kasuwancin Mata (WEF). WEF tana da niyyar karfafa mata matalauta ta hanyar kirkirar dukiya da kuma ba su damar samun zabi da rayuwa da mutunci. Ta kuma kasance shugabar Cibiyar Tabbatar da Lissafin Jama'a ta Kenya (ICPAK). [1][2]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <id>816308</id>
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''''''Rose Nyaboke''' Ogega''' (née Rose Nyaboka) 'yar [[Kenya]] ce mai lissafin kuɗi, 'yar kasuwa kuma mai gudanarwa ta kamfanoni, wacce ita ce babban jami'in zartarwa na Bloom Consultancy Limited, ƙungiyar da ke [[Nairobi]] wacce ke haɓaka ƙwarewar jagoranci ta hanyar jagorancin zartarwa da horarwa. Ta kasance memba na kwamitin manyan kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa, gami da Safaricom, babbar kamfanin sadarwar wayar hannu a Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Safaricom appoints Executive Coach to its board |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/rose-ogega-appointed-safaricom-board-directors/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=Business Today Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Ogega a [[Kenya]] a kusa da 1965. Tana da digiri na farko na kasuwanci, wanda [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] ta bayar. Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta Cibiyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Jama'a ta Kenya . Har ila yau, ita ce abokiyar kungiyar Afirka Leadership Initiative (Afirka ta Gabas) kuma memba ce ta Aspen Global Leadership Network . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Safaricom appoints Executive Coach to its board |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/rose-ogega-appointed-safaricom-board-directors/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=Business Today Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangui |first=Miriam |date=15 February 2019 |title=Rose Ogega Appointed to Board of Safaricom |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/rose-ogega-appointed-to-safaricom-board%EF%BB%BF/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aspen Institute |date=2018 |title=Biography of Rose Ogega |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/2486 |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=[[Aspen Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ogega ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai lissafi a PriceWaterhouse Kenya a shekarar 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=Safaricom Director Rose Ogega Resigns After 5 Years |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/latest-kenya-times-news/safaricom-director-resigns-after-5-years/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta yi aiki a DHL International a matsayin darektan kudi na [[Gabashin Afirka]], wanda ke zaune a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangui |first=Miriam |date=15 February 2019 |title=Rose Ogega Appointed to Board of Safaricom |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/rose-ogega-appointed-to-safaricom-board%EF%BB%BF/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KANGETHE |first=KENNEDY |date=2019-02-15 |title=Executive Coach Rose Ogega joins Safaricom Board |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2019/02/executive-coach-rose-ogega-joins-safaricom-board/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Capital Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2009, tana da shekaru 34, ta bar DHL kuma ta fara kamfaninta na ba da shawara, Bloom Consultancy Limited . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=User Profile |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/2486 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=AGLN - Aspen Global Leadership Network |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rose Nyaboke Ogega: Positions, Relations and Network - MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/insider/ROSE-NYABOKE-OGEGA-A0X2XT/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can, ta kasance mai lissafi, ƙwararren masaniyar gudanarwa, ɗan kasuwa, mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa, wanda ba babban darakta ba kuma jami'in gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Safaricom appoints Executive Coach to its board |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/rose-ogega-appointed-safaricom-board-directors/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=Business Today Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aspen Institute |date=2018 |title=Biography of Rose Ogega |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/2486 |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=[[Aspen Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2024, Standard Bank Group Limited ta sanar da nadin ta a kwamitin su, daga watan Janairun 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IQ |first=S&amp;P Capital |date=2024-12-13 |title=Standard Bank Group Limited Appoints Rose Nyaboke Ogega to Its Board with Effect from 1 January 2025 {{!}} MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/STANDARD-BANK-GROUP-LIMIT-1413410/news/Standard-Bank-Group-Limited-Appoints-Rose-Nyaboke-Ogega-to-Its-Board-with-Effect-from-1-January-2025-48610244/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=sbkj.j - {{!}} Stock Price &amp; Latest News {{!}} Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/sbkj.j |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.reuters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Ogega ya kasance memba na allon Barclays Bank of Kenya da UAP Old Mutual Holdings . Ta kasance shugabar kwamitin ba da shawara na Asusun Kasuwancin Mata (WEF). WEF tana da niyyar karfafa mata matalauta ta hanyar kirkirar dukiya da kuma ba su damar samun zabi da rayuwa da mutunci. Ta kuma kasance shugabar Cibiyar Tabbatar da Lissafin Jama'a ta Kenya (ICPAK). [1][2]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nancy Onyango</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343571309|Nancy Onyango]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4805" sha1="trb7b9hhi8j48pv4faud2xe8l53p9bx" xml:space="preserve">'''Nancy Asiko Onyango''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Nancy Onyango''', '[[Kenya|Dan Kenya]] ce mai lissafin kuɗi, 'yar kasuwa kuma shugabar kamfanoni, wacce ita ce darektan na Ofishin Bincike da Bincike na Cikin Gida a Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya. An nada ta ne a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2017, tare da nadin da zai fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andae |first=Gerald |date=4 December 2017 |title=IMF names Nancy Onyango as head of key audit unit |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/IMF-appoints-Nancy-Onyango-to-head-audit-unit/539546-4214392-do9t14/index.html |access-date=4 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin nadin ta, ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Reliance Risk Advisory Solutions, kamfanin ba da shawara na Nairobi.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=IMF |date=4 December 2017 |title=IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Names Nancy Asiko Onyango as Director of the IMF's Office of Independent Audit |url=http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/12/04/pr17461-imf-managing-director-christine-lagarde-names-nancy-asiko-onyango-as-director-of-oia |access-date=4 December 2017 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Onyango a Kenya, tana halartar makarantun gida don karatun jami'a. A shekara ta 1984, an shigar da ita a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] (UoN), ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 1987 tare da digiri na farko na Kasuwanci (BCom) a cikin Lissafi da Kudi. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a UoN, ta kammala karatu a 1989 tare da digiri na Master of Business Administration (MBA). A shekara ta 2013, ta shiga Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a Afirka, ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 2016 tare da digiri na Doctor of Business Administration (DrBA). A matsayin wani ɓangare na karatun digirin digirinsa, ta ɗauki darussan a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Columbia a Birnin New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onyango |first=Nancy |date=4 December 2017 |title=Dr. Nancy Onyango |url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango |access-date=4 December 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Daga 1995 zuwa 1998, Onyango ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan a PricewaterhouseCoopers, a wurin da suke a Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom. An ɗaukaka ta zuwa babban manajan, kuma ta yi aiki a can har zuwa shekara ta 2002. A shekara ta 2005, an nada ta a matsayin abokin tarayya a PwC, inda ta jagoranci sashin ba da shawara a PwC East Africa, wanda ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ƙwararre a cikin fasaha, haɗarin shugabanci da bin doka. Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa Yuni 2012. A watan Yulin 2012, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar sabuwar ƙungiyar Kula da Kula da Hadari a PwC Gabashin Afirka, tana aiki a can har zuwa 2014. [1]

A watan Janairun 2015, an nada ta abokin tarayya a Ernst &amp;amp;amp; Young, tana aiki a matsayin shugaban shugaban gudanarwa, haɗari da bin doka ga nahiyar Afirka, har zuwa watan Agusta 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onyango |first=Nancy |date=4 December 2017 |title=Dr. Nancy Onyango |url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango |access-date=4 December 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, an nada ta don jagorantar sashin binciken ciki a IMF, daga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andae |first=Gerald |date=4 December 2017 |title=IMF names Nancy Onyango as head of key audit unit |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/IMF-appoints-Nancy-Onyango-to-head-audit-unit/539546-4214392-do9t14/index.html |access-date=4 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=IMF |date=4 December 2017 |title=IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Names Nancy Asiko Onyango as Director of the IMF's Office of Independent Audit |url=http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/12/04/pr17461-imf-managing-director-christine-lagarde-names-nancy-asiko-onyango-as-director-of-oia |access-date=4 December 2017 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Onyango uwar aure ce mai 'ya'ya maza uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biko |first=Jackson |date=17 January 2019 |title=Chat With Top Kenyan at IMF |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/profiles/Chat-With-Top-Kenyan-at-IMF/4258438-4939674-u5ybe0z/index.html |access-date=22 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Tana da nadin kwamitoci da yawa, ciki har da matsayin wanda ba babban darakta na Kenya Commercial Bank Group ba, wanda ba babban Daraktan Cytonn Investments ba, da Fairtrade Africa, inda take jagorantar kwamitin binciken da kudi na kwamitin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onyango |first=Nancy |date=4 December 2017 |title=Dr. Nancy Onyango |url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango |access-date=4 December 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Nancy Asiko Onyango''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Nancy Onyango''', '[[Kenya|Dan Kenya]] ce mai lissafin kuɗi, 'yar kasuwa kuma shugabar kamfanoni, wacce ita ce darektan na Ofishin Bincike da Bincike na Cikin Gida a Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya. An nada ta ne a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2017, tare da nadin da zai fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andae |first=Gerald |date=4 December 2017 |title=IMF names Nancy Onyango as head of key audit unit |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/IMF-appoints-Nancy-Onyango-to-head-audit-unit/539546-4214392-do9t14/index.html |access-date=4 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin nadin ta, ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Reliance Risk Advisory Solutions, kamfanin ba da shawara na Nairobi.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=IMF |date=4 December 2017 |title=IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Names Nancy Asiko Onyango as Director of the IMF's Office of Independent Audit |url=http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/12/04/pr17461-imf-managing-director-christine-lagarde-names-nancy-asiko-onyango-as-director-of-oia |access-date=4 December 2017 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Onyango a Kenya, tana halartar makarantun gida don karatun jami'a. A shekara ta 1984, an shigar da ita a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] (UoN), ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 1987 tare da digiri na farko na Kasuwanci (BCom) a cikin Lissafi da Kudi. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a UoN, ta kammala karatu a 1989 tare da digiri na Master of Business Administration (MBA). A shekara ta 2013, ta shiga Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a Afirka, ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 2016 tare da digiri na Doctor of Business Administration (DrBA). A matsayin wani ɓangare na karatun digirin digirinsa, ta ɗauki darussan a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Columbia a Birnin New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onyango |first=Nancy |date=4 December 2017 |title=Dr. Nancy Onyango |url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango |access-date=4 December 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Daga 1995 zuwa 1998, Onyango ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan a PricewaterhouseCoopers, a wurin da suke a Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom. An ɗaukaka ta zuwa babban manajan, kuma ta yi aiki a can har zuwa shekara ta 2002. A shekara ta 2005, an nada ta a matsayin abokin tarayya a PwC, inda ta jagoranci sashin ba da shawara a PwC East Africa, wanda ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ƙwararre a cikin fasaha, haɗarin shugabanci da bin doka. Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa Yuni 2012. A watan Yulin 2012, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar sabuwar ƙungiyar Kula da Kula da Hadari a PwC Gabashin Afirka, tana aiki a can har zuwa 2014. [1]

A watan Janairun 2015, an nada ta abokin tarayya a Ernst &amp;amp;amp; Young, tana aiki a matsayin shugaban shugaban gudanarwa, haɗari da bin doka ga nahiyar Afirka, har zuwa watan Agusta 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onyango |first=Nancy |date=4 December 2017 |title=Dr. Nancy Onyango |url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango |access-date=4 December 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, an nada ta don jagorantar sashin binciken ciki a IMF, daga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andae |first=Gerald |date=4 December 2017 |title=IMF names Nancy Onyango as head of key audit unit |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/IMF-appoints-Nancy-Onyango-to-head-audit-unit/539546-4214392-do9t14/index.html |access-date=4 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=IMF |date=4 December 2017 |title=IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Names Nancy Asiko Onyango as Director of the IMF's Office of Independent Audit |url=http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/12/04/pr17461-imf-managing-director-christine-lagarde-names-nancy-asiko-onyango-as-director-of-oia |access-date=4 December 2017 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Onyango uwar aure ce mai 'ya'ya maza uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biko |first=Jackson |date=17 January 2019 |title=Chat With Top Kenyan at IMF |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/profiles/Chat-With-Top-Kenyan-at-IMF/4258438-4939674-u5ybe0z/index.html |access-date=22 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Tana da nadin kwamitoci da yawa, ciki har da matsayin wanda ba babban darakta na Kenya Commercial Bank Group ba, wanda ba babban Daraktan Cytonn Investments ba, da Fairtrade Africa, inda take jagorantar kwamitin binciken da kudi na kwamitin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onyango |first=Nancy |date=4 December 2017 |title=Dr. Nancy Onyango |url=https://ke.linkedin.com/in/nancyonyango |access-date=4 December 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lily Koros Tare</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342163472|Lily Koros Tare]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2719" sha1="0bcsk7t7lejffgy9p8otazhh5keiq3c" xml:space="preserve">'''Lily Chepkorir Koros Tare''' mai kula da kiwon lafiya ne na Kenya, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Sakataren Gudanarwa a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Kenya, daga Disamba 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kabale |first=Nasibo |date=17 December 2018 |title=Health ministry hires suspended KNH chief Koros |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Health-ministry-hires-suspended-KNH-chief-Koros/539546-4899660-s2nsk0z/index.html |access-date=17 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lily Koros Tare was born in the Sigowet Division of Kericho County, circa 1973.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ms. Koros ta tafi makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Kipsigis a Kericho County don karatun sakandare kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da neman digiri na farko na kasuwanci (gwamnati). Har ila yau, tana da digiri na biyu na gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin kula da kiwon lafiya, digiri na biyu a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci (finance) da kuma difloma na digiri na biyu da shugabanci na kasa da kasa (management asibiti). Tana da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga [[Jami'ar Moi]] .

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara aikinta a harkokin kasuwanci a asibitin AIC Litein a matsayin mai kula da asibiti. Koros ta shiga asibitin koyarwa da turawa na Moi inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta na kudi da gudanarwa kafin ta shiga Hukumar Aiwatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki inda ta yi wasa a matsayin Daraktan Gudanarwa da Ayyukan Ag. Sakatare / Babban Jami'in. A baya, daga 21 ga Fabrairu 2014, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa na Asibitin Kasa na Kenyatta, asibitin jama'a mafi girma a Gabas da Afirka ta Tsakiya. [1]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, biyo bayan jerin abubuwan da suka faru a asibitin kasa na Kenyatta, kwamitin asibitin ya dakatar da Koros da darektan ayyukan kiwon lafiya, Dokta Bernard Githae, don &quot;ba da damar binciken tsarin KeNH&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Muchangi |first=and Sam Kisika |date=16 March 2018 |title=We suspended Koros to allow audit of KNH systems, board tells MPs |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/03/16/we-suspended-koros-to-allow-audit-of-knh-systems-board-tells-mps_c1730960 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218055131/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/03/16/we-suspended-koros-to-allow-audit-of-knh-systems-board-tells-mps_c1730960 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kula da lafiya a Kenya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Lily Chepkorir Koros Tare''' mai kula da kiwon lafiya ne na Kenya, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Sakataren Gudanarwa a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Kenya, daga Disamba 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kabale |first=Nasibo |date=17 December 2018 |title=Health ministry hires suspended KNH chief Koros |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Health-ministry-hires-suspended-KNH-chief-Koros/539546-4899660-s2nsk0z/index.html |access-date=17 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lily Koros Tare was born in the Sigowet Division of Kericho County, circa 1973.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ms. Koros ta tafi makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Kipsigis a Kericho County don karatun sakandare kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da neman digiri na farko na kasuwanci (gwamnati). Har ila yau, tana da digiri na biyu na gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin kula da kiwon lafiya, digiri na biyu a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci (finance) da kuma difloma na digiri na biyu da shugabanci na kasa da kasa (management asibiti). Tana da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga [[Jami'ar Moi]] .

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara aikinta a harkokin kasuwanci a asibitin AIC Litein a matsayin mai kula da asibiti. Koros ta shiga asibitin koyarwa da turawa na Moi inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta na kudi da gudanarwa kafin ta shiga Hukumar Aiwatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki inda ta yi wasa a matsayin Daraktan Gudanarwa da Ayyukan Ag. Sakatare / Babban Jami'in. A baya, daga 21 ga Fabrairu 2014, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa na Asibitin Kasa na Kenyatta, asibitin jama'a mafi girma a Gabas da Afirka ta Tsakiya. [1]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, biyo bayan jerin abubuwan da suka faru a asibitin kasa na Kenyatta, kwamitin asibitin ya dakatar da Koros da darektan ayyukan kiwon lafiya, Dokta Bernard Githae, don &quot;ba da damar binciken tsarin KeNH&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Muchangi |first=and Sam Kisika |date=16 March 2018 |title=We suspended Koros to allow audit of KNH systems, board tells MPs |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/03/16/we-suspended-koros-to-allow-audit-of-knh-systems-board-tells-mps_c1730960 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218055131/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/03/16/we-suspended-koros-to-allow-audit-of-knh-systems-board-tells-mps_c1730960 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kula da lafiya a Kenya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabale Tache Arero</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342161951|Kabale Tache Arero]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kabale Tache Arero''', 'yar kasuwa ce kuma shugabar kamfanoni a [[Kenya]] . Ita ce babban jami'in zartarwa na Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Kenya, wata kungiya ce ta kasa wacce take da alhakin gudanar da filayen jama'a a madadin gwamnatocin kasa da na gundumar. Har ila yau, yana sa ido kuma yana da kula da tsara amfani da ƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar. An tabbatar da ita a matsayin Shugaba a watan Yunin 2023, bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Shugaba tun watan Disamba na 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maureen Kinyanjui |date=13 June 2023 |title=Kabale Tache Arero confrimed as NLC boss |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-06-13-kabale-tache-arero-confrimed-as-nlc-boss/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[The Star (Kenya)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benson Matheka |date=13 June 2023 |title=NLC Confirms Kabale Arero As Chief Executive Officer |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/nlc-confirms-kabale-arero-as-chief-executive-officer-4268434 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Daily Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Ita 'yar kasar Kenya ce. An haife ta ne a cikin al'ummar Mata Arba, a cikin Mazabar Saku, a cikin Marsabit County, a cikin shekarun 1970s. Ita ce yarinya ta tsakiya kuma mace ce kawai a cikin iyali na 'yan uwa bakwai. Ta yi karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Moi . &lt;ref name=&quot;ProfileR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diba Kosi Bilinga |date=June 2023 |title=CEO Kabale; From A Shy Village Girl To An Adorable National Leader |url=https://www.youth-advocacy.org/regional-news/ceo-kabale-from-a-shy-village-girl-to-an-adorable-national-leader |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Youth Empowerment Strategies &amp; Advocacy Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Digiri na farko shi ne Bachelor of Business Administration . Matsayinta na biyu shine Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci, tare da nuna bambanci a [[Albarkatun dan'adam|Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam]], wanda aka samu daga [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]], a Nairobi, Kenya . Ita cikakken memba ce ta ''Cibiyar Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam'' (IHRM) kuma ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗan adam ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maureen Kinyanjui |date=13 June 2023 |title=Kabale Tache Arero confrimed as NLC boss |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-06-13-kabale-tache-arero-confrimed-as-nlc-boss/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[The Star (Kenya)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benson Matheka |date=13 June 2023 |title=NLC Confirms Kabale Arero As Chief Executive Officer |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/nlc-confirms-kabale-arero-as-chief-executive-officer-4268434 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Daily Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bruhan Makong |date=13 June 2024 |title=NLC Appoints Kabale Tache Arero As Chief Executive Officer |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2023/06/nlc-appoints-kabale-tache-arero-as-chief-executive-officer/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[98.4 FM|Capital FM Kenya]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukanta sun koma sama da shekaru 20, tun daga watan Yunin 2023. Ma'aikata na baya sun hada da ''Hukumar Aiwatar da Tsarin Mulki'' (CIC) da Postbank Kenya. Kafin nadin ta a matsayin Ag. Shugaba na Kenya NLC a cikin 2018, ta kasance shugabar albarkatun ɗan adam a Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maureen Kinyanjui |date=13 June 2023 |title=Kabale Tache Arero confrimed as NLC boss |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-06-13-kabale-tache-arero-confrimed-as-nlc-boss/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[The Star (Kenya)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benson Matheka |date=13 June 2023 |title=NLC Confirms Kabale Arero As Chief Executive Officer |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/nlc-confirms-kabale-arero-as-chief-executive-officer-4268434 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Daily Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bruhan Makong |date=13 June 2024 |title=NLC Appoints Kabale Tache Arero As Chief Executive Officer |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2023/06/nlc-appoints-kabale-tache-arero-as-chief-executive-officer/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[98.4 FM|Capital FM Kenya]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na Mutum ==
Ta auri Shadrack Jirma, mai ba da shawara kan kasuwanci kuma masanin kimiyya. Tare, su iyaye ne ga 'ya'ya maza huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProfileR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diba Kosi Bilinga |date=June 2023 |title=CEO Kabale; From A Shy Village Girl To An Adorable National Leader |url=https://www.youth-advocacy.org/regional-news/ceo-kabale-from-a-shy-village-girl-to-an-adorable-national-leader |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Youth Empowerment Strategies &amp; Advocacy Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, William Ruto, shugaban kasa kuma shugaban kasar Kenya ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Moran na Order of the Burning Spear (MBS), don nuna godiya da ayyukanta ga Jamhuriyar Kenya. An kuma ba ta lambar yabo a matsayin Shugaba na Sashen Jama'a na Shekara ta 2023, ta Taron Sashen Jamaʼa na Afirka da Kyaututtuka (APSCA). [1]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Fatuma Abdulkadir Adan

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Kabale Tache Arero''', 'yar kasuwa ce kuma shugabar kamfanoni a [[Kenya]] . Ita ce babban jami'in zartarwa na Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Kenya, wata kungiya ce ta kasa wacce take da alhakin gudanar da filayen jama'a a madadin gwamnatocin kasa da na gundumar. Har ila yau, yana sa ido kuma yana da kula da tsara amfani da ƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar. An tabbatar da ita a matsayin Shugaba a watan Yunin 2023, bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Shugaba tun watan Disamba na 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maureen Kinyanjui |date=13 June 2023 |title=Kabale Tache Arero confrimed as NLC boss |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-06-13-kabale-tache-arero-confrimed-as-nlc-boss/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[The Star (Kenya)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benson Matheka |date=13 June 2023 |title=NLC Confirms Kabale Arero As Chief Executive Officer |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/nlc-confirms-kabale-arero-as-chief-executive-officer-4268434 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Daily Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Ita 'yar kasar Kenya ce. An haife ta ne a cikin al'ummar Mata Arba, a cikin Mazabar Saku, a cikin Marsabit County, a cikin shekarun 1970s. Ita ce yarinya ta tsakiya kuma mace ce kawai a cikin iyali na 'yan uwa bakwai. Ta yi karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Moi . &lt;ref name=&quot;ProfileR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diba Kosi Bilinga |date=June 2023 |title=CEO Kabale; From A Shy Village Girl To An Adorable National Leader |url=https://www.youth-advocacy.org/regional-news/ceo-kabale-from-a-shy-village-girl-to-an-adorable-national-leader |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Youth Empowerment Strategies &amp; Advocacy Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Digiri na farko shi ne Bachelor of Business Administration . Matsayinta na biyu shine Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci, tare da nuna bambanci a [[Albarkatun dan'adam|Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam]], wanda aka samu daga [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]], a Nairobi, Kenya . Ita cikakken memba ce ta ''Cibiyar Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam'' (IHRM) kuma ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗan adam ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maureen Kinyanjui |date=13 June 2023 |title=Kabale Tache Arero confrimed as NLC boss |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-06-13-kabale-tache-arero-confrimed-as-nlc-boss/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[The Star (Kenya)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benson Matheka |date=13 June 2023 |title=NLC Confirms Kabale Arero As Chief Executive Officer |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/nlc-confirms-kabale-arero-as-chief-executive-officer-4268434 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Daily Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bruhan Makong |date=13 June 2024 |title=NLC Appoints Kabale Tache Arero As Chief Executive Officer |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2023/06/nlc-appoints-kabale-tache-arero-as-chief-executive-officer/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[98.4 FM|Capital FM Kenya]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukanta sun koma sama da shekaru 20, tun daga watan Yunin 2023. Ma'aikata na baya sun hada da ''Hukumar Aiwatar da Tsarin Mulki'' (CIC) da Postbank Kenya. Kafin nadin ta a matsayin Ag. Shugaba na Kenya NLC a cikin 2018, ta kasance shugabar albarkatun ɗan adam a Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maureen Kinyanjui |date=13 June 2023 |title=Kabale Tache Arero confrimed as NLC boss |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-06-13-kabale-tache-arero-confrimed-as-nlc-boss/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[The Star (Kenya)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benson Matheka |date=13 June 2023 |title=NLC Confirms Kabale Arero As Chief Executive Officer |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/nlc-confirms-kabale-arero-as-chief-executive-officer-4268434 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Daily Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bruhan Makong |date=13 June 2024 |title=NLC Appoints Kabale Tache Arero As Chief Executive Officer |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2023/06/nlc-appoints-kabale-tache-arero-as-chief-executive-officer/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[98.4 FM|Capital FM Kenya]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na Mutum ==
Ta auri Shadrack Jirma, mai ba da shawara kan kasuwanci kuma masanin kimiyya. Tare, su iyaye ne ga 'ya'ya maza huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProfileR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diba Kosi Bilinga |date=June 2023 |title=CEO Kabale; From A Shy Village Girl To An Adorable National Leader |url=https://www.youth-advocacy.org/regional-news/ceo-kabale-from-a-shy-village-girl-to-an-adorable-national-leader |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Youth Empowerment Strategies &amp; Advocacy Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, William Ruto, shugaban kasa kuma shugaban kasar Kenya ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Moran na Order of the Burning Spear (MBS), don nuna godiya da ayyukanta ga Jamhuriyar Kenya. An kuma ba ta lambar yabo a matsayin Shugaba na Sashen Jama'a na Shekara ta 2023, ta Taron Sashen Jamaʼa na Afirka da Kyaututtuka (APSCA). [1]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Fatuma Abdulkadir Adan

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nasim Devji</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303316861|Nasim Devji]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Nasim Mohamed Devji''', 'yar kasuwa ce ta [[Kenya]], mai lissafi da kuma shugaban kamfanoni, wanda ke aiki a matsayin manajan darektan da kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Diamond Trust Bank Group, kamfanin banki na kasuwanci, tare da hedkwatar a [[Nairobi]] da kuma rassan banki a [[Burundi]], Kenya, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diamond Trust Bank Group |date=March 2019 |title=Diamond Trust Bank Group: Board of Directors |url=https://dtbk.dtbafrica.com/about-dtb/board-of-directors/ |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=[[Diamond Trust Bank Group]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Bayan kammala karatunta na makarantar sakandare a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], ta yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje don karatun sakandare, a shekarar 1971. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Situma |first=Evelyn |date=12 March 2015 |title=How Diamond Trust Bank CEO stays on top of her game |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/How-this-CEO-stays-on-top-of-her-game/-/1248928/2650384/-/view/printVersion/-/qube9xz/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319203117/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/How-this-CEO-stays-on-top-of-her-game/-/1248928/2650384/-/view/printVersion/-/qube9xz/-/index.html |archive-date=19 March 2015 |access-date=15 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misis Devji memba ce ta Cibiyar Chartered Accountants a Ingila da Wales . Ita memba ce ta Cibiyar Haraji ta Yarjejeniya, kuma Fellow na Cibiyar Bankin Kenya. Har ila yau, memba ne na Cibiyar Daraktoci ta Kenya . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lokacin da ta koma Kenya a shekarar 1996, Diamond Trust Bank Group ta hayar da ita a matsayin mai kula da kudi na yanki. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, an inganta ta zuwa matsayin manajan darektan rukuni da kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na rukuni. A lokaci guda tana aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa na reshen Kenya, Diamond Trust Bank (Kenya) Limited . [1]

== Sauran la'akari ==


Nasim Devji darakta ne na Diamond Trust Bank (Tanzania) Limited, Diamond Trust Bank, da Diamond Trust Bank. Ta kuma zauna a kan allon Diamond Trust Insurance Agency Limited, Jubilee Insurance Burundi da kuma Asusun Kare Tsaro na Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diamond Trust Bank Group |date=March 2019 |title=Diamond Trust Bank Group: Board of Directors |url=https://dtbk.dtbafrica.com/about-dtb/board-of-directors/ |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=[[Diamond Trust Bank Group]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nasim Devji |date=March 2019 |title=Nasim Devji: Group CEO and Managing Director at Diamond Trust Bank |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/nasimdevji/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Nasim Mohamed Devji''', 'yar kasuwa ce ta [[Kenya]], mai lissafi da kuma shugaban kamfanoni, wanda ke aiki a matsayin manajan darektan da kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Diamond Trust Bank Group, kamfanin banki na kasuwanci, tare da hedkwatar a [[Nairobi]] da kuma rassan banki a [[Burundi]], Kenya, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diamond Trust Bank Group |date=March 2019 |title=Diamond Trust Bank Group: Board of Directors |url=https://dtbk.dtbafrica.com/about-dtb/board-of-directors/ |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=[[Diamond Trust Bank Group]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Bayan kammala karatunta na makarantar sakandare a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], ta yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje don karatun sakandare, a shekarar 1971. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Situma |first=Evelyn |date=12 March 2015 |title=How Diamond Trust Bank CEO stays on top of her game |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/How-this-CEO-stays-on-top-of-her-game/-/1248928/2650384/-/view/printVersion/-/qube9xz/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319203117/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/How-this-CEO-stays-on-top-of-her-game/-/1248928/2650384/-/view/printVersion/-/qube9xz/-/index.html |archive-date=19 March 2015 |access-date=15 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misis Devji memba ce ta Cibiyar Chartered Accountants a Ingila da Wales . Ita memba ce ta Cibiyar Haraji ta Yarjejeniya, kuma Fellow na Cibiyar Bankin Kenya. Har ila yau, memba ne na Cibiyar Daraktoci ta Kenya . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lokacin da ta koma Kenya a shekarar 1996, Diamond Trust Bank Group ta hayar da ita a matsayin mai kula da kudi na yanki. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, an inganta ta zuwa matsayin manajan darektan rukuni da kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na rukuni. A lokaci guda tana aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa na reshen Kenya, Diamond Trust Bank (Kenya) Limited . [1]

== Sauran la'akari ==


Nasim Devji darakta ne na Diamond Trust Bank (Tanzania) Limited, Diamond Trust Bank, da Diamond Trust Bank. Ta kuma zauna a kan allon Diamond Trust Insurance Agency Limited, Jubilee Insurance Burundi da kuma Asusun Kare Tsaro na Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diamond Trust Bank Group |date=March 2019 |title=Diamond Trust Bank Group: Board of Directors |url=https://dtbk.dtbafrica.com/about-dtb/board-of-directors/ |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=[[Diamond Trust Bank Group]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nasim Devji |date=March 2019 |title=Nasim Devji: Group CEO and Managing Director at Diamond Trust Bank |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/nasimdevji/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Maryamu Okelo</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317045461|Mary Okelo]]&quot;</comment>
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Mary Okelo (an haife ta Elizabeth Mary Awori) 'yar bankin Kenya ce kuma 'yar kasuwa, wacce aka fi sani da zama mace ta farko ta Afirka mai kula da bankin Barclays yayin da take aiki a [[Bankin Absa Kenya|Bankin Barclays na Kenya]] a shekarar 1977. An kuma san Okelo da kafa makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta ta Makini, da kuma matsayinta na babban mai ba da shawara ga [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]] da mataimakin shugaban Bankin Duniya na Mata. 

Okelo 'yar'uwar ɗan siyasan Uganda Aggrey Awori ce da' yan siyasan Kenya Moody da Wycliffe Wasya Work Awori . 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta Elizabeth Mary Awori a garin Busia a kan iyaka da Kenya da Uganda, Okelo ita ce ta goma sha huɗu cikin yara goma sha bakwai na Minista Anglican Jeremiah Musungu Awori da nas Mariamu Awori . 'Yan uwanta sun hada da ɗan siyasan Uganda Aggrey Awori da' yan siyasan Kenya Moody da Wycliffe Wasya Work Awori . &lt;ref name=&quot;chap7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Emily Achieng'|url-access=Fleuss}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Yayinda yake yaro, Okelo ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Ikilisiyar Anglican ta Nambale, makarantar Butere Church Mission Society, da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Alliance Girls, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban mata goma sha uku na Kenya da aka zaba don shiga cikin darussan jami'a a makarantar ta ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Andrew |last2=Brust |first2=Frederick |last3=Hubbert |first3=Joshua |year=2002 |title=Expanding Private Education in Kenya: Mary Okelo and the Makini Schools |url=https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Chazen Web Journal of International Business |language=en |pages=1–19 |issn=1548-6133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920061408/https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2025 |via=[[Columbia Business School]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wwb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Celebrating Mary's Legacy: An Explorer for Financial Empowerment in Africa |url=https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707223741/https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |archive-date=7 July 2025 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Women's World Banking]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunsa na makarantar sakandare, Okelo ya shafe shekara guda yana aiki a matsayin Mai tsaron kurkuku kafin ya sami digiri na farko a tarihi a [[Jami'ar Makerere]] da ke Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Emily Achieng'|url-access=Fleuss}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Okelo joined the [[Bankin Absa Kenya|Barclays Bank]] management trainee program in July 1967 after several unsuccessful applications, becoming the first African woman to enter the program.&lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wwb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Celebrating Mary's Legacy: An Explorer for Financial Empowerment in Africa |url=https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707223741/https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |archive-date=7 July 2025 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Women's World Banking]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obiria |first=Moraa |date=20 July 2023 |title=How Dr Mary Okelo paved the way for women in banking |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/how-dr-mary-okelo-paved-the-way-for-women-in-banking-4308650 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721060400/https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/how-dr-mary-okelo-paved-the-way-for-women-in-banking-4308650 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Daily Nation]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The training involved two years of diploma studies in banking at the British Institute of Bankers in London, where she lived from 1967 to 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;nation&quot; /&gt; Upon returning to Kenya Okelo began working at Barclays as a manager's assistant, later being promoted to sub-manager. In 1973 she was offered a promotion to become the manager at a Barclays branch in Nakuru, however, Okelo turned this promotion down in order to remain with her family in [[Nairobi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nation&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1977 an nada ta manajan reshen Westlands Barclays mai gwagwarmaya a lokacin, ta zama mace ta farko a Kenya da ta rike irin wannan mukamin.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Emily Achieng'|url-access=Fleuss}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Michael Mwenda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda yake aiki a Barclays Okelo ya kafa kungiyar mata ta Bankin Barclays don tallafawa mata masu banki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Palgrave&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Maurice N.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon shekarun 1980 ta kafa [[Kenya Women's Finance Trust]] (KFWT), wani bangare na Bankin Duniya na Mata, tare da 'yar'uwarta [[Christine Hayanga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Andrew |last2=Brust |first2=Frederick |last3=Hubbert |first3=Joshua |year=2002 |title=Expanding Private Education in Kenya: Mary Okelo and the Makini Schools |url=https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Chazen Web Journal of International Business |language=en |pages=1–19 |issn=1548-6133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920061408/https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2025 |via=[[Columbia Business School]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wwb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Celebrating Mary's Legacy: An Explorer for Financial Empowerment in Africa |url=https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707223741/https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |archive-date=7 July 2025 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Women's World Banking]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obiria |first=Moraa |date=20 July 2023 |title=How Dr Mary Okelo paved the way for women in banking |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/how-dr-mary-okelo-paved-the-way-for-women-in-banking-4308650 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721060400/https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/how-dr-mary-okelo-paved-the-way-for-women-in-banking-4308650 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Daily Nation]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okelo ta yi aiki na cikakken lokaci a Barclays har zuwa 1985, lokacin da aka nada ta a matsayin wakilin yankin Afirka na farko a Bankin Duniya na Mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Palgrave&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1987 ta koma [[Abidjan]] a Côte d'Ivoire don zama babban mata na farko ga shugaban Bankin Raya Afirka, &lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Andrew |last2=Brust |first2=Frederick |last3=Hubbert |first3=Joshua |year=2002 |title=Expanding Private Education in Kenya: Mary Okelo and the Makini Schools |url=https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Chazen Web Journal of International Business |language=en |pages=1–19 |issn=1548-6133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920061408/https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2025 |via=[[Columbia Business School]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Palgrave&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Maurice N.}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a shekarar 1990 an nada ta mataimakin shugaban Bankin Duniya na Womens. &lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1978 Okelo da mijinta sun kafa Riara Gardens Academy, makarantar kula da yara mai zaman kanta wacce da farko ta yi wa dalibai 8 hidima kuma tana aiki daga gidan Okelo.[1][2][3] Daga baya aka sake masa suna Makarantar Makini, aikin ya fadada a cikin shekarun 1980 don rufe dukkan matakan ilimin firamare bayan gina ginin makarantar da aka keɓe a shekarar 1982. A cikin shekarun 1990s aikin ya rabu zuwa makarantu uku (Makini Lower Primary School, Makini Middle Primary School), da Makini Upper Primary School) suna zaune a gine-gine daban-daban kuma suna zama sanannun Makini Schools. Makini Schools sun fadada don bayar da ilimin sakandare a cikin 1997, kuma an ƙaddamar da shirin Baccalaureate na Duniya (IB) a cikin 1998.[3]

Okelo ta sadu da mijinta, Pius Alois Okelo, yayin karatun banki a London.&lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Andrew |last2=Brust |first2=Frederick |last3=Hubbert |first3=Joshua |year=2002 |title=Expanding Private Education in Kenya: Mary Okelo and the Makini Schools |url=https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Chazen Web Journal of International Business |language=en |pages=1–19 |issn=1548-6133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920061408/https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2025 |via=[[Columbia Business School]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aurata sun yi aure a shekara ta 1968, a wani bikin aure na London wanda 'yan uwan Okelo da Babban Kwamishinan Kenya a Burtaniya Josephat Karanja suka halarta, kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Emily Achieng'|url-access=Fleuss}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot; /&gt; Pius Okelo ya mutu a Hadarin mota a shekara ta 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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{{Databox}}

Mary Okelo (an haife ta Elizabeth Mary Awori) 'yar bankin Kenya ce kuma 'yar kasuwa, wacce aka fi sani da zama mace ta farko ta Afirka mai kula da bankin Barclays yayin da take aiki a [[Bankin Absa Kenya|Bankin Barclays na Kenya]] a shekarar 1977. An kuma san Okelo da kafa makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta ta Makini, da kuma matsayinta na babban mai ba da shawara ga [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]] da mataimakin shugaban Bankin Duniya na Mata. 

Okelo 'yar'uwar ɗan siyasan Uganda Aggrey Awori ce da' yan siyasan Kenya Moody da Wycliffe Wasya Work Awori . 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta Elizabeth Mary Awori a garin Busia a kan iyaka da Kenya da Uganda, Okelo ita ce ta goma sha huɗu cikin yara goma sha bakwai na Minista Anglican Jeremiah Musungu Awori da nas Mariamu Awori . 'Yan uwanta sun hada da ɗan siyasan Uganda Aggrey Awori da' yan siyasan Kenya Moody da Wycliffe Wasya Work Awori . &lt;ref name=&quot;chap7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Emily Achieng'|url-access=Fleuss}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Yayinda yake yaro, Okelo ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Ikilisiyar Anglican ta Nambale, makarantar Butere Church Mission Society, da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Alliance Girls, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban mata goma sha uku na Kenya da aka zaba don shiga cikin darussan jami'a a makarantar ta ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Andrew |last2=Brust |first2=Frederick |last3=Hubbert |first3=Joshua |year=2002 |title=Expanding Private Education in Kenya: Mary Okelo and the Makini Schools |url=https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Chazen Web Journal of International Business |language=en |pages=1–19 |issn=1548-6133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920061408/https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2025 |via=[[Columbia Business School]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wwb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Celebrating Mary's Legacy: An Explorer for Financial Empowerment in Africa |url=https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707223741/https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |archive-date=7 July 2025 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Women's World Banking]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunsa na makarantar sakandare, Okelo ya shafe shekara guda yana aiki a matsayin Mai tsaron kurkuku kafin ya sami digiri na farko a tarihi a [[Jami'ar Makerere]] da ke Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Emily Achieng'|url-access=Fleuss}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Okelo joined the [[Bankin Absa Kenya|Barclays Bank]] management trainee program in July 1967 after several unsuccessful applications, becoming the first African woman to enter the program.&lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wwb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Celebrating Mary's Legacy: An Explorer for Financial Empowerment in Africa |url=https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707223741/https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |archive-date=7 July 2025 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Women's World Banking]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obiria |first=Moraa |date=20 July 2023 |title=How Dr Mary Okelo paved the way for women in banking |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/how-dr-mary-okelo-paved-the-way-for-women-in-banking-4308650 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721060400/https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/how-dr-mary-okelo-paved-the-way-for-women-in-banking-4308650 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Daily Nation]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The training involved two years of diploma studies in banking at the British Institute of Bankers in London, where she lived from 1967 to 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;nation&quot; /&gt; Upon returning to Kenya Okelo began working at Barclays as a manager's assistant, later being promoted to sub-manager. In 1973 she was offered a promotion to become the manager at a Barclays branch in Nakuru, however, Okelo turned this promotion down in order to remain with her family in [[Nairobi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nation&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1977 an nada ta manajan reshen Westlands Barclays mai gwagwarmaya a lokacin, ta zama mace ta farko a Kenya da ta rike irin wannan mukamin.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Emily Achieng'|url-access=Fleuss}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Michael Mwenda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda yake aiki a Barclays Okelo ya kafa kungiyar mata ta Bankin Barclays don tallafawa mata masu banki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Palgrave&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Maurice N.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon shekarun 1980 ta kafa [[Kenya Women's Finance Trust]] (KFWT), wani bangare na Bankin Duniya na Mata, tare da 'yar'uwarta [[Christine Hayanga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Andrew |last2=Brust |first2=Frederick |last3=Hubbert |first3=Joshua |year=2002 |title=Expanding Private Education in Kenya: Mary Okelo and the Makini Schools |url=https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Chazen Web Journal of International Business |language=en |pages=1–19 |issn=1548-6133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920061408/https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2025 |via=[[Columbia Business School]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wwb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Celebrating Mary's Legacy: An Explorer for Financial Empowerment in Africa |url=https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707223741/https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights/making-finance-work-for-women-for-45-years-dr-mary-okelo/ |archive-date=7 July 2025 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Women's World Banking]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obiria |first=Moraa |date=20 July 2023 |title=How Dr Mary Okelo paved the way for women in banking |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/how-dr-mary-okelo-paved-the-way-for-women-in-banking-4308650 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721060400/https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/how-dr-mary-okelo-paved-the-way-for-women-in-banking-4308650 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Daily Nation]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okelo ta yi aiki na cikakken lokaci a Barclays har zuwa 1985, lokacin da aka nada ta a matsayin wakilin yankin Afirka na farko a Bankin Duniya na Mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Palgrave&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1987 ta koma [[Abidjan]] a Côte d'Ivoire don zama babban mata na farko ga shugaban Bankin Raya Afirka, &lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Andrew |last2=Brust |first2=Frederick |last3=Hubbert |first3=Joshua |year=2002 |title=Expanding Private Education in Kenya: Mary Okelo and the Makini Schools |url=https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Chazen Web Journal of International Business |language=en |pages=1–19 |issn=1548-6133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920061408/https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2025 |via=[[Columbia Business School]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Palgrave&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Maurice N.}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a shekarar 1990 an nada ta mataimakin shugaban Bankin Duniya na Womens. &lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1978 Okelo da mijinta sun kafa Riara Gardens Academy, makarantar kula da yara mai zaman kanta wacce da farko ta yi wa dalibai 8 hidima kuma tana aiki daga gidan Okelo.[1][2][3] Daga baya aka sake masa suna Makarantar Makini, aikin ya fadada a cikin shekarun 1980 don rufe dukkan matakan ilimin firamare bayan gina ginin makarantar da aka keɓe a shekarar 1982. A cikin shekarun 1990s aikin ya rabu zuwa makarantu uku (Makini Lower Primary School, Makini Middle Primary School), da Makini Upper Primary School) suna zaune a gine-gine daban-daban kuma suna zama sanannun Makini Schools. Makini Schools sun fadada don bayar da ilimin sakandare a cikin 1997, kuma an ƙaddamar da shirin Baccalaureate na Duniya (IB) a cikin 1998.[3]

Okelo ta sadu da mijinta, Pius Alois Okelo, yayin karatun banki a London.&lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Andrew |last2=Brust |first2=Frederick |last3=Hubbert |first3=Joshua |year=2002 |title=Expanding Private Education in Kenya: Mary Okelo and the Makini Schools |url=https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Chazen Web Journal of International Business |language=en |pages=1–19 |issn=1548-6133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920061408/https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/pubfiles/87/Kenya_Makini.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2025 |via=[[Columbia Business School]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aurata sun yi aure a shekara ta 1968, a wani bikin aure na London wanda 'yan uwan Okelo da Babban Kwamishinan Kenya a Burtaniya Josephat Karanja suka halarta, kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;chap7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Emily Achieng'|url-access=Fleuss}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chazen&quot; /&gt; Pius Okelo ya mutu a Hadarin mota a shekara ta 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;kewobi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wangari |first=Stephanie |date=5 October 2021 |title=Kenya Women Billionaires: The Story of Mary Okello |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728124504/https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/69112-kenya-women-billionaires-story-mary-okello |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Kenyans.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333055726|Njeri Rionge]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Christine Njeri Rionge''' OGW (12 ga watan Janairun 1966 - 2 ga watan Oktoba 2023) 'yar kasuwa ce ta fasahar Kenya wacce ta kasance co-kafa kamfanin Internet Service Provider (ISP) Wananchi Online Limited (WOL), daya daga cikin masu samar da intanet na farko na Kenya.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Kasuwancin farko na Rionge shine &quot;sayar da yogurt daga motar aboki zuwa Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Kenya da Loretto Convent Musongari High School a lokacin hutun makaranta. Na ga damar kasuwanci kuma na yi aiki a kai, ta yanke shawarar juya shi cikin gaskiya. &quot; [1] Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gyaran gashi. [2]

Rionge ta yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa a Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka ta Afirka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruto |first=Japhet |date=2023-07-05 |title=Njeri Rionge: Meet Kenyan Billionaire Founder of Wananchi Group Which Owns Zuku |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/business-economy/technology/512753-njeri-rionge-meet-founder-wananchi-group-owns-zuku/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Tuko.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ta fara aiki a mai ba da intanet na gida Inter-Connect . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Njeri Rionge, Co-founder of Wananchi Online Dies in Suspected Religious Cult |url=https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094435/https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Kahawatungu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rionge ta kafa kamfanin Internet Service Provider (ISP) Wananchi Online Limited (WOL) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. [1][2] Wananchi kalma ce ta Swahili wacce ke nufin ɗan ƙasa.[3] Rionge ya kasance Shugaba na shekaru bakwai na farko, kamfanin ya zama kamfani mai dala miliyan da yawa kuma yana da ayyuka a Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan ta Kudu, Habasha, Zambia, Malawi da Mauritius. [4][5]

A shekara ta 2008 an kori Rionge don jagorantar sake fasalin Telkom Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-07-29 |title=Njeri Rionge, founder of Wananchi Online - one of Kenya’s most celebrated serial entrepreneurs |url=https://www.lionessesofafrica.com/lioness-njeri-rionge |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Lionesses of Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rionge kuma ya kafa kasuwancin Ignite Consulting.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Njeri Rionge |url=https://kenyanheroes.com/hero/njeri-rionge/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Kenyan Heroes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-22 |title=Meet Njeri Rionge Africa's most powerful Woman Entrepreneur |url=https://www.tapmagonline.com/tap/njeri-rionge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208033937/https://www.tapmagonline.com/tap/njeri-rionge |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=TAP Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance Co-Chair don Elevate Tech 2018 Toronto . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Njeri Rionge, Co-founder of Wananchi Online Dies in Suspected Religious Cult |url=https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094435/https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Kahawatungu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, an ba Rionge lambar yabo ta Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya (OGW) saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a cikin kasuwanci da kuma karfafa mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Veronicah |first=Ann |title=Renowned tech icon Njeri Rionge is dead |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001482724/renowned-tech-icon-njeri-rionge-is-dead |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519150432/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001482724/renowned-tech-icon-njeri-rionge-is-dead |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rionge ya zama Kirista wanda aka sake haifa kuma ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2023 . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Veronicah |first=Ann |title=Renowned tech icon Njeri Rionge is dead |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001482724/renowned-tech-icon-njeri-rionge-is-dead |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519150432/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001482724/renowned-tech-icon-njeri-rionge-is-dead |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Njeri Rionge, Co-founder of Wananchi Online Dies in Suspected Religious Cult |url=https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094435/https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Kahawatungu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]</text>
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'''Christine Njeri Rionge''' OGW (12 ga watan Janairun 1966 - 2 ga watan Oktoba 2023) 'yar kasuwa ce ta fasahar Kenya wacce ta kasance co-kafa kamfanin Internet Service Provider (ISP) Wananchi Online Limited (WOL), daya daga cikin masu samar da intanet na farko na Kenya.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Kasuwancin farko na Rionge shine &quot;sayar da yogurt daga motar aboki zuwa Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Kenya da Loretto Convent Musongari High School a lokacin hutun makaranta. Na ga damar kasuwanci kuma na yi aiki a kai, ta yanke shawarar juya shi cikin gaskiya. &quot; [1] Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gyaran gashi. [2]

Rionge ta yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa a Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka ta Afirka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruto |first=Japhet |date=2023-07-05 |title=Njeri Rionge: Meet Kenyan Billionaire Founder of Wananchi Group Which Owns Zuku |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/business-economy/technology/512753-njeri-rionge-meet-founder-wananchi-group-owns-zuku/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Tuko.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ta fara aiki a mai ba da intanet na gida Inter-Connect . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Njeri Rionge, Co-founder of Wananchi Online Dies in Suspected Religious Cult |url=https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094435/https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Kahawatungu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rionge ta kafa kamfanin Internet Service Provider (ISP) Wananchi Online Limited (WOL) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. [1][2] Wananchi kalma ce ta Swahili wacce ke nufin ɗan ƙasa.[3] Rionge ya kasance Shugaba na shekaru bakwai na farko, kamfanin ya zama kamfani mai dala miliyan da yawa kuma yana da ayyuka a Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan ta Kudu, Habasha, Zambia, Malawi da Mauritius. [4][5]

A shekara ta 2008 an kori Rionge don jagorantar sake fasalin Telkom Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-07-29 |title=Njeri Rionge, founder of Wananchi Online - one of Kenya’s most celebrated serial entrepreneurs |url=https://www.lionessesofafrica.com/lioness-njeri-rionge |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Lionesses of Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rionge kuma ya kafa kasuwancin Ignite Consulting.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Njeri Rionge |url=https://kenyanheroes.com/hero/njeri-rionge/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Kenyan Heroes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-22 |title=Meet Njeri Rionge Africa's most powerful Woman Entrepreneur |url=https://www.tapmagonline.com/tap/njeri-rionge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208033937/https://www.tapmagonline.com/tap/njeri-rionge |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=TAP Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance Co-Chair don Elevate Tech 2018 Toronto . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Njeri Rionge, Co-founder of Wananchi Online Dies in Suspected Religious Cult |url=https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094435/https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Kahawatungu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, an ba Rionge lambar yabo ta Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya (OGW) saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a cikin kasuwanci da kuma karfafa mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Veronicah |first=Ann |title=Renowned tech icon Njeri Rionge is dead |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001482724/renowned-tech-icon-njeri-rionge-is-dead |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519150432/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001482724/renowned-tech-icon-njeri-rionge-is-dead |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rionge ya zama Kirista wanda aka sake haifa kuma ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2023 . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Veronicah |first=Ann |title=Renowned tech icon Njeri Rionge is dead |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001482724/renowned-tech-icon-njeri-rionge-is-dead |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519150432/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001482724/renowned-tech-icon-njeri-rionge-is-dead |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Njeri Rionge, Co-founder of Wananchi Online Dies in Suspected Religious Cult |url=https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094435/https://kahawatungu.com/njeri-rionge-co-founder-of-wananchi-online-dies-in-suspected-religious-cult/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Kahawatungu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342163609|Lizzie Wanyoike]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Lizzie Mūthoni Wanyoike''' (née '''Elizabeth Mūthoni''' 1951 - 14 Janairu 2024) 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya, malama, kuma mai ba da agaji, wacce ita ce ta kafa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta Nairobi (NIBS). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muiruri |first=Mwangi |date=19 March 2018 |title=How I got 6,000 students at city business college |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html |access-date=29 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Lizzie Wanyoike a cikin Gundumar Murang'a a shekara ta 1951. Ita ce ta shida a cikin iyali na 'yan uwa goma. Mahaifinta shugaban ƙauye ne yayin da mahaifiyarta uwar gida ce. Iyalin ba su da wadata, bisa ga labarinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muiruri |first=Mwangi |date=19 March 2018 |title=How I got 6,000 students at city business college |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html |access-date=29 November 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuiruri2018&quot;&gt;Muiruri, Mwangi (19 March 2018). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html &quot;How I got 6,000 students at city business college&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wanyoike ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Gathuki-ini, a Wathenge, Mūrang'a County, kafin ta koma makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kahūhia, a Karuri, Muranga County, inda ta kammala karatu tare da Diploma na makarantar sakandare. Daga nan aka shigar da ita Kwalejin [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]] (a yau Jami'ar Kenya), inda ta kammala karatu tare da difloma a Ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muiruri |first=Mwangi |date=19 March 2018 |title=How I got 6,000 students at city business college |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html |access-date=29 November 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuiruri2018&quot;&gt;Muiruri, Mwangi (19 March 2018). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html &quot;How I got 6,000 students at city business college&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarewar aiki ==
A shekara ta 1972, an tura ta makarantar 'yan mata ta State House a [[Nairobi]], a matsayin malamar makarantar sakandare, a albashi na kowane wata na KSh 961. A shekara ta 1975, Ta fahimci cewa yin aiki ga wani ba shine kiranta ba. Tare da mijinta da sauran abokan kasuwanci, sun kafa Kwalejin Nazarin Sakatariyar Haikali, wanda ke zaune a Nairobi.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muiruri |first=Mwangi |date=19 March 2018 |title=How I got 6,000 students at city business college |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html |access-date=29 November 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuiruri2018&quot;&gt;Muiruri, Mwangi (19 March 2018). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html &quot;How I got 6,000 students at city business college&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wanyoike, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba da malami a Haikali, ta kusanci gudanarwa tare da ra'ayoyi game da fadada menu, da kuma kara yawan ɗalibai, gudanarwa ta ƙi shawararta. A cikin 1999, tana dauke da tanadin KSh6 miliyan (US $ 60,000) da rancen banki daga Equity Bank Kenya Limited, wanda ya kai KSh4 miliyan (US$ 40,000), ta bar Haikali kuma ta kafa NIBS.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwangi |first=James |date=2017 |title=I built my empire with plots and bonds: NIBS Founder |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2001256281/i-built-my-empire-with-plots-and-bonds-nibs-founder |access-date=30 November 2018 |publisher=SDE Kenya Quoting The Nairobian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta NAIROBI ==
Tare da KSh10 miliyan ta tashe Wanyoike ta kafa NIBS a cikin wuraren haya, farawa da dalibai 25 da malamai biyu, a cikin 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muiruri |first=Mwangi |date=19 March 2018 |title=How I got 6,000 students at city business college |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html |access-date=29 November 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuiruri2018&quot;&gt;Muiruri, Mwangi (19 March 2018). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html &quot;How I got 6,000 students at city business college&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwangi |first=James |date=2017 |title=I built my empire with plots and bonds: NIBS Founder |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2001256281/i-built-my-empire-with-plots-and-bonds-nibs-founder |access-date=30 November 2018 |publisher=SDE Kenya Quoting The Nairobian}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMwangi2017&quot;&gt;Mwangi, James (2017). [https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2001256281/i-built-my-empire-with-plots-and-bonds-nibs-founder &quot;I built my empire with plots and bonds: NIBS Founder&quot;]. Nairobi: SDE Kenya Quoting The Nairobian&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mummunan farawa, a shekara ta 2010, ta tara KSh134 miliyan (US $ 1.34 miliyan), wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gina hedkwatar cibiyar a Rūirū-Kìmbo, Kiambu County, a kan kadada 10 (4 , yanki na dukiya.[1] A shekara ta 2018, NIBS tana da yawan dalibai sama da 6,000 da kuma malamai da suka kai sama da 250, a makarantun hudu a Ongata Rongai, Thika Town, Gundumar Kasuwancin Nairobi ta Tsakiya da Rūirū-Kìmbo, tare da babbar hanyar Thika. [1][2]

== Manazarta ==

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'''Lizzie Mūthoni Wanyoike''' (née '''Elizabeth Mūthoni''' 1951 - 14 Janairu 2024) 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya, malama, kuma mai ba da agaji, wacce ita ce ta kafa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta Nairobi (NIBS). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muiruri |first=Mwangi |date=19 March 2018 |title=How I got 6,000 students at city business college |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html |access-date=29 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Lizzie Wanyoike a cikin Gundumar Murang'a a shekara ta 1951. Ita ce ta shida a cikin iyali na 'yan uwa goma. Mahaifinta shugaban ƙauye ne yayin da mahaifiyarta uwar gida ce. Iyalin ba su da wadata, bisa ga labarinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muiruri |first=Mwangi |date=19 March 2018 |title=How I got 6,000 students at city business college |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html |access-date=29 November 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuiruri2018&quot;&gt;Muiruri, Mwangi (19 March 2018). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html &quot;How I got 6,000 students at city business college&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wanyoike ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Gathuki-ini, a Wathenge, Mūrang'a County, kafin ta koma makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kahūhia, a Karuri, Muranga County, inda ta kammala karatu tare da Diploma na makarantar sakandare. Daga nan aka shigar da ita Kwalejin [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]] (a yau Jami'ar Kenya), inda ta kammala karatu tare da difloma a Ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muiruri |first=Mwangi |date=19 March 2018 |title=How I got 6,000 students at city business college |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html |access-date=29 November 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuiruri2018&quot;&gt;Muiruri, Mwangi (19 March 2018). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html &quot;How I got 6,000 students at city business college&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarewar aiki ==
A shekara ta 1972, an tura ta makarantar 'yan mata ta State House a [[Nairobi]], a matsayin malamar makarantar sakandare, a albashi na kowane wata na KSh 961. A shekara ta 1975, Ta fahimci cewa yin aiki ga wani ba shine kiranta ba. Tare da mijinta da sauran abokan kasuwanci, sun kafa Kwalejin Nazarin Sakatariyar Haikali, wanda ke zaune a Nairobi.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muiruri |first=Mwangi |date=19 March 2018 |title=How I got 6,000 students at city business college |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html |access-date=29 November 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuiruri2018&quot;&gt;Muiruri, Mwangi (19 March 2018). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html &quot;How I got 6,000 students at city business college&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wanyoike, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba da malami a Haikali, ta kusanci gudanarwa tare da ra'ayoyi game da fadada menu, da kuma kara yawan ɗalibai, gudanarwa ta ƙi shawararta. A cikin 1999, tana dauke da tanadin KSh6 miliyan (US $ 60,000) da rancen banki daga Equity Bank Kenya Limited, wanda ya kai KSh4 miliyan (US$ 40,000), ta bar Haikali kuma ta kafa NIBS.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwangi |first=James |date=2017 |title=I built my empire with plots and bonds: NIBS Founder |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2001256281/i-built-my-empire-with-plots-and-bonds-nibs-founder |access-date=30 November 2018 |publisher=SDE Kenya Quoting The Nairobian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta NAIROBI ==
Tare da KSh10 miliyan ta tashe Wanyoike ta kafa NIBS a cikin wuraren haya, farawa da dalibai 25 da malamai biyu, a cikin 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muiruri |first=Mwangi |date=19 March 2018 |title=How I got 6,000 students at city business college |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html |access-date=29 November 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuiruri2018&quot;&gt;Muiruri, Mwangi (19 March 2018). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/enterprise/How-I-got-6-000-students-at-city-business-college/4003126-4348550-c4orpyz/index.html &quot;How I got 6,000 students at city business college&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwangi |first=James |date=2017 |title=I built my empire with plots and bonds: NIBS Founder |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2001256281/i-built-my-empire-with-plots-and-bonds-nibs-founder |access-date=30 November 2018 |publisher=SDE Kenya Quoting The Nairobian}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMwangi2017&quot;&gt;Mwangi, James (2017). [https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2001256281/i-built-my-empire-with-plots-and-bonds-nibs-founder &quot;I built my empire with plots and bonds: NIBS Founder&quot;]. Nairobi: SDE Kenya Quoting The Nairobian&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mummunan farawa, a shekara ta 2010, ta tara KSh134 miliyan (US $ 1.34 miliyan), wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gina hedkwatar cibiyar a Rūirū-Kìmbo, Kiambu County, a kan kadada 10 (4 , yanki na dukiya.[1] A shekara ta 2018, NIBS tana da yawan dalibai sama da 6,000 da kuma malamai da suka kai sama da 250, a makarantun hudu a Ongata Rongai, Thika Town, Gundumar Kasuwancin Nairobi ta Tsakiya da Rūirū-Kìmbo, tare da babbar hanyar Thika. [1][2]

== Manazarta ==

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342161701|Joyce Ann Wainaina]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Joyce Ann Wainaina''', ita ce Manajan Abokin Hulɗa na Chui Ventures asusun Tsuntsu na Pan-Afirka. Ta kasance a baya manajan darakta na Citibank inda ta kasance Shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ta Citi a duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu. Ita ce shugabar kamfanoni ta Kenya, wacce a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa, na Citibank Kenya da Gabashin Afirka, daga 2014 - 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nation Reporter |date=9 August 2014 |title=Kenyan becomes first African woman chief executive for Citibank in region |url=https://mobile.nation.co.ke/business/Kenyan-becomes-first-African-woman-chief-executive-for-Citibank/1950106-2413786-format-xhtml-ufuiu9/index.html |access-date=2 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a Kenya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1967, kuma ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Science a fannin kudi daga Jami'ar Duquesne, a Pennsylvania, Amurka. Har ila yau, tana da Jagora na Kimiyya a Tattalin Arziki, daga Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka, a Jami'ar London . [1]

== Ayyuka ==
Joyce-Ann Waina ita ce Wanda ta kafa kuma Manajan Abokin Hulɗa na Chui Ventures asusun Tsuntsu na Pan-Afirka. Ta kasance a baya manajan darakta na Citibank, Afirka ta Kudu, tana rufe kasashe 11 a Kudu, Gabas, Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Tana da aiki mai zurfi tare da Citi tun daga 1990 kuma ta rike manyan mukamai a duk faɗin Afirka da ke rufe gudanar da ƙasa, banki na kamfanoni, gudanar da samfur, ayyuka da sarrafawa. Joyce-Ann a baya ta kasance Shugaba na Citi East Africa na tsawon shekaru 5. Kafin wannan ta kasance manajan darakta kuma Babban Jami'in Kasar (CCO) na Citibank Zambia, daga 2011 zuwa 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Bloomberg L.P. |date=2019 |title=Executive Profile of Joyce Anne Wainaina: Managing Director, Citibank N.A. (Kenya) |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=224016011&amp;privcapId=2572267 |access-date=2 March 2019 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg L.P.]] |location=New York City}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta tsara Shirin Jagorancin Sapphire wani shirin jagoranci don ci gaban manyan ƙwarewa a cikin Citi a duk faɗin Kasuwanci masu tasowa a cikin EMEA. Ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Bankin Kenya da Babban Bankin Kenya don kafa shirin jagoranci ga Mata Shugabannin a masana'antar Bankin a Kenya. Ita ce mai kafa Trustee na JB Wanjui Education Trust wanda ke mai da hankali kan samar da tallafi ga 'yan mata a jami'a a Kenya. 
.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nation Reporter |date=9 August 2014 |title=Kenyan becomes first African woman chief executive for Citibank in region |url=https://mobile.nation.co.ke/business/Kenyan-becomes-first-African-woman-chief-executive-for-Citibank/1950106-2413786-format-xhtml-ufuiu9/index.html |access-date=2 March 2019}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNation_Reporter2014&quot;&gt;Nation Reporter (9 August 2014). [https://mobile.nation.co.ke/business/Kenyan-becomes-first-African-woman-chief-executive-for-Citibank/1950106-2413786-format-xhtml-ufuiu9/index.html &quot;Kenyan becomes first African woman chief executive for Citibank in region&quot;]. ''[[Daily Nation]] Mobile''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alu Guest Speaker Series |date=June 2017 |title=Joyce-Ann Wainaina: Citibank East Africa CEO, Nairobi, Kenya |url=https://aluguestspeakerseries.sched.com/speaker/joyceannwainaina |access-date=2 March 2019 |publisher=Aluguestspeakerseries}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The Observer Staff |date=9 October 2018 |title=Citibank Dismisses China Takeover |url=https://www.zambianobserver.com/citibank-dismisses-china-takeover/ |access-date=2 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Ms Joyce Ann Wainaina mace ce mai aure mai yara uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alu Guest Speaker Series |date=June 2017 |title=Joyce-Ann Wainaina: Citibank East Africa CEO, Nairobi, Kenya |url=https://aluguestspeakerseries.sched.com/speaker/joyceannwainaina |access-date=2 March 2019 |publisher=Aluguestspeakerseries}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAlu_Guest_Speaker_Series2017&quot;&gt;Alu Guest Speaker Series (June 2017). [https://aluguestspeakerseries.sched.com/speaker/joyceannwainaina &quot;Joyce-Ann Wainaina: Citibank East Africa CEO, Nairobi, Kenya&quot;]. Aluguestspeakerseries&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran ayyuka ==
Ya zuwa Maris 2019, Joyce Ann Wainaina na ɗaya daga cikin mata biyar da suka yi aiki a matsayin Shugabannin bankunan kasuwanci na Kenya. Sauran hudu sune (a) Nasim Devji, a Bankin Diamond Trust (b) Betty Korir a Bankin Credit (c) Anne Karanja, a Bankan Tattalin Arziki na Kenya da (d) Rebecca Mbithi a Bankin Iyali &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhatia |first=Abel |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank appoints Rebecca Mbithi as new CEO |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090531/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tattalin arzikin Kenya
* Jerin bankunan a Tanzania
* Jerin bankunan Afirka

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]]</text>
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'''Joyce Ann Wainaina''', ita ce Manajan Abokin Hulɗa na Chui Ventures asusun Tsuntsu na Pan-Afirka. Ta kasance a baya manajan darakta na Citibank inda ta kasance Shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ta Citi a duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu. Ita ce shugabar kamfanoni ta Kenya, wacce a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa, na Citibank Kenya da Gabashin Afirka, daga 2014 - 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nation Reporter |date=9 August 2014 |title=Kenyan becomes first African woman chief executive for Citibank in region |url=https://mobile.nation.co.ke/business/Kenyan-becomes-first-African-woman-chief-executive-for-Citibank/1950106-2413786-format-xhtml-ufuiu9/index.html |access-date=2 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a Kenya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1967, kuma ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Science a fannin kudi daga Jami'ar Duquesne, a Pennsylvania, Amurka. Har ila yau, tana da Jagora na Kimiyya a Tattalin Arziki, daga Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka, a Jami'ar London . [1]

== Ayyuka ==
Joyce-Ann Waina ita ce Wanda ta kafa kuma Manajan Abokin Hulɗa na Chui Ventures asusun Tsuntsu na Pan-Afirka. Ta kasance a baya manajan darakta na Citibank, Afirka ta Kudu, tana rufe kasashe 11 a Kudu, Gabas, Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Tana da aiki mai zurfi tare da Citi tun daga 1990 kuma ta rike manyan mukamai a duk faɗin Afirka da ke rufe gudanar da ƙasa, banki na kamfanoni, gudanar da samfur, ayyuka da sarrafawa. Joyce-Ann a baya ta kasance Shugaba na Citi East Africa na tsawon shekaru 5. Kafin wannan ta kasance manajan darakta kuma Babban Jami'in Kasar (CCO) na Citibank Zambia, daga 2011 zuwa 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Bloomberg L.P. |date=2019 |title=Executive Profile of Joyce Anne Wainaina: Managing Director, Citibank N.A. (Kenya) |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=224016011&amp;privcapId=2572267 |access-date=2 March 2019 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg L.P.]] |location=New York City}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta tsara Shirin Jagorancin Sapphire wani shirin jagoranci don ci gaban manyan ƙwarewa a cikin Citi a duk faɗin Kasuwanci masu tasowa a cikin EMEA. Ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Bankin Kenya da Babban Bankin Kenya don kafa shirin jagoranci ga Mata Shugabannin a masana'antar Bankin a Kenya. Ita ce mai kafa Trustee na JB Wanjui Education Trust wanda ke mai da hankali kan samar da tallafi ga 'yan mata a jami'a a Kenya. 
.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nation Reporter |date=9 August 2014 |title=Kenyan becomes first African woman chief executive for Citibank in region |url=https://mobile.nation.co.ke/business/Kenyan-becomes-first-African-woman-chief-executive-for-Citibank/1950106-2413786-format-xhtml-ufuiu9/index.html |access-date=2 March 2019}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNation_Reporter2014&quot;&gt;Nation Reporter (9 August 2014). [https://mobile.nation.co.ke/business/Kenyan-becomes-first-African-woman-chief-executive-for-Citibank/1950106-2413786-format-xhtml-ufuiu9/index.html &quot;Kenyan becomes first African woman chief executive for Citibank in region&quot;]. ''[[Daily Nation]] Mobile''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alu Guest Speaker Series |date=June 2017 |title=Joyce-Ann Wainaina: Citibank East Africa CEO, Nairobi, Kenya |url=https://aluguestspeakerseries.sched.com/speaker/joyceannwainaina |access-date=2 March 2019 |publisher=Aluguestspeakerseries}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The Observer Staff |date=9 October 2018 |title=Citibank Dismisses China Takeover |url=https://www.zambianobserver.com/citibank-dismisses-china-takeover/ |access-date=2 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Ms Joyce Ann Wainaina mace ce mai aure mai yara uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alu Guest Speaker Series |date=June 2017 |title=Joyce-Ann Wainaina: Citibank East Africa CEO, Nairobi, Kenya |url=https://aluguestspeakerseries.sched.com/speaker/joyceannwainaina |access-date=2 March 2019 |publisher=Aluguestspeakerseries}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAlu_Guest_Speaker_Series2017&quot;&gt;Alu Guest Speaker Series (June 2017). [https://aluguestspeakerseries.sched.com/speaker/joyceannwainaina &quot;Joyce-Ann Wainaina: Citibank East Africa CEO, Nairobi, Kenya&quot;]. Aluguestspeakerseries&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran ayyuka ==
Ya zuwa Maris 2019, Joyce Ann Wainaina na ɗaya daga cikin mata biyar da suka yi aiki a matsayin Shugabannin bankunan kasuwanci na Kenya. Sauran hudu sune (a) Nasim Devji, a Bankin Diamond Trust (b) Betty Korir a Bankin Credit (c) Anne Karanja, a Bankan Tattalin Arziki na Kenya da (d) Rebecca Mbithi a Bankin Iyali &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhatia |first=Abel |date=26 February 2019 |title=Family Bank appoints Rebecca Mbithi as new CEO |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090531/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/26/family-bank-appoints-rebecca-mbithi-as-new-ceo_c1900641 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tattalin arzikin Kenya
* Jerin bankunan a Tanzania
* Jerin bankunan Afirka

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi a Amurka</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322655670|Women in the drug economy in the United States]]&quot;</comment>
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In the [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]], '''women represent roughly a quarter of all arrests'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCR Publications |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr-publications |access-date=2016-05-25 |website=FBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women and men are both more likely to be arrested for less serious property crimes, but men are more likely than women to be involved in violent crime. Since 1960, while arrests in total have decreased, women have become a higher percentage of those arrests, partly due to an increase in drug-related arrests. Steffensmeier and Schwartz (2008) claim that this increase is not because more women are committing substance-abuse offenses, but because law enforcement officials have begun using broader, more expansive definitions of crimes, arresting more people for minor crimes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Because women are more likely to commit these minor crimes, females have been disproportionately added to the number of arrests.

== Mata da yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi ==
A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi tsakanin matsakaicin aji ya karu yayin da ya zama mafi yawan jama'a. An haɗa shi da ƙungiyoyin adawa da al'adu da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thirty Years Of America's Drug War {{!}} Drug Wars {{!}} FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/cron/ |access-date=2016-05-28 |website=www.pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1970, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Abubuwa, wanda ya tsara kuma ya hukunta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ga &quot;shirin&quot; daban-daban guda biyar. Kowane magani na nishaɗi an sanya shi jadawalin bisa ga yiwuwar [[Addiction|jaraba]] da cin zarafi, amfani da shi na kiwon lafiya, da kuma bayanin tsaro. Kowane jadawalin yana ɗauke da matakai daban-daban na azabtarwa don amfani, mallaka, ko rarraba miyagun ƙwayoyi - Shirin na sami mafi tsanani, yayin da Shirin V yana da mafi sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Title 21 United States Code (USC) Controlled Substances Act - Section 812 |url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/812.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830032541/https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/812.htm |archive-date=2020-08-30 |access-date=2016-05-28 |website=www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaƙin kan kwayoyi da kuma halin adawa da miyagun ƙwayoyi na jama'a ya kai kololuwa lokacin da Ronald Reagan ya zama shugaban kasa a 1981 kuma Uwargidan Shugaban kasa [[Nancy Reagan]] ta fara kamfen din yaki da miyagun kwayoyi na &quot;Ka ce A'a&quot; wanda aka yi niyya ga yara da matasa masu matsakaicin matsayi. A lokaci guda, zuwan crack cocaine a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ya yi mummunar tasiri a yankunan cikin gari kuma ya kara adawar siyasa ta jama'a ga amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Reagan ya kuma sanya hannu kan Dokar Anti-Drug Abuse na 1986, wanda ya sanya mafi ƙarancin hukunci, yana cire hankali daga alƙalai yayin yanke hukunci ga masu aikata miyagun ƙwayoyi.

Dana Britton a cikin 2011  da Steffensmeier da Schwartz a cikin 2008  sun kammala cewa yakin kan kwayoyi ya haifar da babban tasiri ga mata, musamman ga mata masu launin fata, saboda karuwar tsananin da yawan kananan laifuka da kuma wadanda suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma gaskiyar cewa mata sun fi maza damar aikata laifuka marasa tsanani.

Bloom, Owen da Covington (2004) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bloom |first=Barbara |last2=Owen |first2=Barbara |last3=Covington |first3=Stephanie |date=2004-01-01 |title=Women Offenders and the Gendered Effects of Public Policy1 |journal=Review of Policy Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=31–48 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00056.x |issn=1541-1338}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun kuma bayyana cewa yawancin mata masu laifi mata ne matalauta, marasa ilimi, kuma marasa aiki, suna cutar da damar da suke da ita na daina aiki yadda ya kamata kuma suna kara haɗarin sake aikata laifi bayan sun bar kurkuku. Kimanin kashi 60% na mata a cikin gidajen kurkuku na jihohi da na tarayya sune uwaye na kananan yara; tasirin yaƙin akan kwayoyi ba kawai ya shafi mata da kansu ba, har ma da tasiri ga yaransu, ƙarni na gaba. Bugu da kari, kamar yadda Britton  da Beckett, Nyrop, da Pfingst  suka nuna, matan Hispanic da na Afirka-Amurka suna da yawa a cikin yawan mata da ke cikin tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beckett |first=Katherine |last2=Nyrop |first2=Kris |last3=Pfingst |first3=Lori |date=2006-02-01 |title=Race, Drugs, and Policing: Understanding Disparities in Drug Delivery Arrests* |journal=Criminology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=105–137 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00044.x |issn=1745-9125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zuwan [[cocaine]]&quot; id=&quot;mwXA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Crack cocaine&quot;&gt;crack cocaine, wani nau'i mai rahusa na cocaine wanda za'a iya shan taba, a cikin unguwanni na cikin gari na Amurka a cikin shekarun 1980 sun dace da raguwar masana'antu, karuwar yawan rashin aikin yi, da kuma karuwar yawan shugabannin mata. Zuwan crack kuma ya zo ne a lokaci guda kamar yadda yaƙin yaƙi a kan kwayoyi da kuma dokokinta masu yawa da kuma mayar da hankali kan kawar da shirye-shiryen jin dadin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryder |first=Judith A. |last2=Brisgone |first2=Regina E. |date=2013-01-01 |title=Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era |journal=Feminist Criminology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=40–62 |doi=10.1177/1557085112444899 |issn=1557-0851 |s2cid=147638870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda wannan, da kuma farashin crack mai rahusa, yawan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na mata ya tashi. Ryder da Brisgone sun yi hira da ƙungiyar uwaye da suka girma a lokacin wannan &quot;Crack Era&quot; a cikin shekarun 1990s don gano yadda yaƙin kan kwayoyi da crack ya shafi su da yaransu.

Sun gano cewa yawan amfani da kwayoyi a lokacin wannan zamanin ya rinjayi yaransu sosai don gwada kwayoyi. Bugu da ƙari, an matsa mata da yawa ko kuma sun zaɓi yin [[Ayyukan jima'i|aikin jima'i]] don tallafawa &quot;bukatar gaggawa don kwayoyi&quot;. Marubutan wannan binciken sun gano cewa jarabawar uwaye ta kara tilasta musu su ciyar da karancin lokaci tare da iyalansu, suna rushe alaƙar da ke tsakanin uwa da yaro, kodayake suna ƙaunar yaransu kuma suna so su ciyar da lokaci tare da su lokacin da za su iya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryder |first=Judith A. |last2=Brisgone |first2=Regina E. |date=2013-01-01 |title=Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era |journal=Feminist Criminology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=40–62 |doi=10.1177/1557085112444899 |issn=1557-0851 |s2cid=147638870}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRyderBrisgone2013&quot;&gt;Ryder, Judith A.; Brisgone, Regina E. (2013-01-01). &quot;Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era&quot;. ''Feminist Criminology''. '''8''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;40–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1557085112444899|10.1177/1557085112444899]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-0851 1557-0851]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147638870 147638870].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasancewar mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ==

=== Mata da tattalin arziki na al'ada ===
Tattalin arzikin da ba a saba amfani da shi ba wani bangare ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya hada da &quot;duk ayyukan aikata laifuka da ke samar da kudin shiga&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Losby |first=Jan L. |last2=Else |first2=John F. |last3=Kingslow |first3=Marcia E. |last4=Edgcomb |first4=Elaine L. |last5=Malm |first5=Erika T. |last6=Kao |first6=Vivian |date=December 2002 |title=Informal Economy Literature Review |journal=The Aspen Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, wannan yana nufin cewa siyarwa da amfani da kwayoyi wani bangare ne na tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. A duk faɗin duniya, mata masu aiki suna iya aiki a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, wani bangare saboda al'adunsu na gida da kula da yara na iya sa ya fi dacewa su yi aiki daga gida. Sauran sun yi imanin cewa ana &quot;tilasta&quot; mata cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba saboda bangaren da aka tsara ya kasa biyan bukatun mata na musamman, kamar [[Hutun iyaye|hutun haihuwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga shekarun 1980s, shigo da kayayyaki masu rahusa suna gasa don kayan da aka ƙera a cikin gida a Amurka, wanda ke haifar da rashin masana'antu, musamman a cikin birane. Wannan ya haifar da rashin aikin yi a bangaren hukuma. Bugu da ƙari, raguwar manufofin jin dadin ya kuma karfafa rashin aikin yi. Dukkanin wadannan dalilai sun haifar da ci gaba a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba na Tattalin arzikin Amurka, wanda ya kara yawan mata da ke aiki a wannan bangaren.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Cyril |date=1988-01-01 |title=Introduction: Exploring the Informal Economy |journal=Social Justice |volume=15 |issue=3/4 (33–34) |pages=3–16 |jstor=29766419}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da kwararar mata zuwa kasuwannin miyagun ƙwayoyi.

=== Tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin mai daidaitawa ===
Kasancewar mata a kasuwannin miyagun ƙwayoyi ya sa Masana ilimin zamantakewa, masu binciken laifuka, da masu ilimin ɗan adam su tattauna rawar mata a cikin waɗannan kasuwannin. Shin suna da matsayi a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda aka 'yantar da su daga Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi na al'umma, ko kuma [[Wariyar Jinsi|nuna bambancin jinsi]] na al-umma yana haifar da kansa a cikin tattalin arziƙin miyagun ƙwalwa?

Masanin ilimin ɗan adam Phillippe Bourgois, a cikin tarihin kasuwar crack a cikin Harlem na Mutanen Espanya, ya bayyana cewa kasancewar mata a kan tituna da kuma kasuwar crack yana nuna 'yancin su daga aikin gida da Kula da yara. Suna da 'yanci su shiga cikin rayuwar titi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Philippe |first=Bourgois |date=August 1989 |title=Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City |journal=Anthropology Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Natasha Du Rose, Wilson (1993) ya yi jayayya cewa laifin mata da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi suna tashi don daidaitawa da na maza saboda 'yancin mata. Du Rose ya nakalto Fagan yana cewa matsayin mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana da matsayi mai girma wanda karuwanci ke taka rawar &quot;marasa mahimmanci&quot; wajen samar da kudin shiga ga waɗannan mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana ci gaba da rashin daidaito ===
Duk da yake Bourgois a cikin 1989 ya bayyana cewa mata suna da 'yanci su shiga cikin cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yanzu da aka 'yantar da su daga zama mata da uwaye, ya cancanci wannan ta hanyar cewa &quot;dangantaka ta al'ada har yanzu tana sarrafa dabarun samar da kudaden shiga a cikin tattalin arzikin karkashin kasa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Philippe |first=Bourgois |date=August 1989 |title=Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City |journal=Anthropology Today}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPhilippe1989&quot;&gt;Philippe, Bourgois (August 1989). &quot;Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City&quot;. ''Anthropology Today''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ya yi ya nuna cewa yawancin mata a kasuwar Harlem ta Spain sun zama ma'aikatan jima'i don tallafawa jarabawarsu. Duk da yake mata suna shiga cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, har yanzu ana tilasta musu cikin ayyukan gargajiya na titi lokacin da suke buƙatar samar da kudin shiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Masana ilimin zamantakewa Lisa Maher da Kathleen Daly a cikin 1996 sun yi binciken ilimin lissafi na mata a kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta [[Brooklyn]]&quot; id=&quot;mwpw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Bushwick, Brooklyn&quot;&gt;Bushwick a Brooklyn. Sun yi amfani da haɗuwa da aikin lura da masu halarta da kuma ganawa da mata kuma sun gano cewa, a cikin kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi mai matsayi, mata suna zaune a mafi ƙasƙanci a kasuwa. &quot;Masu mallakar&quot;, wadanda duk maza ne, suna daukar ma'aikata wadanda ke kula da &quot;masu siyarwa&quot; da yawa na yau da kullun. Wadannan masu siyarwa suna amfani da &quot;masu gudu&quot;, &quot;masu tuka&quot;, da &quot;masuwanci&quot;, waɗanda ke ba da masu siyarwar, suna tallata nau'ikan kwayoyin su, ko siyan kwayoyi ga wasu abokan ciniki. Masu gudu, masu tuka motar, jan ƙarfe, da masu siyarwa na yau da kullun suna da matsayi mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi da mafi ƙaranci na wannan kasuwa, kuma suna da mafi yawan mata masu halarta. Manyan matakan matsayi suna da maza kawai. A cikin wannan binciken, Maher da Daly sun karyata ra'ayin cewa fitowar tattalin arzikin crack ya ba da 'yanci da dama ga mata; Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya ci gaba da kasancewa har ma a cikin tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. Canjin da Maher da Daly suka samu wanda 'yancin mata suka kawo ya zama raguwar yawan mata da ke dogaro da saurayi maza ko maza don sayar da kwayoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maher |first=Lisa |last2=Daly |first2=Kathleen |date=November 1996 |title=Women in the Street-Level Drug Economy: Continuity or Change? |journal=Criminology |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=465–492 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01216.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lisa Maher ta ci gaba da bincikenta game da tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Bushwick a cikin littafinta na 1997 Sexed Work . Ta sake jaddada bincikenta tare da Daly a kan karamin karfi, karamin karfi na mata a kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi, amma kuma tana mai da hankali kan [[Ayyukan jima'i|aikin jima'i]] da mata ke yi don samar da kudin shiga. Tun lokacin da aka samu karuwar karamin karamin karkara a kasuwa, Maher ya gano cewa an sa mata da yawa su shiga cikin [[karuwanci]] a kan titi, suna motsa gasar da kuma rage farashin, suna kara tabarbarewar mata, musamman mata masu launin fata waɗanda galibi ba sa jawo hankalin abokan ciniki masu biyan kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da kwararar crack ta rage farashin sosai, littafin Maher ba ya goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa mata galibi suna musayar jima'i kai tsaye don kwayoyi.

=== Shirye-shiryen mata don magance rashin daidaito ===
Kodayake mata na iya zama marasa amfani a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, suna samun hanyoyin magance waɗannan rashin daidaito. A cikin Sexed Work, Lisa Maher ta bayyana cewa wasu mata suna karɓar &quot;mummunan&quot; ko &quot;hauka&quot; mutum don tsira tsakanin takwarorinsu maza masu tashin hankali.Maher da Susan L. Hudson, a cikin bita na wallafe-wallafen mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, sun bayyana cewa mata suna iya amfani da hotonsu a matsayin &quot;mata&quot;, &quot;mai rauni&quot;, ko &quot;marasa laifi&quot; don ɓoyewa daga zargin 'yan sanda da sayar da miyagun ƙwalwa cikin nasara. Hakanan suna iya amfani da ƙwarewar zamantakewar &quot;mata&quot; da sadarwa don warware yanayin tashin hankali. Maher da Hudson sun kuma gano cewa mata da yawa na iya jimrewa da iyakantaccen damar samar da kudaden shiga a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar &quot;diversifying&quot;: suna samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗuwa mai sauƙi na aikin jima'i, jin daɗi, ayyukan bangarori na yau da kullun, da sayar da miyagun ƙwalwa.

== Manazarta ==

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A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], '''mata suna wakiltar kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na dukkan kama-karya''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCR Publications |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr-publications |access-date=2016-05-25 |website=FBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata da maza duka suna da yuwuwar a kama su saboda laifukan kadarori marasa tsanani, amma maza sun fi mata shiga cikin laifukan tashin hankali .  Tun daga shekarar 1960, yayin da kama-karya ya ragu gaba ɗaya, mata sun zama mafi yawan kaso na waɗannan kama-karya, wani ɓangare saboda ƙaruwar kama-karya da ke da alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi . Steffensmeier da Schwartz (2008) sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ƙaruwar ba wai saboda mata da yawa suna aikata laifukan cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba ne, amma saboda jami'an tsaro sun fara amfani da faffadan ma'anoni na laifuka, suna kama mutane da yawa saboda ƙananan laifuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Saboda mata sun fi iya aikata waɗannan ƙananan laifuka, an ƙara mata cikin adadin kama-karya.

== Mata da yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi ==
A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi tsakanin matsakaicin aji ya karu yayin da ya zama mafi yawan jama'a. An haɗa shi da ƙungiyoyin adawa da al'adu da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thirty Years Of America's Drug War {{!}} Drug Wars {{!}} FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/cron/ |access-date=2016-05-28 |website=www.pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1970, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Abubuwa, wanda ya tsara kuma ya hukunta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ga &quot;shirin&quot; daban-daban guda biyar. Kowane magani na nishaɗi an sanya shi jadawalin bisa ga yiwuwar [[Addiction|jaraba]] da cin zarafi, amfani da shi na kiwon lafiya, da kuma bayanin tsaro. Kowane jadawalin yana ɗauke da matakai daban-daban na azabtarwa don amfani, mallaka, ko rarraba miyagun ƙwayoyi - Shirin na sami mafi tsanani, yayin da Shirin V yana da mafi sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Title 21 United States Code (USC) Controlled Substances Act - Section 812 |url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/812.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830032541/https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/812.htm |archive-date=2020-08-30 |access-date=2016-05-28 |website=www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaƙin kan kwayoyi da kuma halin adawa da miyagun ƙwayoyi na jama'a ya kai kololuwa lokacin da Ronald Reagan ya zama shugaban kasa a 1981 kuma Uwargidan Shugaban kasa [[Nancy Reagan]] ta fara kamfen din yaki da miyagun kwayoyi na &quot;Ka ce A'a&quot; wanda aka yi niyya ga yara da matasa masu matsakaicin matsayi. A lokaci guda, zuwan crack cocaine a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ya yi mummunar tasiri a yankunan cikin gari kuma ya kara adawar siyasa ta jama'a ga amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Reagan ya kuma sanya hannu kan Dokar Anti-Drug Abuse na 1986, wanda ya sanya mafi ƙarancin hukunci, yana cire hankali daga alƙalai yayin yanke hukunci ga masu aikata miyagun ƙwayoyi.

Dana Britton a cikin 2011  da Steffensmeier da Schwartz a cikin 2008  sun kammala cewa yakin kan kwayoyi ya haifar da babban tasiri ga mata, musamman ga mata masu launin fata, saboda karuwar tsananin da yawan kananan laifuka da kuma wadanda suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma gaskiyar cewa mata sun fi maza damar aikata laifuka marasa tsanani.

Bloom, Owen da Covington (2004) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bloom |first=Barbara |last2=Owen |first2=Barbara |last3=Covington |first3=Stephanie |date=2004-01-01 |title=Women Offenders and the Gendered Effects of Public Policy1 |journal=Review of Policy Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=31–48 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00056.x |issn=1541-1338}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun kuma bayyana cewa yawancin mata masu laifi mata ne matalauta, marasa ilimi, kuma marasa aiki, suna cutar da damar da suke da ita na daina aiki yadda ya kamata kuma suna kara haɗarin sake aikata laifi bayan sun bar kurkuku. Kimanin kashi 60% na mata a cikin gidajen kurkuku na jihohi da na tarayya sune uwaye na kananan yara; tasirin yaƙin akan kwayoyi ba kawai ya shafi mata da kansu ba, har ma da tasiri ga yaransu, ƙarni na gaba. Bugu da kari, kamar yadda Britton  da Beckett, Nyrop, da Pfingst  suka nuna, matan Hispanic da na Afirka-Amurka suna da yawa a cikin yawan mata da ke cikin tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beckett |first=Katherine |last2=Nyrop |first2=Kris |last3=Pfingst |first3=Lori |date=2006-02-01 |title=Race, Drugs, and Policing: Understanding Disparities in Drug Delivery Arrests* |journal=Criminology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=105–137 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00044.x |issn=1745-9125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zuwan [[cocaine]]&quot; id=&quot;mwXA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Crack cocaine&quot;&gt;crack cocaine, wani nau'i mai rahusa na cocaine wanda za'a iya shan taba, a cikin unguwanni na cikin gari na Amurka a cikin shekarun 1980 sun dace da raguwar masana'antu, karuwar yawan rashin aikin yi, da kuma karuwar yawan shugabannin mata. Zuwan crack kuma ya zo ne a lokaci guda kamar yadda yaƙin yaƙi a kan kwayoyi da kuma dokokinta masu yawa da kuma mayar da hankali kan kawar da shirye-shiryen jin dadin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryder |first=Judith A. |last2=Brisgone |first2=Regina E. |date=2013-01-01 |title=Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era |journal=Feminist Criminology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=40–62 |doi=10.1177/1557085112444899 |issn=1557-0851 |s2cid=147638870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda wannan, da kuma farashin crack mai rahusa, yawan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na mata ya tashi. Ryder da Brisgone sun yi hira da ƙungiyar uwaye da suka girma a lokacin wannan &quot;Crack Era&quot; a cikin shekarun 1990s don gano yadda yaƙin kan kwayoyi da crack ya shafi su da yaransu.

Sun gano cewa yawan amfani da kwayoyi a lokacin wannan zamanin ya rinjayi yaransu sosai don gwada kwayoyi. Bugu da ƙari, an matsa mata da yawa ko kuma sun zaɓi yin [[Ayyukan jima'i|aikin jima'i]] don tallafawa &quot;bukatar gaggawa don kwayoyi&quot;. Marubutan wannan binciken sun gano cewa jarabawar uwaye ta kara tilasta musu su ciyar da karancin lokaci tare da iyalansu, suna rushe alaƙar da ke tsakanin uwa da yaro, kodayake suna ƙaunar yaransu kuma suna so su ciyar da lokaci tare da su lokacin da za su iya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryder |first=Judith A. |last2=Brisgone |first2=Regina E. |date=2013-01-01 |title=Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era |journal=Feminist Criminology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=40–62 |doi=10.1177/1557085112444899 |issn=1557-0851 |s2cid=147638870}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRyderBrisgone2013&quot;&gt;Ryder, Judith A.; Brisgone, Regina E. (2013-01-01). &quot;Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era&quot;. ''Feminist Criminology''. '''8''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;40–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1557085112444899|10.1177/1557085112444899]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-0851 1557-0851]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147638870 147638870].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasancewar mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ==

=== Mata da tattalin arziki na al'ada ===
Tattalin arzikin da ba a saba amfani da shi ba wani bangare ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya hada da &quot;duk ayyukan aikata laifuka da ke samar da kudin shiga&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Losby |first=Jan L. |last2=Else |first2=John F. |last3=Kingslow |first3=Marcia E. |last4=Edgcomb |first4=Elaine L. |last5=Malm |first5=Erika T. |last6=Kao |first6=Vivian |date=December 2002 |title=Informal Economy Literature Review |journal=The Aspen Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, wannan yana nufin cewa siyarwa da amfani da kwayoyi wani bangare ne na tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. A duk faɗin duniya, mata masu aiki suna iya aiki a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, wani bangare saboda al'adunsu na gida da kula da yara na iya sa ya fi dacewa su yi aiki daga gida. Sauran sun yi imanin cewa ana &quot;tilasta&quot; mata cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba saboda bangaren da aka tsara ya kasa biyan bukatun mata na musamman, kamar [[Hutun iyaye|hutun haihuwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga shekarun 1980s, shigo da kayayyaki masu rahusa suna gasa don kayan da aka ƙera a cikin gida a Amurka, wanda ke haifar da rashin masana'antu, musamman a cikin birane. Wannan ya haifar da rashin aikin yi a bangaren hukuma. Bugu da ƙari, raguwar manufofin jin dadin ya kuma karfafa rashin aikin yi. Dukkanin wadannan dalilai sun haifar da ci gaba a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba na Tattalin arzikin Amurka, wanda ya kara yawan mata da ke aiki a wannan bangaren.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Cyril |date=1988-01-01 |title=Introduction: Exploring the Informal Economy |journal=Social Justice |volume=15 |issue=3/4 (33–34) |pages=3–16 |jstor=29766419}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da kwararar mata zuwa kasuwannin miyagun ƙwayoyi.

=== Tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin mai daidaitawa ===
Kasancewar mata a kasuwannin miyagun ƙwayoyi ya sa Masana ilimin zamantakewa, masu binciken laifuka, da masu ilimin ɗan adam su tattauna rawar mata a cikin waɗannan kasuwannin. Shin suna da matsayi a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda aka 'yantar da su daga Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi na al'umma, ko kuma [[Wariyar Jinsi|nuna bambancin jinsi]] na al-umma yana haifar da kansa a cikin tattalin arziƙin miyagun ƙwalwa?

Masanin ilimin ɗan adam Phillippe Bourgois, a cikin tarihin kasuwar crack a cikin Harlem na Mutanen Espanya, ya bayyana cewa kasancewar mata a kan tituna da kuma kasuwar crack yana nuna 'yancin su daga aikin gida da Kula da yara. Suna da 'yanci su shiga cikin rayuwar titi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Philippe |first=Bourgois |date=August 1989 |title=Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City |journal=Anthropology Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Natasha Du Rose, Wilson (1993) ya yi jayayya cewa laifin mata da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi suna tashi don daidaitawa da na maza saboda 'yancin mata. Du Rose ya nakalto Fagan yana cewa matsayin mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana da matsayi mai girma wanda karuwanci ke taka rawar &quot;marasa mahimmanci&quot; wajen samar da kudin shiga ga waɗannan mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana ci gaba da rashin daidaito ===
Duk da yake Bourgois a cikin 1989 ya bayyana cewa mata suna da 'yanci su shiga cikin cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yanzu da aka 'yantar da su daga zama mata da uwaye, ya cancanci wannan ta hanyar cewa &quot;dangantaka ta al'ada har yanzu tana sarrafa dabarun samar da kudaden shiga a cikin tattalin arzikin karkashin kasa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Philippe |first=Bourgois |date=August 1989 |title=Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City |journal=Anthropology Today}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPhilippe1989&quot;&gt;Philippe, Bourgois (August 1989). &quot;Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City&quot;. ''Anthropology Today''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ya yi ya nuna cewa yawancin mata a kasuwar Harlem ta Spain sun zama ma'aikatan jima'i don tallafawa jarabawarsu. Duk da yake mata suna shiga cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, har yanzu ana tilasta musu cikin ayyukan gargajiya na titi lokacin da suke buƙatar samar da kudin shiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Masana ilimin zamantakewa Lisa Maher da Kathleen Daly a cikin 1996 sun yi binciken ilimin lissafi na mata a kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta [[Brooklyn]]&quot; id=&quot;mwpw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Bushwick, Brooklyn&quot;&gt;Bushwick a Brooklyn. Sun yi amfani da haɗuwa da aikin lura da masu halarta da kuma ganawa da mata kuma sun gano cewa, a cikin kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi mai matsayi, mata suna zaune a mafi ƙasƙanci a kasuwa. &quot;Masu mallakar&quot;, wadanda duk maza ne, suna daukar ma'aikata wadanda ke kula da &quot;masu siyarwa&quot; da yawa na yau da kullun. Wadannan masu siyarwa suna amfani da &quot;masu gudu&quot;, &quot;masu tuka&quot;, da &quot;masuwanci&quot;, waɗanda ke ba da masu siyarwar, suna tallata nau'ikan kwayoyin su, ko siyan kwayoyi ga wasu abokan ciniki. Masu gudu, masu tuka motar, jan ƙarfe, da masu siyarwa na yau da kullun suna da matsayi mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi da mafi ƙaranci na wannan kasuwa, kuma suna da mafi yawan mata masu halarta. Manyan matakan matsayi suna da maza kawai. A cikin wannan binciken, Maher da Daly sun karyata ra'ayin cewa fitowar tattalin arzikin crack ya ba da 'yanci da dama ga mata; Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya ci gaba da kasancewa har ma a cikin tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. Canjin da Maher da Daly suka samu wanda 'yancin mata suka kawo ya zama raguwar yawan mata da ke dogaro da saurayi maza ko maza don sayar da kwayoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maher |first=Lisa |last2=Daly |first2=Kathleen |date=November 1996 |title=Women in the Street-Level Drug Economy: Continuity or Change? |journal=Criminology |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=465–492 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01216.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lisa Maher ta ci gaba da bincikenta game da tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Bushwick a cikin littafinta na 1997 Sexed Work . Ta sake jaddada bincikenta tare da Daly a kan karamin karfi, karamin karfi na mata a kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi, amma kuma tana mai da hankali kan [[Ayyukan jima'i|aikin jima'i]] da mata ke yi don samar da kudin shiga. Tun lokacin da aka samu karuwar karamin karamin karkara a kasuwa, Maher ya gano cewa an sa mata da yawa su shiga cikin [[karuwanci]] a kan titi, suna motsa gasar da kuma rage farashin, suna kara tabarbarewar mata, musamman mata masu launin fata waɗanda galibi ba sa jawo hankalin abokan ciniki masu biyan kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da kwararar crack ta rage farashin sosai, littafin Maher ba ya goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa mata galibi suna musayar jima'i kai tsaye don kwayoyi.

=== Shirye-shiryen mata don magance rashin daidaito ===
Kodayake mata na iya zama marasa amfani a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, suna samun hanyoyin magance waɗannan rashin daidaito. A cikin Sexed Work, Lisa Maher ta bayyana cewa wasu mata suna karɓar &quot;mummunan&quot; ko &quot;hauka&quot; mutum don tsira tsakanin takwarorinsu maza masu tashin hankali.Maher da Susan L. Hudson, a cikin bita na wallafe-wallafen mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, sun bayyana cewa mata suna iya amfani da hotonsu a matsayin &quot;mata&quot;, &quot;mai rauni&quot;, ko &quot;marasa laifi&quot; don ɓoyewa daga zargin 'yan sanda da sayar da miyagun ƙwalwa cikin nasara. Hakanan suna iya amfani da ƙwarewar zamantakewar &quot;mata&quot; da sadarwa don warware yanayin tashin hankali. Maher da Hudson sun kuma gano cewa mata da yawa na iya jimrewa da iyakantaccen damar samar da kudaden shiga a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar &quot;diversifying&quot;: suna samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗuwa mai sauƙi na aikin jima'i, jin daɗi, ayyukan bangarori na yau da kullun, da sayar da miyagun ƙwalwa.

== Manazarta ==

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A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], '''mata suna wakiltar kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na dukkan kama-karya''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCR Publications |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr-publications |access-date=2016-05-25 |website=FBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata da maza duka suna da yuwuwar a kama su saboda laifukan kadarori marasa tsanani, amma maza sun fi mata shiga cikin laifukan tashin hankali .  Tun daga shekarar 1960, yayin da kama-karya ya ragu gaba ɗaya, mata sun zama mafi yawan kaso na waɗannan kama-karya, wani ɓangare saboda ƙaruwar kama-karya da ke da alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi . Steffensmeier da Schwartz (2008) sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ƙaruwar ba wai saboda mata da yawa suna aikata laifukan cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba ne, amma saboda jami'an tsaro sun fara amfani da faffadan ma'anoni na laifuka, suna kama mutane da yawa saboda ƙananan laifuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Saboda mata sun fi iya aikata waɗannan ƙananan laifuka, an ƙara mata cikin adadin kama-karya.

== Mata da yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi ==
A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi tsakanin matsakaicin aji ya karu yayin da ya zama mafi yawan jama'a. An haɗa shi da ƙungiyoyin adawa da al'adu da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da siyasa.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thirty Years Of America's Drug War {{!}} Drug Wars {{!}} FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/cron/ |access-date=2016-05-28 |website=www.pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1970, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Abubuwa, wanda ya tsara kuma ya hukunta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ga &quot;shirin&quot; daban-daban guda biyar. Kowane magani na nishaɗi an sanya shi jadawalin bisa ga yiwuwar [[Addiction|jaraba]] da cin zarafi, amfani da shi na kiwon lafiya, da kuma bayanin tsaro. Kowane jadawalin yana ɗauke da matakai daban-daban na azabtarwa don amfani, mallaka, ko rarraba miyagun ƙwayoyi - Shirin na sami mafi tsanani, yayin da Shirin V yana da mafi sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Title 21 United States Code (USC) Controlled Substances Act - Section 812 |url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/812.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830032541/https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/812.htm |archive-date=2020-08-30 |access-date=2016-05-28 |website=www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaƙin kan kwayoyi da kuma halin adawa da miyagun ƙwayoyi na jama'a ya kai kololuwa lokacin da Ronald Reagan ya zama shugaban kasa a 1981 kuma Uwargidan Shugaban kasa [[Nancy Reagan]] ta fara kamfen din yaki da miyagun kwayoyi na &quot;Ka ce A'a&quot; wanda aka yi niyya ga yara da matasa masu matsakaicin matsayi. A lokaci guda, zuwan crack cocaine a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ya yi mummunar tasiri a yankunan cikin gari kuma ya kara adawar siyasa ta jama'a ga amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Reagan ya kuma sanya hannu kan Dokar Anti-Drug Abuse na 1986, wanda ya sanya mafi ƙarancin hukunci, yana cire hankali daga alƙalai yayin yanke hukunci ga masu aikata miyagun ƙwayoyi.

Dana Britton a cikin 2011  da Steffensmeier da Schwartz a cikin 2008  sun kammala cewa yakin kan kwayoyi ya haifar da babban tasiri ga mata, musamman ga mata masu launin fata, saboda karuwar tsananin da yawan kananan laifuka da kuma wadanda suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma gaskiyar cewa mata sun fi maza damar aikata laifuka marasa tsanani.

Bloom, Owen da Covington (2004) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bloom |first=Barbara |last2=Owen |first2=Barbara |last3=Covington |first3=Stephanie |date=2004-01-01 |title=Women Offenders and the Gendered Effects of Public Policy1 |journal=Review of Policy Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=31–48 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00056.x |issn=1541-1338}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun kuma bayyana cewa yawancin mata masu laifi mata ne matalauta, marasa ilimi, kuma marasa aiki, suna cutar da damar da suke da ita na daina aiki yadda ya kamata kuma suna kara haɗarin sake aikata laifi bayan sun bar kurkuku. Kimanin kashi 60% na mata a cikin gidajen kurkuku na jihohi da na tarayya sune uwaye na kananan yara; tasirin yaƙin akan kwayoyi ba kawai ya shafi mata da kansu ba, har ma da tasiri ga yaransu, ƙarni na gaba. Bugu da kari, kamar yadda Britton  da Beckett, Nyrop, da Pfingst  suka nuna, matan Hispanic da na Afirka-Amurka suna da yawa a cikin yawan mata da ke cikin tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beckett |first=Katherine |last2=Nyrop |first2=Kris |last3=Pfingst |first3=Lori |date=2006-02-01 |title=Race, Drugs, and Policing: Understanding Disparities in Drug Delivery Arrests* |journal=Criminology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=105–137 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00044.x |issn=1745-9125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zuwan [[cocaine]]&quot; id=&quot;mwXA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Crack cocaine&quot;&gt;crack cocaine, wani nau'i mai rahusa na cocaine wanda za'a iya shan taba, a cikin unguwanni na cikin gari na Amurka a cikin shekarun 1980 sun dace da raguwar masana'antu, karuwar yawan rashin aikin yi, da kuma karuwar yawan shugabannin mata. Zuwan crack kuma ya zo ne a lokaci guda kamar yadda yaƙin yaƙi a kan kwayoyi da kuma dokokinta masu yawa da kuma mayar da hankali kan kawar da shirye-shiryen jin dadin.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryder |first=Judith A. |last2=Brisgone |first2=Regina E. |date=2013-01-01 |title=Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era |journal=Feminist Criminology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=40–62 |doi=10.1177/1557085112444899 |issn=1557-0851 |s2cid=147638870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda wannan, da kuma farashin crack mai rahusa, yawan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na mata ya tashi. Ryder da Brisgone sun yi hira da ƙungiyar uwaye da suka girma a lokacin wannan &quot;Crack Era&quot; a cikin shekarun 1990s don gano yadda yaƙin kan kwayoyi da crack ya shafi su da yaransu.

Sun gano cewa yawan amfani da kwayoyi a lokacin wannan zamanin ya rinjayi yaransu sosai don gwada kwayoyi. Bugu da ƙari, an matsa mata da yawa ko kuma sun zaɓi yin [[Ayyukan jima'i|aikin jima'i]] don tallafawa &quot;bukatar gaggawa don kwayoyi&quot;. Marubutan wannan binciken sun gano cewa jarabawar uwaye ta kara tilasta musu su ciyar da karancin lokaci tare da iyalansu, suna rushe alaƙar da ke tsakanin uwa da yaro, kodayake suna ƙaunar yaransu kuma suna so su ciyar da lokaci tare da su lokacin da za su iya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryder |first=Judith A. |last2=Brisgone |first2=Regina E. |date=2013-01-01 |title=Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era |journal=Feminist Criminology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=40–62 |doi=10.1177/1557085112444899 |issn=1557-0851 |s2cid=147638870}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRyderBrisgone2013&quot;&gt;Ryder, Judith A.; Brisgone, Regina E. (2013-01-01). &quot;Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era&quot;. ''Feminist Criminology''. '''8''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;40–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1557085112444899|10.1177/1557085112444899]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-0851 1557-0851]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147638870 147638870].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasancewar mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ==

=== Mata da tattalin arziki na al'ada ===
Tattalin arzikin da ba a saba amfani da shi ba wani bangare ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya hada da &quot;duk ayyukan aikata laifuka da ke samar da kudin shiga&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Losby |first=Jan L. |last2=Else |first2=John F. |last3=Kingslow |first3=Marcia E. |last4=Edgcomb |first4=Elaine L. |last5=Malm |first5=Erika T. |last6=Kao |first6=Vivian |date=December 2002 |title=Informal Economy Literature Review |journal=The Aspen Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, wannan yana nufin cewa siyarwa da amfani da kwayoyi wani bangare ne na tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. A duk faɗin duniya, mata masu aiki suna iya aiki a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, wani bangare saboda al'adunsu na gida da kula da yara na iya sa ya fi dacewa su yi aiki daga gida. Sauran sun yi imanin cewa ana &quot;tilasta&quot; mata cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba saboda bangaren da aka tsara ya kasa biyan bukatun mata na musamman, kamar [[Hutun iyaye|hutun haihuwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga shekarun 1980s, shigo da kayayyaki masu rahusa suna gasa don kayan da aka ƙera a cikin gida a Amurka, wanda ke haifar da rashin masana'antu, musamman a cikin birane. Wannan ya haifar da rashin aikin yi a bangaren hukuma. Bugu da ƙari, raguwar manufofin jin dadin ya kuma karfafa rashin aikin yi. Dukkanin wadannan dalilai sun haifar da ci gaba a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba na Tattalin arzikin Amurka, wanda ya kara yawan mata da ke aiki a wannan bangaren.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Cyril |date=1988-01-01 |title=Introduction: Exploring the Informal Economy |journal=Social Justice |volume=15 |issue=3/4 (33–34) |pages=3–16 |jstor=29766419}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da kwararar mata zuwa kasuwannin miyagun ƙwayoyi.

=== Tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin mai daidaitawa ===
Kasancewar mata a kasuwannin miyagun ƙwayoyi ya sa Masana ilimin zamantakewa, masu binciken laifuka, da masu ilimin ɗan adam su tattauna rawar mata a cikin waɗannan kasuwannin. Shin suna da matsayi a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda aka 'yantar da su daga Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi na al'umma, ko kuma [[Wariyar Jinsi|nuna bambancin jinsi]] na al-umma yana haifar da kansa a cikin tattalin arziƙin miyagun ƙwalwa?

Masanin ilimin ɗan adam Phillippe Bourgois, a cikin tarihin kasuwar crack a cikin Harlem na Mutanen Espanya, ya bayyana cewa kasancewar mata a kan tituna da kuma kasuwar crack yana nuna 'yancin su daga aikin gida da Kula da yara. Suna da 'yanci su shiga cikin rayuwar titi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Philippe |first=Bourgois |date=August 1989 |title=Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City |journal=Anthropology Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Natasha Du Rose, Wilson (1993) ya yi jayayya cewa laifin mata da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi suna tashi don daidaitawa da na maza saboda 'yancin mata. Du Rose ya nakalto Fagan yana cewa matsayin mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana da matsayi mai girma wanda karuwanci ke taka rawar &quot;marasa mahimmanci&quot; wajen samar da kudin shiga ga waɗannan mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana ci gaba da rashin daidaito ===
Duk da yake Bourgois a cikin 1989 ya bayyana cewa mata suna da 'yanci su shiga cikin cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yanzu da aka 'yantar da su daga zama mata da uwaye, ya cancanci wannan ta hanyar cewa &quot;dangantaka ta al'ada har yanzu tana sarrafa dabarun samar da kudaden shiga a cikin tattalin arzikin karkashin kasa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Philippe |first=Bourgois |date=August 1989 |title=Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City |journal=Anthropology Today}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPhilippe1989&quot;&gt;Philippe, Bourgois (August 1989). &quot;Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City&quot;. ''Anthropology Today''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ya yi ya nuna cewa yawancin mata a kasuwar Harlem ta Spain sun zama ma'aikatan jima'i don tallafawa jarabawarsu. Duk da yake mata suna shiga cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, har yanzu ana tilasta musu cikin ayyukan gargajiya na titi lokacin da suke buƙatar samar da kudin shiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Masana ilimin zamantakewa Lisa Maher da Kathleen Daly a cikin 1996 sun yi binciken ilimin lissafi na mata a kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta [[Brooklyn]]&quot; id=&quot;mwpw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Bushwick, Brooklyn&quot;&gt;Bushwick a Brooklyn. Sun yi amfani da haɗuwa da aikin lura da masu halarta da kuma ganawa da mata kuma sun gano cewa, a cikin kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi mai matsayi, mata suna zaune a mafi ƙasƙanci a kasuwa. &quot;Masu mallakar&quot;, wadanda duk maza ne, suna daukar ma'aikata wadanda ke kula da &quot;masu siyarwa&quot; da yawa na yau da kullun. Wadannan masu siyarwa suna amfani da &quot;masu gudu&quot;, &quot;masu tuka&quot;, da &quot;masuwanci&quot;, waɗanda ke ba da masu siyarwar, suna tallata nau'ikan kwayoyin su, ko siyan kwayoyi ga wasu abokan ciniki. Masu gudu, masu tuka motar, jan ƙarfe, da masu siyarwa na yau da kullun suna da matsayi mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi da mafi ƙaranci na wannan kasuwa, kuma suna da mafi yawan mata masu halarta. Manyan matakan matsayi suna da maza kawai. A cikin wannan binciken, Maher da Daly sun karyata ra'ayin cewa fitowar tattalin arzikin crack ya ba da 'yanci da dama ga mata; Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya ci gaba da kasancewa har ma a cikin tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. Canjin da Maher da Daly suka samu wanda 'yancin mata suka kawo ya zama raguwar yawan mata da ke dogaro da saurayi maza ko maza don sayar da kwayoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maher |first=Lisa |last2=Daly |first2=Kathleen |date=November 1996 |title=Women in the Street-Level Drug Economy: Continuity or Change? |journal=Criminology |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=465–492 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01216.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lisa Maher ta ci gaba da bincikenta game da tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Bushwick a cikin littafinta na 1997 Sexed Work . Ta sake jaddada bincikenta tare da Daly a kan karamin karfi, karamin karfi na mata a kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi, amma kuma tana mai da hankali kan [[Ayyukan jima'i|aikin jima'i]] da mata ke yi don samar da kudin shiga. Tun lokacin da aka samu karuwar karamin karamin karkara a kasuwa, Maher ya gano cewa an sa mata da yawa su shiga cikin [[karuwanci]] a kan titi, suna motsa gasar da kuma rage farashin, suna kara tabarbarewar mata, musamman mata masu launin fata waɗanda galibi ba sa jawo hankalin abokan ciniki masu biyan kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da kwararar crack ta rage farashin sosai, littafin Maher ba ya goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa mata galibi suna musayar jima'i kai tsaye don kwayoyi.

=== Shirye-shiryen mata don magance rashin daidaito ===
Kodayake mata na iya zama marasa amfani a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, suna samun hanyoyin magance waɗannan rashin daidaito. A cikin Sexed Work, Lisa Maher ta bayyana cewa wasu mata suna karɓar &quot;mummunan&quot; ko &quot;hauka&quot; mutum don tsira tsakanin takwarorinsu maza masu tashin hankali.Maher da Susan L. Hudson, a cikin bita na wallafe-wallafen mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, sun bayyana cewa mata suna iya amfani da hotonsu a matsayin &quot;mata&quot;, &quot;mai rauni&quot;, ko &quot;marasa laifi&quot; don ɓoyewa daga zargin 'yan sanda da sayar da miyagun ƙwalwa cikin nasara. Hakanan suna iya amfani da ƙwarewar zamantakewar &quot;mata&quot; da sadarwa don warware yanayin tashin hankali. Maher da Hudson sun kuma gano cewa mata da yawa na iya jimrewa da iyakantaccen damar samar da kudaden shiga a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar &quot;diversifying&quot;: suna samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗuwa mai sauƙi na aikin jima'i, jin daɗi, ayyukan bangarori na yau da kullun, da sayar da miyagun ƙwalwa.

== Manazarta ==

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A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], '''mata suna wakiltar kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na dukkan kama-karya''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCR Publications |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr-publications |access-date=2016-05-25 |website=FBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata da maza duka suna da yuwuwar a kama su saboda laifukan kadarori marasa tsanani, amma maza sun fi mata shiga cikin laifukan tashin hankali .  Tun daga shekarar 1960, yayin da kama-karya ya ragu gaba ɗaya, mata sun zama mafi yawan kaso na waɗannan kama-karya, wani ɓangare saboda ƙaruwar kama-karya da ke da alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi . Steffensmeier da Schwartz (2008) sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ƙaruwar ba wai saboda mata da yawa suna aikata laifukan cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba ne, amma saboda jami'an tsaro sun fara amfani da faffadan ma'anoni na laifuka, suna kama mutane da yawa saboda ƙananan laifuka.
 Saboda mata sun fi iya aikata waɗannan ƙananan laifuka, an ƙara mata cikin adadin kama-karya.

== Mata da yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi ==
A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi tsakanin matsakaicin aji ya karu yayin da ya zama mafi yawan jama'a. An haɗa shi da ƙungiyoyin adawa da al'adu da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da siyasa.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thirty Years Of America's Drug War {{!}} Drug Wars {{!}} FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/cron/ |access-date=2016-05-28 |website=www.pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1970, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Abubuwa, wanda ya tsara kuma ya hukunta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ga &quot;shirin&quot; daban-daban guda biyar. Kowane magani na nishaɗi an sanya shi jadawalin bisa ga yiwuwar [[Addiction|jaraba]] da cin zarafi, amfani da shi na kiwon lafiya, da kuma bayanin tsaro. Kowane jadawalin yana ɗauke da matakai daban-daban na azabtarwa don amfani, mallaka, ko rarraba miyagun ƙwayoyi - Shirin na sami mafi tsanani, yayin da Shirin V yana da mafi sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Title 21 United States Code (USC) Controlled Substances Act - Section 812 |url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/812.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830032541/https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/812.htm |archive-date=2020-08-30 |access-date=2016-05-28 |website=www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaƙin kan kwayoyi da kuma halin adawa da miyagun ƙwayoyi na jama'a ya kai kololuwa lokacin da Ronald Reagan ya zama shugaban kasa a 1981 kuma Uwargidan Shugaban kasa [[Nancy Reagan]] ta fara kamfen din yaki da miyagun kwayoyi na &quot;Ka ce A'a&quot; wanda aka yi niyya ga yara da matasa masu matsakaicin matsayi. A lokaci guda, zuwan crack cocaine a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ya yi mummunar tasiri a yankunan cikin gari kuma ya kara adawar siyasa ta jama'a ga amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Reagan ya kuma sanya hannu kan Dokar Anti-Drug Abuse na 1986, wanda ya sanya mafi ƙarancin hukunci, yana cire hankali daga alƙalai yayin yanke hukunci ga masu aikata miyagun ƙwayoyi.

Dana Britton a cikin 2011  da Steffensmeier da Schwartz a cikin 2008  sun kammala cewa yakin kan kwayoyi ya haifar da babban tasiri ga mata, musamman ga mata masu launin fata, saboda karuwar tsananin da yawan kananan laifuka da kuma wadanda suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma gaskiyar cewa mata sun fi maza damar aikata laifuka marasa tsanani.

Bloom, Owen da Covington (2004) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bloom |first=Barbara |last2=Owen |first2=Barbara |last3=Covington |first3=Stephanie |date=2004-01-01 |title=Women Offenders and the Gendered Effects of Public Policy1 |journal=Review of Policy Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=31–48 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00056.x |issn=1541-1338}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun kuma bayyana cewa yawancin mata masu laifi mata ne matalauta, marasa ilimi, kuma marasa aiki, suna cutar da damar da suke da ita na daina aiki yadda ya kamata kuma suna kara haɗarin sake aikata laifi bayan sun bar kurkuku. Kimanin kashi 60% na mata a cikin gidajen kurkuku na jihohi da na tarayya sune uwaye na kananan yara; tasirin yaƙin akan kwayoyi ba kawai ya shafi mata da kansu ba, har ma da tasiri ga yaransu, ƙarni na gaba. Bugu da kari, kamar yadda Britton  da Beckett, Nyrop, da Pfingst  suka nuna, matan Hispanic da na Afirka-Amurka suna da yawa a cikin yawan mata da ke cikin tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beckett |first=Katherine |last2=Nyrop |first2=Kris |last3=Pfingst |first3=Lori |date=2006-02-01 |title=Race, Drugs, and Policing: Understanding Disparities in Drug Delivery Arrests* |journal=Criminology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=105–137 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00044.x |issn=1745-9125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zuwan [[cocaine]]&quot; id=&quot;mwXA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Crack cocaine&quot;&gt;crack cocaine, wani nau'i mai rahusa na cocaine wanda za'a iya shan taba, a cikin unguwanni na cikin gari na Amurka a cikin shekarun 1980 sun dace da raguwar masana'antu, karuwar yawan rashin aikin yi, da kuma karuwar yawan shugabannin mata. Zuwan crack kuma ya zo ne a lokaci guda kamar yadda yaƙin yaƙi a kan kwayoyi da kuma dokokinta masu yawa da kuma mayar da hankali kan kawar da shirye-shiryen jin dadin.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryder |first=Judith A. |last2=Brisgone |first2=Regina E. |date=2013-01-01 |title=Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era |journal=Feminist Criminology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=40–62 |doi=10.1177/1557085112444899 |issn=1557-0851 |s2cid=147638870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda wannan, da kuma farashin crack mai rahusa, yawan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na mata ya tashi. Ryder da Brisgone sun yi hira da ƙungiyar uwaye da suka girma a lokacin wannan &quot;Crack Era&quot; a cikin shekarun 1990s don gano yadda yaƙin kan kwayoyi da crack ya shafi su da yaransu.

Sun gano cewa yawan amfani da kwayoyi a lokacin wannan zamanin ya rinjayi yaransu sosai don gwada kwayoyi. Bugu da ƙari, an matsa mata da yawa ko kuma sun zaɓi yin [[Ayyukan jima'i|aikin jima'i]] don tallafawa &quot;bukatar gaggawa don kwayoyi&quot;. Marubutan wannan binciken sun gano cewa jarabawar uwaye ta kara tilasta musu su ciyar da karancin lokaci tare da iyalansu, suna rushe alaƙar da ke tsakanin uwa da yaro, kodayake suna ƙaunar yaransu kuma suna so su ciyar da lokaci tare da su lokacin da za su iya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryder |first=Judith A. |last2=Brisgone |first2=Regina E. |date=2013-01-01 |title=Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era |journal=Feminist Criminology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=40–62 |doi=10.1177/1557085112444899 |issn=1557-0851 |s2cid=147638870}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRyderBrisgone2013&quot;&gt;Ryder, Judith A.; Brisgone, Regina E. (2013-01-01). &quot;Cracked Perspectives Reflections of Women and Girls in the Aftermath of the Crack Cocaine Era&quot;. ''Feminist Criminology''. '''8''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;40–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1557085112444899|10.1177/1557085112444899]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-0851 1557-0851]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147638870 147638870].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasancewar mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ==

=== Mata da tattalin arziki na al'ada ===
Tattalin arzikin da ba a saba amfani da shi ba wani bangare ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya hada da &quot;duk ayyukan aikata laifuka da ke samar da kudin shiga&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Losby |first=Jan L. |last2=Else |first2=John F. |last3=Kingslow |first3=Marcia E. |last4=Edgcomb |first4=Elaine L. |last5=Malm |first5=Erika T. |last6=Kao |first6=Vivian |date=December 2002 |title=Informal Economy Literature Review |journal=The Aspen Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, wannan yana nufin cewa siyarwa da amfani da kwayoyi wani bangare ne na tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. A duk faɗin duniya, mata masu aiki suna iya aiki a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, wani bangare saboda al'adunsu na gida da kula da yara na iya sa ya fi dacewa su yi aiki daga gida. Sauran sun yi imanin cewa ana &quot;tilasta&quot; mata cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba saboda bangaren da aka tsara ya kasa biyan bukatun mata na musamman, kamar [[Hutun iyaye|hutun haihuwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga shekarun 1980s, shigo da kayayyaki masu rahusa suna gasa don kayan da aka ƙera a cikin gida a Amurka, wanda ke haifar da rashin masana'antu, musamman a cikin birane. Wannan ya haifar da rashin aikin yi a bangaren hukuma. Bugu da ƙari, raguwar manufofin jin dadin ya kuma karfafa rashin aikin yi. Dukkanin wadannan dalilai sun haifar da ci gaba a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba na Tattalin arzikin Amurka, wanda ya kara yawan mata da ke aiki a wannan bangaren.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Cyril |date=1988-01-01 |title=Introduction: Exploring the Informal Economy |journal=Social Justice |volume=15 |issue=3/4 (33–34) |pages=3–16 |jstor=29766419}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da kwararar mata zuwa kasuwannin miyagun ƙwayoyi.

=== Tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin mai daidaitawa ===
Kasancewar mata a kasuwannin miyagun ƙwayoyi ya sa Masana ilimin zamantakewa, masu binciken laifuka, da masu ilimin ɗan adam su tattauna rawar mata a cikin waɗannan kasuwannin. Shin suna da matsayi a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda aka 'yantar da su daga Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi na al'umma, ko kuma [[Wariyar Jinsi|nuna bambancin jinsi]] na al-umma yana haifar da kansa a cikin tattalin arziƙin miyagun ƙwalwa?

Masanin ilimin ɗan adam Phillippe Bourgois, a cikin tarihin kasuwar crack a cikin Harlem na Mutanen Espanya, ya bayyana cewa kasancewar mata a kan tituna da kuma kasuwar crack yana nuna 'yancin su daga aikin gida da Kula da yara. Suna da 'yanci su shiga cikin rayuwar titi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Philippe |first=Bourgois |date=August 1989 |title=Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City |journal=Anthropology Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Natasha Du Rose, Wilson (1993) ya yi jayayya cewa laifin mata da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi suna tashi don daidaitawa da na maza saboda 'yancin mata. Du Rose ya nakalto Fagan yana cewa matsayin mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana da matsayi mai girma wanda karuwanci ke taka rawar &quot;marasa mahimmanci&quot; wajen samar da kudin shiga ga waɗannan mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana ci gaba da rashin daidaito ===
Duk da yake Bourgois a cikin 1989 ya bayyana cewa mata suna da 'yanci su shiga cikin cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yanzu da aka 'yantar da su daga zama mata da uwaye, ya cancanci wannan ta hanyar cewa &quot;dangantaka ta al'ada har yanzu tana sarrafa dabarun samar da kudaden shiga a cikin tattalin arzikin karkashin kasa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Philippe |first=Bourgois |date=August 1989 |title=Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City |journal=Anthropology Today}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPhilippe1989&quot;&gt;Philippe, Bourgois (August 1989). &quot;Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City&quot;. ''Anthropology Today''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ya yi ya nuna cewa yawancin mata a kasuwar Harlem ta Spain sun zama ma'aikatan jima'i don tallafawa jarabawarsu. Duk da yake mata suna shiga cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, har yanzu ana tilasta musu cikin ayyukan gargajiya na titi lokacin da suke buƙatar samar da kudin shiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Masana ilimin zamantakewa Lisa Maher da Kathleen Daly a cikin 1996 sun yi binciken ilimin lissafi na mata a kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta [[Brooklyn]]&quot; id=&quot;mwpw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Bushwick, Brooklyn&quot;&gt;Bushwick a Brooklyn. Sun yi amfani da haɗuwa da aikin lura da masu halarta da kuma ganawa da mata kuma sun gano cewa, a cikin kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi mai matsayi, mata suna zaune a mafi ƙasƙanci a kasuwa. &quot;Masu mallakar&quot;, wadanda duk maza ne, suna daukar ma'aikata wadanda ke kula da &quot;masu siyarwa&quot; da yawa na yau da kullun. Wadannan masu siyarwa suna amfani da &quot;masu gudu&quot;, &quot;masu tuka&quot;, da &quot;masuwanci&quot;, waɗanda ke ba da masu siyarwar, suna tallata nau'ikan kwayoyin su, ko siyan kwayoyi ga wasu abokan ciniki. Masu gudu, masu tuka motar, jan ƙarfe, da masu siyarwa na yau da kullun suna da matsayi mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi da mafi ƙaranci na wannan kasuwa, kuma suna da mafi yawan mata masu halarta. Manyan matakan matsayi suna da maza kawai. A cikin wannan binciken, Maher da Daly sun karyata ra'ayin cewa fitowar tattalin arzikin crack ya ba da 'yanci da dama ga mata; Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya ci gaba da kasancewa har ma a cikin tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. Canjin da Maher da Daly suka samu wanda 'yancin mata suka kawo ya zama raguwar yawan mata da ke dogaro da saurayi maza ko maza don sayar da kwayoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maher |first=Lisa |last2=Daly |first2=Kathleen |date=November 1996 |title=Women in the Street-Level Drug Economy: Continuity or Change? |journal=Criminology |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=465–492 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01216.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lisa Maher ta ci gaba da bincikenta game da tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Bushwick a cikin littafinta na 1997 Sexed Work . Ta sake jaddada bincikenta tare da Daly a kan karamin karfi, karamin karfi na mata a kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi, amma kuma tana mai da hankali kan [[Ayyukan jima'i|aikin jima'i]] da mata ke yi don samar da kudin shiga. Tun lokacin da aka samu karuwar karamin karamin karkara a kasuwa, Maher ya gano cewa an sa mata da yawa su shiga cikin [[karuwanci]] a kan titi, suna motsa gasar da kuma rage farashin, suna kara tabarbarewar mata, musamman mata masu launin fata waɗanda galibi ba sa jawo hankalin abokan ciniki masu biyan kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da kwararar crack ta rage farashin sosai, littafin Maher ba ya goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa mata galibi suna musayar jima'i kai tsaye don kwayoyi.

=== Shirye-shiryen mata don magance rashin daidaito ===
Kodayake mata na iya zama marasa amfani a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, suna samun hanyoyin magance waɗannan rashin daidaito. A cikin Sexed Work, Lisa Maher ta bayyana cewa wasu mata suna karɓar &quot;mummunan&quot; ko &quot;hauka&quot; mutum don tsira tsakanin takwarorinsu maza masu tashin hankali.Maher da Susan L. Hudson, a cikin bita na wallafe-wallafen mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, sun bayyana cewa mata suna iya amfani da hotonsu a matsayin &quot;mata&quot;, &quot;mai rauni&quot;, ko &quot;marasa laifi&quot; don ɓoyewa daga zargin 'yan sanda da sayar da miyagun ƙwalwa cikin nasara. Hakanan suna iya amfani da ƙwarewar zamantakewar &quot;mata&quot; da sadarwa don warware yanayin tashin hankali. Maher da Hudson sun kuma gano cewa mata da yawa na iya jimrewa da iyakantaccen damar samar da kudaden shiga a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar &quot;diversifying&quot;: suna samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗuwa mai sauƙi na aikin jima'i, jin daɗi, ayyukan bangarori na yau da kullun, da sayar da miyagun ƙwalwa.

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Muriel Humphrey</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344163038|Muriel Humphrey]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Muriel Fay Humphrey Brown''' (née '''Buck'''; 20 ga Fabrairu, 1912 - 20 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar siyasar Amurka ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Amurka ta biyu daga 1965 zuwa 1969, kuma a matsayin Sanata na Amurka daga [[Minnesota]] a 1978. Ta auri mataimakin shugaban Amurka na 38, Hubert Humphrey . Bayan rasuwar mijinta, an nada ta a kujerarsa a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka, ta yi aiki a mafi yawan shekara ta 1978, don haka ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki azaman sanata daga Minnesota. Bayan barin ofishin, ta sake yin aure kuma ta ɗauki sunan Muriel Humphrey Brown .{{Spaced en dash}}

== Rayuwa ta farko da aure ==
An haifi Humphrey Muriel Fay Buck a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1912, a Huron, Dakota ta Kudu, 'yar Andrew E. Buck da matarsa, tsohon Jessie Mae Pierce . Ta halarci Kwalejin Huron kuma ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Hubert Humphrey, a 1934, lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da biyu kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da littattafai. Sun yi aure a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1936, suna cewa, &quot;Ƙaunar ce da farko&quot;. Bayan ta zauna tare da 'yarsu a Dakota ta Kudu, ta koma Kudu don shiga mijinta lokacin da ya sami digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana, inda ta sami aiki a Ma'aikatar Gwamnati a matsayin mai buga takardu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Humphrey, Muriel (1912–1998) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/humphrey-muriel-1912-1998 |access-date=January 15, 2020 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da 'ya'ya hudu: Hubert III, Nancy, Robert, da Douglas . Humphreys sun gina gida kuma suka koma Waverly, wani karamin ƙauye a yammacin Minneapolis, a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 kuma suka ci gaba da zama a matsayin mazauninsu na farko har sai an zabi Hubert Humphrey mataimakin shugaban Amurka a Zaben shugaban Amurka na 1964. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About New Beginnings Minnesota |url=https://nbminnesota.com/our-legacy/ |access-date=January 15, 2020 |website=New Beginnings Minnesota |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar siyasa ==
Muriel ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga mijinta bayan ya shiga siyasa. Ofishinsa na farko shi ne magajin gari na Minneapolis . Daga can, ya yi wa'adi uku a jere a matsayin sanata daga Minnesota. A lokacin yakin neman zabe na biyu ne Muriel ta fara yin yakin neman zabe tare da mijinta.

Hubert Humphrey ya tsaya takarar neman takarar jam'iyyarsa a zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na 1960, inda ya sha kaye a hannun John F. Kennedy; a lokacin wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe, Muriel ta yi masa jawabai a Wisconsin.  Humphrey ya ci gaba da kasancewa a majalisar dattawa kuma Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya zaɓe shi a matsayin mataimakinsa na takarar shugaban ƙasa a 1964. Ganin cewa Muriel ta yi kamfe tare da mijinta kuma ana yaba mata a kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka, tikitin ya lashe zaɓen. Daga baya Hubert ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka daga Janairu 1965 zuwa Janairu 1969.

A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ta Biyu, Muriel tana da jadawalin tafiye-tafiye da kuma shiga cikin dalilai daban-daban. Wani kundin takardunta a Cibiyar Tarihin Minnesota ya ba da kyakkyawar ma'ana game da faɗin ayyukan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muriel Humphrey Papers: An Inventory of Her Personal and Family Papers |url=http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00721/pdf/mbh1.pdf |website=Minnesota Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Shugaban kasa na mutanen da ke da nakasa daga 1966 zuwa 1969,  ta shirya tarurruka da yawa na mata da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma ta yi tafiya sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Krause |first=Fred J. |title=President's Committee on Mental Retardation: A Historical Review, 1966-1985 |url=https://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels2/pdf/80s/86/86-AHR-PCR.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da mijinta ya tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1968, Muriel ta yi ta fitowa a bainar jama'a da dama, inda ta samu yabo daga Shugaba Johnson.  Bayan Hubert ya sha kaye a zaɓen 1968 ga tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Richard M. Nixon, ya yanke shawara wanda daga ƙarshe zai sa Muriel ta shiga siyasa: Ya zaɓi tsayawa takarar kujerar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka daga Minnesota a zaɓen 1970. Hubert ya lashe zaɓen kuma ya koma Majalisar Dattawa a watan Janairun 1971. 

Hubert Humphrey ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansar mafitsara a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1978. Yana da shekaru 66. Jam'iyyar Democrat-Farmer-Labour ta tsayar da Muriel a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi, daga baya Gwamnan Minnesota Rudy Perpich ya nada shi a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi a Majalisar Dattawa, daga ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1978, zuwa 7 ga Nuwamba, 1978, a Majalisar Dokoki ta 95. Ita ce matar tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Amurka, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta wakilci Minnesota a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, kafin 'yan Democrat Amy Klobuchar da Tina Smith .

Daga cikin batutuwan da ta yi fafutukar gani akwai bayyanar cutar Down Syndrome a bainar jama'a, wani batu da ta yi sha'awarsa saboda yanayin jikarta Victoria Solmonson. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Google Groups |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.obituaries/cN_slNGuH6w |access-date=January 14, 2020 |website=groups.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na mijinta a 1967 da 1968, ta ziyarci wuraren kula da mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down Syndrome a Long Island kuma jaridar New York Times ta gabatar da shi.  A shekarar 1970, ta yi jawabi kan wannan batu wanda aka sake buga shi a cikin wata mujallar likitanci mai daraja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphrey |first=Muriel |date=1970 |title=Influencing Public Attitudes Toward Down's Syndrome |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=171 |issue=2 |pages=683–688 |bibcode=1970NYASA.171..683H |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1970.tb39380.x |issn=1749-6632 |s2cid=86816846 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na sanata, ta dauki nauyin Dokar Ba da Shawara kan Lafiyar Hankali ta 1978. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Humphrey |first=Muriel |date=March 10, 1978 |title=S.2722 - 95th Congress (1977-1978): Mental Health Advocacy Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/95th-congress/senate-bill/2722 |access-date=January 15, 2020 |website=www.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta yi shawara da Shugaba Jimmy Carter, Muriel ta zaɓi kada ta tsaya takara a zaɓen musamman na Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na shekarar 1978 a Minnesota har zuwa sauran wa'adin. &quot;Wannan shi ne abu mafi ƙalubale da na yi a rayuwata,&quot; in ji ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='What Would Hubert Have Done?' Muriel Asked Herself—and Then Turned Down the President |url=https://people.com/archive/what-would-hubert-have-done-muriel-asked-herself-and-then-turned-down-the-president-vol-9-no-16/ |access-date=January 14, 2020 |website=People |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da ta waiwayi rayuwarta ta siyasa, Humphrey ta yi tunani &quot;Akwai wani abu da na daɗe ina son faɗa. Ni mai sassaucin ra'ayi ne kuma ina alfahari da shi. A gaskiya ma, wataƙila na fi Hubert sassaucin ra'ayi. Kawai ina so in faɗi haka.&quot; A lokacin da take kan mulki, da kuma bayan haka, ta matsa lamba kan 'yancin mata su zaɓi zubar da ciki kuma ta yi aiki don kafa dokoki kan haƙƙin nakasassu masu tabin hankali.

== Aure na biyu ==
A shekarar 1981, Humphrey ta auri Max Brown, abokiyar ta tun tana ƙarama. [1] &quot;Ba na rayuwa cikin siyasa kuma,&quot; in ji ta bayan aurenta na biyu. &quot;Ni da Max muna da nishaɗi sosai. Muna da kyakkyawar abota wadda ni da Hubert ba mu taɓa samu ba. Mun kasance muna da aiki sosai kuma kusan koyaushe yana da hukuma.&quot; Ta mutu a shekarar 1998. Max Brown ya mutu a shekarar 2004 yana da shekaru 93.

== Duba kuma ==

* Mata a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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'''Muriel Fay Humphrey Brown''' (née '''Buck'''; 20 ga Fabrairu, 1912 - 20 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar siyasar Amurka ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Amurka ta biyu daga 1965 zuwa 1969, kuma a matsayin Sanata na Amurka daga [[Minnesota]] a 1978. Ta auri mataimakin shugaban Amurka na 38, Hubert Humphrey . Bayan rasuwar mijinta, an nada ta a kujerarsa a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka, ta yi aiki a mafi yawan shekara ta 1978, don haka ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki azaman sanata daga Minnesota. Bayan barin ofishin, ta sake yin aure kuma ta ɗauki sunan Muriel Humphrey Brown .{{Spaced en dash}}

== Rayuwa ta farko da aure ==
An haifi Humphrey Muriel Fay Buck a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1912, a Huron, Dakota ta Kudu, 'yar Andrew E. Buck da matarsa, tsohon Jessie Mae Pierce . Ta halarci Kwalejin Huron kuma ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Hubert Humphrey, a 1934, lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da biyu kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da littattafai. Sun yi aure a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1936, suna cewa, &quot;Ƙaunar ce da farko&quot;. Bayan ta zauna tare da 'yarsu a Dakota ta Kudu, ta koma Kudu don shiga mijinta lokacin da ya sami digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana, inda ta sami aiki a Ma'aikatar Gwamnati a matsayin mai buga takardu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Humphrey, Muriel (1912–1998) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/humphrey-muriel-1912-1998 |access-date=January 15, 2020 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da 'ya'ya hudu: Hubert III, Nancy, Robert, da Douglas . Humphreys sun gina gida kuma suka koma Waverly, wani karamin ƙauye a yammacin Minneapolis, a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 kuma suka ci gaba da zama a matsayin mazauninsu na farko har sai an zabi Hubert Humphrey mataimakin shugaban Amurka a Zaben shugaban Amurka na 1964. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About New Beginnings Minnesota |url=https://nbminnesota.com/our-legacy/ |access-date=January 15, 2020 |website=New Beginnings Minnesota |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar siyasa ==
Muriel ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga mijinta bayan ya shiga siyasa. Ofishinsa na farko shi ne magajin gari na Minneapolis . Daga can, ya yi wa'adi uku a jere a matsayin sanata daga Minnesota. A lokacin yakin neman zabe na biyu ne Muriel ta fara yin yakin neman zabe tare da mijinta.

Hubert Humphrey ya tsaya takarar neman takarar jam'iyyarsa a zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na 1960, inda ya sha kaye a hannun John F. Kennedy; a lokacin wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe, Muriel ta yi masa jawabai a Wisconsin.  Humphrey ya ci gaba da kasancewa a majalisar dattawa kuma Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya zaɓe shi a matsayin mataimakinsa na takarar shugaban ƙasa a 1964. Ganin cewa Muriel ta yi kamfe tare da mijinta kuma ana yaba mata a kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka, tikitin ya lashe zaɓen. Daga baya Hubert ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka daga Janairu 1965 zuwa Janairu 1969.

A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ta Biyu, Muriel tana da jadawalin tafiye-tafiye da kuma shiga cikin dalilai daban-daban. Wani kundin takardunta a Cibiyar Tarihin Minnesota ya ba da kyakkyawar ma'ana game da faɗin ayyukan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muriel Humphrey Papers: An Inventory of Her Personal and Family Papers |url=http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00721/pdf/mbh1.pdf |website=Minnesota Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Shugaban kasa na mutanen da ke da nakasa daga 1966 zuwa 1969,  ta shirya tarurruka da yawa na mata da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma ta yi tafiya sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Krause |first=Fred J. |title=President's Committee on Mental Retardation: A Historical Review, 1966-1985 |url=https://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels2/pdf/80s/86/86-AHR-PCR.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da mijinta ya tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1968, Muriel ta yi ta fitowa a bainar jama'a da dama, inda ta samu yabo daga Shugaba Johnson.  Bayan Hubert ya sha kaye a zaɓen 1968 ga tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Richard M. Nixon, ya yanke shawara wanda daga ƙarshe zai sa Muriel ta shiga siyasa: Ya zaɓi tsayawa takarar kujerar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka daga Minnesota a zaɓen 1970. Hubert ya lashe zaɓen kuma ya koma Majalisar Dattawa a watan Janairun 1971. 

Hubert Humphrey ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansar mafitsara a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1978. Yana da shekaru 66. Jam'iyyar Democrat-Farmer-Labour ta tsayar da Muriel a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi, daga baya Gwamnan Minnesota Rudy Perpich ya nada shi a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi a Majalisar Dattawa, daga ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1978, zuwa 7 ga Nuwamba, 1978, a Majalisar Dokoki ta 95. Ita ce matar tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Amurka, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta wakilci Minnesota a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, kafin 'yan Democrat Amy Klobuchar da Tina Smith .

Daga cikin batutuwan da ta yi fafutukar gani akwai bayyanar cutar Down Syndrome a bainar jama'a, wani batu da ta yi sha'awarsa saboda yanayin jikarta Victoria Solmonson. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Google Groups |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.obituaries/cN_slNGuH6w |access-date=January 14, 2020 |website=groups.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na mijinta a 1967 da 1968, ta ziyarci wuraren kula da mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down Syndrome a Long Island kuma jaridar New York Times ta gabatar da shi.  A shekarar 1970, ta yi jawabi kan wannan batu wanda aka sake buga shi a cikin wata mujallar likitanci mai daraja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphrey |first=Muriel |date=1970 |title=Influencing Public Attitudes Toward Down's Syndrome |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=171 |issue=2 |pages=683–688 |bibcode=1970NYASA.171..683H |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1970.tb39380.x |issn=1749-6632 |s2cid=86816846 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na sanata, ta dauki nauyin Dokar Ba da Shawara kan Lafiyar Hankali ta 1978. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Humphrey |first=Muriel |date=March 10, 1978 |title=S.2722 - 95th Congress (1977-1978): Mental Health Advocacy Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/95th-congress/senate-bill/2722 |access-date=January 15, 2020 |website=www.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta yi shawara da Shugaba Jimmy Carter, Muriel ta zaɓi kada ta tsaya takara a zaɓen musamman na Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na shekarar 1978 a Minnesota har zuwa sauran wa'adin. &quot;Wannan shi ne abu mafi ƙalubale da na yi a rayuwata,&quot; in ji ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='What Would Hubert Have Done?' Muriel Asked Herself—and Then Turned Down the President |url=https://people.com/archive/what-would-hubert-have-done-muriel-asked-herself-and-then-turned-down-the-president-vol-9-no-16/ |access-date=January 14, 2020 |website=People |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da ta waiwayi rayuwarta ta siyasa, Humphrey ta yi tunani &quot;Akwai wani abu da na daɗe ina son faɗa. Ni mai sassaucin ra'ayi ne kuma ina alfahari da shi. A gaskiya ma, wataƙila na fi Hubert sassaucin ra'ayi. Kawai ina so in faɗi haka.&quot; A lokacin da take kan mulki, da kuma bayan haka, ta matsa lamba kan 'yancin mata su zaɓi zubar da ciki kuma ta yi aiki don kafa dokoki kan haƙƙin nakasassu masu tabin hankali.

== Aure na biyu ==
A shekarar 1981, Humphrey ta auri Max Brown, abokiyar ta tun tana ƙarama. [1] &quot;Ba na rayuwa cikin siyasa kuma,&quot; in ji ta bayan aurenta na biyu. &quot;Ni da Max muna da nishaɗi sosai. Muna da kyakkyawar abota wadda ni da Hubert ba mu taɓa samu ba. Mun kasance muna da aiki sosai kuma kusan koyaushe yana da hukuma.&quot; Ta mutu a shekarar 1998. Max Brown ya mutu a shekarar 2004 yana da shekaru 93.

== Duba kuma ==

* Mata a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>excf5ouqxqwl5t1smqwljjx7io8kope</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maurine Neuberger</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338207249|Maurine Neuberger]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4338" sha1="t46zfyokm2q5xqx6xoc4w4miwglz8ks" xml:space="preserve">'''Maurine Neuberger-Solomon''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Maurine Neuberger''' (wanda aka haifa '''a Brown''' ; Janairu 9, 1907){{Spaced en dash}} Fabrairu 22, 2000) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce 'yar Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin sanata [[Tarayyar Amurka|a Amurka]] a Jihar [[Oregon]] daga Nuwamba 1960 zuwa Janairu 1967. Ita ce mace ta shida da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka kuma mace ta goma da ta yi aiki a majalisar. Ita da mijinta, Richard L. Neuberger, ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin ƙungiyar farko ta mata da miji a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka. Zuwa yanzu,  ita ce mace ɗaya tilo da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka daga Oregon.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Neuberger a Cloverdale, Tillamook County, Oregon . Ta halarci makarantun gwamnati, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Oregon da ke Monmouth, Oregon daga 1922 zuwa 1924, sannan ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha . Ta kasance ɗalibiyar makarantar Delta Zeta . An zaɓe ta zuwa ƙungiyar girmamawa ta ƙasa ta Mortar Board a shekararta ta farko. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar California da ke Los Angeles daga 1936 zuwa 1937. Brown malami ne a makarantun gwamnati na Oregon tsakanin 1932 da 1944; a 1937, yayin da take koyarwa a wata makarantar sakandare ta Portland, ta haɗu da Richard L. Neuberger . Ma'auratan sun yi aure a 1945, bayan Neuberger ya kammala hidimarsa a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] .

== Aikin siyasa ==
Maurine Neuberger ta shiga siyasa da kanta a shekarar 1950 lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Jiha kuma ta yi aiki daga 1950 zuwa 1955. A shekarar 1952, lokacin da aka sake zaɓenta a Majalisar Jiha kuma aka sake zaɓen mijinta a Majalisar Dattawan Jiha, ta yi nasara da ƙuri'u fiye da mijinta.A wannan lokacin ita ma memba ce a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Amurka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An zaɓe Richard a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a shekarar 1954.

A shekarar 1960, Richard ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa. Daga nan Maurine ta lashe zaɓe na musamman a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1960, a matsayin 'yar takarar Democrat don cike gurbin da mutuwar mijinta ta haifar. Gwamna ya naɗa Hall S. Lusk a Majalisar Dattawa bayan rasuwar Richard. Bayan zaɓen, Maurine ta kammala sauran wa'adin Richard daga 9 ga Nuwamba, 1960, zuwa 3 ga Janairu, 1961. A daidai lokacin zaɓen na musamman, ta lashe zaɓen gama gari na wa'adin da ya fara daga 3 ga Janairu, 1961, kuma ya ƙare a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1967; ba ta kasance 'yar takarar sake tsayawa takara a 1966 ba. Wani labarin 1965 ya lura cewa Gwamna Mark Hatfield ya aika wa Sanata wasiƙu zuwa ga mai aurenta, '''Maurine Neuberger-Solomon''', da nufin sanya sake aurenta a 1964 ya zama matsala a yakin neman zaɓen 1966. 

Ayyukanta a gwamnati sun mayar da hankali kan batutuwan mabukaci, muhalli da lafiya, ciki har da ɗaukar nauyin ɗaya daga cikin kuɗaɗen farko da ke buƙatar lakabin gargaɗi a kan marufin sigari . ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' ya bayyana ta a shekarar 1964 a matsayin &quot;mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mallaka na dogon lokaci&quot;. 

A shekarar 1961, Shugaba [[John F. Kennedy]] ya naɗa ta memba a Kwamitin Shugaban Ƙasa kan Matsayin Mata . A shekarar 1965-68, ita da [[Muriel Fox]] sun jagoranci ƙungiyar Mataimakiyar Shugaba Hubert Humphrey a wancan lokacin kan Manufofin Mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;VFA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Murial Fox VFA Fabulous Feminist |url=http://www.vfa.us/Muriel%20Fox.htm |access-date=2018-02-21 |publisher=Vfa.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Maurine ta auri Philip Solomon MD, Farfesa a fannin tabin hankali a Makarantar Likitanci ta Harvard kuma Babban Likita a Asibitin Boston City, a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1964, a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] . Sun rabu a shekarar 1967.

Bayan zamanta a Majalisar Dattawa, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin malamar harkokin masu saye da kuma matsayin mata, sannan kuma malamar gwamnatin Amurka a Jami'ar Boston, Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Radcliffe a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], da Kwalejin Reed . Ta kasance mazaunin Portland, Oregon, har zuwa rasuwarta a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2000, tana da shekaru 93, sakamakon matsalar ƙashi.  An binne ta a makabartar Beth Israel da ke Portland, Oregon.

== Duba kuma ==

* Mata a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]]
[[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]]</text>
      <sha1>t46zfyokm2q5xqx6xoc4w4miwglz8ks</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816304</id>
      <parentid>816302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T22:00:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816304</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4349" sha1="1jkrql8moufv0j8t8vuv3utr7wp100k" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Maurine Neuberger-Solomon''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Maurine Neuberger''' (wanda aka haifa '''a Brown''' ; Janairu 9, 1907){{Spaced en dash}} Fabrairu 22, 2000) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce 'yar Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin sanata [[Tarayyar Amurka|a Amurka]] a Jihar [[Oregon]] daga Nuwamba 1960 zuwa Janairu 1967. Ita ce mace ta shida da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka kuma mace ta goma da ta yi aiki a majalisar. Ita da mijinta, Richard L. Neuberger, ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin ƙungiyar farko ta mata da miji a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka. Zuwa yanzu,  ita ce mace ɗaya tilo da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka daga Oregon.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Neuberger a Cloverdale, Tillamook County, Oregon . Ta halarci makarantun gwamnati, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Oregon da ke Monmouth, Oregon daga 1922 zuwa 1924, sannan ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha . Ta kasance ɗalibiyar makarantar Delta Zeta . An zaɓe ta zuwa ƙungiyar girmamawa ta ƙasa ta Mortar Board a shekararta ta farko. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar California da ke Los Angeles daga 1936 zuwa 1937. Brown malami ne a makarantun gwamnati na Oregon tsakanin 1932 da 1944; a 1937, yayin da take koyarwa a wata makarantar sakandare ta Portland, ta haɗu da Richard L. Neuberger . Ma'auratan sun yi aure a 1945, bayan Neuberger ya kammala hidimarsa a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] .

== Aikin siyasa ==
Maurine Neuberger ta shiga siyasa da kanta a shekarar 1950 lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Jiha kuma ta yi aiki daga 1950 zuwa 1955. A shekarar 1952, lokacin da aka sake zaɓenta a Majalisar Jiha kuma aka sake zaɓen mijinta a Majalisar Dattawan Jiha, ta yi nasara da ƙuri'u fiye da mijinta.A wannan lokacin ita ma memba ce a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Amurka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An zaɓe Richard a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a shekarar 1954.

A shekarar 1960, Richard ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa. Daga nan Maurine ta lashe zaɓe na musamman a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1960, a matsayin 'yar takarar Democrat don cike gurbin da mutuwar mijinta ta haifar. Gwamna ya naɗa Hall S. Lusk a Majalisar Dattawa bayan rasuwar Richard. Bayan zaɓen, Maurine ta kammala sauran wa'adin Richard daga 9 ga Nuwamba, 1960, zuwa 3 ga Janairu, 1961. A daidai lokacin zaɓen na musamman, ta lashe zaɓen gama gari na wa'adin da ya fara daga 3 ga Janairu, 1961, kuma ya ƙare a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1967; ba ta kasance 'yar takarar sake tsayawa takara a 1966 ba. Wani labarin 1965 ya lura cewa Gwamna Mark Hatfield ya aika wa Sanata wasiƙu zuwa ga mai aurenta, '''Maurine Neuberger-Solomon''', da nufin sanya sake aurenta a 1964 ya zama matsala a yakin neman zaɓen 1966. 

Ayyukanta a gwamnati sun mayar da hankali kan batutuwan mabukaci, muhalli da lafiya, ciki har da ɗaukar nauyin ɗaya daga cikin kuɗaɗen farko da ke buƙatar lakabin gargaɗi a kan marufin sigari . ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' ya bayyana ta a shekarar 1964 a matsayin &quot;mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mallaka na dogon lokaci&quot;. 

A shekarar 1961, Shugaba [[John F. Kennedy]] ya naɗa ta memba a Kwamitin Shugaban Ƙasa kan Matsayin Mata . A shekarar 1965-68, ita da [[Muriel Fox]] sun jagoranci ƙungiyar Mataimakiyar Shugaba Hubert Humphrey a wancan lokacin kan Manufofin Mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;VFA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Murial Fox VFA Fabulous Feminist |url=http://www.vfa.us/Muriel%20Fox.htm |access-date=2018-02-21 |publisher=Vfa.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Maurine ta auri Philip Solomon MD, Farfesa a fannin tabin hankali a Makarantar Likitanci ta Harvard kuma Babban Likita a Asibitin Boston City, a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1964, a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] . Sun rabu a shekarar 1967.

Bayan zamanta a Majalisar Dattawa, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin malamar harkokin masu saye da kuma matsayin mata, sannan kuma malamar gwamnatin Amurka a Jami'ar Boston, Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Radcliffe a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], da Kwalejin Reed . Ta kasance mazaunin Portland, Oregon, har zuwa rasuwarta a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2000, tana da shekaru 93, sakamakon matsalar ƙashi.  An binne ta a makabartar Beth Israel da ke Portland, Oregon.

== Duba kuma ==

* Mata a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]]
[[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]]</text>
      <sha1>1jkrql8moufv0j8t8vuv3utr7wp100k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nene Obianyo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147105</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816311</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T22:07:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343539391|Nene Obianyo]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5564" sha1="bq8uxlwjv61i6knis0h21a2w3xlepso" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
|- class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;honorific-prefix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;'''Farfesa'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt; Nene Obianyo&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-data&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | An haife ni
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; Nene Elsie Nwada Obianyo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; [[Imo state|Jihar Imo]], Najeriya&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ilimi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | [[University of Ibadan|Jami'ar Ibadan]] ,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[University of Birmingham|Jami'ar Birmingham]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Sana'a
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; | Likitan Likita na Yara
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ƙungiya(s)
| class=&quot;infobox-data org&quot; | Kwalejin Likitoci ta Duniya ta Najeriya, [[General Medical Council|Majalisar Likitoci ta Janar]], [[Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons|Ƙungiyar Kwalejojin Likitoci ta Royal]], Majalisar Likitoci ta Burtaniya
|}
Nene Elsie Nwada Obianyo Listen ⓘ Likitan tiyata ce ta yara 'yar Najeriya, wacce ta wakilci Najeriya zuwa ga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Likitocin Yara ta Duniya kuma ɗaya daga cikin likitocin tiyata biyu 'yan Najeriya waɗanda suka fara samun nasarar raba tagwaye manne a Najeriya a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Najeriya (UNTH) a Enugu a shekarar 1988.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Obianyo a [[Imo|jihar Imo]] ga iyalan marigayiya Chief and Chief (Misis) BCU Agugua ta Nkwerre a Imo tare da 'yan'uwa maza 11. Ta fara karatunta a Makarantar Firamare ta St. Michael, Aba sannan ta sami kyautar tallafin karatu ta Orlu Divisional a shekarar 1957 saboda hazakarta, sannan ta ci gaba da zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta St. Catherine, Nkwerre sannan ta koma Makarantar Sarauniya ta [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] saboda Karatunta na Sakandare kuma ta kasance shugabar makarantar a shekarar 1964. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date= |title=Women can be fashionable without revealing their breasts - Prof. Agugua-Obianyo |url=https://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/290521/women-can-be-fashionable-without-revealing-their-breasts-prof-aguguaobianyo.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=Latest Nigeria News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1965, ta sami shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] don yin karatun likitanci amma [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]] na 1966 ya katse karatunta, kuma saboda dangantakarta da Mishan na Burtaniya ta sami damar komawa Jami'ar Birmingham, Ingila, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin likitanci da digiri na farko a fannin tiyata (MBChB) a shekarar 1970. A shekarar 1974, ta ci jarrabawar Higher Surgery Training a Burtaniya ( Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons, England) a ƙoƙarin farko kuma ta cancanci zama ƙwararren likitan tiyata. Ta sami [[Shirin Tallafi da Karatun Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Kasashe masu tasowa|kyautar tallafin karatu ta Commonwealth]] tsakanin 1982 da 1983 kuma ta sami ƙarin horo na musamman a fannin tiyatar yara a Asibitin Yara, Birmingham, Ingila. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=2017-01-12 |title=OBIANYO, Dr. Nene Elsie Nwada |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obianyo-dr-nene-elsie-nwada/ |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof Nene Elsie Nwada Obianyo • Paediatric Surgeon • Enugu, Enugu |url=https://www.medpages.info/sf/index.php?page=person&amp;personcode=215056 |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=www.medpages.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Aikinta na farko ya kasance a [[Ibadan]], inda ta yi aiki a can na tsawon shekara ɗaya kacal, sannan ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Likitanci, Jami'ar Najeriya, harabar Enugu a shekarar 1974, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Sashen Tiyata, shugabar Tiyatar Yara, Shugabar Kwalejin, Mataimakin Shugaban Kwalejin kuma ta zama farfesa a fannin tiyatar yara a shekarar 1992. Daga baya ta koma Kwalejin Likitanci, [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwalejin tsakanin 2005 da 2011, ta kuma zama farfesa mai ritaya a shekarar 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Prof. Obianyo Nene Elsie Nwada |url=http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MzIyMQ-- |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=www.unn.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1988, ta kafa tarihi a fannin likitanci a Najeriya, domin tana ɗaya daga cikin likitocin tiyata biyu na Najeriya da suka yi nasarar raba tagwaye masu haɗin kai a Najeriya a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Najeriya (UNTH) da ke Enugu. A shekarar 1993, ta yi nasarar raba wasu tagwaye masu haɗin kai da suka shafi raba hanta mai haɗin kai. Ta yi wata lacca mai taken 'Tagwaye Masu Haɗin Kai - Kwarewar Najeriya' a taron kimiyya na Ƙungiyar Likitocin Najeriya a Amurka a Chicago Amurka a shekarar 2002, kuma a shekarar 2003, ta gabatar da wani faifan bidiyo na 'Tagwaye Masu Haɗin Kai na UNTH' a taron kimiyya na Ƙungiyar Likitocin Yara ta Burtaniya. A Tokyo Japan a shekarar 2004, ta gabatar da wani shiri na kimiyya mai taken 'Kalubalen Tagwaye Masu Haɗin Kai' a taron ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya ta Mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UIAA Enugu State Branch |url=http://www.uiaaenugu.net/Hall%20of%20Fame/mda/nene%20obianyo.html |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=www.uiaaenugu.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>bq8uxlwjv61i6knis0h21a2w3xlepso</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816312</id>
      <parentid>816311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T22:08:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>816312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5357" sha1="t59jygezemzgut87l5uch3xdg5ocnrw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
|- class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;honorific-prefix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;'''Farfesa'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt; Nene Obianyo&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-data&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | An haife ni
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; Nene Elsie Nwada Obianyo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; [[Imo state|Jihar Imo]], Najeriya&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ilimi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | [[University of Ibadan|Jami'ar Ibadan]] ,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[University of Birmingham|Jami'ar Birmingham]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Sana'a
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; | Likitan Likita na Yara
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ƙungiya(s)
| class=&quot;infobox-data org&quot; |
|}
Nene Elsie Nwada Obianyo Listen ⓘ Likitan tiyata ce ta yara 'yar Najeriya, wacce ta wakilci Najeriya zuwa ga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Likitocin Yara ta Duniya kuma ɗaya daga cikin likitocin tiyata biyu 'yan Najeriya waɗanda suka fara samun nasarar raba tagwaye manne a Najeriya a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Najeriya (UNTH) a Enugu a shekarar 1988.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Obianyo a [[Imo|jihar Imo]] ga iyalan marigayiya Chief and Chief (Misis) BCU Agugua ta Nkwerre a Imo tare da 'yan'uwa maza 11. Ta fara karatunta a Makarantar Firamare ta St. Michael, Aba sannan ta sami kyautar tallafin karatu ta Orlu Divisional a shekarar 1957 saboda hazakarta, sannan ta ci gaba da zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta St. Catherine, Nkwerre sannan ta koma Makarantar Sarauniya ta [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] saboda Karatunta na Sakandare kuma ta kasance shugabar makarantar a shekarar 1964. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date= |title=Women can be fashionable without revealing their breasts - Prof. Agugua-Obianyo |url=https://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/290521/women-can-be-fashionable-without-revealing-their-breasts-prof-aguguaobianyo.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=Latest Nigeria News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1965, ta sami shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] don yin karatun likitanci amma [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]] na 1966 ya katse karatunta, kuma saboda dangantakarta da Mishan na Burtaniya ta sami damar komawa Jami'ar Birmingham, Ingila, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin likitanci da digiri na farko a fannin tiyata (MBChB) a shekarar 1970. A shekarar 1974, ta ci jarrabawar Higher Surgery Training a Burtaniya ( Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons, England) a ƙoƙarin farko kuma ta cancanci zama ƙwararren likitan tiyata. Ta sami [[Shirin Tallafi da Karatun Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Kasashe masu tasowa|kyautar tallafin karatu ta Commonwealth]] tsakanin 1982 da 1983 kuma ta sami ƙarin horo na musamman a fannin tiyatar yara a Asibitin Yara, Birmingham, Ingila. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=2017-01-12 |title=OBIANYO, Dr. Nene Elsie Nwada |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obianyo-dr-nene-elsie-nwada/ |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof Nene Elsie Nwada Obianyo • Paediatric Surgeon • Enugu, Enugu |url=https://www.medpages.info/sf/index.php?page=person&amp;personcode=215056 |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=www.medpages.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Aikinta na farko ya kasance a [[Ibadan]], inda ta yi aiki a can na tsawon shekara ɗaya kacal, sannan ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Likitanci, Jami'ar Najeriya, harabar Enugu a shekarar 1974, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Sashen Tiyata, shugabar Tiyatar Yara, Shugabar Kwalejin, Mataimakin Shugaban Kwalejin kuma ta zama farfesa a fannin tiyatar yara a shekarar 1992. Daga baya ta koma Kwalejin Likitanci, [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwalejin tsakanin 2005 da 2011, ta kuma zama farfesa mai ritaya a shekarar 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Prof. Obianyo Nene Elsie Nwada |url=http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MzIyMQ-- |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=www.unn.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1988, ta kafa tarihi a fannin likitanci a Najeriya, domin tana ɗaya daga cikin likitocin tiyata biyu na Najeriya da suka yi nasarar raba tagwaye masu haɗin kai a Najeriya a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Najeriya (UNTH) da ke Enugu. A shekarar 1993, ta yi nasarar raba wasu tagwaye masu haɗin kai da suka shafi raba hanta mai haɗin kai. Ta yi wata lacca mai taken 'Tagwaye Masu Haɗin Kai - Kwarewar Najeriya' a taron kimiyya na Ƙungiyar Likitocin Najeriya a Amurka a Chicago Amurka a shekarar 2002, kuma a shekarar 2003, ta gabatar da wani faifan bidiyo na 'Tagwaye Masu Haɗin Kai na UNTH' a taron kimiyya na Ƙungiyar Likitocin Yara ta Burtaniya. A Tokyo Japan a shekarar 2004, ta gabatar da wani shiri na kimiyya mai taken 'Kalubalen Tagwaye Masu Haɗin Kai' a taron ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya ta Mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UIAA Enugu State Branch |url=http://www.uiaaenugu.net/Hall%20of%20Fame/mda/nene%20obianyo.html |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=www.uiaaenugu.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>t59jygezemzgut87l5uch3xdg5ocnrw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Christine Lanyero Awany</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816317</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T22:13:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338649352|Christine Lanyero Awany]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816317</origin>
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      <text bytes="2766" sha1="kz5cjz1jy31qn29r8pdb5wlht817l1q" xml:space="preserve">'''Christine Lanyero Awany''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Mego Larem''', 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar siyasa a ƙasar Uganda. A babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2026, an zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda a matsayin wakiliyar mata a Gundumar Nwoya. An zaɓe ta a jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement a wa'adin 2026–2031 da ƙuri'u 12,715 kamar yadda Hukumar Zaɓe ta ƙasar Uganda, ta tabbatar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jwee |first=Wilfred Lamony |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Awany announced Nwoya Woman MP as EC cancels results in two polling stations |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/awany-announced-nwoya-woman-mp-as-ec-cancels-NV_226399_022026 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=People love me because I am a freedom fighter |url=https://thepubliclensug.com/2024/02/09/people-love-me-because-i-am-a-freedom-fighter/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Public Lens}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mego Larem clinches NRM Woman MP flag in Nwoya with landslide victory |url=https://www.thekampalareport.com/latest/2025071952426/mego-larem-clinches-nrm-woman-mp-flag-in-nwoya-with-landslide-victory.html |website=The Kampala Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Ita kuma 'yar kasuwa ce a gundumar Nwoya. Asalin danginta yana da alaƙa da dangin Patira, wanda daga gare ta ta bayyana cewa ta sami albarkar gargajiya a lokacin da take gudanar da harkokin siyasa. Tana da alaƙa da sassan sufuri da karɓar baƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-29 |title=Uganda: Thousands NRM Supporters Celebrated Chiestine Lanyero Awany Offical{{sic |nolink=yes}} Party Campaign |url=https://www.oyengyeng.com/brea/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=oyengyeng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=People love me because I am a freedom fighter |url=https://thepubliclensug.com/2024/02/09/people-love-me-because-i-am-a-freedom-fighter/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Public Lens}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://thepubliclensug.com/2024/02/09/people-love-me-because-i-am-a-freedom-fighter/ &quot;People love me because I am a freedom fighter&quot;]. ''The Public Lens''. 2024-02-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Majalisar Uganda
* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 12
* Gundumar Nwoya
* Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa
* Siyasar Uganda
* Kwizera Eudia
* Lanyero Sarah Ochieng
* Sharon Balmoi Laker

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.ec.or.ug/election/results Hukumar Zaɓe ta Uganda – Sakamakon A hukumance]
* [https://nwoya.go.ug/ Bayanin Gundumar Nwoya (Gwamnatin Uganda)]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2779" sha1="2y7jdwkv4q57xs2n5nc2ikcsy0pwpik" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Christine Lanyero Awany''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Mego Larem''', 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar siyasa a ƙasar Uganda. A babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2026, an zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda a matsayin wakiliyar mata a Gundumar Nwoya. An zaɓe ta a jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement a wa'adin 2026–2031 da ƙuri'u 12,715 kamar yadda Hukumar Zaɓe ta ƙasar Uganda, ta tabbatar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jwee |first=Wilfred Lamony |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Awany announced Nwoya Woman MP as EC cancels results in two polling stations |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/awany-announced-nwoya-woman-mp-as-ec-cancels-NV_226399_022026 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=People love me because I am a freedom fighter |url=https://thepubliclensug.com/2024/02/09/people-love-me-because-i-am-a-freedom-fighter/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Public Lens}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mego Larem clinches NRM Woman MP flag in Nwoya with landslide victory |url=https://www.thekampalareport.com/latest/2025071952426/mego-larem-clinches-nrm-woman-mp-flag-in-nwoya-with-landslide-victory.html |website=The Kampala Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Ita kuma 'yar kasuwa ce a gundumar Nwoya. Asalin danginta yana da alaƙa da dangin Patira, wanda daga gare ta ta bayyana cewa ta sami albarkar gargajiya a lokacin da take gudanar da harkokin siyasa. Tana da alaƙa da sassan sufuri da karɓar baƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-29 |title=Uganda: Thousands NRM Supporters Celebrated Chiestine Lanyero Awany Offical{{sic |nolink=yes}} Party Campaign |url=https://www.oyengyeng.com/brea/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=oyengyeng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=People love me because I am a freedom fighter |url=https://thepubliclensug.com/2024/02/09/people-love-me-because-i-am-a-freedom-fighter/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Public Lens}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://thepubliclensug.com/2024/02/09/people-love-me-because-i-am-a-freedom-fighter/ &quot;People love me because I am a freedom fighter&quot;]. ''The Public Lens''. 2024-02-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Majalisar Uganda
* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 12
* Gundumar Nwoya
* Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa
* Siyasar Uganda
* Kwizera Eudia
* Lanyero Sarah Ochieng
* Sharon Balmoi Laker

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.ec.or.ug/election/results Hukumar Zaɓe ta Uganda – Sakamakon A hukumance]
* [https://nwoya.go.ug/ Bayanin Gundumar Nwoya (Gwamnatin Uganda)]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>2y7jdwkv4q57xs2n5nc2ikcsy0pwpik</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Luisa Roldán</title>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343239934|Luisa Roldán]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Virgen_de_la_leche,_Luisa_Roldán.jpg|thumb|''Virgo lactans'', kimanin 1689-1706, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha Mai Kyau, Seville]]
[[Fayil:GinesdelaJara_003.jpg|thumb|''Saint Ginés de la Jara'', 1692, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles]]
[[Fayil:SoledadPuertoReal.jpg|thumb|''Budurwa ta kadaitaka'', 1688, Iglesia de la Victoria, Puerto Real]]
'''Luisa Ignacia Roldán''' (8 Satumba 1652 &lt;ref&gt;Birth date is based on baptismal certificate. Catherine Hall van den Elsen. ''Roldana, Andalucía Barroca'' 2007. Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Cultura. {{ISBN|978-84-8266-717-1}}. p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt; – 10 Janairu 1706), wacce aka fi sani da '''La Roldana''', ta kasance mai sassaka Sipaniya a [[Baroque|Zamanin Baroque]] . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara sassaka da aka rubuta a Spain.    Ƙungiyar Hispanic ta Amurka ta amince da Roldán saboda kasancewa &quot;ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata masu fasaha da suka kula da ɗakin studio a wajen gidajen ibada a zamanin Golden Age na Spain&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=Sculpture |url=https://hispanicsociety.org/museum/arts-of-spain-portugal/sculpture-of-spain-portugal/ |access-date=2020-12-08 |website=Hispanic Society of America |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda ingancin aikinta, Antonio Palomino ya ɗauke ta a matsayin mai mahimmanci a fannin sassaka kamar mahaifinta, Pedro Roldán . 

Duk da cewa Roldán ta zama ''Esculator de Cámara'', ko Mai Zane na Kotu, ga Sarki Charles na Biyu na Habsburg, ta sha wahala a fannin kuɗi. Kamar sauran masu fasaha na zamaninta, ta mutu cikin talauci, tana sanya hannu kan sanarwar talauci jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta. A ranar mutuwarta, an ba Roldan lakabin &quot;Malamin Ilimi&quot; daga Kwalejin San Luca da ke Rome. 

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Roldán a [[Sevilla|Seville]], Spain, 'yar mai sassaka Pedro Roldán da matarsa Teresa de Ortega. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=García-Martín |first=Elena |date=2012 |title=Gendered Representations of the Militant Church Ana Caro's and Luisa Roldan's Rhetoric of War and Religion |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emw/article/view/18745/15680 |journal=Early Modern Women |volume=7 |pages=69–100 |doi=10.1086/EMW23617532 |s2cid=164446059 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta, tare da 'yan uwanta, sun koya mata yadda ake zana, amfani da laka don siffanta siffofi da kuma a ƙarshe sassaka ko sassaka a cikin itace. Ta zama mai koyon aiki a wurin aikin mahaifinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=Jane |date=2011 |title=Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos |journal=Getty Research Journal |volume=3 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1086/grj.3.23005385 |s2cid=192219453}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi ma Luis Antonio de los Arcos ne ya yi aiki a cikin wannan bitar, wanda Roldán ya aura lokacin da take da shekara 19. [1] Auren ya saba wa nufin mahaifinta. Santiago Montoto, a rubuce a shekarar 1920, ya kai ga bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;sace&quot; (&quot; rapto &quot;), wataƙila yana nuna rashin fahimtar al'adun aure na lokacin. Abokan hulɗar da aka zaɓa na 'yan'uwanta mata biyu da ɗan'uwa ɗaya suma sun gamu da rashin amincewar iyaye.

Bayan haka, Roldán ya yi aiki a Cádiz daga 1686 zuwa 1688.  Ta kafa nata wurin aiki, tare da mijinta da surukinta, Tomás de los Arcos, don ƙirƙirar sassaka na katako masu launuka iri-iri na addini. Roldán shine babban mai sassaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=García-Martín |first=Elena |date=2012 |title=Gendered Representations of the Militant Church Ana Caro's and Luisa Roldan's Rhetoric of War and Religion |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emw/article/view/18745/15680 |journal=Early Modern Women |volume=7 |pages=69–100 |doi=10.1086/EMW23617532 |s2cid=164446059 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGarcía-Martín2012&quot;&gt;García-Martín, Elena (2012). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emw/article/view/18745/15680 &quot;Gendered Representations of the Militant Church Ana Caro's and Luisa Roldan's Rhetoric of War and Religion&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Early Modern Women''. '''7''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;69–&lt;/span&gt;100. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/EMW23617532|10.1086/EMW23617532]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164446059 164446059].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da Tomás ya taimaka da ƙwarewarsa a fannin zane na jiki da kuma yin zinare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khandekar |first=Narayan |last2=Schilling |first2=Michael |date=2001 |title=A Technical Examination of a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture of St. Gines de la Jara by Luisa Roldan |journal=Studies in Conservation |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=23–34}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance ƙwararre a fannin zane na jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=Jane |date=2011 |title=Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos |journal=Getty Research Journal |volume=3 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1086/grj.3.23005385 |s2cid=192219453}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBassett2011&quot;&gt;Bassett, Jane (2011). &quot;Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos&quot;. ''Getty Research Journal''. '''3''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15–&lt;/span&gt;32. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/grj.3.23005385|10.1086/grj.3.23005385]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192219453 192219453].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta ƙirƙiri sassaka na katako da kuma siffofi ga Cathedral na Cádiz da majalisar garin.  A shekara ta 1688 ta ƙaura zuwa [[Madrid]], &lt;ref&gt;Her arrival there can be dated some time before 28 February 1688, when her daughter María Bernarda was baptized in the parish church of San Bernardo, Madrid. Catherine Hall van den Elsen. ''Roldana, Andalucía Barroca'' 2007. Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Cultura. {{ISBN|978-84-8266-717-1}}. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a shekara ta 1692 aka ba ta matsayin &quot; ''escultora de camara'' &quot; ko &quot;Mai Zane ga Ɗakin,&quot; inda ta yi wa Charles II sannan daga baya Philip V hidima a matsayin &quot;Mai Zane ga Sarki&quot;.  Roldán ya ƙirƙiri wani yanki na terracotta mai suna ''Virgen con el Nino'', sannan ya ba da shi ga Accademia di San Luca, wanda aka shigar da ita a ƙarshen rayuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Estrella |first=Felipe Serrano |date=2013 |title=State gift or strategy? La Roldana's Nazareno |journal=Sculpture Journal |volume=22 Issue. 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roldán tana da 'ya'ya bakwai, biyu daga cikinsu sun rayu har zuwa lokacin da ta girma. A lokacin da take aiki a Charles II, Roldán, mijinta, da 'ya'yansu duk sun sha wahala a lokacin rikicin tattalin arzikin ƙasar. 

Ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta yanayin kuɗinta ta hanyar roƙon taimakon matar Charles II ta biyu, Sarauniya [[Maria Ana of Neuburg|Maria Anna]] . Sarauniya ta amsa ta hanyar ba da kuɗi, amma hakan bai isa ba. Mijin Luisa, Luis Antonio de los Arcos, yana fatan inganta al'amura ta hanyar neman matsayi a kotu, amma bai yi nasara ba. 

Mijin Roldán ya taka rawa wajen tallata aikinta da kuma faɗaɗa sunanta. Charles II ya ba da umarnin a yi wani sassaka mai suna ''Nazareno'' (&quot;Tuba&quot;), amma, bayan mutuwar Charles, wannan ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin shagon mai zane. Mijinta ya yi ƙoƙarin a aika sassaken zuwa Roma ta hanyar shawarwarin masu tasiri, amma maimakon haka wani gidan sufi a Sisante, Cuenca ya saya shi. 

Roldán ya mutu cikin talauci a Madrid a shekara ta 1706.

== Manyan ayyuka ==
[[Fayil:San_Miguel_venciendo_al_demonio_(La_Roldana).jpg|thumb|''St. Michael Overwhelming the Aljan'', 1692, Gidan Tarihi na Royal Collections, Madrid]]
Ayyukan Roldán suna da alaƙa sosai da &quot;a bayyane yake, gashin da ke da kauri, labule masu walƙiya, da fuskoki masu ban mamaki masu idanu masu laushi, gashin ido mai laushi, kunci mai launin shuɗi, da lebe masu ɗan rabuwa.&quot;  &quot;Girman da aka saka&quot; waɗanda wani lokacin ake lura da su a cikin mala'ikun terracotta nata ba a saba ganin su a cikin ayyukanta da aka yi da itace ba, waɗanda ke da siffa ta gashin ido a buɗe, daidai gwargwado. ''St. Ginés de la Jara'', wacce aka yi a kusa da 1692, yanzu tana Cibiyar Getty . Ba kamar rigar St Michael ɗinta da ke tashi a El Escorial ba, rigar da Getty's San Gines ke sawa tana da shiru sosai. Hotunan da aka yi wa ado waɗanda za a iya danganta su da ita da aminci sun haɗa da siffofi na ''Virgen de la Soledad'', Mary Magdalen, da [[Isa|Yesu]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Cádiz Cofrade - Imaginería&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cádiz Cofrade - Imaginería |url=http://www.cadizcofrade.net/imagineros/roldana.htm |website=cadizcofrade.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɓangaren ''Virgen de la Soledad'' ya bayyana a Cocin Katolika da dama kuma ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa daga azuzuwan zamantakewa daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lenaghan |first=Patrick |date=January 1, 2020 |title=Luisa Roldán's Virgin of Solitude (Virgen De La Soledad) |journal=Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts |volume=94 |pages=54–73 |doi=10.1086/714901 |s2cid=233374320 |via=The University of Chicago Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Cádiz, ayyukanta sun haɗa da mutum-mutumin Anthony na Padua, Ecce Homo, da Saints Servandus da Cermanus . &lt;ref name=&quot;Cádiz Cofrade - Imaginería&quot; /&gt;

Ta kasance kwararriyar mai sassaka. Yawancin ayyukanta sun haɗa da sassaka na addini ga majami'u. Misali, sassaka na tsarkakakkun waliyyai, Mala'ika Mai Tsarki Michael da Maryamu Magadaliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taggard |first=Mindy Nancarrow |date=1998 |title=Luisa Roldán's 'Jesus of Nazareth': The Artist as Spiritual Medium |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |doi=10.2307/1358648 |jstor=1358648}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liana |first=De Girolami Cheney |date=2005 |title=Luisa Ignacia Roldán 'La Roldana': New Attributions to the First Sculptress of Spain, 1652–1706 |journal=Mediterranean Studies |volume=14 |pages=148–168}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take zaune a Madrid, ta kuma yi ƙananan ayyukan terracotta waɗanda suka shahara da ƙananan bourgeoisie . Ana iya amfani da ƙananan ayyukan don ibada ta kai tsaye kuma sun ɗauki nau'ikan al'amuran addini, siffofin ɗan adam da dabbobi.  An yaɗu da kayan aikinta sosai a [[Andalusia]], da kuma a Madrid, Móstoles da Sisante ( Lardin Cuenca ), New York, London, Ontario, Los Angeles da Chicago.

Ana danganta waɗannan sassaka a cikin cocin Sipaniya da ita:

* ''Maryamu Mai Tsarki ta Shiru'' ( ''María Santísima del Silencio'' ), Jaén
* Siffofin katako da aka sassaƙa na San Servando da San Germán, majiɓintan Cádiz, a cikin Cathedral na Cádiz
* Saint Joseph, Iglesia de San Antonio, Cádiz
* Saint Anthony na Padua, Iglesia de Santa Cruz, Cádiz
* Saint John the Baptist, Iglesia de San Antonio de Padua, Cádiz
* ''Uwargidanmu na baƙin ciki na Magunguna'' ( ''Dolorosa de los Remedios'' ), Jerez de la Frontera
* ''Budurwa ta kaɗaita'' ( ''Virgen de la Soledad'' ), Iglesia de la Victoria, Puerto Real
* ''Ecce Homo'', Cádiz Cathedral. 1684. An sassaka itace mai siffar polychrome, 165&amp;nbsp;cm. An tabbatar da ranar ta hanyar wani takarda da aka samu a cikinta yayin gyaran da JM Sánchez Peña ya yi a shekarar 1984. Kan, hannaye, hannaye da kuma tsayin jiki har zuwa kwatangwalo an yi su ne da itacen cedar, sauran kuma har da chlamys an yi su ne da itacen pine . &lt;ref&gt;Antonio Torrejón Díaz: ''Roldana Andalucía Barroca'', 2007. Junta de Andalucía. p. 174. {{ISBN|978-84-8266-717-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ecce Homo'', Córdoba
* ''Kristi na Yafe'', ( ''Cristo del Perdón'' ), Fregenal de la Sierra
* Saint Ferdinand, Babban Cocin Las Palmas, Gran Canaria
* ''Penitent'' ( ''Nazareno'' ), Iglesia de las Hermanas Nazarenas, Sisante

[[Fayil:The_Entombment_of_Christ_LC-2016_482-001.jpg|thumb|''Kabarin Almasihu'' (1701), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan]]
An kashe wani mutum-mutumi na Mary Magdalene a Cádiz da gobara a lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain a shekarar 1936.

Sauran ayyukan da aka fi sani suna cikin tarin kayan tarihi da gidajen tarihi:

* ''St. Michael Ya Cika Aljani'', Gidan Tarihi na Tarin Sarauta, Madrid
* ''Virgo lactans'', Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Seville
* ''Mutuwa ko Farin Ciki na Maryamu Magdalene'', ''Auren Saint Catherine'', Ƙungiyar Hispanic ta Amurka, [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]
* ''Saint Joachim, Saint Ann da Budurwa a matsayin Yara'' ( ''La Virgen niña con San Joaquín y Santa Ana'' ) da ''Matakan Farko na Yesu'' ( ''Los primeros pasos de Jesús'' ), Museum of Fine Arts, Guadalajara, Spain 
* Saint Michael, Gidan Tarihi na Royal Ontario, [[Toronto]], [[Kanada]] .
* ''Budurwar ta bayyana a'' gidan tarihi na Saint James Victoria da Albert, [[Landan|London]], [[Ingila]] .
* ''Kabarin Almasihu'', Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan, New York.
* ''Ilimi ga Budurwa'', LACMA, Los Angeles.
* ''Ilimi na Budurwa'', Gidan Tarihi na Blanton, Austin.

== Salo da hanya ==
An ƙirƙiri salon fasahar Roldán ta hanyar ra'ayinta game da duniya, damar da take da ita na samun albarkatu da kayan da ta yi amfani da su wajen ƙera sassaka masu cikakken bayani. Ta yi amfani da nau'ikan itace guda uku daban-daban don ƙirƙirar wasu sassaka, kamar ''St. Ginés de la Jara'' . Akwai nau'ikan guda biyu da ta fi so waɗanda suke da laushi da laushi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=Jane |date=2011 |title=Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos |journal=Getty Research Journal |volume=3 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1086/grj.3.23005385 |s2cid=192219453}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBassett2011&quot;&gt;Bassett, Jane (2011). &quot;Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos&quot;. ''Getty Research Journal''. '''3''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15–&lt;/span&gt;32. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/grj.3.23005385|10.1086/grj.3.23005385]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192219453 192219453].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Roldán da mahaifinta, Pedro sun yi sassakansu, ''Gines'' da ''Saint Joseph tare da Yaron'', amma suna da sauƙi a nauyi ta hanyar amfani da kayan aiki daga wurare daban-daban a duniya. Dole ne su zaɓi kayan da za su taimaka wa kwanciyar hankalin mutum-mutumin. Misali: sun yi amfani da itacen cypress na Bahar Rum wanda itace ne da ya fito daga Bahar Rum. An yi amfani da itacen cedar na Sipaniya don hannuwa, mafi wahalar ɓangaren sassaka. Bayan samun kayan, Pedro ya yi amfani da wata dabara da aka sani a duk faɗin duniyar fasaha wacce ke huda ɓangaren itace. Roldan da ƙananan guntun itacen za su yi aiki a ƙafafun. Lokacin da ta gama sassaka ƙafafuwa, sai ta yi aiki a fuska. Luisa Roldán ta ƙirƙiri fuska da gemu ta wata hanya ta musamman ta hanyar sassaka abin rufe fuska daga wani tubalin itace wanda daga ƙarshe za a haɗa shi da bayan kai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=Jane |date=2011 |title=Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos |journal=Getty Research Journal |volume=3 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1086/grj.3.23005385 |s2cid=192219453}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBassett2011&quot;&gt;Bassett, Jane (2011). &quot;Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos&quot;. ''Getty Research Journal''. '''3''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15–&lt;/span&gt;32. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/grj.3.23005385|10.1086/grj.3.23005385]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192219453 192219453].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe, ta ƙara cikakkun bayanai, kamar ganye da sauran alamu, a tushen sassaka. Daga nan aka ba wa mai zane, Tomás de los Arcos sassaka.

== Gado ==
Luisa Roldán ta rinjayi mata masu fasaha da dama a Seville, Cádiz da Madrid ta hanyar sassaka da kirkire-kirkirenta na fasaha.   Ana ganin mata masu fasaha a matsayin waɗanda ke cikin wani yanki na &quot;na sirri&quot; da kuma maza a wani yanki na &quot;jama'a&quot;.  Lokacin da Roldan ta ƙirƙiri sassaka ta, ta bayyana ayyukanta a bainar jama'a kuma ta canza yadda ake ɗaukar zane a shekarun 1600. Ita mace ce mai zane da aka sani da mai sassaka Sipaniya wadda ta ƙirƙiri sunanta. Ta hanyar zane-zanenta, ta sami damar samun lakabin sarauta a matsayin &quot; ''escultora de camara'' &quot;. Roldán ta sami damar kwatanta shigarta mai suna ''Lives of the Fine Spanish Painters and Sculptors'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, a ƙarni na sha takwas an gano cewa mata sama da casa'in masu fasaha ne masu aiki a Spain da Portugal. Ana gano wasu mata masu fasaha da yawa a lokacin da Roldán ta buga zane-zanenta. Ta share hanyar fasahar kirkire-kirkire wadda ta mayar da hankali kan zane-zane da sassaka na terracotta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan kula ==
&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Ƙarin karatu ==

*  
* Hall-van den Elsen, Catherine ''Fuerza e Intimismo: Luisa Roldan, escultora'', 2018, Madrid, CSIC. {{ISBN|978-84-00-10377-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-84-00-10377-4|&lt;bdi&gt;978-84-00-10377-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
*  
* Catherine, Hall-Van den Elsen. ''Luisa Roldán''. London: Lund Humphries and Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2021. {{ISBN|978-1-60606-732-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-732-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-60606-732-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199920105/obo-9780199920105-0154.xml Oxford Bibliographies Online: Luisa Roldán]
* [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/roldan_luisa.html Artcyclopedia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130313163018/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=3503 Tarihin Luisa Roldán daga Gidan Tarihi na J. Paul Getty]
* [http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/roldana/index.html Nunin: La Roldana's Saint Ginés: Yin Sculpture na Polychrome]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161018174650/http://wwar.com/masters/r/roldan-luisa.html Tarihin Duniyar Fasaha]
{{Authority control (arts)|country=ES}}
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{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Virgen_de_la_leche,_Luisa_Roldán.jpg|thumb|''Virgo lactans'', kimanin 1689-1706, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha Mai Kyau, Seville]]
[[Fayil:GinesdelaJara_003.jpg|thumb|''Saint Ginés de la Jara'', 1692, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles]]
[[Fayil:SoledadPuertoReal.jpg|thumb|''Budurwa ta kadaitaka'', 1688, Iglesia de la Victoria, Puerto Real]]
'''Luisa Ignacia Roldán''' (8 Satumba 1652 &lt;ref&gt;Birth date is based on baptismal certificate. Catherine Hall van den Elsen. ''Roldana, Andalucía Barroca'' 2007. Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Cultura. {{ISBN|978-84-8266-717-1}}. p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt; – 10 Janairu 1706), wacce aka fi sani da '''La Roldana''', ta kasance mai sassaka Sipaniya a [[Baroque|Zamanin Baroque]] . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara sassaka da aka rubuta a Spain.    Ƙungiyar Hispanic ta Amurka ta amince da Roldán saboda kasancewa &quot;ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata masu fasaha da suka kula da ɗakin studio a wajen gidajen ibada a zamanin Golden Age na Spain&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=Sculpture |url=https://hispanicsociety.org/museum/arts-of-spain-portugal/sculpture-of-spain-portugal/ |access-date=2020-12-08 |website=Hispanic Society of America |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda ingancin aikinta, Antonio Palomino ya ɗauke ta a matsayin mai mahimmanci a fannin sassaka kamar mahaifinta, Pedro Roldán . 

Duk da cewa Roldán ta zama ''Esculator de Cámara'', ko Mai Zane na Kotu, ga Sarki Charles na Biyu na Habsburg, ta sha wahala a fannin kuɗi. Kamar sauran masu fasaha na zamaninta, ta mutu cikin talauci, tana sanya hannu kan sanarwar talauci jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta. A ranar mutuwarta, an ba Roldan lakabin &quot;Malamin Ilimi&quot; daga Kwalejin San Luca da ke Rome. 

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Roldán a [[Sevilla|Seville]], Spain, 'yar mai sassaka Pedro Roldán da matarsa Teresa de Ortega. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=García-Martín |first=Elena |date=2012 |title=Gendered Representations of the Militant Church Ana Caro's and Luisa Roldan's Rhetoric of War and Religion |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emw/article/view/18745/15680 |journal=Early Modern Women |volume=7 |pages=69–100 |doi=10.1086/EMW23617532 |s2cid=164446059 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta, tare da 'yan uwanta, sun koya mata yadda ake zana, amfani da laka don siffanta siffofi da kuma a ƙarshe sassaka ko sassaka a cikin itace. Ta zama mai koyon aiki a wurin aikin mahaifinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=Jane |date=2011 |title=Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos |journal=Getty Research Journal |volume=3 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1086/grj.3.23005385 |s2cid=192219453}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi ma Luis Antonio de los Arcos ne ya yi aiki a cikin wannan bitar, wanda Roldán ya aura lokacin da take da shekara 19. [1] Auren ya saba wa nufin mahaifinta. Santiago Montoto, a rubuce a shekarar 1920, ya kai ga bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;sace&quot; (&quot; rapto &quot;), wataƙila yana nuna rashin fahimtar al'adun aure na lokacin. Abokan hulɗar da aka zaɓa na 'yan'uwanta mata biyu da ɗan'uwa ɗaya suma sun gamu da rashin amincewar iyaye.

Bayan haka, Roldán ya yi aiki a Cádiz daga 1686 zuwa 1688.  Ta kafa nata wurin aiki, tare da mijinta da surukinta, Tomás de los Arcos, don ƙirƙirar sassaka na katako masu launuka iri-iri na addini. Roldán shine babban mai sassaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=García-Martín |first=Elena |date=2012 |title=Gendered Representations of the Militant Church Ana Caro's and Luisa Roldan's Rhetoric of War and Religion |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emw/article/view/18745/15680 |journal=Early Modern Women |volume=7 |pages=69–100 |doi=10.1086/EMW23617532 |s2cid=164446059 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGarcía-Martín2012&quot;&gt;García-Martín, Elena (2012). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/emw/article/view/18745/15680 &quot;Gendered Representations of the Militant Church Ana Caro's and Luisa Roldan's Rhetoric of War and Religion&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Early Modern Women''. '''7''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;69–&lt;/span&gt;100. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/EMW23617532|10.1086/EMW23617532]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164446059 164446059].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da Tomás ya taimaka da ƙwarewarsa a fannin zane na jiki da kuma yin zinare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khandekar |first=Narayan |last2=Schilling |first2=Michael |date=2001 |title=A Technical Examination of a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture of St. Gines de la Jara by Luisa Roldan |journal=Studies in Conservation |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=23–34}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance ƙwararre a fannin zane na jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=Jane |date=2011 |title=Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos |journal=Getty Research Journal |volume=3 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1086/grj.3.23005385 |s2cid=192219453}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBassett2011&quot;&gt;Bassett, Jane (2011). &quot;Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos&quot;. ''Getty Research Journal''. '''3''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15–&lt;/span&gt;32. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/grj.3.23005385|10.1086/grj.3.23005385]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192219453 192219453].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta ƙirƙiri sassaka na katako da kuma siffofi ga Cathedral na Cádiz da majalisar garin.  A shekara ta 1688 ta ƙaura zuwa [[Madrid]], &lt;ref&gt;Her arrival there can be dated some time before 28 February 1688, when her daughter María Bernarda was baptized in the parish church of San Bernardo, Madrid. Catherine Hall van den Elsen. ''Roldana, Andalucía Barroca'' 2007. Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Cultura. {{ISBN|978-84-8266-717-1}}. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a shekara ta 1692 aka ba ta matsayin &quot; ''escultora de camara'' &quot; ko &quot;Mai Zane ga Ɗakin,&quot; inda ta yi wa Charles II sannan daga baya Philip V hidima a matsayin &quot;Mai Zane ga Sarki&quot;.  Roldán ya ƙirƙiri wani yanki na terracotta mai suna ''Virgen con el Nino'', sannan ya ba da shi ga Accademia di San Luca, wanda aka shigar da ita a ƙarshen rayuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Estrella |first=Felipe Serrano |date=2013 |title=State gift or strategy? La Roldana's Nazareno |journal=Sculpture Journal |volume=22 Issue. 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roldán tana da 'ya'ya bakwai, biyu daga cikinsu sun rayu har zuwa lokacin da ta girma. A lokacin da take aiki a Charles II, Roldán, mijinta, da 'ya'yansu duk sun sha wahala a lokacin rikicin tattalin arzikin ƙasar. 

Ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta yanayin kuɗinta ta hanyar roƙon taimakon matar Charles II ta biyu, Sarauniya [[Maria Ana of Neuburg|Maria Anna]] . Sarauniya ta amsa ta hanyar ba da kuɗi, amma hakan bai isa ba. Mijin Luisa, Luis Antonio de los Arcos, yana fatan inganta al'amura ta hanyar neman matsayi a kotu, amma bai yi nasara ba. 

Mijin Roldán ya taka rawa wajen tallata aikinta da kuma faɗaɗa sunanta. Charles II ya ba da umarnin a yi wani sassaka mai suna ''Nazareno'' (&quot;Tuba&quot;), amma, bayan mutuwar Charles, wannan ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin shagon mai zane. Mijinta ya yi ƙoƙarin a aika sassaken zuwa Roma ta hanyar shawarwarin masu tasiri, amma maimakon haka wani gidan sufi a Sisante, Cuenca ya saya shi. 

Roldán ya mutu cikin talauci a Madrid a shekara ta 1706.

== Manyan ayyuka ==
[[Fayil:San_Miguel_venciendo_al_demonio_(La_Roldana).jpg|thumb|''St. Michael Overwhelming the Aljan'', 1692, Gidan Tarihi na Royal Collections, Madrid]]
Ayyukan Roldán suna da alaƙa sosai da &quot;a bayyane yake, gashin da ke da kauri, labule masu walƙiya, da fuskoki masu ban mamaki masu idanu masu laushi, gashin ido mai laushi, kunci mai launin shuɗi, da lebe masu ɗan rabuwa.&quot;  &quot;Girman da aka saka&quot; waɗanda wani lokacin ake lura da su a cikin mala'ikun terracotta nata ba a saba ganin su a cikin ayyukanta da aka yi da itace ba, waɗanda ke da siffa ta gashin ido a buɗe, daidai gwargwado. ''St. Ginés de la Jara'', wacce aka yi a kusa da 1692, yanzu tana Cibiyar Getty . Ba kamar rigar St Michael ɗinta da ke tashi a El Escorial ba, rigar da Getty's San Gines ke sawa tana da shiru sosai. Hotunan da aka yi wa ado waɗanda za a iya danganta su da ita da aminci sun haɗa da siffofi na ''Virgen de la Soledad'', Mary Magdalen, da [[Isa|Yesu]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Cádiz Cofrade - Imaginería&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cádiz Cofrade - Imaginería |url=http://www.cadizcofrade.net/imagineros/roldana.htm |website=cadizcofrade.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɓangaren ''Virgen de la Soledad'' ya bayyana a Cocin Katolika da dama kuma ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa daga azuzuwan zamantakewa daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lenaghan |first=Patrick |date=January 1, 2020 |title=Luisa Roldán's Virgin of Solitude (Virgen De La Soledad) |journal=Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts |volume=94 |pages=54–73 |doi=10.1086/714901 |s2cid=233374320 |via=The University of Chicago Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Cádiz, ayyukanta sun haɗa da mutum-mutumin Anthony na Padua, Ecce Homo, da Saints Servandus da Cermanus . &lt;ref name=&quot;Cádiz Cofrade - Imaginería&quot; /&gt;

Ta kasance kwararriyar mai sassaka. Yawancin ayyukanta sun haɗa da sassaka na addini ga majami'u. Misali, sassaka na tsarkakakkun waliyyai, Mala'ika Mai Tsarki Michael da Maryamu Magadaliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taggard |first=Mindy Nancarrow |date=1998 |title=Luisa Roldán's 'Jesus of Nazareth': The Artist as Spiritual Medium |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |doi=10.2307/1358648 |jstor=1358648}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liana |first=De Girolami Cheney |date=2005 |title=Luisa Ignacia Roldán 'La Roldana': New Attributions to the First Sculptress of Spain, 1652–1706 |journal=Mediterranean Studies |volume=14 |pages=148–168}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take zaune a Madrid, ta kuma yi ƙananan ayyukan terracotta waɗanda suka shahara da ƙananan bourgeoisie . Ana iya amfani da ƙananan ayyukan don ibada ta kai tsaye kuma sun ɗauki nau'ikan al'amuran addini, siffofin ɗan adam da dabbobi.  An yaɗu da kayan aikinta sosai a [[Andalusia]], da kuma a Madrid, Móstoles da Sisante ( Lardin Cuenca ), New York, London, Ontario, Los Angeles da Chicago.

Ana danganta waɗannan sassaka a cikin cocin Sipaniya da ita:

* ''Maryamu Mai Tsarki ta Shiru'' ( ''María Santísima del Silencio'' ), Jaén
* Siffofin katako da aka sassaƙa na San Servando da San Germán, majiɓintan Cádiz, a cikin Cathedral na Cádiz
* Saint Joseph, Iglesia de San Antonio, Cádiz
* Saint Anthony na Padua, Iglesia de Santa Cruz, Cádiz
* Saint John the Baptist, Iglesia de San Antonio de Padua, Cádiz
* ''Uwargidanmu na baƙin ciki na Magunguna'' ( ''Dolorosa de los Remedios'' ), Jerez de la Frontera
* ''Budurwa ta kaɗaita'' ( ''Virgen de la Soledad'' ), Iglesia de la Victoria, Puerto Real
* ''Ecce Homo'', Cádiz Cathedral. 1684. An sassaka itace mai siffar polychrome, 165&amp;nbsp;cm. An tabbatar da ranar ta hanyar wani takarda da aka samu a cikinta yayin gyaran da JM Sánchez Peña ya yi a shekarar 1984. Kan, hannaye, hannaye da kuma tsayin jiki har zuwa kwatangwalo an yi su ne da itacen cedar, sauran kuma har da chlamys an yi su ne da itacen pine . &lt;ref&gt;Antonio Torrejón Díaz: ''Roldana Andalucía Barroca'', 2007. Junta de Andalucía. p. 174. {{ISBN|978-84-8266-717-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ecce Homo'', Córdoba
* ''Kristi na Yafe'', ( ''Cristo del Perdón'' ), Fregenal de la Sierra
* Saint Ferdinand, Babban Cocin Las Palmas, Gran Canaria
* ''Penitent'' ( ''Nazareno'' ), Iglesia de las Hermanas Nazarenas, Sisante

[[Fayil:The_Entombment_of_Christ_LC-2016_482-001.jpg|thumb|''Kabarin Almasihu'' (1701), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan]]
An kashe wani mutum-mutumi na Mary Magdalene a Cádiz da gobara a lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain a shekarar 1936.

Sauran ayyukan da aka fi sani suna cikin tarin kayan tarihi da gidajen tarihi:

* ''St. Michael Ya Cika Aljani'', Gidan Tarihi na Tarin Sarauta, Madrid
* ''Virgo lactans'', Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Seville
* ''Mutuwa ko Farin Ciki na Maryamu Magdalene'', ''Auren Saint Catherine'', Ƙungiyar Hispanic ta Amurka, [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]
* ''Saint Joachim, Saint Ann da Budurwa a matsayin Yara'' ( ''La Virgen niña con San Joaquín y Santa Ana'' ) da ''Matakan Farko na Yesu'' ( ''Los primeros pasos de Jesús'' ), Museum of Fine Arts, Guadalajara, Spain 
* Saint Michael, Gidan Tarihi na Royal Ontario, [[Toronto]], [[Kanada]] .
* ''Budurwar ta bayyana a'' gidan tarihi na Saint James Victoria da Albert, [[Landan|London]], [[Ingila]] .
* ''Kabarin Almasihu'', Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan, New York.
* ''Ilimi ga Budurwa'', LACMA, Los Angeles.
* ''Ilimi na Budurwa'', Gidan Tarihi na Blanton, Austin.

== Salo da hanya ==
An ƙirƙiri salon fasahar Roldán ta hanyar ra'ayinta game da duniya, damar da take da ita na samun albarkatu da kayan da ta yi amfani da su wajen ƙera sassaka masu cikakken bayani. Ta yi amfani da nau'ikan itace guda uku daban-daban don ƙirƙirar wasu sassaka, kamar ''St. Ginés de la Jara'' . Akwai nau'ikan guda biyu da ta fi so waɗanda suke da laushi da laushi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=Jane |date=2011 |title=Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos |journal=Getty Research Journal |volume=3 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1086/grj.3.23005385 |s2cid=192219453}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBassett2011&quot;&gt;Bassett, Jane (2011). &quot;Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos&quot;. ''Getty Research Journal''. '''3''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15–&lt;/span&gt;32. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/grj.3.23005385|10.1086/grj.3.23005385]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192219453 192219453].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Roldán da mahaifinta, Pedro sun yi sassakansu, ''Gines'' da ''Saint Joseph tare da Yaron'', amma suna da sauƙi a nauyi ta hanyar amfani da kayan aiki daga wurare daban-daban a duniya. Dole ne su zaɓi kayan da za su taimaka wa kwanciyar hankalin mutum-mutumin. Misali: sun yi amfani da itacen cypress na Bahar Rum wanda itace ne da ya fito daga Bahar Rum. An yi amfani da itacen cedar na Sipaniya don hannuwa, mafi wahalar ɓangaren sassaka. Bayan samun kayan, Pedro ya yi amfani da wata dabara da aka sani a duk faɗin duniyar fasaha wacce ke huda ɓangaren itace. Roldan da ƙananan guntun itacen za su yi aiki a ƙafafun. Lokacin da ta gama sassaka ƙafafuwa, sai ta yi aiki a fuska. Luisa Roldán ta ƙirƙiri fuska da gemu ta wata hanya ta musamman ta hanyar sassaka abin rufe fuska daga wani tubalin itace wanda daga ƙarshe za a haɗa shi da bayan kai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=Jane |date=2011 |title=Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos |journal=Getty Research Journal |volume=3 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1086/grj.3.23005385 |s2cid=192219453}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBassett2011&quot;&gt;Bassett, Jane (2011). &quot;Process and Collaboration in a Seventeenth-Century Polychrome Sculpture: Luisa Roldán and Tomás de Los Arcos&quot;. ''Getty Research Journal''. '''3''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15–&lt;/span&gt;32. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/grj.3.23005385|10.1086/grj.3.23005385]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192219453 192219453].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe, ta ƙara cikakkun bayanai, kamar ganye da sauran alamu, a tushen sassaka. Daga nan aka ba wa mai zane, Tomás de los Arcos sassaka.

== Gado ==
Luisa Roldán ta rinjayi mata masu fasaha da dama a Seville, Cádiz da Madrid ta hanyar sassaka da kirkire-kirkirenta na fasaha.   Ana ganin mata masu fasaha a matsayin waɗanda ke cikin wani yanki na &quot;na sirri&quot; da kuma maza a wani yanki na &quot;jama'a&quot;.  Lokacin da Roldan ta ƙirƙiri sassaka ta, ta bayyana ayyukanta a bainar jama'a kuma ta canza yadda ake ɗaukar zane a shekarun 1600. Ita mace ce mai zane da aka sani da mai sassaka Sipaniya wadda ta ƙirƙiri sunanta. Ta hanyar zane-zanenta, ta sami damar samun lakabin sarauta a matsayin &quot; ''escultora de camara'' &quot;. Roldán ta sami damar kwatanta shigarta mai suna ''Lives of the Fine Spanish Painters and Sculptors'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, a ƙarni na sha takwas an gano cewa mata sama da casa'in masu fasaha ne masu aiki a Spain da Portugal. Ana gano wasu mata masu fasaha da yawa a lokacin da Roldán ta buga zane-zanenta. Ta share hanyar fasahar kirkire-kirkire wadda ta mayar da hankali kan zane-zane da sassaka na terracotta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan kula ==
&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Ƙarin karatu ==

*  
* Hall-van den Elsen, Catherine ''Fuerza e Intimismo: Luisa Roldan, escultora'', 2018, Madrid, CSIC. {{ISBN|978-84-00-10377-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-84-00-10377-4|&lt;bdi&gt;978-84-00-10377-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
*  
* Catherine, Hall-Van den Elsen. ''Luisa Roldán''. London: Lund Humphries and Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2021. {{ISBN|978-1-60606-732-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-732-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-60606-732-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199920105/obo-9780199920105-0154.xml Oxford Bibliographies Online: Luisa Roldán]
* [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/roldan_luisa.html Artcyclopedia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130313163018/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=3503 Tarihin Luisa Roldán daga Gidan Tarihi na J. Paul Getty]
* [http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/roldana/index.html Nunin: La Roldana's Saint Ginés: Yin Sculpture na Polychrome]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161018174650/http://wwar.com/masters/r/roldan-luisa.html Tarihin Duniyar Fasaha]
{{Authority control (arts)|country=ES}}
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342439405|Nana Gecaga]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Nana Gecaga''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya kuma Shugaba kamfanoni, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa ta Kenyatta (KICC), daga 1 ga Afrilu 2016 zuwa 29 ga Disamba 2022. KICC gini ne mallakar gwamnatin Kenya, wanda ke karbar bakuncin taro, kide-kide da nune-nunen.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biko |first=Jackson |date=17 August 2018 |title=Nana Gecaga on coming into her own as KICC boss |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/profiles/Nana-Gecaga--Growing-Up-as-a-Kenyatta/4258438-4716136-ll8grx/index.html |access-date=20 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Gecaga a Kenya a watan Maris na shekara ta 1978 ga Jeni Wambui, 'yar [[Jomo Kenyatta]], shugaban farko na Kenya (1964-1978), &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muchene |first=Esther |date=April 2018 |title=I used to take 24 beers a day: President Uhuru's niece Nana Gecaga |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001276188/i-used-to-take-24-beers-a-day-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=SDE.Co.Ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Udi Gecaga, ɗan [[Jemimah Gecaga]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maina |first=Anthony |author-link= |date=2 November 2018 |title=The Gecagas wash their dirty linen in public over multi-million house in Muthaiga |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/local/the-gecagas-wash-their-dirty-linen-in-public-over-multi-million-house-in-muthaiga/51869ww |publisher=Pulse Live Kenya |quote=Jeni is married to Bethwel’s son Udi Gecaga - she is also the mother to President Kenyatta’s niece Jomo Gecaga as well as KICC CEO Nana Gecaga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gecaga 'yar uwar Uhuru Kenyatta ce, shugaban Kenya (2013-2022). &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muchene |first=Esther |date=April 2018 |title=I used to take 24 beers a day: President Uhuru's niece Nana Gecaga |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001276188/i-used-to-take-24-beers-a-day-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=SDE.Co.Ke}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuchene2018&quot;&gt;Muchene, Esther (April 2018). [https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001276188/i-used-to-take-24-beers-a-day-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga &quot;I used to take 24 beers a day: President Uhuru's niece Nana Gecaga&quot;]. Nairobi: SDE.Co.Ke&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da digiri na farko a cikin [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallace-tallace]] da aka samu daga Jami'ar InterContinental ta Amurka da ke [[Landan]], Ingila . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kangethe |first=Kennedy |date=4 April 2016 |title=Nana Gecaga named acting KICC Managing Director |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2016/04/nana-gecaga-named-acting-kicc-managing-director/ |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=[[98.4 Capital FM]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Gecaga tana aiki da farko a cikin tallace-tallace na duniya da yawon bude ido. An yaba mata da kasancewa da wani bangare na alhakin nasarar da Kenya ta samu na karbar bakuncin lambar yabo ta MTV Africa Music Awards ta 2009. [1]

Ta taba aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kasuwanci a KICC . Bayan haka, an yi mata aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tallace-tallace da shirye-shirye na musamman ga Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kangethe |first=Kennedy |date=4 April 2016 |title=Nana Gecaga named acting KICC Managing Director |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2016/04/nana-gecaga-named-acting-kicc-managing-director/ |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=[[98.4 Capital FM]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKangethe2016&quot;&gt;Kangethe, Kennedy (4 April 2016). [https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2016/04/nana-gecaga-named-acting-kicc-managing-director/ &quot;Nana Gecaga named acting KICC Managing Director&quot;]. Nairobi: [[98.4 Capital FM]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 1 ga Afrilu 2016, Najib Balala, Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, ya nada Gecaga a matsayin mukaddashin manajan darakta na Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa ta Kenyatta, har sai an zabi babban Shugaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kangethe |first=Kennedy |date=4 April 2016 |title=Nana Gecaga named acting KICC Managing Director |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2016/04/nana-gecaga-named-acting-kicc-managing-director/ |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=[[98.4 Capital FM]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKangethe2016&quot;&gt;Kangethe, Kennedy (4 April 2016). [https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2016/04/nana-gecaga-named-acting-kicc-managing-director/ &quot;Nana Gecaga named acting KICC Managing Director&quot;]. Nairobi: [[98.4 Capital FM]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Gecaga uwa ce mai 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wanjohi |first=John |date=17 August 2018 |title=I Can't Find a Lover, 40-Year-Old President Uhuru's Niece Nana Gecaga Says |url=https://www.mwakilishi.com/article/lifestyle-news/2018-08-17/i-cant-find-a-lover-40-year-old-president-uhurus-niece-nana-gechaga |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=Mwakilishi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2018, an zabe ta mataimakiyar shugaban reshen Afirka na Kungiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa (ICCA). &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mbuthia |first=Wanja |date=10 July 2018 |title=Uhuru's niece, Nana Gecaga lands lucrative International job |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2001287452/uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga-lands-lucrative-international-job |access-date=20 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita mashayi ce mai warkewa, kuma ta kasance mai natsuwa tun 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muli |first=Davis |date=July 2018 |title=This is my biggest regret in life: President Uhuru's niece Nana Gecaga |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001284832/this-is-my-biggest-regret-in-life-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820235147/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001284832/this-is-my-biggest-regret-in-life-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |archive-date=20 August 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=SDE.Co.Ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Nana Gecaga''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya kuma Shugaba kamfanoni, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa ta Kenyatta (KICC), daga 1 ga Afrilu 2016 zuwa 29 ga Disamba 2022. KICC gini ne mallakar gwamnatin Kenya, wanda ke karbar bakuncin taro, kide-kide da nune-nunen.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biko |first=Jackson |date=17 August 2018 |title=Nana Gecaga on coming into her own as KICC boss |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/profiles/Nana-Gecaga--Growing-Up-as-a-Kenyatta/4258438-4716136-ll8grx/index.html |access-date=20 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Gecaga a Kenya a watan Maris na shekara ta 1978 ga Jeni Wambui, 'yar [[Jomo Kenyatta]], shugaban farko na Kenya (1964-1978), &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muchene |first=Esther |date=April 2018 |title=I used to take 24 beers a day: President Uhuru's niece Nana Gecaga |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001276188/i-used-to-take-24-beers-a-day-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=SDE.Co.Ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Udi Gecaga, ɗan [[Jemimah Gecaga]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maina |first=Anthony |author-link= |date=2 November 2018 |title=The Gecagas wash their dirty linen in public over multi-million house in Muthaiga |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/local/the-gecagas-wash-their-dirty-linen-in-public-over-multi-million-house-in-muthaiga/51869ww |publisher=Pulse Live Kenya |quote=Jeni is married to Bethwel’s son Udi Gecaga - she is also the mother to President Kenyatta’s niece Jomo Gecaga as well as KICC CEO Nana Gecaga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gecaga 'yar uwar Uhuru Kenyatta ce, shugaban Kenya (2013-2022). &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muchene |first=Esther |date=April 2018 |title=I used to take 24 beers a day: President Uhuru's niece Nana Gecaga |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001276188/i-used-to-take-24-beers-a-day-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=SDE.Co.Ke}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuchene2018&quot;&gt;Muchene, Esther (April 2018). [https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001276188/i-used-to-take-24-beers-a-day-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga &quot;I used to take 24 beers a day: President Uhuru's niece Nana Gecaga&quot;]. Nairobi: SDE.Co.Ke&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da digiri na farko a cikin [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallace-tallace]] da aka samu daga Jami'ar InterContinental ta Amurka da ke [[Landan]], Ingila . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kangethe |first=Kennedy |date=4 April 2016 |title=Nana Gecaga named acting KICC Managing Director |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2016/04/nana-gecaga-named-acting-kicc-managing-director/ |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=[[98.4 Capital FM]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Gecaga tana aiki da farko a cikin tallace-tallace na duniya da yawon bude ido. An yaba mata da kasancewa da wani bangare na alhakin nasarar da Kenya ta samu na karbar bakuncin lambar yabo ta MTV Africa Music Awards ta 2009. [1]

Ta taba aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kasuwanci a KICC . Bayan haka, an yi mata aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tallace-tallace da shirye-shirye na musamman ga Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kangethe |first=Kennedy |date=4 April 2016 |title=Nana Gecaga named acting KICC Managing Director |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2016/04/nana-gecaga-named-acting-kicc-managing-director/ |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=[[98.4 Capital FM]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKangethe2016&quot;&gt;Kangethe, Kennedy (4 April 2016). [https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2016/04/nana-gecaga-named-acting-kicc-managing-director/ &quot;Nana Gecaga named acting KICC Managing Director&quot;]. Nairobi: [[98.4 Capital FM]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 1 ga Afrilu 2016, Najib Balala, Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, ya nada Gecaga a matsayin mukaddashin manajan darakta na Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa ta Kenyatta, har sai an zabi babban Shugaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kangethe |first=Kennedy |date=4 April 2016 |title=Nana Gecaga named acting KICC Managing Director |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2016/04/nana-gecaga-named-acting-kicc-managing-director/ |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=[[98.4 Capital FM]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKangethe2016&quot;&gt;Kangethe, Kennedy (4 April 2016). [https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2016/04/nana-gecaga-named-acting-kicc-managing-director/ &quot;Nana Gecaga named acting KICC Managing Director&quot;]. Nairobi: [[98.4 Capital FM]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Gecaga uwa ce mai 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wanjohi |first=John |date=17 August 2018 |title=I Can't Find a Lover, 40-Year-Old President Uhuru's Niece Nana Gecaga Says |url=https://www.mwakilishi.com/article/lifestyle-news/2018-08-17/i-cant-find-a-lover-40-year-old-president-uhurus-niece-nana-gechaga |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=Mwakilishi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2018, an zabe ta mataimakiyar shugaban reshen Afirka na Kungiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa (ICCA). &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mbuthia |first=Wanja |date=10 July 2018 |title=Uhuru's niece, Nana Gecaga lands lucrative International job |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2001287452/uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga-lands-lucrative-international-job |access-date=20 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita mashayi ce mai warkewa, kuma ta kasance mai natsuwa tun 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muli |first=Davis |date=July 2018 |title=This is my biggest regret in life: President Uhuru's niece Nana Gecaga |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001284832/this-is-my-biggest-regret-in-life-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820235147/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001284832/this-is-my-biggest-regret-in-life-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |archive-date=20 August 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=SDE.Co.Ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
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'''Nana Gecaga''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya kuma Shugaba kamfanoni, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa ta Kenyatta (KICC), daga 1 ga Afrilu 2016 zuwa 29 ga Disamba 2022. KICC gini ne mallakar gwamnatin Kenya, wanda ke karbar bakuncin taro, kide-kide da nune-nunen.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biko |first=Jackson |date=17 August 2018 |title=Nana Gecaga on coming into her own as KICC boss |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/profiles/Nana-Gecaga--Growing-Up-as-a-Kenyatta/4258438-4716136-ll8grx/index.html |access-date=20 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Gecaga a Kenya a watan Maris na shekara ta 1978 ga Jeni Wambui, 'yar [[Jomo Kenyatta]], shugaban farko na Kenya (1964-1978), &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muchene |first=Esther |date=April 2018 |title=I used to take 24 beers a day: President Uhuru's niece Nana Gecaga |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001276188/i-used-to-take-24-beers-a-day-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=SDE.Co.Ke |archive-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820235208/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001276188/i-used-to-take-24-beers-a-day-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da Udi Gecaga, ɗan [[Jemimah Gecaga]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maina |first=Anthony |author-link= |date=2 November 2018 |title=The Gecagas wash their dirty linen in public over multi-million house in Muthaiga |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/local/the-gecagas-wash-their-dirty-linen-in-public-over-multi-million-house-in-muthaiga/51869ww |publisher=Pulse Live Kenya |quote=Jeni is married to Bethwel’s son Udi Gecaga - she is also the mother to President Kenyatta’s niece Jomo Gecaga as well as KICC CEO Nana Gecaga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gecaga 'yar uwar Uhuru Kenyatta ce, shugaban Kenya (2013-2022). &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;/&gt;

Tana da digiri na farko a cikin [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallace-tallace]] da aka samu daga Jami'ar InterContinental ta Amurka da ke [[Landan]], Ingila . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kangethe |first=Kennedy |date=4 April 2016 |title=Nana Gecaga named acting KICC Managing Director |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2016/04/nana-gecaga-named-acting-kicc-managing-director/ |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=[[98.4 Capital FM]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Gecaga tana aiki da farko a cikin tallace-tallace na duniya da yawon bude ido. An yaba mata da kasancewa da wani bangare na alhakin nasarar da Kenya ta samu na karbar bakuncin lambar yabo ta MTV Africa Music Awards ta 2009. [1]

Ta taba aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kasuwanci a KICC . Bayan haka, an yi mata aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tallace-tallace da shirye-shirye na musamman ga Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;/&gt;

Daga 1 ga Afrilu 2016, Najib Balala, Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, ya nada Gecaga a matsayin mukaddashin manajan darakta na Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa ta Kenyatta, har sai an zabi babban Shugaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;/&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Gecaga uwa ce mai 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wanjohi |first=John |date=17 August 2018 |title=I Can't Find a Lover, 40-Year-Old President Uhuru's Niece Nana Gecaga Says |url=https://www.mwakilishi.com/article/lifestyle-news/2018-08-17/i-cant-find-a-lover-40-year-old-president-uhurus-niece-nana-gechaga |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=Mwakilishi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2018, an zabe ta mataimakiyar shugaban reshen Afirka na Kungiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa (ICCA). &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mbuthia |first=Wanja |date=10 July 2018 |title=Uhuru's niece, Nana Gecaga lands lucrative International job |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2001287452/uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga-lands-lucrative-international-job |access-date=20 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita mashayi ce mai warkewa, kuma ta kasance mai natsuwa tun 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muli |first=Davis |date=July 2018 |title=This is my biggest regret in life: President Uhuru's niece Nana Gecaga |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001284832/this-is-my-biggest-regret-in-life-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820235147/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001284832/this-is-my-biggest-regret-in-life-president-uhuru-s-niece-nana-gecaga |archive-date=20 August 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018 |publisher=SDE.Co.Ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carole Kariuki</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343381819|Carole Kariuki]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Carole Kariuki''' shugabar kasuwanci ce a Kenya, wacce ita ce babban jami'in zartarwa na Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA), ƙungiyar masana'antu da ke wakiltar da kuma fafutuka a madadin kasuwancin Kenya da masana'antu.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SAGAMORE |date=2011 |title=Carole Kariuki, Senior Fellow: Kariuki joins ISOKO as the CEO of Kenya Private Sector Alliance |url=https://www.sagamoreinstitute.org/leadership/carole-kariuki |access-date=18 November 2017 |publisher=Sagamore Institute (SAGAMORE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Kariuki ne a yankin Nakuru, kusa da [[Jami'ar Egerton]] a shekara ta 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chege |first=Njoki |date=24 July 2011 |title=Seeing Kenya's Economy Grow Is My Dream |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000039490/seeing-kenya-s-economy-grow-is-my-dream |access-date=18 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shigar da ita a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko (BA) a fannin Tattalin Arziki da zamantakewa. Daga baya, ta sami tallafin karatu don halartar Jami'ar Jihar Bowling Green a Bowling Green, Ohio, a Amurka, inda ta kammala karatu tare da Jagora na Gudanar da Jama'a da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KEPSA |date=18 November 2017 |title=Carole Kariuki, Chief Executive Officer, Kenya Private Sector Alliance: Short Biography |url=https://kepsa.or.ke/portfolio-items/carole-kariuki/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724045242/http://kepsa.or.ke/portfolio-items/carole-kariuki/ |archive-date=24 July 2018 |access-date=18 November 2017 |publisher=Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kariuki mu ne babban jami'in zartarwa na Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA), ƙungiyar masana'antu da ke wakiltar da kuma fafutuka a madadin kasuwancin Kenya da masana'antu.[1] Har ila yau, yana ba da shawara ga masu tsara manufofi game da hanya mafi kyau don tsara dokokin gida da na yanki don inganta ci gaban tattalin arzikin Kenya yadda ya kamata. KEPSA tana sanar da kuma ilimantar da kamfanonin membobinta game da ayyukan kasuwanci mafi kyau, alhakin hadin gwiwa, kiyaye muhalli, wajibai na zamantakewa da halaye na kasuwanci.[2]


== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Carole Kariuki''' shugabar kasuwanci ce a Kenya, wacce ita ce babban jami'in zartarwa na Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA), ƙungiyar masana'antu da ke wakiltar da kuma fafutuka a madadin kasuwancin Kenya da masana'antu.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SAGAMORE |date=2011 |title=Carole Kariuki, Senior Fellow: Kariuki joins ISOKO as the CEO of Kenya Private Sector Alliance |url=https://www.sagamoreinstitute.org/leadership/carole-kariuki |access-date=18 November 2017 |publisher=Sagamore Institute (SAGAMORE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Kariuki ne a yankin Nakuru, kusa da [[Jami'ar Egerton]] a shekara ta 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chege |first=Njoki |date=24 July 2011 |title=Seeing Kenya's Economy Grow Is My Dream |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000039490/seeing-kenya-s-economy-grow-is-my-dream |access-date=18 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shigar da ita a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko (BA) a fannin Tattalin Arziki da zamantakewa. Daga baya, ta sami tallafin karatu don halartar Jami'ar Jihar Bowling Green a Bowling Green, Ohio, a Amurka, inda ta kammala karatu tare da Jagora na Gudanar da Jama'a da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KEPSA |date=18 November 2017 |title=Carole Kariuki, Chief Executive Officer, Kenya Private Sector Alliance: Short Biography |url=https://kepsa.or.ke/portfolio-items/carole-kariuki/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724045242/http://kepsa.or.ke/portfolio-items/carole-kariuki/ |archive-date=24 July 2018 |access-date=18 November 2017 |publisher=Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kariuki mu ne babban jami'in zartarwa na Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA), ƙungiyar masana'antu da ke wakiltar da kuma fafutuka a madadin kasuwancin Kenya da masana'antu.[1] Har ila yau, yana ba da shawara ga masu tsara manufofi game da hanya mafi kyau don tsara dokokin gida da na yanki don inganta ci gaban tattalin arzikin Kenya yadda ya kamata. KEPSA tana sanar da kuma ilimantar da kamfanonin membobinta game da ayyukan kasuwanci mafi kyau, alhakin hadin gwiwa, kiyaye muhalli, wajibai na zamantakewa da halaye na kasuwanci.[2]


== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rita Kavashe</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344006489|Rita Kavashe]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Rita Kavashe''' 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya kuma shugabar kamfanin da ke gudanarwa wacce ita ce babban jami'in gudanarwa na Isuzu Motors East Africa Limited, kamfanin mallakar Gabashin Afirka na kamfanin kera motoci na Japan, Isuzu . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njiraini Muchira |date=26 September 2020 |title=Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 |access-date=28 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=10 May 2012 |first=Thursday |date=25 December 2020 |title=Sheer hard work got Rita where she is today |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/sheer-hard-work-got-rita-where-she-is-today--2005630 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma zauna a kan allon kusan rabin kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Market Screener |date=28 September 2020 |title=Biography of Rita Kavashe |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Rita-Kavashe-0GWNLR-E/biography/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |publisher=Marketscreener.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta kuma ta girma a yankin Taita-Taveta, a kudu maso gabashin Kenya . Bayan ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida, an shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Moi]] a shekarar 1988, inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Ilimi. Daga baya, ta yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], inda ta sami digiri na Master of Business Administration, a shekara ta 2005. Ta kuma halarci Shirin Jagoran Kasuwanci a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, a cikin 2013. Bugu da kari, ita ce kociyar zartarwa da aka tabbatar da ita ta Cibiyar Kocin zartarwa (AOEC), ta Ingila.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njiraini Muchira |date=26 September 2020 |title=Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 |access-date=28 September 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNjiraini_Muchira2020&quot;&gt;Njiraini Muchira (26 September 2020). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 &quot;Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Market Screener |date=28 September 2020 |title=Biography of Rita Kavashe |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Rita-Kavashe-0GWNLR-E/biography/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |publisher=Marketscreener.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMarket_Screener2020&quot;&gt;Market Screener (28 September 2020). [https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Rita-Kavashe-0GWNLR-E/biography/ &quot;Biography of Rita Kavashe&quot;]. Annecy, France: Marketscreener.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kavashe ya fara ne a shekarar 1995, ba da daɗewa ba bayan jami'a, a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace a General Motors East Africa Limited. Ta rike manyan mukamai da yawa a tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiye, a tsawon shekaru. Ta shafe watanni shida tana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2010, a wuraren kamfanin a wannan ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njiraini Muchira |date=26 September 2020 |title=Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 |access-date=28 September 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNjiraini_Muchira2020&quot;&gt;Njiraini Muchira (26 September 2020). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 &quot;Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2011, an nada ta a matsayin manajan darakta na General Motors East Africa Limited . A wannan lokacin, kamfanin shine mafi girman mai tara motoci, wanda ke zaune a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya. Lokacin da Isuzu ta sami mafi yawan hannun jari a cikin kamfanin a cikin 2015, Kavashe ya ci gaba da zama manajan darektan. A karkashin jagorancinta, an sake komawa layin taro don manyan motoci daga Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Kenya, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka 150.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njiraini Muchira |date=26 September 2020 |title=Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 |access-date=28 September 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNjiraini_Muchira2020&quot;&gt;Njiraini Muchira (26 September 2020). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 &quot;Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Ya zuwa watan Satumba, ban da nauyin da take da shi a Shugaba na Isuzu East Africa Limited, Rita Kavashe tana aiki a lokaci guda a cikin matsayi masu zuwa: [1] 1. Shugaban Kungiyar Masana'antar Motar Kenya 2. memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Motoci ta Kenya 3. Darakta mai zaman kansa wanda ba zartarwa ba a Bamburi Cement Company Limited 4. Shugaban mai zaman kansa wanda ba mai zartarwa ba na British American Tobacco Kenya Limited . [1][2]

Bugu da ƙari, ita ma: 5. memba na kwamitin Kenya Vision 2030 6. Shugaban kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Hanyoyi ta Kenya da Hukumar Kula da Sufuri da Tsaro ta Kasa da 7. Kwamitin Gudanarwa na memba a Kungiyar Masana'antu ta Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Market Screener |date=28 September 2020 |title=Biography of Rita Kavashe |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Rita-Kavashe-0GWNLR-E/biography/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |publisher=Marketscreener.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMarket_Screener2020&quot;&gt;Market Screener (28 September 2020). [https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Rita-Kavashe-0GWNLR-E/biography/ &quot;Biography of Rita Kavashe&quot;]. Annecy, France: Marketscreener.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Sufuri a Kenya
* [[Anne Muraya]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Rita Kavashe''' 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya kuma shugabar kamfanin da ke gudanarwa wacce ita ce babban jami'in gudanarwa na Isuzu Motors East Africa Limited, kamfanin mallakar Gabashin Afirka na kamfanin kera motoci na Japan, Isuzu . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njiraini Muchira |date=26 September 2020 |title=Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 |access-date=28 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=10 May 2012 |first=Thursday |date=25 December 2020 |title=Sheer hard work got Rita where she is today |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/sheer-hard-work-got-rita-where-she-is-today--2005630 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma zauna a kan allon kusan rabin kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Market Screener |date=28 September 2020 |title=Biography of Rita Kavashe |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Rita-Kavashe-0GWNLR-E/biography/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |publisher=Marketscreener.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta kuma ta girma a yankin Taita-Taveta, a kudu maso gabashin Kenya . Bayan ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida, an shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Moi]] a shekarar 1988, inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Ilimi. Daga baya, ta yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], inda ta sami digiri na Master of Business Administration, a shekara ta 2005. Ta kuma halarci Shirin Jagoran Kasuwanci a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, a cikin 2013. Bugu da kari, ita ce kociyar zartarwa da aka tabbatar da ita ta Cibiyar Kocin zartarwa (AOEC), ta Ingila.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njiraini Muchira |date=26 September 2020 |title=Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 |access-date=28 September 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNjiraini_Muchira2020&quot;&gt;Njiraini Muchira (26 September 2020). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 &quot;Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Market Screener |date=28 September 2020 |title=Biography of Rita Kavashe |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Rita-Kavashe-0GWNLR-E/biography/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |publisher=Marketscreener.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMarket_Screener2020&quot;&gt;Market Screener (28 September 2020). [https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Rita-Kavashe-0GWNLR-E/biography/ &quot;Biography of Rita Kavashe&quot;]. Annecy, France: Marketscreener.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kavashe ya fara ne a shekarar 1995, ba da daɗewa ba bayan jami'a, a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace a General Motors East Africa Limited. Ta rike manyan mukamai da yawa a tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiye, a tsawon shekaru. Ta shafe watanni shida tana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2010, a wuraren kamfanin a wannan ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njiraini Muchira |date=26 September 2020 |title=Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 |access-date=28 September 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNjiraini_Muchira2020&quot;&gt;Njiraini Muchira (26 September 2020). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 &quot;Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2011, an nada ta a matsayin manajan darakta na General Motors East Africa Limited . A wannan lokacin, kamfanin shine mafi girman mai tara motoci, wanda ke zaune a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya. Lokacin da Isuzu ta sami mafi yawan hannun jari a cikin kamfanin a cikin 2015, Kavashe ya ci gaba da zama manajan darektan. A karkashin jagorancinta, an sake komawa layin taro don manyan motoci daga Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Kenya, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka 150.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njiraini Muchira |date=26 September 2020 |title=Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 |access-date=28 September 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNjiraini_Muchira2020&quot;&gt;Njiraini Muchira (26 September 2020). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/rita-kavashe-shattering-stereotypes-in-the-world-of-vehicles-2372166 &quot;Rita Kavashe: Shattering stereotypes in the world of vehicles&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Ya zuwa watan Satumba, ban da nauyin da take da shi a Shugaba na Isuzu East Africa Limited, Rita Kavashe tana aiki a lokaci guda a cikin matsayi masu zuwa: [1] 1. Shugaban Kungiyar Masana'antar Motar Kenya 2. memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Motoci ta Kenya 3. Darakta mai zaman kansa wanda ba zartarwa ba a Bamburi Cement Company Limited 4. Shugaban mai zaman kansa wanda ba mai zartarwa ba na British American Tobacco Kenya Limited . [1][2]

Bugu da ƙari, ita ma: 5. memba na kwamitin Kenya Vision 2030 6. Shugaban kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Hanyoyi ta Kenya da Hukumar Kula da Sufuri da Tsaro ta Kasa da 7. Kwamitin Gudanarwa na memba a Kungiyar Masana'antu ta Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Market Screener |date=28 September 2020 |title=Biography of Rita Kavashe |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Rita-Kavashe-0GWNLR-E/biography/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |publisher=Marketscreener.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMarket_Screener2020&quot;&gt;Market Screener (28 September 2020). [https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Rita-Kavashe-0GWNLR-E/biography/ &quot;Biography of Rita Kavashe&quot;]. Annecy, France: Marketscreener.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Sufuri a Kenya
* [[Anne Muraya]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Annastacia Kimtai</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340530446|Annastacia Kimtai]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Annastacia Kimtai''' 'yar bankin Kenya ce, 'yar kasuwa kuma shugabar kamfanoni, wacce ke aiki a matsayin manajan darakta da kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na KCB Bank Kenya Limited, reshen Kenya na KCB Group, babban kamfanin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa da ke da hedikwata a Kenya tare da rassan banki a cikin kasashe bakwai na Gabashin Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esther Nyambura |date=13 April 2023 |title=KCB appoints Annastacia Kimtai new Managing Director of Kenya unit |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001470855/kcb-appoints-annastacia-kimtai-new-managing-director-of-kenya-unit |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[The Standard (Kenya)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta ɗauki sabon matsayinta daga ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2023. Kafin wannan, na watanni huɗu tsakanin Disamba 2022 da Afrilu 2023, ta yi aiki a matsayin MD / Shugaba na Bankin KCB Kenya a matsayin mai aiki. Kafin wannan, na tsawon shekaru 11, ta kasance Daraktan Bankin Retail a wannan ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esther Nyambura |date=13 April 2023 |title=KCB appoints Annastacia Kimtai new Managing Director of Kenya unit |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001470855/kcb-appoints-annastacia-kimtai-new-managing-director-of-kenya-unit |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[The Standard (Kenya)]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEsther_Nyambura2023&quot;&gt;Esther Nyambura (13 April 2023). [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001470855/kcb-appoints-annastacia-kimtai-new-managing-director-of-kenya-unit &quot;KCB appoints Annastacia Kimtai new Managing Director of Kenya unit&quot;]. ''[[The Standard (Kenya)]]''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 October&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FAFW2020 |date=May 2020 |title=Brief Biography of Annastacia Kimtai, Retail Banking Director At KCB Bank Kenya Limited |url=https://we-fi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Annastacia-Kimtai-Biography-Finance-Alliance-For-Women-2020.pdf |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Finance Alliance For Women 2020 (FAFW2020)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
An shigar da ita a Jami'ar Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar (tsohuwar [[Agra]]_University&quot; id=&quot;mwIA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Agra University&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Agra) a Agra, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Indiya. Daga can, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma Master of Arts a fannin Tattalin Arziki na Karkara. Daga baya, ta kammala karatu tare da MBA a cikin Gudanar da Dabarun. Ta horar da Babban Shirin Zartarwa a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, a tsakanin sauran shirye-shiryen jagoranci da gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esther Nyambura |date=13 April 2023 |title=KCB appoints Annastacia Kimtai new Managing Director of Kenya unit |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001470855/kcb-appoints-annastacia-kimtai-new-managing-director-of-kenya-unit |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[The Standard (Kenya)]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEsther_Nyambura2023&quot;&gt;Esther Nyambura (13 April 2023). [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001470855/kcb-appoints-annastacia-kimtai-new-managing-director-of-kenya-unit &quot;KCB appoints Annastacia Kimtai new Managing Director of Kenya unit&quot;]. ''[[The Standard (Kenya)]]''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 October&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Felix Ochieng |date=13 April 2023 |title=Annastacia Kimtai Appointed KCB Bank Kenya Managing Director |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/annastacia-kimtai-new-kcb-bank-kenya-md/ |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara ne a matsayin mai horar da digiri a wani reshe na banki a Mombasa a shekarar 1998. An ɗaukaka ta zuwa manajan reshe a shekara ta 2004. A shekara ta 2011, an nada ta a matsayin darakta na banki na tallace-tallace a reshen Kenya na KCB Group Plc, rawar da ta yi har sai an nada ta Shugaba / MD na KCB Bank Kenya Limited . [1][2]

Nadin ta ya yi daidai da jagororin Babban Bankin Kenya waɗanda ke ba da shawarar rabuwa da ayyukan Shugaba / MD na kamfanin mai riƙewa (Darakta mai kula da rukuni / babban jami'in zartarwa) daga waɗanda ke cikin Shugabannin rassan kungiyar. Annastacia Kimtai ita ce mutum na farko da ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Bankin KCB Kenya Limited, rawar da Shugaba KCB Group Plc ya yi a baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick Alushula |date=13 April 2023 |title=KCB Group picks insider as first CEO of Kenya unit |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/kcb-group-picks-insider-f-irst-ceo-of-kenya-unit-4196946 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na Mutum ==
Ita ce mahaifiyar da ta yi aure da yara uku, 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya. Tana da bangaskiyar [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson Biko |date=12 April 2024 |title=The one trait Anastacia Kimtai banks on for career growth |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/the-one-trait-anastacia-kimtai-banks-on-for-career-growth--4587468 |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A matsayinta na Shugaba / Manajan Darakta na KCB Bank Kenya Limited, tana zaune a kan allon KCB Group Plc, KCB Bank Kenya da KCB Group Foundation . &lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KCB Group |date=21 October 2023 |title=About Us: Our Leaders: Board of Directors and Executive Management |url=https://ke.kcbgroup.com/about-us/our-leaders |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[KCB Group|KCB Group Plc]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin bankunan a Kenya
* Jerin bankunan Afirka

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Annastacia Kimtai''' 'yar bankin Kenya ce, 'yar kasuwa kuma shugabar kamfanoni, wacce ke aiki a matsayin manajan darakta da kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na KCB Bank Kenya Limited, reshen Kenya na KCB Group, babban kamfanin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa da ke da hedikwata a Kenya tare da rassan banki a cikin kasashe bakwai na Gabashin Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esther Nyambura |date=13 April 2023 |title=KCB appoints Annastacia Kimtai new Managing Director of Kenya unit |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001470855/kcb-appoints-annastacia-kimtai-new-managing-director-of-kenya-unit |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[The Standard (Kenya)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta ɗauki sabon matsayinta daga ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2023. Kafin wannan, na watanni huɗu tsakanin Disamba 2022 da Afrilu 2023, ta yi aiki a matsayin MD / Shugaba na Bankin KCB Kenya a matsayin mai aiki. Kafin wannan, na tsawon shekaru 11, ta kasance Daraktan Bankin Retail a wannan ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esther Nyambura |date=13 April 2023 |title=KCB appoints Annastacia Kimtai new Managing Director of Kenya unit |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001470855/kcb-appoints-annastacia-kimtai-new-managing-director-of-kenya-unit |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[The Standard (Kenya)]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEsther_Nyambura2023&quot;&gt;Esther Nyambura (13 April 2023). [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001470855/kcb-appoints-annastacia-kimtai-new-managing-director-of-kenya-unit &quot;KCB appoints Annastacia Kimtai new Managing Director of Kenya unit&quot;]. ''[[The Standard (Kenya)]]''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 October&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FAFW2020 |date=May 2020 |title=Brief Biography of Annastacia Kimtai, Retail Banking Director At KCB Bank Kenya Limited |url=https://we-fi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Annastacia-Kimtai-Biography-Finance-Alliance-For-Women-2020.pdf |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Finance Alliance For Women 2020 (FAFW2020)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
An shigar da ita a Jami'ar Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar (tsohuwar [[Agra]]_University&quot; id=&quot;mwIA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Agra University&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Agra) a Agra, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Indiya. Daga can, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma Master of Arts a fannin Tattalin Arziki na Karkara. Daga baya, ta kammala karatu tare da MBA a cikin Gudanar da Dabarun. Ta horar da Babban Shirin Zartarwa a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, a tsakanin sauran shirye-shiryen jagoranci da gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esther Nyambura |date=13 April 2023 |title=KCB appoints Annastacia Kimtai new Managing Director of Kenya unit |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001470855/kcb-appoints-annastacia-kimtai-new-managing-director-of-kenya-unit |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[The Standard (Kenya)]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEsther_Nyambura2023&quot;&gt;Esther Nyambura (13 April 2023). [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001470855/kcb-appoints-annastacia-kimtai-new-managing-director-of-kenya-unit &quot;KCB appoints Annastacia Kimtai new Managing Director of Kenya unit&quot;]. ''[[The Standard (Kenya)]]''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 October&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Felix Ochieng |date=13 April 2023 |title=Annastacia Kimtai Appointed KCB Bank Kenya Managing Director |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/annastacia-kimtai-new-kcb-bank-kenya-md/ |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara ne a matsayin mai horar da digiri a wani reshe na banki a Mombasa a shekarar 1998. An ɗaukaka ta zuwa manajan reshe a shekara ta 2004. A shekara ta 2011, an nada ta a matsayin darakta na banki na tallace-tallace a reshen Kenya na KCB Group Plc, rawar da ta yi har sai an nada ta Shugaba / MD na KCB Bank Kenya Limited . [1][2]

Nadin ta ya yi daidai da jagororin Babban Bankin Kenya waɗanda ke ba da shawarar rabuwa da ayyukan Shugaba / MD na kamfanin mai riƙewa (Darakta mai kula da rukuni / babban jami'in zartarwa) daga waɗanda ke cikin Shugabannin rassan kungiyar. Annastacia Kimtai ita ce mutum na farko da ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Bankin KCB Kenya Limited, rawar da Shugaba KCB Group Plc ya yi a baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick Alushula |date=13 April 2023 |title=KCB Group picks insider as first CEO of Kenya unit |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/kcb-group-picks-insider-f-irst-ceo-of-kenya-unit-4196946 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na Mutum ==
Ita ce mahaifiyar da ta yi aure da yara uku, 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya. Tana da bangaskiyar [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson Biko |date=12 April 2024 |title=The one trait Anastacia Kimtai banks on for career growth |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/the-one-trait-anastacia-kimtai-banks-on-for-career-growth--4587468 |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A matsayinta na Shugaba / Manajan Darakta na KCB Bank Kenya Limited, tana zaune a kan allon KCB Group Plc, KCB Bank Kenya da KCB Group Foundation . &lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KCB Group |date=21 October 2023 |title=About Us: Our Leaders: Board of Directors and Executive Management |url=https://ke.kcbgroup.com/about-us/our-leaders |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[KCB Group|KCB Group Plc]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin bankunan a Kenya
* Jerin bankunan Afirka

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>8dwxap9askfcwq8ci9d2cc91abfziov</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Julia Grant</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342461771|Julia Grant]]&quot;</comment>
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Julia Boggs Grant ( née Dent ; Janairu 26, 1826 - Disamba 14, 1902) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka kuma matar Shugaba Ulysses S. Grant . A matsayinta na matar shugaban kasa, ta zama mace ta farko a matsayin da ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta. [1] An buga tarihin rayuwarta, The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, bayan mutuwarta a shekarar 1975.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Julia Boggs Dent a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1826, a gonar White Haven da ke yammacin [[St. Louis]], Missouri.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayenta su ne Frederick Dent (1787–1873), mai shuka da kuma ɗan kasuwa, kuma Ellen Wrenshall Dent. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Frederick ya bauta wa 'yan Afirka kusan 30, waɗanda ya 'yanta ne kawai lokacin da doka ta tilasta masa, bayan da a da ya ƙi amincewa da hujjojin ɗabi'a game da bauta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Iyalinta 'yan asalin Ingila ne, kuma an haifi mahaifiyarta a Ingila. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Dent Grant |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/julia-dent-grant.htm#:~:text=Grant)%2C%20the%20first%20memoir%20to,written%20by%20a%20First%20Lady.&amp;text=Julia%20Boggs%20Dent%20was%20the,adulthood%20and%20the%20first%20girl |publisher=National Park Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ellen Wrenshall Dent (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/ellen-wrenshall-dent.htm#:~:text=Ellen%20Wrenshall%20Dent%20was%20the,family%20moved%20to%20Pittsburgh%2C%20Pennsylvania}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta girma a gonar iyalinta, White Haven, inda mahaifinta, Frederick Dent, ya samar da gida mai daɗi da kuɗi. Tarbiyar Dent ta kare ta daga wahala, daga baya ta tuna cewa rayuwa a White Haven, gami da ma'aikatan iyali da aka bautar, sun yi kama da tata. [1] An bayyana Grant a matsayin mai jin kunya, mai mafaka, kuma an keɓe ta daga rayuwar siyasa ko duniyar da ta wuce da'irar zamantakewar iyalinta. Bayani ya nuna ta da ƙarancin fallasa ga kula da gida ko rayuwar jama'a. [2]

Grant, wata 'yar uwa ce ta uwa ga Janar James Longstreet, ɗan Confederate, ita ce ta biyar cikin 'ya'ya takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, Grant ta bayyana yarinta a matsayin &quot;dogon lokacin bazara na hasken rana, furanni, da murmushi&quot;. 

A kusan 1831–1836, Julia ta halarci Makarantar Gravois, wani gidan makaranta mai ɗaki ɗaya da aka gina tare da ilimi a St. Louis. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara 10 zuwa 17, Grant ya halarci Kwalejin Mauro for Young Ladies da ke St. Louis tare da 'ya'yan wasu iyaye masu arziki.  Grant ɗalibi ne na kwana a lokacin makon kuma ya dawo gida zuwa White Haven a ƙarshen mako. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Iyalan Dent suna da matuƙar hulɗa da jama'a, tare da baƙi daga cikin fitattun mutane na Cincinnati, Louisville, da Pittsburgh. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; William Clark, mai bincike da ɗan siyasa Alexander McNair, abokan iyali ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Tun tana ƙarama, Grant ƙwararren mai buga piano ne, ƙwararren mai doki, kuma mai karanta littattafai masu yawan gaske. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Strabismus ==
An haifi Grant da ciwon strabismus (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;ido mai giciye&quot;), wanda ke hana idanun biyu yin layi a hanya ɗaya. Lokacin da take ƙarama, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun likitocin tiyata a ƙasar ta ba da shawarar yin tiyata mai sauƙi wadda za ta gyara su. Duk da haka, Grant ba ta son yin tiyatar, kuma ta ƙi. 

Grant ya damu da yanayin idonta. Yayin da rawar da take takawa a bainar jama'a ta ƙaru, ta so ta gyara idonta da tiyata, amma likitoci sun ɗauke ta a matsayin wadda ta tsufa da ba za ta iya yin tiyatar ba.  A cewar rahotanni, ta sami kwanciyar hankali daga mijinta wanda ya gaya mata cewa yana yaba mata kamar yadda suke. 

Saboda ba a taɓa gyara matsalar strabismus ɗinta ba, Grant kusan koyaushe yana ɗaukar hoto don ɗaukar hoto. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Baiko da aure da Grant ==
A lokacin da yake ɗalibi a West Point, New York, Fred Dent ya rubuta wa 'yar'uwarsa Julia game da yadda ya burge wani ɗalibi, Ulysses S. Grant : &quot;Ina so ku san shi, shi tsantsar zinariya ne.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1844, Grant ya fara ziyartar iyalin Dent. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, Ulysses ya nemi Julia ta sanya zoben ajinsa a matsayin alamar ƙaunarsu ta musamman. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Julia mai shekaru 18 da farko ta yi watsi da ra'ayinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Daga nan aka umarci rundunar Ulysses zuwa Louisiana don shirin yin hidima a Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Cikin damuwa da rabuwarsu, Julia ta yi mafarki mai ƙarfi, wanda ta bayyana wa mutane da yawa, cewa Ulysses zai dawo cikin kwanaki kaɗan, sanye da kayan farar hula kuma ya bayyana niyyarsa ta zama na tsawon mako guda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Duk da rashin yiwuwar mafarkin, Ulysses ya dawo kamar yadda Julia ta annabta, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Julia_Dent_Grant_with_Frederic_&amp;_Ulysses_Jr,_1854.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton Julia Dent Grant tare da manyan 'ya'yanta, Frederic Dent Grant da Ulysses S. Grant, Jr., 1854]]
Babu ɗayan iyayen da suka nuna sha'awar wannan wasan, inda iyayenta ke shakkar iyawarsa ta samun kuɗi a nan gaba, kuma iyayensa ba sa son mahaifinta saboda ya zama bawa.  Duk da haka, an yi auren, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Ulysses sau da yawa suna aika mata da wasiƙu, ciki har da waɗanda suka bayyana yadda ya fara fuskantar mummunan yanayi na yaƙi.  Ma'auratan ba za su yi aure ba sai a 1848, shekaru huɗu bayan haka, da zarar Ulysses ta dawo daga yaƙin. &lt;ref name=&quot;cvm-julia&quot; /&gt; Daga nan aka tura shi wurare da dama masu nisa, ciki har da [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] da Vancouver Barracks, inda ba ta raka shi ba, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; duk da cewa ya ci gaba da rubuta mata wasiƙu. &lt;ref name=&quot;cvm-julia&quot; /&gt; Ya sha wahala daga kaɗaici, gundura, da kuma yiwuwar matsalar shan giya, kuma ya yi murabus daga aikin soja a 1854. &lt;ref name=&quot;cvm-julia&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya gwada harkokin kasuwanci da dama, amma babu wanda ya yi nasara sosai, kuma abokanta sun nuna cewa ba ta ji daɗi ba a cikin mafi yawan shekarun farko na aurensu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCaroli2010&quot;&gt;[[Betty Boyd Caroli|Caroli, Betty Boyd]] (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=e6JoAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85 ''First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama'']. Oxford University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;80–&lt;/span&gt;85. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780199750634|&lt;bdi&gt;9780199750634&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu, ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu tsakanin 1850 da 1858. &lt;ref name=&quot;cspan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady – Julia Grant {{!}} C-SPAN First Ladies: Influence &amp; Image |url=http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/20/Julia-Grant.aspx |access-date=2016-12-05 |website=firstladies.c-span.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1860, iyalin sun zauna a [[Galena Il|Galena, Illinois]], inda Ulysses ke aiki a matsayin magatakarda a wani shago mallakar ɗan'uwansa. 

== Rayuwa a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Basasa ==
Da yakin basasar Amurka ya fara, Ulysses ta sake shiga rundunar soji. &lt;ref name=&quot;cvm-julia&quot; /&gt; A wasu sassan yakin, Grant ta yi tafiya zuwa kusa da mijinta,  wani abu da ba a saba gani ba a lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lokacin, su biyun sun aika wa juna wasiku. Duk da cewa ta yi taka tsantsan wajen adana wasikunsa zuwa gare ta - wadanda aka buga a fannoni da dama - babu daya daga cikin wasikunta da ta yi masa da ya tsira, wataƙila saboda a wani lokaci ta lalata su. 

Bayan aurensu, Grant ta daidaita da rayuwa a matsayin matar soja, sau da yawa tana kula da ayyukan gida ita kaɗai yayin da mijinta ke bakin aiki. Bayan ta girma da bayi, ta sha wahala wajen gudanar da gida.  Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka ya ɓarke, mahaifinta ya ci gaba da zama ɗan Democrat kuma mai goyon bayan Confederacy, yayin da Grant ya goyi bayan Union, yana mai da kanta ga amincin mijinta.  A wani lokaci, a lokacin zamanta da wata iyali a Tennessee, an zargi Grant da tausayawa Confederate saboda asalinta da kuma jiharta ta Missouri. An ruwaito cewa ta amsa, &quot;Ni ce mafi aminci ga masu aminci.&quot; 

A duk lokacin yaƙin, ta kan ziyarci Ulysses a sansanonin sojojinsa, tana ba da abokantaka da goyon baya na motsin rai. Tana yin tafiye-tafiye akai-akai daga sansanonin sojoji, White Haven, da gidajen dangi, wanda hakan ya sa masana tarihi suka ce &quot;gidanta&quot; yana duk inda mijinta yake.   Sojoji sun san kasancewarta a sansani, a wasu lokutan suna yaba mata da kulawarta ga lafiyar mijinta kuma sau da yawa suna kula da shi a lokacin rashin lafiya, gami da ciwon kai mai yawan faruwa.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani ga Ulysses da sojoji.  Grant ya ziyarci asibitocin sojoji yayin da Ulysses ba ta sansani ba kuma zai aika saƙonni da buƙatun sojojin da suka ji rauni ga mijinta. 

[[Abraham Lincoln|Shugaba Abraham Lincoln]] ya gayyaci Tallafin zuwa wasu taruka. Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Mary Todd Lincoln ta mika bukatar ga Grant don yin gaisuwa a bainar jama'a tare. Grant ya ki amincewa da bukatar, kamar yadda aka ruwaito saboda jin kunyarta. An ruwaito cewa kin amincewa ya haifar da rikici tsakanin su biyun kuma an bayyana mu'amalar da za a yi nan gaba a matsayin mai cike da rikici, inda Mary ta nuna rashin jituwa ga Grant. 

Ta bayyana ƙarfin imaninta game da addu'o'i kuma sau da yawa ta ce ta yi imanin cewa mijinta an ƙaddara shi ga girma.  Tunaninta ya zama gaskiya yayin da Ulysses S. Grant ya hau matsayin Janar na Soja, ya jagoranci Tarayyar zuwa ga nasara, kuma daga baya aka zaɓe shi Shugaban Amurka.

Bayan kammala yakin, Grant ta bayyana cewa ta rasa kuzari da kuma fahimtar manufar da ta samu a lokacin rikicin. Kwarewarta a matsayin matar soja ta taimaka mata wajen kula da harkokin kudin iyali bayan yakin. Ta gudanar da bincikenta domin sayen gida, wanda ta ƙi sayarwa lokacin da Ulysses ta dage. Ta ambaci kariyar doka ga matan aure cewa ba za a iya sayar da kadarori ba tare da amincewarta ba. 

An gayyaci Grants don halartar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ford amma maimakon haka suka zaɓi tafiya zuwa sabon gidansu. A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, Julia Grant ta rubuta cewa ta ga mutumin da ya kawo gayyatar a matsayin abin da ba za a iya amincewa da shi ba kuma rikici tsakanin Mary Todd Lincoln da kanta na iya shafar shawararta. Wasu masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun taimaka wajen rashin ma'auratan a daren da aka kashe Shugaba Abraham Lincoln . {{Clear}}

== Yara ==
[[Fayil:Ulysses_Grant_and_Family_at_Long_Branch,_NJ_by_Pach_Brothers,_NY,_1870.jpg|right|thumb|Shugaba Ulysses Grant da Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Julia Dent tare da 'ya'yansu hudu: Jesse, Ulysses Jr., Nellie, da Frederick a gaban gidansu da ke Long Branch, New Jersey, 1870]]
Grants tana da 'ya'ya maza uku da mace ɗaya: &lt;ref name=&quot;cspan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady – Julia Grant {{!}} C-SPAN First Ladies: Influence &amp; Image |url=http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/20/Julia-Grant.aspx |access-date=2016-12-05 |website=firstladies.c-span.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/20/Julia-Grant.aspx &quot;First Lady – Julia Grant | C-SPAN First Ladies: Influence &amp; Image&quot;]. ''firstladies.c-span.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Frederick Dent Grant (1850–1912){{Spaced en dash}} soja, ma'aikacin jama'a
* Ulysses Simpson Grant Jr. wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Buck&quot; (1852–1929){{Spaced en dash}} lauya
* Ellen Wrenshall Grant, wacce aka fi sani da &quot;Nellie&quot; (1855-1922){{Spaced en dash}} mai gyaran gida
* Jesse Root Grant (1858–1934){{Spaced en dash}} injiniya

== Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ==
Grant sau da yawa yana kiran lokacin da ta yi a Fadar White House a matsayin &quot;lokacin farin ciki&quot; a rayuwarta.  Ta kan shirya liyafa akai-akai, ciki har da tara Jami'an Sojojin Tarayyar Turai da kuma shirya liyafa mai kayatarwa da tsada ga 'yan siyasa da baƙi. Ita ce ta fara taron cin abincin dare na Jiha a Fadar White House, wanda ya girmama Sarki Kalākaua na Masarautar Hawai'i . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/bios/julia-grant |access-date=March 8, 2024 |publisher=White House Historical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko, Grant ya dage kan cewa iyalan za su ci gaba da zama a gidansu na Washington kafin daga baya su daina bin al'ada. 

Ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye ga tsammanin ma'aikata, gami da dokokin sutura da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ba su yarda a ci ko shan taba ba yayin aiki.  Tsarinta zai yi tasiri ga gudanarwa a cikin al'ummar gwamnati kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga harkokin cikin gida na Amurka.  An san Grant a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta sami kulawar ƙasa, wanda ya sa 'ya'yanta suka zama waɗanda 'yan jarida suka fi so. Bayan barin Fadar White House, ta kuma zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta don bugawa. 

A lokacin wa'adin farko na mijinta a ofis, Grant ta sake yin kwalliya ga gidajen zama na iyali zuwa salon Renaissance Revival, tare da tara kuɗi daga Majalisa don gyaran. A lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu a 1873, Majalisa ta ware dala 100,000 don ƙarin gyare-gyare daga 1873-1874. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Decorating The White House |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/press-room/press-timelines/decorating-the-white-house |access-date=March 8, 2024 |publisher=White House Historical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Domin shirya bikin auren 'yar fari ta Nellie Grant, Grants sun mayar da hankali kan gyaran ɗakin gabas, gami da shigar da fitilun gas na duniya, waɗanda suka shahara a lokacin zamanin gilded na Amurka a tsakanin fitattun mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Herter Brothers, kamfanin kayan daki na New York, shine mai samar da kayan daki a ɗakin gabas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Grant ya yi ƙoƙarin kawo matsayi na Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma inganta matsayin matan wasu jami'an gwamnati, ciki har da majalisar ministoci, Majalisar Dokoki, da Kotun Koli. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Julia Grant |url=https://millercenter.org/president/grant/essays/grant-1869-firstlady |access-date=August 13, 2024 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance abokiyar Julia Fish, matar sakataren gwamnati Hamilton Fish. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Dent Grant |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/grant-julia/ |access-date=August 13, 2024 |publisher=PBS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba ta goyi bayan mata a bainar jama'a ba, amma ta ƙi sanya hannu kan takardar neman ƙin amincewa da zaɓe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Grant ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta farko da aka yi rikodinta a fim. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
[[Fayil:The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_in_ten_volumes_(1911)_(14576222538).jpg|left|thumb|Hoton Ulysses S. Grant da Julia Dent na shekarar 1885 tare da 'ya'yansu da jikokinsu]]
Grant ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta farko da ta rubuta tarihin rayuwa. Duk da haka, ba ta sami mai wallafa littafin ba. An buga ''Littafin Tunawa da Julia Dent Grant (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant)'' bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1975.
[[Fayil:Grant's_Tomb_01.JPG|right|thumb|Kabarin Grant, wani kabari da ke ɗauke da gawarwakin Ulysses da Julia Grant]]
A lokacin da take Washington, DC, Grant ta bi sahun [[Dolley Madison]] kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin &quot;Uwar Sarauniya&quot;.  Ta zama abokiya da Matan Shugaban Kasa Frances Cleveland, Caroline Harrison, Ida Saxton McKinley da Edith Roosevelt . &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Grant ta bayyana a cikin tarihin rayuwarta cewa rayuwarta ta ƙare bayan mijinta ya mutu, ta rayu shekaru goma sha bakwai ba tare da shi ba, tana sanye da baƙi har tsawon sauran shekarunta.  A shekara ta 1897, ta halarci bikin keɓe kabarin Grant mai ban mamaki wanda ke kallon Kogin Hudson a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] .

Julia Grant ta mutu sakamakon ciwon zuciya da koda a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1902, a Washington DC  An binne ta a cikin wani abin dariya kusa da mijinta. Ta kawo ƙarshen tarihin rayuwarta tare da wata sanarwa mai ƙarfi: &quot;hasken shahararsa har yanzu yana zuwa gare ni, yana faɗo mini, yana ɗumina.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Dent Grant |url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/BiographiesDetailsPage/BiographiesDetailsWindow?failOverType=&amp;query=&amp;prodId=BIC1&amp;windowstate=normal&amp;contentModules=&amp;display-query=&amp;mode=view&amp;displayGroupName=Biographies&amp;limiter=&amp;currPage=&amp;disableHighlighting=false&amp;displayGroups=&amp;sortBy=&amp;search_within_results=&amp;p=BIC1&amp;action=e&amp;catId=&amp;activityType=&amp;scanId=&amp;documentId=GALE%7CK1650002432&amp;source=Bookmark&amp;u=cmlweb&amp;jsid=0392bc1edd749e1ff6d1493394e8c9c9 |publisher=Gale}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Manazarta ==
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* [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/jg18.html Tarihin Fadar White House]
* [https://www.nps.gov/ulsg/index.htm Wurin Tarihi na Ƙasa na White Haven - Ulysses S Grant]
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* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/20/Julia-Grant.aspx Julia Grant] a C-SPAN 's ''First Ladies: Tasiri &amp;amp;amp; Hoto''
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Julia Boggs Grant ( née Dent ; Janairu 26, 1826 - Disamba 14, 1902) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka kuma matar Shugaba Ulysses S. Grant . A matsayinta na matar shugaban kasa, ta zama mace ta farko a matsayin da ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta. [1] An buga tarihin rayuwarta, The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, bayan mutuwarta a shekarar 1975.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Julia Boggs Dent a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1826, a gonar White Haven da ke yammacin [[St. Louis]], Missouri.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayenta su ne Frederick Dent (1787–1873), mai shuka da kuma ɗan kasuwa, kuma Ellen Wrenshall Dent. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Frederick ya bauta wa 'yan Afirka kusan 30, waɗanda ya 'yanta ne kawai lokacin da doka ta tilasta masa, bayan da a da ya ƙi amincewa da hujjojin ɗabi'a game da bauta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Iyalinta 'yan asalin Ingila ne, kuma an haifi mahaifiyarta a Ingila. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Dent Grant |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/julia-dent-grant.htm#:~:text=Grant)%2C%20the%20first%20memoir%20to,written%20by%20a%20First%20Lady.&amp;text=Julia%20Boggs%20Dent%20was%20the,adulthood%20and%20the%20first%20girl |publisher=National Park Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ellen Wrenshall Dent (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/ellen-wrenshall-dent.htm#:~:text=Ellen%20Wrenshall%20Dent%20was%20the,family%20moved%20to%20Pittsburgh%2C%20Pennsylvania}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta girma a gonar iyalinta, White Haven, inda mahaifinta, Frederick Dent, ya samar da gida mai daɗi da kuɗi. Tarbiyar Dent ta kare ta daga wahala, daga baya ta tuna cewa rayuwa a White Haven, gami da ma'aikatan iyali da aka bautar, sun yi kama da tata. [1] An bayyana Grant a matsayin mai jin kunya, mai mafaka, kuma an keɓe ta daga rayuwar siyasa ko duniyar da ta wuce da'irar zamantakewar iyalinta. Bayani ya nuna ta da ƙarancin fallasa ga kula da gida ko rayuwar jama'a. [2]

Grant, wata 'yar uwa ce ta uwa ga Janar James Longstreet, ɗan Confederate, ita ce ta biyar cikin 'ya'ya takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, Grant ta bayyana yarinta a matsayin &quot;dogon lokacin bazara na hasken rana, furanni, da murmushi&quot;. 

A kusan 1831–1836, Julia ta halarci Makarantar Gravois, wani gidan makaranta mai ɗaki ɗaya da aka gina tare da ilimi a St. Louis. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara 10 zuwa 17, Grant ya halarci Kwalejin Mauro for Young Ladies da ke St. Louis tare da 'ya'yan wasu iyaye masu arziki.  Grant ɗalibi ne na kwana a lokacin makon kuma ya dawo gida zuwa White Haven a ƙarshen mako. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Iyalan Dent suna da matuƙar hulɗa da jama'a, tare da baƙi daga cikin fitattun mutane na Cincinnati, Louisville, da Pittsburgh. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; William Clark, mai bincike da ɗan siyasa Alexander McNair, abokan iyali ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Tun tana ƙarama, Grant ƙwararren mai buga piano ne, ƙwararren mai doki, kuma mai karanta littattafai masu yawan gaske. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Strabismus ==
An haifi Grant da ciwon strabismus (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;ido mai giciye&quot;), wanda ke hana idanun biyu yin layi a hanya ɗaya. Lokacin da take ƙarama, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun likitocin tiyata a ƙasar ta ba da shawarar yin tiyata mai sauƙi wadda za ta gyara su. Duk da haka, Grant ba ta son yin tiyatar, kuma ta ƙi. 

Grant ya damu da yanayin idonta. Yayin da rawar da take takawa a bainar jama'a ta ƙaru, ta so ta gyara idonta da tiyata, amma likitoci sun ɗauke ta a matsayin wadda ta tsufa da ba za ta iya yin tiyatar ba.  A cewar rahotanni, ta sami kwanciyar hankali daga mijinta wanda ya gaya mata cewa yana yaba mata kamar yadda suke. 

Saboda ba a taɓa gyara matsalar strabismus ɗinta ba, Grant kusan koyaushe yana ɗaukar hoto don ɗaukar hoto. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Baiko da aure da Grant ==
A lokacin da yake ɗalibi a West Point, New York, Fred Dent ya rubuta wa 'yar'uwarsa Julia game da yadda ya burge wani ɗalibi, Ulysses S. Grant : &quot;Ina so ku san shi, shi tsantsar zinariya ne.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1844, Grant ya fara ziyartar iyalin Dent. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, Ulysses ya nemi Julia ta sanya zoben ajinsa a matsayin alamar ƙaunarsu ta musamman. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Julia mai shekaru 18 da farko ta yi watsi da ra'ayinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Daga nan aka umarci rundunar Ulysses zuwa Louisiana don shirin yin hidima a Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Cikin damuwa da rabuwarsu, Julia ta yi mafarki mai ƙarfi, wanda ta bayyana wa mutane da yawa, cewa Ulysses zai dawo cikin kwanaki kaɗan, sanye da kayan farar hula kuma ya bayyana niyyarsa ta zama na tsawon mako guda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Duk da rashin yiwuwar mafarkin, Ulysses ya dawo kamar yadda Julia ta annabta, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Julia_Dent_Grant_with_Frederic_&amp;_Ulysses_Jr,_1854.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton Julia Dent Grant tare da manyan 'ya'yanta, Frederic Dent Grant da Ulysses S. Grant, Jr., 1854]]
Babu ɗayan iyayen da suka nuna sha'awar wannan wasan, inda iyayenta ke shakkar iyawarsa ta samun kuɗi a nan gaba, kuma iyayensa ba sa son mahaifinta saboda ya zama bawa.  Duk da haka, an yi auren, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Ulysses sau da yawa suna aika mata da wasiƙu, ciki har da waɗanda suka bayyana yadda ya fara fuskantar mummunan yanayi na yaƙi.  Ma'auratan ba za su yi aure ba sai a 1848, shekaru huɗu bayan haka, da zarar Ulysses ta dawo daga yaƙin. &lt;ref name=&quot;cvm-julia&quot; /&gt; Daga nan aka tura shi wurare da dama masu nisa, ciki har da [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] da Vancouver Barracks, inda ba ta raka shi ba, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; duk da cewa ya ci gaba da rubuta mata wasiƙu. &lt;ref name=&quot;cvm-julia&quot; /&gt; Ya sha wahala daga kaɗaici, gundura, da kuma yiwuwar matsalar shan giya, kuma ya yi murabus daga aikin soja a 1854. &lt;ref name=&quot;cvm-julia&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya gwada harkokin kasuwanci da dama, amma babu wanda ya yi nasara sosai, kuma abokanta sun nuna cewa ba ta ji daɗi ba a cikin mafi yawan shekarun farko na aurensu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCaroli2010&quot;&gt;[[Betty Boyd Caroli|Caroli, Betty Boyd]] (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=e6JoAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85 ''First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama'']. Oxford University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;80–&lt;/span&gt;85. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780199750634|&lt;bdi&gt;9780199750634&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu, ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu tsakanin 1850 da 1858. &lt;ref name=&quot;cspan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady – Julia Grant {{!}} C-SPAN First Ladies: Influence &amp; Image |url=http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/20/Julia-Grant.aspx |access-date=2016-12-05 |website=firstladies.c-span.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1860, iyalin sun zauna a [[Galena Il|Galena, Illinois]], inda Ulysses ke aiki a matsayin magatakarda a wani shago mallakar ɗan'uwansa. 

== Rayuwa a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Basasa ==
Da yakin basasar Amurka ya fara, Ulysses ta sake shiga rundunar soji. &lt;ref name=&quot;cvm-julia&quot; /&gt; A wasu sassan yakin, Grant ta yi tafiya zuwa kusa da mijinta,  wani abu da ba a saba gani ba a lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lokacin, su biyun sun aika wa juna wasiku. Duk da cewa ta yi taka tsantsan wajen adana wasikunsa zuwa gare ta - wadanda aka buga a fannoni da dama - babu daya daga cikin wasikunta da ta yi masa da ya tsira, wataƙila saboda a wani lokaci ta lalata su. 

Bayan aurensu, Grant ta daidaita da rayuwa a matsayin matar soja, sau da yawa tana kula da ayyukan gida ita kaɗai yayin da mijinta ke bakin aiki. Bayan ta girma da bayi, ta sha wahala wajen gudanar da gida.  Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka ya ɓarke, mahaifinta ya ci gaba da zama ɗan Democrat kuma mai goyon bayan Confederacy, yayin da Grant ya goyi bayan Union, yana mai da kanta ga amincin mijinta.  A wani lokaci, a lokacin zamanta da wata iyali a Tennessee, an zargi Grant da tausayawa Confederate saboda asalinta da kuma jiharta ta Missouri. An ruwaito cewa ta amsa, &quot;Ni ce mafi aminci ga masu aminci.&quot; 

A duk lokacin yaƙin, ta kan ziyarci Ulysses a sansanonin sojojinsa, tana ba da abokantaka da goyon baya na motsin rai. Tana yin tafiye-tafiye akai-akai daga sansanonin sojoji, White Haven, da gidajen dangi, wanda hakan ya sa masana tarihi suka ce &quot;gidanta&quot; yana duk inda mijinta yake.   Sojoji sun san kasancewarta a sansani, a wasu lokutan suna yaba mata da kulawarta ga lafiyar mijinta kuma sau da yawa suna kula da shi a lokacin rashin lafiya, gami da ciwon kai mai yawan faruwa.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani ga Ulysses da sojoji.  Grant ya ziyarci asibitocin sojoji yayin da Ulysses ba ta sansani ba kuma zai aika saƙonni da buƙatun sojojin da suka ji rauni ga mijinta. 

[[Abraham Lincoln|Shugaba Abraham Lincoln]] ya gayyaci Tallafin zuwa wasu taruka. Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Mary Todd Lincoln ta mika bukatar ga Grant don yin gaisuwa a bainar jama'a tare. Grant ya ki amincewa da bukatar, kamar yadda aka ruwaito saboda jin kunyarta. An ruwaito cewa kin amincewa ya haifar da rikici tsakanin su biyun kuma an bayyana mu'amalar da za a yi nan gaba a matsayin mai cike da rikici, inda Mary ta nuna rashin jituwa ga Grant. 

Ta bayyana ƙarfin imaninta game da addu'o'i kuma sau da yawa ta ce ta yi imanin cewa mijinta an ƙaddara shi ga girma.  Tunaninta ya zama gaskiya yayin da Ulysses S. Grant ya hau matsayin Janar na Soja, ya jagoranci Tarayyar zuwa ga nasara, kuma daga baya aka zaɓe shi Shugaban Amurka.

Bayan kammala yakin, Grant ta bayyana cewa ta rasa kuzari da kuma fahimtar manufar da ta samu a lokacin rikicin. Kwarewarta a matsayin matar soja ta taimaka mata wajen kula da harkokin kudin iyali bayan yakin. Ta gudanar da bincikenta domin sayen gida, wanda ta ƙi sayarwa lokacin da Ulysses ta dage. Ta ambaci kariyar doka ga matan aure cewa ba za a iya sayar da kadarori ba tare da amincewarta ba. 

An gayyaci Grants don halartar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ford amma maimakon haka suka zaɓi tafiya zuwa sabon gidansu. A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, Julia Grant ta rubuta cewa ta ga mutumin da ya kawo gayyatar a matsayin abin da ba za a iya amincewa da shi ba kuma rikici tsakanin Mary Todd Lincoln da kanta na iya shafar shawararta. Wasu masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun taimaka wajen rashin ma'auratan a daren da aka kashe Shugaba Abraham Lincoln . {{Clear}}

== Yara ==
[[Fayil:Ulysses_Grant_and_Family_at_Long_Branch,_NJ_by_Pach_Brothers,_NY,_1870.jpg|right|thumb|Shugaba Ulysses Grant da Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Julia Dent tare da 'ya'yansu hudu: Jesse, Ulysses Jr., Nellie, da Frederick a gaban gidansu da ke Long Branch, New Jersey, 1870]]
Grants tana da 'ya'ya maza uku da mace ɗaya: &lt;ref name=&quot;cspan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady – Julia Grant {{!}} C-SPAN First Ladies: Influence &amp; Image |url=http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/20/Julia-Grant.aspx |access-date=2016-12-05 |website=firstladies.c-span.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/20/Julia-Grant.aspx &quot;First Lady – Julia Grant | C-SPAN First Ladies: Influence &amp; Image&quot;]. ''firstladies.c-span.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Frederick Dent Grant (1850–1912){{Spaced en dash}} soja, ma'aikacin jama'a
* Ulysses Simpson Grant Jr. wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Buck&quot; (1852–1929){{Spaced en dash}} lauya
* Ellen Wrenshall Grant, wacce aka fi sani da &quot;Nellie&quot; (1855-1922){{Spaced en dash}} mai gyaran gida
* Jesse Root Grant (1858–1934){{Spaced en dash}} injiniya

== Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ==
Grant sau da yawa yana kiran lokacin da ta yi a Fadar White House a matsayin &quot;lokacin farin ciki&quot; a rayuwarta.  Ta kan shirya liyafa akai-akai, ciki har da tara Jami'an Sojojin Tarayyar Turai da kuma shirya liyafa mai kayatarwa da tsada ga 'yan siyasa da baƙi. Ita ce ta fara taron cin abincin dare na Jiha a Fadar White House, wanda ya girmama Sarki Kalākaua na Masarautar Hawai'i . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/bios/julia-grant |access-date=March 8, 2024 |publisher=White House Historical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko, Grant ya dage kan cewa iyalan za su ci gaba da zama a gidansu na Washington kafin daga baya su daina bin al'ada. 

Ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye ga tsammanin ma'aikata, gami da dokokin sutura da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ba su yarda a ci ko shan taba ba yayin aiki.  Tsarinta zai yi tasiri ga gudanarwa a cikin al'ummar gwamnati kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga harkokin cikin gida na Amurka.  An san Grant a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta sami kulawar ƙasa, wanda ya sa 'ya'yanta suka zama waɗanda 'yan jarida suka fi so. Bayan barin Fadar White House, ta kuma zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta don bugawa. 

A lokacin wa'adin farko na mijinta a ofis, Grant ta sake yin kwalliya ga gidajen zama na iyali zuwa salon Renaissance Revival, tare da tara kuɗi daga Majalisa don gyaran. A lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu a 1873, Majalisa ta ware dala 100,000 don ƙarin gyare-gyare daga 1873-1874. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Decorating The White House |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/press-room/press-timelines/decorating-the-white-house |access-date=March 8, 2024 |publisher=White House Historical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Domin shirya bikin auren 'yar fari ta Nellie Grant, Grants sun mayar da hankali kan gyaran ɗakin gabas, gami da shigar da fitilun gas na duniya, waɗanda suka shahara a lokacin zamanin gilded na Amurka a tsakanin fitattun mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Herter Brothers, kamfanin kayan daki na New York, shine mai samar da kayan daki a ɗakin gabas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Grant ya yi ƙoƙarin kawo matsayi na Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma inganta matsayin matan wasu jami'an gwamnati, ciki har da majalisar ministoci, Majalisar Dokoki, da Kotun Koli. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Julia Grant |url=https://millercenter.org/president/grant/essays/grant-1869-firstlady |access-date=August 13, 2024 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance abokiyar Julia Fish, matar sakataren gwamnati Hamilton Fish. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Dent Grant |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/grant-julia/ |access-date=August 13, 2024 |publisher=PBS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba ta goyi bayan mata a bainar jama'a ba, amma ta ƙi sanya hannu kan takardar neman ƙin amincewa da zaɓe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Grant ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta farko da aka yi rikodinta a fim. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Grant Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |publisher=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509083629/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 &quot;Julia Grant Biography&quot;]. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
[[Fayil:The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_in_ten_volumes_(1911)_(14576222538).jpg|left|thumb|Hoton Ulysses S. Grant da Julia Dent na shekarar 1885 tare da 'ya'yansu da jikokinsu]]
Grant ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta farko da ta rubuta tarihin rayuwa. Duk da haka, ba ta sami mai wallafa littafin ba. An buga ''Littafin Tunawa da Julia Dent Grant (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant)'' bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1975.
[[Fayil:Grant's_Tomb_01.JPG|right|thumb|Kabarin Grant, wani kabari da ke ɗauke da gawarwakin Ulysses da Julia Grant]]
A lokacin da take Washington, DC, Grant ta bi sahun [[Dolley Madison]] kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin &quot;Uwar Sarauniya&quot;.  Ta zama abokiya da Matan Shugaban Kasa Frances Cleveland, Caroline Harrison, Ida Saxton McKinley da Edith Roosevelt . &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Grant ta bayyana a cikin tarihin rayuwarta cewa rayuwarta ta ƙare bayan mijinta ya mutu, ta rayu shekaru goma sha bakwai ba tare da shi ba, tana sanye da baƙi har tsawon sauran shekarunta.  A shekara ta 1897, ta halarci bikin keɓe kabarin Grant mai ban mamaki wanda ke kallon Kogin Hudson a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] .

Julia Grant ta mutu sakamakon ciwon zuciya da koda a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1902, a Washington DC  An binne ta a cikin wani abin dariya kusa da mijinta. Ta kawo ƙarshen tarihin rayuwarta tare da wata sanarwa mai ƙarfi: &quot;hasken shahararsa har yanzu yana zuwa gare ni, yana faɗo mini, yana ɗumina.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Julia Dent Grant |url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/BiographiesDetailsPage/BiographiesDetailsWindow?failOverType=&amp;query=&amp;prodId=BIC1&amp;windowstate=normal&amp;contentModules=&amp;display-query=&amp;mode=view&amp;displayGroupName=Biographies&amp;limiter=&amp;currPage=&amp;disableHighlighting=false&amp;displayGroups=&amp;sortBy=&amp;search_within_results=&amp;p=BIC1&amp;action=e&amp;catId=&amp;activityType=&amp;scanId=&amp;documentId=GALE%7CK1650002432&amp;source=Bookmark&amp;u=cmlweb&amp;jsid=0392bc1edd749e1ff6d1493394e8c9c9 |publisher=Gale}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Manazarta ==
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* [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/jg18.html Tarihin Fadar White House]
* [https://www.nps.gov/ulsg/index.htm Wurin Tarihi na Ƙasa na White Haven - Ulysses S Grant]
{{Clear}}{{Commonscat}}

* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/20/Julia-Grant.aspx Julia Grant] a C-SPAN 's ''First Ladies: Tasiri &amp;amp;amp; Hoto''
* {{IMDb name|nm0335487}}  
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{{S-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]}}
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{{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{Ulysses S. Grant}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335536641|Eliza McCardle Johnson]]&quot;</comment>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Eliza McCardle Johnson (4 ga Oktoba, 1810 - 15 ga Janairu, 1876) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka daga 1865 zuwa 1869 a matsayin matar Shugaba Andrew Johnson . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban Amurka daga Maris har zuwa Afrilu 1865 lokacin da mijinta yake mataimakin shugaban kasa. Johnson ba ya aiki sosai a matsayin matar shugaban kasa, kuma ta kasance ba a bainar jama'a ba tsawon lokacin shugabancin mijinta. Ita ce matar shugaban kasa mafi karanci da ta yi aure, tana yin hakan ne tana da shekaru 16.

Johnson ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga aikin mijinta na farko, tana ba shi ilimi da kuma ƙarfafa shi ya ƙarfafa ƙwarewarsa ta magana da neman mukami. Duk da haka, Johnson ba ta shiga cikin harkokin zamantakewa na siyasa ba, ta ci gaba da zama a gida yayin da mijinta ya hau mulki. A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, an tilasta mata barin gidanta saboda amincin iyalinta na Unionist . Tarin fuka ya shafe ta a tsawon rayuwarta, kuma duk wani aiki da ta zaɓa ta yi yana da iyaka saboda lafiyarta.

Johnson ta kasance matar shugaban ƙasa ta biyu a Amurka na ɗan lokaci kafin ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa, a matsayinta na matar shugaban ƙasa har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe Abraham Lincoln . Bayan ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa, Johnson ta bai wa 'yarta Martha Johnson Patterson ayyukan zamantakewa na wannan matsayi. Duk da cewa ta bayyana a bainar jama'a sau biyu kacal a lokacin da take matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, Johnson ya kasance mai tasiri sosai ga mijinta, kuma yana tuntubar ta akai-akai don neman shawara. Johnson ta koma gidanta na Greeneville, Tennessee tare da iyalinta bayan ta bar Fadar White House, tana zaune cikin hutu cikin natsuwa. Ta mutu watanni shida bayan mijinta kuma aka binne ta kusa da shi.

== Rayuwar Farko da Aure ==
An haifi Eliza McCardle a Greeneville, Tennessee a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1810.  : 108 Ita kaɗai ce 'ya ga John McCardle, mai gyaran takalma da mai kula da masauki, da kuma Sarah Phillips. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 116 Iyalan sun ƙaura zuwa Warrensburg, Tennessee yayin da McCardle ke ƙarama, amma sun koma Greeneville bayan mutuwar mahaifinta.  : 191 Mahaifiyarta bazawara ta rene McCardle, wacce ta tallafa mata da kuɗi ta hanyar saka &lt;ref name=&quot;diller&quot; /&gt; kuma ta koya mata karatu da rubutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 116 McCardle ta halarci makaranta kuma ta sami ilimin firamare.  Ana kyautata zaton ta halarci Rhea Academy da ke Greenville.  : 203 

McCardle ya haɗu da [[Andrew Johnson]] lokacin da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa Greeneville a watan Satumba na 1826. An ce ta fara ganinsa ne yayin da take magana da abokanta, waɗanda suka fara yi mata ba'a lokacin da ta nuna sha'awarta ga mai koyon dinki.  : 191 &lt;ref name=&quot;boller&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|pages=131–132}}McCardle da Johnson sun fara soyayya nan take. Johnsons sun bar birnin daga baya a wannan shekarar, kuma ma'auratan sun yi musayar wasiƙu har sai da ya dawo a shekarar 1827. Sun yi aure a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1827. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 117 Mordecai Lincoln, ɗan uwan Abraham Lincoln, wanda ya taɓa zama ɗan uwan [[Abraham Lincoln]], shi ne ya jagoranci bikin auren. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|pages=191–193}}McCardle tana da shekaru 16, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ƙarama a cikin dukkan matan shugabannin Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 117  : 231 Bayan sun yi aure, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa wani gida mai ɗakuna biyu, inda ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan ya yi aiki a matsayin shagon dinki.  : 130 

Eliza Johnson ta samar wa mijinta da mafi yawan iliminsa na yau da kullun, &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 117 duk da cewa wani tatsuniya da aka saba da ita ta nuna cewa ta koya masa karatu da rubutu.  : 193 Suna da 'ya'ya biyar tare: Martha a shekarar 1828, Charles a shekarar 1830, Mary a shekarar 1832, Robert a shekarar 1834, da Andrew Jr. a shekarar 1852. Da zarar sun fara haihuwa, yawancin lokacin Johnson yana kula da gida yayin da mijinta ke kula da shagon dinki. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 117 A shekara ta 1831, sun sayi babban gida da kuma wani wuri daban na shagon. Sun sake komawa wani babban gida a shekara ta 1851. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 193 

== Matar ɗan siyasa ==

=== Shekarun Antebellum ===
Da ƙarfafawar Eliza, mijinta ya nemi mukamin siyasa.  Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon aikinsa na siyasa, tana taimaka masa a fannin iliminsa da kuma iyawarsa ta magana.  : 231 Yayin da ya sami manyan mukamai na siyasa, Johnson ya guji rawar da matar ɗan siyasa ke takawa a zamantakewa, maimakon haka ya kula da gidansu.  A wannan lokacin, gidan ya haɗa da [[Bauta a Amurka|bayi]] takwas ko tara.  : 194 Ba a san yadda Johnson ya ji game da mallakar bayi ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield&quot; /&gt; : 232 Yayin da 'ya'yan Johnson suka girma, ta ji daɗin ganin 'ya'yanta mata suna neman mazajensu da kuma fara iyalai na kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield&quot; /&gt; : 232 A lokaci guda kuma, manyan 'ya'yanta maza biyu sun zama abin damuwa saboda [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]] ya shafe su. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 117 

Yayin da yake gida, Johnson ne ke da alhakin kula da harkokin kuɗin iyalin, gami da jarin da suka zuba.  : 203 Duk da cewa ba ta raka mijinta lokacin da yake tafiya don aikinsa ba, ta tallafa masa, tana ƙarfafa shi da kuma taimaka masa da jawabansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 118 Ta kamu da [[Tarin fuka|cutar tarin fuka]], wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin lafiya.  Lafiyarta ta inganta kuma ta tabarbare a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, amma ba ta warke gaba ɗaya ba. Daga ƙarshe ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] a shekarar 1860 tare da 'ya'yanta maza, suka zauna har sai lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka ya fara a shekara mai zuwa.  : 194 

=== Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka ===
A lokacin yaƙin, Johnson ya zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan gurguzu da ke zaune a ƙasashen Confederate na Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 118 An tilasta mata ƙaura bayan da Sojojin Jihohin Confederate suka mamaye yankin.  Ta koma gonar 'yarta Mary bayan da sojojin Confederate suka kwace gidan Johnson. Duk da cewa da farko an umarce ta da ta fice daga yankin cikin awanni 36 a watan Mayun 1862, ta amsa da cewa &quot;Ba zan iya bin ƙa'idar ba&quot;, kuma an ba ta ƙarin watanni biyar.  : 204 

Daga ƙarshe Johnson ta yi tafiyar makonni uku zuwa Nashville, Tennessee, inda aka ci zarafinta aka kuma yi mata barazana saboda kasancewarta matar wani sanata na Unionist. Tafiyar ta shafi lafiyarta sosai, amma da ta isa Nashville ta sake haɗuwa da mijinta, wanda ba ta taɓa ganinsa ba kusan shekara guda.  : 204 Daga baya ta yi tafiya zuwa arewa, ta ratsa layin Confederate ba tare da rakiya ba, ta je Ohio da Indiana don ziyartar 'ya'yanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 119 Ta koma Nashville a watan Mayu na shekarar 1863. An kashe babban ɗan Johnson, Charles, daga baya a wannan shekarar bayan an jefa shi daga kan dokinsa.  : 195 Ba ta da isasshen lokaci a Nashville, ba kasafai take ganin mijinta ba, musamman bayan ya fara yakin neman zabe a zaben shugaban kasa na 1864.  : 233 

Johnson's husband was sworn in as the Vice President of the United States in March 1865.: 195  The following month, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] was assassinated, and her husband ascended to the presidency.: 109  This had a severe emotional effect on her; in one letter, her daughter Martha described her as &quot;almost deranged&quot; with worry that her husband would be assassinated as well.: 203  She also lamented the idea of becoming first lady, effectively rejecting the role.&lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt;: 109 

== Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ==
Johnson ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington tare da 'ya'yanta da suka rage, surukinta David T. Patterson, da jikokinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWatson2001&quot;&gt;[[Robert P. Watson|Watson, Robert P.]] (2001). [[iarchive:firstladiesofuni0000wats|''First Ladies of the United States'']]. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;116–&lt;/span&gt;121. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1515/9781626373532|10.1515/9781626373532]]. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-62637-353-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-62637-353-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249333854 249333854].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 119 Sun isa a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1865.  : 196 Bayan ta isa, ta zaɓi ɗaki a hawa na biyu da ke fuskantar ofishin shugaban ƙasa.  : 129 Johnson ba ta sami damar yin aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ba saboda rashin lafiyarta, kuma ta kasance a ɗakin kwananta, inda ta bar ayyukan zamantakewa ga 'yarta Martha. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 196 Duk da cewa ba ta son zama matar shugaban ƙasa, ta ji daɗin yadda dukkan iyalinta suka zauna tare.  : 109 

Johnson za ta karɓi baƙon mijinta a Fadar White House,  : 109 amma ta bayyana a bainar jama'a a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa sau biyu kacal: bikin Sarauniya Emma ta Hawaii a shekarar 1866 da kuma wasan yara don cika shekaru sittin da shugaban ƙasa ya yi a shekarar 1868. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 120 A duka lokutan biyu, ba ta tashi yayin da take karɓar baƙi ba.  : 131 Ta kuma sami wasiƙu da yawa daga jama'a a lokacin da take matar shugaban ƙasa, sau da yawa tana neman alfarmar siyasa ko kuma samun damar ganawa da shugaban ƙasa. 'Yarta da ma'aikatan Fadar White House ne ke kula da wasiƙunta. Duk da cewa ba ta da himma a bainar jama'a, Johnson ta sami damar yin ayyuka akai-akai tare da iyalinta tare da wasu taimako.  : 197 

A lokacin da take zaune a Fadar White House, Johnson ta kan dinka da saka, kuma tana yawan karatu. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|pages=119–120}}Kowace rana, za ta ratsa gidan White House, tana duba mijinta da ma'aikatan ko kuma ta yi zaman tare da jikokinta.  : 198 Tana kusa da ma'aikatan, tana ɗaukar ma'aikatan fari da baƙi a matsayin &quot;masu gidan&quot;.  : 205 Johnson ta ɗauki nauyin ayyukanta, ciki har da gudummawar kuɗi ga gidajen marayu a Baltimore, Maryland, &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 198 da Charleston, South Carolina .  : 233 Ta kuma sami damar yin tafiya a lokacin da take matar shugaban ƙasa, tana ziyartar biranen da ke kusa kamar [[Boston]], [[New York (birni)|New York]], da [[Philadelphia]] a shekarar 1867. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 198 

Johnson ba ta taka rawa sosai a siyasar gwamnatin mijinta ba, duk da cewa ta ba shi cikakken goyon baya a lokacin shugabancinsa, har ma a lokacin tsige shi .  Ta nuna sha'awarta a shari'ar, &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 120 kuma shugaban ƙasa zai ziyarce ta kowace safiya don neman shawararta.  : 128 Tana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan shugaban ƙasa, kuma yana yawan la'akari da shawararta.  : 205 Tana yawan lura da labaran da jaridu ke bayarwa game da fadar shugaban ƙasa, tana yanke labaran da ta ga sun cancanci kulawar shugaban ƙasa. Tana tsara su kowace rana, tana nuna masa labarai masu kyau kowace dare sannan ta ba shi labarai marasa daɗi washegari da safe. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 57 

Johnson ya taimaka wa shugaban ƙasa da jawabansa kamar yadda ta yi a mukaman siyasa na baya, kuma ta yi aiki don hana tashin hankalin da fushinsa ya haifar. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 120 Tsoronta game da lafiyar mijinta ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a tsawon shugabancinsa, domin kuwa kisan gillar da aka yi wa Abraham Lincoln har yanzu yana nan a cikin tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 119 Duk da rashin lafiyarta, za ta ci gaba da kula da mijinta a wasu wurare, tana zaɓar masa kayansa kuma tana tabbatar da cewa ya gamsu da abincin da aka tanadar masa.  : 129 Johnson ba ta son zama a Fadar White House, kuma ta yi farin ciki da lokacin da wa'adin mijinta ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;boller&quot; /&gt; : 131 

== Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa ==
Iyalan Johnson sun koma Greenville bayan sun bar Fadar White House a watan Maris na 1869. Ɗansu Robert ya kashe kansa a wata mai zuwa.  : 199 Johnson ta rayu cikin natsuwa bayan ta ƙare a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, sau da yawa tana yin lokacinta tare da 'ya'yanta da jikokinta.  : 234 Ta ji daɗin 'yancin kai, wani lokacin tana tafiya ba tare da mijinta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 120–121 Lafiyarta ta ragu lokacin da aka zaɓe mijinta a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a 1875, kuma ta ƙaura tare da 'yarta Mary. Ta rasu jim kaɗan bayan haka a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1875. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 199 Rashin lafiyar Johnson da baƙin cikinta sun hana ta halartar jana'izar, &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 121 amma an naɗa ta don ta aiwatar da dukiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 58 Ta rasu a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1876, tana da shekaru 65, &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 121 kuma an binne ta kusa da mijinta a Makabartar Ƙasa ta Andrew Johnson . &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield&quot; /&gt; : 234 

== Gado ==
[[Fayil:Eliza_McCardle_Johnson_locket_photo_(scanned_from_Brabson_1972).jpg|thumb|Hoton Eliza McCardle Johnson, wataƙila an ƙirƙira {{Circa|1840}} An yi amfani da jakar a hannun jikanyar Margaret Johnson Patterson Bartlett (1903–1992) har zuwa 1972; ba a san inda take a yanzu ba.]]
Johnson tana ɗaya daga cikin matan shugabanni marasa himma, ba ta taka rawar gani sosai a fannin siyasa ko zamantakewa na Fadar White House ba. Tasirinta ya kasance na mai ilimi da mai ba mijinta shawara. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 121 Ba ta canza matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa a lokacin da take kan mulki ba.  : 200 Masana tarihi gabaɗaya suna kwatanta Johnson a matsayin wanda ba shi da girman kai kuma ba zai iya cika matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ba, amma kuma a matsayin abokiyar hulɗa mai ilimi ga mijinta. Duk da cewa suna da mijinta ya ragu sosai a cikin ƙarni da ya biyo baya, suna da Johnson a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa bai canza ba.  {{Rp|pages=234–235}}An rasa takardun Johnson na sirri, galibi saboda Yaƙin Basasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield&quot; /&gt; : 230 Yawancin manyan takardu da ke da alaƙa da ita suna cikin takardun mijinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 200 A cikin kuri'ar jin ra'ayin masana tarihi ta Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta shekarar 1982, an sanya Johnson a matsayin mace ta 21 cikin mata 42 na shugabanni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2008 |title=Ranking America's First Ladies |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf |publisher=Siena College Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Johnson ta koma ga al'adar da aka saba gani a tsakanin matan shugabanni na ƙarni na 19, inda ta bar wata ƙaramar mai maye gurbinta ta yi yawancin ayyukanta, ta sake kafa al'adar bayan wa'adin da Mary Todd Lincoln ta yi a bainar jama'a.  Ita ce matar shugaban ƙasa ta ƙarshe da ta kamu da rashin lafiya ta wannan hanyar har zuwa Ida Saxton McKinley daga baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 58 Wataƙila Johnson ta guji jan hankalin jama'a musamman saboda sukar da ake yi wa magajinta da kuma yiwuwar samun irin wannan sukar idan aka yi la'akari da shugabancin mijinta mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. Tana kuma iya jin tsoron cewa ba ta da baiwar zamantakewa da ake buƙata daga mai masaukin baki. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot; /&gt; : 56 A ƙarshen wa'adin mulkinta, an bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;kusan tatsuniya&quot; saboda ƙarancin hulɗa da jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot; /&gt; : 57 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Eliza McCardle Johnson at Find a Grave
* [https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2009/05/eliza-johnson.html Eliza Johnson] at 'History of American Women'
* [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/ej17.html The White House Web Site]
* [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=18 National First Ladies' Library] Archived May 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/19/Eliza-Johnson.aspx Eliza Johnson] at C-SPAN's ''First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp;amp; Image''
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Eliza McCardle Johnson (4 ga Oktoba, 1810 - 15 ga Janairu, 1876) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka daga 1865 zuwa 1869 a matsayin matar Shugaba Andrew Johnson . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban Amurka daga Maris har zuwa Afrilu 1865 lokacin da mijinta yake mataimakin shugaban kasa. Johnson ba ya aiki sosai a matsayin matar shugaban kasa, kuma ta kasance ba a bainar jama'a ba tsawon lokacin shugabancin mijinta. Ita ce matar shugaban kasa mafi karanci da ta yi aure, tana yin hakan ne tana da shekaru 16.

Johnson ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga aikin mijinta na farko, tana ba shi ilimi da kuma ƙarfafa shi ya ƙarfafa ƙwarewarsa ta magana da neman mukami. Duk da haka, Johnson ba ta shiga cikin harkokin zamantakewa na siyasa ba, ta ci gaba da zama a gida yayin da mijinta ya hau mulki. A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, an tilasta mata barin gidanta saboda amincin iyalinta na Unionist . Tarin fuka ya shafe ta a tsawon rayuwarta, kuma duk wani aiki da ta zaɓa ta yi yana da iyaka saboda lafiyarta.

Johnson ta kasance matar shugaban ƙasa ta biyu a Amurka na ɗan lokaci kafin ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa, a matsayinta na matar shugaban ƙasa har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe Abraham Lincoln . Bayan ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa, Johnson ta bai wa 'yarta Martha Johnson Patterson ayyukan zamantakewa na wannan matsayi. Duk da cewa ta bayyana a bainar jama'a sau biyu kacal a lokacin da take matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, Johnson ya kasance mai tasiri sosai ga mijinta, kuma yana tuntubar ta akai-akai don neman shawara. Johnson ta koma gidanta na Greeneville, Tennessee tare da iyalinta bayan ta bar Fadar White House, tana zaune cikin hutu cikin natsuwa. Ta mutu watanni shida bayan mijinta kuma aka binne ta kusa da shi.

== Rayuwar Farko da Aure ==
An haifi Eliza McCardle a Greeneville, Tennessee a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1810.  : 108 Ita kaɗai ce 'ya ga John McCardle, mai gyaran takalma da mai kula da masauki, da kuma Sarah Phillips. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 116 Iyalan sun ƙaura zuwa Warrensburg, Tennessee yayin da McCardle ke ƙarama, amma sun koma Greeneville bayan mutuwar mahaifinta.  : 191 Mahaifiyarta bazawara ta rene McCardle, wacce ta tallafa mata da kuɗi ta hanyar saka &lt;ref name=&quot;diller&quot; /&gt; kuma ta koya mata karatu da rubutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 116 McCardle ta halarci makaranta kuma ta sami ilimin firamare.  Ana kyautata zaton ta halarci Rhea Academy da ke Greenville.  : 203 

McCardle ya haɗu da [[Andrew Johnson]] lokacin da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa Greeneville a watan Satumba na 1826. An ce ta fara ganinsa ne yayin da take magana da abokanta, waɗanda suka fara yi mata ba'a lokacin da ta nuna sha'awarta ga mai koyon dinki.  : 191 &lt;ref name=&quot;boller&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|pages=131–132}}McCardle da Johnson sun fara soyayya nan take. Johnsons sun bar birnin daga baya a wannan shekarar, kuma ma'auratan sun yi musayar wasiƙu har sai da ya dawo a shekarar 1827. Sun yi aure a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1827. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 117 Mordecai Lincoln, ɗan uwan Abraham Lincoln, wanda ya taɓa zama ɗan uwan [[Abraham Lincoln]], shi ne ya jagoranci bikin auren. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|pages=191–193}}McCardle tana da shekaru 16, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ƙarama a cikin dukkan matan shugabannin Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 117  : 231 Bayan sun yi aure, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa wani gida mai ɗakuna biyu, inda ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan ya yi aiki a matsayin shagon dinki.  : 130 

Eliza Johnson ta samar wa mijinta da mafi yawan iliminsa na yau da kullun, &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 117 duk da cewa wani tatsuniya da aka saba da ita ta nuna cewa ta koya masa karatu da rubutu.  : 193 Suna da 'ya'ya biyar tare: Martha a shekarar 1828, Charles a shekarar 1830, Mary a shekarar 1832, Robert a shekarar 1834, da Andrew Jr. a shekarar 1852. Da zarar sun fara haihuwa, yawancin lokacin Johnson yana kula da gida yayin da mijinta ke kula da shagon dinki. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 117 A shekara ta 1831, sun sayi babban gida da kuma wani wuri daban na shagon. Sun sake komawa wani babban gida a shekara ta 1851. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 193 

== Matar ɗan siyasa ==

=== Shekarun Antebellum ===
Da ƙarfafawar Eliza, mijinta ya nemi mukamin siyasa.  Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon aikinsa na siyasa, tana taimaka masa a fannin iliminsa da kuma iyawarsa ta magana.  : 231 Yayin da ya sami manyan mukamai na siyasa, Johnson ya guji rawar da matar ɗan siyasa ke takawa a zamantakewa, maimakon haka ya kula da gidansu.  A wannan lokacin, gidan ya haɗa da [[Bauta a Amurka|bayi]] takwas ko tara.  : 194 Ba a san yadda Johnson ya ji game da mallakar bayi ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield&quot; /&gt; : 232 Yayin da 'ya'yan Johnson suka girma, ta ji daɗin ganin 'ya'yanta mata suna neman mazajensu da kuma fara iyalai na kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield&quot; /&gt; : 232 A lokaci guda kuma, manyan 'ya'yanta maza biyu sun zama abin damuwa saboda [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]] ya shafe su. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 117 

Yayin da yake gida, Johnson ne ke da alhakin kula da harkokin kuɗin iyalin, gami da jarin da suka zuba.  : 203 Duk da cewa ba ta raka mijinta lokacin da yake tafiya don aikinsa ba, ta tallafa masa, tana ƙarfafa shi da kuma taimaka masa da jawabansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 118 Ta kamu da [[Tarin fuka|cutar tarin fuka]], wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin lafiya.  Lafiyarta ta inganta kuma ta tabarbare a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, amma ba ta warke gaba ɗaya ba. Daga ƙarshe ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] a shekarar 1860 tare da 'ya'yanta maza, suka zauna har sai lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka ya fara a shekara mai zuwa.  : 194 

=== Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka ===
A lokacin yaƙin, Johnson ya zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan gurguzu da ke zaune a ƙasashen Confederate na Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 118 An tilasta mata ƙaura bayan da Sojojin Jihohin Confederate suka mamaye yankin.  Ta koma gonar 'yarta Mary bayan da sojojin Confederate suka kwace gidan Johnson. Duk da cewa da farko an umarce ta da ta fice daga yankin cikin awanni 36 a watan Mayun 1862, ta amsa da cewa &quot;Ba zan iya bin ƙa'idar ba&quot;, kuma an ba ta ƙarin watanni biyar.  : 204 

Daga ƙarshe Johnson ta yi tafiyar makonni uku zuwa Nashville, Tennessee, inda aka ci zarafinta aka kuma yi mata barazana saboda kasancewarta matar wani sanata na Unionist. Tafiyar ta shafi lafiyarta sosai, amma da ta isa Nashville ta sake haɗuwa da mijinta, wanda ba ta taɓa ganinsa ba kusan shekara guda.  : 204 Daga baya ta yi tafiya zuwa arewa, ta ratsa layin Confederate ba tare da rakiya ba, ta je Ohio da Indiana don ziyartar 'ya'yanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 119 Ta koma Nashville a watan Mayu na shekarar 1863. An kashe babban ɗan Johnson, Charles, daga baya a wannan shekarar bayan an jefa shi daga kan dokinsa.  : 195 Ba ta da isasshen lokaci a Nashville, ba kasafai take ganin mijinta ba, musamman bayan ya fara yakin neman zabe a zaben shugaban kasa na 1864.  : 233 

Johnson's husband was sworn in as the Vice President of the United States in March 1865.: 195  The following month, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] was assassinated, and her husband ascended to the presidency.: 109  This had a severe emotional effect on her; in one letter, her daughter Martha described her as &quot;almost deranged&quot; with worry that her husband would be assassinated as well.: 203  She also lamented the idea of becoming first lady, effectively rejecting the role.&lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt;: 109 

== Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ==
Johnson ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington tare da 'ya'yanta da suka rage, surukinta David T. Patterson, da jikokinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWatson2001&quot;&gt;[[Robert P. Watson|Watson, Robert P.]] (2001). [[iarchive:firstladiesofuni0000wats|''First Ladies of the United States'']]. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;116–&lt;/span&gt;121. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1515/9781626373532|10.1515/9781626373532]]. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-62637-353-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-62637-353-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249333854 249333854].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 119 Sun isa a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1865.  : 196 Bayan ta isa, ta zaɓi ɗaki a hawa na biyu da ke fuskantar ofishin shugaban ƙasa.  : 129 Johnson ba ta sami damar yin aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ba saboda rashin lafiyarta, kuma ta kasance a ɗakin kwananta, inda ta bar ayyukan zamantakewa ga 'yarta Martha. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 196 Duk da cewa ba ta son zama matar shugaban ƙasa, ta ji daɗin yadda dukkan iyalinta suka zauna tare.  : 109 

Johnson za ta karɓi baƙon mijinta a Fadar White House,  : 109 amma ta bayyana a bainar jama'a a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa sau biyu kacal: bikin Sarauniya Emma ta Hawaii a shekarar 1866 da kuma wasan yara don cika shekaru sittin da shugaban ƙasa ya yi a shekarar 1868. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 120 A duka lokutan biyu, ba ta tashi yayin da take karɓar baƙi ba.  : 131 Ta kuma sami wasiƙu da yawa daga jama'a a lokacin da take matar shugaban ƙasa, sau da yawa tana neman alfarmar siyasa ko kuma samun damar ganawa da shugaban ƙasa. 'Yarta da ma'aikatan Fadar White House ne ke kula da wasiƙunta. Duk da cewa ba ta da himma a bainar jama'a, Johnson ta sami damar yin ayyuka akai-akai tare da iyalinta tare da wasu taimako.  : 197 

A lokacin da take zaune a Fadar White House, Johnson ta kan dinka da saka, kuma tana yawan karatu. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|pages=119–120}}Kowace rana, za ta ratsa gidan White House, tana duba mijinta da ma'aikatan ko kuma ta yi zaman tare da jikokinta.  : 198 Tana kusa da ma'aikatan, tana ɗaukar ma'aikatan fari da baƙi a matsayin &quot;masu gidan&quot;.  : 205 Johnson ta ɗauki nauyin ayyukanta, ciki har da gudummawar kuɗi ga gidajen marayu a Baltimore, Maryland, &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 198 da Charleston, South Carolina .  : 233 Ta kuma sami damar yin tafiya a lokacin da take matar shugaban ƙasa, tana ziyartar biranen da ke kusa kamar [[Boston]], [[New York (birni)|New York]], da [[Philadelphia]] a shekarar 1867. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 198 

Johnson ba ta taka rawa sosai a siyasar gwamnatin mijinta ba, duk da cewa ta ba shi cikakken goyon baya a lokacin shugabancinsa, har ma a lokacin tsige shi .  Ta nuna sha'awarta a shari'ar, &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 120 kuma shugaban ƙasa zai ziyarce ta kowace safiya don neman shawararta.  : 128 Tana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan shugaban ƙasa, kuma yana yawan la'akari da shawararta.  : 205 Tana yawan lura da labaran da jaridu ke bayarwa game da fadar shugaban ƙasa, tana yanke labaran da ta ga sun cancanci kulawar shugaban ƙasa. Tana tsara su kowace rana, tana nuna masa labarai masu kyau kowace dare sannan ta ba shi labarai marasa daɗi washegari da safe. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 57 

Johnson ya taimaka wa shugaban ƙasa da jawabansa kamar yadda ta yi a mukaman siyasa na baya, kuma ta yi aiki don hana tashin hankalin da fushinsa ya haifar. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 120 Tsoronta game da lafiyar mijinta ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a tsawon shugabancinsa, domin kuwa kisan gillar da aka yi wa Abraham Lincoln har yanzu yana nan a cikin tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 119 Duk da rashin lafiyarta, za ta ci gaba da kula da mijinta a wasu wurare, tana zaɓar masa kayansa kuma tana tabbatar da cewa ya gamsu da abincin da aka tanadar masa.  : 129 Johnson ba ta son zama a Fadar White House, kuma ta yi farin ciki da lokacin da wa'adin mijinta ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;boller&quot; /&gt; : 131 

== Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa ==
Iyalan Johnson sun koma Greenville bayan sun bar Fadar White House a watan Maris na 1869. Ɗansu Robert ya kashe kansa a wata mai zuwa.  : 199 Johnson ta rayu cikin natsuwa bayan ta ƙare a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, sau da yawa tana yin lokacinta tare da 'ya'yanta da jikokinta.  : 234 Ta ji daɗin 'yancin kai, wani lokacin tana tafiya ba tare da mijinta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 120–121 Lafiyarta ta ragu lokacin da aka zaɓe mijinta a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a 1875, kuma ta ƙaura tare da 'yarta Mary. Ta rasu jim kaɗan bayan haka a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1875. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 199 Rashin lafiyar Johnson da baƙin cikinta sun hana ta halartar jana'izar, &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 121 amma an naɗa ta don ta aiwatar da dukiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 58 Ta rasu a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1876, tana da shekaru 65, &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 121 kuma an binne ta kusa da mijinta a Makabartar Ƙasa ta Andrew Johnson . &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield&quot; /&gt; : 234 

== Gado ==
[[Fayil:Eliza_McCardle_Johnson_locket_photo_(scanned_from_Brabson_1972).jpg|thumb|Hoton Eliza McCardle Johnson, wataƙila an ƙirƙira {{Circa|1840}} An yi amfani da jakar a hannun jikanyar Margaret Johnson Patterson Bartlett (1903–1992) har zuwa 1972; ba a san inda take a yanzu ba.]]
Johnson tana ɗaya daga cikin matan shugabanni marasa himma, ba ta taka rawar gani sosai a fannin siyasa ko zamantakewa na Fadar White House ba. Tasirinta ya kasance na mai ilimi da mai ba mijinta shawara. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 121 Ba ta canza matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa a lokacin da take kan mulki ba.  : 200 Masana tarihi gabaɗaya suna kwatanta Johnson a matsayin wanda ba shi da girman kai kuma ba zai iya cika matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ba, amma kuma a matsayin abokiyar hulɗa mai ilimi ga mijinta. Duk da cewa suna da mijinta ya ragu sosai a cikin ƙarni da ya biyo baya, suna da Johnson a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa bai canza ba.  {{Rp|pages=234–235}}An rasa takardun Johnson na sirri, galibi saboda Yaƙin Basasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield&quot; /&gt; : 230 Yawancin manyan takardu da ke da alaƙa da ita suna cikin takardun mijinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 200 A cikin kuri'ar jin ra'ayin masana tarihi ta Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta shekarar 1982, an sanya Johnson a matsayin mace ta 21 cikin mata 42 na shugabanni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2008 |title=Ranking America's First Ladies |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf |publisher=Siena College Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Johnson ta koma ga al'adar da aka saba gani a tsakanin matan shugabanni na ƙarni na 19, inda ta bar wata ƙaramar mai maye gurbinta ta yi yawancin ayyukanta, ta sake kafa al'adar bayan wa'adin da Mary Todd Lincoln ta yi a bainar jama'a.  Ita ce matar shugaban ƙasa ta ƙarshe da ta kamu da rashin lafiya ta wannan hanyar har zuwa Ida Saxton McKinley daga baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 58 Wataƙila Johnson ta guji jan hankalin jama'a musamman saboda sukar da ake yi wa magajinta da kuma yiwuwar samun irin wannan sukar idan aka yi la'akari da shugabancin mijinta mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. Tana kuma iya jin tsoron cewa ba ta da baiwar zamantakewa da ake buƙata daga mai masaukin baki. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot; /&gt; : 56 A ƙarshen wa'adin mulkinta, an bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;kusan tatsuniya&quot; saboda ƙarancin hulɗa da jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot; /&gt; : 57 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Eliza McCardle Johnson at Find a Grave
* [https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2009/05/eliza-johnson.html Eliza Johnson] at 'History of American Women'
* [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/ej17.html The White House Web Site]
* [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=18 National First Ladies' Library] Archived May 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/19/Eliza-Johnson.aspx Eliza Johnson] at C-SPAN's ''First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp;amp; Image''
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  <page>
    <title>Patricia Magara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816349</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:22:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337799503|Patricia Magara]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7141" sha1="2uiuo10dmymvz5kdh30i7ohzazg82q0" xml:space="preserve">'''Patricia Magara''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978) [[lauya]] ce kuma 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa ']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;yar ƙasar Uganda, wacce ita ce shugabar jam'iyyar Women's League National Resistance Movement a Luweero, kuma 'ya ce ga Sam Magara, wani ɗan juyin juya hali ɗan ƙasar Uganda, da aka kashe a shekara ta 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Magara a shekarar 1978 ɗiya ce ga marigayi Sam Magara da Joy Magara a [[Nairobi|birnin Nairobi na ƙasar Kenya]], inda iyayenta ke gudun hijira. 'Yan uwanta sun haɗa da Emmanuel Noowe, Stalin Kanduho, da Sam Mwerindebiro. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fara karatunta a wani gidan renon yara na Indiya da ke Nairobi, sannan ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Budo a shekarar 1986 sannan ta shiga makarantar kwana ta sojoji ta Jinja, inda ta kammala karatunta na firamare. Magara ta yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Namasagali]] na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ta shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Mary Hill da ke Mbarara, inda ta yi karatu na O. Ta yi  na A a Bweranyagi Girls sannan daga baya aka shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Makerere]] don samun digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Aikin farko da Patricia ta fara yi bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 2002 ya kasance a Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati na tsawon watanni shida, daga baya kuma ta yi aiki a Fadar Gwamnati har zuwa shekarar 2010 lokacin da ta shiga Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Harkokin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita ce shugabar jam'iyyar NRM ta mata a Luweero. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Politics: Luwero NRM launch early mobilisation |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/politics/luwero-nrm-launch-early-mobilisation-NV_144369_022026 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wakilci ƙungiyar National Resistance Movement a matsayin mai takarar kujerar mazaɓar Katikamu ta Kudu a babban zaɓen shekarar 2021 inda ta sha kaye a hannun Hassan Kirumira na National Unity Platform. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Court Adjourns Katikamu South Election Petition : |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/court-adjourns-katikamu-south-election-petition- |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyun 2025, ta sha kaye a hannun Abubakar Kalume kuma ta shigar da ƙara a Kotun NRM tana kira da a soke sakamakon, tana zargin zamba, tashin hankali, da kuma maguɗin sakamako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matovu |first=Muhamadi |title=Magara Demands Fresh NRM Primaries in Katikamu South over Rigging Allegations |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/277719/magara-demands-fresh-nrm-primaries-in-katikamu-south-over-rigging-allegations |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=NRM candidate alleges conspiracy to block election petition |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/-nrm-candidate-alleges-conspiracy-to-block-election-petition-5143136 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun ta yi watsi da ƙarar saboda rashin ingantattun shaidu wanda ya sa ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta a babban zaɓen shekarar 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-19 |title=NRM Tribunal upholds victory by 4 MP flagbearers in Luwero |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/nrm-tribunal-upholds-victory-by-4-mp-flagbearers-in-luwero/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=2026 elections: Why 21 faces are fighting for the soul of Katikamu South |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/elections/2026-elections-why-21-faces-are-fighting-for-the-soul-of-katikamu-south-4951920 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Magara uwa ce mai 'ya'ya biyu da ta auri Sam Buchanan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aine |first=Kim |date=2019-08-22 |title=NRA Historical’s Daughter, Patricia Magara, Gets Death Threats |url=https://chimpreports.com/nra-historicals-daughter-patricia-magara-gets-death-threats/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=URN |date=2019-08-21 |title=City 'tycoon' Buchanan remanded over illegal gun possession |url=https://observer.ug/news/city-tycoon-buchanan-remanded-over-illegal-gun-possession/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Observer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Sam Magara
* Sarah Najjuma
* [[Brenda Nabukenya]]

== Manazarta ==
Patricia MagaraPatricia MagaraPatricia MagaraPatricia MagaraPatricia MagaraPatricia Magara
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816350</id>
      <parentid>816349</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:23:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7062" sha1="jmihfdq3yy8y1frizcyatmu4v2u69et" xml:space="preserve">'''Patricia Magara''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978) [[lauya]] ce kuma 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa ']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;yar ƙasar Uganda, wacce ita ce shugabar jam'iyyar Women's League National Resistance Movement a Luweero, kuma 'ya ce ga Sam Magara, wani ɗan juyin juya hali ɗan ƙasar Uganda, da aka kashe a shekara ta 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Magara a shekarar 1978 ɗiya ce ga marigayi Sam Magara da Joy Magara a [[Nairobi|birnin Nairobi na ƙasar Kenya]], inda iyayenta ke gudun hijira. 'Yan uwanta sun haɗa da Emmanuel Noowe, Stalin Kanduho, da Sam Mwerindebiro. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fara karatunta a wani gidan renon yara na Indiya da ke Nairobi, sannan ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Budo a shekarar 1986 sannan ta shiga makarantar kwana ta sojoji ta Jinja, inda ta kammala karatunta na firamare. Magara ta yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Namasagali]] na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ta shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Mary Hill da ke Mbarara, inda ta yi karatu na O. Ta yi  na A a Bweranyagi Girls sannan daga baya aka shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Makerere]] don samun digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Aikin farko da Patricia ta fara yi bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 2002 ya kasance a Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati na tsawon watanni shida, daga baya kuma ta yi aiki a Fadar Gwamnati har zuwa shekarar 2010 lokacin da ta shiga Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Harkokin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita ce shugabar jam'iyyar NRM ta mata a Luweero. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Politics: Luwero NRM launch early mobilisation |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/politics/luwero-nrm-launch-early-mobilisation-NV_144369_022026 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wakilci ƙungiyar National Resistance Movement a matsayin mai takarar kujerar mazaɓar Katikamu ta Kudu a babban zaɓen shekarar 2021 inda ta sha kaye a hannun Hassan Kirumira na National Unity Platform. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Court Adjourns Katikamu South Election Petition : |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/court-adjourns-katikamu-south-election-petition- |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyun 2025, ta sha kaye a hannun Abubakar Kalume kuma ta shigar da ƙara a Kotun NRM tana kira da a soke sakamakon, tana zargin zamba, tashin hankali, da kuma maguɗin sakamako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matovu |first=Muhamadi |title=Magara Demands Fresh NRM Primaries in Katikamu South over Rigging Allegations |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/277719/magara-demands-fresh-nrm-primaries-in-katikamu-south-over-rigging-allegations |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=NRM candidate alleges conspiracy to block election petition |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/-nrm-candidate-alleges-conspiracy-to-block-election-petition-5143136 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun ta yi watsi da ƙarar saboda rashin ingantattun shaidu wanda ya sa ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta a babban zaɓen shekarar 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-19 |title=NRM Tribunal upholds victory by 4 MP flagbearers in Luwero |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/nrm-tribunal-upholds-victory-by-4-mp-flagbearers-in-luwero/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=2026 elections: Why 21 faces are fighting for the soul of Katikamu South |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/elections/2026-elections-why-21-faces-are-fighting-for-the-soul-of-katikamu-south-4951920 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Magara uwa ce mai 'ya'ya biyu da ta auri Sam Buchanan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aine |first=Kim |date=2019-08-22 |title=NRA Historical’s Daughter, Patricia Magara, Gets Death Threats |url=https://chimpreports.com/nra-historicals-daughter-patricia-magara-gets-death-threats/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=URN |date=2019-08-21 |title=City 'tycoon' Buchanan remanded over illegal gun possession |url=https://observer.ug/news/city-tycoon-buchanan-remanded-over-illegal-gun-possession/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Observer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Sam Magara
* Sarah Najjuma
* [[Brenda Nabukenya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>jmihfdq3yy8y1frizcyatmu4v2u69et</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816351</id>
      <parentid>816350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:25:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7075" sha1="f34qy73unvv47lgb7wp3jvqd8544xk3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Patricia Magara''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978) [[lauya]] ce kuma 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa ']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;yar ƙasar Uganda, wacce ita ce shugabar jam'iyyar Women's League National Resistance Movement a Luweero, kuma 'ya ce ga Sam Magara, wani ɗan juyin juya hali ɗan ƙasar Uganda, da aka kashe a shekara ta 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Magara a shekarar 1978 ɗiya ce ga marigayi Sam Magara da Joy Magara a [[Nairobi|birnin Nairobi na ƙasar Kenya]], inda iyayenta ke gudun hijira. 'Yan uwanta sun haɗa da Emmanuel Noowe, Stalin Kanduho, da Sam Mwerindebiro. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fara karatunta a wani gidan renon yara na Indiya da ke Nairobi, sannan ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Budo a shekarar 1986 sannan ta shiga makarantar kwana ta sojoji ta Jinja, inda ta kammala karatunta na firamare. Magara ta yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Namasagali]] na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ta shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Mary Hill da ke Mbarara, inda ta yi karatu na O. Ta yi  na A a Bweranyagi Girls sannan daga baya aka shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Makerere]] don samun digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Aikin farko da Patricia ta fara yi bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 2002 ya kasance a Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati na tsawon watanni shida, daga baya kuma ta yi aiki a Fadar Gwamnati har zuwa shekarar 2010 lokacin da ta shiga Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Harkokin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita ce shugabar jam'iyyar NRM ta mata a Luweero. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Politics: Luwero NRM launch early mobilisation |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/politics/luwero-nrm-launch-early-mobilisation-NV_144369_022026 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wakilci ƙungiyar National Resistance Movement a matsayin mai takarar kujerar mazaɓar Katikamu ta Kudu a babban zaɓen shekarar 2021 inda ta sha kaye a hannun Hassan Kirumira na National Unity Platform. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Court Adjourns Katikamu South Election Petition : |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/court-adjourns-katikamu-south-election-petition- |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyun 2025, ta sha kaye a hannun Abubakar Kalume kuma ta shigar da ƙara a Kotun NRM tana kira da a soke sakamakon, tana zargin zamba, tashin hankali, da kuma maguɗin sakamako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matovu |first=Muhamadi |title=Magara Demands Fresh NRM Primaries in Katikamu South over Rigging Allegations |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/277719/magara-demands-fresh-nrm-primaries-in-katikamu-south-over-rigging-allegations |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=NRM candidate alleges conspiracy to block election petition |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/-nrm-candidate-alleges-conspiracy-to-block-election-petition-5143136 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun ta yi watsi da ƙarar saboda rashin ingantattun shaidu wanda ya sa ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta a babban zaɓen shekarar 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-19 |title=NRM Tribunal upholds victory by 4 MP flagbearers in Luwero |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/nrm-tribunal-upholds-victory-by-4-mp-flagbearers-in-luwero/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=2026 elections: Why 21 faces are fighting for the soul of Katikamu South |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/elections/2026-elections-why-21-faces-are-fighting-for-the-soul-of-katikamu-south-4951920 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Magara uwa ce mai 'ya'ya biyu da ta auri Sam Buchanan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/our-childhood-was-in-exile-patricia-magara-1563058 &quot;Our childhood was in exile - Patricia Magara&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-02-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aine |first=Kim |date=2019-08-22 |title=NRA Historical’s Daughter, Patricia Magara, Gets Death Threats |url=https://chimpreports.com/nra-historicals-daughter-patricia-magara-gets-death-threats/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=URN |date=2019-08-21 |title=City 'tycoon' Buchanan remanded over illegal gun possession |url=https://observer.ug/news/city-tycoon-buchanan-remanded-over-illegal-gun-possession/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Observer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Sam Magara
* Sarah Najjuma
* [[Brenda Nabukenya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zomura Manezo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816354</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:33:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1268938065|Zomura Manezo]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1027" sha1="t63iflombxhczjkon1wzaki092drp4j" xml:space="preserve">'''Zomura Manezo''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda, kuma 'yar majalisar dokoki. An zaɓe ta a matsayin mace 'yar majalisa da za ta wakilci gundumar Obongi da ke arewacin Uganda, a lokacin babban zaɓen ƙasar Uganda na shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Trumpet News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita memba ce a jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement mai mulki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=Trumpet News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://theugandannews.com/2021/01/18/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Ugandan News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* Majalisar Uganda

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>t63iflombxhczjkon1wzaki092drp4j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816356</id>
      <parentid>816354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:34:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816356</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1296" sha1="t2ivduu4n1gbiph73zlvs3dpfxad4yv" xml:space="preserve">'''Zomura Manezo''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda, kuma 'yar majalisar dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210226151214/https://www.ec.or.ug/ecresults/2021/MPS_RESULTS_2021.pdf 2021 Election results] &lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓe ta a matsayin mace 'yar majalisa da za ta wakilci gundumar Obongi da ke arewacin Uganda, a lokacin babban zaɓen ƙasar Uganda na shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Trumpet News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita memba ce a jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement mai mulki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=Trumpet News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://theugandannews.com/2021/01/18/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Ugandan News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210226151214/https://www.ec.or.ug/ecresults/2021/MPS_RESULTS_2021.pdf 2021 Election results] &lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* Majalisar Uganda

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>t2ivduu4n1gbiph73zlvs3dpfxad4yv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816357</id>
      <parentid>816356</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:35:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1489" sha1="k1t9pw8532i7gbyqw4y9ij31dfukdx7" xml:space="preserve">'''Zomura Manezo''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda, kuma 'yar majalisar dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210226151214/https://www.ec.or.ug/ecresults/2021/MPS_RESULTS_2021.pdf 2021 Election results] &lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓe ta a matsayin mace 'yar majalisa da za ta wakilci gundumar Obongi da ke arewacin Uganda, a lokacin babban zaɓen ƙasar Uganda na shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Trumpet News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita memba ce a jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement mai mulki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Trumpet News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=Trumpet News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://theugandannews.com/2021/01/18/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Ugandan News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210226151214/https://www.ec.or.ug/ecresults/2021/MPS_RESULTS_2021.pdf 2021 Election results] &lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* Majalisar Uganda

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>k1t9pw8532i7gbyqw4y9ij31dfukdx7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816358</id>
      <parentid>816357</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:36:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816358</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1683" sha1="8tk6igjyroxfq3im5hj1emey1e6iz8h" xml:space="preserve">'''Zomura Manezo''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Trumpet News}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma 'yar majalisar dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210226151214/https://www.ec.or.ug/ecresults/2021/MPS_RESULTS_2021.pdf 2021 Election results] &lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓe ta a matsayin mace 'yar majalisa da za ta wakilci gundumar Obongi da ke arewacin Uganda, a lokacin babban zaɓen ƙasar Uganda na shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Trumpet News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita memba ce a jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement mai mulki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Trumpet News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=Trumpet News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://theugandannews.com/2021/01/18/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Ugandan News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210226151214/https://www.ec.or.ug/ecresults/2021/MPS_RESULTS_2021.pdf 2021 Election results] &lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* Majalisar Uganda

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>8tk6igjyroxfq3im5hj1emey1e6iz8h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816359</id>
      <parentid>816358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:38:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1696" sha1="29u5570dn41zvrcs0k5uim6tfalix65" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Zomura Manezo''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Trumpet News}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma 'yar majalisar dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210226151214/https://www.ec.or.ug/ecresults/2021/MPS_RESULTS_2021.pdf 2021 Election results] &lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓe ta a matsayin mace 'yar majalisa da za ta wakilci gundumar Obongi da ke arewacin Uganda, a lokacin babban zaɓen ƙasar Uganda na shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Trumpet News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita memba ce a jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement mai mulki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Trumpet News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://trumpetnews.co.ug/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=Trumpet News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List: Who was Elected MP in Uganda |url=https://theugandannews.com/2021/01/18/list-who-was-elected-mp-in-uganda/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Ugandan News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210226151214/https://www.ec.or.ug/ecresults/2021/MPS_RESULTS_2021.pdf 2021 Election results] &lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* Majalisar Uganda

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>29u5570dn41zvrcs0k5uim6tfalix65</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Annika Hahn-Englund</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816360</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:39:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345474010|Annika Hahn-Englund]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816360</origin>
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'''Annika Hahn-Englund''' jami'ar diflomasiyya ce [[Sweden|ta ƙasar Sweden]] . A shekarar 2022 aka naɗa ta jakadar ƙasar Sweden a [[Najeriya]]   da kuma [[Afirka ta Yamma]] .    Ta yi aiki a matsayin jakadar ƙasar Sweden a Belgium da Luxembourg (2016–2021) da kuma jakadar haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen Nordic a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta ƙasar Sweden (2014–2016). 

== Ilimi ==
Tana da digirin Master of Science a fannin Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki ''(Civilekonomexamen'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sök utbildning - Stockholms universitet |url=https://sisu.it.su.se/search/archive_info/SCEKY |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=sisu.it.su.se}}&lt;/ref&gt; '')'' daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Stockholm . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Embassy staff |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/es/embajada/nigeria-abuja/about-us/embassy-staff/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Sweden Abroad |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Hahn-Englund ta shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Sweden a shekarar 1988. A farkon aikinta, ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Biyu a Ofishin Jakadancin Sweden da ke Beijing, China (1989–1992) da kuma Sakatare na Farko a Ofishin Jakadancin Sweden da ke Bonn, Jamus (1995–1997).

Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, Hahn-Englund ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Sweden a Tarayyar Turai a Brussels da kuma Babban Sakatare na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da Hukumar (2002–2009) da kuma a Ofishin Firayim Minista, Stockholm, Sweden (2009–2010). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Embassy staff |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/es/embajada/nigeria-abuja/about-us/embassy-staff/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Sweden Abroad |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.swedenabroad.se/es/embajada/nigeria-abuja/about-us/embassy-staff/ &quot;Embassy staff&quot;]. ''Sweden Abroad''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 2014 da 2016, ta kasance jakadiyar haɗin gwiwar Nordic a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Sweden sannan daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin jakadar Sweden a Belgium da Luxembourg (2016–2021).

A shekarar 2022, an naɗa ta jakadar Sweden a Najeriya,  Ghana, Kamaru da ECOWAS, inda ta karɓi ragamar mulki daga hannun Carl Michael Gräns . 

A watan Maris na 2025, an naɗa ta a matsayin Babban Jami'in Jakadancin Sweden a Shanghai. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{s-start-collapsible|header={{S-dip}}}}
{{Succession box|title=[[List of ambassadors of Sweden to Belgium|Ambassador of Sweden to Belgium]]|before=Maria Christina Lundqvist|years=2016–2021|after=Annika Molin Hellgren}}
{{Succession box|title={{no wrap|Ambassador of Sweden to Luxembourg}}|before=Maria Christina Lundqvist|years=2016–2021|after=Annika Molin Hellgren}}
{{Succession box|title=[[List of ambassadors of Sweden to Nigeria|Ambassador of Sweden to Nigeria]]|before=[[Carl Michael Gräns]]|years=2022–2025|after=Anna Westerholm}}
{{Succession box|title=Ambassador of Sweden to Ghana|before=[[Carl Michael Gräns]]|years=2022–2025|after=Anna Westerholm}}
{{Succession box|title=[[List of ambassadors of Sweden to Cameroon|Ambassador of Sweden to Cameroon]]|before=[[Carl Michael Gräns]]|years=2022–2025|after=Anna Westerholm}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Consulate General of Sweden, Shanghai|Consul General of Sweden to Shanghai]]|before=Marie-Claire Swärd Capra|years=2025–present|after=Incumbent}}
{{S-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn-Englund, Annika}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>f41ne6pikwzt33w1w4xdoqn0uo2g1ul</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816361</id>
      <parentid>816360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:40:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>816361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3506" sha1="9o86t7rfny8ap7rcpjoi9xd1gsh66s2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Annika Hahn-Englund''' jami'ar diflomasiyya ce [[Sweden|ta ƙasar Sweden]] . A shekarar 2022 aka naɗa ta jakadar ƙasar Sweden a [[Najeriya]]   da kuma [[Afirka ta Yamma]] .    Ta yi aiki a matsayin jakadar ƙasar Sweden a Belgium da Luxembourg (2016–2021) da kuma jakadar haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen Nordic a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta ƙasar Sweden (2014–2016).

== Ilimi ==
Tana da digirin Master of Science a fannin Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki ''(Civilekonomexamen'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sök utbildning - Stockholms universitet |url=https://sisu.it.su.se/search/archive_info/SCEKY |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=sisu.it.su.se}}&lt;/ref&gt; '')'' daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Stockholm . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Embassy staff |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/es/embajada/nigeria-abuja/about-us/embassy-staff/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Sweden Abroad |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Hahn-Englund ta shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Sweden a shekarar 1988. A farkon aikinta, ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Biyu a Ofishin Jakadancin Sweden da ke Beijing, China (1989–1992) da kuma Sakatare na Farko a Ofishin Jakadancin Sweden da ke Bonn, Jamus (1995–1997).

Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, Hahn-Englund ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Sweden a Tarayyar Turai a Brussels da kuma Babban Sakatare na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da Hukumar (2002–2009) da kuma a Ofishin Firayim Minista, Stockholm, Sweden (2009–2010). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Embassy staff |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/es/embajada/nigeria-abuja/about-us/embassy-staff/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Sweden Abroad |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.swedenabroad.se/es/embajada/nigeria-abuja/about-us/embassy-staff/ &quot;Embassy staff&quot;]. ''Sweden Abroad''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 2014 da 2016, ta kasance jakadiyar haɗin gwiwar Nordic a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Sweden sannan daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin jakadar Sweden a Belgium da Luxembourg (2016–2021).

A shekarar 2022, an naɗa ta jakadar Sweden a Najeriya,  Ghana, Kamaru da ECOWAS, inda ta karɓi ragamar mulki daga hannun Carl Michael Gräns . 

A watan Maris na 2025, an naɗa ta a matsayin Babban Jami'in Jakadancin Sweden a Shanghai. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{s-start-collapsible|header={{S-dip}}}}
{{Succession box|title=[[List of ambassadors of Sweden to Belgium|Ambassador of Sweden to Belgium]]|before=Maria Christina Lundqvist|years=2016–2021|after=Annika Molin Hellgren}}
{{Succession box|title={{no wrap|Ambassador of Sweden to Luxembourg}}|before=Maria Christina Lundqvist|years=2016–2021|after=Annika Molin Hellgren}}
{{Succession box|title=[[List of ambassadors of Sweden to Nigeria|Ambassador of Sweden to Nigeria]]|before=[[Carl Michael Gräns]]|years=2022–2025|after=Anna Westerholm}}
{{Succession box|title=Ambassador of Sweden to Ghana|before=[[Carl Michael Gräns]]|years=2022–2025|after=Anna Westerholm}}
{{Succession box|title=[[List of ambassadors of Sweden to Cameroon|Ambassador of Sweden to Cameroon]]|before=[[Carl Michael Gräns]]|years=2022–2025|after=Anna Westerholm}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Consulate General of Sweden, Shanghai|Consul General of Sweden to Shanghai]]|before=Marie-Claire Swärd Capra|years=2025–present|after=Incumbent}}
{{S-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn-Englund, Annika}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>9o86t7rfny8ap7rcpjoi9xd1gsh66s2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angufiru Margaret</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816363</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-30T23:43:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341492555|Angufiru Margaret]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2212" sha1="2ivr23hhpityh119th2odvawsusa3xc" xml:space="preserve">'''Angufiru Margaret''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda, [[Ungozoma|ma'aikaciyar jinya ce]] kuma ma'aikaciyar al'umma wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Takwas ta ƙasar Uganda, a matsayin 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta Gundumar Ayivu, da ke gundumar Arua a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta.

== Tarihin siyasa ==
A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisa a gundumar Ayivu, ta gina cibiyar lafiya mai darajar shillings miliyan 300 ta Uganda, a yankin Oluko da nufin inganta lafiyar mutanen mazaɓar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayivu MP constructs sh300m hospital |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Margaret ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Ministar Tsaro ta Jihar, Betty Akech kuma ta yi alƙawarin faɗaɗa ilimi ga mutanen gundumar Ayivu.  An yi zargin tana da sha'awar tsayawa takarar kujerar 'yar majalisar mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-10 |title=FDC's Abia setting the pace in Arua |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/insight/fdc-s-abia-setting-the-pace-in-arua-1598800 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta yi nasara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta, Margaret ta ambaci cewa za ta shiga jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Brief |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zarge ta da rashin gudanar da aikin rarraba abinci na agaji tare da Simon Ejua, ministan sufuri na jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister Ejua, MP Angufiru in Trouble over Relief Food : |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/minister-ejua-mp-angufiru-in-trouble-over-relief-food |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda Ta Takwas
* Yakubu Oulanyah

== Manazarta ==
Angufiru MargaretAngufiru MargaretAngufiru MargaretZomura ManezoAngufiru Margaret
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Shafin yanar gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda.]
* [https://ugandaradionetwork.net/a/file.php?fileId=97127 Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma]
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      <text bytes="2131" sha1="495dgsmvw3o3tfj9x7u70ppuwcu8z12" xml:space="preserve">'''Angufiru Margaret''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda, [[Ungozoma|ma'aikaciyar jinya ce]] kuma ma'aikaciyar al'umma wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Takwas ta ƙasar Uganda, a matsayin 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta Gundumar Ayivu, da ke gundumar Arua a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta.

== Tarihin siyasa ==
A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisa a gundumar Ayivu, ta gina cibiyar lafiya mai darajar shillings miliyan 300 ta Uganda, a yankin Oluko da nufin inganta lafiyar mutanen mazaɓar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayivu MP constructs sh300m hospital |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Margaret ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Ministar Tsaro ta Jihar, Betty Akech kuma ta yi alƙawarin faɗaɗa ilimi ga mutanen gundumar Ayivu.  An yi zargin tana da sha'awar tsayawa takarar kujerar 'yar majalisar mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-10 |title=FDC's Abia setting the pace in Arua |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/insight/fdc-s-abia-setting-the-pace-in-arua-1598800 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta yi nasara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta, Margaret ta ambaci cewa za ta shiga jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Brief |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zarge ta da rashin gudanar da aikin rarraba abinci na agaji tare da Simon Ejua, ministan sufuri na jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister Ejua, MP Angufiru in Trouble over Relief Food : |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/minister-ejua-mp-angufiru-in-trouble-over-relief-food |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda Ta Takwas
* Yakubu Oulanyah

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Shafin yanar gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda.]
* [https://ugandaradionetwork.net/a/file.php?fileId=97127 Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma]
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'''Angufiru Margaret''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda, [[Ungozoma|ma'aikaciyar jinya ce]] kuma ma'aikaciyar al'umma wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Takwas ta ƙasar Uganda, a matsayin 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta Gundumar Ayivu, da ke gundumar Arua a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta.

== Tarihin siyasa ==
A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisa a gundumar Ayivu, ta gina cibiyar lafiya mai darajar shillings miliyan 300 ta Uganda, a yankin Oluko da nufin inganta lafiyar mutanen mazaɓar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayivu MP constructs sh300m hospital |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Margaret ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Ministar Tsaro ta Jihar, Betty Akech kuma ta yi alƙawarin faɗaɗa ilimi ga mutanen gundumar Ayivu.  An yi zargin tana da sha'awar tsayawa takarar kujerar 'yar majalisar mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-10 |title=FDC's Abia setting the pace in Arua |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/insight/fdc-s-abia-setting-the-pace-in-arua-1598800 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta yi nasara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta, Margaret ta ambaci cewa za ta shiga jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Brief |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zarge ta da rashin gudanar da aikin rarraba abinci na agaji tare da Simon Ejua, ministan sufuri na jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister Ejua, MP Angufiru in Trouble over Relief Food : |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/minister-ejua-mp-angufiru-in-trouble-over-relief-food |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda Ta Takwas
* Yakubu Oulanyah

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Shafin yanar gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda.]
* [https://ugandaradionetwork.net/a/file.php?fileId=97127 Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma]
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344276163|Jane Pierce]]&quot;</comment>
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Jane Means Pierce ( wanda aka haifa a Appleton ; Maris 12, 1806 - Disamba 2, 1863) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka daga 1853 zuwa 1857, tana auren Franklin Pierce, shugaban Amurka na 14. An haife ta a Hampton, New Hampshire, ta auri Pierce, ɗan majalisa a lokacin, a 1834 duk da shakkun iyalinta. Ta ƙi zama a Washington, DC, kuma a 1842, ta shawo kan mijinta ya yi ritaya daga siyasa. Ya nemi takarar shugaban ƙasa ta Democrat ba tare da saninta ba a 1852 kuma aka zaɓe shi shugaban ƙasa daga baya a wannan shekarar. Ɗansu guda ɗaya tilo da ya rage, Benjamin, ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin ƙasa kafin rantsar da Franklin, wanda ya jefa Jane cikin mawuyacin hali wanda ya dame ta har tsawon rayuwarta. Pierce matar shugaban ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta, tana shafe shekaru biyu na farko na shugabancin mijinta tana makokin ɗanta. Abby Kent-Means sau da yawa tana cika ayyukanta a wannan lokacin. Bayan shugabancin Franklin, sun yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin su zauna a Massachusetts. Ta mutu sakamakon tarin fuka a shekarar 1863.

Pierce ba ta son rayuwar siyasa kuma ba ta ji daɗin matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ba. Ta ɗauki sha'awar [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|kawar da gwamnati]], kuma ta yi ƙoƙarin rinjayar shawarar mijinta kan batun. A matsayinta na mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, Pierce addini ce mai matuƙar addini kuma ta yi imanin cewa bala'o'in da ta fuskanta azaba ce ta Allah saboda zunubanta da na mijinta. An bayyana Jane a matsayin akasin mijinta, wanda yake mai son jama'a, mai siyasa, kuma mai shan giya da yawa. Ta kasance mai kaɗaici, mai ƙin siyasa, kuma mai son yin wasa da mutane .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Jane Means Appleton a Hampton, New Hampshire, a ranar 12 ga Maris, 1806, ga ministan Congregationalist Jesse Appleton da matarsa Elizabeth Means Appleton. ’Yan Appleton suna da yara shida: manyan mata uku, cikinsu Jane ita ce ta uku, da kuma ƙananan maza uku. Mahaifinsu ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Bowdoin a 1807, kuma iyalin suka zauna a Brunswick, Maine (wani ɓangare na Massachusetts a lokacin). &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 89  : 188–189 Ayyukan addinin mahaifinta sun haɗa da cin abinci mai tsauri [[Azumi|na azumi]] wanda ya sa lafiyarsa ta ragu, wanda ya kai ga mutuwarsa a shekarar 1819.  : 108 Bayan mutuwarsa, iyalin sun zauna tare da mahaifiyar Elizabeth a Amherst, New Hampshire . &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 89 A lokacin yarintarta, Appleton ta sami sadaukarwa ga Puritan,  : 89 bishara &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 91 Kalvinism . &lt;ref name=&quot;hendricks&quot; /&gt; : 108–109 

Appleton ta fito ne daga dangin New England masu arziki da kuma haɗin kai.  : 166 Ilimin Jane yana da inganci sosai, wanda ya ƙunshi makarantun gwamnati da kuma koyar da yara a gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci makarantar koyar da matasa ta Miss Catherine Fiske's Young Ladies Seminary da ke Keene, New Hampshire,  : 189 inda ta sami ilimi mai inganci fiye da yadda mata za su iya samu. Tana da hazaka a fannin kiɗa kuma tana da sha'awar adabi, amma ta ƙi ci gaba da neman waɗannan don son nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki.  Yayin da take kusantowa ƙuruciyarta, Appleton ta kasance mai jin kunya, mai ibada sosai, kuma mai [[Motsi na tsauraran ra'ayi|iya magana.]]  : 31–32  &lt;ref name=&quot;jane3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Jean H. |title=Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency |url=http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217140649/http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |archive-date=December 17, 2010 |access-date=January 16, 2019 |website=American President: An Online Reference Resource |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |quote=Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband. Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, lafiyarta ba ta da kyau; tana kamuwa da [[Mura|mura mai tsanani a lokacin hunturu]] .  : 109 

== Aure da iyali ==
Appleton ya haɗu da Franklin Pierce bayan ya ƙaura zuwa Amherst don yin karatun lauya a Bowdoin. Wani labari ya nuna cewa sun haɗu ne a lokacin da aka yi tsawa lokacin da ya roƙe ta kada ta zauna a ƙarƙashin bishiya don haɗarin walƙiya. Wani kuma ya nuna cewa Alpheus Packard, surukin Jane kuma ɗaya daga cikin farfesoshin Franklin ne ya gabatar da su.  : 96 Tana iya haɗuwa da shi yayin da yake ziyartar gidan mahaifiyarta.  Iyalan Appleton sun yi adawa da dangantakar saboda dalilai da dama, ciki har da bambancinsu a aji, rashin ɗabi'arsa, shan giyarsa, da kuma haƙurinsa ga [[Bauta a Amurka|bauta]],  : 89 imaninsa na Episcopal, &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 96 da kuma burinsa na siyasa.  : 109 Sun yi zaman aure na tsawon shekaru bakwai, ciki har da lokacin da Franklin ya koma Hillsborough, New Hampshire, don yin aikin lauya da kuma yin aiki a Babban Kotun New Hampshire . &lt;ref name=&quot;hendricks&quot; /&gt; : 109 Franklin da Jane sun yi aure a wani ƙaramin biki a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1834, wanda a lokacin Franklin ya zama ɗan Majalisar Wakilai . &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 89 An ɗauke su a matsayin akasin haka, kasancewar Jane cikin kaɗaici da baƙin ciki ya bambanta da halin son jama'a da kuma burin Franklin.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-04 |title=Jane Pierce |url=https://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/pierce-1853-firstlady |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Miller Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan aurensu, 'yan Pierces sun tafi tare zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], amma Jane ta ga birnin bai yi daɗi ba. A shekara ta 1835, ta halarci liyafar ranar Sabuwar Shekara ta Fadar White House tare da mijinta kuma ta haɗu da Shugaba [[Andrew Jackson]] . Ta yanke shawarar barin birnin daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta koma gidan mahaifiyarta da ke Amherst yayin da mijinta ke Washington.  : 168 Daga baya, Pierces sun sayi gida a Hillsborough inda Jane ta zaɓi zama yayin da Franklin ba ta nan. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Yanayin ƙasa na Concord, New Hampshire|Concord, New Hampshire]], a shekara ta 1838 yayin da Franklin yake sanata, kuma Jane ta ƙarfafa shi ya yi murabus ya yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekara ta 1842.  : 90 Jane ta ƙi siyasa, kuma ƙiyayyarta ga wannan batu ya haifar da tashin hankali da ya ci gaba a duk tsawon lokacin da mijinta ke haurawa a siyasance.  : 31–32  &lt;ref name=&quot;jane3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Jean H. |title=Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency |url=http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217140649/http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |archive-date=December 17, 2010 |access-date=January 16, 2019 |website=American President: An Online Reference Resource |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |quote=Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband. Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBaker&quot;&gt;Baker, Jean H. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101217140649/http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 &quot;Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency&quot;]. ''American President: An Online Reference Resource''. [[University of Virginia]]. Archived from [http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 the original] on December 17, 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband. Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa siyasa sau da yawa abin muhawara ce ko jayayya tsakanin su biyun, amma sun kasance masu ɗumi da juna kuma suna rubuta wa junansu akai-akai idan sun rabu.  : 96–97 

Franklin da Jane suna da 'ya'ya maza uku, dukkansu sun mutu tun suna yara. An haifi Franklin Jr. a shekarar 1836 kuma ya mutu kwana uku bayan haihuwarsa. An haifi Frank Robert a shekarar 1839 kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1843 yana da shekaru huɗu da kamuwa da cutar typhus . An haifi Benjamin a shekarar 1841 kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1853 yana da shekaru 11 a wani hatsarin jirgin ƙasa.  : 241–244 Bayan ƙarshen wa'adin mijinta a Majalisar Dattawa, Pierce ta sami damar yin rayuwar gida tare da iyalinta a gida. Franklin ta kula da iyalinsa da aikinsa na lauya, kodayake ya tafi na ɗan lokaci don yin aiki a matsayin janar na soja a Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2004 |title=Biography of Jane Pierce |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/jp14.html |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lokacin rayuwar Jane galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi farin ciki a gare ta, domin mijinta bai shiga siyasa ba kuma har yanzu tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu da suka rage.  : 169  : 189 An sayar da gidansu a lokacin yaƙin, kuma iyalin sun yi shirye-shiryen zama daban-daban a cikin watanni masu zuwa. Shugaba [[James K. Polk]] ya bai wa Franklin naɗi a matsayin Babban Lauyan Amurka, amma ya ƙi saboda ƙin amincewar Jane. Bayan mutuwar ɗansu na biyu, Pierce ya mayar da hankali kan renon ɗansu tilo da ya rage, Benjamin, ta hanyar addini mai tsauri yayin da mijinta ke gudanar da aikinsa na lauya.  : 91 Ta sadaukar da kanta ga Benjamin gaba ɗaya kuma ta guji duk wani nauyi da ya wuce na iyalinta da addininta. Pierce ba ta gudanar da aikin gida ba saboda lafiyarta, don haka wasu ma'aurata ne suka yi aikin, Franklin ya ɗauki hayar su don kula da Jane da Benjamin yayin da yake can.  : 97 

== Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ==
[[Fayil:First_ladies-pierce.jpg|alt=Jane Pierce holds her son Benjamin on her lap|thumb|Jane Pierce tare da ɗanta na ƙarshe da ya rage, Benjamin Pierce. Yaron ya mutu a shekarar 1853 a wani hatsarin jirgin ƙasa, watanni biyu kafin a rantsar da mahaifinsa a matsayin shugaban ƙasa.]]
A shekarar 1852, mijin Pierce ya sami takarar shugaban ƙasa a jam'iyyar Democrat . An ce ta suma bayan ta ji labarin.  : 98 &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yaudare ta game da burinsa na zama shugaban ƙasa, yana musanta irin yadda yake neman wannan mukami.  : 110 Ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kanta cewa idan ya zama shugaban ƙasa, ɗansu Benjamin zai fi samun nasara. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2004 |title=Biography of Jane Pierce |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/jp14.html |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/jp14.html &quot;Biography of Jane Pierce&quot;]. ''[[WhiteHouse.gov|whitehouse.gov]]''. January 2, 2004 &amp;#x2013; via [[NARA|National Archives]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, tana yawan addu'a cewa mijinta ya sha kaye a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa .  : 91 Addu'o'inta ba a amsa ba, domin an zaɓe shi da babban rinjaye a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1852.  : 190 

A lokacin da Franklin ya zama zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa, jirgin ƙasa tare da Pierces ya kauce hanya, kuma an kashe Benjamin a gaban iyayensa. Pierce ta shiga cikin mawuyacin hali bayan ta shaida mutuwar ɗanta na ƙarshe, tana da yakinin cewa Allah ya ɗauki 'ya'yansu maza a matsayin hukunci ga burin siyasa na mijinta. Ba ta halarci bikin rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa ba, maimakon haka ta zauna a Baltimore na tsawon makonni biyu.  : 91 Rasuwar magabatanta Abigail Fillmore da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa William R. King a cikin makonnin da suka biyo baya ta shafi Pierce.  : 190  : 98–99 

A cikin watannin farko na wa'adin mijinta, Pierce ba ta karɓar baƙi ba, sai dai ta halarci liyafar jama'a kaɗan, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCaroli2010&quot;&gt;[[Betty Boyd Caroli|Caroli, Betty Boyd]] (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8IH5G7b3E24C ''First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama'']. Oxford University Press, USA. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;54–&lt;/span&gt;55. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539285-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-19-539285-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta yi wa dangi da abokai maraba kawai.  : 171 Da ta isa Fadar White House, ta sanya baƙaƙen kaya sannan ta yi wa Fadar White House ado don zaman makoki .  : 111 Ba ta ɗauki nauyin tarurrukan jama'a ko kuma kula da [[White House|Fadar White House]] a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ba, ta bar waɗannan nauyin ga goggon ta kuma ƙawarta Abby Kent-Means . Ta guji yin mu'amala da mutane, tana yawan yin nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki.  : 91–92 Pierce ta kuma ƙulla abota da Varina Davis, matar Sakataren Yaƙi [[Jefferson Davis]] . Ta nuna sha'awar ɗan Davises, duk da cewa ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1854. A hankali ta saba da rayuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, tana halartar liyafar Sabuwar Shekara shekaru biyu bayan wa'adin mijinta da kuma liyafar da aka yi a yammacin Juma'a bayan haka. &lt;ref name=&quot;hendricks&quot; /&gt; : 112 Pierce ta yi ƙoƙarin yin magana da ɗanta da ya rasu tun tana uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, wani lokacin tana rubuta masa wasiƙu a matsayin aikin baƙin ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 92 Ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin tuntuɓarsa ta hanyar wani taro tare da taimakon ' yan'uwan Fox, manyan mutane a cikin ƙungiyar Ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-04 |title=Jane Pierce |url=https://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/pierce-1853-firstlady |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Miller Center |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/pierce-1853-firstlady &quot;Jane Pierce&quot;]. ''Miller Center''. October 4, 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arnold |first=Amanda |date=2017-07-12 |title=The First Ladies Who Brought the Occult to the White House |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-first-ladies-who-brought-witchcraft-to-the-white-house/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Vice |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinta na uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, Pierce ta dage kan bin ƙa'idodin addini a Fadar White House, inda ta umurci ma'aikatan da su halarci coci da kuma gudanar da ayyukan addini a ɗakin karatu na Fadar White House. Ɗan uwan Pierce Amos A. Lawrence ya bayyana tasirin da hakan ya yi wa mijinta, yana mai cewa yana da ibada sosai a gabanta amma yana shan giya sosai lokacin da ba ta nan.  : 190 Ta kuma yi masa ra'ayin goyon baya a wasu lokutan; a shekarar 1856, ta shawo kansa ya janye kama Charles L. Robinson mai fafutukar kawar da gwamnati. A lokacin rashin lafiya, Franklin ta gayyaci 'yan'uwanta mata da yawa zuwa Fadar White House don kula da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085342/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake sha'awar [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|kawar da gwamnati]], ta fara halartar muhawarar Majalisar Dokoki bayan zaman makokinta don bin diddigin batun. A ƙarshen wa'adin mijinta, ta sake kin halartar bikin rantsar da shugaban ƙasa, a wannan lokacin na magajin mijinta [[James Buchanan]] .  : 113 

== Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa ==
'Yan Pierces sun zauna a Washington na tsawon wata guda bayan ƙarshen wa'adin shugabancin Franklin, sannan suka yi rangadin New England a lokacin bazara. Sun yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje na tsawon shekaru biyu, suka dawo gida don siyan {{Convert|60|acre|ha}} na ƙasar da ke Concord kafin ta tafi West Indies . Pierce ta guji Concord domin hakan yana tunatar da ita rasuwar ɗanta, kuma sau da yawa tana zama tare da 'yan uwa a Massachusetts har tsawon rayuwarta.  : 93 A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, ta goyi bayan Tarayyar Turai da kuma dalilin kawar da mulkin mallaka, yayin da mijinta ya goyi bayan kiyaye bauta domin kiyaye ƙasa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085342/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085342/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 &quot;First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalar [[tarin fuka]] ta Pierce ta ƙara ta'azzara a cikin shekarun bayan shugabancin Franklin, kuma ta mutu a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1863, tana da shekaru 57. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 93 An binne ta a Makabartar Old North da ke Concord. Franklin Pierce ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1869, yana da shekaru 64, kuma an binne shi tare da matarsa da ɗansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A cikin wasiyyarta, ta ba da kuɗi ga American Bible Society, American Society for Foreign Missions, da kuma [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka|American Colonization Society]] .  : 100 

== Fahimtar jama'a da gado ==
[[Fayil:Jane_Pierce_First_Spouse_Coin_obverse.jpg|alt=Gold coin with face of Jane Pierce on one side|thumb|tsabar kuɗin tunawa da matar farko ta 2010 wanda ke nuna Jane Pierce]]
Ra'ayin jama'a na farko game da Pierce ya kasance a cikin wani tarihin rayuwar mijinta na abokin danginsa [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] a farkon kamfen na Franklin. Ya jaddada rashin lafiyarta a matsayin dalilin mijinta na kin amincewa da rawar da ya taka a gwamnatin Polk, yana haifar da suna a matsayin mace mara lafiya wadda ta daɗe tana fama da ita tun daga lokacin.  : 189 A lokacin da take matar shugaban ƙasa, an ɗauke ta a matsayin marar lafiya kuma ana ganinta a matsayin wadda take cikin baƙin ciki a Fadar White House mai cike da baƙin ciki, duk da cewa ta sami tausayi daga mutane saboda baƙin cikinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCaroli2010&quot;&gt;[[Betty Boyd Caroli|Caroli, Betty Boyd]] (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8IH5G7b3E24C ''First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama'']. Oxford University Press, USA. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;54–&lt;/span&gt;55. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539285-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-19-539285-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An san ta da &quot;inuwar Fadar White House&quot;.  : 99 &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arnold |first=Amanda |date=2017-07-12 |title=The First Ladies Who Brought the Occult to the White House |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-first-ladies-who-brought-witchcraft-to-the-white-house/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Vice |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFArnold2017&quot;&gt;Arnold, Amanda (July 12, 2017). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-first-ladies-who-brought-witchcraft-to-the-white-house/ &quot;The First Ladies Who Brought the Occult to the White House&quot;]. ''Vice''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fuskanci suka daga jama'a bayan da ta soke wasannin kade-kade na Marine Band da yammacin Asabar saboda Asabar .  : 112 Hawthorne ta taɓa rubuta cewa &quot;ba ta wannan duniyar ba ce.&quot; 

Ana ɗaukar Pierce a matsayin mara kyau a cikin masana tarihi, inda bincike ya nuna cewa ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matan shugabanni marasa tasiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Robert P. |date=1999-01-01 |title=Ranking the presidential spouses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331999800081 |journal=The Social Science Journal |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=117–136 |doi=10.1016/S0362-3319(99)80008-1 |issn=0362-3319 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Siena College and C-SPAN Announce the Rankings of the First Ladies of the United States (FLOTUS) |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/siena_college_and_c_span_announce_the_rankings_of_the_first_ladies_of_the_united_states_flotus_/prweb11580318.htm |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=PRWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ba a san su ba, bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin kafin ta sami shahara a ƙasa da kuma lokacin shugabancin da ya zama ba a san shi ba. Kamar sauran matan shugabanni kafin a haife su, sau da yawa ana gane ta a matsayin mai guje wa haskakawa kuma ba ta da wani muhimmanci ga gwamnatin mijinta.  : 177 Ana ganin ba ta da wani tasiri a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa kuma ba ta kafa wani misali ga magadanta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-04 |title=Jane Pierce |url=https://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/pierce-1853-firstlady |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Miller Center |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/pierce-1853-firstlady &quot;Jane Pierce&quot;]. ''Miller Center''. October 4, 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin Pierce ga mijinta ya bayyana ne ta hanyar ƙin siyasa, gami da rawar da ta taka a shawararsa ta yin ritaya daga Majalisar Dattawa a 1842.  : 110 Wasu masana sun nuna cewa a cikin dangantakarta da mijinta, wataƙila ta ji kamar an tilasta mata ta ceci ransa kuma ta so shi saboda munanan halayensa maimakon duk da su. &lt;ref name=&quot;hendricks&quot; /&gt; : 109 Duk da cewa fahimtar Pierce a zamanin yau gabaɗaya ta kasance ta tausayi, wani abu da masana tarihi na ƙarni na 20 suka yi shi ne bayyana ta a matsayin mai son zuciya wadda ta kasa tallafa wa mijinta a lokacin bala'i da kuma ɗaukar ta a matsayin abin da ke kawo cikas ga rashin samun shugabancin mijinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;sibley&quot; /&gt; : 191–192 

== Imani na siyasa ==
Pierce ’yar Puritan ce, kuma wannan ne ya zama tushen ra'ayinta na duniya. Addininta ya burge ta da imanin cewa wahala hukunci ne daga Allah. Ta yi adawa sosai da al'adun siyasa da zamantakewa na Washington, tana kuka da bukukuwan yau da kullun da shan barasa.  : 110 An rene ta a matsayin Whig, wanda ya haifar da rikici da iyalinta lokacin da ta auri mijinta, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan Democrat . Ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi kuma ta ƙi shan barasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;jane3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Jean H. |title=Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency |url=http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217140649/http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |archive-date=December 17, 2010 |access-date=January 16, 2019 |website=American President: An Online Reference Resource |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |quote=Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband. Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBaker&quot;&gt;Baker, Jean H. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101217140649/http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 &quot;Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency&quot;]. ''American President: An Online Reference Resource''. [[University of Virginia]]. Archived from [http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 the original] on December 17, 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband. Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce ta kuma goyi bayan kawar da addini, sabanin yadda mijinta ya jure bauta da sunan [[Hakkin Jihohi|haƙƙin jihohi]], kuma ta yi fatan samun nasarar Tarayyar Turai a Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085342/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085342/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 &quot;First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce ta yaba wa [[Andrew Jackson]] yayin da yake shugaban ƙasa. Ta ƙi Wakilin Davy Crockett, tana mai gaskata shi &quot;mai hankali, wawa, [kuma] wawa&quot;.  : 97 

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.nhhistory.org/Object?id=40e2655f-3c94-4a5c-8cfb-36033b353783 Wasiƙa zuwa ga Benjamin Pierce daga Jane Pierce bayan mutuwar Benjamin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070207230734/http://www.tinamion.com/ladies_first/pierce.html Zanen Jane Pierce]
* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/16/Jane-Pierce.aspx Jane Pierce] a C-SPAN 's ''First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp;amp; Image''
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{{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{Franklin Pierce}}{{Authority control}}
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Jane Means Pierce ( wanda aka haifa a Appleton ; Maris 12, 1806 - Disamba 2, 1863) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka daga 1853 zuwa 1857, tana auren Franklin Pierce, shugaban Amurka na 14. An haife ta a Hampton, New Hampshire, ta auri Pierce, ɗan majalisa a lokacin, a 1834 duk da shakkun iyalinta. Ta ƙi zama a Washington, DC, kuma a 1842, ta shawo kan mijinta ya yi ritaya daga siyasa. Ya nemi takarar shugaban ƙasa ta Democrat ba tare da saninta ba a 1852 kuma aka zaɓe shi shugaban ƙasa daga baya a wannan shekarar. Ɗansu guda ɗaya tilo da ya rage, Benjamin, ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin ƙasa kafin rantsar da Franklin, wanda ya jefa Jane cikin mawuyacin hali wanda ya dame ta har tsawon rayuwarta. Pierce matar shugaban ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta, tana shafe shekaru biyu na farko na shugabancin mijinta tana makokin ɗanta. Abby Kent-Means sau da yawa tana cika ayyukanta a wannan lokacin. Bayan shugabancin Franklin, sun yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin su zauna a Massachusetts. Ta mutu sakamakon tarin fuka a shekarar 1863.

Pierce ba ta son rayuwar siyasa kuma ba ta ji daɗin matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ba. Ta ɗauki sha'awar [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|kawar da gwamnati]], kuma ta yi ƙoƙarin rinjayar shawarar mijinta kan batun. A matsayinta na mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, Pierce addini ce mai matuƙar addini kuma ta yi imanin cewa bala'o'in da ta fuskanta azaba ce ta Allah saboda zunubanta da na mijinta. An bayyana Jane a matsayin akasin mijinta, wanda yake mai son jama'a, mai siyasa, kuma mai shan giya da yawa. Ta kasance mai kaɗaici, mai ƙin siyasa, kuma mai son yin wasa da mutane .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Jane Means Appleton a Hampton, New Hampshire, a ranar 12 ga Maris, 1806, ga ministan Congregationalist Jesse Appleton da matarsa Elizabeth Means Appleton. ’Yan Appleton suna da yara shida: manyan mata uku, cikinsu Jane ita ce ta uku, da kuma ƙananan maza uku. Mahaifinsu ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Bowdoin a 1807, kuma iyalin suka zauna a Brunswick, Maine (wani ɓangare na Massachusetts a lokacin). &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 89  : 188–189 Ayyukan addinin mahaifinta sun haɗa da cin abinci mai tsauri [[Azumi|na azumi]] wanda ya sa lafiyarsa ta ragu, wanda ya kai ga mutuwarsa a shekarar 1819.  : 108 Bayan mutuwarsa, iyalin sun zauna tare da mahaifiyar Elizabeth a Amherst, New Hampshire . &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 89 A lokacin yarintarta, Appleton ta sami sadaukarwa ga Puritan,  : 89 bishara &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 91 Kalvinism . &lt;ref name=&quot;hendricks&quot; /&gt; : 108–109 

Appleton ta fito ne daga dangin New England masu arziki da kuma haɗin kai.  : 166 Ilimin Jane yana da inganci sosai, wanda ya ƙunshi makarantun gwamnati da kuma koyar da yara a gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci makarantar koyar da matasa ta Miss Catherine Fiske's Young Ladies Seminary da ke Keene, New Hampshire,  : 189 inda ta sami ilimi mai inganci fiye da yadda mata za su iya samu. Tana da hazaka a fannin kiɗa kuma tana da sha'awar adabi, amma ta ƙi ci gaba da neman waɗannan don son nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki.  Yayin da take kusantowa ƙuruciyarta, Appleton ta kasance mai jin kunya, mai ibada sosai, kuma mai [[Motsi na tsauraran ra'ayi|iya magana.]]  : 31–32  &lt;ref name=&quot;jane3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Jean H. |title=Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency |url=http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217140649/http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |archive-date=December 17, 2010 |access-date=January 16, 2019 |website=American President: An Online Reference Resource |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |quote=Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband. Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, lafiyarta ba ta da kyau; tana kamuwa da [[Mura|mura mai tsanani a lokacin hunturu]] .  : 109 

== Aure da iyali ==
Appleton ya haɗu da Franklin Pierce bayan ya ƙaura zuwa Amherst don yin karatun lauya a Bowdoin. Wani labari ya nuna cewa sun haɗu ne a lokacin da aka yi tsawa lokacin da ya roƙe ta kada ta zauna a ƙarƙashin bishiya don haɗarin walƙiya. Wani kuma ya nuna cewa Alpheus Packard, surukin Jane kuma ɗaya daga cikin farfesoshin Franklin ne ya gabatar da su.  : 96 Tana iya haɗuwa da shi yayin da yake ziyartar gidan mahaifiyarta.  Iyalan Appleton sun yi adawa da dangantakar saboda dalilai da dama, ciki har da bambancinsu a aji, rashin ɗabi'arsa, shan giyarsa, da kuma haƙurinsa ga [[Bauta a Amurka|bauta]],  : 89 imaninsa na Episcopal, &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 96 da kuma burinsa na siyasa.  : 109 Sun yi zaman aure na tsawon shekaru bakwai, ciki har da lokacin da Franklin ya koma Hillsborough, New Hampshire, don yin aikin lauya da kuma yin aiki a Babban Kotun New Hampshire . &lt;ref name=&quot;hendricks&quot; /&gt; : 109 Franklin da Jane sun yi aure a wani ƙaramin biki a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1834, wanda a lokacin Franklin ya zama ɗan Majalisar Wakilai . &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 89 An ɗauke su a matsayin akasin haka, kasancewar Jane cikin kaɗaici da baƙin ciki ya bambanta da halin son jama'a da kuma burin Franklin.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-04 |title=Jane Pierce |url=https://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/pierce-1853-firstlady |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Miller Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan aurensu, 'yan Pierces sun tafi tare zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], amma Jane ta ga birnin bai yi daɗi ba. A shekara ta 1835, ta halarci liyafar ranar Sabuwar Shekara ta Fadar White House tare da mijinta kuma ta haɗu da Shugaba [[Andrew Jackson]] . Ta yanke shawarar barin birnin daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta koma gidan mahaifiyarta da ke Amherst yayin da mijinta ke Washington.  : 168 Daga baya, Pierces sun sayi gida a Hillsborough inda Jane ta zaɓi zama yayin da Franklin ba ta nan. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Yanayin ƙasa na Concord, New Hampshire|Concord, New Hampshire]], a shekara ta 1838 yayin da Franklin yake sanata, kuma Jane ta ƙarfafa shi ya yi murabus ya yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekara ta 1842.  : 90 Jane ta ƙi siyasa, kuma ƙiyayyarta ga wannan batu ya haifar da tashin hankali da ya ci gaba a duk tsawon lokacin da mijinta ke haurawa a siyasance.  : 31–32  &lt;ref name=&quot;jane3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Jean H. |title=Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency |url=http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217140649/http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |archive-date=December 17, 2010 |access-date=January 16, 2019 |website=American President: An Online Reference Resource |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |quote=Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband. Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBaker&quot;&gt;Baker, Jean H. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101217140649/http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 &quot;Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency&quot;]. ''American President: An Online Reference Resource''. [[University of Virginia]]. Archived from [http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 the original] on December 17, 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband. Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa siyasa sau da yawa abin muhawara ce ko jayayya tsakanin su biyun, amma sun kasance masu ɗumi da juna kuma suna rubuta wa junansu akai-akai idan sun rabu.  : 96–97 

Franklin da Jane suna da 'ya'ya maza uku, dukkansu sun mutu tun suna yara. An haifi Franklin Jr. a shekarar 1836 kuma ya mutu kwana uku bayan haihuwarsa. An haifi Frank Robert a shekarar 1839 kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1843 yana da shekaru huɗu da kamuwa da cutar typhus . An haifi Benjamin a shekarar 1841 kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1853 yana da shekaru 11 a wani hatsarin jirgin ƙasa.  : 241–244 Bayan ƙarshen wa'adin mijinta a Majalisar Dattawa, Pierce ta sami damar yin rayuwar gida tare da iyalinta a gida. Franklin ta kula da iyalinsa da aikinsa na lauya, kodayake ya tafi na ɗan lokaci don yin aiki a matsayin janar na soja a Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2004 |title=Biography of Jane Pierce |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/jp14.html |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lokacin rayuwar Jane galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi farin ciki a gare ta, domin mijinta bai shiga siyasa ba kuma har yanzu tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu da suka rage.  : 169  : 189 An sayar da gidansu a lokacin yaƙin, kuma iyalin sun yi shirye-shiryen zama daban-daban a cikin watanni masu zuwa. Shugaba [[James K. Polk]] ya bai wa Franklin naɗi a matsayin Babban Lauyan Amurka, amma ya ƙi saboda ƙin amincewar Jane. Bayan mutuwar ɗansu na biyu, Pierce ya mayar da hankali kan renon ɗansu tilo da ya rage, Benjamin, ta hanyar addini mai tsauri yayin da mijinta ke gudanar da aikinsa na lauya.  : 91 Ta sadaukar da kanta ga Benjamin gaba ɗaya kuma ta guji duk wani nauyi da ya wuce na iyalinta da addininta. Pierce ba ta gudanar da aikin gida ba saboda lafiyarta, don haka wasu ma'aurata ne suka yi aikin, Franklin ya ɗauki hayar su don kula da Jane da Benjamin yayin da yake can.  : 97 

== Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ==
[[Fayil:First_ladies-pierce.jpg|alt=Jane Pierce holds her son Benjamin on her lap|thumb|Jane Pierce tare da ɗanta na ƙarshe da ya rage, Benjamin Pierce. Yaron ya mutu a shekarar 1853 a wani hatsarin jirgin ƙasa, watanni biyu kafin a rantsar da mahaifinsa a matsayin shugaban ƙasa.]]
A shekarar 1852, mijin Pierce ya sami takarar shugaban ƙasa a jam'iyyar Democrat . An ce ta suma bayan ta ji labarin.  : 98 &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yaudare ta game da burinsa na zama shugaban ƙasa, yana musanta irin yadda yake neman wannan mukami.  : 110 Ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kanta cewa idan ya zama shugaban ƙasa, ɗansu Benjamin zai fi samun nasara. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2004 |title=Biography of Jane Pierce |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/jp14.html |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/jp14.html &quot;Biography of Jane Pierce&quot;]. ''[[WhiteHouse.gov|whitehouse.gov]]''. January 2, 2004 &amp;#x2013; via [[NARA|National Archives]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, tana yawan addu'a cewa mijinta ya sha kaye a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa .  : 91 Addu'o'inta ba a amsa ba, domin an zaɓe shi da babban rinjaye a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1852.  : 190 

A lokacin da Franklin ya zama zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa, jirgin ƙasa tare da Pierces ya kauce hanya, kuma an kashe Benjamin a gaban iyayensa. Pierce ta shiga cikin mawuyacin hali bayan ta shaida mutuwar ɗanta na ƙarshe, tana da yakinin cewa Allah ya ɗauki 'ya'yansu maza a matsayin hukunci ga burin siyasa na mijinta. Ba ta halarci bikin rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa ba, maimakon haka ta zauna a Baltimore na tsawon makonni biyu.  : 91 Rasuwar magabatanta Abigail Fillmore da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa William R. King a cikin makonnin da suka biyo baya ta shafi Pierce.  : 190  : 98–99 

A cikin watannin farko na wa'adin mijinta, Pierce ba ta karɓar baƙi ba, sai dai ta halarci liyafar jama'a kaɗan, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCaroli2010&quot;&gt;[[Betty Boyd Caroli|Caroli, Betty Boyd]] (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8IH5G7b3E24C ''First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama'']. Oxford University Press, USA. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;54–&lt;/span&gt;55. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539285-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-19-539285-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta yi wa dangi da abokai maraba kawai.  : 171 Da ta isa Fadar White House, ta sanya baƙaƙen kaya sannan ta yi wa Fadar White House ado don zaman makoki .  : 111 Ba ta ɗauki nauyin tarurrukan jama'a ko kuma kula da [[White House|Fadar White House]] a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ba, ta bar waɗannan nauyin ga goggon ta kuma ƙawarta Abby Kent-Means . Ta guji yin mu'amala da mutane, tana yawan yin nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki.  : 91–92 Pierce ta kuma ƙulla abota da Varina Davis, matar Sakataren Yaƙi [[Jefferson Davis]] . Ta nuna sha'awar ɗan Davises, duk da cewa ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1854. A hankali ta saba da rayuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, tana halartar liyafar Sabuwar Shekara shekaru biyu bayan wa'adin mijinta da kuma liyafar da aka yi a yammacin Juma'a bayan haka. &lt;ref name=&quot;hendricks&quot; /&gt; : 112 Pierce ta yi ƙoƙarin yin magana da ɗanta da ya rasu tun tana uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, wani lokacin tana rubuta masa wasiƙu a matsayin aikin baƙin ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 92 Ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin tuntuɓarsa ta hanyar wani taro tare da taimakon ' yan'uwan Fox, manyan mutane a cikin ƙungiyar Ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-04 |title=Jane Pierce |url=https://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/pierce-1853-firstlady |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Miller Center |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/pierce-1853-firstlady &quot;Jane Pierce&quot;]. ''Miller Center''. October 4, 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arnold |first=Amanda |date=2017-07-12 |title=The First Ladies Who Brought the Occult to the White House |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-first-ladies-who-brought-witchcraft-to-the-white-house/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Vice |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinta na uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, Pierce ta dage kan bin ƙa'idodin addini a Fadar White House, inda ta umurci ma'aikatan da su halarci coci da kuma gudanar da ayyukan addini a ɗakin karatu na Fadar White House. Ɗan uwan Pierce Amos A. Lawrence ya bayyana tasirin da hakan ya yi wa mijinta, yana mai cewa yana da ibada sosai a gabanta amma yana shan giya sosai lokacin da ba ta nan.  : 190 Ta kuma yi masa ra'ayin goyon baya a wasu lokutan; a shekarar 1856, ta shawo kansa ya janye kama Charles L. Robinson mai fafutukar kawar da gwamnati. A lokacin rashin lafiya, Franklin ta gayyaci 'yan'uwanta mata da yawa zuwa Fadar White House don kula da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085342/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake sha'awar [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|kawar da gwamnati]], ta fara halartar muhawarar Majalisar Dokoki bayan zaman makokinta don bin diddigin batun. A ƙarshen wa'adin mijinta, ta sake kin halartar bikin rantsar da shugaban ƙasa, a wannan lokacin na magajin mijinta [[James Buchanan]] .  : 113 

== Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa ==
'Yan Pierces sun zauna a Washington na tsawon wata guda bayan ƙarshen wa'adin shugabancin Franklin, sannan suka yi rangadin New England a lokacin bazara. Sun yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje na tsawon shekaru biyu, suka dawo gida don siyan {{Convert|60|acre|ha}} na ƙasar da ke Concord kafin ta tafi West Indies . Pierce ta guji Concord domin hakan yana tunatar da ita rasuwar ɗanta, kuma sau da yawa tana zama tare da 'yan uwa a Massachusetts har tsawon rayuwarta.  : 93 A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, ta goyi bayan Tarayyar Turai da kuma dalilin kawar da mulkin mallaka, yayin da mijinta ya goyi bayan kiyaye bauta domin kiyaye ƙasa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085342/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085342/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 &quot;First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalar [[tarin fuka]] ta Pierce ta ƙara ta'azzara a cikin shekarun bayan shugabancin Franklin, kuma ta mutu a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1863, tana da shekaru 57. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 93 An binne ta a Makabartar Old North da ke Concord. Franklin Pierce ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1869, yana da shekaru 64, kuma an binne shi tare da matarsa da ɗansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A cikin wasiyyarta, ta ba da kuɗi ga American Bible Society, American Society for Foreign Missions, da kuma [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka|American Colonization Society]] .  : 100 

== Fahimtar jama'a da gado ==
[[Fayil:Jane_Pierce_First_Spouse_Coin_obverse.jpg|alt=Gold coin with face of Jane Pierce on one side|thumb|tsabar kuɗin tunawa da matar farko ta 2010 wanda ke nuna Jane Pierce]]
Ra'ayin jama'a na farko game da Pierce ya kasance a cikin wani tarihin rayuwar mijinta na abokin danginsa [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] a farkon kamfen na Franklin. Ya jaddada rashin lafiyarta a matsayin dalilin mijinta na kin amincewa da rawar da ya taka a gwamnatin Polk, yana haifar da suna a matsayin mace mara lafiya wadda ta daɗe tana fama da ita tun daga lokacin.  : 189 A lokacin da take matar shugaban ƙasa, an ɗauke ta a matsayin marar lafiya kuma ana ganinta a matsayin wadda take cikin baƙin ciki a Fadar White House mai cike da baƙin ciki, duk da cewa ta sami tausayi daga mutane saboda baƙin cikinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCaroli2010&quot;&gt;[[Betty Boyd Caroli|Caroli, Betty Boyd]] (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8IH5G7b3E24C ''First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama'']. Oxford University Press, USA. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;54–&lt;/span&gt;55. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539285-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-19-539285-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An san ta da &quot;inuwar Fadar White House&quot;.  : 99 &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arnold |first=Amanda |date=2017-07-12 |title=The First Ladies Who Brought the Occult to the White House |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-first-ladies-who-brought-witchcraft-to-the-white-house/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Vice |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFArnold2017&quot;&gt;Arnold, Amanda (July 12, 2017). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-first-ladies-who-brought-witchcraft-to-the-white-house/ &quot;The First Ladies Who Brought the Occult to the White House&quot;]. ''Vice''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fuskanci suka daga jama'a bayan da ta soke wasannin kade-kade na Marine Band da yammacin Asabar saboda Asabar .  : 112 Hawthorne ta taɓa rubuta cewa &quot;ba ta wannan duniyar ba ce.&quot; 

Ana ɗaukar Pierce a matsayin mara kyau a cikin masana tarihi, inda bincike ya nuna cewa ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matan shugabanni marasa tasiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Robert P. |date=1999-01-01 |title=Ranking the presidential spouses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331999800081 |journal=The Social Science Journal |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=117–136 |doi=10.1016/S0362-3319(99)80008-1 |issn=0362-3319 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Siena College and C-SPAN Announce the Rankings of the First Ladies of the United States (FLOTUS) |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/siena_college_and_c_span_announce_the_rankings_of_the_first_ladies_of_the_united_states_flotus_/prweb11580318.htm |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=PRWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ba a san su ba, bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin kafin ta sami shahara a ƙasa da kuma lokacin shugabancin da ya zama ba a san shi ba. Kamar sauran matan shugabanni kafin a haife su, sau da yawa ana gane ta a matsayin mai guje wa haskakawa kuma ba ta da wani muhimmanci ga gwamnatin mijinta.  : 177 Ana ganin ba ta da wani tasiri a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa kuma ba ta kafa wani misali ga magadanta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-04 |title=Jane Pierce |url=https://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/pierce-1853-firstlady |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Miller Center |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/pierce-1853-firstlady &quot;Jane Pierce&quot;]. ''Miller Center''. October 4, 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin Pierce ga mijinta ya bayyana ne ta hanyar ƙin siyasa, gami da rawar da ta taka a shawararsa ta yin ritaya daga Majalisar Dattawa a 1842.  : 110 Wasu masana sun nuna cewa a cikin dangantakarta da mijinta, wataƙila ta ji kamar an tilasta mata ta ceci ransa kuma ta so shi saboda munanan halayensa maimakon duk da su. &lt;ref name=&quot;hendricks&quot; /&gt; : 109 Duk da cewa fahimtar Pierce a zamanin yau gabaɗaya ta kasance ta tausayi, wani abu da masana tarihi na ƙarni na 20 suka yi shi ne bayyana ta a matsayin mai son zuciya wadda ta kasa tallafa wa mijinta a lokacin bala'i da kuma ɗaukar ta a matsayin abin da ke kawo cikas ga rashin samun shugabancin mijinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;sibley&quot; /&gt; : 191–192 

== Imani na siyasa ==
Pierce ’yar Puritan ce, kuma wannan ne ya zama tushen ra'ayinta na duniya. Addininta ya burge ta da imanin cewa wahala hukunci ne daga Allah. Ta yi adawa sosai da al'adun siyasa da zamantakewa na Washington, tana kuka da bukukuwan yau da kullun da shan barasa.  : 110 An rene ta a matsayin Whig, wanda ya haifar da rikici da iyalinta lokacin da ta auri mijinta, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan Democrat . Ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi kuma ta ƙi shan barasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;jane3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Jean H. |title=Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency |url=http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217140649/http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |archive-date=December 17, 2010 |access-date=January 16, 2019 |website=American President: An Online Reference Resource |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |quote=Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband. Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBaker&quot;&gt;Baker, Jean H. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101217140649/http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 &quot;Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency&quot;]. ''American President: An Online Reference Resource''. [[University of Virginia]]. Archived from [http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 the original] on December 17, 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband. Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce ta kuma goyi bayan kawar da addini, sabanin yadda mijinta ya jure bauta da sunan [[Hakkin Jihohi|haƙƙin jihohi]], kuma ta yi fatan samun nasarar Tarayyar Turai a Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085342/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085342/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 &quot;First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15 the original] on May 9, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce ta yaba wa [[Andrew Jackson]] yayin da yake shugaban ƙasa. Ta ƙi Wakilin Davy Crockett, tana mai gaskata shi &quot;mai hankali, wawa, [kuma] wawa&quot;.  : 97 

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.nhhistory.org/Object?id=40e2655f-3c94-4a5c-8cfb-36033b353783 Wasiƙa zuwa ga Benjamin Pierce daga Jane Pierce bayan mutuwar Benjamin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070207230734/http://www.tinamion.com/ladies_first/pierce.html Zanen Jane Pierce]
* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/16/Jane-Pierce.aspx Jane Pierce] a C-SPAN 's ''First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp;amp; Image''
{{S-start}}
{{S-hon}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Abigail Fillmore]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]|years=1853–1857}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Harriet Lane]] &lt;br&gt; Acting}}
{{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{Franklin Pierce}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gladys Pyle</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337627400|Gladys Pyle]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="13888" sha1="tspnrnceinc3e0zzxde90z418xr1opo" xml:space="preserve">'''Gladys Shields Pyle'''  (4 ga Oktoba, 1890){{Spaced en dash}} Maris 14, 1989) ta kasance malamar makaranta, 'yar siyasa kuma mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ba tare da an naɗa ta a matsayinta ba a baya; ita ce kuma 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]]  kuma ita ce 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko daga South Dakota. Bugu da ƙari, ita ce 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko daga wajen kudu. {{Efn|The previous four had come from [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Arkansas]], [[Louisiana]], and [[Alabama]].}}

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Gladys Shields Pyle a Huron, South Dakota a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1890, 'yar John L. Pyle da Mamie Shields Pyle, kuma ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'yansu huɗu, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yan mata uku da ɗa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 19, 1993 |title=Huron Plainsman Newspaper Archives |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/huron-plainsman-oct-19-1993-p-6/ |access-date=December 23, 2018 |website=newspaperarchive.com |page=6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Lauyan South Dakota kuma mahaifiyarta babbar mai rajin [[Zaɓen Mata|kare haƙƙin jama'a]] ce a jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Iyalin sun zauna a wani gida da John ya gina, &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun ci gaba da zama a can bayan mutuwarsa sakamakon zazzabin typhoid a 1902.  

John da Mamie sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Kwalejin Huron, wadda Gladys ta halarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da take ɗaliba, Gladys ta fafata a muhawara tare da 'yan uwanta mata.   Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1911, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2, 1995 |title=Mamie Shields Pyle - |url=https://plaza.las.iastate.edu/directory/mamie-shields-pyle/ |access-date=December 23, 2018 |website=Plaza of Heroines |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kuma ƙaura zuwa Chicago don halartar Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Amurka da Jami'ar Chicago .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf &quot;Dakota Images&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''sdhspress.com''. 1989&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon aikina ==
Pyle ta yi aiki a fannin ilimi daga 1912 zuwa 1920. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf &quot;Dakota Images&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''sdhspress.com''. 1989&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Bayan ta koyar da harshen Latin da kuma ilimin zamantakewa na tsawon shekaru biyu a Huron, ta zama shugabar makarantun gwamnati na Wessington .  Gladys, mahaifiyarta Mamie, da 'yan'uwa mata biyu sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar mata ta 'Yancin Zaɓe kuma sun saba shirya tarurruka na ƙungiyar 'Yan Zaɓe ta Mata ta gida a gidansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gamradt |first=Crystal J. |date=July 25, 1999 |title=Biographical Note: Gladys Pyle |url=https://www.sdstate.edu/sdsu-archives-and-special-collections/incredible-gladys-pyle-collection |website=Incredible Gladys Pyle Collection |publisher=South Dakota State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pyle ta zama lakcara a ƙungiyar &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas da Ohio don yin jawabai da gabatar da jawabai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1922, ta tsaya takarar kujera a Majalisar Wakilai ta South Dakota .  Bayan ta kasa samun tikitin takara ta hanyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|'yan Republican]] na Beadle County, Pyle ta fafata a zaben fidda gwani na 'yan Republican na Independent, wanda da alama ta sha kaye, amma ta yi nasarar kalubalantar sakamakon. A babban zaben, ita ce ta fi samun kuri'u a kujerun Majalisar Wakilai uku, kuma an zabe ta a kan tikitin 'yan Republican biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1923 ta zama mace ta farko a Majalisar Wakilai ta jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gevik |first=Brian |title=Personalities: Gladys Pyle - A Woman of &amp;quot;Firsts&amp;quot; in Politics and Government |url=http://listen.sdpb.org/post/personalities-gladys-pyle-woman-firsts-politics-and-government |access-date=December 24, 2018 |website=listen.sdpb.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake zabenta a shekarar 1924,  kuma ta yi aiki daga 1923 zuwa 1927.  Baya ga matsayinta na ɗan lokaci a majalisar dokoki, an kuma nada Pyle ta zama Mataimakiyar Sakataren Harkokin Jahar South Dakota . 

== Sakataren Harkokin Waje ==
A shekarar 1926, Pyle ta kasance wacce ta yi nasarar zama 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na South Dakota .  An sake zaɓenta a shekarar 1928, inda ta samu ƙuri'u fiye da yadda aka taɓa ba wa kowane ɗan takara a kowane mukami a jihar,  kuma ta yi aiki daga 1927 zuwa 1931. 

A shekarar 1930, ta kasance 'yar takarar neman takarar gwamna a jam'iyyar Republican. [1] Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani, inda ta samu kusan kashi daya bisa uku na kuri'un. Tunda babu wani dan takara da ya sami kashi 35% da ake bukata a karkashin dokar South Dakota, gasar ta koma taron jam'iyyar Republican, inda wakilai za su zabi wanda za a zaba daga cikin 'yan takara biyar da ke kan kuri'ar fidda gwani. Pyle ta jagoranci kuri'u na hudu, da na shida zuwa goma sha daya, inda ta kara yawan kuri'unta a kowace kuri'a, sai dai babban asarar kuri'u da aka samu a kuri'ar takwas yayin da take gab da shiga zaben. A lokacin kuri'ar 12, Shugaban Taro ya dakatar da kiran zaben kuma bayan sa'o'i uku, 'yan takara maza uku sun nuna goyon bayansu ga Warren E. Green, wacce ta tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani da kusan kashi 7.5% na kuri'un kuma wacce ta lashe zaben lokacin da aka ci gaba da kiran zaben. Pyle ta amince da shan kaye cikin sauri ba tare da nuna adawa ko zargi ba amma ba ta amince da Green ba har sai bayan lokacin shigar da kara a matsayin mai zaman kansa ya kare. Daga baya ta nuna rashin jin dadinta lokacin da ta nuna ba za ta sake neman mukamin siyasa na jam'iyya ba. Pyle ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na Hukumar Tsaron Jiha daga 1931 zuwa 1933.

Yayin da take ci gaba da harkokinta na siyasa, Pyle ta kuma zama mai himma a harkar inshorar rai, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili ga kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na New York  da kuma Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na Northwestern Mutual .  Bugu da ƙari, an zaɓe ta shugabar Ƙungiyar Masu Inshorar Rayuwa ta Huron,  kuma ta kasance mai himma a Ƙungiyar Masu Inshorar Rayuwa ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;National_Life&quot; /&gt;

== Sanatan Amurka ==
[[Fayil:Gladys_Shields_Pyle_Gets_lame_duck_appointment_to_Senate._Washington,_D.C.,_November_28,_1938._Elected_to_fill_the_unexpired_term_of_Senator_Herbert_E._Hitchcock_of_South_Dakota,_arrived_at_the_Capitol_LCCN2016874427_(cropped).tif|thumb|327x327px|Pyle a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1938, a lokacin ɗan gajeren wa'adinta na Majalisar Dattawa]]
A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1938, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar jam'iyyar Republican zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, inda ta lashe sama da kashi 58% na ƙuri'un kuma ta sami ƙarin ƙuri'u 8,500 fiye da wanda ya lashe zaɓe na biyu mafi girma a duk faɗin jihar. Pyle ta sami mafi girman kaso na ƙuri'un 'yan takarar Republican waɗanda ba sa kan mulki kuma ta biyu mafi girma na ƙuri'u ga duk 'yan takarar Republican a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a zaɓen 1938. An zaɓi Pyle don cike gurbin da mutuwar Peter Norbeck ta haifar.  Norbeck ya mutu a watan Disamba na 1936, wanda ya ba gwamnan South Dakota damar naɗa wanda zai maye gurbinsa, kuma ya naɗa ɗan Democrat Herbert E. Hitchcock . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Hitchcock ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na ɗan takarar Democrat na cikakken wa'adi, kuma Chan Gurney ɗan Republican ne ya lashe zaɓen. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Saboda ya rasa takarar 'yan Democrat, wani abu da ya faru a dokar South Dakota ya tilasta wa Hitchcock ya sauka daga mulki bayan zaben Nuwamba 1938, wanda zai haifar da gurbi kafin wa'adin Gurney ya fara a watan Janairu 1939. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Domin cike gurbin watanni biyu, 'yan Republican na South Dakota sun yi nasarar yin zabe na musamman saboda jita-jitar cewa Shugaba [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] zai kira wani zaman Majalisa na musamman kafin Janairu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Dokar jiha ta hana Gurney bayyana a kuri'ar raba gardama sau biyu, don haka bai sami damar tsayawa takara a zaben na musamman ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Sakamakon waɗannan yanayi da kuma rashin tabbas a cikin doka, Jam'iyyar Republican ta yi nasara a kan Pyle, duk da alƙawarin da ta yi na cewa ba za ta sake neman wani mukami na siyasa ba, don tsayawa takara a zaɓen na musamman, wani ɓangare saboda shahararta a jihar, kuma wani ɓangare saboda tana da suna cewa ba za su ba da albarkatu da yawa ga kamfen ɗin zaɓe na musamman ba.  Ta yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Sabuwar Yarjejeniya, tana jayayya cewa shirin bai yi nisa ba don taimaka wa mutanen South Dakota. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar da Gurney ta lashe zaɓen cikakken wa'adi, Pyle ta kayar da ɗan Democrat JT McCullen Sr. a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, inda ta sami maki kusan kashi 6 cikin ɗari a gaban wanda ya lashe zaɓen ofis na gaba mafi girma a jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; An biya Pyle kuɗin hidimarta ta Majalisar Dattawa kuma an ba ta izinin ɗaukar ma'aikata, amma Majalisar ba ta cikin zaman kuma ba a taɓa rantsar da ita ba. 

Bayan zaɓen, Pyle ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington, DC da kuɗinta, tare da mahaifiyarta da mataimakiya ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a kira wani zama na musamman ba, don haka Pyle ba ta sami damar yin wani aiki na Majalisar Dattawa ba kafin wa'adinta ya ƙare.  Ta raba ofishin Majalisar Dattawa da Thomas M. Storke, wani sanata na wucin gadi da aka naɗa daga [[California]], kuma ta shafe lokacinta a Washington tana fafutukar neman amincewar hukumomin tarayya, ciki har da Hukumar Gudanar da Ci Gaban Ayyuka da Ofishin Harkokin Indiya don amincewa da ayyuka a South Dakota. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

== Daga baya aiki ==
A watan Janairun 1939, Pyle ta koma harkar inshorarta, kuma ta ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyukan gwamnati sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1940, ta zama mace ta farko da ta gabatar da jawabin takarar shugaban kasa a wani babban taron kasa, tana magana a madadin dan takara Harland J. Bushfield . 

Baya ga sake fara aikinta a harkar inshorar rai, Pyle ita ce mai kula da yara maza biyu marayu kuma tana kula da gonar iyalinta mai fadin eka 640 kusa da Huron.  Ta kasance memba na Hukumar Agaji da Gyaran Gida ta South Dakota daga 1943 zuwa 1957. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="13890" sha1="0547vaqujv28dvhm99cbm34kczg44oo" xml:space="preserve">'''Gladys Shields Pyle'''  (4 ga Oktoba, 1890){{Spaced en dash}} Maris 14, 1989) ta kasance malamar makaranta, 'yar siyasa kuma mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ba tare da an naɗa ta a matsayinta ba a baya; ita ce kuma 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]]  kuma ita ce 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko daga South Dakota. Bugu da ƙari, ita ce 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko daga wajen kudu. {{Efn|The previous four had come from [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Arkansas]], [[Louisiana]], and [[Alabama]].}}

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Gladys Shields Pyle a Huron, South Dakota a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1890, 'yar John L. Pyle da Mamie Shields Pyle, kuma ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'yansu huɗu, &lt;ref&gt;
 name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yan mata uku da ɗa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 19, 1993 |title=Huron Plainsman Newspaper Archives |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/huron-plainsman-oct-19-1993-p-6/ |access-date=December 23, 2018 |website=newspaperarchive.com |page=6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Lauyan South Dakota kuma mahaifiyarta babbar mai rajin [[Zaɓen Mata|kare haƙƙin jama'a]] ce a jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Iyalin sun zauna a wani gida da John ya gina, &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun ci gaba da zama a can bayan mutuwarsa sakamakon zazzabin typhoid a 1902.  

John da Mamie sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Kwalejin Huron, wadda Gladys ta halarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da take ɗaliba, Gladys ta fafata a muhawara tare da 'yan uwanta mata.   Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1911, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2, 1995 |title=Mamie Shields Pyle - |url=https://plaza.las.iastate.edu/directory/mamie-shields-pyle/ |access-date=December 23, 2018 |website=Plaza of Heroines |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kuma ƙaura zuwa Chicago don halartar Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Amurka da Jami'ar Chicago .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf &quot;Dakota Images&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''sdhspress.com''. 1989&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon aikina ==
Pyle ta yi aiki a fannin ilimi daga 1912 zuwa 1920. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf &quot;Dakota Images&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''sdhspress.com''. 1989&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Bayan ta koyar da harshen Latin da kuma ilimin zamantakewa na tsawon shekaru biyu a Huron, ta zama shugabar makarantun gwamnati na Wessington .  Gladys, mahaifiyarta Mamie, da 'yan'uwa mata biyu sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar mata ta 'Yancin Zaɓe kuma sun saba shirya tarurruka na ƙungiyar 'Yan Zaɓe ta Mata ta gida a gidansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gamradt |first=Crystal J. |date=July 25, 1999 |title=Biographical Note: Gladys Pyle |url=https://www.sdstate.edu/sdsu-archives-and-special-collections/incredible-gladys-pyle-collection |website=Incredible Gladys Pyle Collection |publisher=South Dakota State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pyle ta zama lakcara a ƙungiyar &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas da Ohio don yin jawabai da gabatar da jawabai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1922, ta tsaya takarar kujera a Majalisar Wakilai ta South Dakota .  Bayan ta kasa samun tikitin takara ta hanyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|'yan Republican]] na Beadle County, Pyle ta fafata a zaben fidda gwani na 'yan Republican na Independent, wanda da alama ta sha kaye, amma ta yi nasarar kalubalantar sakamakon. A babban zaben, ita ce ta fi samun kuri'u a kujerun Majalisar Wakilai uku, kuma an zabe ta a kan tikitin 'yan Republican biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1923 ta zama mace ta farko a Majalisar Wakilai ta jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gevik |first=Brian |title=Personalities: Gladys Pyle - A Woman of &amp;quot;Firsts&amp;quot; in Politics and Government |url=http://listen.sdpb.org/post/personalities-gladys-pyle-woman-firsts-politics-and-government |access-date=December 24, 2018 |website=listen.sdpb.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake zabenta a shekarar 1924,  kuma ta yi aiki daga 1923 zuwa 1927.  Baya ga matsayinta na ɗan lokaci a majalisar dokoki, an kuma nada Pyle ta zama Mataimakiyar Sakataren Harkokin Jahar South Dakota . 

== Sakataren Harkokin Waje ==
A shekarar 1926, Pyle ta kasance wacce ta yi nasarar zama 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na South Dakota .  An sake zaɓenta a shekarar 1928, inda ta samu ƙuri'u fiye da yadda aka taɓa ba wa kowane ɗan takara a kowane mukami a jihar,  kuma ta yi aiki daga 1927 zuwa 1931. 

A shekarar 1930, ta kasance 'yar takarar neman takarar gwamna a jam'iyyar Republican. [1] Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani, inda ta samu kusan kashi daya bisa uku na kuri'un. Tunda babu wani dan takara da ya sami kashi 35% da ake bukata a karkashin dokar South Dakota, gasar ta koma taron jam'iyyar Republican, inda wakilai za su zabi wanda za a zaba daga cikin 'yan takara biyar da ke kan kuri'ar fidda gwani. Pyle ta jagoranci kuri'u na hudu, da na shida zuwa goma sha daya, inda ta kara yawan kuri'unta a kowace kuri'a, sai dai babban asarar kuri'u da aka samu a kuri'ar takwas yayin da take gab da shiga zaben. A lokacin kuri'ar 12, Shugaban Taro ya dakatar da kiran zaben kuma bayan sa'o'i uku, 'yan takara maza uku sun nuna goyon bayansu ga Warren E. Green, wacce ta tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani da kusan kashi 7.5% na kuri'un kuma wacce ta lashe zaben lokacin da aka ci gaba da kiran zaben. Pyle ta amince da shan kaye cikin sauri ba tare da nuna adawa ko zargi ba amma ba ta amince da Green ba har sai bayan lokacin shigar da kara a matsayin mai zaman kansa ya kare. Daga baya ta nuna rashin jin dadinta lokacin da ta nuna ba za ta sake neman mukamin siyasa na jam'iyya ba. Pyle ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na Hukumar Tsaron Jiha daga 1931 zuwa 1933.

Yayin da take ci gaba da harkokinta na siyasa, Pyle ta kuma zama mai himma a harkar inshorar rai, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili ga kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na New York  da kuma Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na Northwestern Mutual .  Bugu da ƙari, an zaɓe ta shugabar Ƙungiyar Masu Inshorar Rayuwa ta Huron,  kuma ta kasance mai himma a Ƙungiyar Masu Inshorar Rayuwa ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;National_Life&quot; /&gt;

== Sanatan Amurka ==
[[Fayil:Gladys_Shields_Pyle_Gets_lame_duck_appointment_to_Senate._Washington,_D.C.,_November_28,_1938._Elected_to_fill_the_unexpired_term_of_Senator_Herbert_E._Hitchcock_of_South_Dakota,_arrived_at_the_Capitol_LCCN2016874427_(cropped).tif|thumb|327x327px|Pyle a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1938, a lokacin ɗan gajeren wa'adinta na Majalisar Dattawa]]
A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1938, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar jam'iyyar Republican zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, inda ta lashe sama da kashi 58% na ƙuri'un kuma ta sami ƙarin ƙuri'u 8,500 fiye da wanda ya lashe zaɓe na biyu mafi girma a duk faɗin jihar. Pyle ta sami mafi girman kaso na ƙuri'un 'yan takarar Republican waɗanda ba sa kan mulki kuma ta biyu mafi girma na ƙuri'u ga duk 'yan takarar Republican a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a zaɓen 1938. An zaɓi Pyle don cike gurbin da mutuwar Peter Norbeck ta haifar.  Norbeck ya mutu a watan Disamba na 1936, wanda ya ba gwamnan South Dakota damar naɗa wanda zai maye gurbinsa, kuma ya naɗa ɗan Democrat Herbert E. Hitchcock . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Hitchcock ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na ɗan takarar Democrat na cikakken wa'adi, kuma Chan Gurney ɗan Republican ne ya lashe zaɓen. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Saboda ya rasa takarar 'yan Democrat, wani abu da ya faru a dokar South Dakota ya tilasta wa Hitchcock ya sauka daga mulki bayan zaben Nuwamba 1938, wanda zai haifar da gurbi kafin wa'adin Gurney ya fara a watan Janairu 1939. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Domin cike gurbin watanni biyu, 'yan Republican na South Dakota sun yi nasarar yin zabe na musamman saboda jita-jitar cewa Shugaba [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] zai kira wani zaman Majalisa na musamman kafin Janairu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Dokar jiha ta hana Gurney bayyana a kuri'ar raba gardama sau biyu, don haka bai sami damar tsayawa takara a zaben na musamman ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Sakamakon waɗannan yanayi da kuma rashin tabbas a cikin doka, Jam'iyyar Republican ta yi nasara a kan Pyle, duk da alƙawarin da ta yi na cewa ba za ta sake neman wani mukami na siyasa ba, don tsayawa takara a zaɓen na musamman, wani ɓangare saboda shahararta a jihar, kuma wani ɓangare saboda tana da suna cewa ba za su ba da albarkatu da yawa ga kamfen ɗin zaɓe na musamman ba.  Ta yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Sabuwar Yarjejeniya, tana jayayya cewa shirin bai yi nisa ba don taimaka wa mutanen South Dakota. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar da Gurney ta lashe zaɓen cikakken wa'adi, Pyle ta kayar da ɗan Democrat JT McCullen Sr. a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, inda ta sami maki kusan kashi 6 cikin ɗari a gaban wanda ya lashe zaɓen ofis na gaba mafi girma a jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; An biya Pyle kuɗin hidimarta ta Majalisar Dattawa kuma an ba ta izinin ɗaukar ma'aikata, amma Majalisar ba ta cikin zaman kuma ba a taɓa rantsar da ita ba. 

Bayan zaɓen, Pyle ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington, DC da kuɗinta, tare da mahaifiyarta da mataimakiya ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a kira wani zama na musamman ba, don haka Pyle ba ta sami damar yin wani aiki na Majalisar Dattawa ba kafin wa'adinta ya ƙare.  Ta raba ofishin Majalisar Dattawa da Thomas M. Storke, wani sanata na wucin gadi da aka naɗa daga [[California]], kuma ta shafe lokacinta a Washington tana fafutukar neman amincewar hukumomin tarayya, ciki har da Hukumar Gudanar da Ci Gaban Ayyuka da Ofishin Harkokin Indiya don amincewa da ayyuka a South Dakota. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

== Daga baya aiki ==
A watan Janairun 1939, Pyle ta koma harkar inshorarta, kuma ta ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyukan gwamnati sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1940, ta zama mace ta farko da ta gabatar da jawabin takarar shugaban kasa a wani babban taron kasa, tana magana a madadin dan takara Harland J. Bushfield . 

Baya ga sake fara aikinta a harkar inshorar rai, Pyle ita ce mai kula da yara maza biyu marayu kuma tana kula da gonar iyalinta mai fadin eka 640 kusa da Huron.  Ta kasance memba na Hukumar Agaji da Gyaran Gida ta South Dakota daga 1943 zuwa 1957. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="13755" sha1="55zs8zqot9l209a52x63ql833ql2dwd" xml:space="preserve">'''Gladys Shields Pyle'''  (4 ga Oktoba, 1890){{Spaced en dash}} Maris 14, 1989) ta kasance malamar makaranta, 'yar siyasa kuma mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ba tare da an naɗa ta a matsayinta ba a baya; ita ce kuma 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]]  kuma ita ce 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko daga South Dakota. Bugu da ƙari, ita ce 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko daga wajen kudu. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Gladys Shields Pyle a Huron, South Dakota a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1890, 'yar John L. Pyle da Mamie Shields Pyle, kuma ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'yansu huɗu, &lt;ref&gt;
name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yan mata uku da ɗa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 19, 1993 |title=Huron Plainsman Newspaper Archives |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/huron-plainsman-oct-19-1993-p-6/ |access-date=December 23, 2018 |website=newspaperarchive.com |page=6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Lauyan South Dakota kuma mahaifiyarta babbar mai rajin [[Zaɓen Mata|kare haƙƙin jama'a]] ce a jihar. Iyalin sun zauna a wani gida da John ya gina, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun ci gaba da zama a can bayan mutuwarsa sakamakon zazzabin typhoid a 1902.  

John da Mamie sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Kwalejin Huron, wadda Gladys ta halarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da take ɗaliba, Gladys ta fafata a muhawara tare da 'yan uwanta mata.   Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1911, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2, 1995 |title=Mamie Shields Pyle - |url=https://plaza.las.iastate.edu/directory/mamie-shields-pyle/ |access-date=December 23, 2018 |website=Plaza of Heroines |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kuma ƙaura zuwa Chicago don halartar Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Amurka da Jami'ar Chicago .  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf &quot;Dakota Images&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''sdhspress.com''. 1989&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon aikina ==
Pyle ta yi aiki a fannin ilimi daga 1912 zuwa 1920. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf &quot;Dakota Images&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''sdhspress.com''. 1989&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Bayan ta koyar da harshen Latin da kuma ilimin zamantakewa na tsawon shekaru biyu a Huron, ta zama shugabar makarantun gwamnati na Wessington .  Gladys, mahaifiyarta Mamie, da 'yan'uwa mata biyu sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar mata ta 'Yancin Zaɓe kuma sun saba shirya tarurruka na ƙungiyar 'Yan Zaɓe ta Mata ta gida a gidansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gamradt |first=Crystal J. |date=July 25, 1999 |title=Biographical Note: Gladys Pyle |url=https://www.sdstate.edu/sdsu-archives-and-special-collections/incredible-gladys-pyle-collection |website=Incredible Gladys Pyle Collection |publisher=South Dakota State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pyle ta zama lakcara a ƙungiyar &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas da Ohio don yin jawabai da gabatar da jawabai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1922, ta tsaya takarar kujera a Majalisar Wakilai ta South Dakota .  Bayan ta kasa samun tikitin takara ta hanyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|'yan Republican]] na Beadle County, Pyle ta fafata a zaben fidda gwani na 'yan Republican na Independent, wanda da alama ta sha kaye, amma ta yi nasarar kalubalantar sakamakon. A babban zaben, ita ce ta fi samun kuri'u a kujerun Majalisar Wakilai uku, kuma an zabe ta a kan tikitin 'yan Republican biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1923 ta zama mace ta farko a Majalisar Wakilai ta jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gevik |first=Brian |title=Personalities: Gladys Pyle - A Woman of &amp;quot;Firsts&amp;quot; in Politics and Government |url=http://listen.sdpb.org/post/personalities-gladys-pyle-woman-firsts-politics-and-government |access-date=December 24, 2018 |website=listen.sdpb.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake zabenta a shekarar 1924,  kuma ta yi aiki daga 1923 zuwa 1927.  Baya ga matsayinta na ɗan lokaci a majalisar dokoki, an kuma nada Pyle ta zama Mataimakiyar Sakataren Harkokin Jahar South Dakota . 

== Sakataren Harkokin Waje ==
A shekarar 1926, Pyle ta kasance wacce ta yi nasarar zama 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na South Dakota .  An sake zaɓenta a shekarar 1928, inda ta samu ƙuri'u fiye da yadda aka taɓa ba wa kowane ɗan takara a kowane mukami a jihar,  kuma ta yi aiki daga 1927 zuwa 1931. 

A shekarar 1930, ta kasance 'yar takarar neman takarar gwamna a jam'iyyar Republican. [1] Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani, inda ta samu kusan kashi daya bisa uku na kuri'un. Tunda babu wani dan takara da ya sami kashi 35% da ake bukata a karkashin dokar South Dakota, gasar ta koma taron jam'iyyar Republican, inda wakilai za su zabi wanda za a zaba daga cikin 'yan takara biyar da ke kan kuri'ar fidda gwani. Pyle ta jagoranci kuri'u na hudu, da na shida zuwa goma sha daya, inda ta kara yawan kuri'unta a kowace kuri'a, sai dai babban asarar kuri'u da aka samu a kuri'ar takwas yayin da take gab da shiga zaben. A lokacin kuri'ar 12, Shugaban Taro ya dakatar da kiran zaben kuma bayan sa'o'i uku, 'yan takara maza uku sun nuna goyon bayansu ga Warren E. Green, wacce ta tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani da kusan kashi 7.5% na kuri'un kuma wacce ta lashe zaben lokacin da aka ci gaba da kiran zaben. Pyle ta amince da shan kaye cikin sauri ba tare da nuna adawa ko zargi ba amma ba ta amince da Green ba har sai bayan lokacin shigar da kara a matsayin mai zaman kansa ya kare. Daga baya ta nuna rashin jin dadinta lokacin da ta nuna ba za ta sake neman mukamin siyasa na jam'iyya ba. Pyle ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na Hukumar Tsaron Jiha daga 1931 zuwa 1933.

Yayin da take ci gaba da harkokinta na siyasa, Pyle ta kuma zama mai himma a harkar inshorar rai, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili ga kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na New York  da kuma Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na Northwestern Mutual .  Bugu da ƙari, an zaɓe ta shugabar Ƙungiyar Masu Inshorar Rayuwa ta Huron,  kuma ta kasance mai himma a Ƙungiyar Masu Inshorar Rayuwa ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;National_Life&quot; /&gt;

== Sanatan Amurka ==
[[Fayil:Gladys_Shields_Pyle_Gets_lame_duck_appointment_to_Senate._Washington,_D.C.,_November_28,_1938._Elected_to_fill_the_unexpired_term_of_Senator_Herbert_E._Hitchcock_of_South_Dakota,_arrived_at_the_Capitol_LCCN2016874427_(cropped).tif|thumb|327x327px|Pyle a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1938, a lokacin ɗan gajeren wa'adinta na Majalisar Dattawa]]
A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1938, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar jam'iyyar Republican zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, inda ta lashe sama da kashi 58% na ƙuri'un kuma ta sami ƙarin ƙuri'u 8,500 fiye da wanda ya lashe zaɓe na biyu mafi girma a duk faɗin jihar. Pyle ta sami mafi girman kaso na ƙuri'un 'yan takarar Republican waɗanda ba sa kan mulki kuma ta biyu mafi girma na ƙuri'u ga duk 'yan takarar Republican a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a zaɓen 1938. An zaɓi Pyle don cike gurbin da mutuwar Peter Norbeck ta haifar.  Norbeck ya mutu a watan Disamba na 1936, wanda ya ba gwamnan South Dakota damar naɗa wanda zai maye gurbinsa, kuma ya naɗa ɗan Democrat Herbert E. Hitchcock . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Hitchcock ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na ɗan takarar Democrat na cikakken wa'adi, kuma Chan Gurney ɗan Republican ne ya lashe zaɓen. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Saboda ya rasa takarar 'yan Democrat, wani abu da ya faru a dokar South Dakota ya tilasta wa Hitchcock ya sauka daga mulki bayan zaben Nuwamba 1938, wanda zai haifar da gurbi kafin wa'adin Gurney ya fara a watan Janairu 1939. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Domin cike gurbin watanni biyu, 'yan Republican na South Dakota sun yi nasarar yin zabe na musamman saboda jita-jitar cewa Shugaba [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] zai kira wani zaman Majalisa na musamman kafin Janairu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Dokar jiha ta hana Gurney bayyana a kuri'ar raba gardama sau biyu, don haka bai sami damar tsayawa takara a zaben na musamman ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Sakamakon waɗannan yanayi da kuma rashin tabbas a cikin doka, Jam'iyyar Republican ta yi nasara a kan Pyle, duk da alƙawarin da ta yi na cewa ba za ta sake neman wani mukami na siyasa ba, don tsayawa takara a zaɓen na musamman, wani ɓangare saboda shahararta a jihar, kuma wani ɓangare saboda tana da suna cewa ba za su ba da albarkatu da yawa ga kamfen ɗin zaɓe na musamman ba.  Ta yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Sabuwar Yarjejeniya, tana jayayya cewa shirin bai yi nisa ba don taimaka wa mutanen South Dakota. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar da Gurney ta lashe zaɓen cikakken wa'adi, Pyle ta kayar da ɗan Democrat JT McCullen Sr. a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, inda ta sami maki kusan kashi 6 cikin ɗari a gaban wanda ya lashe zaɓen ofis na gaba mafi girma a jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; An biya Pyle kuɗin hidimarta ta Majalisar Dattawa kuma an ba ta izinin ɗaukar ma'aikata, amma Majalisar ba ta cikin zaman kuma ba a taɓa rantsar da ita ba. 

Bayan zaɓen, Pyle ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington, DC da kuɗinta, tare da mahaifiyarta da mataimakiya ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a kira wani zama na musamman ba, don haka Pyle ba ta sami damar yin wani aiki na Majalisar Dattawa ba kafin wa'adinta ya ƙare.  Ta raba ofishin Majalisar Dattawa da Thomas M. Storke, wani sanata na wucin gadi da aka naɗa daga [[California]], kuma ta shafe lokacinta a Washington tana fafutukar neman amincewar hukumomin tarayya, ciki har da Hukumar Gudanar da Ci Gaban Ayyuka da Ofishin Harkokin Indiya don amincewa da ayyuka a South Dakota. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

== Daga baya aiki ==
A watan Janairun 1939, Pyle ta koma harkar inshorarta, kuma ta ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyukan gwamnati sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1940, ta zama mace ta farko da ta gabatar da jawabin takarar shugaban kasa a wani babban taron kasa, tana magana a madadin dan takara Harland J. Bushfield . 

Baya ga sake fara aikinta a harkar inshorar rai, Pyle ita ce mai kula da yara maza biyu marayu kuma tana kula da gonar iyalinta mai fadin eka 640 kusa da Huron.  Ta kasance memba na Hukumar Agaji da Gyaran Gida ta South Dakota daga 1943 zuwa 1957. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <text bytes="13766" sha1="15ymq9tbp38ve2bixn96kzs1fs90jtn" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Gladys Shields Pyle'''  (4 ga Oktoba, 1890){{Spaced en dash}} Maris 14, 1989) ta kasance malamar makaranta, 'yar siyasa kuma mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ba tare da an naɗa ta a matsayinta ba a baya; ita ce kuma 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]]  kuma ita ce 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko daga South Dakota. Bugu da ƙari, ita ce 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko daga wajen kudu. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Gladys Shields Pyle a Huron, South Dakota a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1890, 'yar John L. Pyle da Mamie Shields Pyle, kuma ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'yansu huɗu, &lt;ref&gt;
name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yan mata uku da ɗa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 19, 1993 |title=Huron Plainsman Newspaper Archives |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/huron-plainsman-oct-19-1993-p-6/ |access-date=December 23, 2018 |website=newspaperarchive.com |page=6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Lauyan South Dakota kuma mahaifiyarta babbar mai rajin [[Zaɓen Mata|kare haƙƙin jama'a]] ce a jihar. Iyalin sun zauna a wani gida da John ya gina, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun ci gaba da zama a can bayan mutuwarsa sakamakon zazzabin typhoid a 1902.  

John da Mamie sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Kwalejin Huron, wadda Gladys ta halarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da take ɗaliba, Gladys ta fafata a muhawara tare da 'yan uwanta mata.   Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1911, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2, 1995 |title=Mamie Shields Pyle - |url=https://plaza.las.iastate.edu/directory/mamie-shields-pyle/ |access-date=December 23, 2018 |website=Plaza of Heroines |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kuma ƙaura zuwa Chicago don halartar Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Amurka da Jami'ar Chicago .  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf &quot;Dakota Images&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''sdhspress.com''. 1989&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon aikina ==
Pyle ta yi aiki a fannin ilimi daga 1912 zuwa 1920. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf &quot;Dakota Images&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''sdhspress.com''. 1989&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Bayan ta koyar da harshen Latin da kuma ilimin zamantakewa na tsawon shekaru biyu a Huron, ta zama shugabar makarantun gwamnati na Wessington .  Gladys, mahaifiyarta Mamie, da 'yan'uwa mata biyu sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar mata ta 'Yancin Zaɓe kuma sun saba shirya tarurruka na ƙungiyar 'Yan Zaɓe ta Mata ta gida a gidansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gamradt |first=Crystal J. |date=July 25, 1999 |title=Biographical Note: Gladys Pyle |url=https://www.sdstate.edu/sdsu-archives-and-special-collections/incredible-gladys-pyle-collection |website=Incredible Gladys Pyle Collection |publisher=South Dakota State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pyle ta zama lakcara a ƙungiyar &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas da Ohio don yin jawabai da gabatar da jawabai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1922, ta tsaya takarar kujera a Majalisar Wakilai ta South Dakota .  Bayan ta kasa samun tikitin takara ta hanyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|'yan Republican]] na Beadle County, Pyle ta fafata a zaben fidda gwani na 'yan Republican na Independent, wanda da alama ta sha kaye, amma ta yi nasarar kalubalantar sakamakon. A babban zaben, ita ce ta fi samun kuri'u a kujerun Majalisar Wakilai uku, kuma an zabe ta a kan tikitin 'yan Republican biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1923 ta zama mace ta farko a Majalisar Wakilai ta jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gevik |first=Brian |title=Personalities: Gladys Pyle - A Woman of &amp;quot;Firsts&amp;quot; in Politics and Government |url=http://listen.sdpb.org/post/personalities-gladys-pyle-woman-firsts-politics-and-government |access-date=December 24, 2018 |website=listen.sdpb.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake zabenta a shekarar 1924,  kuma ta yi aiki daga 1923 zuwa 1927.  Baya ga matsayinta na ɗan lokaci a majalisar dokoki, an kuma nada Pyle ta zama Mataimakiyar Sakataren Harkokin Jahar South Dakota . 

== Sakataren Harkokin Waje ==
A shekarar 1926, Pyle ta kasance wacce ta yi nasarar zama 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na South Dakota .  An sake zaɓenta a shekarar 1928, inda ta samu ƙuri'u fiye da yadda aka taɓa ba wa kowane ɗan takara a kowane mukami a jihar,  kuma ta yi aiki daga 1927 zuwa 1931. 

A shekarar 1930, ta kasance 'yar takarar neman takarar gwamna a jam'iyyar Republican. [1] Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani, inda ta samu kusan kashi daya bisa uku na kuri'un. Tunda babu wani dan takara da ya sami kashi 35% da ake bukata a karkashin dokar South Dakota, gasar ta koma taron jam'iyyar Republican, inda wakilai za su zabi wanda za a zaba daga cikin 'yan takara biyar da ke kan kuri'ar fidda gwani. Pyle ta jagoranci kuri'u na hudu, da na shida zuwa goma sha daya, inda ta kara yawan kuri'unta a kowace kuri'a, sai dai babban asarar kuri'u da aka samu a kuri'ar takwas yayin da take gab da shiga zaben. A lokacin kuri'ar 12, Shugaban Taro ya dakatar da kiran zaben kuma bayan sa'o'i uku, 'yan takara maza uku sun nuna goyon bayansu ga Warren E. Green, wacce ta tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani da kusan kashi 7.5% na kuri'un kuma wacce ta lashe zaben lokacin da aka ci gaba da kiran zaben. Pyle ta amince da shan kaye cikin sauri ba tare da nuna adawa ko zargi ba amma ba ta amince da Green ba har sai bayan lokacin shigar da kara a matsayin mai zaman kansa ya kare. Daga baya ta nuna rashin jin dadinta lokacin da ta nuna ba za ta sake neman mukamin siyasa na jam'iyya ba. Pyle ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na Hukumar Tsaron Jiha daga 1931 zuwa 1933.

Yayin da take ci gaba da harkokinta na siyasa, Pyle ta kuma zama mai himma a harkar inshorar rai, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili ga kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na New York  da kuma Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na Northwestern Mutual .  Bugu da ƙari, an zaɓe ta shugabar Ƙungiyar Masu Inshorar Rayuwa ta Huron,  kuma ta kasance mai himma a Ƙungiyar Masu Inshorar Rayuwa ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;National_Life&quot; /&gt;

== Sanatan Amurka ==
[[Fayil:Gladys_Shields_Pyle_Gets_lame_duck_appointment_to_Senate._Washington,_D.C.,_November_28,_1938._Elected_to_fill_the_unexpired_term_of_Senator_Herbert_E._Hitchcock_of_South_Dakota,_arrived_at_the_Capitol_LCCN2016874427_(cropped).tif|thumb|327x327px|Pyle a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1938, a lokacin ɗan gajeren wa'adinta na Majalisar Dattawa]]
A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1938, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar jam'iyyar Republican zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, inda ta lashe sama da kashi 58% na ƙuri'un kuma ta sami ƙarin ƙuri'u 8,500 fiye da wanda ya lashe zaɓe na biyu mafi girma a duk faɗin jihar. Pyle ta sami mafi girman kaso na ƙuri'un 'yan takarar Republican waɗanda ba sa kan mulki kuma ta biyu mafi girma na ƙuri'u ga duk 'yan takarar Republican a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a zaɓen 1938. An zaɓi Pyle don cike gurbin da mutuwar Peter Norbeck ta haifar.  Norbeck ya mutu a watan Disamba na 1936, wanda ya ba gwamnan South Dakota damar naɗa wanda zai maye gurbinsa, kuma ya naɗa ɗan Democrat Herbert E. Hitchcock . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Hitchcock ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na ɗan takarar Democrat na cikakken wa'adi, kuma Chan Gurney ɗan Republican ne ya lashe zaɓen. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Saboda ya rasa takarar 'yan Democrat, wani abu da ya faru a dokar South Dakota ya tilasta wa Hitchcock ya sauka daga mulki bayan zaben Nuwamba 1938, wanda zai haifar da gurbi kafin wa'adin Gurney ya fara a watan Janairu 1939. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Domin cike gurbin watanni biyu, 'yan Republican na South Dakota sun yi nasarar yin zabe na musamman saboda jita-jitar cewa Shugaba [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] zai kira wani zaman Majalisa na musamman kafin Janairu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Dokar jiha ta hana Gurney bayyana a kuri'ar raba gardama sau biyu, don haka bai sami damar tsayawa takara a zaben na musamman ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Sakamakon waɗannan yanayi da kuma rashin tabbas a cikin doka, Jam'iyyar Republican ta yi nasara a kan Pyle, duk da alƙawarin da ta yi na cewa ba za ta sake neman wani mukami na siyasa ba, don tsayawa takara a zaɓen na musamman, wani ɓangare saboda shahararta a jihar, kuma wani ɓangare saboda tana da suna cewa ba za su ba da albarkatu da yawa ga kamfen ɗin zaɓe na musamman ba.  Ta yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Sabuwar Yarjejeniya, tana jayayya cewa shirin bai yi nisa ba don taimaka wa mutanen South Dakota. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar da Gurney ta lashe zaɓen cikakken wa'adi, Pyle ta kayar da ɗan Democrat JT McCullen Sr. a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, inda ta sami maki kusan kashi 6 cikin ɗari a gaban wanda ya lashe zaɓen ofis na gaba mafi girma a jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; An biya Pyle kuɗin hidimarta ta Majalisar Dattawa kuma an ba ta izinin ɗaukar ma'aikata, amma Majalisar ba ta cikin zaman kuma ba a taɓa rantsar da ita ba. 

Bayan zaɓen, Pyle ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington, DC da kuɗinta, tare da mahaifiyarta da mataimakiya ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a kira wani zama na musamman ba, don haka Pyle ba ta sami damar yin wani aiki na Majalisar Dattawa ba kafin wa'adinta ya ƙare.  Ta raba ofishin Majalisar Dattawa da Thomas M. Storke, wani sanata na wucin gadi da aka naɗa daga [[California]], kuma ta shafe lokacinta a Washington tana fafutukar neman amincewar hukumomin tarayya, ciki har da Hukumar Gudanar da Ci Gaban Ayyuka da Ofishin Harkokin Indiya don amincewa da ayyuka a South Dakota. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

== Daga baya aiki ==
A watan Janairun 1939, Pyle ta koma harkar inshorarta, kuma ta ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyukan gwamnati sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ &quot;PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives&quot;]. ''history.house.gov''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1940, ta zama mace ta farko da ta gabatar da jawabin takarar shugaban kasa a wani babban taron kasa, tana magana a madadin dan takara Harland J. Bushfield . 

Baya ga sake fara aikinta a harkar inshorar rai, Pyle ita ce mai kula da yara maza biyu marayu kuma tana kula da gonar iyalinta mai fadin eka 640 kusa da Huron.  Ta kasance memba na Hukumar Agaji da Gyaran Gida ta South Dakota daga 1943 zuwa 1957. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>15ymq9tbp38ve2bixn96kzs1fs90jtn</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>N. Lorraine Beebe</title>
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      <id>816448</id>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328169768|N. Lorraine Beebe]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4211" sha1="n1nbtjks5798rdqbc1rhyrob73iy55p" xml:space="preserve">'''N. Lorraine Beebe''' ( ''née'' Boekeloo; 19 ga Yuni, 1910 - 12 ga Agusta, 2005) sanata ce ta jihar Amurka kuma mai kula da yakin neman zaben Anderson na 1980 a matsayin shugaban kasa . Ta zama mace ta uku a tarihin Michigan da ta hau kujerar Majalisar Dattawa ta Michigan bayan ta tayar da hankalin dan takarar Democrat Edward J. Robinson a kujerar Gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 12. Duk da haka, fafutukar da ta yi na sassauta dokokin zubar da ciki a Michigan ya sa ta sha kaye a yakin neman zabenta na sake tsayawa takara.

An haifi Beebe a Kalamazoo a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1910.  Ta halarci Jami'ar Western Michigan don digirinta na farko a fannin ilimin motsa jiki kafin ta koma yankin Detroit ta kuma yi rajista a Jami'ar Wayne State don digirinta na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Bayan kammala karatunta, Beebe ta yi aiki a birnin Kalamazoo na tsawon shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakiyar daraktan nishaɗin birni, daga ƙarshe ta koma Dearborn, Michigan don karɓar matsayin darektan ayyukan nishaɗin 'yan mata da mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;UMich papers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lorraine Beebe Papers: circa 1920-1981 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umich-bhl-8560?view=text |access-date=March 3, 2021 |website=/quod.lib.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin malamar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Kwalejin Henry Ford, Beebe ta fusata ɗan takarar Democrat Edward J. Robinson don neman kujerar majalisar dattawa ta jiha daga gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 12. Ita ce mace ɗaya tilo da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawa ta Michigan kuma ta yi nasara da ƙuri'u 800 fiye da takwaransa namiji. Daga baya ta zama mace ta uku a tarihin Michigan da ta hau kujerar Majalisar Dattawa kuma ta farko daga jam'iyyar Republican. Bayan an zaɓe ta, Beebe ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin lafiya, zamantakewa da ritaya, mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin aiki da kuma memba na kwamitin manyan hanyoyi.

A shekarar 1969, Beebe ta gabatar da kudirin doka da ke fafutukar samar da dokokin zubar da ciki marasa kyau a Michigan . Kudurin dokar zai halatta zubar da ciki &quot;wanda ya samo asali daga fyade ko jima'i tsakanin dangi, ko kuma wanda ke barazana ga lafiyar uwa, ko kuma wanda da alama zai iya haifar da haihuwar yaro mai nakasa.&quot;  Yayin da take ƙarfafa abokan aikinta maza su zartar da kudirin gyara zubar da ciki, ta yarda cewa an yi mata zubar da ciki mai kyau. Duk da cewa kudirin ya gaza, fafutukar da ta yi ta jawo hankalin manema labarai kuma an rufe ta a duk fadin kasar.  Duk da haka, fafutukar da ta yi don sassauta dokokin zubar da ciki a Michigan a ƙarshe ya sa ta sha kaye a yakin neman sake tsayawa takara. &lt;ref name=&quot;miwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=N. Lorraine Beebe |url=https://miwf.org/timeline/n-lorraine-beebe/ |access-date=March 3, 2021 |website=miwf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayan Majalisar Dattawa ===
Bayan an kayar da ita, an yi wa iyalan Beebe barazana, an yi mata ruwan bama-bamai a gidanta, sannan aka yanke mata tayoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;miwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=N. Lorraine Beebe |url=https://miwf.org/timeline/n-lorraine-beebe/ |access-date=March 3, 2021 |website=miwf.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://miwf.org/timeline/n-lorraine-beebe/ &quot;N. Lorraine Beebe&quot;]. ''miwf.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ce, duk da cewa an kaɗa ƙuri'a a kan ta, za ta ci gaba da fafutukar rage ƙa'idojin zubar da ciki.  A shekarar 1972, an zaɓe Beebe a matsayin darektan zartarwa na Majalisar Masu Amfani da Michigan a kan mukaddashin darakta Andrew Eiler Jr.  Ta koma yin murabus daga mukaminta shekaru biyu bayan haka, amma majalisar ba ta amince da murabus ɗinta nan take ba.  Wani ɓangare na murabus ɗinta ya faru ne saboda matsin lamba daga gwamnati da kuma matsin lamba kan rashin ingancin majalisar.  A wannan shekarar, ta fara kamfen ɗinta na Sakataren Harkokin Waje a matsayin ɗan Republican, wanda ta yi ba tare da tuntuɓar gwamna ko membobin jam'iyyar ba. 

Beebe ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2005, kuma an binne gawarta da aka kona a Cocin St. Barnabas Episcopal da ke Portage . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <text bytes="4225" sha1="jlvdnusihefvdtztes5qaolup30g1gz" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''N. Lorraine Beebe''' ( ''née'' Boekeloo; 19 ga Yuni, 1910 - 12 ga Agusta, 2005) sanata ce ta jihar Amurka kuma mai kula da yakin neman zaben Anderson na 1980 a matsayin shugaban kasa . Ta zama mace ta uku a tarihin Michigan da ta hau kujerar Majalisar Dattawa ta Michigan bayan ta tayar da hankalin dan takarar Democrat Edward J. Robinson a kujerar Gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 12. Duk da haka, fafutukar da ta yi na sassauta dokokin zubar da ciki a Michigan ya sa ta sha kaye a yakin neman zabenta na sake tsayawa takara.

An haifi Beebe a Kalamazoo a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1910.  Ta halarci Jami'ar Western Michigan don digirinta na farko a fannin ilimin motsa jiki kafin ta koma yankin Detroit ta kuma yi rajista a Jami'ar Wayne State don digirinta na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Bayan kammala karatunta, Beebe ta yi aiki a birnin Kalamazoo na tsawon shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakiyar daraktan nishaɗin birni, daga ƙarshe ta koma Dearborn, Michigan don karɓar matsayin darektan ayyukan nishaɗin 'yan mata da mata. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;UMich papers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lorraine Beebe Papers: circa 1920-1981 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umich-bhl-8560?view=text |access-date=March 3, 2021 |website=/quod.lib.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin malamar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Kwalejin Henry Ford, Beebe ta fusata ɗan takarar Democrat Edward J. Robinson don neman kujerar majalisar dattawa ta jiha daga gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 12. Ita ce mace ɗaya tilo da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawa ta Michigan kuma ta yi nasara da ƙuri'u 800 fiye da takwaransa namiji. Daga baya ta zama mace ta uku a tarihin Michigan da ta hau kujerar Majalisar Dattawa kuma ta farko daga jam'iyyar Republican. Bayan an zaɓe ta, Beebe ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin lafiya, zamantakewa da ritaya, mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin aiki da kuma memba na kwamitin manyan hanyoyi.

A shekarar 1969, Beebe ta gabatar da kudirin doka da ke fafutukar samar da dokokin zubar da ciki marasa kyau a Michigan . Kudurin dokar zai halatta zubar da ciki &quot;wanda ya samo asali daga fyade ko jima'i tsakanin dangi, ko kuma wanda ke barazana ga lafiyar uwa, ko kuma wanda da alama zai iya haifar da haihuwar yaro mai nakasa.&quot;  Yayin da take ƙarfafa abokan aikinta maza su zartar da kudirin gyara zubar da ciki, ta yarda cewa an yi mata zubar da ciki mai kyau. Duk da cewa kudirin ya gaza, fafutukar da ta yi ta jawo hankalin manema labarai kuma an rufe ta a duk fadin kasar.  Duk da haka, fafutukar da ta yi don sassauta dokokin zubar da ciki a Michigan a ƙarshe ya sa ta sha kaye a yakin neman sake tsayawa takara. &lt;ref name=&quot;miwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=N. Lorraine Beebe |url=https://miwf.org/timeline/n-lorraine-beebe/ |access-date=March 3, 2021 |website=miwf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayan Majalisar Dattawa ===
Bayan an kayar da ita, an yi wa iyalan Beebe barazana, an yi mata ruwan bama-bamai a gidanta, sannan aka yanke mata tayoyi. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;miwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=N. Lorraine Beebe |url=https://miwf.org/timeline/n-lorraine-beebe/ |access-date=March 3, 2021 |website=miwf.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://miwf.org/timeline/n-lorraine-beebe/ &quot;N. Lorraine Beebe&quot;]. ''miwf.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ce, duk da cewa an kaɗa ƙuri'a a kan ta, za ta ci gaba da fafutukar rage ƙa'idojin zubar da ciki.  A shekarar 1972, an zaɓe Beebe a matsayin darektan zartarwa na Majalisar Masu Amfani da Michigan a kan mukaddashin darakta Andrew Eiler Jr.  Ta koma yin murabus daga mukaminta shekaru biyu bayan haka, amma majalisar ba ta amince da murabus ɗinta nan take ba.  Wani ɓangare na murabus ɗinta ya faru ne saboda matsin lamba daga gwamnati da kuma matsin lamba kan rashin ingancin majalisar.  A wannan shekarar, ta fara kamfen ɗinta na Sakataren Harkokin Waje a matsayin ɗan Republican, wanda ta yi ba tare da tuntuɓar gwamna ko membobin jam'iyyar ba. 

Beebe ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2005, kuma an binne gawarta da aka kona a Cocin St. Barnabas Episcopal da ke Portage . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ann Bedsole</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335245276|Ann Bedsole]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ann Smith Bedsole''' (an haife ta '''Margaret Anna Smith''' ; Janairu 7, 1930 - Disamba 1, 2025) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka, 'yar kasuwa, mai fafutukar kare hakkin al'umma kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Ita ce mace ta farko 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Alabama kuma mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama . A shekarar 2002, an shigar da ita cikin Kwalejin Daraja ta Alabama .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Margaret Anna Smith a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1930, a Selma, Alabama, ga Malcolm White Smith da Sybil Huey Smith.  Tana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;bay&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyar, mahaifinta ya ƙaura da iyalinsa zuwa Jackson, Alabama inda ya sayi injin yanka katako ; ta ci gaba da aiki a can tun tana ƙarama. &lt;ref name=&quot;bay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Breck |date=July 13, 2019 |title=The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole |url=https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=Mobile Bay Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Waynesboro da ke Waynesboro, Virginia, daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Alabama da Jami'ar Denver . &lt;ref name=&quot;life&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bay&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Republican na 1964, Smith ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili a Babban Taron Ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Republican . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AU Archives -- Guide to the Alabama Republican Party Records, RG 545 |url=https://www.lib.auburn.edu/archive/find-aid/545.htm |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=www.lib.auburn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Zartarwa na Jam'iyyar Republican na Jihar Alabama a 1966.  A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Republican na 1972, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili a Babban Taron Ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Republican, mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar Alabama zuwa Babban Taron Ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Republican, kuma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu zaɓen shugaban ƙasa biyu na jam'iyyar Republican tare da Wakilin Jiha [[Doug Hale]] .    &lt;ref name=&quot;life&quot; /&gt; Daga baya Smith ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Jam'iyyar Republican a Ward na 4 a Mobile, Alabama . &lt;ref name=&quot;life&quot; /&gt;

=== Majalisar dokokin jihar Alabama ===
[[Fayil:Press_photo_of_Danny_Corbett_and_Ann_Bedsole_(front).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Sanatocin jihar Alabama Danny Corbett da Ann Bedsole, 1985]]
A shekarar 1978, Sonny Callahan, ɗan Majalisar Wakilai ta Alabama daga gundumar 101, ya sanar da cewa zai nemi takarar Sanata a Alabama .  Bedsole ya sami takarar Republican kuma ya kayar da ɗan takarar Democrat Jim Johnston a babban zaɓe, inda ya zama mace ta farko 'yar Republican a Majalisar Wakilai ta Alabama. 

A shekarar 1982, Callahan, ɗan majalisar dattawan Alabama daga gundumar 34, ya bar kujerarsa. Bedsole ya yi takarar neman kujerarsa tare da ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Republican kuma ya kayar da ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat John Saad a babban zaɓe, inda ya zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama.   A karon farko da ta yi a zaɓen sake zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa, ta buga fosta na kamfen waɗanda suka haɗa da jadawalin lokacin farautar jihar a baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;bay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Breck |date=July 13, 2019 |title=The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole |url=https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=Mobile Bay Magazine}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPappas2019&quot;&gt;Pappas, Breck (July 13, 2019). [https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ &quot;The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole&quot;]. ''Mobile Bay Magazine''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 22,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An sake zaɓenta a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama sau uku kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;life&quot; /&gt;

An naɗa Bedsole don ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimi a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama a shekarar 1983.  An naɗa ta don ta yi aiki a kwamitocin Shari'a, Ilimi, da Lafiya, kuma a matsayin shugabar kwamitin Noma, Kiyayewa da Gandun Daji a shekarar 1987. 

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓen gwamna ===
A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1993, Bedsole ta sanar da cewa za ta nemi takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin Gwamnan Alabama a shekarar 1994.   Ta zabi Rex Elsasse, tsohon darektan zartarwa na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Ohio, don ya zama manajan yakin neman zabenta.  Ta zo ta biyu a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, amma Fob James ya kayar da ita a zagaye na biyu na zaben fidda gwani.  

A lokacin zaɓen gwamna na Alabama na 1998, Bedsole ta goyi bayan ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat Don Siegelman a kan Gwamna Fob James.  A shekarar 2005, ta yi takarar magajin garin Mobile ba tare da ta yi nasara ba. 

== Sauran ayyuka ==
[[Fayil:Alabama_School_of_Math_and_Science.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Babban ginin harabar jami'a a Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama]]
A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Bedsole tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama, wadda majalisar dokokin jihar Alabama ta amince da ita a shekarar 1989.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Breck |date=2019-07-23 |title=The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole |url=https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Mobile Bay Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya makarantar ta ƙara ɗakin karatu mai suna don girmama ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;math&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2007 |title=Extensions of Remarks |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2007-11-01/pdf/CREC-2007-11-01-pt1-PgE2297-3.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[Congressional Record]] |page=E2297}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan cibiyar ta kasance &quot;makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati kaɗai ga ɗaliban aji biyu, na aji huɗu, da na gaba da ke neman ƙarin ilimi a fannin lissafi, kimiyya, da kuma ilimin ɗan adam&quot; a jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;math&quot; /&gt;

Bedsole ya kuma kafa Bedsole Farms a Perdue Hill a shekarar 2008. 

== Membobi da ƙungiyoyi ==
Bedsole ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi da na agaji da dama. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama a matsayin shugaba da mataimakiyar shugaba. Ta kasance amintaccen Kwaleji ta Spring Hill da Kwalejin Huntingdon . Ta jagoranci kwamitin rarrabawa na Sybil H. Smith Charitable Trust (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Sybil da White Smith Foundation), kuma ta kasance memba na kwamitin JL Bedsole Foundation, wacce ke ba da tallafi ga ayyukan da ke amfanar da ilimin bayan sakandare, fasaha, da ci gaban tattalin arziki a kudu maso yammacin Alabama. 

Bedsole ta kuma sadaukar da kanta wajen tallata tarihin gida, kiyayewa, da kiyayewa. Ta kafa Mobile Historic Home Tours kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Tarihi ta Alabama, Hukumar Ci Gaban Tarihi ta Mobile, da Kwamitin Hasken Haske na Mobile Bay.  A shekarar 1999, ta zama shugabar Mobile Tricentennial, tana aiki na tsawon shekaru uku tare da ɗaruruwan masu sa kai don samar da shirye-shirye don taron. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2003 |title=Ann Bedsole Honored with Delchamps Award |url=http://docplayer.net/185432220-Ann-bedsole-honored-with-delchamps-award-and-personal-life-would-be-like-a-wellseasoned.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Cibiyar Albarkatun Daji ta Alabama. &lt;ref name=&quot;life&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa ==
A shekarar 1949, ta auri John Henry (&quot;Rod&quot;) Martin, Jr. kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Mary da John Henry III. A shekarar 1958, ta auri Massey Palmer Bedsole Jr., wacce ta haifi ɗa ɗaya da ita, Loraine Massey Demmas Bedsole. Bedsole Jr. ta rasu a shekarar 2006.  A shekarar 2014, ta sake auri Nicholas Hanson Holmes Jr., wanda ya mutu a shekarar 2016.

Bedsole ta kasance ƴar Methodist kuma memba ce a ƙungiyar Junior League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2019 |title=Junior League Politicians |url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/group/jr-league.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[The Political Graveyard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi mata bikin cika shekaru 90 a duniya daga ɗaliban Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama a watan Janairun 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carithers |first=Caroline |date=January 14, 2020 |title=Ann Bedsole, an Alabama trail blazer, turns 90 years old |url=https://www.wkrg.com/digital-mojo/ann-bedsole-an-alabama-trail-blazer-turns-90-years-old/ |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[WKRG-TV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bedsole ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2025, yana da shekaru 95. 

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==
An karrama Bedsole saboda kasuwancinta da ayyukanta na agaji ta hanyar sanya mata suna Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Mobile a shekarar 1972, Mobilian na Shekara a shekarar 1993, da kuma mai taimakon jama'a na Shekara a shekarar 1998. &lt;ref name=&quot;hon&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga ''Montgomery Advertiser'' da ''Alabama Journal'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;hon&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2002, an shigar da ita cikin Kwalejin Daraja ta Alabama, wacce ke karrama mutane masu rai saboda nasarorin da suka samu da gudummawar da suka bayar ga jihar.  Ta kuma sami digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Law daga Kwalejin Spring Hill da Kwalejin Huntingdon. &lt;ref name=&quot;hon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2007 |title=Extensions of Remarks |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2007-11-01/pdf/CREC-2007-11-01-pt1-PgE2297-3.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[Congressional Record]] |page=E2297}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2007-11-01/pdf/CREC-2007-11-01-pt1-PgE2297-3.pdf &quot;Extensions of Remarks&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Congressional Record]]''. November 1, 2007. p.&amp;nbsp;E2297&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 22,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816456</id>
      <parentid>816452</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:15:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <text bytes="9965" sha1="4q5rk1lrja6mwpmd6j2sa3b51m3pjze" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Ann Smith Bedsole''' (an haife ta '''Margaret Anna Smith''' ; Janairu 7, 1930 - Disamba 1, 2025) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka, 'yar kasuwa, mai fafutukar kare hakkin al'umma kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Ita ce mace ta farko 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Alabama kuma mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama . A shekarar 2002, an shigar da ita cikin Kwalejin Daraja ta Alabama .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Margaret Anna Smith a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1930, a Selma, Alabama, ga Malcolm White Smith da Sybil Huey Smith.  Tana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;bay&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyar, mahaifinta ya ƙaura da iyalinsa zuwa Jackson, Alabama inda ya sayi injin yanka katako ; ta ci gaba da aiki a can tun tana ƙarama. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;bay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Breck |date=July 13, 2019 |title=The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole |url=https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=Mobile Bay Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Waynesboro da ke Waynesboro, Virginia, daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Alabama da Jami'ar Denver . &lt;ref name=&quot;life&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bay&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Republican na 1964, Smith ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili a Babban Taron Ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Republican . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AU Archives -- Guide to the Alabama Republican Party Records, RG 545 |url=https://www.lib.auburn.edu/archive/find-aid/545.htm |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=www.lib.auburn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Zartarwa na Jam'iyyar Republican na Jihar Alabama a 1966.  A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Republican na 1972, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili a Babban Taron Ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Republican, mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar Alabama zuwa Babban Taron Ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Republican, kuma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu zaɓen shugaban ƙasa biyu na jam'iyyar Republican tare da Wakilin Jiha [[Doug Hale]] .    &lt;ref name=&quot;life&quot; /&gt; Daga baya Smith ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Jam'iyyar Republican a Ward na 4 a Mobile, Alabama . &lt;ref name=&quot;life&quot; /&gt;

=== Majalisar dokokin jihar Alabama ===
[[Fayil:Press_photo_of_Danny_Corbett_and_Ann_Bedsole_(front).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Sanatocin jihar Alabama Danny Corbett da Ann Bedsole, 1985]]
A shekarar 1978, Sonny Callahan, ɗan Majalisar Wakilai ta Alabama daga gundumar 101, ya sanar da cewa zai nemi takarar Sanata a Alabama .  Bedsole ya sami takarar Republican kuma ya kayar da ɗan takarar Democrat Jim Johnston a babban zaɓe, inda ya zama mace ta farko 'yar Republican a Majalisar Wakilai ta Alabama. 

A shekarar 1982, Callahan, ɗan majalisar dattawan Alabama daga gundumar 34, ya bar kujerarsa. Bedsole ya yi takarar neman kujerarsa tare da ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Republican kuma ya kayar da ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat John Saad a babban zaɓe, inda ya zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama.   A karon farko da ta yi a zaɓen sake zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa, ta buga fosta na kamfen waɗanda suka haɗa da jadawalin lokacin farautar jihar a baya. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;bay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Breck |date=July 13, 2019 |title=The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole |url=https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=Mobile Bay Magazine}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPappas2019&quot;&gt;Pappas, Breck (July 13, 2019). [https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ &quot;The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole&quot;]. ''Mobile Bay Magazine''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 22,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An sake zaɓenta a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama sau uku kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;life&quot; /&gt;

An naɗa Bedsole don ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimi a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama a shekarar 1983.  An naɗa ta don ta yi aiki a kwamitocin Shari'a, Ilimi, da Lafiya, kuma a matsayin shugabar kwamitin Noma, Kiyayewa da Gandun Daji a shekarar 1987. 

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓen gwamna ===
A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1993, Bedsole ta sanar da cewa za ta nemi takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin Gwamnan Alabama a shekarar 1994.   Ta zabi Rex Elsasse, tsohon darektan zartarwa na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Ohio, don ya zama manajan yakin neman zabenta.  Ta zo ta biyu a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, amma Fob James ya kayar da ita a zagaye na biyu na zaben fidda gwani.  

A lokacin zaɓen gwamna na Alabama na 1998, Bedsole ta goyi bayan ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat Don Siegelman a kan Gwamna Fob James.  A shekarar 2005, ta yi takarar magajin garin Mobile ba tare da ta yi nasara ba. 

== Sauran ayyuka ==
[[Fayil:Alabama_School_of_Math_and_Science.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Babban ginin harabar jami'a a Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama]]
A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Bedsole tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama, wadda majalisar dokokin jihar Alabama ta amince da ita a shekarar 1989.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Breck |date=2019-07-23 |title=The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole |url=https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Mobile Bay Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya makarantar ta ƙara ɗakin karatu mai suna don girmama ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;math&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2007 |title=Extensions of Remarks |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2007-11-01/pdf/CREC-2007-11-01-pt1-PgE2297-3.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[Congressional Record]] |page=E2297}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan cibiyar ta kasance &quot;makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati kaɗai ga ɗaliban aji biyu, na aji huɗu, da na gaba da ke neman ƙarin ilimi a fannin lissafi, kimiyya, da kuma ilimin ɗan adam&quot; a jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;math&quot; /&gt;

Bedsole ya kuma kafa Bedsole Farms a Perdue Hill a shekarar 2008. 

== Membobi da ƙungiyoyi ==
Bedsole ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi da na agaji da dama. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama a matsayin shugaba da mataimakiyar shugaba. Ta kasance amintaccen Kwaleji ta Spring Hill da Kwalejin Huntingdon . Ta jagoranci kwamitin rarrabawa na Sybil H. Smith Charitable Trust (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Sybil da White Smith Foundation), kuma ta kasance memba na kwamitin JL Bedsole Foundation, wacce ke ba da tallafi ga ayyukan da ke amfanar da ilimin bayan sakandare, fasaha, da ci gaban tattalin arziki a kudu maso yammacin Alabama. 

Bedsole ta kuma sadaukar da kanta wajen tallata tarihin gida, kiyayewa, da kiyayewa. Ta kafa Mobile Historic Home Tours kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Tarihi ta Alabama, Hukumar Ci Gaban Tarihi ta Mobile, da Kwamitin Hasken Haske na Mobile Bay.  A shekarar 1999, ta zama shugabar Mobile Tricentennial, tana aiki na tsawon shekaru uku tare da ɗaruruwan masu sa kai don samar da shirye-shirye don taron. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2003 |title=Ann Bedsole Honored with Delchamps Award |url=http://docplayer.net/185432220-Ann-bedsole-honored-with-delchamps-award-and-personal-life-would-be-like-a-wellseasoned.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Cibiyar Albarkatun Daji ta Alabama. &lt;ref name=&quot;life&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa ==
A shekarar 1949, ta auri John Henry (&quot;Rod&quot;) Martin, Jr. kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Mary da John Henry III. A shekarar 1958, ta auri Massey Palmer Bedsole Jr., wacce ta haifi ɗa ɗaya da ita, Loraine Massey Demmas Bedsole. Bedsole Jr. ta rasu a shekarar 2006.  A shekarar 2014, ta sake auri Nicholas Hanson Holmes Jr., wanda ya mutu a shekarar 2016.

Bedsole ta kasance ƴar Methodist kuma memba ce a ƙungiyar Junior League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2019 |title=Junior League Politicians |url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/group/jr-league.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[The Political Graveyard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi mata bikin cika shekaru 90 a duniya daga ɗaliban Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama a watan Janairun 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carithers |first=Caroline |date=January 14, 2020 |title=Ann Bedsole, an Alabama trail blazer, turns 90 years old |url=https://www.wkrg.com/digital-mojo/ann-bedsole-an-alabama-trail-blazer-turns-90-years-old/ |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[WKRG-TV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bedsole ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2025, yana da shekaru 95. 

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==
An karrama Bedsole saboda kasuwancinta da ayyukanta na agaji ta hanyar sanya mata suna Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Mobile a shekarar 1972, Mobilian na Shekara a shekarar 1993, da kuma mai taimakon jama'a na Shekara a shekarar 1998. &lt;ref name=&quot;hon&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga ''Montgomery Advertiser'' da ''Alabama Journal'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;hon&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2002, an shigar da ita cikin Kwalejin Daraja ta Alabama, wacce ke karrama mutane masu rai saboda nasarorin da suka samu da gudummawar da suka bayar ga jihar.  Ta kuma sami digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Law daga Kwalejin Spring Hill da Kwalejin Huntingdon. &lt;ref name=&quot;hon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2007 |title=Extensions of Remarks |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2007-11-01/pdf/CREC-2007-11-01-pt1-PgE2297-3.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[Congressional Record]] |page=E2297}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2007-11-01/pdf/CREC-2007-11-01-pt1-PgE2297-3.pdf &quot;Extensions of Remarks&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Congressional Record]]''. November 1, 2007. p.&amp;nbsp;E2297&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 22,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]]
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293461783|Janette Hales Beckham]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4727" sha1="kopooarilmtjbokuj060o1d8pany11u" xml:space="preserve">'''Janette Hales Beckham''', commonly known as '''Janette C. Hales''' and later, '''Janette Hales Beckham''' (née Callister; June 7, 1933 – March 4, 2022), was the tenth general president of the Young Women organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. She was also a member of the Utah State Legislature from 1988 to 1991.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Janette Callister a Springville, Utah, kuma ta girma a Spanish Fork, Utah . Ita 'yar Thomas Leonard Callister ce (1899–1966) da Hannah Carrick (1904–1993). Ta halarci Jami'ar Brigham Young (BYU) bisa tallafin karatu kuma ta kammala karatunta a 1969. A lokacin da take BYU, ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, Robert H. Hales. Sun yi aure a 1955 a cikin Haikalin Salt Lake . Ma'auratan suna zaune a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], da [[San Francisco]] kuma sun yi renon yara biyar.

Robert Hales likitan ido ne. Farfesa ne a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Utah kuma farfesa ne a fannin aikin jinya a BYU. Robert Hales ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a watan Maris na 1988.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mijinta, Gwamnan Utah Norman H. Bangerter ya naɗa Hales don cike gurbin zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Utah . A zaɓen Nuwamba 1988, an zaɓi Hales a majalisar wakilai ta [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] . Hales ta yi aiki a majalisar dokoki ta 48 ta Utah. Ta yanke shawarar kin sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1990 kuma ta sauka daga muƙaminta bayan wa'adi ɗaya a watan Janairu 1991.

A watan Maris na shekarar 1990, lokacin da aka saki Elaine L. Jack a matsayin mai ba da shawara a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Matasan Mata ta Cocin LDS don zama shugabar ƙungiyar Agaji ta cocin, shugabar ƙungiyar Matasan Mata Ardeth G. Kapp ta zaɓi Hales a matsayin sabon mai ba ta shawara. Hales ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 1992, lokacin da aka saki Kapp kuma aka zaɓi Hales a matsayin magajinta.

A lokacin da take shugabancin ƙungiyar Young Women, Hales ta sami taimako daga masu ba da shawara guda huɗu: Virginia H. Pearce, Patricia P. Pinegar, Bonnie D. Parkin, da Carol B. Thomas. Pinegar ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin shugabar babban cocin Firamare, Parkin kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar agaji. An saki Hales a shekarar 1997, Margaret D. Nadauld ta gaje ta.

A shekarar 1995, yayin da take aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta matasa, Hales ta auri Raymond E. Beckham  kuma ta canza sunanta zuwa Beckham. Farfesa ne na BYU a fannin sadarwa wanda ya taka rawa sosai wajen tara kuɗi da kuma kula da ayyukan faɗaɗa tattalin arziki, gami da ayyukan cibiyar Las Vegas ta BYU da ta yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci.

Beckham memba ne na Kwamitin Kula da Wasannin Olympics na Cocin LDS don Gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta Salt Lake City daga 1998 zuwa 2002. A shekara ta 2004, Beckham ya zama memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Kwalejin Jihar Utah Valley (daga baya Jami'ar Utah Valley (UVU)) kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabar hukumar.  Ta bar hukumar UVU a 2011.

Beckham ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Deseret Book Company .

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==

* Janet Peterson da LaRene Gaunt (1993). ''Masu Tsaron Wuta: Shugabannin Matan Matasa'' (Salt Lake City: Littafin Deseret)
* [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1992/05/news-of-the-church/new-young-women-general-presidency-called &quot;An Kira Sabuwar Shugabancin Matasan Mata Gabaɗaya,&quot;] ''Ensign'', Mayu 1992, shafi na 1.&amp;nbsp;106–07
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120618023940/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/239/ROBERT-H-HALES-OPHTHALMOLOGIST-AND-COMMUNITY-LEADER-DIES-AT-57.html &quot;Robert H. Hales, Likitan Ido kuma Shugaban Al'umma, Ya Rasu Yana Da Shekaru 57&quot;], ''Deseret News'', Maris 27, 1992
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151022002055/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695194438/Provo-couple-put-service-first.html?pg=all &quot;Ma'auratan Provo sun sanya hidimar farko&quot;], ''Deseret News'', 26 ga Yuli, 2007
* [http://www.mormonwiki.com/Janette_C._Hales_Beckham &quot;Janette C. Hales Beckham&quot;], mormonwiki.com
* [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/1996/04/sustaining-the-living-prophets &quot;Tsayar da Annabawa Masu Rai&quot;], Babban Taron LDS, jawabi da Janette Hales Beckham ta bayar, Afrilu 1996
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{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=48th Utah State Legislature}}
{{S-aft}}
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      <text bytes="4738" sha1="6e20w5v4ydb5dkfnv7sea3vegjx9o2o" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Janette Hales Beckham''', commonly known as '''Janette C. Hales''' and later, '''Janette Hales Beckham''' (née Callister; June 7, 1933 – March 4, 2022), was the tenth general president of the Young Women organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. She was also a member of the Utah State Legislature from 1988 to 1991.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Janette Callister a Springville, Utah, kuma ta girma a Spanish Fork, Utah . Ita 'yar Thomas Leonard Callister ce (1899–1966) da Hannah Carrick (1904–1993). Ta halarci Jami'ar Brigham Young (BYU) bisa tallafin karatu kuma ta kammala karatunta a 1969. A lokacin da take BYU, ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, Robert H. Hales. Sun yi aure a 1955 a cikin Haikalin Salt Lake . Ma'auratan suna zaune a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], da [[San Francisco]] kuma sun yi renon yara biyar.

Robert Hales likitan ido ne. Farfesa ne a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Utah kuma farfesa ne a fannin aikin jinya a BYU. Robert Hales ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a watan Maris na 1988.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mijinta, Gwamnan Utah Norman H. Bangerter ya naɗa Hales don cike gurbin zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Utah . A zaɓen Nuwamba 1988, an zaɓi Hales a majalisar wakilai ta [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] . Hales ta yi aiki a majalisar dokoki ta 48 ta Utah. Ta yanke shawarar kin sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1990 kuma ta sauka daga muƙaminta bayan wa'adi ɗaya a watan Janairu 1991.

A watan Maris na shekarar 1990, lokacin da aka saki Elaine L. Jack a matsayin mai ba da shawara a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Matasan Mata ta Cocin LDS don zama shugabar ƙungiyar Agaji ta cocin, shugabar ƙungiyar Matasan Mata Ardeth G. Kapp ta zaɓi Hales a matsayin sabon mai ba ta shawara. Hales ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 1992, lokacin da aka saki Kapp kuma aka zaɓi Hales a matsayin magajinta.

A lokacin da take shugabancin ƙungiyar Young Women, Hales ta sami taimako daga masu ba da shawara guda huɗu: Virginia H. Pearce, Patricia P. Pinegar, Bonnie D. Parkin, da Carol B. Thomas. Pinegar ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin shugabar babban cocin Firamare, Parkin kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar agaji. An saki Hales a shekarar 1997, Margaret D. Nadauld ta gaje ta.

A shekarar 1995, yayin da take aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta matasa, Hales ta auri Raymond E. Beckham  kuma ta canza sunanta zuwa Beckham. Farfesa ne na BYU a fannin sadarwa wanda ya taka rawa sosai wajen tara kuɗi da kuma kula da ayyukan faɗaɗa tattalin arziki, gami da ayyukan cibiyar Las Vegas ta BYU da ta yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci.

Beckham memba ne na Kwamitin Kula da Wasannin Olympics na Cocin LDS don Gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta Salt Lake City daga 1998 zuwa 2002. A shekara ta 2004, Beckham ya zama memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Kwalejin Jihar Utah Valley (daga baya Jami'ar Utah Valley (UVU)) kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabar hukumar.  Ta bar hukumar UVU a 2011.

Beckham ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Deseret Book Company .

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==

* Janet Peterson da LaRene Gaunt (1993). ''Masu Tsaron Wuta: Shugabannin Matan Matasa'' (Salt Lake City: Littafin Deseret)
* [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1992/05/news-of-the-church/new-young-women-general-presidency-called &quot;An Kira Sabuwar Shugabancin Matasan Mata Gabaɗaya,&quot;] ''Ensign'', Mayu 1992, shafi na 1.&amp;nbsp;106–07
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120618023940/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/239/ROBERT-H-HALES-OPHTHALMOLOGIST-AND-COMMUNITY-LEADER-DIES-AT-57.html &quot;Robert H. Hales, Likitan Ido kuma Shugaban Al'umma, Ya Rasu Yana Da Shekaru 57&quot;], ''Deseret News'', Maris 27, 1992
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151022002055/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695194438/Provo-couple-put-service-first.html?pg=all &quot;Ma'auratan Provo sun sanya hidimar farko&quot;], ''Deseret News'', 26 ga Yuli, 2007
* [http://www.mormonwiki.com/Janette_C._Hales_Beckham &quot;Janette C. Hales Beckham&quot;], mormonwiki.com
* [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/1996/04/sustaining-the-living-prophets &quot;Tsayar da Annabawa Masu Rai&quot;], Babban Taron LDS, jawabi da Janette Hales Beckham ta bayar, Afrilu 1996
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Young Women (organization)#Chronology of the general presidency of the Young Women|Young Women General President]]}}
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{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=Second Counselor in the &lt;br /&gt;Young Women General Presidency}}
{{S-aft}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=48th Utah State Legislature}}
{{S-aft}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]]
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        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342263314|Vaneta Becker]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Vaneta Becker''' (9 ga Oktoba, 1949) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wacce ke aiki a matsayin Sanatan Republican a Majalisar Dattawan Indiana wacce ke wakiltar Gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 50, wacce ta ƙunshi sassan Vanderburgh da Gundumar Warrick &lt;ref name=&quot;homepage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Sen. Vaneta Becker |url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/senate_republicans/homepages/s50/4940.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115084941/http://www.in.gov/legislative/senate_republicans/homepages/s50/4940.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2010 |access-date=October 29, 2010 |publisher=[[Indiana General Assembly|in.gov/legislative/]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kudancin jihar. Tana zaune a Kwamitin Lafiya da Ayyukan Masu Ba da Lamuni kuma tana shugabantar Kwamitin Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a &lt;ref name=&quot;homepage&quot; /&gt; bayan ta koma daga Shugaban Kwamitin Ayyukan Masu Ba da Lamuni.  Ita ce babbar mamba a [[Kwamiti|kwamitin dindindin]] kan Kasuwanci, Manufofin Jama'a da Haɗin gwiwar Jihohi. &lt;ref name=&quot;homepage&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Becker ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta North da ke Evansville kuma ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin Kimiyya a Jami'ar Kudancin Indiana . Ta kasance dillalin gidaje a Kudu maso Yammacin Indiana tun daga shekarar 1975. Mijinta, Andy Guarino, shugaban makaranta ne a Evansville-Vanderburgh School Corporation. Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2013.

== Sana'a ==
An fara zaɓen Becker a Majalisar Wakilai ta Indiana a shekarar 1981 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;homepage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Sen. Vaneta Becker |url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/senate_republicans/homepages/s50/4940.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115084941/http://www.in.gov/legislative/senate_republicans/homepages/s50/4940.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2010 |access-date=October 29, 2010 |publisher=[[Indiana General Assembly|in.gov/legislative/]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.in.gov/legislative/senate_republicans/homepages/s50/4940.htm &quot;About Sen. Vaneta Becker&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta maye gurbin Greg Server wanda aka ɗaga shi zuwa Majalisar Dattawa ta Indiana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=25 Aug 1981, Page 9 - The Indianapolis Star at Newspapers.com |url=http://indystar.newspapers.com/image/106184517/?terms=Vaneta+Becker |access-date=February 4, 2021 |website=Indianapolis Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Kwamitocin Nazari na Wucin Gadi da dama: Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Asibitoci na Jihar Evansville, Kwamitin Indiana kan Ƙwarewa a Kula da Lafiya, Kwamitin Kimanta Matsalolin Kula da Lafiya da Yara, Hukumar Kuɗi ta Lafiya, Hukumar Mata ta Indiana, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Magungunan da Aka Rubuta.

A wani kuduri na daban na Ranar Ƙungiyoyi, Becker ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don amincewa da sake buɗe zaman Majalisar Dattawan Indiana na 2026 a watan Janairun 2026. Duk da haka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin sake gina gundumomi na ƙasa na tsakiyar shekaru goma, Babban Majalisar ta shirya yin taro a watan Disamba na 2025 don ba da damar sake zana iyakokin gundumar majalisar dokoki ta Indiana, wanda hakan ya sa ''Jaridar Indianapolis Star'' ta bayyana ƙudurin a matsayin &quot;ƙuri'ar wakilci don sake gina gundumomi&quot;.  Becker ta shaida wa ''[[CNN]]'' cewa ba za ta canza ƙuri'arta ba, tana mai cewa yawancin kiran da ofishinta ya yi mata ya nuna adawa da sake gina gundumomi, kuma 'yan majalisa ba za su &quot;kowtow&quot; ga barazanar manyan ƙalubale ba. 

== An gabatar da dokar waƙar ƙasa ==
A watan Disamba na 2011, Becker ta yi fice a kan labarai lokacin da ta gabatar da kudirin dokar da ta kafa mizani don yin waƙar ƙasa, gami da tara ta dala $25 da za a biya duk wanda ya yi sauye-sauye da gangan ga waƙar. &lt;ref name=&quot;anthem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Anthem bill |url=http://www.fox59.com/news/wxin-national-anthem-bill-ind-senator-proposes-bill-to-set-standards-on-how-national-anthem-is-sang-20111230,0,4747552.column |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119133309/http://www.fox59.com/news/wxin-national-anthem-bill-ind-senator-proposes-bill-to-set-standards-on-how-national-anthem-is-sang-20111230,0,4747552.column |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |access-date=December 30, 2011 |website=fox59.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>87m8mx6jpuaoeet4oa94r6eg628ilqi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816467</id>
      <parentid>816465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:19:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816467</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4348" sha1="keu79d5ft4hebygsfs4ok1369y5t4c1" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Vaneta Becker''' (9 ga Oktoba, 1949) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wacce ke aiki a matsayin Sanatan Republican a Majalisar Dattawan Indiana wacce ke wakiltar Gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 50, wacce ta ƙunshi sassan Vanderburgh da Gundumar Warrick &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;homepage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Sen. Vaneta Becker |url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/senate_republicans/homepages/s50/4940.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115084941/http://www.in.gov/legislative/senate_republicans/homepages/s50/4940.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2010 |access-date=October 29, 2010 |publisher=[[Indiana General Assembly|in.gov/legislative/]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kudancin jihar. Tana zaune a Kwamitin Lafiya da Ayyukan Masu Ba da Lamuni kuma tana shugabantar Kwamitin Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a &lt;ref name=&quot;homepage&quot; /&gt; bayan ta koma daga Shugaban Kwamitin Ayyukan Masu Ba da Lamuni.  Ita ce babbar mamba a [[Kwamiti|kwamitin dindindin]] kan Kasuwanci, Manufofin Jama'a da Haɗin gwiwar Jihohi. &lt;ref name=&quot;homepage&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Becker ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta North da ke Evansville kuma ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin Kimiyya a Jami'ar Kudancin Indiana . Ta kasance dillalin gidaje a Kudu maso Yammacin Indiana tun daga shekarar 1975. Mijinta, Andy Guarino, shugaban makaranta ne a Evansville-Vanderburgh School Corporation. Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2013.

== Sana'a ==
An fara zaɓen Becker a Majalisar Wakilai ta Indiana a shekarar 1981 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa 2005. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;homepage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Sen. Vaneta Becker |url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/senate_republicans/homepages/s50/4940.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115084941/http://www.in.gov/legislative/senate_republicans/homepages/s50/4940.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2010 |access-date=October 29, 2010 |publisher=[[Indiana General Assembly|in.gov/legislative/]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.in.gov/legislative/senate_republicans/homepages/s50/4940.htm &quot;About Sen. Vaneta Becker&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta maye gurbin Greg Server wanda aka ɗaga shi zuwa Majalisar Dattawa ta Indiana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=25 Aug 1981, Page 9 - The Indianapolis Star at Newspapers.com |url=http://indystar.newspapers.com/image/106184517/?terms=Vaneta+Becker |access-date=February 4, 2021 |website=Indianapolis Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin Kwamitocin Nazari na Wucin Gadi da dama: Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Asibitoci na Jihar Evansville, Kwamitin Indiana kan Ƙwarewa a Kula da Lafiya, Kwamitin Kimanta Matsalolin Kula da Lafiya da Yara, Hukumar Kuɗi ta Lafiya, Hukumar Mata ta Indiana, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Magungunan da Aka Rubuta.

A wani kuduri na daban na Ranar Ƙungiyoyi, Becker ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don amincewa da sake buɗe zaman Majalisar Dattawan Indiana na 2026 a watan Janairun 2026. Duk da haka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin sake gina gundumomi na ƙasa na tsakiyar shekaru goma, Babban Majalisar ta shirya yin taro a watan Disamba na 2025 don ba da damar sake zana iyakokin gundumar majalisar dokoki ta Indiana, wanda hakan ya sa ''Jaridar Indianapolis Star'' ta bayyana ƙudurin a matsayin &quot;ƙuri'ar wakilci don sake gina gundumomi&quot;.  Becker ta shaida wa ''[[CNN]]'' cewa ba za ta canza ƙuri'arta ba, tana mai cewa yawancin kiran da ofishinta ya yi mata ya nuna adawa da sake gina gundumomi, kuma 'yan majalisa ba za su &quot;kowtow&quot; ga barazanar manyan ƙalubale ba. 

== An gabatar da dokar waƙar ƙasa ==
A watan Disamba na 2011, Becker ta yi fice a kan labarai lokacin da ta gabatar da kudirin dokar da ta kafa mizani don yin waƙar ƙasa, gami da tara ta dala $25 da za a biya duk wanda ya yi sauye-sauye da gangan ga waƙar. &lt;ref name=&quot;anthem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Anthem bill |url=http://www.fox59.com/news/wxin-national-anthem-bill-ind-senator-proposes-bill-to-set-standards-on-how-national-anthem-is-sang-20111230,0,4747552.column |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119133309/http://www.fox59.com/news/wxin-national-anthem-bill-ind-senator-proposes-bill-to-set-standards-on-how-national-anthem-is-sang-20111230,0,4747552.column |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |access-date=December 30, 2011 |website=fox59.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>keu79d5ft4hebygsfs4ok1369y5t4c1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary Becker</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147124</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816474</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:22:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346247824|Mary Becker]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8426" sha1="ix6wnhaicgg215bgcfo5xb7e63dlr96" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Becker''' tsohuwar 'yar majalisar birnin Juneau ce, Alaska . Ta kuma kasance magajin garin Juneau kuma memba a hukumar makarantar Juneau.

== Shekarun farko ==
Mary Becker ta sami digirin farko daga Kwalejin Idaho .  Ta ƙaura zuwa Juneau a kusan shekarar 1966. 

== Sana'a ==
Becker ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta daga 1967 zuwa 1997.  

Becker ta tsaya takara a ɗaya daga cikin kujeru biyu a buɗe a Hukumar Makarantar Juneau a shekarar 1998.  Membobin Hukumar da ke kan karagar mulki Sally Rue da Tom Wagner sun yanke shawarar kin sake tsayawa takara. &lt;ref name=&quot;1998g&quot; /&gt; Robert Starbard, Edith McHenry, Jan Marie Ferrell, da Stan Ridgeway suma 'yan takara ne.  Becker ta ce Juneau tana buƙatar sabuwar makarantar sakandare, kuma ta ba da shawarar rage yawan ɗalibai a aji. &lt;ref name=&quot;threemore&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan matakin ƙuri'a don amincewa da sayar da takardun lamuni na dala miliyan 55.5 domin gina makarantar sakandare a Dimond Park ga ɗalibai 1,500.  Becker ta goyi bayan gwaje-gwajen ƙwarewar makarantun sakandare a matsayin hanyar ci gaban ilimi ga ɗalibai.  Hukumar edita ta ''Daular Juneau'' ta amince da takararta.  Becker da Ridgeway sun lashe zaɓen na tsawon shekaru uku a Hukumar Makarantar Juneau. 

A lokacin wa'adin farko na Becker a ofis, ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da ƙara wani shiri don koyar da ƙwarewar rayuwa ga ɗaliban da ke da nakasa, shirin koyar da kula da jarirai ga iyaye matasa, da kuma shirin taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke cikin damuwa a cikin sabuwar makarantar sakandare da ake ginawa a Dimond Park.  Becker ta ce samun waɗannan shirye-shiryen a makaranta ɗaya kawai ya isa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newschool&quot; /&gt;

Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan sabuwar manufar makaranta, wanda hakan ya sa ɗalibai za su tsaya takarar neman amincewar Allah .  Becker ya ce zama a kan alƙawarin aminci ba girmamawa ba ne, kodayake manufar da ke buƙatar tsayawa takara ba ta da amfani a kotu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pledge&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan yarjejeniyar malamai wadda ta bai wa malaman da ke aiki a yanzu ƙarin kashi 4.5 cikin ɗari. 

Becker ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 2001.  Beck ta ce tana son ci gaba da kasancewa a hukumar makarantar domin ta shiga cikin gyaran Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas, gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare, da kuma cimma matsayin ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Powelltorun&quot; /&gt; Becker ta lashe zaben. 

A watan Janairun 2002, wani matashi ya riƙe wani tuta mai taken &quot; [[Morse da Frederick|Bong Hits 4 Jesus]] &quot; a gefen titi daga wasan relay na Olympics na lokacin hunturu na 2002.  Matashin ɗalibi ne na Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas kuma yana a gefen titi daga makarantar yayin da yake riƙe da tuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt; Makarantar sakandare ta dakatar da ɗalibin na tsawon kwanaki goma saboda tuta. Matashin ya so a cire dakatarwar daga rikodin sa, amma Becker da sauran hukumar makarantar sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewa da dakatarwar. &lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt; Matashin ya shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a kan shugaban makarantar da hukumar makarantar, yana mai da'awar cewa an take masa haƙƙinsa na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na tarayya da na jiha.  Shari'ar, Morse v. Frederick, ta ƙare har zuwa [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka]], kuma Kotun ta yanke hukunci, 5-4, cewa Kwaskwarima ta Farko ba ta hana malamai su danne, a ko a gefen titi daga taron da makaranta ke kula da shi, wanda ake ganin yana ƙarfafa shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. 

A shekara ta 2002, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan wani tsari na siyan sabbin kayan aiki na dala 25,000 don shirin makanikan motoci na makarantar sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas da kuma samar da dala 10,000 ga makarantar Yarjejeniya ta Community Community ta Juneau don taimaka mata ta biya gibin kasafin kuɗinta. 

A shekara ta 2003, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan sabuwar kwangilar malamai, inda ya ba da ƙarin kashi biyu cikin ɗari ga malamai sannan ya kawar da guraben malamai 40 a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa. 

Bayan da mazauna Juneau suka kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare ga ɗalibai 1,080 a Dimond Park a wani zaɓe na musamman, Becker ya goyi bayan gina makaranta mai ɗaukar ɗalibai 840 maimakon haka. Yawancin masu zaɓe sun amince da shawarar madadin a zaɓen da ya biyo baya.

Becker ya goyi bayan sabuwar dokar sanya tufafi ga ɗalibai, yana mai cewa zai inganta dangantakar launin fata da kuma inganta shigar iyaye a fannin ilimi. 

Becker ta sake tsayawa takara a hukumar makarantar a shekara ta 2004.  Becker ta ce tana neman sake tsayawa takara ne saboda tana son shiga cikin ginin makarantar sakandare ta biyu a Juneau. &lt;ref name=&quot;boardballot&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance daya daga cikin 'yan takara uku da ke neman kujeru biyu a hukumar makarantar.  Hukumar edita ta ''daular Juneau'' ta amince da sauran 'yan takarar a takarar.  Becker ya sake lashe zabe a wani wa'adi na daban. 

== Sakamakon zaɓe ==

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''1998 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 1998g/&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,546|percentage=33}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Stan Ridgeway|votes=3,283|percentage=29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Jan Marie Ferrell|votes=2,655|percentage=19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Edith McHenry|votes=1,798|percentage=13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Robert Starbard|votes=1,691|percentage=12}}
{{End}}

=== 2001 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2001 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 2001g&gt;&quot;School Board incumbents win re-election&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''. October 3, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=3,799|percentage=50}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Stan Ridgeway|votes=3,591|percentage=47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Write-in|votes=221|percentage=3}}
{{End}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2004 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 2004g&gt;&quot;Becker, Peters on top in School Board race: Both candidates were supporters of new school&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''. October 4, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,513|percentage=42}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Bill Peters|votes=3,594|percentage=33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=LeVonne Garvey|votes=2,763|percentage=25}}
{{End}}

=== 2010 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2010 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2010g&gt;Day, Sarah (October 6, 2010). &quot;City Assembly: Crane leads Brown at night's end&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=5,071|percentage=96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Write-in|votes=196|percentage=4}}
{{End}}

=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2013 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2013g&gt;Woolbright, Matt (October 8, 2013). &quot;Election results certified, Troll wins&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=|percentage=100}}
{{End}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2016 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2016g&gt;DeGrave, Sam (October 7, 2016). &quot;With all ballots counted, election results remain unchanged&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,060|percentage=52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Arnold Liebelt|votes=3,472|percentage=44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=William Quayle Jr.|votes=292|percentage=4}}
{{End}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ix6wnhaicgg215bgcfo5xb7e63dlr96</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816476</id>
      <parentid>816474</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:23:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816476</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8437" sha1="kggifumm3dieebjnsa97u9zkczsui4o" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Mary Becker''' tsohuwar 'yar majalisar birnin Juneau ce, Alaska . Ta kuma kasance magajin garin Juneau kuma memba a hukumar makarantar Juneau.

== Shekarun farko ==
Mary Becker ta sami digirin farko daga Kwalejin Idaho .  Ta ƙaura zuwa Juneau a kusan shekarar 1966. 

== Sana'a ==
Becker ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta daga 1967 zuwa 1997.  

Becker ta tsaya takara a ɗaya daga cikin kujeru biyu a buɗe a Hukumar Makarantar Juneau a shekarar 1998.  Membobin Hukumar da ke kan karagar mulki Sally Rue da Tom Wagner sun yanke shawarar kin sake tsayawa takara. &lt;ref name=&quot;1998g&quot; /&gt; Robert Starbard, Edith McHenry, Jan Marie Ferrell, da Stan Ridgeway suma 'yan takara ne.  Becker ta ce Juneau tana buƙatar sabuwar makarantar sakandare, kuma ta ba da shawarar rage yawan ɗalibai a aji. &lt;ref name=&quot;threemore&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan matakin ƙuri'a don amincewa da sayar da takardun lamuni na dala miliyan 55.5 domin gina makarantar sakandare a Dimond Park ga ɗalibai 1,500.  Becker ta goyi bayan gwaje-gwajen ƙwarewar makarantun sakandare a matsayin hanyar ci gaban ilimi ga ɗalibai.  Hukumar edita ta ''Daular Juneau'' ta amince da takararta.  Becker da Ridgeway sun lashe zaɓen na tsawon shekaru uku a Hukumar Makarantar Juneau. 

A lokacin wa'adin farko na Becker a ofis, ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da ƙara wani shiri don koyar da ƙwarewar rayuwa ga ɗaliban da ke da nakasa, shirin koyar da kula da jarirai ga iyaye matasa, da kuma shirin taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke cikin damuwa a cikin sabuwar makarantar sakandare da ake ginawa a Dimond Park.  Becker ta ce samun waɗannan shirye-shiryen a makaranta ɗaya kawai ya isa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newschool&quot; /&gt;

Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan sabuwar manufar makaranta, wanda hakan ya sa ɗalibai za su tsaya takarar neman amincewar Allah .  Becker ya ce zama a kan alƙawarin aminci ba girmamawa ba ne, kodayake manufar da ke buƙatar tsayawa takara ba ta da amfani a kotu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pledge&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan yarjejeniyar malamai wadda ta bai wa malaman da ke aiki a yanzu ƙarin kashi 4.5 cikin ɗari. 

Becker ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 2001.  Beck ta ce tana son ci gaba da kasancewa a hukumar makarantar domin ta shiga cikin gyaran Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas, gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare, da kuma cimma matsayin ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Powelltorun&quot; /&gt; Becker ta lashe zaben. 

A watan Janairun 2002, wani matashi ya riƙe wani tuta mai taken &quot; [[Morse da Frederick|Bong Hits 4 Jesus]] &quot; a gefen titi daga wasan relay na Olympics na lokacin hunturu na 2002.  Matashin ɗalibi ne na Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas kuma yana a gefen titi daga makarantar yayin da yake riƙe da tuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt; Makarantar sakandare ta dakatar da ɗalibin na tsawon kwanaki goma saboda tuta. Matashin ya so a cire dakatarwar daga rikodin sa, amma Becker da sauran hukumar makarantar sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewa da dakatarwar. &lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt; Matashin ya shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a kan shugaban makarantar da hukumar makarantar, yana mai da'awar cewa an take masa haƙƙinsa na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na tarayya da na jiha.  Shari'ar, Morse v. Frederick, ta ƙare har zuwa [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka]], kuma Kotun ta yanke hukunci, 5-4, cewa Kwaskwarima ta Farko ba ta hana malamai su danne, a ko a gefen titi daga taron da makaranta ke kula da shi, wanda ake ganin yana ƙarfafa shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. 

A shekara ta 2002, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan wani tsari na siyan sabbin kayan aiki na dala 25,000 don shirin makanikan motoci na makarantar sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas da kuma samar da dala 10,000 ga makarantar Yarjejeniya ta Community Community ta Juneau don taimaka mata ta biya gibin kasafin kuɗinta. 

A shekara ta 2003, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan sabuwar kwangilar malamai, inda ya ba da ƙarin kashi biyu cikin ɗari ga malamai sannan ya kawar da guraben malamai 40 a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa. 

Bayan da mazauna Juneau suka kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare ga ɗalibai 1,080 a Dimond Park a wani zaɓe na musamman, Becker ya goyi bayan gina makaranta mai ɗaukar ɗalibai 840 maimakon haka. Yawancin masu zaɓe sun amince da shawarar madadin a zaɓen da ya biyo baya.

Becker ya goyi bayan sabuwar dokar sanya tufafi ga ɗalibai, yana mai cewa zai inganta dangantakar launin fata da kuma inganta shigar iyaye a fannin ilimi. 

Becker ta sake tsayawa takara a hukumar makarantar a shekara ta 2004.  Becker ta ce tana neman sake tsayawa takara ne saboda tana son shiga cikin ginin makarantar sakandare ta biyu a Juneau. &lt;ref name=&quot;boardballot&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance daya daga cikin 'yan takara uku da ke neman kujeru biyu a hukumar makarantar.  Hukumar edita ta ''daular Juneau'' ta amince da sauran 'yan takarar a takarar.  Becker ya sake lashe zabe a wani wa'adi na daban. 

== Sakamakon zaɓe ==

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''1998 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 1998g/&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,546|percentage=33}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Stan Ridgeway|votes=3,283|percentage=29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Jan Marie Ferrell|votes=2,655|percentage=19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Edith McHenry|votes=1,798|percentage=13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Robert Starbard|votes=1,691|percentage=12}}
{{End}}

=== 2001 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2001 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 2001g&gt;&quot;School Board incumbents win re-election&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''. October 3, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=3,799|percentage=50}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Stan Ridgeway|votes=3,591|percentage=47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Write-in|votes=221|percentage=3}}
{{End}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2004 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 2004g&gt;&quot;Becker, Peters on top in School Board race: Both candidates were supporters of new school&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''. October 4, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,513|percentage=42}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Bill Peters|votes=3,594|percentage=33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=LeVonne Garvey|votes=2,763|percentage=25}}
{{End}}

=== 2010 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2010 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2010g&gt;Day, Sarah (October 6, 2010). &quot;City Assembly: Crane leads Brown at night's end&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=5,071|percentage=96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Write-in|votes=196|percentage=4}}
{{End}}

=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2013 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2013g&gt;Woolbright, Matt (October 8, 2013). &quot;Election results certified, Troll wins&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=|percentage=100}}
{{End}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2016 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2016g&gt;DeGrave, Sam (October 7, 2016). &quot;With all ballots counted, election results remain unchanged&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,060|percentage=52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Arnold Liebelt|votes=3,472|percentage=44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=William Quayle Jr.|votes=292|percentage=4}}
{{End}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>kggifumm3dieebjnsa97u9zkczsui4o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816492</id>
      <parentid>816476</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:29:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Shekarun farko */</comment>
      <origin>816492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8619" sha1="l89otjiicaorxow306jo3063zqtij32" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Mary Becker''' tsohuwar 'yar majalisar birnin Juneau ce, Alaska . Ta kuma kasance magajin garin Juneau kuma memba a hukumar makarantar Juneau.

== Shekarun farko ==
Mary Becker ta sami digirin farko daga Kwalejin Idaho . &lt;ref name= threemore&gt;Fry, Eric (August 28, 1998). &quot;Three more file for school board seats - Incumbents decline to run again; voters to see new names, faces&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta ƙaura zuwa Juneau a kusan shekarar 1966.

== Sana'a ==
Becker ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta daga 1967 zuwa 1997.  

Becker ta tsaya takara a ɗaya daga cikin kujeru biyu a buɗe a Hukumar Makarantar Juneau a shekarar 1998.  Membobin Hukumar da ke kan karagar mulki Sally Rue da Tom Wagner sun yanke shawarar kin sake tsayawa takara. &lt;ref name=&quot;1998g&quot; /&gt; Robert Starbard, Edith McHenry, Jan Marie Ferrell, da Stan Ridgeway suma 'yan takara ne.  Becker ta ce Juneau tana buƙatar sabuwar makarantar sakandare, kuma ta ba da shawarar rage yawan ɗalibai a aji. &lt;ref name=&quot;threemore&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan matakin ƙuri'a don amincewa da sayar da takardun lamuni na dala miliyan 55.5 domin gina makarantar sakandare a Dimond Park ga ɗalibai 1,500.  Becker ta goyi bayan gwaje-gwajen ƙwarewar makarantun sakandare a matsayin hanyar ci gaban ilimi ga ɗalibai.  Hukumar edita ta ''Daular Juneau'' ta amince da takararta.  Becker da Ridgeway sun lashe zaɓen na tsawon shekaru uku a Hukumar Makarantar Juneau. 

A lokacin wa'adin farko na Becker a ofis, ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da ƙara wani shiri don koyar da ƙwarewar rayuwa ga ɗaliban da ke da nakasa, shirin koyar da kula da jarirai ga iyaye matasa, da kuma shirin taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke cikin damuwa a cikin sabuwar makarantar sakandare da ake ginawa a Dimond Park.  Becker ta ce samun waɗannan shirye-shiryen a makaranta ɗaya kawai ya isa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newschool&quot; /&gt;

Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan sabuwar manufar makaranta, wanda hakan ya sa ɗalibai za su tsaya takarar neman amincewar Allah .  Becker ya ce zama a kan alƙawarin aminci ba girmamawa ba ne, kodayake manufar da ke buƙatar tsayawa takara ba ta da amfani a kotu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pledge&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan yarjejeniyar malamai wadda ta bai wa malaman da ke aiki a yanzu ƙarin kashi 4.5 cikin ɗari. 

Becker ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 2001.  Beck ta ce tana son ci gaba da kasancewa a hukumar makarantar domin ta shiga cikin gyaran Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas, gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare, da kuma cimma matsayin ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Powelltorun&quot; /&gt; Becker ta lashe zaben. 

A watan Janairun 2002, wani matashi ya riƙe wani tuta mai taken &quot; [[Morse da Frederick|Bong Hits 4 Jesus]] &quot; a gefen titi daga wasan relay na Olympics na lokacin hunturu na 2002.  Matashin ɗalibi ne na Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas kuma yana a gefen titi daga makarantar yayin da yake riƙe da tuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt; Makarantar sakandare ta dakatar da ɗalibin na tsawon kwanaki goma saboda tuta. Matashin ya so a cire dakatarwar daga rikodin sa, amma Becker da sauran hukumar makarantar sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewa da dakatarwar. &lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt; Matashin ya shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a kan shugaban makarantar da hukumar makarantar, yana mai da'awar cewa an take masa haƙƙinsa na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na tarayya da na jiha.  Shari'ar, Morse v. Frederick, ta ƙare har zuwa [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka]], kuma Kotun ta yanke hukunci, 5-4, cewa Kwaskwarima ta Farko ba ta hana malamai su danne, a ko a gefen titi daga taron da makaranta ke kula da shi, wanda ake ganin yana ƙarfafa shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. 

A shekara ta 2002, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan wani tsari na siyan sabbin kayan aiki na dala 25,000 don shirin makanikan motoci na makarantar sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas da kuma samar da dala 10,000 ga makarantar Yarjejeniya ta Community Community ta Juneau don taimaka mata ta biya gibin kasafin kuɗinta. 

A shekara ta 2003, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan sabuwar kwangilar malamai, inda ya ba da ƙarin kashi biyu cikin ɗari ga malamai sannan ya kawar da guraben malamai 40 a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa. 

Bayan da mazauna Juneau suka kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare ga ɗalibai 1,080 a Dimond Park a wani zaɓe na musamman, Becker ya goyi bayan gina makaranta mai ɗaukar ɗalibai 840 maimakon haka. Yawancin masu zaɓe sun amince da shawarar madadin a zaɓen da ya biyo baya.

Becker ya goyi bayan sabuwar dokar sanya tufafi ga ɗalibai, yana mai cewa zai inganta dangantakar launin fata da kuma inganta shigar iyaye a fannin ilimi. 

Becker ta sake tsayawa takara a hukumar makarantar a shekara ta 2004.  Becker ta ce tana neman sake tsayawa takara ne saboda tana son shiga cikin ginin makarantar sakandare ta biyu a Juneau. &lt;ref name=&quot;boardballot&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance daya daga cikin 'yan takara uku da ke neman kujeru biyu a hukumar makarantar.  Hukumar edita ta ''daular Juneau'' ta amince da sauran 'yan takarar a takarar.  Becker ya sake lashe zabe a wani wa'adi na daban. 

== Sakamakon zaɓe ==

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''1998 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 1998g/&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,546|percentage=33}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Stan Ridgeway|votes=3,283|percentage=29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Jan Marie Ferrell|votes=2,655|percentage=19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Edith McHenry|votes=1,798|percentage=13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Robert Starbard|votes=1,691|percentage=12}}
{{End}}

=== 2001 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2001 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 2001g&gt;&quot;School Board incumbents win re-election&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''. October 3, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=3,799|percentage=50}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Stan Ridgeway|votes=3,591|percentage=47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Write-in|votes=221|percentage=3}}
{{End}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2004 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 2004g&gt;&quot;Becker, Peters on top in School Board race: Both candidates were supporters of new school&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''. October 4, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,513|percentage=42}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Bill Peters|votes=3,594|percentage=33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=LeVonne Garvey|votes=2,763|percentage=25}}
{{End}}

=== 2010 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2010 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2010g&gt;Day, Sarah (October 6, 2010). &quot;City Assembly: Crane leads Brown at night's end&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=5,071|percentage=96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Write-in|votes=196|percentage=4}}
{{End}}

=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2013 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2013g&gt;Woolbright, Matt (October 8, 2013). &quot;Election results certified, Troll wins&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=|percentage=100}}
{{End}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2016 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2016g&gt;DeGrave, Sam (October 7, 2016). &quot;With all ballots counted, election results remain unchanged&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,060|percentage=52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Arnold Liebelt|votes=3,472|percentage=44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=William Quayle Jr.|votes=292|percentage=4}}
{{End}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>l89otjiicaorxow306jo3063zqtij32</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816494</id>
      <parentid>816492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:29:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Shekarun farko */</comment>
      <origin>816494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8620" sha1="93aeqvx739i41tdqgyoj0pm41h66mcu" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Mary Becker''' tsohuwar 'yar majalisar birnin Juneau ce, Alaska . Ta kuma kasance magajin garin Juneau kuma memba a hukumar makarantar Juneau.

== Shekarun farko ==
Mary Becker ta sami digirin farko daga Kwalejin Idaho . &lt;ref&gt; name= threemore&gt;Fry, Eric (August 28, 1998). &quot;Three more file for school board seats - Incumbents decline to run again; voters to see new names, faces&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta ƙaura zuwa Juneau a kusan shekarar 1966.

== Sana'a ==
Becker ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta daga 1967 zuwa 1997.  

Becker ta tsaya takara a ɗaya daga cikin kujeru biyu a buɗe a Hukumar Makarantar Juneau a shekarar 1998.  Membobin Hukumar da ke kan karagar mulki Sally Rue da Tom Wagner sun yanke shawarar kin sake tsayawa takara. &lt;ref name=&quot;1998g&quot; /&gt; Robert Starbard, Edith McHenry, Jan Marie Ferrell, da Stan Ridgeway suma 'yan takara ne.  Becker ta ce Juneau tana buƙatar sabuwar makarantar sakandare, kuma ta ba da shawarar rage yawan ɗalibai a aji. &lt;ref name=&quot;threemore&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan matakin ƙuri'a don amincewa da sayar da takardun lamuni na dala miliyan 55.5 domin gina makarantar sakandare a Dimond Park ga ɗalibai 1,500.  Becker ta goyi bayan gwaje-gwajen ƙwarewar makarantun sakandare a matsayin hanyar ci gaban ilimi ga ɗalibai.  Hukumar edita ta ''Daular Juneau'' ta amince da takararta.  Becker da Ridgeway sun lashe zaɓen na tsawon shekaru uku a Hukumar Makarantar Juneau. 

A lokacin wa'adin farko na Becker a ofis, ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da ƙara wani shiri don koyar da ƙwarewar rayuwa ga ɗaliban da ke da nakasa, shirin koyar da kula da jarirai ga iyaye matasa, da kuma shirin taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke cikin damuwa a cikin sabuwar makarantar sakandare da ake ginawa a Dimond Park.  Becker ta ce samun waɗannan shirye-shiryen a makaranta ɗaya kawai ya isa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newschool&quot; /&gt;

Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan sabuwar manufar makaranta, wanda hakan ya sa ɗalibai za su tsaya takarar neman amincewar Allah .  Becker ya ce zama a kan alƙawarin aminci ba girmamawa ba ne, kodayake manufar da ke buƙatar tsayawa takara ba ta da amfani a kotu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pledge&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan yarjejeniyar malamai wadda ta bai wa malaman da ke aiki a yanzu ƙarin kashi 4.5 cikin ɗari. 

Becker ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 2001.  Beck ta ce tana son ci gaba da kasancewa a hukumar makarantar domin ta shiga cikin gyaran Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas, gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare, da kuma cimma matsayin ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Powelltorun&quot; /&gt; Becker ta lashe zaben. 

A watan Janairun 2002, wani matashi ya riƙe wani tuta mai taken &quot; [[Morse da Frederick|Bong Hits 4 Jesus]] &quot; a gefen titi daga wasan relay na Olympics na lokacin hunturu na 2002.  Matashin ɗalibi ne na Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas kuma yana a gefen titi daga makarantar yayin da yake riƙe da tuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt; Makarantar sakandare ta dakatar da ɗalibin na tsawon kwanaki goma saboda tuta. Matashin ya so a cire dakatarwar daga rikodin sa, amma Becker da sauran hukumar makarantar sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewa da dakatarwar. &lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt; Matashin ya shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a kan shugaban makarantar da hukumar makarantar, yana mai da'awar cewa an take masa haƙƙinsa na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na tarayya da na jiha.  Shari'ar, Morse v. Frederick, ta ƙare har zuwa [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka]], kuma Kotun ta yanke hukunci, 5-4, cewa Kwaskwarima ta Farko ba ta hana malamai su danne, a ko a gefen titi daga taron da makaranta ke kula da shi, wanda ake ganin yana ƙarfafa shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. 

A shekara ta 2002, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan wani tsari na siyan sabbin kayan aiki na dala 25,000 don shirin makanikan motoci na makarantar sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas da kuma samar da dala 10,000 ga makarantar Yarjejeniya ta Community Community ta Juneau don taimaka mata ta biya gibin kasafin kuɗinta. 

A shekara ta 2003, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan sabuwar kwangilar malamai, inda ya ba da ƙarin kashi biyu cikin ɗari ga malamai sannan ya kawar da guraben malamai 40 a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa. 

Bayan da mazauna Juneau suka kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare ga ɗalibai 1,080 a Dimond Park a wani zaɓe na musamman, Becker ya goyi bayan gina makaranta mai ɗaukar ɗalibai 840 maimakon haka. Yawancin masu zaɓe sun amince da shawarar madadin a zaɓen da ya biyo baya.

Becker ya goyi bayan sabuwar dokar sanya tufafi ga ɗalibai, yana mai cewa zai inganta dangantakar launin fata da kuma inganta shigar iyaye a fannin ilimi. 

Becker ta sake tsayawa takara a hukumar makarantar a shekara ta 2004.  Becker ta ce tana neman sake tsayawa takara ne saboda tana son shiga cikin ginin makarantar sakandare ta biyu a Juneau. &lt;ref name=&quot;boardballot&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance daya daga cikin 'yan takara uku da ke neman kujeru biyu a hukumar makarantar.  Hukumar edita ta ''daular Juneau'' ta amince da sauran 'yan takarar a takarar.  Becker ya sake lashe zabe a wani wa'adi na daban. 

== Sakamakon zaɓe ==

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''1998 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 1998g/&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,546|percentage=33}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Stan Ridgeway|votes=3,283|percentage=29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Jan Marie Ferrell|votes=2,655|percentage=19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Edith McHenry|votes=1,798|percentage=13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Robert Starbard|votes=1,691|percentage=12}}
{{End}}

=== 2001 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2001 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 2001g&gt;&quot;School Board incumbents win re-election&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''. October 3, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=3,799|percentage=50}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Stan Ridgeway|votes=3,591|percentage=47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Write-in|votes=221|percentage=3}}
{{End}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2004 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 2004g&gt;&quot;Becker, Peters on top in School Board race: Both candidates were supporters of new school&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''. October 4, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,513|percentage=42}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Bill Peters|votes=3,594|percentage=33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=LeVonne Garvey|votes=2,763|percentage=25}}
{{End}}

=== 2010 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2010 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2010g&gt;Day, Sarah (October 6, 2010). &quot;City Assembly: Crane leads Brown at night's end&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=5,071|percentage=96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Write-in|votes=196|percentage=4}}
{{End}}

=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2013 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2013g&gt;Woolbright, Matt (October 8, 2013). &quot;Election results certified, Troll wins&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=|percentage=100}}
{{End}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2016 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2016g&gt;DeGrave, Sam (October 7, 2016). &quot;With all ballots counted, election results remain unchanged&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,060|percentage=52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Arnold Liebelt|votes=3,472|percentage=44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=William Quayle Jr.|votes=292|percentage=4}}
{{End}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>93aeqvx739i41tdqgyoj0pm41h66mcu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816499</id>
      <parentid>816494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sana'a */</comment>
      <origin>816499</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8833" sha1="822daihj0zz48n09hlfhwrstiica65d" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Mary Becker''' tsohuwar 'yar majalisar birnin Juneau ce, Alaska . Ta kuma kasance magajin garin Juneau kuma memba a hukumar makarantar Juneau.

== Shekarun farko ==
Mary Becker ta sami digirin farko daga Kwalejin Idaho . &lt;ref&gt; name= threemore&gt;Fry, Eric (August 28, 1998). &quot;Three more file for school board seats - Incumbents decline to run again; voters to see new names, faces&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta ƙaura zuwa Juneau a kusan shekarar 1966.

== Sana'a ==
Becker ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta daga 1967 zuwa 1997.  

Becker ta tsaya takara a ɗaya daga cikin kujeru biyu a buɗe a Hukumar Makarantar Juneau a shekarar 1998.  Membobin Hukumar da ke kan karagar mulki Sally Rue da Tom Wagner sun yanke shawarar kin sake tsayawa takara.&lt;ref name= 1998g/&gt; Robert Starbard, Edith McHenry, Jan Marie Ferrell, and Stan Ridgeway were also candidates.&lt;ref&gt;Stockton, Paysha (October 6, 1998). &quot;Proposition 1 gets out the vote&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;1998g&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Robert Starbard, Edith McHenry, Jan Marie Ferrell, da Stan Ridgeway suma 'yan takara ne.  Becker ta ce Juneau tana buƙatar sabuwar makarantar sakandare, kuma ta ba da shawarar rage yawan ɗalibai a aji. &lt;ref name=&quot;threemore&quot; /&gt; Tana goyon bayan matakin ƙuri'a don amincewa da sayar da takardun lamuni na dala miliyan 55.5 domin gina makarantar sakandare a Dimond Park ga ɗalibai 1,500.  Becker ta goyi bayan gwaje-gwajen ƙwarewar makarantun sakandare a matsayin hanyar ci gaban ilimi ga ɗalibai.  Hukumar edita ta ''Daular Juneau'' ta amince da takararta.  Becker da Ridgeway sun lashe zaɓen na tsawon shekaru uku a Hukumar Makarantar Juneau. 

A lokacin wa'adin farko na Becker a ofis, ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da ƙara wani shiri don koyar da ƙwarewar rayuwa ga ɗaliban da ke da nakasa, shirin koyar da kula da jarirai ga iyaye matasa, da kuma shirin taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke cikin damuwa a cikin sabuwar makarantar sakandare da ake ginawa a Dimond Park.  Becker ta ce samun waɗannan shirye-shiryen a makaranta ɗaya kawai ya isa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newschool&quot; /&gt;

Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan sabuwar manufar makaranta, wanda hakan ya sa ɗalibai za su tsaya takarar neman amincewar Allah .  Becker ya ce zama a kan alƙawarin aminci ba girmamawa ba ne, kodayake manufar da ke buƙatar tsayawa takara ba ta da amfani a kotu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pledge&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan yarjejeniyar malamai wadda ta bai wa malaman da ke aiki a yanzu ƙarin kashi 4.5 cikin ɗari. 

Becker ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 2001.  Beck ta ce tana son ci gaba da kasancewa a hukumar makarantar domin ta shiga cikin gyaran Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas, gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare, da kuma cimma matsayin ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Powelltorun&quot; /&gt; Becker ta lashe zaben. 

A watan Janairun 2002, wani matashi ya riƙe wani tuta mai taken &quot; [[Morse da Frederick|Bong Hits 4 Jesus]] &quot; a gefen titi daga wasan relay na Olympics na lokacin hunturu na 2002.  Matashin ɗalibi ne na Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas kuma yana a gefen titi daga makarantar yayin da yake riƙe da tuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt; Makarantar sakandare ta dakatar da ɗalibin na tsawon kwanaki goma saboda tuta. Matashin ya so a cire dakatarwar daga rikodin sa, amma Becker da sauran hukumar makarantar sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewa da dakatarwar. &lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt; Matashin ya shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a kan shugaban makarantar da hukumar makarantar, yana mai da'awar cewa an take masa haƙƙinsa na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na tarayya da na jiha.  Shari'ar, Morse v. Frederick, ta ƙare har zuwa [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka]], kuma Kotun ta yanke hukunci, 5-4, cewa Kwaskwarima ta Farko ba ta hana malamai su danne, a ko a gefen titi daga taron da makaranta ke kula da shi, wanda ake ganin yana ƙarfafa shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. 

A shekara ta 2002, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan wani tsari na siyan sabbin kayan aiki na dala 25,000 don shirin makanikan motoci na makarantar sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas da kuma samar da dala 10,000 ga makarantar Yarjejeniya ta Community Community ta Juneau don taimaka mata ta biya gibin kasafin kuɗinta. 

A shekara ta 2003, Becker ya kaɗa ƙuri'a kan sabuwar kwangilar malamai, inda ya ba da ƙarin kashi biyu cikin ɗari ga malamai sannan ya kawar da guraben malamai 40 a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa. 

Bayan da mazauna Juneau suka kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare ga ɗalibai 1,080 a Dimond Park a wani zaɓe na musamman, Becker ya goyi bayan gina makaranta mai ɗaukar ɗalibai 840 maimakon haka. Yawancin masu zaɓe sun amince da shawarar madadin a zaɓen da ya biyo baya.

Becker ya goyi bayan sabuwar dokar sanya tufafi ga ɗalibai, yana mai cewa zai inganta dangantakar launin fata da kuma inganta shigar iyaye a fannin ilimi. 

Becker ta sake tsayawa takara a hukumar makarantar a shekara ta 2004.  Becker ta ce tana neman sake tsayawa takara ne saboda tana son shiga cikin ginin makarantar sakandare ta biyu a Juneau. &lt;ref name=&quot;boardballot&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance daya daga cikin 'yan takara uku da ke neman kujeru biyu a hukumar makarantar.  Hukumar edita ta ''daular Juneau'' ta amince da sauran 'yan takarar a takarar.  Becker ya sake lashe zabe a wani wa'adi na daban.

== Sakamakon zaɓe ==

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''1998 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 1998g/&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,546|percentage=33}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Stan Ridgeway|votes=3,283|percentage=29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Jan Marie Ferrell|votes=2,655|percentage=19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Edith McHenry|votes=1,798|percentage=13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Robert Starbard|votes=1,691|percentage=12}}
{{End}}

=== 2001 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2001 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 2001g&gt;&quot;School Board incumbents win re-election&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''. October 3, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=3,799|percentage=50}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Stan Ridgeway|votes=3,591|percentage=47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Write-in|votes=221|percentage=3}}
{{End}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2004 Juneau School Board election'''&lt;ref name= 2004g&gt;&quot;Becker, Peters on top in School Board race: Both candidates were supporters of new school&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''. October 4, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,513|percentage=42}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Bill Peters|votes=3,594|percentage=33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=LeVonne Garvey|votes=2,763|percentage=25}}
{{End}}

=== 2010 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2010 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2010g&gt;Day, Sarah (October 6, 2010). &quot;City Assembly: Crane leads Brown at night's end&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=5,071|percentage=96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Write-in|votes=196|percentage=4}}
{{End}}

=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2013 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2013g&gt;Woolbright, Matt (October 8, 2013). &quot;Election results certified, Troll wins&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=|percentage=100}}
{{End}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title='''2016 City Assembly, District 1 election'''&lt;ref name= 2016g&gt;DeGrave, Sam (October 7, 2016). &quot;With all ballots counted, election results remain unchanged&quot;. ''Juneau Empire''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Mary Becker|votes=4,060|percentage=52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=Arnold Liebelt|votes=3,472|percentage=44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Non-partisan|candidate=William Quayle Jr.|votes=292|percentage=4}}
{{End}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>822daihj0zz48n09hlfhwrstiica65d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rashin amincewa da shi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147125</id>
    <redirect title="Negudar" />
    <revision>
      <id>816478</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:23:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Rashin amincewa da shi]] to [[Negudar]]</comment>
      <origin>816478</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21" sha1="shys43svi49dxplcant4ycevuvdjjbp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Negudar]]</text>
      <sha1>shys43svi49dxplcant4ycevuvdjjbp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sharon Beck (dan siyasa na Nebraska)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816502</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:34:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342944850|Sharon Beck (Nebraska politician)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816502</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3478" sha1="5juwcl772khvwvdm5qg328rrsm5ugfk" xml:space="preserve">
'''Sharon Kay Reagan Beck''' (14 ga Nuwamba, 1937){{Spaced en dash}} Disamba 26, 2013) ɗan siyasa ne [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] daga [[Nebraska]] wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska daga gundumar 8 daga 1989 zuwa 1991.

== Farkon aikina ==
An haifi Sharon Reagan a Omaha, Nebraska, a shekarar 1937, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bratton Union Rural Consolidated a shekarar 1955.  Daga baya ta halarci Kwalejin Jihar Peru daga 1955 zuwa 1957, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Doane da digirinta na farko a shekarar 1962. &lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt; Ta auri Bill Beck a shekarar 1956, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu, daga baya ta koma makaranta ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Jihar Chadron da digirinta na biyu a shekarar 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt; Beck ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta, kuma ta koyar da Turanci da adabi a Kwalejin Baptist ta Midwestern.  Ta kasance mai himma a Jam'iyyar Republican ta gida, tana aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Gundumar Douglas, kuma mai fafutukar kare rayuwa ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;beck named&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt;

== Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska ==
A shekarar 1986, Beck ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska a hannun Sanata [[Vard Johnson]] na Jihar, ɗan Democrat, wanda ya wakilci gundumar 8 da ke Omaha .  Lauya Horace Reynolds na IV da kuma shugaban hukumar layin dogo George Davis sun shiga zaɓen fidda gwanin.  Beck ya yi jayayya cewa Johnson yana da &quot;tsarin da bai dace ba&quot; a majalisar, kuma ya yi masa suka saboda gabatar da harajin tallace-tallace kan ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki.  Johnson ya kasance a matsayi na farko a zaɓen fidda gwanin, inda ya lashe kashi 40 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa yayin da Beck ya sami kashi 39 cikin ɗari,  kuma dukkansu sun ci gaba zuwa babban zaɓen. 

A babban zaɓen, Beck ya yi kamfen a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na zamantakewa kuma mai goyon bayan hukuncin kisa, yana mai cewa, &quot;Wanda ba a haifa ba shi da alkali, babu juri, babu ɗaukaka ƙara[.]&quot;  Johnson ya tara mafi yawan kuɗi daga kowane ɗan takarar majalisa a duk faɗin jihar, kuma ya fi Beck girma da kashe kuɗi sosai.  A kwanakin ƙarshe na kamfen ɗin, Sanata Edward Zorinsky na Amurka, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya ce &quot;zai kaɗa wa&quot; Beck &quot;idan [ya] zauna a wannan gundumar.&quot;  A ƙarshe, Johnson ya kayar da Beck kaɗan, inda ya sake lashe zaɓe da kashi 52 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un.  

A shekarar 1988, Johnson ya sanar da cewa zai yi murabus daga kujerarsa ta majalisar dokoki, tun daga shekarar 1989.  Gwamna Kay Orr ya nada Beck a matsayin magajin Johnson,  kuma aka rantsar da ita a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1989. 

Beck ya sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1990, kuma Eric J. Will, tsohon mai taimaka wa Johnson a harkokin majalisa, ya kalubalance shi. A zaben fidda gwani, Beck ya zo na daya a kan Will da gagarumin rinjaye, inda ya lashe kashi 59–41,  kuma dukkansu sun ci gaba zuwa babban zaben. Matsayin 'yan takarar kan zubar da ciki wani muhimmin batu ne na yakin neman zabe; Beck ya samu goyon bayan Nebraska Coalition for Life, yayin da Will ya tsaya kan goyon bayansa na kare hakkin zubar da ciki.  Will ya kayar da Beck da kyar, inda ya samu kashi 47 cikin 100 na kuri'unsa.

== Mutuwa ==
Beck ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2013, a Chattanooga, Tennessee . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>5juwcl772khvwvdm5qg328rrsm5ugfk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816504</id>
      <parentid>816502</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:35:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816504</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3489" sha1="2p0gdts09pkmoi9hy76b6lry2bc80ad" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Sharon Kay Reagan Beck''' (14 ga Nuwamba, 1937){{Spaced en dash}} Disamba 26, 2013) ɗan siyasa ne [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] daga [[Nebraska]] wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska daga gundumar 8 daga 1989 zuwa 1991.

== Farkon aikina ==
An haifi Sharon Reagan a Omaha, Nebraska, a shekarar 1937, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bratton Union Rural Consolidated a shekarar 1955.  Daga baya ta halarci Kwalejin Jihar Peru daga 1955 zuwa 1957, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Doane da digirinta na farko a shekarar 1962. &lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt; Ta auri Bill Beck a shekarar 1956, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu, daga baya ta koma makaranta ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Jihar Chadron da digirinta na biyu a shekarar 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt; Beck ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta, kuma ta koyar da Turanci da adabi a Kwalejin Baptist ta Midwestern.  Ta kasance mai himma a Jam'iyyar Republican ta gida, tana aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Gundumar Douglas, kuma mai fafutukar kare rayuwa ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;beck named&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt;

== Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska ==
A shekarar 1986, Beck ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska a hannun Sanata [[Vard Johnson]] na Jihar, ɗan Democrat, wanda ya wakilci gundumar 8 da ke Omaha .  Lauya Horace Reynolds na IV da kuma shugaban hukumar layin dogo George Davis sun shiga zaɓen fidda gwanin.  Beck ya yi jayayya cewa Johnson yana da &quot;tsarin da bai dace ba&quot; a majalisar, kuma ya yi masa suka saboda gabatar da harajin tallace-tallace kan ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki.  Johnson ya kasance a matsayi na farko a zaɓen fidda gwanin, inda ya lashe kashi 40 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa yayin da Beck ya sami kashi 39 cikin ɗari,  kuma dukkansu sun ci gaba zuwa babban zaɓen. 

A babban zaɓen, Beck ya yi kamfen a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na zamantakewa kuma mai goyon bayan hukuncin kisa, yana mai cewa, &quot;Wanda ba a haifa ba shi da alkali, babu juri, babu ɗaukaka ƙara[.]&quot;  Johnson ya tara mafi yawan kuɗi daga kowane ɗan takarar majalisa a duk faɗin jihar, kuma ya fi Beck girma da kashe kuɗi sosai.  A kwanakin ƙarshe na kamfen ɗin, Sanata Edward Zorinsky na Amurka, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya ce &quot;zai kaɗa wa&quot; Beck &quot;idan [ya] zauna a wannan gundumar.&quot;  A ƙarshe, Johnson ya kayar da Beck kaɗan, inda ya sake lashe zaɓe da kashi 52 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un.  

A shekarar 1988, Johnson ya sanar da cewa zai yi murabus daga kujerarsa ta majalisar dokoki, tun daga shekarar 1989.  Gwamna Kay Orr ya nada Beck a matsayin magajin Johnson,  kuma aka rantsar da ita a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1989. 

Beck ya sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1990, kuma Eric J. Will, tsohon mai taimaka wa Johnson a harkokin majalisa, ya kalubalance shi. A zaben fidda gwani, Beck ya zo na daya a kan Will da gagarumin rinjaye, inda ya lashe kashi 59–41,  kuma dukkansu sun ci gaba zuwa babban zaben. Matsayin 'yan takarar kan zubar da ciki wani muhimmin batu ne na yakin neman zabe; Beck ya samu goyon bayan Nebraska Coalition for Life, yayin da Will ya tsaya kan goyon bayansa na kare hakkin zubar da ciki.  Will ya kayar da Beck da kyar, inda ya samu kashi 47 cikin 100 na kuri'unsa.

== Mutuwa ==
Beck ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2013, a Chattanooga, Tennessee . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>2p0gdts09pkmoi9hy76b6lry2bc80ad</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816513</id>
      <parentid>816504</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:39:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816513</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3745" sha1="5kew9czov5op81icyhv9unfvnlle3js" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Sharon Kay Reagan Beck''' (14 ga Nuwamba, 1937){{Spaced en dash}} Disamba 26, 2013) ɗan siyasa ne [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] daga [[Nebraska]] wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska daga gundumar 8 daga 1989 zuwa 1991.

== Farkon aikina ==
An haifi Sharon Reagan a Omaha, Nebraska, a shekarar 1937, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bratton Union Rural Consolidated a shekarar 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Nebraska Blue Book 1988-89|editor-last1=Prokop|editor-first1=Arlie|publisher=Clerk of the Nebraska Legislature|date=1989|url=https://govdocs.nebraska.gov/epubs/l3000/D001-198889.pdf|access-date=March 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga baya ta halarci Kwalejin Jihar Peru daga 1955 zuwa 1957, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Doane da digirinta na farko a shekarar 1962. &lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt; Ta auri Bill Beck a shekarar 1956, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu, daga baya ta koma makaranta ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Jihar Chadron da digirinta na biyu a shekarar 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt; Beck ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta, kuma ta koyar da Turanci da adabi a Kwalejin Baptist ta Midwestern.  Ta kasance mai himma a Jam'iyyar Republican ta gida, tana aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Gundumar Douglas, kuma mai fafutukar kare rayuwa ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;beck named&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt;

== Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska ==
A shekarar 1986, Beck ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska a hannun Sanata [[Vard Johnson]] na Jihar, ɗan Democrat, wanda ya wakilci gundumar 8 da ke Omaha .  Lauya Horace Reynolds na IV da kuma shugaban hukumar layin dogo George Davis sun shiga zaɓen fidda gwanin.  Beck ya yi jayayya cewa Johnson yana da &quot;tsarin da bai dace ba&quot; a majalisar, kuma ya yi masa suka saboda gabatar da harajin tallace-tallace kan ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki.  Johnson ya kasance a matsayi na farko a zaɓen fidda gwanin, inda ya lashe kashi 40 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa yayin da Beck ya sami kashi 39 cikin ɗari,  kuma dukkansu sun ci gaba zuwa babban zaɓen. 

A babban zaɓen, Beck ya yi kamfen a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na zamantakewa kuma mai goyon bayan hukuncin kisa, yana mai cewa, &quot;Wanda ba a haifa ba shi da alkali, babu juri, babu ɗaukaka ƙara[.]&quot;  Johnson ya tara mafi yawan kuɗi daga kowane ɗan takarar majalisa a duk faɗin jihar, kuma ya fi Beck girma da kashe kuɗi sosai.  A kwanakin ƙarshe na kamfen ɗin, Sanata Edward Zorinsky na Amurka, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya ce &quot;zai kaɗa wa&quot; Beck &quot;idan [ya] zauna a wannan gundumar.&quot;  A ƙarshe, Johnson ya kayar da Beck kaɗan, inda ya sake lashe zaɓe da kashi 52 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un.  

A shekarar 1988, Johnson ya sanar da cewa zai yi murabus daga kujerarsa ta majalisar dokoki, tun daga shekarar 1989.  Gwamna Kay Orr ya nada Beck a matsayin magajin Johnson,  kuma aka rantsar da ita a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1989. 

Beck ya sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1990, kuma Eric J. Will, tsohon mai taimaka wa Johnson a harkokin majalisa, ya kalubalance shi. A zaben fidda gwani, Beck ya zo na daya a kan Will da gagarumin rinjaye, inda ya lashe kashi 59–41,  kuma dukkansu sun ci gaba zuwa babban zaben. Matsayin 'yan takarar kan zubar da ciki wani muhimmin batu ne na yakin neman zabe; Beck ya samu goyon bayan Nebraska Coalition for Life, yayin da Will ya tsaya kan goyon bayansa na kare hakkin zubar da ciki.  Will ya kayar da Beck da kyar, inda ya samu kashi 47 cikin 100 na kuri'unsa.

== Mutuwa ==
Beck ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2013, a Chattanooga, Tennessee . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>5kew9czov5op81icyhv9unfvnlle3js</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816516</id>
      <parentid>816513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:40:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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'''Sharon Kay Reagan Beck''' (14 ga Nuwamba, 1937){{Spaced en dash}} Disamba 26, 2013) ɗan siyasa ne [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] daga [[Nebraska]] wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska daga gundumar 8 daga 1989 zuwa 1991.

== Farkon aikina ==
An haifi Sharon Reagan a Omaha, Nebraska, a shekarar 1937, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bratton Union Rural Consolidated a shekarar 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Nebraska Blue Book 1988-89|editor-last1=Prokop|editor-first1=Arlie|publisher=Clerk of the Nebraska Legislature|date=1989|url=https://govdocs.nebraska.gov/epubs/l3000/D001-198889.pdf|access-date=March 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga baya ta halarci Kwalejin Jihar Peru daga 1955 zuwa 1957, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Doane da digirinta na farko a shekarar 1962. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt; Ta auri Bill Beck a shekarar 1956, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu, daga baya ta koma makaranta ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Jihar Chadron da digirinta na biyu a shekarar 1980. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;beck named&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Gauger|first=Jeff|title=Mahoney to Join OPPD Board; Mrs. Beck Named to Legislature|newspaper=[[Omaha World-Herald]]|date=December 9, 1988|location=|page=1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-world-herald/193127528/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=March 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt; Beck ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta, kuma ta koyar da Turanci da adabi a Kwalejin Baptist ta Midwestern.  Ta kasance mai himma a Jam'iyyar Republican ta gida, tana aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Gundumar Douglas, kuma mai fafutukar kare rayuwa ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;beck named&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;blue book&quot; /&gt;

== Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska ==
A shekarar 1986, Beck ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokokin Nebraska a hannun Sanata [[Vard Johnson]] na Jihar, ɗan Democrat, wanda ya wakilci gundumar 8 da ke Omaha .  Lauya Horace Reynolds na IV da kuma shugaban hukumar layin dogo George Davis sun shiga zaɓen fidda gwanin.  Beck ya yi jayayya cewa Johnson yana da &quot;tsarin da bai dace ba&quot; a majalisar, kuma ya yi masa suka saboda gabatar da harajin tallace-tallace kan ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki.  Johnson ya kasance a matsayi na farko a zaɓen fidda gwanin, inda ya lashe kashi 40 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa yayin da Beck ya sami kashi 39 cikin ɗari,  kuma dukkansu sun ci gaba zuwa babban zaɓen. 

A babban zaɓen, Beck ya yi kamfen a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na zamantakewa kuma mai goyon bayan hukuncin kisa, yana mai cewa, &quot;Wanda ba a haifa ba shi da alkali, babu juri, babu ɗaukaka ƙara[.]&quot;  Johnson ya tara mafi yawan kuɗi daga kowane ɗan takarar majalisa a duk faɗin jihar, kuma ya fi Beck girma da kashe kuɗi sosai.  A kwanakin ƙarshe na kamfen ɗin, Sanata Edward Zorinsky na Amurka, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya ce &quot;zai kaɗa wa&quot; Beck &quot;idan [ya] zauna a wannan gundumar.&quot;  A ƙarshe, Johnson ya kayar da Beck kaɗan, inda ya sake lashe zaɓe da kashi 52 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un.  

A shekarar 1988, Johnson ya sanar da cewa zai yi murabus daga kujerarsa ta majalisar dokoki, tun daga shekarar 1989.  Gwamna Kay Orr ya nada Beck a matsayin magajin Johnson,  kuma aka rantsar da ita a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1989. 

Beck ya sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1990, kuma Eric J. Will, tsohon mai taimaka wa Johnson a harkokin majalisa, ya kalubalance shi. A zaben fidda gwani, Beck ya zo na daya a kan Will da gagarumin rinjaye, inda ya lashe kashi 59–41,  kuma dukkansu sun ci gaba zuwa babban zaben. Matsayin 'yan takarar kan zubar da ciki wani muhimmin batu ne na yakin neman zabe; Beck ya samu goyon bayan Nebraska Coalition for Life, yayin da Will ya tsaya kan goyon bayansa na kare hakkin zubar da ciki.  Will ya kayar da Beck da kyar, inda ya samu kashi 47 cikin 100 na kuri'unsa.

== Mutuwa ==
Beck ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2013, a Chattanooga, Tennessee . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>80u42fort8kxszls20b86g17o7puhvw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Awmima Mohamed</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147127</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816505</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:35:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317350319|Awmima Mohamed]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Awmima Mohamed''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Janairu 1985) ' yar tseren Sudan ce. Ta fafata a tseren mita 400 na mata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;SportsRef&quot;&gt;{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mo/awmima-mohamed-1.html|title=Awmima Mohamed Olympic Results|access-date=8 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mace ta farko da ta wakilci Sudan a gasar Olympics. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First female competitors at the Olympics by country |url=https://www.olympedia.org/lists/99/manual |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=Olympedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]</text>
      <sha1>jnrqjezh6s8uzathwtt473ws39s6zbj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816507</id>
      <parentid>816505</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>816507</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="701" sha1="s7jbi58lwxyd1r3pkc6xkc13fqulxww" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Awmima Mohamed''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Janairu 1985) ' yar tseren Sudan ce. Ta fafata a tseren mita 400 na mata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;SportsRef&quot;&gt;{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mo/awmima-mohamed-1.html|title=Awmima Mohamed Olympic Results|access-date=8 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mace ta farko da ta wakilci Sudan a gasar Olympics. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First female competitors at the Olympics by country |url=https://www.olympedia.org/lists/99/manual |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=Olympedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]</text>
      <sha1>s7jbi58lwxyd1r3pkc6xkc13fqulxww</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary Beck</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147128</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816521</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:43:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328749112|Mary Beck]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816521</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6506" sha1="lgxfp5v40jdpwhmye720a8l22l3woas" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Virginia Beck''' ( Ukrainian  , Rusyn  , 29 ga Fabrairu 1908 - 30 ga Janairu 2005) ta kasance 'yar siyasa a Jam'iyyar Democrat [[Detroit|ta Detroit]], mace mai fafutuka kuma 'yar jarida daga [[Pennsylvania]], mace ta farko a majalisar birnin Detroit.  Ita ce kuma 'yar asalin Lemko ta farko 'yar Ukraine da ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OBITUARY: Mary V. Beck, trailblazer for women on American political scene, Ukrainian activist (02/20/05) |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2005/080509.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906235349/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2005/080509.shtml |archive-date=2008-09-06 |website=www.ukrweekly.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1957 an kuma zabe ta a matsayin shugabar majalisar birnin. A matsayinta na memba a majalisar, Mary ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru ashirin daga 1950 zuwa 1970. A shekarar 1958-62 ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Detroit na riko. A wannan lokacin, magajin garin Detroit (1957-1962), Louis Miriani, wanda daga baya ya shiga cikin takaddamar shari'a.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Mary a cikin dangin Lemkos Mykhailo da Hanna Voitovych-Bek a Ford City, [[Pennsylvania]] . A tsakanin 1921-25 ta yi karatu a wurin motsa jiki na birnin Kolomyia da ke Kolomyia, Poland . A tsakanin 1925-29 Mary Beck daliba ce a Jami'ar Pittsburgh bayan kammala karatunta, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha . A shekarar 1932 ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga wannan makarantar. Tun daga 1944 Mary Beck memba ce a fannin shari'a ta jihar Michigan . A shekarar 1968 ta canza digirin LL. B. zuwa digirin Doctor na Juris .

A shekarun 1930, Mary Beck ta kasance mamba mai himma a Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta Ukraine . Tun daga 1932-33, ta kasance mawallafi kuma editan &quot;Zhinochyi Svit&quot; (World of Woman), mujallar wata-wata ta matar Ukraine a Pittsburgh . Mary kuma ita ce editan sassan Turanci a kafofin watsa labarai na Ukraine kamar &quot;Ukrainska Zoria&quot; (Ukrainian Star) a [[Detroit]] da &quot;Vilne Slovo&quot; (Free Word) a [[Toronto]], Ontario, Kanada. A 1933-34, ta kasance mai himma wajen kafa kwamitin kafa Babban Tashar Yukren a Taron Baje Kolin Karni na Ci Gaba a [[Chicago]] .

Mary ta zo [[Detroit]] a shekarar 1934 da farko a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jin dadin jama'a a Cibiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, kuma tun daga shekarar 1935 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken kotunan matasa a Gundumar Wayne har zuwa 1947. A shekarar 1947-50, lauya ce mai aiki, don haka ta shiga siyasa a shekarar 1950. Bayan an zaɓe ta a majalisar birnin Detroit, Mary Beck ta daina aikin lauyanta, ta miƙa wuya ga harkokin siyasar birnin, inda ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1970.

A shekarar 1958, Mary ta kafa kyautar Adabi ta Mata ta Ukraine a fannin adabin Ukraine, tun daga shekarar 2025, ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin mata ta Ukraine ta duniya da ke [[Philadelphia]] ce ke gudanar da ita. A shekarar 1960 kuma ta ɗauki nauyin baje kolin fasaha na Ukraine na Duniya a Cibiyar MacGregor ( Jami'ar Jihar Wayne ).

A zaɓen magajin gari na Detroit na 1969, Beck ta zo ta uku a zaɓen fidda gwani na rashin nuna wariya, inda ta sami kashi 22% na ƙuri'un. Ta gudanar da kamfen na musamman kan batun shawo kan laifuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=O'Loughlin |first=John |last2=Berg |first2=Dale A. |date=1977 |title=The Election of Black Mayors, 1969 and 1973 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2561862 |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=223–238 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1977.tb01135.x |jstor=2561862 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta tsaya takara a matsayin ' yar takarar da ta rubuta takardar neman shiga zaɓen gama gari, inda ta lashe ƙaramin kaso na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 6, 1969 |title=Sherriff Barely Wins Detroit Mayor's Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/247738206 |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=Newspapers.com |publisher=Palladium-Item |language=en |agency=UPI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mary ta rasu a garin Clinton kuma an yi mata jana'iza ta ƙarshe a Sterling Heights kusa da [[Detroit]] . An binne ta a makabartar St. Andrew ta farko da ake kira da Manzo na Ukrainian Orthodox da ke South Bound Brook, [[New Jersey]] .

== Lambobin yabo da gado ==

* Kyautar Sabis ta Al'umma ta Ukraine ('Yan Ukrainian a Duniyar 'Yanci, Detroit), don haɓaka ayyukan al'adun Ukraine
* Panegyric - yabo (masu fasaha na Ukraine), saboda goyon baya da taimakon da aka bai wa masu fasaha na Ukraine a ƙasashen waje da kuma ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin zane-zane na Ukraine na duniya da aka gudanar a Cibiyar MacGregor da ke Jami'ar Jihar Wayne da ke Detroit a shekarar 1960
* Kyautar Gwarzon Ɗan ƙasar Ukraine ta 1963 (Ƙungiyar Digiri ta Ukraine ta Detroit da Windsor)
* Takardar Shaidar Girmamawa ta 1968 (Tarayyar Kungiyoyin Mata na Metropolitan Detroit), saboda himmar da aka bayar don ci gaban mata da kuma gudummawar al'adu da zamantakewa ga al'umma
* Takardar Shaidar Eisenhower ta Ƙasashen da aka Kama a 1970 ( Kwamitin Majalisar Dokoki ta Metropolitan Detroit ), don girmama gudunmawar da ta bayar wajen neman 'yanci da 'yancin kai ga dukkan ƙasashen da aka Kama.
* Takardar Shaidar Kyau ta 1975 ( Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa ta Ukraine ta Amurka ), don ci gaba da ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka sha'awar mata da ayyukan Ukraine
* Takardar Shaidar Kyau ta 1975 (Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Ƙungiyoyin Mata na Ukraine), don ci gaban matan Ukraine da manufofinsu
* Takardar Shaidar Girmamawa ta Musamman ta 1984 ( Gwamnan Michigan James Blanchard ), don girmama fitacciyar 'yar ƙasar Amurka 'yar ƙasar Ukraine, Mary V. Beck
* Nunin rayuwa da aikin Beck a shekarar 1993 a bikin cikarta shekaru 85 a Eko Gallery da ke ƙauyen Ukrainian a Warren, Michigan .
* Lambar Yabo ta Saint Volodymyr ta 2003 ( Taron Duniya na 7 na Ukraine )

A shekarar 1965, Kwamitin Hadin Kan Mata na Detroit ya bayar da tambarin tunawa da Beck domin tunawa da zabenta a shekarar 1950 a matsayin &quot;Mace ta Farko a Majalisar Tarayya ta Detroit&quot;. A ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 1972, Magajin Garin Detroit kuma ɗan asalin birnin Roman S. Gribbs ya ayyana &quot;Ranar Mary V. Beck&quot;. Detroit Free Press ta yi tabo sosai kan harkokin siyasar Beck tsawon shekaru. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2005 a cikin littafin mutuwarta, Detroit Free Press ta lura cewa dukkan masu adawa da siyasa da abokan aikinta sun amince da gudummawarta ga shugabancin birni.

== Duba kuma ==

* Al'ummai Masu Zaman Kansu

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]</text>
      <sha1>lgxfp5v40jdpwhmye720a8l22l3woas</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816523</id>
      <parentid>816521</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:43:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6517" sha1="fvxgrupubj4m5gvbuujxrb30og0sixt" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Mary Virginia Beck''' ( Ukrainian  , Rusyn  , 29 ga Fabrairu 1908 - 30 ga Janairu 2005) ta kasance 'yar siyasa a Jam'iyyar Democrat [[Detroit|ta Detroit]], mace mai fafutuka kuma 'yar jarida daga [[Pennsylvania]], mace ta farko a majalisar birnin Detroit.  Ita ce kuma 'yar asalin Lemko ta farko 'yar Ukraine da ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OBITUARY: Mary V. Beck, trailblazer for women on American political scene, Ukrainian activist (02/20/05) |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2005/080509.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906235349/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2005/080509.shtml |archive-date=2008-09-06 |website=www.ukrweekly.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1957 an kuma zabe ta a matsayin shugabar majalisar birnin. A matsayinta na memba a majalisar, Mary ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru ashirin daga 1950 zuwa 1970. A shekarar 1958-62 ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Detroit na riko. A wannan lokacin, magajin garin Detroit (1957-1962), Louis Miriani, wanda daga baya ya shiga cikin takaddamar shari'a.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Mary a cikin dangin Lemkos Mykhailo da Hanna Voitovych-Bek a Ford City, [[Pennsylvania]] . A tsakanin 1921-25 ta yi karatu a wurin motsa jiki na birnin Kolomyia da ke Kolomyia, Poland . A tsakanin 1925-29 Mary Beck daliba ce a Jami'ar Pittsburgh bayan kammala karatunta, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha . A shekarar 1932 ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga wannan makarantar. Tun daga 1944 Mary Beck memba ce a fannin shari'a ta jihar Michigan . A shekarar 1968 ta canza digirin LL. B. zuwa digirin Doctor na Juris .

A shekarun 1930, Mary Beck ta kasance mamba mai himma a Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta Ukraine . Tun daga 1932-33, ta kasance mawallafi kuma editan &quot;Zhinochyi Svit&quot; (World of Woman), mujallar wata-wata ta matar Ukraine a Pittsburgh . Mary kuma ita ce editan sassan Turanci a kafofin watsa labarai na Ukraine kamar &quot;Ukrainska Zoria&quot; (Ukrainian Star) a [[Detroit]] da &quot;Vilne Slovo&quot; (Free Word) a [[Toronto]], Ontario, Kanada. A 1933-34, ta kasance mai himma wajen kafa kwamitin kafa Babban Tashar Yukren a Taron Baje Kolin Karni na Ci Gaba a [[Chicago]] .

Mary ta zo [[Detroit]] a shekarar 1934 da farko a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jin dadin jama'a a Cibiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, kuma tun daga shekarar 1935 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken kotunan matasa a Gundumar Wayne har zuwa 1947. A shekarar 1947-50, lauya ce mai aiki, don haka ta shiga siyasa a shekarar 1950. Bayan an zaɓe ta a majalisar birnin Detroit, Mary Beck ta daina aikin lauyanta, ta miƙa wuya ga harkokin siyasar birnin, inda ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1970.

A shekarar 1958, Mary ta kafa kyautar Adabi ta Mata ta Ukraine a fannin adabin Ukraine, tun daga shekarar 2025, ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin mata ta Ukraine ta duniya da ke [[Philadelphia]] ce ke gudanar da ita. A shekarar 1960 kuma ta ɗauki nauyin baje kolin fasaha na Ukraine na Duniya a Cibiyar MacGregor ( Jami'ar Jihar Wayne ).

A zaɓen magajin gari na Detroit na 1969, Beck ta zo ta uku a zaɓen fidda gwani na rashin nuna wariya, inda ta sami kashi 22% na ƙuri'un. Ta gudanar da kamfen na musamman kan batun shawo kan laifuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=O'Loughlin |first=John |last2=Berg |first2=Dale A. |date=1977 |title=The Election of Black Mayors, 1969 and 1973 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2561862 |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=223–238 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1977.tb01135.x |jstor=2561862 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta tsaya takara a matsayin ' yar takarar da ta rubuta takardar neman shiga zaɓen gama gari, inda ta lashe ƙaramin kaso na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 6, 1969 |title=Sherriff Barely Wins Detroit Mayor's Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/247738206 |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=Newspapers.com |publisher=Palladium-Item |language=en |agency=UPI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mary ta rasu a garin Clinton kuma an yi mata jana'iza ta ƙarshe a Sterling Heights kusa da [[Detroit]] . An binne ta a makabartar St. Andrew ta farko da ake kira da Manzo na Ukrainian Orthodox da ke South Bound Brook, [[New Jersey]] .

== Lambobin yabo da gado ==

* Kyautar Sabis ta Al'umma ta Ukraine ('Yan Ukrainian a Duniyar 'Yanci, Detroit), don haɓaka ayyukan al'adun Ukraine
* Panegyric - yabo (masu fasaha na Ukraine), saboda goyon baya da taimakon da aka bai wa masu fasaha na Ukraine a ƙasashen waje da kuma ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin zane-zane na Ukraine na duniya da aka gudanar a Cibiyar MacGregor da ke Jami'ar Jihar Wayne da ke Detroit a shekarar 1960
* Kyautar Gwarzon Ɗan ƙasar Ukraine ta 1963 (Ƙungiyar Digiri ta Ukraine ta Detroit da Windsor)
* Takardar Shaidar Girmamawa ta 1968 (Tarayyar Kungiyoyin Mata na Metropolitan Detroit), saboda himmar da aka bayar don ci gaban mata da kuma gudummawar al'adu da zamantakewa ga al'umma
* Takardar Shaidar Eisenhower ta Ƙasashen da aka Kama a 1970 ( Kwamitin Majalisar Dokoki ta Metropolitan Detroit ), don girmama gudunmawar da ta bayar wajen neman 'yanci da 'yancin kai ga dukkan ƙasashen da aka Kama.
* Takardar Shaidar Kyau ta 1975 ( Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa ta Ukraine ta Amurka ), don ci gaba da ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka sha'awar mata da ayyukan Ukraine
* Takardar Shaidar Kyau ta 1975 (Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Ƙungiyoyin Mata na Ukraine), don ci gaban matan Ukraine da manufofinsu
* Takardar Shaidar Girmamawa ta Musamman ta 1984 ( Gwamnan Michigan James Blanchard ), don girmama fitacciyar 'yar ƙasar Amurka 'yar ƙasar Ukraine, Mary V. Beck
* Nunin rayuwa da aikin Beck a shekarar 1993 a bikin cikarta shekaru 85 a Eko Gallery da ke ƙauyen Ukrainian a Warren, Michigan .
* Lambar Yabo ta Saint Volodymyr ta 2003 ( Taron Duniya na 7 na Ukraine )

A shekarar 1965, Kwamitin Hadin Kan Mata na Detroit ya bayar da tambarin tunawa da Beck domin tunawa da zabenta a shekarar 1950 a matsayin &quot;Mace ta Farko a Majalisar Tarayya ta Detroit&quot;. A ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 1972, Magajin Garin Detroit kuma ɗan asalin birnin Roman S. Gribbs ya ayyana &quot;Ranar Mary V. Beck&quot;. Detroit Free Press ta yi tabo sosai kan harkokin siyasar Beck tsawon shekaru. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2005 a cikin littafin mutuwarta, Detroit Free Press ta lura cewa dukkan masu adawa da siyasa da abokan aikinta sun amince da gudummawarta ga shugabancin birni.

== Duba kuma ==

* Al'ummai Masu Zaman Kansu

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]</text>
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Letitia Christian Tyler (12 ga Nuwamba, 1790 - 10 ga Satumba, 1842) ita ce matar shugaban ƙasar Amurka daga 1841 zuwa 1842 a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa John Tyler ta farko. Bayan sun haɗu a 1808, su biyun sun yi aure a 1813. Tyler ta kula da gonarsu a Virginia yayin da mijinta ya ci gaba da harkokin siyasa a babban birnin jihar da kuma Washington, DC, tare da shi kawai lokacin da yake gwamnan Virginia . Ta yi fama da bugun jini a 1839 wanda ya sa ta nakasa har abada.

Tyler ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta biyu a Amurka lokacin da mijinta ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1841, kuma ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa lokacin da Shugaba William Henry Harrison ya mutu a wata mai zuwa kuma mijinta ya hau kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa. Tyler ba ta iya gudanar da ayyukan uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ba saboda lafiyarta, inda ta tura su ga surukarta Priscilla Cooper Tyler . Ta mutu sakamakon bugun jini na biyu a shekarar 1842, ta zama mutum na farko da ya mutu yayin da take aiki a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa a Amurka. Tyler ba ta taka rawa a shugabancin mijinta ba, amma ta ci gaba da samun suna mai kyau a tsakanin jama'ar Amurka.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Letitia Christian a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1790, a gonar Cedar Grove da ke gundumar New Kent, Virginia . Ita ce 'ya ta bakwai  : 109 na Mary (née Browne) da Robert Christian, wani mai arziki mai shuka  : 58–59 wanda yake da alaƙa mai kyau da manyan 'yan siyasa na ƙasar, ciki har da Shugaba [[George Washington]] .  : 61 An rene ta a matsayin mai ibada ta Episcopal, kuma ta bi ƙa'idodin lokacin da suka shafi ibada da tsarki.  : 79 Christian ba ta sami ilimin boko ba, amma an koya mata yadda ake zama uwargidan wani lambun Kudu. 

Iyalan Kirista da Tyler sun saba da juna, kuma Christian ya haɗu da John Tyler a lokacin da yake ziyara a 1808. Sun fara soyayya inda Tyler yakan tsaya ya ziyarce ta yayin da take tafiya zuwa babban birnin jihar.  {{Rp|page=62}}Zaman soyayyarsu na shekaru biyar ya tsaya cak, kuma makonni uku kafin auren ne Tyler ya fara sumbatarta - a hannu. A cikin wasiƙar soyayyarsa ɗaya tilo da ta rage a gare ta, wacce aka rubuta watanni kaɗan kafin aurensu, Tyler ya yi mata alƙawarin, &quot;Ko na yi iyo ko na nutse cikin kogin arziki, za ki iya tabbatar da hakan, cewa ba zan daina ƙaunarki ba.&quot;   Mahaifin Christian ya yi adawa da Tyler saboda dalilai na siyasa, domin Tyler yana goyon bayan [[Thomas Jefferson]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=62}}

== Aure da iyali ==
Letitia Christian da John Tyler sun yi aure a Cedar Grove a ranar 29 ga Maris, 1813. Bayan aurensu, sun zauna a gidansu Mons-Sacer, wanda aka gina a kan ƙasar dangin Tyler a Greenway Plantation ta amfani da kuɗin iyali na Kirista;  : 59 Iyayen Letitia sun mutu jim kaɗan bayan auren, wanda hakan ya bar mata gado mai yawa.  : 62 An bar Letitia Tyler ita kaɗai bayan auren, domin an kira mijinta don yin hidima a Yaƙin 1812. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, sun sayar da Mons-Sacer suka gina gidan Woodburn kusa kafin daga baya suka sayi Greenway gaba ɗaya a 1821. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 59 Iyalan Tylers suna da 'ya'ya tara, bakwai daga cikinsu sun tsira daga ƙuruciya: Mary a 1815, Robert a 1816, John III a 1819, Letitia a 1821, Elizabeth a 1823, Alice a 1827, da Tazewell a 1830.  : 111 'Yarsu Anne ta rasu tana jaririya a shekara ta 1825, kuma wani yaro na tara da ba a san sunansa ba ya mutu a lokacin haihuwa a shekara ta 1832. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 63 

'Yan Tyler sun sha wahala da kuɗi a tsawon aurensu,  {{Rp|page=59}}yayin da nauyin kuɗi na renon yara da dama da kuma shiga cikin harkokin zamantakewa na siyasa ya zarce duk wani gado da suka samu.  {{Rp|page=63}}Tyler ta guji shahara a lokacin da mijinta ya hau kan mulki a siyasa, ta fifita nauyin gida fiye da na matar gwamnati.  Tyler ce ke da alhakin kula da gonar yayin da mijinta yake can a Babban Birnin Jihar Virginia, &lt;ref name=&quot;diller&quot; /&gt; sau da yawa tare da taimakon dangi da manajoji da aka ɗauka aiki.  {{Rp|page=145}}Gudanar da gonar, musamman ikonta na kula da harkokin tattalin arziki, ya ba mijinta damar yin tafiya na dogon lokaci, don haka aikinsa na siyasa ya ci gaba.  {{Rp|page=79}}Gudanar da gonar ya haɗa da kula da bayinsu, ciyar da su da kuma saƙa musu tufafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=59}}Babu wani bayani da ya rage game da yadda Tyler ta ji game da bauta ko kuma mallakar bayin mijinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield2&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=145}}

Tyler ta raka mijinta yayin da yake gwamnan Virginia. A matsayinta na matar gwamnan, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a babban birnin jihar, Richmond .  : 59 Duk da nacewar mijinta, ba ta tare da shi a Washington ba lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka .  : 62 Ta zaɓi ta zauna a Virginia, domin gonar tana buƙatar ƙarin kulawa kuma ba ta son zama cikin mummunan yanayi da Washington, DC ta tanadar  Ta raka mijinta zuwa Washington sau ɗaya kawai, a lokacin hunturu na 1828–1829. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 59 Tyler yawanci ta kan yi watsi da mijinta, amma ta yi wani babban bambanci lokacin da ya ba da shawarar a tura babbar 'yarsu zuwa makarantar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], wanda Tyler ya ƙi amincewa da shi.  : 80 

Lafiyar Tyler ba ta da kyau a tsawon rayuwarta, kuma babbar 'yar Tyler, Mary, ita ce ke da alhakin kula da ita lokacin da John ba ya nan. Lafiyar Tyler ta tabarbare sakamakon yawan daukar ciki da kuma nauyin da mijinta ke fuskanta a lokacin da yake nan.  : 146 Zuwa shekarar 1827, rashin lafiyarta ta zama ruwan dare, kuma tana fama da [[ciwon kai]] na yau da kullun. An yi ƙoƙarin magance rashin lafiyarta ta hanyar tafiye-tafiye zuwa bazara na Greenbrier .  : 33 Mijinta ya janye daga siyasa sau biyu, a shekarar 1821 da kuma a shekarar 1836, domin ya kasance kusa da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield2&quot; /&gt; : 146 

Iyalan Tyler sun ƙaura zuwa Williamsburg, Virginia, a cikin 1837.  : 59 A shekara ta 1839, Tyler ta yi fama da bugun jini wanda ya sa ta nakasa, kuma lafiyarta ta tabarbare a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Yawancin lokacinta bayan bugun jini ya ƙare tana karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki da littafin addu'arta . &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 59 A wannan lokacin a rayuwarta, waɗannan su ne littattafai biyu kacal da za ta karanta.  {{Rp|pages=79–89}}Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da kula da harkokin gonar. Bayan da ɗanta Robert ya yi aure, Tyler ya ƙulla alaƙa ta kud da kud da matarsa Priscilla Cooper Tyler . &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 59 

== Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ==
Mutuwar ba zato ba tsammani da Shugaba [[William Henry Harrison]] ya yi a shekarar 1841 ta sa John Tyler ya hau kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa. Lafiyar Letitia Tyler ta sa ba za ta iya tafiyar da Fadar White House ba, kuma ba ta yi tafiya nan take zuwa Washington tare da sauran iyalinta ba. Da ta isa, sai ta zauna a kan kujera a ɗakin zama na sama na Fadar White House.  : 60 Ta sauko sau ɗaya, domin halartar bikin auren 'yarta Elizabeth a watan Janairun 1842.  Wataƙila ta halarci gidan wasan kwaikwayo aƙalla sau ɗaya yayin da take aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa.  : 121 Yayin da take sama, ta ci gaba da karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki da littafin addu'arta. 

Duk da cewa ta riƙe iko kan yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan matar shugaban ƙasa,  {{Rp|page=121}}Tyler ta damka shugabancin Fadar White House ga 'yarta Letitia da kuma nauyin da ke kanta a matsayin mai masaukin baki ga surukarta Priscilla.  Ta kuma taka rawar mai ba mijinta shawara yayin da yake yawan tattauna batutuwa masu wahala na shugabancin kasa da ita. Ta kware sosai a harkokin siyasa don tattauna su dalla-dalla da baƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=121}}Wasu lokutan ana maraba da manyan baƙi zuwa Fadar White House, kamar [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]] da Washington Irving, a sama don tarbarta.  {{Rp|page=60}}

Lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa ta Tyler ta tabarbare a duk tsawon shekarar 1842.  {{Rp|page=60}}Ta sake samun bugun jini a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1842, kuma ta mutu washegari a ranar 10 ga Satumba.  Mutuwarta ta girgiza iyalan Tyler, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ta daidaita.  {{Rp|page=35}}Ita ce mace ta farko da ta mutu yayin da take aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta Amurka, &lt;ref name=&quot;diller&quot; /&gt; kuma ita ce mafi ƙarancin rai fiye da kowace matar shugaban ƙasa ta Amurka, ta mutu tana da shekaru 51.  An yi ta yaɗa jana'izarta a matsayin ta farko ga matar shugaban ƙasa mai ci. Akwatin gawarta yana kwance a ɗakin gabas na Fadar White House, sannan aka ɗauki akwatin gawarta.  {{Rp|page=123}}An binne Tyler a gidan mahaifinta da ke Cedar Grove, kuma an yi wa Fadar White House ado da baƙi na tsawon lokaci na zaman makoki. &lt;ref name=&quot;diller&quot; /&gt;

== Gado ==
 
Tyler ba ta da wani tasiri sosai a shugabancin mijinta, inda aka takaita ta a gidajen zama na Fadar White House. Haka kuma ba ta taka rawar gani a bainar jama'a ba, amma ta ci gaba da samun suna mai kyau duk da yanayin siyasa da mijinta ke ciki.  : 60 Priscilla Cooper Tyler ta tuna da ita a matsayin &quot;mutum mafi son kai da za ka iya tunaninta. Duk da rashin lafiyarta mai tsanani, mahaifiyarta tana kula da kuma kula da dukkan harkokin gida da kuma komai a hankali har ba za ka iya sanin lokacin da za ta yi hakan ba.&quot;  : 62 

Kimantawar farko da masanin tarihi ya yi game da lokacin da Tyler ya yi a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ita ce ta Laura Carter Holloway a shekarar 1870.  : 145 Akwai ƙananan tushe kaɗan game da rayuwar Tyler, tare da yawancin ambatonta da suka rage waɗanda ke cikin wasiƙu tsakanin 'yan uwan Tyler. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield2&quot; /&gt; : 148 Babu ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙun Tyler da ya tsira.  : 62 Saboda rashin iya aikinta na matar shugaban ƙasa, an yi mata kallon mai kula da ita a tarihi, Priscilla Cooper Tyler, &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield2&quot; /&gt; : 148 da matar mijinta ta biyu, Julia Gardiner Tyler . &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield2&quot; /&gt; : 149 

Tyler ta fito ne daga zuriyar mazauna Manx na Virginia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sayle |first=Edward |date=October 1980 |title=The Manx in American History |url=http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/famhist/v02n4.htm |journal=Isle of Man Family History Society Journal |volume=2 |issue=4 |access-date=April 19, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta bayyana a kan tambarin aika wasiku mai nauyin fam 28 (£0.28) daga Ofishin Wasiku na Isle of Man, wanda aka fitar a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2006, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin kyaututtukan girmama 'yan Amurkan Manx. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=- Isle of Man Post Office Website |url=http://www.gov.im/post/stamps/Viewlargeimage.aspx?file=Manx_Links_With/WashingtonSet.jpg&amp;border=0&amp;alt=WashingtonSet&amp;align= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520001117/http://www.gov.im/post/stamps/Viewlargeimage.aspx?file=Manx_Links_With/WashingtonSet.jpg&amp;border=0&amp;alt=WashingtonSet&amp;align= |archive-date=May 20, 2009 |publisher=Isle of Man Government}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma bayyana a kan tsabar zinare mai nauyin rabin oza da lambar tagulla da Kamfanin Mint na Amurka ya bayar a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2009, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin tsabar kuɗin tunawa da matar aure ta farko . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 Letitia Tyler First Spouse Gold Coin &amp;#124; US Mint Release Information, Price, Mintage |url=http://firstspousecoinguide.com/2009-letitia-tyler-first-spouse-coin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109065623/http://firstspousecoinguide.com/2009-letitia-tyler-first-spouse-coin/ |archive-date=January 9, 2011 |access-date=December 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarar 1982, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta gudanar da bincike lokaci-lokaci tana neman masana tarihi su tantance matan shugabannin Amurka bisa ga jimillar maki kan ka'idojin da suka shafi asalinsu, darajarsu ga ƙasa, hankali, jarumtaka, nasarorin da suka samu, mutuncinsu, shugabanci, kasancewarsu mata, mutuncinsu a bainar jama'a, da kuma darajarsu ga shugaban ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2014 |title=Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor &amp; FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf |access-date=May 16, 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano cewa masana tarihi ba su san &quot;kusan komai game da&quot; Tyler ba.  : 144 A cikin waɗannan binciken, masana tarihi sun sanya ta a cikin jerin mata na farko mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin jerin mata na farko. Dangane da kimantawa ta jimla, an sanya Tyler a cikin jerin:

* 35 ga watan 42 a shekarar 1982 &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2008 |title=Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf |access-date=May 16, 2022 |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 30 ga watan 37 a shekarar 1993 &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2008&quot; /&gt;
* 34 ga watan 38 a shekarar 2003 &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2008&quot; /&gt;
* 35 ga watan 38 a shekarar 2008 &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2008&quot; /&gt;
* 37 ga watan 39 a shekarar 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;2014Siena1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Siena College Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States 2014 FirstLadies2014_Full Rankings.xls |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf |access-date=October 21, 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena College Research Institute/C-SPAN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 37 ga watan 40 a shekarar 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2020results&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Copy of FirstLadies_Full Rankings_working_dl_2.xls |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/First-Ladies-Full-Rankings-2020.pdf |access-date=March 11, 2025 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014, Tyler da mijinta sun kasance a matsayi na 36 cikin 39 na farko ma'aurata dangane da zama &quot;ma'aurata masu ƙarfi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2014 Power Couple Score |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf |access-date=October 9, 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu/ |publisher=Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Letitia Christian Tyler at Find a Grave
* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/11/Letitia-Tyler.aspx Letitia Tyler] at C-SPAN's ''First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp;amp; Image''
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Letitia Christian Tyler (12 ga Nuwamba, 1790 - 10 ga Satumba, 1842) ita ce matar shugaban ƙasar Amurka daga 1841 zuwa 1842 a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa John Tyler ta farko. Bayan sun haɗu a 1808, su biyun sun yi aure a 1813. Tyler ta kula da gonarsu a Virginia yayin da mijinta ya ci gaba da harkokin siyasa a babban birnin jihar da kuma Washington, DC, tare da shi kawai lokacin da yake gwamnan Virginia . Ta yi fama da bugun jini a 1839 wanda ya sa ta nakasa har abada.

Tyler ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta biyu a Amurka lokacin da mijinta ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1841, kuma ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa lokacin da Shugaba William Henry Harrison ya mutu a wata mai zuwa kuma mijinta ya hau kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa. Tyler ba ta iya gudanar da ayyukan uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ba saboda lafiyarta, inda ta tura su ga surukarta Priscilla Cooper Tyler . Ta mutu sakamakon bugun jini na biyu a shekarar 1842, ta zama mutum na farko da ya mutu yayin da take aiki a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa a Amurka. Tyler ba ta taka rawa a shugabancin mijinta ba, amma ta ci gaba da samun suna mai kyau a tsakanin jama'ar Amurka.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Letitia Christian a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1790, a gonar Cedar Grove da ke gundumar New Kent, Virginia . Ita ce 'ya ta bakwai  : 109 na Mary (née Browne) da Robert Christian, wani mai arziki mai shuka  : 58–59 wanda yake da alaƙa mai kyau da manyan 'yan siyasa na ƙasar, ciki har da Shugaba [[George Washington]] .  : 61 An rene ta a matsayin mai ibada ta Episcopal, kuma ta bi ƙa'idodin lokacin da suka shafi ibada da tsarki.  : 79 Christian ba ta sami ilimin boko ba, amma an koya mata yadda ake zama uwargidan wani lambun Kudu. 

Iyalan Kirista da Tyler sun saba da juna, kuma Christian ya haɗu da John Tyler a lokacin da yake ziyara a 1808. Sun fara soyayya inda Tyler yakan tsaya ya ziyarce ta yayin da take tafiya zuwa babban birnin jihar.  {{Rp|page=62}}Zaman soyayyarsu na shekaru biyar ya tsaya cak, kuma makonni uku kafin auren ne Tyler ya fara sumbatarta - a hannu. A cikin wasiƙar soyayyarsa ɗaya tilo da ta rage a gare ta, wacce aka rubuta watanni kaɗan kafin aurensu, Tyler ya yi mata alƙawarin, &quot;Ko na yi iyo ko na nutse cikin kogin arziki, za ki iya tabbatar da hakan, cewa ba zan daina ƙaunarki ba.&quot;   Mahaifin Christian ya yi adawa da Tyler saboda dalilai na siyasa, domin Tyler yana goyon bayan [[Thomas Jefferson]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=62}}

== Aure da iyali ==
Letitia Christian da John Tyler sun yi aure a Cedar Grove a ranar 29 ga Maris, 1813. Bayan aurensu, sun zauna a gidansu Mons-Sacer, wanda aka gina a kan ƙasar dangin Tyler a Greenway Plantation ta amfani da kuɗin iyali na Kirista;  : 59 Iyayen Letitia sun mutu jim kaɗan bayan auren, wanda hakan ya bar mata gado mai yawa.  : 62 An bar Letitia Tyler ita kaɗai bayan auren, domin an kira mijinta don yin hidima a Yaƙin 1812. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, sun sayar da Mons-Sacer suka gina gidan Woodburn kusa kafin daga baya suka sayi Greenway gaba ɗaya a 1821. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 59 Iyalan Tylers suna da 'ya'ya tara, bakwai daga cikinsu sun tsira daga ƙuruciya: Mary a 1815, Robert a 1816, John III a 1819, Letitia a 1821, Elizabeth a 1823, Alice a 1827, da Tazewell a 1830.  : 111 'Yarsu Anne ta rasu tana jaririya a shekara ta 1825, kuma wani yaro na tara da ba a san sunansa ba ya mutu a lokacin haihuwa a shekara ta 1832. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; : 63 

'Yan Tyler sun sha wahala da kuɗi a tsawon aurensu,  {{Rp|page=59}}yayin da nauyin kuɗi na renon yara da dama da kuma shiga cikin harkokin zamantakewa na siyasa ya zarce duk wani gado da suka samu.  {{Rp|page=63}}Tyler ta guji shahara a lokacin da mijinta ya hau kan mulki a siyasa, ta fifita nauyin gida fiye da na matar gwamnati.  Tyler ce ke da alhakin kula da gonar yayin da mijinta yake can a Babban Birnin Jihar Virginia, &lt;ref name=&quot;diller&quot; /&gt; sau da yawa tare da taimakon dangi da manajoji da aka ɗauka aiki.  {{Rp|page=145}}Gudanar da gonar, musamman ikonta na kula da harkokin tattalin arziki, ya ba mijinta damar yin tafiya na dogon lokaci, don haka aikinsa na siyasa ya ci gaba.  {{Rp|page=79}}Gudanar da gonar ya haɗa da kula da bayinsu, ciyar da su da kuma saƙa musu tufafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=59}}Babu wani bayani da ya rage game da yadda Tyler ta ji game da bauta ko kuma mallakar bayin mijinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield2&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=145}}

Tyler ta raka mijinta yayin da yake gwamnan Virginia. A matsayinta na matar gwamnan, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a babban birnin jihar, Richmond .  : 59 Duk da nacewar mijinta, ba ta tare da shi a Washington ba lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka .  : 62 Ta zaɓi ta zauna a Virginia, domin gonar tana buƙatar ƙarin kulawa kuma ba ta son zama cikin mummunan yanayi da Washington, DC ta tanadar  Ta raka mijinta zuwa Washington sau ɗaya kawai, a lokacin hunturu na 1828–1829. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 59 Tyler yawanci ta kan yi watsi da mijinta, amma ta yi wani babban bambanci lokacin da ya ba da shawarar a tura babbar 'yarsu zuwa makarantar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], wanda Tyler ya ƙi amincewa da shi.  : 80 

Lafiyar Tyler ba ta da kyau a tsawon rayuwarta, kuma babbar 'yar Tyler, Mary, ita ce ke da alhakin kula da ita lokacin da John ba ya nan. Lafiyar Tyler ta tabarbare sakamakon yawan daukar ciki da kuma nauyin da mijinta ke fuskanta a lokacin da yake nan.  : 146 Zuwa shekarar 1827, rashin lafiyarta ta zama ruwan dare, kuma tana fama da [[ciwon kai]] na yau da kullun. An yi ƙoƙarin magance rashin lafiyarta ta hanyar tafiye-tafiye zuwa bazara na Greenbrier .  : 33 Mijinta ya janye daga siyasa sau biyu, a shekarar 1821 da kuma a shekarar 1836, domin ya kasance kusa da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield2&quot; /&gt; : 146 

Iyalan Tyler sun ƙaura zuwa Williamsburg, Virginia, a cikin 1837.  : 59 A shekara ta 1839, Tyler ta yi fama da bugun jini wanda ya sa ta nakasa, kuma lafiyarta ta tabarbare a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Yawancin lokacinta bayan bugun jini ya ƙare tana karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki da littafin addu'arta . &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 59 A wannan lokacin a rayuwarta, waɗannan su ne littattafai biyu kacal da za ta karanta.  {{Rp|pages=79–89}}Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da kula da harkokin gonar. Bayan da ɗanta Robert ya yi aure, Tyler ya ƙulla alaƙa ta kud da kud da matarsa Priscilla Cooper Tyler . &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 59 

== Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ==
Mutuwar ba zato ba tsammani da Shugaba [[William Henry Harrison]] ya yi a shekarar 1841 ta sa John Tyler ya hau kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa. Lafiyar Letitia Tyler ta sa ba za ta iya tafiyar da Fadar White House ba, kuma ba ta yi tafiya nan take zuwa Washington tare da sauran iyalinta ba. Da ta isa, sai ta zauna a kan kujera a ɗakin zama na sama na Fadar White House.  : 60 Ta sauko sau ɗaya, domin halartar bikin auren 'yarta Elizabeth a watan Janairun 1842.  Wataƙila ta halarci gidan wasan kwaikwayo aƙalla sau ɗaya yayin da take aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa.  : 121 Yayin da take sama, ta ci gaba da karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki da littafin addu'arta. 

Duk da cewa ta riƙe iko kan yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan matar shugaban ƙasa,  {{Rp|page=121}}Tyler ta damka shugabancin Fadar White House ga 'yarta Letitia da kuma nauyin da ke kanta a matsayin mai masaukin baki ga surukarta Priscilla.  Ta kuma taka rawar mai ba mijinta shawara yayin da yake yawan tattauna batutuwa masu wahala na shugabancin kasa da ita. Ta kware sosai a harkokin siyasa don tattauna su dalla-dalla da baƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=121}}Wasu lokutan ana maraba da manyan baƙi zuwa Fadar White House, kamar [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]] da Washington Irving, a sama don tarbarta.  {{Rp|page=60}}

Lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa ta Tyler ta tabarbare a duk tsawon shekarar 1842.  {{Rp|page=60}}Ta sake samun bugun jini a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1842, kuma ta mutu washegari a ranar 10 ga Satumba.  Mutuwarta ta girgiza iyalan Tyler, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ta daidaita.  {{Rp|page=35}}Ita ce mace ta farko da ta mutu yayin da take aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta Amurka, &lt;ref name=&quot;diller&quot; /&gt; kuma ita ce mafi ƙarancin rai fiye da kowace matar shugaban ƙasa ta Amurka, ta mutu tana da shekaru 51.  An yi ta yaɗa jana'izarta a matsayin ta farko ga matar shugaban ƙasa mai ci. Akwatin gawarta yana kwance a ɗakin gabas na Fadar White House, sannan aka ɗauki akwatin gawarta.  {{Rp|page=123}}An binne Tyler a gidan mahaifinta da ke Cedar Grove, kuma an yi wa Fadar White House ado da baƙi na tsawon lokaci na zaman makoki. &lt;ref name=&quot;diller&quot; /&gt;

== Gado ==
 
Tyler ba ta da wani tasiri sosai a shugabancin mijinta, inda aka takaita ta a gidajen zama na Fadar White House. Haka kuma ba ta taka rawar gani a bainar jama'a ba, amma ta ci gaba da samun suna mai kyau duk da yanayin siyasa da mijinta ke ciki.  : 60 Priscilla Cooper Tyler ta tuna da ita a matsayin &quot;mutum mafi son kai da za ka iya tunaninta. Duk da rashin lafiyarta mai tsanani, mahaifiyarta tana kula da kuma kula da dukkan harkokin gida da kuma komai a hankali har ba za ka iya sanin lokacin da za ta yi hakan ba.&quot;  : 62 

Kimantawar farko da masanin tarihi ya yi game da lokacin da Tyler ya yi a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ita ce ta Laura Carter Holloway a shekarar 1870.  : 145 Akwai ƙananan tushe kaɗan game da rayuwar Tyler, tare da yawancin ambatonta da suka rage waɗanda ke cikin wasiƙu tsakanin 'yan uwan Tyler. &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield2&quot; /&gt; : 148 Babu ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙun Tyler da ya tsira.  : 62 Saboda rashin iya aikinta na matar shugaban ƙasa, an yi mata kallon mai kula da ita a tarihi, Priscilla Cooper Tyler, &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield2&quot; /&gt; : 148 da matar mijinta ta biyu, Julia Gardiner Tyler . &lt;ref name=&quot;scofield2&quot; /&gt; : 149 

Tyler ta fito ne daga zuriyar mazauna Manx na Virginia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sayle |first=Edward |date=October 1980 |title=The Manx in American History |url=http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/famhist/v02n4.htm |journal=Isle of Man Family History Society Journal |volume=2 |issue=4 |access-date=April 19, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta bayyana a kan tambarin aika wasiku mai nauyin fam 28 (£0.28) daga Ofishin Wasiku na Isle of Man, wanda aka fitar a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2006, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin kyaututtukan girmama 'yan Amurkan Manx. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=- Isle of Man Post Office Website |url=http://www.gov.im/post/stamps/Viewlargeimage.aspx?file=Manx_Links_With/WashingtonSet.jpg&amp;border=0&amp;alt=WashingtonSet&amp;align= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520001117/http://www.gov.im/post/stamps/Viewlargeimage.aspx?file=Manx_Links_With/WashingtonSet.jpg&amp;border=0&amp;alt=WashingtonSet&amp;align= |archive-date=May 20, 2009 |publisher=Isle of Man Government}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma bayyana a kan tsabar zinare mai nauyin rabin oza da lambar tagulla da Kamfanin Mint na Amurka ya bayar a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2009, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin tsabar kuɗin tunawa da matar aure ta farko . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 Letitia Tyler First Spouse Gold Coin &amp;#124; US Mint Release Information, Price, Mintage |url=http://firstspousecoinguide.com/2009-letitia-tyler-first-spouse-coin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109065623/http://firstspousecoinguide.com/2009-letitia-tyler-first-spouse-coin/ |archive-date=January 9, 2011 |access-date=December 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarar 1982, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta gudanar da bincike lokaci-lokaci tana neman masana tarihi su tantance matan shugabannin Amurka bisa ga jimillar maki kan ka'idojin da suka shafi asalinsu, darajarsu ga ƙasa, hankali, jarumtaka, nasarorin da suka samu, mutuncinsu, shugabanci, kasancewarsu mata, mutuncinsu a bainar jama'a, da kuma darajarsu ga shugaban ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2014 |title=Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor &amp; FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf |access-date=May 16, 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano cewa masana tarihi ba su san &quot;kusan komai game da&quot; Tyler ba.  : 144 A cikin waɗannan binciken, masana tarihi sun sanya ta a cikin jerin mata na farko mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin jerin mata na farko. Dangane da kimantawa ta jimla, an sanya Tyler a cikin jerin:

* 35 ga watan 42 a shekarar 1982 &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2008 |title=Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf |access-date=May 16, 2022 |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 30 ga watan 37 a shekarar 1993 &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2008&quot; /&gt;
* 34 ga watan 38 a shekarar 2003 &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2008&quot; /&gt;
* 35 ga watan 38 a shekarar 2008 &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2008&quot; /&gt;
* 37 ga watan 39 a shekarar 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;2014Siena1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Siena College Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States 2014 FirstLadies2014_Full Rankings.xls |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf |access-date=October 21, 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena College Research Institute/C-SPAN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 37 ga watan 40 a shekarar 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;Siena2020results&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Copy of FirstLadies_Full Rankings_working_dl_2.xls |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/First-Ladies-Full-Rankings-2020.pdf |access-date=March 11, 2025 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014, Tyler da mijinta sun kasance a matsayi na 36 cikin 39 na farko ma'aurata dangane da zama &quot;ma'aurata masu ƙarfi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2014 Power Couple Score |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf |access-date=October 9, 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu/ |publisher=Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Letitia Christian Tyler at Find a Grave
* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/11/Letitia-Tyler.aspx Letitia Tyler] at C-SPAN's ''First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp;amp; Image''
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'''Linda Bebko-Jones''' (1 ga Mayu, 1946 - 20 ga Nuwamba, 2011) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka wadda ta wakilci gundumar farko ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania, wacce ta ƙunshi sassan gundumar Erie .

== Na Kai ==
An haifi Linda Bebko a Erie, Pennsylvania, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Villa Maria a shekarar 1964. &lt;ref name=&quot;official&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Bebko-Jones (Democrat) |url=http://www2.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/memberinfo/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020913032445/http://www2.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/memberinfo/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=1 |archive-date=September 13, 2002 |website=Official Pennsylvania House of Representatives Profile |publisher=Pennsylvania House of Representatives}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Erie daga 1964 zuwa 1965. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Bebko-Jones |url=http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=9084 |access-date=February 29, 2008 |publisher=[[Project Vote Smart]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin ta zama jami'ar zaɓe, ta shafe lokaci tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan barasa da miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma ta ce ita ma mashayi ce a baya.  Daga baya, ta kasance darakta a ƙungiyar Women Against Sexual Harassment daga 1989 zuwa 1992 kuma ma'aikaciyar shari'a a Community House for Women daga 1990 zuwa 1991. Aikinta a siyasa ya fara ne da aikin mataimakiyar gudanarwa ga Sanata A. Buzz Andrezeski na Jihar Pennsylvania daga 1984 zuwa 1989, inda ta koma aiki a matsayin mai shari'a ga tsohon Sanata Harris Wofford na Amurka a 1990. Mijinta, Tom Jones, ya mutu a 2001 bayan ya kamu da cutar kansar makogwaro da wuya. &lt;ref name=&quot;petition&quot; /&gt; Ta rasu a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2011, tana da shekaru 65. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Bebko-Jones Obituary: View Linda Bebko-Jones's Obituary by Erie Times-News |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/erietimesnews/obituary.aspx?n=linda-bebko-jones&amp;pid=154715998&amp;fhid=5610 |access-date=November 25, 2011 |publisher=Legacy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
An fara zaɓen Bebko-Jones don wakiltar Gundumar 1 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania a shekarar 1992, inda ta kayar da Ken Kruszewski, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat na farko a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. Ta ci gaba da kayar da Jerry Knight, ɗan jam'iyyar Republican, mai taimaka wa ɗan majalisar wakilai Phil English,  a babban zaɓen da ƙuri'u 1,100.  Bebko-Jones ta lashe zaɓen 1994 cikin sauƙi da ƙuri'u sama da 5,000 akan Jerry Podolsky. &lt;ref name=&quot;formality&quot; /&gt; A shekarun 1996 da 2000, ta sake tsayawa takara ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma a shekarar 1998, ta yi nasara bayan abokin hamayyarta na jam'iyyar Republican ya janye takarar ya yi ƙoƙarin janyewa daga zaɓen. 

=== Zaɓen 2004 ===
A zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2004, Bebko-Jones ta fuskanci Jim Herdzik. Kalubalen da ya fuskanta ya zo ne bayan wata badakala da ta shafi gobara a ofishin gundumarta. Nan da nan bayan gobarar, an sami rahotannin cewa Bebko-Jones ta bar sigari a ofishin.  Jami'in kashe gobara bai taba tantance musabbabin ba, sai dai kawai ya ce ba da gangan ba ne.  Bayan an yi gyaran ofishin, Bebko-Jones ta fice kafin karewar haya, tana mai ikirarin cewa iskar da ke cikin ginin ba ta da lafiya. Daga ƙarshe, mai gidanta ya amince da sulhu da jihar a kan kuɗin mai biyan haraji.   Herdzik ma ta yi hayar tsohon ofishin a matsayin hedikwatar kamfen, wanda hakan ya nuna abin da ya faru. A ranar zaɓe, Bebko-Jones ta yi nasara cikin sauƙi da kashi 60% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=2004 General Primary- Representative in the General Assembly |url=http://www.electionreturns.state.pa.us/ElectionsInformation.aspx?FunctionID=13&amp;ElectionID=10&amp;OfficeID=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127131344/http://www.electionreturns.state.pa.us/ElectionsInformation.aspx?FunctionID=13&amp;ElectionID=10&amp;OfficeID=13 |archive-date=November 27, 2008 |website=Commonwealth of PA – Elections Information |publisher=Pennsylvania Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Magajin Garin Erie ===
A shekarar 2005, ta tsaya takarar magajin garin Erie a kan Rick Filippi mai ci, wanda aka tuhume shi da laifukan cin hanci da rashawa.  Bebko-Jones ya zo na uku a takarar, bayan Joseph Sinnott wanda ya zama magajin gari. 

== Ritaya da tuhuma ==
An tilasta wa Bebko-Jones janyewa daga zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2006 lokacin da aka yi tambayoyi kan ingancin takardun neman tsayawa takara. &lt;ref name=&quot;petition&quot; /&gt; Pat Harkins ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani kuma ta ci gaba da lashe zaɓen gama gari. 

A watan Nuwamba na 2007, an kira babban alkalai a duk fadin jihar domin su binciki rashin daidaito a cikin takardun neman tsayawa takarar Bebko-Jone don zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2006. A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2007, Babban Lauyan Pennsylvania Tom Corbett ya tuhumi Bebko-Jones da tsohon shugaban ma'aikatanta da laifin yin jabun takardun neman tsayawa takara da kuma mika fom din bogi ga Sakataren Commonwealth .   

A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2008, Bebko-Jones da tsohuwar shugabar ma'aikatanta Mary B. Fiolek kowannensu ya amsa laifin aikata laifukan da suka shafi ƙirƙira da gabatar da sa hannu na ƙarya da kuma makircin aikata laifuka. An umarci Jones da ya yi aikin hidimar al'umma na awanni 200 da kuma Fiolek na awanni 100.

A shekara ta 2007, an bayyana cewa Bebko-Jones, a matsayinta na mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ta halarci [[wiktionary:junket|tafiye-tafiyen]] horo na majalisa a madadin jama'a bayan shan kaye. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]]</text>
      <sha1>d1ntzxfvgoxrk34o5cfmr82fojp1lny</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816530</id>
      <parentid>816529</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:49:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816530</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5632" sha1="r5qkdzpk8rsxfd62fovlcscxwdcnvv5" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Linda Bebko-Jones''' (1 ga Mayu, 1946 - 20 ga Nuwamba, 2011) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka wadda ta wakilci gundumar farko ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania, wacce ta ƙunshi sassan gundumar Erie .

== Na Kai ==
An haifi Linda Bebko a Erie, Pennsylvania, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Villa Maria a shekarar 1964. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;official&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Bebko-Jones (Democrat) |url=http://www2.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/memberinfo/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020913032445/http://www2.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/memberinfo/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=1 |archive-date=September 13, 2002 |website=Official Pennsylvania House of Representatives Profile |publisher=Pennsylvania House of Representatives}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Erie daga 1964 zuwa 1965. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Bebko-Jones |url=http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=9084 |access-date=February 29, 2008 |publisher=[[Project Vote Smart]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin ta zama jami'ar zaɓe, ta shafe lokaci tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan barasa da miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma ta ce ita ma mashayi ce a baya.  Daga baya, ta kasance darakta a ƙungiyar Women Against Sexual Harassment daga 1989 zuwa 1992 kuma ma'aikaciyar shari'a a Community House for Women daga 1990 zuwa 1991. Aikinta a siyasa ya fara ne da aikin mataimakiyar gudanarwa ga Sanata A. Buzz Andrezeski na Jihar Pennsylvania daga 1984 zuwa 1989, inda ta koma aiki a matsayin mai shari'a ga tsohon Sanata Harris Wofford na Amurka a 1990. Mijinta, Tom Jones, ya mutu a 2001 bayan ya kamu da cutar kansar makogwaro da wuya. &lt;ref name=&quot;petition&quot; /&gt; Ta rasu a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2011, tana da shekaru 65. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Bebko-Jones Obituary: View Linda Bebko-Jones's Obituary by Erie Times-News |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/erietimesnews/obituary.aspx?n=linda-bebko-jones&amp;pid=154715998&amp;fhid=5610 |access-date=November 25, 2011 |publisher=Legacy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
An fara zaɓen Bebko-Jones don wakiltar Gundumar 1 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania a shekarar 1992, inda ta kayar da Ken Kruszewski, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat na farko a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. Ta ci gaba da kayar da Jerry Knight, ɗan jam'iyyar Republican, mai taimaka wa ɗan majalisar wakilai Phil English,  a babban zaɓen da ƙuri'u 1,100.  Bebko-Jones ta lashe zaɓen 1994 cikin sauƙi da ƙuri'u sama da 5,000 akan Jerry Podolsky. &lt;ref name=&quot;formality&quot; /&gt; A shekarun 1996 da 2000, ta sake tsayawa takara ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma a shekarar 1998, ta yi nasara bayan abokin hamayyarta na jam'iyyar Republican ya janye takarar ya yi ƙoƙarin janyewa daga zaɓen. 

=== Zaɓen 2004 ===
A zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2004, Bebko-Jones ta fuskanci Jim Herdzik. Kalubalen da ya fuskanta ya zo ne bayan wata badakala da ta shafi gobara a ofishin gundumarta. Nan da nan bayan gobarar, an sami rahotannin cewa Bebko-Jones ta bar sigari a ofishin.  Jami'in kashe gobara bai taba tantance musabbabin ba, sai dai kawai ya ce ba da gangan ba ne.  Bayan an yi gyaran ofishin, Bebko-Jones ta fice kafin karewar haya, tana mai ikirarin cewa iskar da ke cikin ginin ba ta da lafiya. Daga ƙarshe, mai gidanta ya amince da sulhu da jihar a kan kuɗin mai biyan haraji.   Herdzik ma ta yi hayar tsohon ofishin a matsayin hedikwatar kamfen, wanda hakan ya nuna abin da ya faru. A ranar zaɓe, Bebko-Jones ta yi nasara cikin sauƙi da kashi 60% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=2004 General Primary- Representative in the General Assembly |url=http://www.electionreturns.state.pa.us/ElectionsInformation.aspx?FunctionID=13&amp;ElectionID=10&amp;OfficeID=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127131344/http://www.electionreturns.state.pa.us/ElectionsInformation.aspx?FunctionID=13&amp;ElectionID=10&amp;OfficeID=13 |archive-date=November 27, 2008 |website=Commonwealth of PA – Elections Information |publisher=Pennsylvania Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Magajin Garin Erie ===
A shekarar 2005, ta tsaya takarar magajin garin Erie a kan Rick Filippi mai ci, wanda aka tuhume shi da laifukan cin hanci da rashawa.  Bebko-Jones ya zo na uku a takarar, bayan Joseph Sinnott wanda ya zama magajin gari. 

== Ritaya da tuhuma ==
An tilasta wa Bebko-Jones janyewa daga zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2006 lokacin da aka yi tambayoyi kan ingancin takardun neman tsayawa takara. &lt;ref name=&quot;petition&quot; /&gt; Pat Harkins ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani kuma ta ci gaba da lashe zaɓen gama gari. 

A watan Nuwamba na 2007, an kira babban alkalai a duk fadin jihar domin su binciki rashin daidaito a cikin takardun neman tsayawa takarar Bebko-Jone don zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2006. A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2007, Babban Lauyan Pennsylvania Tom Corbett ya tuhumi Bebko-Jones da tsohon shugaban ma'aikatanta da laifin yin jabun takardun neman tsayawa takara da kuma mika fom din bogi ga Sakataren Commonwealth .   

A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2008, Bebko-Jones da tsohuwar shugabar ma'aikatanta Mary B. Fiolek kowannensu ya amsa laifin aikata laifukan da suka shafi ƙirƙira da gabatar da sa hannu na ƙarya da kuma makircin aikata laifuka. An umarci Jones da ya yi aikin hidimar al'umma na awanni 200 da kuma Fiolek na awanni 100.

A shekara ta 2007, an bayyana cewa Bebko-Jones, a matsayinta na mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ta halarci [[wiktionary:junket|tafiye-tafiyen]] horo na majalisa a madadin jama'a bayan shan kaye. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]]</text>
      <sha1>r5qkdzpk8rsxfd62fovlcscxwdcnvv5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816531</id>
      <parentid>816530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:49:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Na Kai */</comment>
      <origin>816531</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5609" sha1="2cxtlk37ew8a7k0166zlvxaasbmtdew" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Linda Bebko-Jones''' (1 ga Mayu, 1946 - 20 ga Nuwamba, 2011) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka wadda ta wakilci gundumar farko ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania, wacce ta ƙunshi sassan gundumar Erie .

== Na Kai ==
An haifi Linda Bebko a Erie, Pennsylvania, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Villa Maria a shekarar 1964. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;official&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Bebko-Jones (Democrat) |url=http://www2.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/memberinfo/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020913032445/http://www2.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/memberinfo/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=1 |archive-date=September 13, 2002 |website=Official Pennsylvania House of Representatives Profile |publisher=Pennsylvania House of Representatives}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Erie daga 1964 zuwa 1965. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Bebko-Jones |url=http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=9084 |access-date=February 29, 2008 |publisher=[[Project Vote Smart]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin ta zama jami'ar zaɓe, ta shafe lokaci tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan barasa da miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma ta ce ita ma mashayi ce a baya.  Daga baya, ta kasance darakta a ƙungiyar Women Against Sexual Harassment daga 1989 zuwa 1992 kuma ma'aikaciyar shari'a a Community House for Women daga 1990 zuwa 1991. Aikinta a siyasa ya fara ne da aikin mataimakiyar gudanarwa ga Sanata A. Buzz Andrezeski na Jihar Pennsylvania daga 1984 zuwa 1989, inda ta koma aiki a matsayin mai shari'a ga tsohon Sanata Harris Wofford na Amurka a 1990. Mijinta, Tom Jones, ya mutu a 2001 bayan ya kamu da cutar kansar makogwaro da wuya.  Ta rasu a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2011, tana da shekaru 65. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Bebko-Jones Obituary: View Linda Bebko-Jones's Obituary by Erie Times-News |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/erietimesnews/obituary.aspx?n=linda-bebko-jones&amp;pid=154715998&amp;fhid=5610 |access-date=November 25, 2011 |publisher=Legacy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
An fara zaɓen Bebko-Jones don wakiltar Gundumar 1 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania a shekarar 1992, inda ta kayar da Ken Kruszewski, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat na farko a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. Ta ci gaba da kayar da Jerry Knight, ɗan jam'iyyar Republican, mai taimaka wa ɗan majalisar wakilai Phil English,  a babban zaɓen da ƙuri'u 1,100.  Bebko-Jones ta lashe zaɓen 1994 cikin sauƙi da ƙuri'u sama da 5,000 akan Jerry Podolsky. &lt;ref name=&quot;formality&quot; /&gt; A shekarun 1996 da 2000, ta sake tsayawa takara ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma a shekarar 1998, ta yi nasara bayan abokin hamayyarta na jam'iyyar Republican ya janye takarar ya yi ƙoƙarin janyewa daga zaɓen. 

=== Zaɓen 2004 ===
A zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2004, Bebko-Jones ta fuskanci Jim Herdzik. Kalubalen da ya fuskanta ya zo ne bayan wata badakala da ta shafi gobara a ofishin gundumarta. Nan da nan bayan gobarar, an sami rahotannin cewa Bebko-Jones ta bar sigari a ofishin.  Jami'in kashe gobara bai taba tantance musabbabin ba, sai dai kawai ya ce ba da gangan ba ne.  Bayan an yi gyaran ofishin, Bebko-Jones ta fice kafin karewar haya, tana mai ikirarin cewa iskar da ke cikin ginin ba ta da lafiya. Daga ƙarshe, mai gidanta ya amince da sulhu da jihar a kan kuɗin mai biyan haraji.   Herdzik ma ta yi hayar tsohon ofishin a matsayin hedikwatar kamfen, wanda hakan ya nuna abin da ya faru. A ranar zaɓe, Bebko-Jones ta yi nasara cikin sauƙi da kashi 60% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=2004 General Primary- Representative in the General Assembly |url=http://www.electionreturns.state.pa.us/ElectionsInformation.aspx?FunctionID=13&amp;ElectionID=10&amp;OfficeID=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127131344/http://www.electionreturns.state.pa.us/ElectionsInformation.aspx?FunctionID=13&amp;ElectionID=10&amp;OfficeID=13 |archive-date=November 27, 2008 |website=Commonwealth of PA – Elections Information |publisher=Pennsylvania Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Magajin Garin Erie ===
A shekarar 2005, ta tsaya takarar magajin garin Erie a kan Rick Filippi mai ci, wanda aka tuhume shi da laifukan cin hanci da rashawa.  Bebko-Jones ya zo na uku a takarar, bayan Joseph Sinnott wanda ya zama magajin gari. 

== Ritaya da tuhuma ==
An tilasta wa Bebko-Jones janyewa daga zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2006 lokacin da aka yi tambayoyi kan ingancin takardun neman tsayawa takara. &lt;ref name=&quot;petition&quot; /&gt; Pat Harkins ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani kuma ta ci gaba da lashe zaɓen gama gari. 

A watan Nuwamba na 2007, an kira babban alkalai a duk fadin jihar domin su binciki rashin daidaito a cikin takardun neman tsayawa takarar Bebko-Jone don zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2006. A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2007, Babban Lauyan Pennsylvania Tom Corbett ya tuhumi Bebko-Jones da tsohon shugaban ma'aikatanta da laifin yin jabun takardun neman tsayawa takara da kuma mika fom din bogi ga Sakataren Commonwealth .   

A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2008, Bebko-Jones da tsohuwar shugabar ma'aikatanta Mary B. Fiolek kowannensu ya amsa laifin aikata laifukan da suka shafi ƙirƙira da gabatar da sa hannu na ƙarya da kuma makircin aikata laifuka. An umarci Jones da ya yi aikin hidimar al'umma na awanni 200 da kuma Fiolek na awanni 100.

A shekara ta 2007, an bayyana cewa Bebko-Jones, a matsayinta na mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ta halarci [[wiktionary:junket|tafiye-tafiyen]] horo na majalisa a madadin jama'a bayan shan kaye. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]]</text>
      <sha1>2cxtlk37ew8a7k0166zlvxaasbmtdew</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sharon Beasley-Teague</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147131</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816534</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:53:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345086206|Sharon Beasley-Teague]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816534</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11862" sha1="dgrtwg3ju9xyj7zzbjhjrt5g9cev6hi" xml:space="preserve">'''Sharon Beasley-Teague''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1952) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka daga [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] . Ita 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat ce kuma 'yar majalisar wakilai ta Georgia ce mai wakiltar gundumar 65 ta jihar . &lt;ref name=&quot;Georgia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Representative Sharon Beasley-Teague |url=http://www.womenlegislators.org/about/bio.php?id=372 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507035333/http://www.womenlegislators.org/about/bio.php?id=372 |archive-date=May 7, 2014 |access-date=December 7, 2012 |publisher=National Foundation for Women Legislators}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, Mandisha Thomas ta kayar da ita a zaben fidda gwani. 

== YIlimi ==
Beasley-Teague ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kasuwanci ta Indiana kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Georgia .

== Ayyukan kwamiti ==
A halin yanzu Beasley-Teague yana aiki a cikin kwamitoci masu zuwa: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Georgia General Assembly |url=http://www.house.ga.gov/Representatives/en-US/member.aspx?Member=63&amp;Session=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Wasanni, Kifi, da Wuraren Shakatawa
* Hulɗar Dan Adam da Tsufa
* Sake Raba Kayayyakin Majalisa da na Majalisa
* Hanyoyi da Hanyoyi

== Zaɓe ==
{{Election box begin no change|title=48th district (Post2) 2002 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2002 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2002_0820/house.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=10,853|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=48th district (Post2) 2002 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2002 Georgia General Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2002_1105/house.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=32,901|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=65th district 2004 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2004 Georgia Primary election|url= https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2004_0720/house.htm|access-date= December 19, 2020|archive-date= July 28, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210728094541/https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2004_0720/house.htm|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=3,359|percentage=75.6%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=T.J. COPELAND|votes=1,083|percentage=24.4%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=4,442|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change|title=65th district 2004 Georgia General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2004 Georgia General Election|url= https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2004_1102/house.htm|access-date= December 19, 2020|archive-date= May 1, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210501063233/https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2004_1102/house.htm|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=13,722|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2006 Primary election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2006 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2006_0718/house.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,432|percentage=60.8%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=T.J. Copeland|votes=1,568|percentage=39.2%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=4,000|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2006 General Election &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2006 Georgia General Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2006_1107/swgahouse.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=9,997|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2008 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2008 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2008_0715/swgahouse.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,225|percentage=54.6%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Lewanna Heard|votes=737|percentage=18.1%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sandra B. Hardy|votes=681|percentage=16.7%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Woody Holmes|votes=247|percentage=6.1%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Charles Sharper|votes=186|percentage=4.6%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2008 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2008 Georegia General Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2008_1104/swgahouse.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=25,793|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=25,793|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2010 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2010 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2010_0720/swgahouse.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=3,551|percentage=76.1%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=George Sneed|votes=1,118|percentage=23.9%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2010 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2010 Georgia General Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2010_1102/swgahouse.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=17,656|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2012 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2012 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/40378/95366/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=3,813|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=100%|percentage=3,813}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2012 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2012 Georgia General Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/42277/113204/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=18,793|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=18,793|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2014 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2014 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/51345/132192/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,871|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=2,871|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2014 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2014 Georgia General Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/54042/149045/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=12,579|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2016 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2016 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/60041/174358/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,327|percentage=73.62%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sylvia Wayfer|votes=834|percentage=26.38%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=3,161|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2016 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2016 Georgia General Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/63991/184321/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=19,109|percentage=82.02%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Gordon Rolle|votes=4,190|percentage=17.98%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2018 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2018 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/74658/Web02-state.206999/#/cid/56520}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,907|percentage=55.97%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Mandisha Thomas|votes=2,287|percentage=44.03%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2018 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2018 Georgia General Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/91639/Web02-state.221451/#/cid/56500}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=21,189|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2020 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2020 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/103613/web.255599/#/detail/56520}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=6,141|percentage=49.20%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Mandisha Thomas|votes=4,562|percentage=36.55%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Amber Doss-Hunter|votes=1,779|percentage=14.25%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=12,482%|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2020 General Runoff&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2020 Georgia Primary Election run off|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/104480/web.258506/#/detail/56520}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Mandisha Thomas|votes=3,427|percentage=58.03%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,479|percentage=41.97%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=5,906|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box end}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]</text>
      <sha1>dgrtwg3ju9xyj7zzbjhjrt5g9cev6hi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816535</id>
      <parentid>816534</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T05:54:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816535</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11873" sha1="te2a84je3xhexfbr5zp9ppn3mncazru" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Sharon Beasley-Teague''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1952) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka daga [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] . Ita 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat ce kuma 'yar majalisar wakilai ta Georgia ce mai wakiltar gundumar 65 ta jihar . &lt;ref name=&quot;Georgia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Representative Sharon Beasley-Teague |url=http://www.womenlegislators.org/about/bio.php?id=372 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507035333/http://www.womenlegislators.org/about/bio.php?id=372 |archive-date=May 7, 2014 |access-date=December 7, 2012 |publisher=National Foundation for Women Legislators}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, Mandisha Thomas ta kayar da ita a zaben fidda gwani. 

== YIlimi ==
Beasley-Teague ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kasuwanci ta Indiana kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Georgia .

== Ayyukan kwamiti ==
A halin yanzu Beasley-Teague yana aiki a cikin kwamitoci masu zuwa: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Georgia General Assembly |url=http://www.house.ga.gov/Representatives/en-US/member.aspx?Member=63&amp;Session=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Wasanni, Kifi, da Wuraren Shakatawa
* Hulɗar Dan Adam da Tsufa
* Sake Raba Kayayyakin Majalisa da na Majalisa
* Hanyoyi da Hanyoyi

== Zaɓe ==
{{Election box begin no change|title=48th district (Post2) 2002 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2002 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2002_0820/house.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=10,853|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=48th district (Post2) 2002 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2002 Georgia General Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2002_1105/house.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=32,901|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=65th district 2004 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2004 Georgia Primary election|url= https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2004_0720/house.htm|access-date= December 19, 2020|archive-date= July 28, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210728094541/https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2004_0720/house.htm|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=3,359|percentage=75.6%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=T.J. COPELAND|votes=1,083|percentage=24.4%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=4,442|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change|title=65th district 2004 Georgia General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2004 Georgia General Election|url= https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2004_1102/house.htm|access-date= December 19, 2020|archive-date= May 1, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210501063233/https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2004_1102/house.htm|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=13,722|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2006 Primary election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2006 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2006_0718/house.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,432|percentage=60.8%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=T.J. Copeland|votes=1,568|percentage=39.2%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=4,000|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2006 General Election &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2006 Georgia General Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2006_1107/swgahouse.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=9,997|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2008 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2008 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2008_0715/swgahouse.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,225|percentage=54.6%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Lewanna Heard|votes=737|percentage=18.1%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sandra B. Hardy|votes=681|percentage=16.7%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Woody Holmes|votes=247|percentage=6.1%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Charles Sharper|votes=186|percentage=4.6%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2008 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2008 Georegia General Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2008_1104/swgahouse.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=25,793|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=25,793|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2010 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2010 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2010_0720/swgahouse.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=3,551|percentage=76.1%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=George Sneed|votes=1,118|percentage=23.9%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2010 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2010 Georgia General Election|url=https://sos.ga.gov/elections/election_results/2010_1102/swgahouse.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=17,656|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2012 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2012 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/40378/95366/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=3,813|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=100%|percentage=3,813}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2012 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2012 Georgia General Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/42277/113204/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=18,793|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=18,793|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2014 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2014 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/51345/132192/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,871|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=2,871|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2014 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2014 Georgia General Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/54042/149045/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=12,579|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2016 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2016 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/60041/174358/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,327|percentage=73.62%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sylvia Wayfer|votes=834|percentage=26.38%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=3,161|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2016 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2016 Georgia General Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/63991/184321/en/summary.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=19,109|percentage=82.02%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Gordon Rolle|votes=4,190|percentage=17.98%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2018 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2018 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/74658/Web02-state.206999/#/cid/56520}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,907|percentage=55.97%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Mandisha Thomas|votes=2,287|percentage=44.03%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2018 General Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2018 Georgia General Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/91639/Web02-state.221451/#/cid/56500}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=21,189|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2020 Primary Election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2020 Georgia Primary Election|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/103613/web.255599/#/detail/56520}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=6,141|percentage=49.20%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Mandisha Thomas|votes=4,562|percentage=36.55%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Amber Doss-Hunter|votes=1,779|percentage=14.25%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=12,482%|percentage=100%}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=2020 General Runoff&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 2020 Georgia Primary Election run off|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/104480/web.258506/#/detail/56520}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Mandisha Thomas|votes=3,427|percentage=58.03%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Sharon Beasley-Teague|votes=2,479|percentage=41.97%}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=5,906|percentage=100%}}
{{Election box end}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]</text>
      <sha1>te2a84je3xhexfbr5zp9ppn3mncazru</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Edna Beard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816538</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T06:03:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313724641|Edna Beard]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816538</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9352" sha1="7j1i6e4zb8pv2skcpy9klzb3leto71k" xml:space="preserve">'''Edna Louisa Beard''' (25 ga Yuli, 1877 - 18 ga Satumba, 1928) ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara zama 'yar majalisa a [[Vermont]] ; ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, kuma mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawa ta Vermont . &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Edna Beard |url=http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Vermonttoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyayenta 'yan asalin [[Illinois|Illinois ne]], kuma iyayenta sun fito ne daga Orange, Vermont, kuma sun dawo can a farkon shekarun 1880. An rene Beard kuma ya yi karatu a Orange, ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Spaulding da ke Barre, kuma ya zama malamar makaranta da kuma shugaba. Ta kuma yi aiki a ofisoshi na gida, ciki har da ma'ajin gari, kuma tana gudanar da gonar kiwo tare da haɗin gwiwa da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwanta.

A shekarar 1920, Kwaskwarima ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta ba wa mata damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓukan jihohi da na ƙasa. Beard ta tsaya takarar neman takarar jam'iyyar Republican don wakiltar Orange a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont. Ta sha kaye, daga baya ta nemi tsayawa takara a matsayin 'yar takara ta jam'iyya ta uku. Mata 40 a Orange sun yi rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a tsakanin zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari, kuma sun ba ta isasshen goyon baya don ta doke Beard, wanda ya lashe kujerar kuma ya zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki ta jihar Vermont. Ta yi wa'adi ɗaya, daga 1921 zuwa 1923, kuma a 1922 ta yi nasara a takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha, ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan hukumar. Ta bar siyasa a 1924 saboda rashin lafiya, amma ta ci gaba da aiki a gonarta da kuma cocinta.

Beard bai taɓa yin aure ko haihuwa ba. Ta mutu a Orange, kuma an binne ta a makabartar Orange Center.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Beard a Chenoa, Illinois a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1877, 'yar Royal Edson Beard (1845–1912) da Flora (Curtiss) Beard.  Iyalinta asalinsu daga Orange ne, Vermont, kuma sun koma Orange a 1883.  Ta yi karatu a Orange, kuma ta kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Barre 's Spaulding a 1896. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}}

Beard ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunta a matsayin malamar makaranta, kuma ta koyar a makarantu da dama na yankin. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Ta kasance malamar makaranta kuma mai kula da makarantun garin Orange tun daga shekarar 1906. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar makarantar, ta kasance mataimakiyar mai kula da gidan waya na garin, kuma ta shafe shekaru 16 a matsayin mai kula da ma'aji na gari (1912–1928), bayan ta gaje mukamin bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, wanda shine mai ci. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdna_Louisa_Beard&quot;&gt;Edna Louisa Beard. [http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 &quot;Person Detail&quot;]. Womenshistory.vermont.gov&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Beard bai taba yin aure ko haihuwa ba, kuma ta zauna a gonar kiwo da take aiki tare da dan uwanta Frank. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}}

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Gidan Vermont ===
A shekarar 1920, amincewa da Kwaskwarima ta Sha Tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya ba mata damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓen jiha da na tarayya a Vermont. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdna_Louisa_Beard&quot;&gt;Edna Louisa Beard. [http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 &quot;Person Detail&quot;]. Womenshistory.vermont.gov&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Beard ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, kuma ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da zaɓe a yawancin garuruwan Vermont, da ƙuri'u shida ga Burt L. Richardson. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; Beard ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takara a babban zaɓen bisa layin &quot;Jam'iyyar Jama'a&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari, mata 40 a Orange sun yi rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a a karon farko; a watan Nuwamba, Beard ya kayar da Richardson da ƙuri'u 38, kuma ya zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba ta zaɓin kujeru na farko a Majalisar, kuma, kamar yadda ''Rutland Herald'' ta ruwaito, &quot;Ta zaɓi kujera mai lamba 146, kuma na dogon lokaci babu wani mutum da ke da ƙarfin halin zaɓar kujera mai lamba 145, wanda ke tare da nata. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ &quot;Vermont Women: Edna Beard&quot;]. VPR&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kujerar ta kasance babu kowa na tsawon sama da awa ɗaya har sai da Horatio Luce na Pomfret ya ɗauki ƙarfin halin abokan aikinsa ya zauna kusa da Miss Beard a tsakiyar guguwar dariya da tafi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;

An sanya hannu kan kudirin farko da ta gabatar a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, Dokar 218, ya zama doka. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Edna Beard |url=http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Vermonttoday.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html &quot;Edna Beard&quot;]. Vermonttoday.com. Archived from [http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html the original] on 2013-09-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ &quot;Vermont Women: Edna Beard&quot;]. VPR&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samar da tallafin yara na dala $2 a kowane mako ga matan da mazajensu &quot;suka gaji da rashin lafiya mai tsanani.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot; /&gt; Jawabinta na farko a Majalisar shine na biyu ga sake nada Alkali Stanley C. Wilson zuwa Kotun Koli ta Vermont, wanda labaran labarai na zamani suka nuna cewa an karbe shi da &quot;tafi mai ƙarfi.&quot; {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}}

=== Majalisar Dattawan Vermont ===
A shekarar 1922 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kujerar Orange County a Majalisar Dattawan Vermont, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan hukumar. Ta yi wa'adi ɗaya, daga 1923 zuwa 1925 kuma ta riƙe muƙamin jagoranci a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Laburare na Majalisar Dattawa. Kudirinta na farko mai nasara a matsayin Sanata ya ba wa 'yan majalisar dattawa damar ɗaukar mata a matsayin mataimaka.

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Magoya bayan Beard sun yi kira ga magoya bayansa da su shiga takarar mataimakin gwamna a shekarar 1924, amma sun bar siyasa saboda rashin lafiya. {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}} Ta kasance mai himma a cocin Congregational na yankinta, ciki har da koyar da makarantar Lahadi, rera waƙa a cikin mawaka, da kuma yin aiki a matsayin magatakarda, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da cocin har zuwa mutuwarta. {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}}

== Mutuwa da binnewa ==
Gemu ya mutu a Orange a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1928.  An binne ta a filin dangin Beard a Makabartar Orange Center da ke Orange. 

== Gado ==
An nuna hoton Edna Beard na mai zane Ruth Mould a Fadar Gwamnatin Vermont . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-16 |title=Then again: Vermont's first female lawmaker helped women claim a stake in the Statehouse |url=https://vtdigger.org/2016/10/23/vermonts-first-female-lawmaker-helped-women-claim-stake-statehouse/ |access-date=2016-10-23 |publisher=VTDigger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>7j1i6e4zb8pv2skcpy9klzb3leto71k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816539</id>
      <parentid>816538</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T06:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816539</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9363" sha1="qsr709avikzrg1lh28868o39can5isu" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Edna Louisa Beard''' (25 ga Yuli, 1877 - 18 ga Satumba, 1928) ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara zama 'yar majalisa a [[Vermont]] ; ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, kuma mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawa ta Vermont . &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Edna Beard |url=http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Vermonttoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyayenta 'yan asalin [[Illinois|Illinois ne]], kuma iyayenta sun fito ne daga Orange, Vermont, kuma sun dawo can a farkon shekarun 1880. An rene Beard kuma ya yi karatu a Orange, ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Spaulding da ke Barre, kuma ya zama malamar makaranta da kuma shugaba. Ta kuma yi aiki a ofisoshi na gida, ciki har da ma'ajin gari, kuma tana gudanar da gonar kiwo tare da haɗin gwiwa da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwanta.

A shekarar 1920, Kwaskwarima ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta ba wa mata damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓukan jihohi da na ƙasa. Beard ta tsaya takarar neman takarar jam'iyyar Republican don wakiltar Orange a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont. Ta sha kaye, daga baya ta nemi tsayawa takara a matsayin 'yar takara ta jam'iyya ta uku. Mata 40 a Orange sun yi rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a tsakanin zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari, kuma sun ba ta isasshen goyon baya don ta doke Beard, wanda ya lashe kujerar kuma ya zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki ta jihar Vermont. Ta yi wa'adi ɗaya, daga 1921 zuwa 1923, kuma a 1922 ta yi nasara a takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha, ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan hukumar. Ta bar siyasa a 1924 saboda rashin lafiya, amma ta ci gaba da aiki a gonarta da kuma cocinta.

Beard bai taɓa yin aure ko haihuwa ba. Ta mutu a Orange, kuma an binne ta a makabartar Orange Center.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Beard a Chenoa, Illinois a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1877, 'yar Royal Edson Beard (1845–1912) da Flora (Curtiss) Beard.  Iyalinta asalinsu daga Orange ne, Vermont, kuma sun koma Orange a 1883.  Ta yi karatu a Orange, kuma ta kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Barre 's Spaulding a 1896. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}}

Beard ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunta a matsayin malamar makaranta, kuma ta koyar a makarantu da dama na yankin. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Ta kasance malamar makaranta kuma mai kula da makarantun garin Orange tun daga shekarar 1906. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar makarantar, ta kasance mataimakiyar mai kula da gidan waya na garin, kuma ta shafe shekaru 16 a matsayin mai kula da ma'aji na gari (1912–1928), bayan ta gaje mukamin bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, wanda shine mai ci. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdna_Louisa_Beard&quot;&gt;Edna Louisa Beard. [http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 &quot;Person Detail&quot;]. Womenshistory.vermont.gov&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Beard bai taba yin aure ko haihuwa ba, kuma ta zauna a gonar kiwo da take aiki tare da dan uwanta Frank. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}}

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Gidan Vermont ===
A shekarar 1920, amincewa da Kwaskwarima ta Sha Tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya ba mata damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓen jiha da na tarayya a Vermont. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdna_Louisa_Beard&quot;&gt;Edna Louisa Beard. [http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 &quot;Person Detail&quot;]. Womenshistory.vermont.gov&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Beard ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, kuma ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da zaɓe a yawancin garuruwan Vermont, da ƙuri'u shida ga Burt L. Richardson. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; Beard ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takara a babban zaɓen bisa layin &quot;Jam'iyyar Jama'a&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari, mata 40 a Orange sun yi rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a a karon farko; a watan Nuwamba, Beard ya kayar da Richardson da ƙuri'u 38, kuma ya zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba ta zaɓin kujeru na farko a Majalisar, kuma, kamar yadda ''Rutland Herald'' ta ruwaito, &quot;Ta zaɓi kujera mai lamba 146, kuma na dogon lokaci babu wani mutum da ke da ƙarfin halin zaɓar kujera mai lamba 145, wanda ke tare da nata. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ &quot;Vermont Women: Edna Beard&quot;]. VPR&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kujerar ta kasance babu kowa na tsawon sama da awa ɗaya har sai da Horatio Luce na Pomfret ya ɗauki ƙarfin halin abokan aikinsa ya zauna kusa da Miss Beard a tsakiyar guguwar dariya da tafi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;

An sanya hannu kan kudirin farko da ta gabatar a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, Dokar 218, ya zama doka. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Edna Beard |url=http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Vermonttoday.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html &quot;Edna Beard&quot;]. Vermonttoday.com. Archived from [http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html the original] on 2013-09-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ &quot;Vermont Women: Edna Beard&quot;]. VPR&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samar da tallafin yara na dala $2 a kowane mako ga matan da mazajensu &quot;suka gaji da rashin lafiya mai tsanani.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot; /&gt; Jawabinta na farko a Majalisar shine na biyu ga sake nada Alkali Stanley C. Wilson zuwa Kotun Koli ta Vermont, wanda labaran labarai na zamani suka nuna cewa an karbe shi da &quot;tafi mai ƙarfi.&quot; {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}}

=== Majalisar Dattawan Vermont ===
A shekarar 1922 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kujerar Orange County a Majalisar Dattawan Vermont, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan hukumar. Ta yi wa'adi ɗaya, daga 1923 zuwa 1925 kuma ta riƙe muƙamin jagoranci a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Laburare na Majalisar Dattawa. Kudirinta na farko mai nasara a matsayin Sanata ya ba wa 'yan majalisar dattawa damar ɗaukar mata a matsayin mataimaka.

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Magoya bayan Beard sun yi kira ga magoya bayansa da su shiga takarar mataimakin gwamna a shekarar 1924, amma sun bar siyasa saboda rashin lafiya. {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}} Ta kasance mai himma a cocin Congregational na yankinta, ciki har da koyar da makarantar Lahadi, rera waƙa a cikin mawaka, da kuma yin aiki a matsayin magatakarda, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da cocin har zuwa mutuwarta. {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}}

== Mutuwa da binnewa ==
Gemu ya mutu a Orange a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1928.  An binne ta a filin dangin Beard a Makabartar Orange Center da ke Orange. 

== Gado ==
An nuna hoton Edna Beard na mai zane Ruth Mould a Fadar Gwamnatin Vermont . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-16 |title=Then again: Vermont's first female lawmaker helped women claim a stake in the Statehouse |url=https://vtdigger.org/2016/10/23/vermonts-first-female-lawmaker-helped-women-claim-stake-statehouse/ |access-date=2016-10-23 |publisher=VTDigger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>qsr709avikzrg1lh28868o39can5isu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816540</id>
      <parentid>816539</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T06:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816540</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9365" sha1="dtdmefpx7fn0ohuh4mgfxm7x5knln2i" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Edna Louisa Beard''' (25 ga Yuli, 1877 - 18 ga Satumba, 1928) ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara zama 'yar majalisa a [[Vermont]] ; ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, kuma mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawa ta Vermont . &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Edna Beard |url=http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Vermonttoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyayenta 'yan asalin [[Illinois|Illinois ne]], kuma iyayenta sun fito ne daga Orange, Vermont, kuma sun dawo can a farkon shekarun 1880. An rene Beard kuma ya yi karatu a Orange, ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Spaulding da ke Barre, kuma ya zama malamar makaranta da kuma shugaba. Ta kuma yi aiki a ofisoshi na gida, ciki har da ma'ajin gari, kuma tana gudanar da gonar kiwo tare da haɗin gwiwa da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwanta.

A shekarar 1920, Kwaskwarima ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta ba wa mata damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓukan jihohi da na ƙasa. Beard ta tsaya takarar neman takarar jam'iyyar Republican don wakiltar Orange a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont. Ta sha kaye, daga baya ta nemi tsayawa takara a matsayin 'yar takara ta jam'iyya ta uku. Mata 40 a Orange sun yi rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a tsakanin zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari, kuma sun ba ta isasshen goyon baya don ta doke Beard, wanda ya lashe kujerar kuma ya zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki ta jihar Vermont. Ta yi wa'adi ɗaya, daga 1921 zuwa 1923, kuma a 1922 ta yi nasara a takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha, ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan hukumar. Ta bar siyasa a 1924 saboda rashin lafiya, amma ta ci gaba da aiki a gonarta da kuma cocinta.

Beard bai taɓa yin aure ko haihuwa ba. Ta mutu a Orange, kuma an binne ta a makabartar Orange Center.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Beard a Chenoa, Illinois a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1877, 'yar Royal Edson Beard (1845–1912) da Flora (Curtiss) Beard.  Iyalinta asalinsu daga Orange ne, Vermont, kuma sun koma Orange a 1883.  Ta yi karatu a Orange, kuma ta kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Barre 's Spaulding a 1896. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}}

Beard ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunta a matsayin malamar makaranta, kuma ta koyar a makarantu da dama na yankin. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Ta kasance malamar makaranta kuma mai kula da makarantun garin Orange tun daga shekarar 1906. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar makarantar, ta kasance mataimakiyar mai kula da gidan waya na garin, kuma ta shafe shekaru 16 a matsayin mai kula da ma'aji na gari (1912–1928), bayan ta gaje mukamin bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, wanda shine mai ci. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdna_Louisa_Beard&quot;&gt;Edna Louisa Beard. [http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 &quot;Person Detail&quot;]. Womenshistory.vermont.gov&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Beard bai taba yin aure ko haihuwa ba, kuma ta zauna a gonar kiwo da take aiki tare da dan uwanta Frank. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}}

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Gidan Vermont ===
A shekarar 1920, amincewa da Kwaskwarima ta Sha Tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya ba mata damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓen jiha da na tarayya a Vermont. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdna_Louisa_Beard&quot;&gt;Edna Louisa Beard. [http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 &quot;Person Detail&quot;]. Womenshistory.vermont.gov&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Beard ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, kuma ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da zaɓe a yawancin garuruwan Vermont, da ƙuri'u shida ga Burt L. Richardson. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; Beard ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takara a babban zaɓen bisa layin &quot;Jam'iyyar Jama'a&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari, mata 40 a Orange sun yi rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a a karon farko; a watan Nuwamba, Beard ya kayar da Richardson da ƙuri'u 38, kuma ya zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba ta zaɓin kujeru na farko a Majalisar, kuma, kamar yadda ''Rutland Herald'' ta ruwaito, &quot;Ta zaɓi kujera mai lamba 146, kuma na dogon lokaci babu wani mutum da ke da ƙarfin halin zaɓar kujera mai lamba 145, wanda ke tare da nata. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ &quot;Vermont Women: Edna Beard&quot;]. VPR&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kujerar ta kasance babu kowa na tsawon sama da awa ɗaya har sai da Horatio Luce na Pomfret ya ɗauki ƙarfin halin abokan aikinsa ya zauna kusa da Miss Beard a tsakiyar guguwar dariya da tafi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;

An sanya hannu kan kudirin farko da ta gabatar a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, Dokar 218, ya zama doka. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Edna Beard |url=http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Vermonttoday.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html &quot;Edna Beard&quot;]. Vermonttoday.com. Archived from [http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html the original] on 2013-09-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ &quot;Vermont Women: Edna Beard&quot;]. VPR&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samar da tallafin yara na dala $2 a kowane mako ga matan da mazajensu &quot;suka gaji da rashin lafiya mai tsanani.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot; /&gt; Jawabinta na farko a Majalisar shine na biyu ga sake nada Alkali Stanley C. Wilson zuwa Kotun Koli ta Vermont, wanda labaran labarai na zamani suka nuna cewa an karbe shi da &quot;tafi mai ƙarfi.&quot; {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}}

=== Majalisar Dattawan Vermont ===
A shekarar 1922 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kujerar Orange County a Majalisar Dattawan Vermont, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan hukumar. Ta yi wa'adi ɗaya, daga 1923 zuwa 1925 kuma ta riƙe muƙamin jagoranci a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Laburare na Majalisar Dattawa. Kudirinta na farko mai nasara a matsayin Sanata ya ba wa 'yan majalisar dattawa damar ɗaukar mata a matsayin mataimaka.

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Magoya bayan Beard sun yi kira ga magoya bayansa da su shiga takarar mataimakin gwamna a shekarar 1924, amma sun bar siyasa saboda rashin lafiya. {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}} Ta kasance mai himma a cocin Congregational na yankinta, ciki har da koyar da makarantar Lahadi, rera waƙa a cikin mawaka, da kuma yin aiki a matsayin magatakarda, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da cocin har zuwa mutuwarta. {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}}

== Mutuwa da binnewa ==
Gemu ya mutu a Orange a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1928.  An binne ta a filin dangin Beard a Makabartar Orange Center da ke Orange. 

== Gado ==
An nuna hoton Edna Beard na mai zane Ruth Mould a Fadar Gwamnatin Vermont . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-16 |title=Then again: Vermont's first female lawmaker helped women claim a stake in the Statehouse |url=https://vtdigger.org/2016/10/23/vermonts-first-female-lawmaker-helped-women-claim-stake-statehouse/ |access-date=2016-10-23 |publisher=VTDigger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9366" sha1="alpnspssvqi7zq9orvjad0r27olw0qe" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Edna Louisa Beard''' (25 ga Yuli, 1877 - 18 ga Satumba, 1928) ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara zama 'yar majalisa a [[Vermont]] ; ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, kuma mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawa ta Vermont . &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Edna Beard |url=http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Vermonttoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyayenta 'yan asalin [[Illinois|Illinois ne]], kuma iyayenta sun fito ne daga Orange, Vermont, kuma sun dawo can a farkon shekarun 1880. An rene Beard kuma ya yi karatu a Orange, ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Spaulding da ke Barre, kuma ya zama malamar makaranta da kuma shugaba. Ta kuma yi aiki a ofisoshi na gida, ciki har da ma'ajin gari, kuma tana gudanar da gonar kiwo tare da haɗin gwiwa da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwanta.

A shekarar 1920, Kwaskwarima ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta ba wa mata damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓukan jihohi da na ƙasa. Beard ta tsaya takarar neman takarar jam'iyyar Republican don wakiltar Orange a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont. Ta sha kaye, daga baya ta nemi tsayawa takara a matsayin 'yar takara ta jam'iyya ta uku. Mata 40 a Orange sun yi rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a tsakanin zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari, kuma sun ba ta isasshen goyon baya don ta doke Beard, wanda ya lashe kujerar kuma ya zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki ta jihar Vermont. Ta yi wa'adi ɗaya, daga 1921 zuwa 1923, kuma a 1922 ta yi nasara a takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha, ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan hukumar. Ta bar siyasa a 1924 saboda rashin lafiya, amma ta ci gaba da aiki a gonarta da kuma cocinta.

Beard bai taɓa yin aure ko haihuwa ba. Ta mutu a Orange, kuma an binne ta a makabartar Orange Center.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Beard a Chenoa, Illinois a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1877, 'yar Royal Edson Beard (1845–1912) da Flora (Curtiss) Beard.  Iyalinta asalinsu daga Orange ne, Vermont, kuma sun koma Orange a 1883.  Ta yi karatu a Orange, kuma ta kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Barre 's Spaulding a 1896. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}}

Beard ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunta a matsayin malamar makaranta, kuma ta koyar a makarantu da dama na yankin. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Ta kasance malamar makaranta kuma mai kula da makarantun garin Orange tun daga shekarar 1906. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar makarantar, ta kasance mataimakiyar mai kula da gidan waya na garin, kuma ta shafe shekaru 16 a matsayin mai kula da ma'aji na gari (1912–1928), bayan ta gaje mukamin bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, wanda shine mai ci. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdna_Louisa_Beard&quot;&gt;Edna Louisa Beard. [http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 &quot;Person Detail&quot;]. Womenshistory.vermont.gov&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Beard bai taba yin aure ko haihuwa ba, kuma ta zauna a gonar kiwo da take aiki tare da dan uwanta Frank. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}}

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Gidan Vermont ===
A shekarar 1920, amincewa da Kwaskwarima ta Sha Tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya ba mata damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓen jiha da na tarayya a Vermont. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdna_Louisa_Beard&quot;&gt;Edna Louisa Beard. [http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 &quot;Person Detail&quot;]. Womenshistory.vermont.gov&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Beard ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, kuma ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da zaɓe a yawancin garuruwan Vermont, da ƙuri'u shida ga Burt L. Richardson. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; Beard ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takara a babban zaɓen bisa layin &quot;Jam'iyyar Jama'a&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari, mata 40 a Orange sun yi rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a a karon farko; a watan Nuwamba, Beard ya kayar da Richardson da ƙuri'u 38, kuma ya zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba ta zaɓin kujeru na farko a Majalisar, kuma, kamar yadda ''Rutland Herald'' ta ruwaito, &quot;Ta zaɓi kujera mai lamba 146, kuma na dogon lokaci babu wani mutum da ke da ƙarfin halin zaɓar kujera mai lamba 145, wanda ke tare da nata. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ &quot;Vermont Women: Edna Beard&quot;]. VPR&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kujerar ta kasance babu kowa na tsawon sama da awa ɗaya har sai da Horatio Luce na Pomfret ya ɗauki ƙarfin halin abokan aikinsa ya zauna kusa da Miss Beard a tsakiyar guguwar dariya da tafi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;

An sanya hannu kan kudirin farko da ta gabatar a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, Dokar 218, ya zama doka. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Edna Beard |url=http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Vermonttoday.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html &quot;Edna Beard&quot;]. Vermonttoday.com. Archived from [http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html the original] on 2013-09-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ &quot;Vermont Women: Edna Beard&quot;]. VPR&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samar da tallafin yara na dala $2 a kowane mako ga matan da mazajensu &quot;suka gaji da rashin lafiya mai tsanani.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot; /&gt; Jawabinta na farko a Majalisar shine na biyu ga sake nada Alkali Stanley C. Wilson zuwa Kotun Koli ta Vermont, wanda labaran labarai na zamani suka nuna cewa an karbe shi da &quot;tafi mai ƙarfi.&quot; {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}}

=== Majalisar Dattawan Vermont ===
A shekarar 1922 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kujerar Orange County a Majalisar Dattawan Vermont, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan hukumar. Ta yi wa'adi ɗaya, daga 1923 zuwa 1925 kuma ta riƙe muƙamin jagoranci a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Laburare na Majalisar Dattawa. Kudirinta na farko mai nasara a matsayin Sanata ya ba wa 'yan majalisar dattawa damar ɗaukar mata a matsayin mataimaka.

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Magoya bayan Beard sun yi kira ga magoya bayansa da su shiga takarar mataimakin gwamna a shekarar 1924, amma sun bar siyasa saboda rashin lafiya. {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}} Ta kasance mai himma a cocin Congregational na yankinta, ciki har da koyar da makarantar Lahadi, rera waƙa a cikin mawaka, da kuma yin aiki a matsayin magatakarda, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da cocin har zuwa mutuwarta. {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}}

== Mutuwa da binnewa ==
Gemu ya mutu a Orange a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1928.  An binne ta a filin dangin Beard a Makabartar Orange Center da ke Orange. 

== Gado ==
An nuna hoton Edna Beard na mai zane Ruth Mould a Fadar Gwamnatin Vermont . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-16 |title=Then again: Vermont's first female lawmaker helped women claim a stake in the Statehouse |url=https://vtdigger.org/2016/10/23/vermonts-first-female-lawmaker-helped-women-claim-stake-statehouse/ |access-date=2016-10-23 |publisher=VTDigger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Edna Louisa Beard''' (25 ga Yuli, 1877 - 18 ga Satumba, 1928) ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara zama 'yar majalisa a [[Vermont]] ; ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, kuma mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawa ta Vermont . &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Edna Beard |url=http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Vermonttoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyayenta 'yan asalin [[Illinois|Illinois ne]], kuma iyayenta sun fito ne daga Orange, Vermont, kuma sun dawo can a farkon shekarun 1880. An rene Beard kuma ya yi karatu a Orange, ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Spaulding da ke Barre, kuma ya zama malamar makaranta da kuma shugaba. Ta kuma yi aiki a ofisoshi na gida, ciki har da ma'ajin gari, kuma tana gudanar da gonar kiwo tare da haɗin gwiwa da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwanta.

A shekarar 1920, Kwaskwarima ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta ba wa mata damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓukan jihohi da na ƙasa. Beard ta tsaya takarar neman takarar jam'iyyar Republican don wakiltar Orange a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont. Ta sha kaye, daga baya ta nemi tsayawa takara a matsayin 'yar takara ta jam'iyya ta uku. Mata 40 a Orange sun yi rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a tsakanin zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari, kuma sun ba ta isasshen goyon baya don ta doke Beard, wanda ya lashe kujerar kuma ya zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki ta jihar Vermont. Ta yi wa'adi ɗaya, daga 1921 zuwa 1923, kuma a 1922 ta yi nasara a takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha, ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan hukumar. Ta bar siyasa a 1924 saboda rashin lafiya, amma ta ci gaba da aiki a gonarta da kuma cocinta.

Beard bai taɓa yin aure ko haihuwa ba. Ta mutu a Orange, kuma an binne ta a makabartar Orange Center.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Beard a Chenoa, Illinois a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1877, 'yar Royal Edson Beard (1845–1912) da Flora (Curtiss) Beard.  Iyalinta asalinsu daga Orange ne, Vermont, kuma sun koma Orange a 1883.  Ta yi karatu a Orange, kuma ta kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Barre 's Spaulding a 1896. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}}

Beard ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunta a matsayin malamar makaranta, kuma ta koyar a makarantu da dama na yankin. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Ta kasance malamar makaranta kuma mai kula da makarantun garin Orange tun daga shekarar 1906. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar makarantar, ta kasance mataimakiyar mai kula da gidan waya na garin, kuma ta shafe shekaru 16 a matsayin mai kula da ma'aji na gari (1912–1928), bayan ta gaje mukamin bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, wanda shine mai ci. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdna_Louisa_Beard&quot;&gt;Edna Louisa Beard. [http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 &quot;Person Detail&quot;]. Womenshistory.vermont.gov&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}} Beard bai taba yin aure ko haihuwa ba, kuma ta zauna a gonar kiwo da take aiki tare da dan uwanta Frank. {{Sfn|&quot;Orange Sends Woman to Senate&quot;}}

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Gidan Vermont ===
A shekarar 1920, amincewa da Kwaskwarima ta Sha Tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya ba mata damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓen jiha da na tarayya a Vermont. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;vermont1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edna Louisa Beard |date= |title=Person Detail |url=http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Womenshistory.vermont.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdna_Louisa_Beard&quot;&gt;Edna Louisa Beard. [http://womenshistory.vermont.gov/?TabId=61&amp;personID=40 &quot;Person Detail&quot;]. Womenshistory.vermont.gov&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Beard ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, kuma ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da zaɓe a yawancin garuruwan Vermont, da ƙuri'u shida ga Burt L. Richardson. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; Beard ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takara a babban zaɓen bisa layin &quot;Jam'iyyar Jama'a&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari, mata 40 a Orange sun yi rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a a karon farko; a watan Nuwamba, Beard ya kayar da Richardson da ƙuri'u 38, kuma ya zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;vermont1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba ta zaɓin kujeru na farko a Majalisar, kuma, kamar yadda ''Rutland Herald'' ta ruwaito, &quot;Ta zaɓi kujera mai lamba 146, kuma na dogon lokaci babu wani mutum da ke da ƙarfin halin zaɓar kujera mai lamba 145, wanda ke tare da nata. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ &quot;Vermont Women: Edna Beard&quot;]. VPR&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kujerar ta kasance babu kowa na tsawon sama da awa ɗaya har sai da Horatio Luce na Pomfret ya ɗauki ƙarfin halin abokan aikinsa ya zauna kusa da Miss Beard a tsakiyar guguwar dariya da tafi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;

An sanya hannu kan kudirin farko da ta gabatar a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont, Dokar 218, ya zama doka. &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Edna Beard |url=http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=Vermonttoday.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165513/http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html &quot;Edna Beard&quot;]. Vermonttoday.com. Archived from [http://www.vermonttoday.com/century/mostinflu/ebeard.html the original] on 2013-09-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Vermont Women: Edna Beard |url=http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ |access-date=2013-09-07 |publisher=VPR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.vpr.net/episode/33224/vermont-women-edna-beard/ &quot;Vermont Women: Edna Beard&quot;]. VPR&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2013-09-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samar da tallafin yara na dala $2 a kowane mako ga matan da mazajensu &quot;suka gaji da rashin lafiya mai tsanani.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;vermonttoday1&quot; /&gt; Jawabinta na farko a Majalisar shine na biyu ga sake nada Alkali Stanley C. Wilson zuwa Kotun Koli ta Vermont, wanda labaran labarai na zamani suka nuna cewa an karbe shi da &quot;tafi mai ƙarfi.&quot; {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}}

=== Majalisar Dattawan Vermont ===
A shekarar 1922 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kujerar Orange County a Majalisar Dattawan Vermont, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan hukumar. Ta yi wa'adi ɗaya, daga 1923 zuwa 1925 kuma ta riƙe muƙamin jagoranci a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Laburare na Majalisar Dattawa. Kudirinta na farko mai nasara a matsayin Sanata ya ba wa 'yan majalisar dattawa damar ɗaukar mata a matsayin mataimaka.

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Magoya bayan Beard sun yi kira ga magoya bayansa da su shiga takarar mataimakin gwamna a shekarar 1924, amma sun bar siyasa saboda rashin lafiya. {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}} Ta kasance mai himma a cocin Congregational na yankinta, ciki har da koyar da makarantar Lahadi, rera waƙa a cikin mawaka, da kuma yin aiki a matsayin magatakarda, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da cocin har zuwa mutuwarta. {{Sfn|''The Vermont Encyclopedia''}}

== Mutuwa da binnewa ==
Gemu ya mutu a Orange a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1928.  An binne ta a filin dangin Beard a Makabartar Orange Center da ke Orange. 

== Gado ==
An nuna hoton Edna Beard na mai zane Ruth Mould a Fadar Gwamnatin Vermont . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-16 |title=Then again: Vermont's first female lawmaker helped women claim a stake in the Statehouse |url=https://vtdigger.org/2016/10/23/vermonts-first-female-lawmaker-helped-women-claim-stake-statehouse/ |access-date=2016-10-23 |publisher=VTDigger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ivevb4y85wj3bsk85xggbnw6oqaahqi</sha1>
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    <title>Thelma Farr Baxter</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1261999660|Thelma Farr Baxter]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Thelma Williams Farr Baxter''' ( née '''Williams''' ; 27 ga Oktoba, 1912 - 12 ga Agusta, 1996) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka, malamar makaranta, kuma mai kasuwanci wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Mississippi daga 1950 zuwa 1956. Ta kasance 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat, an fara zaɓenta ne bayan ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba don cike gurbin da mijinta [[Paul Farr|Paul Farr ya]] bari, wanda ya mutu a hatsarin mota. Ta sake tsayawa takara a shekara mai zuwa a kan abokan hamayya huɗu na farko; bayan babu wani ɗan takara da ya sami rinjayen ƙuri'u, an gudanar da zaɓen zagaye na biyu, wanda Farr ta lashe. Bayan barin ofis a 1956, ta ci gaba da koyar da Turanci da kuma gudanar da harkokin iyali .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Thelma Williams a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1912, a Prentiss, Mississippi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women of the Mississippi Legislature |url=http://collections.msdiglib.org/digital/collection/mpc/id/111/ |access-date=March 27, 2021 |website=Mississippi Digital Library |publisher=Mississippi Library Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita 'yar Hiram G. Williams ce, likita, da Dora Calhoun.   Ta kammala karatun digiri ''na summa cum laude'' daga Kwalejin Belhaven a shekarar 1934, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma takardar shaidar bayyana ra'ayi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;wedding&quot; /&gt;  Williams ta auri [[Paul Farr]], ɗalibi mai zuwa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Mississippi, a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1934, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Betty da Paul Jr. &lt;ref name=&quot;wedding&quot; /&gt;  Baya ga aikinta na malamar Turanci,  ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyi na gida da na jihohi, ciki har da sakatariyar ilimin addini a Ƙungiyar Mata ta Majalisar Dokokin Meridian da kuma shugaban ƙungiyar agaji ta Jefferson Davis County [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]] .   A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1950, Paul, wanda ke tsakiyar wa'adinsa na biyu a Majalisar Wakilai ta Mississippi, ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu lokacin da motarsa ta bugi saniya a kan babbar hanya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Paul1950&quot; /&gt;

== Wakilin Jiha (1950–1956) ==
An gudanar da zaɓe na musamman don cike gurbin kujerar Majalisar da Paul ya bari. Thelma ta sanar da takararta a watan Oktoban 1950.  Ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba kuma aka zaɓe ta a wata mai zuwa.  Farr ta tsaya takara don sake tsayawa takara a 1951, kuma ta fuskanci manyan abokan hamayya guda huɗu: RD Dyess, alkalin Mississippi na zaman lafiya ; CE Manton, manomi wanda bai yi nasara ba ya fafata da Paul Farr a 1947; [[Z. P. Polk|ZP Polk]], manomi; da Joseph Dale, lauya.  Dale ya jagoranci zaɓen fidda gwani na farko da ƙuri'u 1,206, tare da 1,146 ga Farr, 595 ga Manton, 400 ga Polk, da 257 ga Dyess.  Saboda babu wani ɗan takara da ya sami rinjayen ƙuri'u, an gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani tsakanin Farr da Dale, manyan 'yan takara biyu.  Farr ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani da kashi 55.6 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un, inda ta sami ƙuri'u 373 fiye da Dale. 

Farr ta gabatar da kudiri a watan Fabrairun 1952 don hana dabbobi shiga kan tituna ta hanyar tilasta wa a tsare dabbobi a cikin wani katanga da kuma zartar da hukunci ga masu dabbobin da ke kwance.  Wasu wakilai 48 ne suka dauki nauyin kudirin, amma ya jawo suka daga masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na kudancin Mississippi kuma ba a gabatar da shi ga cikakken kuri'a ba bayan an tura shi ga kwamitocin Majalisar biyu.   Daga karshe an zartar da kudirin a shekarar 1956, jim kadan bayan Farr ta bar ofis.  A lokacin da take cikin Majalisar, Farr ta kuma gabatar da kudiri don yin garambawul ga Hukumar Man Fetur da Iskar Gas ta Jiha.  An zabe ta a matsayin sakatariyar taron jam'iyyar Democrat na jihar a watan Yunin 1952. 

Farr ya auri wakilin jiha James E. Baxter a watan Oktoban 1952 a Laurel, Mississippi . Farr da Baxter sun kasance abokan aiki a majalisar dokokin Mississippi kuma sun fara soyayya kusan ƙarshen zaman majalisar dokoki a wannan shekarar. Sun zama ma'aurata na biyu a Majalisar Mississippi, tare da Orene da John Farese.

An maye gurbin Thelma Baxter a matsayin wakilin jiha ta hannun ZP Polk a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1956.  

== Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa ==
Bayan ta bar majalisar dokokin Mississippi, Baxter ta koyar da Turanci na aji 11 da 12 a sabuwar makarantar Prentiss Consolidated.  Daga baya ta gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na iyali na tsawon shekaru 20. 

Baxter ta mutu sakamakon [[Gazawar zuciya|bugun zuciya]] a Asibitin Jefferson Davis County da ke Prentiss a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1996. Tana da shekaru 83. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Magajin bazawara

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912]]</text>
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'''Thelma Williams Farr Baxter''' ( née '''Williams''' ; 27 ga Oktoba, 1912 - 12 ga Agusta, 1996) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka, malamar makaranta, kuma mai kasuwanci wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Mississippi daga 1950 zuwa 1956. Ta kasance 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat, an fara zaɓenta ne bayan ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba don cike gurbin da mijinta [[Paul Farr|Paul Farr ya]] bari, wanda ya mutu a hatsarin mota. Ta sake tsayawa takara a shekara mai zuwa a kan abokan hamayya huɗu na farko; bayan babu wani ɗan takara da ya sami rinjayen ƙuri'u, an gudanar da zaɓen zagaye na biyu, wanda Farr ta lashe. Bayan barin ofis a 1956, ta ci gaba da koyar da Turanci da kuma gudanar da harkokin iyali .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Thelma Williams a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1912, a Prentiss, Mississippi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women of the Mississippi Legislature |url=http://collections.msdiglib.org/digital/collection/mpc/id/111/ |access-date=March 27, 2021 |website=Mississippi Digital Library |publisher=Mississippi Library Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita 'yar Hiram G. Williams ce, likita, da Dora Calhoun.   Ta kammala karatun digiri ''na summa cum laude'' daga Kwalejin Belhaven a shekarar 1934, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma takardar shaidar bayyana ra'ayi.  Williams ta auri [[Paul Farr]], ɗalibi mai zuwa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Mississippi, a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1934, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Betty da Paul Jr. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;wedding&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;  Baya ga aikinta na malamar Turanci,  ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyi na gida da na jihohi, ciki har da sakatariyar ilimin addini a Ƙungiyar Mata ta Majalisar Dokokin Meridian da kuma shugaban ƙungiyar agaji ta Jefferson Davis County [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]] .   A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1950, Paul, wanda ke tsakiyar wa'adinsa na biyu a Majalisar Wakilai ta Mississippi, ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu lokacin da motarsa ta bugi saniya a kan babbar hanya. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Paul1950&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

== Wakilin Jiha (1950–1956) ==
An gudanar da zaɓe na musamman don cike gurbin kujerar Majalisar da Paul ya bari. Thelma ta sanar da takararta a watan Oktoban 1950.  Ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba kuma aka zaɓe ta a wata mai zuwa.  Farr ta tsaya takara don sake tsayawa takara a 1951, kuma ta fuskanci manyan abokan hamayya guda huɗu: RD Dyess, alkalin Mississippi na zaman lafiya ; CE Manton, manomi wanda bai yi nasara ba ya fafata da Paul Farr a 1947; [[Z. P. Polk|ZP Polk]], manomi; da Joseph Dale, lauya.  Dale ya jagoranci zaɓen fidda gwani na farko da ƙuri'u 1,206, tare da 1,146 ga Farr, 595 ga Manton, 400 ga Polk, da 257 ga Dyess.  Saboda babu wani ɗan takara da ya sami rinjayen ƙuri'u, an gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani tsakanin Farr da Dale, manyan 'yan takara biyu.  Farr ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani da kashi 55.6 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un, inda ta sami ƙuri'u 373 fiye da Dale. 

Farr ta gabatar da kudiri a watan Fabrairun 1952 don hana dabbobi shiga kan tituna ta hanyar tilasta wa a tsare dabbobi a cikin wani katanga da kuma zartar da hukunci ga masu dabbobin da ke kwance.  Wasu wakilai 48 ne suka dauki nauyin kudirin, amma ya jawo suka daga masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na kudancin Mississippi kuma ba a gabatar da shi ga cikakken kuri'a ba bayan an tura shi ga kwamitocin Majalisar biyu.   Daga karshe an zartar da kudirin a shekarar 1956, jim kadan bayan Farr ta bar ofis.  A lokacin da take cikin Majalisar, Farr ta kuma gabatar da kudiri don yin garambawul ga Hukumar Man Fetur da Iskar Gas ta Jiha.  An zabe ta a matsayin sakatariyar taron jam'iyyar Democrat na jihar a watan Yunin 1952. 

Farr ya auri wakilin jiha James E. Baxter a watan Oktoban 1952 a Laurel, Mississippi . Farr da Baxter sun kasance abokan aiki a majalisar dokokin Mississippi kuma sun fara soyayya kusan ƙarshen zaman majalisar dokoki a wannan shekarar. Sun zama ma'aurata na biyu a Majalisar Mississippi, tare da Orene da John Farese.

An maye gurbin Thelma Baxter a matsayin wakilin jiha ta hannun ZP Polk a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1956.  

== Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa ==
Bayan ta bar majalisar dokokin Mississippi, Baxter ta koyar da Turanci na aji 11 da 12 a sabuwar makarantar Prentiss Consolidated.  Daga baya ta gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na iyali na tsawon shekaru 20. 

Baxter ta mutu sakamakon [[Gazawar zuciya|bugun zuciya]] a Asibitin Jefferson Davis County da ke Prentiss a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1996. Tana da shekaru 83. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Magajin bazawara

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Annie White Baxter</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344477688|Annie White Baxter]]&quot;</comment>
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Annie White Baxter (2 ga Maris, 1864 - 28 ga Yuni, 1944) 'yar siyasa ce a Missouri . A lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a matsayin magatakardar gundumar Jasper County, Missouri, a 1890, ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin mai riƙe da mukami a jihar, da kuma mace ta farko da ta zama magatakardar gundumar a Amurka.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Annie White ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya uku na mai gyaran kabina John B. da Jennie Black White a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, kuma asalinta 'yar asalin Ingila da Jamus ne.  Lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyu, ta koma Newark, Ohio ; &lt;ref name=&quot;aauw.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAUW Annie White Baxter – Columbia (MO) Branch |url=http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327092850/http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=aauw.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta sake komawa tare da iyalinta zuwa Carthage, Missouri a shekarar 1876 lokacin da mahaifinta ya fara aiki da masana'antar kayan daki a garin. &lt;ref name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri |url=http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=umsystem.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma zauna a Joplin na ɗan lokaci. Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Carthage, inda aka ce ita ce daliba mafi yawan magana a ajinta, a shekarar 1882, &lt;ref name=&quot;womenscouncil.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter |url=https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073424/https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=womenscouncil.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta ɗauki aikin taimaka wa Magatakardar Gundumar Jasper George Blakeney; daga baya aka naɗa ta mataimakiyar magatakarda ga John N. Wilson. &lt;ref name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot; /&gt; Naɗinta a wannan matsayi ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa, kuma an buƙaci Babban Lauyan Missouri ya amince da naɗin kafin ta fara aikinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;WillardLivermore1893&quot; /&gt; Baxter ta yi aiki ga magajin Wilson, Jesse Rhoads, shi ma. A shekara ta 1888 ta auri Charles W. Baxter, &lt;ref name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot; /&gt; ma'aikacin kayan busassun kaya a Shagon Sashen RH Rose. &lt;ref name=&quot;womenscouncil.org&quot; /&gt; Da farko ta yi ritaya daga gundumar don mayar da hankali kan harkokin cikin gida, amma lokacin da ma'aikacin ya gaji kuma bai iya yin aikinsa ba, sai aka mayar da ita matsayinta na baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baxter, Annie White |url=http://riverviewjc.com/baxter-annie-white-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033840/http://riverviewjc.com/baxter-annie-white-2/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=riverviewjc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda sunanta a matsayin mai goyon bayan gwamnatin gundumar da ke da kyakkyawan iko,  Jam'iyyar Democrat ta gundumar ta zaɓi Baxter a matsayin ɗan takararta na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|magatakardar]] gundumar a shekarar 1890, amma akwai rashin tabbas game da ko ta cancanci tsayawa takara ko a'a, domin mata a lokacin ba za su iya kaɗa ƙuri'a ba. Duk &lt;ref name=&quot;wordpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2014 |title=Anna White Baxter |url=https://hallofcarthageheroes.wordpress.com/inductees/class-of-2012/anna-white-baxter/ |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=Hall of Carthage Heroes}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kan ƙuri'ar, inda ta kayar da ɗan Republican Julius Fischer &lt;ref name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri |url=http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=umsystem.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html &quot;Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri&quot;]. ''umsystem.edu''. Archived from [http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html the original] on 28 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; sama da &lt;ref name=&quot;ozarks-history.blogspot.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 February 2012 |title=Ozarks History |url=http://ozarks-history.blogspot.com/2012/02/annie-baxter.html |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=ozarks-history.blogspot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;missourilife.com&quot; /&gt; ɗari na ''[[New York Times|jimillar]]'' ... &lt;ref name=&quot;ozarks-history.blogspot.com&quot; /&gt;

Baxter ba da daɗewa ba ta sami suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun magatakardan gundumar jihar, &lt;ref name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri |url=http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=umsystem.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html &quot;Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri&quot;]. ''umsystem.edu''. Archived from [http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html the original] on 28 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma bayan ayyukanta na yau da kullun ta taimaka wajen tsara da kuma gina ginin farko na ginin kotunan da ake yi a yanzu, wanda aka kammala a 1895. [ &lt;ref name=&quot;womenscouncil.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter |url=https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073424/https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=womenscouncil.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073424/https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html &quot;Annie White Baxter&quot;]. ''womenscouncil.org''. Archived from [https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html the original] on 4 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ɗauki lokaci tana sa aikin ofishinta ya fi inganci. Har ma ta sami karramawa daga Gwamnan Missouri, David R. Francis, wanda ya sanya mata suna Kanar mai girmamawa; daga wannan ne aka samo mata laƙabinta, &quot;Kanar Baxter&quot;.  Duk da haka, 1894 shekara ce mai cike da tarihi ga 'yan Republican a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma Baxter tana cikin 'yan Democrat waɗanda suka rasa mukamansu, wani ɓangare saboda an ɗauki mijinta aiki a matsayin mataimakin magatakarda kuma wasu 'yan adawa sun yi adawa da gaskiyar cewa gundumar tana biyan su duka. &lt;ref name=&quot;wordpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2014 |title=Anna White Baxter |url=https://hallofcarthageheroes.wordpress.com/inductees/class-of-2012/anna-white-baxter/ |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=Hall of Carthage Heroes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://hallofcarthageheroes.wordpress.com/inductees/class-of-2012/anna-white-baxter/ &quot;Anna White Baxter&quot;]. ''Hall of Carthage Heroes''. 3 January 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ita da Charles daga baya suka rabu &lt;ref name=&quot;wordpress.com&quot; /&gt; bayan sun zauna a [[St. Louis]] na ɗan lokaci. 

Baxter ta koma siyasa lokacin da abokin aikinta na Carthage Democrat [[Cornelius Roach]], tsohon abokin hulɗar kasuwanci na mijinta, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sue Vandergriff |title=The puzzling Annie Baxter |url=http://www.carthagepress.com/article/20081027/NEWS/310279982 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=The Carthage Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya zama Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Missouri a 1908; ya naɗa mata mai rijistar filaye na jihar, rawar da ta sauke har zuwa 1916. Ta zama sakatariyar kuɗi ta Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Missouri a 1922; a 1936 ta kasance wakiliya a taron jam'iyyar Democrat na jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri |url=http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=umsystem.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html &quot;Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri&quot;]. ''umsystem.edu''. Archived from [http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html the original] on 28 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki, na ɗan lokaci, a matsayin sakataren James Thomas Quarles, shugaban kafa Makarantar Fasaha ta Jami'ar Missouri . 

Baxter ta mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu &lt;ref name=&quot;wordpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2014 |title=Anna White Baxter |url=https://hallofcarthageheroes.wordpress.com/inductees/class-of-2012/anna-white-baxter/ |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=Hall of Carthage Heroes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://hallofcarthageheroes.wordpress.com/inductees/class-of-2012/anna-white-baxter/ &quot;Anna White Baxter&quot;]. ''Hall of Carthage Heroes''. 3 January 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; a birnin Jefferson, kuma an binne ta a makabartar River View. Wata titi a Joplin tana ɗauke da sunanta, &lt;ref name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri |url=http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=umsystem.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html &quot;Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri&quot;]. ''umsystem.edu''. Archived from [http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html the original] on 28 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kamar yadda ƙungiyar mata ta jami'o'i ta Amurka ta Columbia, Missouri ta yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;aauw.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAUW Annie White Baxter – Columbia (MO) Branch |url=http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327092850/http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=aauw.net}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170327092850/http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ &quot;AAUW Annie White Baxter – Columbia (MO) Branch&quot;]. ''aauw.net''. Archived from [http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ the original] on 27 March 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012 mujallar ''[[Missouri Life]]'' ta sanya mata suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan mata goma da suka canza Missouri. &lt;ref name=&quot;missourilife.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter |url=http://www.missourilife.com/life/top-10-women-who-changed-missouri-annie-white-baxter/ |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=MissouriLife.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.missourilife.com/life/top-10-women-who-changed-missouri-annie-white-baxter/ &quot;Annie White Baxter&quot;]. ''MissouriLife.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;{{Dead link|date=September 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}
[[Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2019]]
[[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]]
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|&lt;span title=&quot; Dead link tagged September 2019&quot;&gt;permanent dead link&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2012 an shigar da ita cikin ƙungiyar jaruman Carthage. &lt;ref name=&quot;wordpress.com&quot; /&gt; Wani alama da ke filin Kotun Gundumar Jasper ta bayyana nasarorin da ta samu. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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Annie White Baxter (2 ga Maris, 1864 - 28 ga Yuni, 1944) 'yar siyasa ce a Missouri . A lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a matsayin magatakardar gundumar Jasper County, Missouri, a 1890, ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin mai riƙe da mukami a jihar, da kuma mace ta farko da ta zama magatakardar gundumar a Amurka.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Annie White ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya uku na mai gyaran kabina John B. da Jennie Black White a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, kuma asalinta 'yar asalin Ingila da Jamus ne.  Lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyu, ta koma Newark, Ohio ; &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;aauw.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAUW Annie White Baxter – Columbia (MO) Branch |url=http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327092850/http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=aauw.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta sake komawa tare da iyalinta zuwa Carthage, Missouri a shekarar 1876 lokacin da mahaifinta ya fara aiki da masana'antar kayan daki a garin. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri |url=http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=umsystem.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma zauna a Joplin na ɗan lokaci. Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Carthage, inda aka ce ita ce daliba mafi yawan magana a ajinta, a shekarar 1882, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;womenscouncil.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter |url=https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073424/https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=womenscouncil.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta ɗauki aikin taimaka wa Magatakardar Gundumar Jasper George Blakeney; daga baya aka naɗa ta mataimakiyar magatakarda ga John N. Wilson. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Naɗinta a wannan matsayi ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa, kuma an buƙaci Babban Lauyan Missouri ya amince da naɗin kafin ta fara aikinta. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;WillardLivermore1893&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Baxter ta yi aiki ga magajin Wilson, Jesse Rhoads, shi ma. A shekara ta 1888 ta auri Charles W. Baxter, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ma'aikacin kayan busassun kaya a Shagon Sashen RH Rose. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;womenscouncil.org&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Da farko ta yi ritaya daga gundumar don mayar da hankali kan harkokin cikin gida, amma lokacin da ma'aikacin ya gaji kuma bai iya yin aikinsa ba, sai aka mayar da ita matsayinta na baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baxter, Annie White |url=http://riverviewjc.com/baxter-annie-white-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033840/http://riverviewjc.com/baxter-annie-white-2/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=riverviewjc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda sunanta a matsayin mai goyon bayan gwamnatin gundumar da ke da kyakkyawan iko,  Jam'iyyar Democrat ta gundumar ta zaɓi Baxter a matsayin ɗan takararta na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|magatakardar]] gundumar a shekarar 1890, amma akwai rashin tabbas game da ko ta cancanci tsayawa takara ko a'a, domin mata a lokacin ba za su iya kaɗa ƙuri'a ba. Duk &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;wordpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2014 |title=Anna White Baxter |url=https://hallofcarthageheroes.wordpress.com/inductees/class-of-2012/anna-white-baxter/ |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=Hall of Carthage Heroes}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kan ƙuri'ar, inda ta kayar da ɗan Republican Julius Fischer &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri |url=http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=umsystem.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html &quot;Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri&quot;]. ''umsystem.edu''. Archived from [http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html the original] on 28 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; sama da &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;ozarks-history.blogspot.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 February 2012 |title=Ozarks History |url=http://ozarks-history.blogspot.com/2012/02/annie-baxter.html |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=ozarks-history.blogspot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;missourilife.com&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ɗari na ''[[New York Times|jimillar]]'' ... &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;ozarks-history.blogspot.com&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

Baxter ba da daɗewa ba ta sami suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun magatakardan gundumar jihar, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri |url=http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=umsystem.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html &quot;Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri&quot;]. ''umsystem.edu''. Archived from [http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html the original] on 28 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma bayan ayyukanta na yau da kullun ta taimaka wajen tsara da kuma gina ginin farko na ginin kotunan da ake yi a yanzu, wanda aka kammala a 1895. [ &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;womenscouncil.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter |url=https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073424/https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=womenscouncil.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073424/https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html &quot;Annie White Baxter&quot;]. ''womenscouncil.org''. Archived from [https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/baxter.html the original] on 4 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ɗauki lokaci tana sa aikin ofishinta ya fi inganci. Har ma ta sami karramawa daga Gwamnan Missouri, David R. Francis, wanda ya sanya mata suna Kanar mai girmamawa; daga wannan ne aka samo mata laƙabinta, &quot;Kanar Baxter&quot;.  Duk da haka, 1894 shekara ce mai cike da tarihi ga 'yan Republican a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma Baxter tana cikin 'yan Democrat waɗanda suka rasa mukamansu, wani ɓangare saboda an ɗauki mijinta aiki a matsayin mataimakin magatakarda kuma wasu 'yan adawa sun yi adawa da gaskiyar cewa gundumar tana biyan su duka. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;wordpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2014 |title=Anna White Baxter |url=https://hallofcarthageheroes.wordpress.com/inductees/class-of-2012/anna-white-baxter/ |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=Hall of Carthage Heroes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://hallofcarthageheroes.wordpress.com/inductees/class-of-2012/anna-white-baxter/ &quot;Anna White Baxter&quot;]. ''Hall of Carthage Heroes''. 3 January 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ita da Charles daga baya suka rabu &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;wordpress.com&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; bayan sun zauna a [[St. Louis]] na ɗan lokaci. 

Baxter ta koma siyasa lokacin da abokin aikinta na Carthage Democrat [[Cornelius Roach]], tsohon abokin hulɗar kasuwanci na mijinta, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sue Vandergriff |title=The puzzling Annie Baxter |url=http://www.carthagepress.com/article/20081027/NEWS/310279982 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=The Carthage Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya zama Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Missouri a 1908; ya naɗa mata mai rijistar filaye na jihar, rawar da ta sauke har zuwa 1916. Ta zama sakatariyar kuɗi ta Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Missouri a 1922; a 1936 ta kasance wakiliya a taron jam'iyyar Democrat na jihar. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri |url=http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=umsystem.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html &quot;Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri&quot;]. ''umsystem.edu''. Archived from [http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html the original] on 28 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki, na ɗan lokaci, a matsayin sakataren James Thomas Quarles, shugaban kafa Makarantar Fasaha ta Jami'ar Missouri . 

Baxter ta mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;wordpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2014 |title=Anna White Baxter |url=https://hallofcarthageheroes.wordpress.com/inductees/class-of-2012/anna-white-baxter/ |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=Hall of Carthage Heroes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://hallofcarthageheroes.wordpress.com/inductees/class-of-2012/anna-white-baxter/ &quot;Anna White Baxter&quot;]. ''Hall of Carthage Heroes''. 3 January 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; a birnin Jefferson, kuma an binne ta a makabartar River View. Wata titi a Joplin tana ɗauke da sunanta, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;umsystem.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri |url=http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=umsystem.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160328222237/http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html &quot;Annie White Baxter – Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri&quot;]. ''umsystem.edu''. Archived from [http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/b/baxter/index.html the original] on 28 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kamar yadda ƙungiyar mata ta jami'o'i ta Amurka ta Columbia, Missouri ta yi. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;aauw.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAUW Annie White Baxter – Columbia (MO) Branch |url=http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327092850/http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=aauw.net}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170327092850/http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ &quot;AAUW Annie White Baxter – Columbia (MO) Branch&quot;]. ''aauw.net''. Archived from [http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/annie-baxter/ the original] on 27 March 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012 mujallar ''[[Missouri Life]]'' ta sanya mata suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan mata goma da suka canza Missouri. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;missourilife.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annie White Baxter |url=http://www.missourilife.com/life/top-10-women-who-changed-missouri-annie-white-baxter/ |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=MissouriLife.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.missourilife.com/life/top-10-women-who-changed-missouri-annie-white-baxter/ &quot;Annie White Baxter&quot;]. ''MissouriLife.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;{{Dead link|date=September 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}
[[Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2019]]
[[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]]
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|&lt;span title=&quot; Dead link tagged September 2019&quot;&gt;permanent dead link&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2012 an shigar da ita cikin ƙungiyar jaruman Carthage. &lt;ref name=&quot;wordpress.com&quot; /&gt; Wani alama da ke filin Kotun Gundumar Jasper ta bayyana nasarorin da ta samu. 

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Joan Bauer (ƴar siyasa)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328200840|Joan Bauer (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Joan Bauer''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1950) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Michigan a gundumar 68 daga 2007 zuwa 2012.

== Ilimi ==
Bauer ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Western Michigan da digirin farko a fannin tarihi da kuma digirin ƙananan yara a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da ilimin sakandare.

== Sana'a ==
Bauer malamar gwamnati ce ta makarantar sakandare da ilimin manya kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan ayyukan sa-kai a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yankin Ingham tsawon shekaru 21. Bauer ta jagoranci Hukumar Mata ta Gundumar Ingham kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Mata a Gwamnatin Gundumar Michigan daga 2004 zuwa 2005.

=== Majalisar Birnin Lansing ===
A shekarar 1995, an zaɓi Bauer a matsayin memba a Majalisar Birnin Lansing, kuma an sake zaɓe ta a shekarar 1999, da 2003. Ta yi aiki har zuwa 2006, lokacin da ta yi murabus don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Jihar Michigan .

=== Majalisar Wakilai ta Michigan ===

==== Zamanin aiki ====
A zaɓenta na 2006 a Majalisar Michigan, Bauer ta kayar da Jerry Hollister, wanda ya zo na biyu a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat, da kusan kashi shida cikin ɗari a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat, inda ta sami kashi 32.83% na ƙuri'un. Bauer ya yi nasara a babban zaɓen da ya samu kashi 74% na ƙuri'un, inda ya kayar da ɗan kasuwan jam'iyyar Republican Harilaos I. Sorovigas.

A matsayinta na 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Michigan, Bauer ta gabatar kuma ta dauki nauyin wasu muhimman kudirori. Wataƙila ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi sani da su shine HB 4341, wanda ke da masu tallafawa 33 kuma zai hana dukkan kasuwanci da gidajen cin abinci a Michigan barin shan taba a wurarensu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michigan Legislature - House Bill 4341 (2009) |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(jlvj5b551d4to545zybrqk45))/mileg.aspx?page=getobject&amp;objectname=2009-HB-4341&amp;query=on |access-date=May 10, 2017 |website=www.legislature.mi.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 House Bill 4341: Prohibit allowing restaurant or private workplace smoking |url=http://www.michiganvotes.org/Legislation.aspx?ID=84530 |access-date=May 10, 2017 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kudiri, wanda ba ya bayar da keɓancewa ga wasu kasuwanci, an tura shi ga Kwamitin Gyaran Dokokin Majalisa; saboda ƙoƙarinta da kuma gina haɗin gwiwa, abokin aikin Bauer, Wakili Lee Gonzales, ya sami damar gabatar da irin wannan kudiri cikin nasara a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2009, wanda yayi daidai da hakan sai dai ya ba da damar keɓewa ga gidajen caca na Detroit, mashaya sigari da ake da su, shagunan sayar da sigari na musamman, motocin aiki da ofisoshin gida. Bauer ya kasance mai tallafawa wannan kudiri, kuma bayan watanni na tattaunawa mai sarkakiya, ya sami damar amincewa da shi da rinjayen 73-31 na jam'iyyun biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 House Bill 4377: Prohibit restaurants or private workplaces owners from choosing to allow smoking |url=http://michiganvotes.org/Legislation.aspx?ID=84589 |access-date=May 10, 2017 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michigan Legislature - House Bill 4377 (2009) |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(41oyyb45eprqk2r41f5kyg3j))/mileg.aspx?page=getobject&amp;objectname=2009-HB-4377&amp;query=on |access-date=May 10, 2017 |website=www.legislature.mi.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba tare da wata illa daga illolin hayakin da aka yi amfani da shi ba, Michigan yanzu ita ce jiha ta 38 da ba ta shan taba a kasar.

Bauer ya ɗauki nauyin HB 4851 a shekarar 2009, zai hana ma'aikata biyan mutum ƙasa da adadin da aka fahimci yana da &quot;adadi mai kama da haka,&quot; wanda hakan ya sa yin hakan ya zama keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 House Bill 4851: Mandate &quot;comparable worth&quot; pay |url=http://www.michiganvotes.org/Legislation.aspx?ID=95423 |access-date=May 10, 2017 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michigan Legislature - House Bill 4851 (2009) |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(jlvj5b551d4to545zybrqk45))/mileg.aspx?page=getobject&amp;objectname=2009-HB-4851&amp;query=on |access-date=May 10, 2017 |website=www.legislature.mi.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Membobin kwamitin da kuma membobin jam'iyyar ====
Bauer ta kasance memba a Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi na Majalisar Wakilai. Ta kuma yi aiki a ƙananan kwamitoci uku a Majalisar. Ita ce shugabar Kwamitin Ilimi Mai Girma, mataimakiyar shugabar Kwamitin Kwalejojin Al'umma, kuma memba a Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi na Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki. Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Andy Dillon ne ya naɗa ta don ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Majalisar.

Bauer ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Babban Birnin Tarayya, shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Majalisar Dokoki ta Michigan, kuma shugabar ƙungiyar ƙananan hukumomi. A matsayin shaida ga ƙwarewarta a matsayin mai yin dokoki da jagora, duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun kasance masu goyon bayan ɓangarori biyu da kuma masu goyon bayan majalisar biyu . Haka kuma mamba ce a wasu ƙungiyoyin, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Urban Caucus, Ƙungiyar Yara, Ƙungiyar Yawon Bude Ido, Ƙungiyar Fasaha, da Ƙungiyar Wuta.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Joan Bauer ta taɓa yin aure da Doug Langham, tsohon mai kula da gyaran sana'a a Hukumar Diyya ta Ma'aikata ta Michigan, kuma suna zaune a Lansing's Westside.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Joan Bauer''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1950) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Michigan a gundumar 68 daga 2007 zuwa 2012.

== Ilimi ==
Bauer ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Western Michigan da digirin farko a fannin tarihi da kuma digirin ƙananan yara a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da ilimin sakandare.

== Sana'a ==
Bauer malamar gwamnati ce ta makarantar sakandare da ilimin manya kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan ayyukan sa-kai a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yankin Ingham tsawon shekaru 21. Bauer ta jagoranci Hukumar Mata ta Gundumar Ingham kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Mata a Gwamnatin Gundumar Michigan daga 2004 zuwa 2005.

=== Majalisar Birnin Lansing ===
A shekarar 1995, an zaɓi Bauer a matsayin memba a Majalisar Birnin Lansing, kuma an sake zaɓe ta a shekarar 1999, da 2003. Ta yi aiki har zuwa 2006, lokacin da ta yi murabus don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Jihar Michigan .

=== Majalisar Wakilai ta Michigan ===

==== Zamanin aiki ====
A zaɓenta na 2006 a Majalisar Michigan, Bauer ta kayar da Jerry Hollister, wanda ya zo na biyu a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat, da kusan kashi shida cikin ɗari a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat, inda ta sami kashi 32.83% na ƙuri'un. Bauer ya yi nasara a babban zaɓen da ya samu kashi 74% na ƙuri'un, inda ya kayar da ɗan kasuwan jam'iyyar Republican Harilaos I. Sorovigas.

A matsayinta na 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Michigan, Bauer ta gabatar kuma ta dauki nauyin wasu muhimman kudirori. Wataƙila ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi sani da su shine HB 4341, wanda ke da masu tallafawa 33 kuma zai hana dukkan kasuwanci da gidajen cin abinci a Michigan barin shan taba a wurarensu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michigan Legislature - House Bill 4341 (2009) |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(jlvj5b551d4to545zybrqk45))/mileg.aspx?page=getobject&amp;objectname=2009-HB-4341&amp;query=on |access-date=May 10, 2017 |website=www.legislature.mi.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 House Bill 4341: Prohibit allowing restaurant or private workplace smoking |url=http://www.michiganvotes.org/Legislation.aspx?ID=84530 |access-date=May 10, 2017 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kudiri, wanda ba ya bayar da keɓancewa ga wasu kasuwanci, an tura shi ga Kwamitin Gyaran Dokokin Majalisa; saboda ƙoƙarinta da kuma gina haɗin gwiwa, abokin aikin Bauer, Wakili Lee Gonzales, ya sami damar gabatar da irin wannan kudiri cikin nasara a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2009, wanda yayi daidai da hakan sai dai ya ba da damar keɓewa ga gidajen caca na Detroit, mashaya sigari da ake da su, shagunan sayar da sigari na musamman, motocin aiki da ofisoshin gida. Bauer ya kasance mai tallafawa wannan kudiri, kuma bayan watanni na tattaunawa mai sarkakiya, ya sami damar amincewa da shi da rinjayen 73-31 na jam'iyyun biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 House Bill 4377: Prohibit restaurants or private workplaces owners from choosing to allow smoking |url=http://michiganvotes.org/Legislation.aspx?ID=84589 |access-date=May 10, 2017 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michigan Legislature - House Bill 4377 (2009) |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(41oyyb45eprqk2r41f5kyg3j))/mileg.aspx?page=getobject&amp;objectname=2009-HB-4377&amp;query=on |access-date=May 10, 2017 |website=www.legislature.mi.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba tare da wata illa daga illolin hayakin da aka yi amfani da shi ba, Michigan yanzu ita ce jiha ta 38 da ba ta shan taba a kasar.

Bauer ya ɗauki nauyin HB 4851 a shekarar 2009, zai hana ma'aikata biyan mutum ƙasa da adadin da aka fahimci yana da &quot;adadi mai kama da haka,&quot; wanda hakan ya sa yin hakan ya zama keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 House Bill 4851: Mandate &quot;comparable worth&quot; pay |url=http://www.michiganvotes.org/Legislation.aspx?ID=95423 |access-date=May 10, 2017 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michigan Legislature - House Bill 4851 (2009) |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(jlvj5b551d4to545zybrqk45))/mileg.aspx?page=getobject&amp;objectname=2009-HB-4851&amp;query=on |access-date=May 10, 2017 |website=www.legislature.mi.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Membobin kwamitin da kuma membobin jam'iyyar ====
Bauer ta kasance memba a Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi na Majalisar Wakilai. Ta kuma yi aiki a ƙananan kwamitoci uku a Majalisar. Ita ce shugabar Kwamitin Ilimi Mai Girma, mataimakiyar shugabar Kwamitin Kwalejojin Al'umma, kuma memba a Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi na Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki. Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Andy Dillon ne ya naɗa ta don ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Majalisar.

Bauer ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Babban Birnin Tarayya, shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Majalisar Dokoki ta Michigan, kuma shugabar ƙungiyar ƙananan hukumomi. A matsayin shaida ga ƙwarewarta a matsayin mai yin dokoki da jagora, duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun kasance masu goyon bayan ɓangarori biyu da kuma masu goyon bayan majalisar biyu . Haka kuma mamba ce a wasu ƙungiyoyin, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Urban Caucus, Ƙungiyar Yara, Ƙungiyar Yawon Bude Ido, Ƙungiyar Fasaha, da Ƙungiyar Wuta.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Joan Bauer ta taɓa yin aure da Doug Langham, tsohon mai kula da gyaran sana'a a Hukumar Diyya ta Ma'aikata ta Michigan, kuma suna zaune a Lansing's Westside.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Patricia Bates</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328411509|Patricia Bates]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="30828" sha1="k6f2ax8kwaxpqkin9ze0s5bxcb3jdih" xml:space="preserve">'''Patricia &quot;Pat&quot; Carmody Bates''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1939) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce ta 'yan Republican ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California, tana wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 36, wacce ta ƙunshi sassan kananan hukumomin Orange da San Diego . Ta bar ofis a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patricia C. Bates |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Patricia_C._Bates |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar tsiraru ta Majalisar Dattawa daga 2017 zuwa 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bates&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monday, April 17, 2017 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/pubSenDailyJrn2.xhtml?type=doc&amp;sessionyear=20172018&amp;pagenum=659&amp;sessionnum=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904200334/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/pubSenDailyJrn2.xhtml?type=doc&amp;sessionyear=20172018&amp;pagenum=659&amp;sessionnum=0 |archive-date=September 4, 2017 |access-date=April 30, 2016 |website=Senate Daily Journal |publisher=[[Secretary of the California State Senate]] |page=665 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange daga 2007 zuwa 2014, da Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California daga 1998 zuwa 2004. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na farko na Laguna Niguel, California bayan kafa ta a 1989, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a majalisar birnin har zuwa 1998. Kafin ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jin daɗin jama'a a Gundumar Los Angeles . 

== Rayuwar farko, ilimi, da aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa ==
An haifi Patricia Carmody Bates a [[Los Angeles]] .  Ta girma a Rosemead, California, a San Gabriel Valley, kafin iyalinta su koma Long Beach lokacin tana da shekaru 12. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Wilson &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; sannan ta halarci Kwalejin Occidental, ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam sannan ta yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a Jami'ar Madrid a shekararta ta farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Faught |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Occidental Magazine |url=https://www.oxy.edu/magazine/issues/winter-2018/elephant-room |publisher=[[Occidental College]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1961. &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; Bates ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa a Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Gundumar Los Angeles . &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot; /&gt; Ta yi aiki a ma'aikatar na tsawon shekaru goma, kuma ta zama mataimakiyar darakta a gundumar. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; A cikin wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2018, Bates ta ce gogewarta a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati ya sa ta fahimci gazawar gwamnati kuma ya sa ta kalli wasu shirye-shiryen gwamnati ba daidai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot; /&gt;

== Magajin gari da kuma ɗan majalisar Laguna Niguel ==
Bates ta zauna a Long Beach kafin ta koma yankin Laguna Niguel da ke kudancin Orange County a shekarar 1978.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Faught |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Occidental Magazine |url=https://www.oxy.edu/magazine/issues/winter-2018/elephant-room |publisher=[[Occidental College]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAndy_Faught2018&quot;&gt;Andy Faught (January 10, 2018). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Shiga harkokin siyasa na Bates ya fara ne a shekarun 1980, lokacin da ta shiga cikin wata ƙungiya mai suna Citizens for a Safer Crown Valley Parkway, wadda ta mayar da hankali kan inganta tsaron masu tafiya a ƙasa a kan hanyar hanya a Laguna Niguel. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance mai aikin sa kai a makaranta kuma a lokacin ta kasance memba na Majalisar Al'umma ta Laguna Niguel, tana aiki a matsayin shugabar ta daga 1986 zuwa 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; An kuma zaɓe Bates a Gundumar Ayyukan Al'umma mai membobi biyar, wacce ke da alaƙa da gwamnati a 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt;

Bayan da aka kafa Laguna Niguel a matsayin birni, ta zama magajin gari na farko na Laguna Niguel a shekarar 1989.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Faught |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Occidental Magazine |url=https://www.oxy.edu/magazine/issues/winter-2018/elephant-room |publisher=[[Occidental College]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAndy_Faught2018&quot;&gt;Andy Faught (January 10, 2018). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta sami mafi yawan kuri'u a tsakanin 'yan takarar kansiloli 23, kuma an nada ta magajin gari. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; Ta ci gaba da kasancewa a majalisar birnin tsawon shekaru goma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Kwalejin Al'umma ta Saddleback da Gidauniyar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;LATimes1998&quot; /&gt; Bates ita ce wakilin majalisar ga Hukumar Tsara Tsarin Amfani da El Toro,  wacce ta yi adawa da shawarwarin gina filin jirgin sama a tsohon Tashar Jiragen Sama ta Marine Corps El Toro ; ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Hukumar. 

== Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ==
Bates ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California daga 1998 zuwa 2004,  tana wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dokoki ta 73.  Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na Majalisar Dokokin Republican a 1998 tare da goyon bayan Bill Morrow, wanda ke kan karagar mulki a jam'iyyar Republican. &lt;ref name=&quot;LATimes1998&quot; /&gt; Yayin da take cikin Majalisar, Bates ta dauki nauyin kafa dokoki don fadada &quot; Dokar Megan &quot; zuwa harabar jami'o'i,  da kuma ware dala miliyan 35 don ayyukan inganta rairayin bakin teku na California, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suka sha wahala sakamakon zaizayar teku . 

== Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange ==
Bates ta kasance memba a Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange daga 2007 zuwa 2014.  Ta wakilci gundumar ta 5, wacce galibi farar fata ce, mai arziki, kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a gundumar,  tun daga Aliso Viejo zuwa San Clemente .  An zaɓe ta a Hukumar a shekara ta 2006 a wani kamfen mai cike da cece-kuce inda ta fuskanci wasu 'yan takara uku, mafi mahimmanci ita ce tsohuwar magajin garin Laguna Niguel Cathryn DeYoung. &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa Bates tana da suna da kuma goyon baya, DeYoung tana da fa'idar tara kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; Yaƙin neman zaɓen DeYoung ya kashe dala miliyan 2.7 (gami da rancen dala miliyan 2.1 daga DeYoung kanta); Yaƙin neman zaɓen Bates ya kashe kusan dala 700,000 (gami da rancen dala 279,000 daga Bates kanta). &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan takarar biyu ya kashe kusan dala miliyan 3.4, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama kamfen mafi tsada ga mai kula a tarihin Gundumar Orange har zuwa wannan lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; An yi wa tseren kallon kamfe mai tsauri, yawancinsu sun mayar da hankali kan shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba . &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; DeYoung ta kai wa Bates hari a matsayin &quot;marasa ƙarfi ga shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba&quot; yayin da take jaddada matsayinta na kin amincewa da shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; Kamfen ɗin Bates ya kai ƙarar DeYoung a yunƙurin toshe wani rubutu da ke nuna fuskar Bates da aka ɗora a kan wani ''ofishin jakadancin Matrícula'' ; kotuna biyu sun yi watsi da buƙatar Bates. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt;

A matsayinta na memba na Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange, Bates ta shiga cikin kuri'ar amincewa ta 2007 don ƙirƙirar Hukumar Bitar Dokokin Jama'a, wata hukumar sa ido kan 'yan sanda farar hula don duba korafe-korafen rashin da'a da aka ɗora wa jami'an tsaro na gundumar, kodayake Bates ya yi mamakin lokacin ko hukumar za ta zama &quot;damisa mara haƙori.&quot;  A shekara ta 2009, Bates ta shiga cikin kuri'ar amincewa ta Hukumar don sake fasalin Sashen Tsare-tsare na gundumar, wanda aka soki a cikin wani bincike na manyan kurakurai. 

In 2012, Bates voted against a proposal by Board chairman John Moorlach to place a referendum on the ballot that would change supervisor term limits from a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms to a lifetime maximum of three four-year terms. The proposal failed on a 3&amp;#x2013;2 vote.

== Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California ==
A shekarar 2014, an zaɓe Bates a matsayin Sanatan Jihar California.  An zaɓe ta daga gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 36, wadda ta ƙunshi yanki a kudancin Orange County da arewacin Gundumar San Diego mai mazauna sama da miliyan 1. 

A shekarar 2017, 'yan jam'iyyar Republican ta Majalisar Dattawa sun zabi Bates a matsayin shugabar marasa rinjaye ta Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California. Ita ce mace ta biyu a tarihin jihar da ta jagoranci taron jam'iyya, daya kuma ita ce magajinta Jean Fuller.  Bates ta jagoranci wani karamin taron jam'iyya; 'yan Republican sun kasa da kashi daya bisa uku na Majalisar Dattawan Jihar, wacce ke da rinjayen 'yan Democrat . &lt;ref name=&quot;BollagMinority&quot; /&gt; A zaman 2017-18, 'yan Republican suna da kujeru 13 kuma 'yan Democrat suna da kujeru 27. &lt;ref name=&quot;BollagMinority&quot; /&gt; An sake zabar Bates a kujerarta a zaben Nuwamba 2018, duk da cewa 'yan Democrat sun yi taho mu gama a Orange County &lt;ref name=&quot;Myers&quot; /&gt; da kuma asarar da 'yan Republican suka yi a jihar.  A zaman 2019, 'yan Republican suna da kujeru 11 kacal a Majalisar Dattawan California.  A watan Janairun 2019, a farkon zaman, 'yan Republican na Majalisar Dattawa sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar korar Bates daga kan mulki, inda suka maye gurbinta da Shannon Grove na Bakersfield mai ra'ayin mazan jiya . &lt;ref name=&quot;White&quot; /&gt;

Bates bai cancanci sake neman takarar Sanata a shekarar 2022 ba saboda wa'adin mulki. 

=== Matsalolin laifuka ===
Bates ta rubuta doka don sake rarraba laifuka da dama a matsayin laifukan &quot;tashin hankali&quot; don rufe abin da ta yi imanin cewa ramuka ne a cikin dokokin jihar, tana goyon bayan masu gabatar da kara da ke jayayya cewa jerin &quot;tashin hankali&quot; na jihar na iya ba da damar wasu fursunoni masu haɗari su yi tafiya cikin 'yanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ulloa |first=Jazmine |date=January 27, 2017 |title=What is a 'violent crime'? For California's new parole law, the definition is murky— and it matters |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-proposition-57-violent-crime-list-20170127-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; An karrama Bates a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokokinta na shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=Angela |date=April 9, 2018 |title=Rally for crime victims to feature Sacramento DA Anne Marie Schubert |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article208163744.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013902/https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article208163744.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, Bates ta dauki nauyin wani doka da zai rufe wani shinge da ya shafi fursunonin da aka samu da laifin cin zarafin mata; kudirin, wanda Gwamna [[Gavin Newsom]] ya sanya wa hannu, yana bukatar a tantance irin wadannan fursunonin don samun damar fuskantar barazanar da za su iya fuskanta a nan gaba kafin a yi musu afuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Figueroa |first=Teri |date=2019-09-07 |title=New law requires assessments of potential parolees convicted of sexual violence |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/public-safety/story/2019-09-06/new-legislation-partly-inspired-by-san-diego-case-closes-loophole-in-assessing-sexual-violence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909044640/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/public-safety/story/2019-09-06/new-legislation-partly-inspired-by-san-diego-case-closes-loophole-in-assessing-sexual-violence |archive-date=September 9, 2019 |access-date=2019-09-09 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, Bates ta dauki nauyin dokar da ta rufe wata hanya ga masu cin zarafin mata (SVPs) da ke fuskantar magani. Dokar ta bukaci a baya a sanya wa manyan jami'an tsaro da su koma asibiti bayan kammala sabon hukuncin daurin gidan yari, muddin masu tantance lafiyar kwakwalwa sun yarda cewa fursunonin har yanzu suna cika sharuddan SVP. Newsom ta sanya hannu kan kudirin dokar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-29 |title=Gov. Newsom signs law closing sexually violent predator loophole |url=https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/san-diego-news/gov-newsom-signs-law-closing-sexually-violent-predator-loophole |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022172632/https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/san-diego-news/gov-newsom-signs-law-closing-sexually-violent-predator-loophole |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-22 |website=KGTV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin magunguna da dokokin cibiyoyin gyaran hali ===
Bates ya rubuta kudirori don magance cin zarafin opioid da kuma inganta tsarin cibiyoyin da ke ba da mafaka da kuma kula da masu shan miyagun kwayoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Libby |first=Sara |date=May 4, 2018 |title=One Senator's Push to Curb Opioid Abuse — and to Rein in the Facilities That Shelter Addicts |url=https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/government/one-senators-push-to-curb-opioid-abuse-and-to-rein-in-the-facilities-that-shelter-addicts/ |website=Voice of San Diego}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta rubuta SB 1109, wanda Gwamna [[Jerry Brown]] ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2018; dokar ta ƙara ci gaba da buƙatun ilimin likitanci ga masu rubuta opioid don rage cin zarafi da jaraba, da kuma buƙatar lakabin gargaɗi a kan kwalaben magani na opioid, kuma ta buƙaci ƙungiyoyin wasanni na matasa da makarantu su rarraba takarda da ke gargaɗin ɗalibai-'yan wasa da iyayensu ko masu kula da su game da haɗarin da ke tattare da opioids. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patricia Bates |last2=Summer Stephan |date=April 5, 2018 |title=Education remains key to reducing opioid tragedies |url=https://thecoastnews.com/education-remains-key-to-reducing-opioid-tragedies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023222756/https://thecoastnews.com/education-remains-key-to-reducing-opioid-tragedies/ |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Libby |first=Sara |date=September 28, 2018 |title=Sacramento Report: Two Housing-Focused Lawmakers Won't Weigh in on Rent Control |url=https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/government/sacramento-report-two-housing-focused-lawmakers-wont-weigh-in-on-rent-control/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052642/https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/government/sacramento-report-two-housing-focused-lawmakers-wont-weigh-in-on-rent-control/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Voice of San Diego}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bates ta ɗauki nauyin Dokar Brandon, wani mataki da ke hana masu gudanar da [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|wuraren gyaran magunguna]] yin ba daidai ba ko da'awar ƙarya game da ayyukan da suke bayarwa ko wurin da suke. &lt;ref name=&quot;ocregister.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=New drug rehab rules call for honest advertising, insurance and naloxone |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2021/10/12/new-drug-rehab-rules-call-for-honest-advertising-insurance-and-naloxone |access-date=2021-10-22 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bates ta kuma ɗauki nauyin dokar kare mabukaci don buƙatar wuraren gyaran magunguna waɗanda Jihar California ta ba da lasisi ko ta ba da izini su bayyana lasisinsu da lambobin takaddun shaida da kwanakin karewa a shafukan yanar gizon su da sauran kayan talla. &lt;ref name=&quot;ocregister.com&quot; /&gt; Bates ta rubuta doka don buƙatar binciken tarihin laifuka kan masu wuraren gyaran magunguna da masu gudanar da su, kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta ba wa gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi kayan aikin da za su taimaka wajen tsara irin waɗannan wurare. Ta yaba da rahoton &quot;Rehab Riviera&quot; na Southern California News Group saboda wayar da kan jama'a game da batun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sforza |first=Teri |date=September 27, 2018 |title=New rehab laws may revamp addiction treatment in California |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2018/09/27/new-rehab-laws-may-revamp-addiction-treatment-in-california/ |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sufuri ===
Bates ya yi adawa da dokar California ta SB 1 (2017), wadda ta ƙara yawan harajin iskar gas da motoci don samar da kuɗaɗen gyaran hanyoyi da gadoji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gorman |first=Steve |date=April 28, 2017 |title=California enacts $52 billion fuel tax hike for road, bridge repairs |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-gastax/california-enacts-52-billion-fuel-tax-hike-for-road-bridge-repairs-idUSKBN17U305 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052703/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-gastax/california-enacts-52-billion-fuel-tax-hike-for-road-bridge-repairs-idUSKBN17U305 |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani shafi na 2017, Bates ya soki dokar a matsayin &quot;yarjejeniyar ɗakin bayan gida ta Sacramento&quot; kuma ya ce &quot;abin takaici ne cewa ba za a yi amfani da kashi 30 cikin 100 na sabbin harajin ba don gyaran hanyoyi&quot; kuma dokar ba ta samar da ƙarin kuɗi don faɗaɗa layukan ba . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patricia Bates |last2=John Moorlach |last3=Janet Nguyen |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Orange County drivers are no winners in Sacramento backroom deal |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2017/04/28/orange-county-drivers-are-no-winners-in-sacramento-backroom-deal/ |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates opposed the California High-Speed Rail project, calling it &quot;a boondoggle&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Jeff |date=March 12, 2018 |title=California's $77 billion 'bullet train to nowhere' faces a murky future as political opposition ramps up |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/12/californias-77-billion-high-speed-rail-project-is-in-trouble.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502045318/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/12/californias-77-billion-high-speed-rail-project-is-in-trouble.html |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; and urging that the money set aside for high-speed rail be used to fix roads instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2015 |title=Use high-speed rail funds to fix California roads |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sdut-high-speed-rail-california-2015nov11-story.html |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates ta goyi bayan tsare-tsaren birni waɗanda ke biyan buƙatun motocin lantarki.  Ta ba da izinin Dokar da ta ba Gundumar San Diego, ko kowace birni a gundumar, izinin kafa &quot;Tsarin Sufuri na Motocin Lantarki na Unguwa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melissa Adan |date=September 27, 2018 |title=New Electric Vehicle Legislation Could Change How San Diegans Commute |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/local/new-electric-vehicle-legislation-could-change-the-way-san-diegans-commute/50363/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023231729/https://www.nbcsandiego.com/local/new-electric-vehicle-legislation-could-change-the-way-san-diegans-commute/50363/ |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2021 |publisher=KNSD}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimi ===
Bates ta amince da kudurin California mai lamba 51 na shekarar 2016, wanda ya ba da izinin bayar da lamuni na dala biliyan 9 don tallafawa ingantawa da gina kayayyakin makarantu ga makarantun K-12 da kwalejojin al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California Proposition 51, Public School Facility Bonds (2016) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_51,_Public_School_Facility_Bonds_(2016) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107150510/https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_51,_Public_School_Facility_Bonds_(2016) |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Ballotpedia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi kira ga Gwamna Jerry Brown da ya gaggauta fitar da lamunin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2018 |title=Letters to the Editor: Governor Shortchanging Local School Districts |url=http://www.danapointtimes.com/letters-editor-governor-shortchanging-local-school-districts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052802/http://www.danapointtimes.com/letters-editor-governor-shortchanging-local-school-districts/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Dana Point Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhalli ===
Bates ya bayyana cewa &quot; [[Tashin matakin teku|hauhawar matakin teku]] da zaizayar ƙasa a bakin teku manyan barazana ne guda biyu ga gabar tekun California&quot; kuma &quot;dole ne 'yan majalisa su haɗu don nemo mafita.&quot; 

A shekarar 2015, Bates ya yi adawa da dokar (SB 350) wadda ta bukaci akalla kashi 50% na wutar lantarki da ake sayarwa ga abokan cinikin California ya fito daga [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|albarkatun da ake sabuntawa]] nan da shekarar 2030, kuma za ta bukaci Hukumar Albarkatun Sama ta California (CARB) ta aiwatar da ka'idojin mai don rage amfani da [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] da kashi 50% nan da shekarar 2030. 

Bates sun kaɗa ƙuri'a don goyon bayan dokar California, wadda aka zartar a shekarar 2020, wadda ta ba da umarnin cewa kwalaben abin sha na filastik dole ne su ƙunshi matsakaicin kashi 50% na filastik da aka sake yin amfani da shi nan da shekarar 2030, daga cikin manyan manufofin da ake sa ran cimmawa a duniya game da dokar abubuwan da ake sake yin amfani da su na filastik a duniya.”

=== Kula da lafiya ===
Bates ta yi adawa da kudirin da zai kafa tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya a California, inda ta amince da Kakakin Majalisar Anthony Rendon cewa &quot;ba a cika shi ba&quot; domin bai magance matsalolin kuɗi da sauran su ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luna |first=Taryn |date=May 25, 2017 |title=No funding plan doesn't stop lawmakers from moving health care bill along |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article152728544.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009015152/https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article152728544.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kira kudirin &quot;alkawari na ƙarya wanda zai lalata matsalolin kuɗaɗen jihar da kuma barazana ga kuɗaɗen da za a biya don wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci&quot; kuma ta ce &quot;Dokokin ya kamata su sake mai da hankali kan inganta shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da ake da su da kuma taimaka wa waɗanda ba su da damar samun kulawar da ta dace.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Single-payer health plan full of false promises |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sd-utbg-california-single-payer-healthcare-20170614-story.html |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2015, Bates ya gabatar da doka don ba wa harabar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Saddleback Memorial da ke San Clemente damar yin aiki a matsayin ɗakin gaggawa na musamman don ci gaba da buɗe sashen gaggawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swegles |first=Fred |date=March 18, 2015 |title=City weighs option of opening its own hospital if emergency room closes |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2015/03/18/city-weighs-option-of-opening-its-own-hospital-if-emergency-room-closes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052758/https://www.ocregister.com/2015/03/18/city-weighs-option-of-opening-its-own-hospital-if-emergency-room-closes/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tattalin Arziki, fasaha, da kuma ƙa'idoji ===
Bates babban mai goyon bayan Dokar California ta 1978 13, wadda ta takaita karuwar harajin gidaje a California.  

Bates ya yi adawa da Dokar Kare Masu Amfani da Intanet ta California da Tsaka-tsaki a Intanet ta 2018, wata doka ta tsaka-tsaki a California, wacce Sanata Scott Wiener ya dauki nauyinta, wadda ta hana masu samar da ayyukan intanet (ISPs) toshe ko takaita ayyukan bandwidth ( tsaka-tsaki ko ba da izini) ko shafukan yanar gizo da kuma hana ayyukan &quot;tsaka-tsaki a tsakanin masu samar da sabis na intanet.&quot; Bates ya ce ya kamata a bar wa gwamnatin tarayya tsaka-tsaki kuma dokar za ta iya hana kamfanonin sadarwa saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa a California. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Mark |date=May 30, 2018 |title=California net neutrality legislation passes state Senate |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2018/05/30/california-net-neutrality-legislation-passes-state.html |access-date=2018-10-06 |website=Sacramento Business Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan dokar SB 63, wadda aka fi sani da Sabuwar Dokar Hutu ga Iyaye, a shekarar 2017. Dokar ta buƙaci kamfanoni masu ma'aikata sama da 20 su ba wa iyaye mata da maza na California garantin makonni 12 na [[hutun iyaye]] bayan haihuwar ɗa. Bates ta ambaci kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa ga kasuwanci a matsayin dalilinta na adawa da dokar. 

Bates ya ɗauki nauyin dokar da ta sauƙaƙa tsarin ga ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara kan harkokin lafiya, masu ba da shawara kan aure da iyali, da ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a na asibiti a wasu jihohi don samun lasisi a California. Gwamna Newsom ne ya sanya hannu kan dokar a shekarar 2019.

=== Trump ===
Bates ta goyi bayan Marco Rubio a zaɓen fidda gwani na 'yan Republican na 2016, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kamfen ɗin Rubio na California. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wire |first=Sarah |date=January 8, 2016 |title=6 California lawmakers and San Diego mayor back Marco Rubio for president |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-marco-rubio-california-co-chairs-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815091052/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-marco-rubio-california-co-chairs-story.html |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ce a farkon 2016 za ta goyi bayan [[Donald Trump]] idan ya lashe zaɓen 'yan Republican.  A watan Janairun 2018, Bates ta soki 'yan Democrat na jihar saboda abin da ta gani a matsayin mayar da hankali sosai &quot;ga abin da Shugaba Trump da gwamnatin tarayya ke yi.&quot; 

=== Cin zarafin jima'i ===
Bates ya yi kira ga shugabannin majalisun dokoki na California da su saki masu fallasa bayanai na California daga yarjejeniyar rashin bayyana bayanai kan cin zarafin mata, sannan ya yi kira ga kwamitocin dokokin Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Dokoki da su yi &quot;bita mai cike da rudani, mai sassa biyu da kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya&quot; na irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Melanie |date=December 23, 2017 |title=California Senate GOP leader: Release Capitol whistleblowers from non-disclosure agreements |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-rep-maxine-waters-asks-justice-1513294034-htmlstory.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615102312/https://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-rep-maxine-waters-asks-justice-1513294034-htmlstory.html |archive-date=June 15, 2019 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimi ===
Bates ya ɗauki nauyin wani kudiri da ke buƙatar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta California ta bayar da rahoto game da amfani da atisayen kulle-kullen da ake yi a makarantun gwamnati na K-12. 

=== Gidaje da rashin matsuguni ===
Tare da goyon bayan magajin garin Encinitas Catherine Blakespear, Bates ya ɗauki nauyin dokar jam'iyya mai mulki biyu a shekarar 2018 (SB 1226) don sauƙaƙe ginawa, da kuma bayar da izini ga rukunin gidaje masu dacewa (ADUs ko &quot;gidajen kakanni&quot;) don rage ƙarancin gidaje a California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patricia Bates |last2=Catherine S. Blakespear |date=July 5, 2018 |title=Commentary: How granny flats help with California's housing shortage |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sd-utbg-housing-california-granny-flats-20180705-story.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates ya rubuta dokar tare, wacce Gwamna [[Jerry Brown]] ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2018, wadda ta ba da damar ƙirƙirar wata hukuma ta Orange County don taimakawa wajen ɗaukar matsugunan marasa gidaje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Theresa |date=September 11, 2018 |title=Governor signs bill that allows creation of Orange County trust to help house homeless people |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2018/09/11/governor-signs-bill-that-allows-creation-of-orange-county-trust-to-help-house-homeless-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013313/https://www.ocregister.com/2018/09/11/governor-signs-bill-that-allows-creation-of-orange-county-trust-to-help-house-homeless-people/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agusta na 2021, Bates da abokin takararsa na jam'iyyar Republican Mike Morrell su ne kuri'un da Majalisar Dattawa ta kada kan dokar da ta tsawaita dakatar da korar 'yan haya daga gidajensu har zuwa Janairun 2022 ga masu haya da suka rasa aiki da kudin shiga a lokacin annobar COVID-19 . Bates ya ambaci adawa daga wata kungiyar masu gidaje. Dokar ta zartar da kudirin da kuri'u –, da kuma Majalisar Dattawa – ; Newsom ne ya sanya hannu kan dokar.

=== Tallafin kuɗi na kamfen ===
A watan Agusta na 2018, Bates ya yi adawa da ci gaban kudirin da ke bai wa shugabannin majalisa karin kudin yakin neman zabe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Bryan |date=August 24, 2018 |title=Republicans kill California bill giving legislative leaders more campaign cash |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article217292200.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009014149/https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article217292200.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;A watan Afrilun 2016, ita da tsohuwar shugabar Hukumar Ayyukan Siyasa ta California sun yi kira da a zartar da wani kudiri wanda &quot;zai hana 'yan takara da zababbun jami'ai amfani da kuɗi daga kwamitocin da 'yan takara ke jagoranta don tallata kansu, takararsu ko yakin neman zaben wasu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2016 |title=Legislature must close corrupting campaign money loophole |url=https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article72193557.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009015236/https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article72193557.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bates ya auri John Bates, wani mai zane-zane, a shekarar 1963; suna da 'ya'ya biyu. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]
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'''Patricia &quot;Pat&quot; Carmody Bates''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1939) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce ta 'yan Republican ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California, tana wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 36, wacce ta ƙunshi sassan kananan hukumomin Orange da San Diego . Ta bar ofis a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patricia C. Bates |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Patricia_C._Bates |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar tsiraru ta Majalisar Dattawa daga 2017 zuwa 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bates&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monday, April 17, 2017 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/pubSenDailyJrn2.xhtml?type=doc&amp;sessionyear=20172018&amp;pagenum=659&amp;sessionnum=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904200334/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/pubSenDailyJrn2.xhtml?type=doc&amp;sessionyear=20172018&amp;pagenum=659&amp;sessionnum=0 |archive-date=September 4, 2017 |access-date=April 30, 2016 |website=Senate Daily Journal |publisher=[[Secretary of the California State Senate]] |page=665 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange daga 2007 zuwa 2014, da Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California daga 1998 zuwa 2004. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na farko na Laguna Niguel, California bayan kafa ta a 1989, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a majalisar birnin har zuwa 1998. Kafin ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jin daɗin jama'a a Gundumar Los Angeles . 

== Rayuwar farko, ilimi, da aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa ==
An haifi Patricia Carmody Bates a [[Los Angeles]] .  Ta girma a Rosemead, California, a San Gabriel Valley, kafin iyalinta su koma Long Beach lokacin tana da shekaru 12. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Wilson &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; sannan ta halarci Kwalejin Occidental, ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam sannan ta yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a Jami'ar Madrid a shekararta ta farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Faught |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Occidental Magazine |url=https://www.oxy.edu/magazine/issues/winter-2018/elephant-room |publisher=[[Occidental College]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1961. &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; Bates ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa a Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Gundumar Los Angeles . &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot; /&gt; Ta yi aiki a ma'aikatar na tsawon shekaru goma, kuma ta zama mataimakiyar darakta a gundumar. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; A cikin wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2018, Bates ta ce gogewarta a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati ya sa ta fahimci gazawar gwamnati kuma ya sa ta kalli wasu shirye-shiryen gwamnati ba daidai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot; /&gt;

== Magajin gari da kuma ɗan majalisar Laguna Niguel ==
Bates ta zauna a Long Beach kafin ta koma yankin Laguna Niguel da ke kudancin Orange County a shekarar 1978.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Faught |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Occidental Magazine |url=https://www.oxy.edu/magazine/issues/winter-2018/elephant-room |publisher=[[Occidental College]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAndy_Faught2018&quot;&gt;Andy Faught (January 10, 2018). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Shiga harkokin siyasa na Bates ya fara ne a shekarun 1980, lokacin da ta shiga cikin wata ƙungiya mai suna Citizens for a Safer Crown Valley Parkway, wadda ta mayar da hankali kan inganta tsaron masu tafiya a ƙasa a kan hanyar hanya a Laguna Niguel. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance mai aikin sa kai a makaranta kuma a lokacin ta kasance memba na Majalisar Al'umma ta Laguna Niguel, tana aiki a matsayin shugabar ta daga 1986 zuwa 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; An kuma zaɓe Bates a Gundumar Ayyukan Al'umma mai membobi biyar, wacce ke da alaƙa da gwamnati a 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt;

Bayan da aka kafa Laguna Niguel a matsayin birni, ta zama magajin gari na farko na Laguna Niguel a shekarar 1989.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Faught |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Occidental Magazine |url=https://www.oxy.edu/magazine/issues/winter-2018/elephant-room |publisher=[[Occidental College]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAndy_Faught2018&quot;&gt;Andy Faught (January 10, 2018). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta sami mafi yawan kuri'u a tsakanin 'yan takarar kansiloli 23, kuma an nada ta magajin gari. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; Ta ci gaba da kasancewa a majalisar birnin tsawon shekaru goma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Kwalejin Al'umma ta Saddleback da Gidauniyar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;LATimes1998&quot; /&gt; Bates ita ce wakilin majalisar ga Hukumar Tsara Tsarin Amfani da El Toro,  wacce ta yi adawa da shawarwarin gina filin jirgin sama a tsohon Tashar Jiragen Sama ta Marine Corps El Toro ; ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Hukumar. 

== Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ==
Bates ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California daga 1998 zuwa 2004,  tana wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dokoki ta 73.  Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na Majalisar Dokokin Republican a 1998 tare da goyon bayan Bill Morrow, wanda ke kan karagar mulki a jam'iyyar Republican. &lt;ref name=&quot;LATimes1998&quot; /&gt; Yayin da take cikin Majalisar, Bates ta dauki nauyin kafa dokoki don fadada &quot; Dokar Megan &quot; zuwa harabar jami'o'i,  da kuma ware dala miliyan 35 don ayyukan inganta rairayin bakin teku na California, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suka sha wahala sakamakon zaizayar teku . 

== Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange ==
Bates ta kasance memba a Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange daga 2007 zuwa 2014.  Ta wakilci gundumar ta 5, wacce galibi farar fata ce, mai arziki, kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a gundumar,  tun daga Aliso Viejo zuwa San Clemente .  An zaɓe ta a Hukumar a shekara ta 2006 a wani kamfen mai cike da cece-kuce inda ta fuskanci wasu 'yan takara uku, mafi mahimmanci ita ce tsohuwar magajin garin Laguna Niguel Cathryn DeYoung. &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa Bates tana da suna da kuma goyon baya, DeYoung tana da fa'idar tara kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; Yaƙin neman zaɓen DeYoung ya kashe dala miliyan 2.7 (gami da rancen dala miliyan 2.1 daga DeYoung kanta); Yaƙin neman zaɓen Bates ya kashe kusan dala 700,000 (gami da rancen dala 279,000 daga Bates kanta). &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan takarar biyu ya kashe kusan dala miliyan 3.4, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama kamfen mafi tsada ga mai kula a tarihin Gundumar Orange har zuwa wannan lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; An yi wa tseren kallon kamfe mai tsauri, yawancinsu sun mayar da hankali kan shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba . &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; DeYoung ta kai wa Bates hari a matsayin &quot;marasa ƙarfi ga shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba&quot; yayin da take jaddada matsayinta na kin amincewa da shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; Kamfen ɗin Bates ya kai ƙarar DeYoung a yunƙurin toshe wani rubutu da ke nuna fuskar Bates da aka ɗora a kan wani ''ofishin jakadancin Matrícula'' ; kotuna biyu sun yi watsi da buƙatar Bates. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt;

A matsayinta na memba na Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange, Bates ta shiga cikin kuri'ar amincewa ta 2007 don ƙirƙirar Hukumar Bitar Dokokin Jama'a, wata hukumar sa ido kan 'yan sanda farar hula don duba korafe-korafen rashin da'a da aka ɗora wa jami'an tsaro na gundumar, kodayake Bates ya yi mamakin lokacin ko hukumar za ta zama &quot;damisa mara haƙori.&quot;  A shekara ta 2009, Bates ta shiga cikin kuri'ar amincewa ta Hukumar don sake fasalin Sashen Tsare-tsare na gundumar, wanda aka soki a cikin wani bincike na manyan kurakurai. 

In 2012, Bates voted against a proposal by Board chairman John Moorlach to place a referendum on the ballot that would change supervisor term limits from a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms to a lifetime maximum of three four-year terms. The proposal failed on a 3&amp;#x2013;2 vote.

== Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California ==
A shekarar 2014, an zaɓe Bates a matsayin Sanatan Jihar California.  An zaɓe ta daga gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 36, wadda ta ƙunshi yanki a kudancin Orange County da arewacin Gundumar San Diego mai mazauna sama da miliyan 1. 

A shekarar 2017, 'yan jam'iyyar Republican ta Majalisar Dattawa sun zabi Bates a matsayin shugabar marasa rinjaye ta Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California. Ita ce mace ta biyu a tarihin jihar da ta jagoranci taron jam'iyya, daya kuma ita ce magajinta Jean Fuller.  Bates ta jagoranci wani karamin taron jam'iyya; 'yan Republican sun kasa da kashi daya bisa uku na Majalisar Dattawan Jihar, wacce ke da rinjayen 'yan Democrat . &lt;ref name=&quot;BollagMinority&quot; /&gt; A zaman 2017-18, 'yan Republican suna da kujeru 13 kuma 'yan Democrat suna da kujeru 27. &lt;ref name=&quot;BollagMinority&quot; /&gt; An sake zabar Bates a kujerarta a zaben Nuwamba 2018, duk da cewa 'yan Democrat sun yi taho mu gama a Orange County &lt;ref name=&quot;Myers&quot; /&gt; da kuma asarar da 'yan Republican suka yi a jihar.  A zaman 2019, 'yan Republican suna da kujeru 11 kacal a Majalisar Dattawan California.  A watan Janairun 2019, a farkon zaman, 'yan Republican na Majalisar Dattawa sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar korar Bates daga kan mulki, inda suka maye gurbinta da Shannon Grove na Bakersfield mai ra'ayin mazan jiya . &lt;ref name=&quot;White&quot; /&gt;

Bates bai cancanci sake neman takarar Sanata a shekarar 2022 ba saboda wa'adin mulki. 

=== Matsalolin laifuka ===
Bates ta rubuta doka don sake rarraba laifuka da dama a matsayin laifukan &quot;tashin hankali&quot; don rufe abin da ta yi imanin cewa ramuka ne a cikin dokokin jihar, tana goyon bayan masu gabatar da kara da ke jayayya cewa jerin &quot;tashin hankali&quot; na jihar na iya ba da damar wasu fursunoni masu haɗari su yi tafiya cikin 'yanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ulloa |first=Jazmine |date=January 27, 2017 |title=What is a 'violent crime'? For California's new parole law, the definition is murky— and it matters |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-proposition-57-violent-crime-list-20170127-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; An karrama Bates a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokokinta na shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=Angela |date=April 9, 2018 |title=Rally for crime victims to feature Sacramento DA Anne Marie Schubert |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article208163744.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013902/https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article208163744.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, Bates ta dauki nauyin wani doka da zai rufe wani shinge da ya shafi fursunonin da aka samu da laifin cin zarafin mata; kudirin, wanda Gwamna [[Gavin Newsom]] ya sanya wa hannu, yana bukatar a tantance irin wadannan fursunonin don samun damar fuskantar barazanar da za su iya fuskanta a nan gaba kafin a yi musu afuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Figueroa |first=Teri |date=2019-09-07 |title=New law requires assessments of potential parolees convicted of sexual violence |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/public-safety/story/2019-09-06/new-legislation-partly-inspired-by-san-diego-case-closes-loophole-in-assessing-sexual-violence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909044640/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/public-safety/story/2019-09-06/new-legislation-partly-inspired-by-san-diego-case-closes-loophole-in-assessing-sexual-violence |archive-date=September 9, 2019 |access-date=2019-09-09 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, Bates ta dauki nauyin dokar da ta rufe wata hanya ga masu cin zarafin mata (SVPs) da ke fuskantar magani. Dokar ta bukaci a baya a sanya wa manyan jami'an tsaro da su koma asibiti bayan kammala sabon hukuncin daurin gidan yari, muddin masu tantance lafiyar kwakwalwa sun yarda cewa fursunonin har yanzu suna cika sharuddan SVP. Newsom ta sanya hannu kan kudirin dokar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-29 |title=Gov. Newsom signs law closing sexually violent predator loophole |url=https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/san-diego-news/gov-newsom-signs-law-closing-sexually-violent-predator-loophole |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022172632/https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/san-diego-news/gov-newsom-signs-law-closing-sexually-violent-predator-loophole |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-22 |website=KGTV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin magunguna da dokokin cibiyoyin gyaran hali ===
Bates ya rubuta kudirori don magance cin zarafin opioid da kuma inganta tsarin cibiyoyin da ke ba da mafaka da kuma kula da masu shan miyagun kwayoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Libby |first=Sara |date=May 4, 2018 |title=One Senator's Push to Curb Opioid Abuse — and to Rein in the Facilities That Shelter Addicts |url=https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/government/one-senators-push-to-curb-opioid-abuse-and-to-rein-in-the-facilities-that-shelter-addicts/ |website=Voice of San Diego}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta rubuta SB 1109, wanda Gwamna [[Jerry Brown]] ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2018; dokar ta ƙara ci gaba da buƙatun ilimin likitanci ga masu rubuta opioid don rage cin zarafi da jaraba, da kuma buƙatar lakabin gargaɗi a kan kwalaben magani na opioid, kuma ta buƙaci ƙungiyoyin wasanni na matasa da makarantu su rarraba takarda da ke gargaɗin ɗalibai-'yan wasa da iyayensu ko masu kula da su game da haɗarin da ke tattare da opioids. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patricia Bates |last2=Summer Stephan |date=April 5, 2018 |title=Education remains key to reducing opioid tragedies |url=https://thecoastnews.com/education-remains-key-to-reducing-opioid-tragedies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023222756/https://thecoastnews.com/education-remains-key-to-reducing-opioid-tragedies/ |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Libby |first=Sara |date=September 28, 2018 |title=Sacramento Report: Two Housing-Focused Lawmakers Won't Weigh in on Rent Control |url=https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/government/sacramento-report-two-housing-focused-lawmakers-wont-weigh-in-on-rent-control/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052642/https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/government/sacramento-report-two-housing-focused-lawmakers-wont-weigh-in-on-rent-control/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Voice of San Diego}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bates ta ɗauki nauyin Dokar Brandon, wani mataki da ke hana masu gudanar da [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|wuraren gyaran magunguna]] yin ba daidai ba ko da'awar ƙarya game da ayyukan da suke bayarwa ko wurin da suke. &lt;ref name=&quot;ocregister.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=New drug rehab rules call for honest advertising, insurance and naloxone |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2021/10/12/new-drug-rehab-rules-call-for-honest-advertising-insurance-and-naloxone |access-date=2021-10-22 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bates ta kuma ɗauki nauyin dokar kare mabukaci don buƙatar wuraren gyaran magunguna waɗanda Jihar California ta ba da lasisi ko ta ba da izini su bayyana lasisinsu da lambobin takaddun shaida da kwanakin karewa a shafukan yanar gizon su da sauran kayan talla. &lt;ref name=&quot;ocregister.com&quot; /&gt; Bates ta rubuta doka don buƙatar binciken tarihin laifuka kan masu wuraren gyaran magunguna da masu gudanar da su, kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta ba wa gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi kayan aikin da za su taimaka wajen tsara irin waɗannan wurare. Ta yaba da rahoton &quot;Rehab Riviera&quot; na Southern California News Group saboda wayar da kan jama'a game da batun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sforza |first=Teri |date=September 27, 2018 |title=New rehab laws may revamp addiction treatment in California |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2018/09/27/new-rehab-laws-may-revamp-addiction-treatment-in-california/ |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sufuri ===
Bates ya yi adawa da dokar California ta SB 1 (2017), wadda ta ƙara yawan harajin iskar gas da motoci don samar da kuɗaɗen gyaran hanyoyi da gadoji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gorman |first=Steve |date=April 28, 2017 |title=California enacts $52 billion fuel tax hike for road, bridge repairs |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-gastax/california-enacts-52-billion-fuel-tax-hike-for-road-bridge-repairs-idUSKBN17U305 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052703/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-gastax/california-enacts-52-billion-fuel-tax-hike-for-road-bridge-repairs-idUSKBN17U305 |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani shafi na 2017, Bates ya soki dokar a matsayin &quot;yarjejeniyar ɗakin bayan gida ta Sacramento&quot; kuma ya ce &quot;abin takaici ne cewa ba za a yi amfani da kashi 30 cikin 100 na sabbin harajin ba don gyaran hanyoyi&quot; kuma dokar ba ta samar da ƙarin kuɗi don faɗaɗa layukan ba . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patricia Bates |last2=John Moorlach |last3=Janet Nguyen |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Orange County drivers are no winners in Sacramento backroom deal |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2017/04/28/orange-county-drivers-are-no-winners-in-sacramento-backroom-deal/ |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates opposed the California High-Speed Rail project, calling it &quot;a boondoggle&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Jeff |date=March 12, 2018 |title=California's $77 billion 'bullet train to nowhere' faces a murky future as political opposition ramps up |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/12/californias-77-billion-high-speed-rail-project-is-in-trouble.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502045318/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/12/californias-77-billion-high-speed-rail-project-is-in-trouble.html |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; and urging that the money set aside for high-speed rail be used to fix roads instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2015 |title=Use high-speed rail funds to fix California roads |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sdut-high-speed-rail-california-2015nov11-story.html |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates ta goyi bayan tsare-tsaren birni waɗanda ke biyan buƙatun motocin lantarki.  Ta ba da izinin Dokar da ta ba Gundumar San Diego, ko kowace birni a gundumar, izinin kafa &quot;Tsarin Sufuri na Motocin Lantarki na Unguwa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melissa Adan |date=September 27, 2018 |title=New Electric Vehicle Legislation Could Change How San Diegans Commute |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/local/new-electric-vehicle-legislation-could-change-the-way-san-diegans-commute/50363/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023231729/https://www.nbcsandiego.com/local/new-electric-vehicle-legislation-could-change-the-way-san-diegans-commute/50363/ |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2021 |publisher=KNSD}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimi ===
Bates ta amince da kudurin California mai lamba 51 na shekarar 2016, wanda ya ba da izinin bayar da lamuni na dala biliyan 9 don tallafawa ingantawa da gina kayayyakin makarantu ga makarantun K-12 da kwalejojin al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California Proposition 51, Public School Facility Bonds (2016) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_51,_Public_School_Facility_Bonds_(2016) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107150510/https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_51,_Public_School_Facility_Bonds_(2016) |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Ballotpedia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi kira ga Gwamna Jerry Brown da ya gaggauta fitar da lamunin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2018 |title=Letters to the Editor: Governor Shortchanging Local School Districts |url=http://www.danapointtimes.com/letters-editor-governor-shortchanging-local-school-districts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052802/http://www.danapointtimes.com/letters-editor-governor-shortchanging-local-school-districts/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Dana Point Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhalli ===
Bates ya bayyana cewa &quot; [[Tashin matakin teku|hauhawar matakin teku]] da zaizayar ƙasa a bakin teku manyan barazana ne guda biyu ga gabar tekun California&quot; kuma &quot;dole ne 'yan majalisa su haɗu don nemo mafita.&quot; 

A shekarar 2015, Bates ya yi adawa da dokar (SB 350) wadda ta bukaci akalla kashi 50% na wutar lantarki da ake sayarwa ga abokan cinikin California ya fito daga [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|albarkatun da ake sabuntawa]] nan da shekarar 2030, kuma za ta bukaci Hukumar Albarkatun Sama ta California (CARB) ta aiwatar da ka'idojin mai don rage amfani da [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] da kashi 50% nan da shekarar 2030. 

Bates sun kaɗa ƙuri'a don goyon bayan dokar California, wadda aka zartar a shekarar 2020, wadda ta ba da umarnin cewa kwalaben abin sha na filastik dole ne su ƙunshi matsakaicin kashi 50% na filastik da aka sake yin amfani da shi nan da shekarar 2030, daga cikin manyan manufofin da ake sa ran cimmawa a duniya game da dokar abubuwan da ake sake yin amfani da su na filastik a duniya.”

=== Kula da lafiya ===
Bates ta yi adawa da kudirin da zai kafa tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya a California, inda ta amince da Kakakin Majalisar Anthony Rendon cewa &quot;ba a cika shi ba&quot; domin bai magance matsalolin kuɗi da sauran su ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luna |first=Taryn |date=May 25, 2017 |title=No funding plan doesn't stop lawmakers from moving health care bill along |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article152728544.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009015152/https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article152728544.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kira kudirin &quot;alkawari na ƙarya wanda zai lalata matsalolin kuɗaɗen jihar da kuma barazana ga kuɗaɗen da za a biya don wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci&quot; kuma ta ce &quot;Dokokin ya kamata su sake mai da hankali kan inganta shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da ake da su da kuma taimaka wa waɗanda ba su da damar samun kulawar da ta dace.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Single-payer health plan full of false promises |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sd-utbg-california-single-payer-healthcare-20170614-story.html |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2015, Bates ya gabatar da doka don ba wa harabar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Saddleback Memorial da ke San Clemente damar yin aiki a matsayin ɗakin gaggawa na musamman don ci gaba da buɗe sashen gaggawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swegles |first=Fred |date=March 18, 2015 |title=City weighs option of opening its own hospital if emergency room closes |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2015/03/18/city-weighs-option-of-opening-its-own-hospital-if-emergency-room-closes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052758/https://www.ocregister.com/2015/03/18/city-weighs-option-of-opening-its-own-hospital-if-emergency-room-closes/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tattalin Arziki, fasaha, da kuma ƙa'idoji ===
Bates babban mai goyon bayan Dokar California ta 1978 13, wadda ta takaita karuwar harajin gidaje a California.  

Bates ya yi adawa da Dokar Kare Masu Amfani da Intanet ta California da Tsaka-tsaki a Intanet ta 2018, wata doka ta tsaka-tsaki a California, wacce Sanata Scott Wiener ya dauki nauyinta, wadda ta hana masu samar da ayyukan intanet (ISPs) toshe ko takaita ayyukan bandwidth ( tsaka-tsaki ko ba da izini) ko shafukan yanar gizo da kuma hana ayyukan &quot;tsaka-tsaki a tsakanin masu samar da sabis na intanet.&quot; Bates ya ce ya kamata a bar wa gwamnatin tarayya tsaka-tsaki kuma dokar za ta iya hana kamfanonin sadarwa saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa a California. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Mark |date=May 30, 2018 |title=California net neutrality legislation passes state Senate |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2018/05/30/california-net-neutrality-legislation-passes-state.html |access-date=2018-10-06 |website=Sacramento Business Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan dokar SB 63, wadda aka fi sani da Sabuwar Dokar Hutu ga Iyaye, a shekarar 2017. Dokar ta buƙaci kamfanoni masu ma'aikata sama da 20 su ba wa iyaye mata da maza na California garantin makonni 12 na [[hutun iyaye]] bayan haihuwar ɗa. Bates ta ambaci kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa ga kasuwanci a matsayin dalilinta na adawa da dokar. 

Bates ya ɗauki nauyin dokar da ta sauƙaƙa tsarin ga ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara kan harkokin lafiya, masu ba da shawara kan aure da iyali, da ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a na asibiti a wasu jihohi don samun lasisi a California. Gwamna Newsom ne ya sanya hannu kan dokar a shekarar 2019.

=== Trump ===
Bates ta goyi bayan Marco Rubio a zaɓen fidda gwani na 'yan Republican na 2016, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kamfen ɗin Rubio na California. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wire |first=Sarah |date=January 8, 2016 |title=6 California lawmakers and San Diego mayor back Marco Rubio for president |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-marco-rubio-california-co-chairs-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815091052/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-marco-rubio-california-co-chairs-story.html |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ce a farkon 2016 za ta goyi bayan [[Donald Trump]] idan ya lashe zaɓen 'yan Republican.  A watan Janairun 2018, Bates ta soki 'yan Democrat na jihar saboda abin da ta gani a matsayin mayar da hankali sosai &quot;ga abin da Shugaba Trump da gwamnatin tarayya ke yi.&quot; 

=== Cin zarafin jima'i ===
Bates ya yi kira ga shugabannin majalisun dokoki na California da su saki masu fallasa bayanai na California daga yarjejeniyar rashin bayyana bayanai kan cin zarafin mata, sannan ya yi kira ga kwamitocin dokokin Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Dokoki da su yi &quot;bita mai cike da rudani, mai sassa biyu da kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya&quot; na irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Melanie |date=December 23, 2017 |title=California Senate GOP leader: Release Capitol whistleblowers from non-disclosure agreements |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-rep-maxine-waters-asks-justice-1513294034-htmlstory.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615102312/https://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-rep-maxine-waters-asks-justice-1513294034-htmlstory.html |archive-date=June 15, 2019 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimi ===
Bates ya ɗauki nauyin wani kudiri da ke buƙatar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta California ta bayar da rahoto game da amfani da atisayen kulle-kullen da ake yi a makarantun gwamnati na K-12. 

=== Gidaje da rashin matsuguni ===
Tare da goyon bayan magajin garin Encinitas Catherine Blakespear, Bates ya ɗauki nauyin dokar jam'iyya mai mulki biyu a shekarar 2018 (SB 1226) don sauƙaƙe ginawa, da kuma bayar da izini ga rukunin gidaje masu dacewa (ADUs ko &quot;gidajen kakanni&quot;) don rage ƙarancin gidaje a California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patricia Bates |last2=Catherine S. Blakespear |date=July 5, 2018 |title=Commentary: How granny flats help with California's housing shortage |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sd-utbg-housing-california-granny-flats-20180705-story.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates ya rubuta dokar tare, wacce Gwamna [[Jerry Brown]] ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2018, wadda ta ba da damar ƙirƙirar wata hukuma ta Orange County don taimakawa wajen ɗaukar matsugunan marasa gidaje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Theresa |date=September 11, 2018 |title=Governor signs bill that allows creation of Orange County trust to help house homeless people |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2018/09/11/governor-signs-bill-that-allows-creation-of-orange-county-trust-to-help-house-homeless-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013313/https://www.ocregister.com/2018/09/11/governor-signs-bill-that-allows-creation-of-orange-county-trust-to-help-house-homeless-people/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agusta na 2021, Bates da abokin takararsa na jam'iyyar Republican Mike Morrell su ne kuri'un da Majalisar Dattawa ta kada kan dokar da ta tsawaita dakatar da korar 'yan haya daga gidajensu har zuwa Janairun 2022 ga masu haya da suka rasa aiki da kudin shiga a lokacin annobar COVID-19 . Bates ya ambaci adawa daga wata kungiyar masu gidaje. Dokar ta zartar da kudirin da kuri'u –, da kuma Majalisar Dattawa – ; Newsom ne ya sanya hannu kan dokar.

=== Tallafin kuɗi na kamfen ===
A watan Agusta na 2018, Bates ya yi adawa da ci gaban kudirin da ke bai wa shugabannin majalisa karin kudin yakin neman zabe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Bryan |date=August 24, 2018 |title=Republicans kill California bill giving legislative leaders more campaign cash |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article217292200.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009014149/https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article217292200.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;A watan Afrilun 2016, ita da tsohuwar shugabar Hukumar Ayyukan Siyasa ta California sun yi kira da a zartar da wani kudiri wanda &quot;zai hana 'yan takara da zababbun jami'ai amfani da kuɗi daga kwamitocin da 'yan takara ke jagoranta don tallata kansu, takararsu ko yakin neman zaben wasu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2016 |title=Legislature must close corrupting campaign money loophole |url=https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article72193557.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009015236/https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article72193557.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bates ya auri John Bates, wani mai zane-zane, a shekarar 1963; suna da 'ya'ya biyu. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Patricia &quot;Pat&quot; Carmody Bates''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1939) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce ta 'yan Republican ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California, tana wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 36, wacce ta ƙunshi sassan kananan hukumomin Orange da San Diego . Ta bar ofis a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patricia C. Bates |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Patricia_C._Bates |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar tsiraru ta Majalisar Dattawa daga 2017 zuwa 2019. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Bates&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monday, April 17, 2017 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/pubSenDailyJrn2.xhtml?type=doc&amp;sessionyear=20172018&amp;pagenum=659&amp;sessionnum=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904200334/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/pubSenDailyJrn2.xhtml?type=doc&amp;sessionyear=20172018&amp;pagenum=659&amp;sessionnum=0 |archive-date=September 4, 2017 |access-date=April 30, 2016 |website=Senate Daily Journal |publisher=[[Secretary of the California State Senate]] |page=665 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange daga 2007 zuwa 2014, da Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California daga 1998 zuwa 2004. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na farko na Laguna Niguel, California bayan kafa ta a 1989, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a majalisar birnin har zuwa 1998. Kafin ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jin daɗin jama'a a Gundumar Los Angeles . 

== Rayuwar farko, ilimi, da aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa ==
An haifi Patricia Carmody Bates a [[Los Angeles]] .  Ta girma a Rosemead, California, a San Gabriel Valley, kafin iyalinta su koma Long Beach lokacin tana da shekaru 12. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Wilson &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; sannan ta halarci Kwalejin Occidental, ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam sannan ta yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a Jami'ar Madrid a shekararta ta farko. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Faught&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Faught |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Occidental Magazine |url=https://www.oxy.edu/magazine/issues/winter-2018/elephant-room |publisher=[[Occidental College]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1961. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Faught&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Bates ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa a Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Gundumar Los Angeles . &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Faught&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a ma'aikatar na tsawon shekaru goma, kuma ta zama mataimakiyar darakta a gundumar. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2018, Bates ta ce gogewarta a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati ya sa ta fahimci gazawar gwamnati kuma ya sa ta kalli wasu shirye-shiryen gwamnati ba daidai ba. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Faught&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

== Magajin gari da kuma ɗan majalisar Laguna Niguel ==
Bates ta zauna a Long Beach kafin ta koma yankin Laguna Niguel da ke kudancin Orange County a shekarar 1978.  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Faught&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Faught |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Occidental Magazine |url=https://www.oxy.edu/magazine/issues/winter-2018/elephant-room |publisher=[[Occidental College]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAndy_Faught2018&quot;&gt;Andy Faught (January 10, 2018). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Shiga harkokin siyasa na Bates ya fara ne a shekarun 1980, lokacin da ta shiga cikin wata ƙungiya mai suna Citizens for a Safer Crown Valley Parkway, wadda ta mayar da hankali kan inganta tsaron masu tafiya a ƙasa a kan hanyar hanya a Laguna Niguel. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Faught&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mai aikin sa kai a makaranta kuma a lokacin ta kasance memba na Majalisar Al'umma ta Laguna Niguel, tana aiki a matsayin shugabar ta daga 1986 zuwa 1987. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; An kuma zaɓe Bates a Gundumar Ayyukan Al'umma mai membobi biyar, wacce ke da alaƙa da gwamnati a 1986. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan da aka kafa Laguna Niguel a matsayin birni, ta zama magajin gari na farko na Laguna Niguel a shekarar 1989.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Faught |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Occidental Magazine |url=https://www.oxy.edu/magazine/issues/winter-2018/elephant-room |publisher=[[Occidental College]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAndy_Faught2018&quot;&gt;Andy Faught (January 10, 2018). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta sami mafi yawan kuri'u a tsakanin 'yan takarar kansiloli 23, kuma an nada ta magajin gari. &lt;ref name=&quot;LAT1989&quot; /&gt; Ta ci gaba da kasancewa a majalisar birnin tsawon shekaru goma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Faught&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Kwalejin Al'umma ta Saddleback da Gidauniyar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;LATimes1998&quot; /&gt; Bates ita ce wakilin majalisar ga Hukumar Tsara Tsarin Amfani da El Toro,  wacce ta yi adawa da shawarwarin gina filin jirgin sama a tsohon Tashar Jiragen Sama ta Marine Corps El Toro ; ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Hukumar. 

== Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ==
Bates ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California daga 1998 zuwa 2004,  tana wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dokoki ta 73.  Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na Majalisar Dokokin Republican a 1998 tare da goyon bayan Bill Morrow, wanda ke kan karagar mulki a jam'iyyar Republican. &lt;ref name=&quot;LATimes1998&quot; /&gt; Yayin da take cikin Majalisar, Bates ta dauki nauyin kafa dokoki don fadada &quot; Dokar Megan &quot; zuwa harabar jami'o'i,  da kuma ware dala miliyan 35 don ayyukan inganta rairayin bakin teku na California, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suka sha wahala sakamakon zaizayar teku . 

== Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange ==
Bates ta kasance memba a Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange daga 2007 zuwa 2014.  Ta wakilci gundumar ta 5, wacce galibi farar fata ce, mai arziki, kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a gundumar,  tun daga Aliso Viejo zuwa San Clemente .  An zaɓe ta a Hukumar a shekara ta 2006 a wani kamfen mai cike da cece-kuce inda ta fuskanci wasu 'yan takara uku, mafi mahimmanci ita ce tsohuwar magajin garin Laguna Niguel Cathryn DeYoung. &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa Bates tana da suna da kuma goyon baya, DeYoung tana da fa'idar tara kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; Yaƙin neman zaɓen DeYoung ya kashe dala miliyan 2.7 (gami da rancen dala miliyan 2.1 daga DeYoung kanta); Yaƙin neman zaɓen Bates ya kashe kusan dala 700,000 (gami da rancen dala 279,000 daga Bates kanta). &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan takarar biyu ya kashe kusan dala miliyan 3.4, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama kamfen mafi tsada ga mai kula a tarihin Gundumar Orange har zuwa wannan lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; An yi wa tseren kallon kamfe mai tsauri, yawancinsu sun mayar da hankali kan shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba . &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; DeYoung ta kai wa Bates hari a matsayin &quot;marasa ƙarfi ga shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba&quot; yayin da take jaddada matsayinta na kin amincewa da shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt; Kamfen ɗin Bates ya kai ƙarar DeYoung a yunƙurin toshe wani rubutu da ke nuna fuskar Bates da aka ɗora a kan wani ''ofishin jakadancin Matrícula'' ; kotuna biyu sun yi watsi da buƙatar Bates. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheseRaces&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BerthelsenImmg&quot; /&gt;

A matsayinta na memba na Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Orange, Bates ta shiga cikin kuri'ar amincewa ta 2007 don ƙirƙirar Hukumar Bitar Dokokin Jama'a, wata hukumar sa ido kan 'yan sanda farar hula don duba korafe-korafen rashin da'a da aka ɗora wa jami'an tsaro na gundumar, kodayake Bates ya yi mamakin lokacin ko hukumar za ta zama &quot;damisa mara haƙori.&quot;  A shekara ta 2009, Bates ta shiga cikin kuri'ar amincewa ta Hukumar don sake fasalin Sashen Tsare-tsare na gundumar, wanda aka soki a cikin wani bincike na manyan kurakurai. 

In 2012, Bates voted against a proposal by Board chairman John Moorlach to place a referendum on the ballot that would change supervisor term limits from a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms to a lifetime maximum of three four-year terms. The proposal failed on a 3&amp;#x2013;2 vote.

== Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California ==
A shekarar 2014, an zaɓe Bates a matsayin Sanatan Jihar California.  An zaɓe ta daga gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 36, wadda ta ƙunshi yanki a kudancin Orange County da arewacin Gundumar San Diego mai mazauna sama da miliyan 1. 

A shekarar 2017, 'yan jam'iyyar Republican ta Majalisar Dattawa sun zabi Bates a matsayin shugabar marasa rinjaye ta Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California. Ita ce mace ta biyu a tarihin jihar da ta jagoranci taron jam'iyya, daya kuma ita ce magajinta Jean Fuller.  Bates ta jagoranci wani karamin taron jam'iyya; 'yan Republican sun kasa da kashi daya bisa uku na Majalisar Dattawan Jihar, wacce ke da rinjayen 'yan Democrat . &lt;ref name=&quot;BollagMinority&quot; /&gt; A zaman 2017-18, 'yan Republican suna da kujeru 13 kuma 'yan Democrat suna da kujeru 27. &lt;ref name=&quot;BollagMinority&quot; /&gt; An sake zabar Bates a kujerarta a zaben Nuwamba 2018, duk da cewa 'yan Democrat sun yi taho mu gama a Orange County &lt;ref name=&quot;Myers&quot; /&gt; da kuma asarar da 'yan Republican suka yi a jihar.  A zaman 2019, 'yan Republican suna da kujeru 11 kacal a Majalisar Dattawan California.  A watan Janairun 2019, a farkon zaman, 'yan Republican na Majalisar Dattawa sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar korar Bates daga kan mulki, inda suka maye gurbinta da Shannon Grove na Bakersfield mai ra'ayin mazan jiya . &lt;ref name=&quot;White&quot; /&gt;

Bates bai cancanci sake neman takarar Sanata a shekarar 2022 ba saboda wa'adin mulki. 

=== Matsalolin laifuka ===
Bates ta rubuta doka don sake rarraba laifuka da dama a matsayin laifukan &quot;tashin hankali&quot; don rufe abin da ta yi imanin cewa ramuka ne a cikin dokokin jihar, tana goyon bayan masu gabatar da kara da ke jayayya cewa jerin &quot;tashin hankali&quot; na jihar na iya ba da damar wasu fursunoni masu haɗari su yi tafiya cikin 'yanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ulloa |first=Jazmine |date=January 27, 2017 |title=What is a 'violent crime'? For California's new parole law, the definition is murky— and it matters |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-proposition-57-violent-crime-list-20170127-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; An karrama Bates a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokokinta na shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=Angela |date=April 9, 2018 |title=Rally for crime victims to feature Sacramento DA Anne Marie Schubert |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article208163744.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013902/https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article208163744.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, Bates ta dauki nauyin wani doka da zai rufe wani shinge da ya shafi fursunonin da aka samu da laifin cin zarafin mata; kudirin, wanda Gwamna [[Gavin Newsom]] ya sanya wa hannu, yana bukatar a tantance irin wadannan fursunonin don samun damar fuskantar barazanar da za su iya fuskanta a nan gaba kafin a yi musu afuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Figueroa |first=Teri |date=2019-09-07 |title=New law requires assessments of potential parolees convicted of sexual violence |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/public-safety/story/2019-09-06/new-legislation-partly-inspired-by-san-diego-case-closes-loophole-in-assessing-sexual-violence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909044640/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/public-safety/story/2019-09-06/new-legislation-partly-inspired-by-san-diego-case-closes-loophole-in-assessing-sexual-violence |archive-date=September 9, 2019 |access-date=2019-09-09 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, Bates ta dauki nauyin dokar da ta rufe wata hanya ga masu cin zarafin mata (SVPs) da ke fuskantar magani. Dokar ta bukaci a baya a sanya wa manyan jami'an tsaro da su koma asibiti bayan kammala sabon hukuncin daurin gidan yari, muddin masu tantance lafiyar kwakwalwa sun yarda cewa fursunonin har yanzu suna cika sharuddan SVP. Newsom ta sanya hannu kan kudirin dokar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-29 |title=Gov. Newsom signs law closing sexually violent predator loophole |url=https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/san-diego-news/gov-newsom-signs-law-closing-sexually-violent-predator-loophole |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022172632/https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/san-diego-news/gov-newsom-signs-law-closing-sexually-violent-predator-loophole |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-22 |website=KGTV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin magunguna da dokokin cibiyoyin gyaran hali ===
Bates ya rubuta kudirori don magance cin zarafin opioid da kuma inganta tsarin cibiyoyin da ke ba da mafaka da kuma kula da masu shan miyagun kwayoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Libby |first=Sara |date=May 4, 2018 |title=One Senator's Push to Curb Opioid Abuse — and to Rein in the Facilities That Shelter Addicts |url=https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/government/one-senators-push-to-curb-opioid-abuse-and-to-rein-in-the-facilities-that-shelter-addicts/ |website=Voice of San Diego}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta rubuta SB 1109, wanda Gwamna [[Jerry Brown]] ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2018; dokar ta ƙara ci gaba da buƙatun ilimin likitanci ga masu rubuta opioid don rage cin zarafi da jaraba, da kuma buƙatar lakabin gargaɗi a kan kwalaben magani na opioid, kuma ta buƙaci ƙungiyoyin wasanni na matasa da makarantu su rarraba takarda da ke gargaɗin ɗalibai-'yan wasa da iyayensu ko masu kula da su game da haɗarin da ke tattare da opioids. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patricia Bates |last2=Summer Stephan |date=April 5, 2018 |title=Education remains key to reducing opioid tragedies |url=https://thecoastnews.com/education-remains-key-to-reducing-opioid-tragedies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023222756/https://thecoastnews.com/education-remains-key-to-reducing-opioid-tragedies/ |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Libby |first=Sara |date=September 28, 2018 |title=Sacramento Report: Two Housing-Focused Lawmakers Won't Weigh in on Rent Control |url=https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/government/sacramento-report-two-housing-focused-lawmakers-wont-weigh-in-on-rent-control/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052642/https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/government/sacramento-report-two-housing-focused-lawmakers-wont-weigh-in-on-rent-control/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Voice of San Diego}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bates ta ɗauki nauyin Dokar Brandon, wani mataki da ke hana masu gudanar da [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|wuraren gyaran magunguna]] yin ba daidai ba ko da'awar ƙarya game da ayyukan da suke bayarwa ko wurin da suke. &lt;ref name=&quot;ocregister.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=New drug rehab rules call for honest advertising, insurance and naloxone |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2021/10/12/new-drug-rehab-rules-call-for-honest-advertising-insurance-and-naloxone |access-date=2021-10-22 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bates ta kuma ɗauki nauyin dokar kare mabukaci don buƙatar wuraren gyaran magunguna waɗanda Jihar California ta ba da lasisi ko ta ba da izini su bayyana lasisinsu da lambobin takaddun shaida da kwanakin karewa a shafukan yanar gizon su da sauran kayan talla. &lt;ref name=&quot;ocregister.com&quot; /&gt; Bates ta rubuta doka don buƙatar binciken tarihin laifuka kan masu wuraren gyaran magunguna da masu gudanar da su, kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta ba wa gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi kayan aikin da za su taimaka wajen tsara irin waɗannan wurare. Ta yaba da rahoton &quot;Rehab Riviera&quot; na Southern California News Group saboda wayar da kan jama'a game da batun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sforza |first=Teri |date=September 27, 2018 |title=New rehab laws may revamp addiction treatment in California |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2018/09/27/new-rehab-laws-may-revamp-addiction-treatment-in-california/ |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sufuri ===
Bates ya yi adawa da dokar California ta SB 1 (2017), wadda ta ƙara yawan harajin iskar gas da motoci don samar da kuɗaɗen gyaran hanyoyi da gadoji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gorman |first=Steve |date=April 28, 2017 |title=California enacts $52 billion fuel tax hike for road, bridge repairs |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-gastax/california-enacts-52-billion-fuel-tax-hike-for-road-bridge-repairs-idUSKBN17U305 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052703/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-gastax/california-enacts-52-billion-fuel-tax-hike-for-road-bridge-repairs-idUSKBN17U305 |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani shafi na 2017, Bates ya soki dokar a matsayin &quot;yarjejeniyar ɗakin bayan gida ta Sacramento&quot; kuma ya ce &quot;abin takaici ne cewa ba za a yi amfani da kashi 30 cikin 100 na sabbin harajin ba don gyaran hanyoyi&quot; kuma dokar ba ta samar da ƙarin kuɗi don faɗaɗa layukan ba . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patricia Bates |last2=John Moorlach |last3=Janet Nguyen |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Orange County drivers are no winners in Sacramento backroom deal |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2017/04/28/orange-county-drivers-are-no-winners-in-sacramento-backroom-deal/ |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates opposed the California High-Speed Rail project, calling it &quot;a boondoggle&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Jeff |date=March 12, 2018 |title=California's $77 billion 'bullet train to nowhere' faces a murky future as political opposition ramps up |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/12/californias-77-billion-high-speed-rail-project-is-in-trouble.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502045318/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/12/californias-77-billion-high-speed-rail-project-is-in-trouble.html |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; and urging that the money set aside for high-speed rail be used to fix roads instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2015 |title=Use high-speed rail funds to fix California roads |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sdut-high-speed-rail-california-2015nov11-story.html |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates ta goyi bayan tsare-tsaren birni waɗanda ke biyan buƙatun motocin lantarki.  Ta ba da izinin Dokar da ta ba Gundumar San Diego, ko kowace birni a gundumar, izinin kafa &quot;Tsarin Sufuri na Motocin Lantarki na Unguwa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melissa Adan |date=September 27, 2018 |title=New Electric Vehicle Legislation Could Change How San Diegans Commute |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/local/new-electric-vehicle-legislation-could-change-the-way-san-diegans-commute/50363/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023231729/https://www.nbcsandiego.com/local/new-electric-vehicle-legislation-could-change-the-way-san-diegans-commute/50363/ |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2021 |publisher=KNSD}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimi ===
Bates ta amince da kudurin California mai lamba 51 na shekarar 2016, wanda ya ba da izinin bayar da lamuni na dala biliyan 9 don tallafawa ingantawa da gina kayayyakin makarantu ga makarantun K-12 da kwalejojin al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California Proposition 51, Public School Facility Bonds (2016) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_51,_Public_School_Facility_Bonds_(2016) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107150510/https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_51,_Public_School_Facility_Bonds_(2016) |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Ballotpedia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi kira ga Gwamna Jerry Brown da ya gaggauta fitar da lamunin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2018 |title=Letters to the Editor: Governor Shortchanging Local School Districts |url=http://www.danapointtimes.com/letters-editor-governor-shortchanging-local-school-districts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052802/http://www.danapointtimes.com/letters-editor-governor-shortchanging-local-school-districts/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Dana Point Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhalli ===
Bates ya bayyana cewa &quot; [[Tashin matakin teku|hauhawar matakin teku]] da zaizayar ƙasa a bakin teku manyan barazana ne guda biyu ga gabar tekun California&quot; kuma &quot;dole ne 'yan majalisa su haɗu don nemo mafita.&quot; 

A shekarar 2015, Bates ya yi adawa da dokar (SB 350) wadda ta bukaci akalla kashi 50% na wutar lantarki da ake sayarwa ga abokan cinikin California ya fito daga [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|albarkatun da ake sabuntawa]] nan da shekarar 2030, kuma za ta bukaci Hukumar Albarkatun Sama ta California (CARB) ta aiwatar da ka'idojin mai don rage amfani da [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] da kashi 50% nan da shekarar 2030. 

Bates sun kaɗa ƙuri'a don goyon bayan dokar California, wadda aka zartar a shekarar 2020, wadda ta ba da umarnin cewa kwalaben abin sha na filastik dole ne su ƙunshi matsakaicin kashi 50% na filastik da aka sake yin amfani da shi nan da shekarar 2030, daga cikin manyan manufofin da ake sa ran cimmawa a duniya game da dokar abubuwan da ake sake yin amfani da su na filastik a duniya.”

=== Kula da lafiya ===
Bates ta yi adawa da kudirin da zai kafa tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya a California, inda ta amince da Kakakin Majalisar Anthony Rendon cewa &quot;ba a cika shi ba&quot; domin bai magance matsalolin kuɗi da sauran su ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luna |first=Taryn |date=May 25, 2017 |title=No funding plan doesn't stop lawmakers from moving health care bill along |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article152728544.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009015152/https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article152728544.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kira kudirin &quot;alkawari na ƙarya wanda zai lalata matsalolin kuɗaɗen jihar da kuma barazana ga kuɗaɗen da za a biya don wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci&quot; kuma ta ce &quot;Dokokin ya kamata su sake mai da hankali kan inganta shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da ake da su da kuma taimaka wa waɗanda ba su da damar samun kulawar da ta dace.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Single-payer health plan full of false promises |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sd-utbg-california-single-payer-healthcare-20170614-story.html |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2015, Bates ya gabatar da doka don ba wa harabar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Saddleback Memorial da ke San Clemente damar yin aiki a matsayin ɗakin gaggawa na musamman don ci gaba da buɗe sashen gaggawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swegles |first=Fred |date=March 18, 2015 |title=City weighs option of opening its own hospital if emergency room closes |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2015/03/18/city-weighs-option-of-opening-its-own-hospital-if-emergency-room-closes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052758/https://www.ocregister.com/2015/03/18/city-weighs-option-of-opening-its-own-hospital-if-emergency-room-closes/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tattalin Arziki, fasaha, da kuma ƙa'idoji ===
Bates babban mai goyon bayan Dokar California ta 1978 13, wadda ta takaita karuwar harajin gidaje a California.  

Bates ya yi adawa da Dokar Kare Masu Amfani da Intanet ta California da Tsaka-tsaki a Intanet ta 2018, wata doka ta tsaka-tsaki a California, wacce Sanata Scott Wiener ya dauki nauyinta, wadda ta hana masu samar da ayyukan intanet (ISPs) toshe ko takaita ayyukan bandwidth ( tsaka-tsaki ko ba da izini) ko shafukan yanar gizo da kuma hana ayyukan &quot;tsaka-tsaki a tsakanin masu samar da sabis na intanet.&quot; Bates ya ce ya kamata a bar wa gwamnatin tarayya tsaka-tsaki kuma dokar za ta iya hana kamfanonin sadarwa saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa a California. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Mark |date=May 30, 2018 |title=California net neutrality legislation passes state Senate |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2018/05/30/california-net-neutrality-legislation-passes-state.html |access-date=2018-10-06 |website=Sacramento Business Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan dokar SB 63, wadda aka fi sani da Sabuwar Dokar Hutu ga Iyaye, a shekarar 2017. Dokar ta buƙaci kamfanoni masu ma'aikata sama da 20 su ba wa iyaye mata da maza na California garantin makonni 12 na [[hutun iyaye]] bayan haihuwar ɗa. Bates ta ambaci kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa ga kasuwanci a matsayin dalilinta na adawa da dokar. 

Bates ya ɗauki nauyin dokar da ta sauƙaƙa tsarin ga ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara kan harkokin lafiya, masu ba da shawara kan aure da iyali, da ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a na asibiti a wasu jihohi don samun lasisi a California. Gwamna Newsom ne ya sanya hannu kan dokar a shekarar 2019.

=== Trump ===
Bates ta goyi bayan Marco Rubio a zaɓen fidda gwani na 'yan Republican na 2016, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kamfen ɗin Rubio na California. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wire |first=Sarah |date=January 8, 2016 |title=6 California lawmakers and San Diego mayor back Marco Rubio for president |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-marco-rubio-california-co-chairs-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815091052/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-marco-rubio-california-co-chairs-story.html |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ce a farkon 2016 za ta goyi bayan [[Donald Trump]] idan ya lashe zaɓen 'yan Republican.  A watan Janairun 2018, Bates ta soki 'yan Democrat na jihar saboda abin da ta gani a matsayin mayar da hankali sosai &quot;ga abin da Shugaba Trump da gwamnatin tarayya ke yi.&quot; 

=== Cin zarafin jima'i ===
Bates ya yi kira ga shugabannin majalisun dokoki na California da su saki masu fallasa bayanai na California daga yarjejeniyar rashin bayyana bayanai kan cin zarafin mata, sannan ya yi kira ga kwamitocin dokokin Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Dokoki da su yi &quot;bita mai cike da rudani, mai sassa biyu da kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya&quot; na irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Melanie |date=December 23, 2017 |title=California Senate GOP leader: Release Capitol whistleblowers from non-disclosure agreements |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-rep-maxine-waters-asks-justice-1513294034-htmlstory.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615102312/https://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-rep-maxine-waters-asks-justice-1513294034-htmlstory.html |archive-date=June 15, 2019 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimi ===
Bates ya ɗauki nauyin wani kudiri da ke buƙatar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta California ta bayar da rahoto game da amfani da atisayen kulle-kullen da ake yi a makarantun gwamnati na K-12. 

=== Gidaje da rashin matsuguni ===
Tare da goyon bayan magajin garin Encinitas Catherine Blakespear, Bates ya ɗauki nauyin dokar jam'iyya mai mulki biyu a shekarar 2018 (SB 1226) don sauƙaƙe ginawa, da kuma bayar da izini ga rukunin gidaje masu dacewa (ADUs ko &quot;gidajen kakanni&quot;) don rage ƙarancin gidaje a California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patricia Bates |last2=Catherine S. Blakespear |date=July 5, 2018 |title=Commentary: How granny flats help with California's housing shortage |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sd-utbg-housing-california-granny-flats-20180705-story.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bates ya rubuta dokar tare, wacce Gwamna [[Jerry Brown]] ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2018, wadda ta ba da damar ƙirƙirar wata hukuma ta Orange County don taimakawa wajen ɗaukar matsugunan marasa gidaje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Theresa |date=September 11, 2018 |title=Governor signs bill that allows creation of Orange County trust to help house homeless people |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2018/09/11/governor-signs-bill-that-allows-creation-of-orange-county-trust-to-help-house-homeless-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013313/https://www.ocregister.com/2018/09/11/governor-signs-bill-that-allows-creation-of-orange-county-trust-to-help-house-homeless-people/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Orange County Register}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agusta na 2021, Bates da abokin takararsa na jam'iyyar Republican Mike Morrell su ne kuri'un da Majalisar Dattawa ta kada kan dokar da ta tsawaita dakatar da korar 'yan haya daga gidajensu har zuwa Janairun 2022 ga masu haya da suka rasa aiki da kudin shiga a lokacin annobar COVID-19 . Bates ya ambaci adawa daga wata kungiyar masu gidaje. Dokar ta zartar da kudirin da kuri'u –, da kuma Majalisar Dattawa – ; Newsom ne ya sanya hannu kan dokar.

=== Tallafin kuɗi na kamfen ===
A watan Agusta na 2018, Bates ya yi adawa da ci gaban kudirin da ke bai wa shugabannin majalisa karin kudin yakin neman zabe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Bryan |date=August 24, 2018 |title=Republicans kill California bill giving legislative leaders more campaign cash |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article217292200.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009014149/https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article217292200.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;A watan Afrilun 2016, ita da tsohuwar shugabar Hukumar Ayyukan Siyasa ta California sun yi kira da a zartar da wani kudiri wanda &quot;zai hana 'yan takara da zababbun jami'ai amfani da kuɗi daga kwamitocin da 'yan takara ke jagoranta don tallata kansu, takararsu ko yakin neman zaben wasu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2016 |title=Legislature must close corrupting campaign money loophole |url=https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article72193557.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009015236/https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article72193557.html |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bates ya auri John Bates, wani mai zane-zane, a shekarar 1963; suna da 'ya'ya biyu. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301126984|Mary Haʻaheo Atcherley]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Mary Haʻaheo Atcherley''' (an haifi '''Mary Ha'aheo Kinimaka''', 24 ga Afrilu, 1874{{Spaced en dash}} Maris 8, 1933) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta ƙasar Hawaii . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan asalin ƙasar Hawaii na farko da suka tsaya takarar mukamai a Yankin Hawaii .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Mary Ha'aheo Kinimaka akan titin King a Honolulu a cikin 1874 ga David Leleo Kinimaka, wani mai martaba na Hawaii, da Hannah Keolaokalaau (wanda kuma aka sani da Hanakeola, ko Hana Keola Allen-Kinimaka, 1854-1893).  

Ta halarci Makarantar Kawaiaha'o ta 'Yan Mata tsakanin 1879 da 1881 ko 1882.  Tana da shekaru shida, ta zama 'yar ''hānai'' ta Sarki Kalākaua . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta zauna a gidan sarauta har zuwa shekara goma sha shida kuma ta kammala karatunta a St. Andrew's Priory . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bayan sarkin ya mutu, Kinimaka ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta, kamar yadda mahaifinta ya mutu a 1884. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1893, ta haɗu da likitan mahaifiyarta, Dakta John Atcherley (1865–1940), wani Ba’amurke ɗan Ingila daga [[Liverpool]] wanda ya zo tsibiran don kula da aikin likitanci na surukinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steven |date=June 27, 2018 |title=Dr John Atcherley of Hawaii and his family |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/pictures/pictures-people/dr-john-atcherley-of-hawaii-and-his-family/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919221914/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/pictures/pictures-people/dr-john-atcherley-of-hawaii-and-his-family/ |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mary Kinimaka ta auri John Atcherley a shekara ta 1894 a Kawaiae, Hawaii .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darrin |first=Lythgoe |date=January 14, 2017 |title=Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |archive-date=January 20, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza huɗu, ɗaya daga cikinsu bai rayu ba har ya girma, da kuma 'ya'ya mata uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Ha'aheo Leleo Kinimaka (1874–1933) • FamilySearch |url=https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LCZM-6G8/mary-ha%27aheo-leleo-kinimaka-1874-1933 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030162511/https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LCZM-6G8/mary-ha%27aheo-leleo-kinimaka-1874-1933 |archive-date=October 30, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=FamilySearch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1897, Atcherley ta zama ita kaɗai mai mallakar gidaje biyu na ahapua'a a Kona, Hawaii.   Ta shiga cikin takaddamar shari'a da ta shafi filaye a duk tsawon shekara ta 1915, ciki har da wanda [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yanke hukunci a kansa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United States Supreme Court, KAPIOLANI ESTATE v. ATCHERLEY (1915), No. 174 (Argued: April 30, 1915Decided: June 14, 1915) |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/238/119.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128171356/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/238/119.html |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |access-date=August 5, 2020 |website=Findlaw |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LEWERS &amp; COOKE, Limited, Appt., v. MARY H. ATCHERLY. |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/222/285 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518141429/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/222/285 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |access-date=August 5, 2020 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyalin suna yawo akai-akai. A shekarar 1908, suna zaune a Honolulu, kuma, bayan wasu takaddama na shari'a da suka shafi tsarewar John Atcherley a wani gidan yari mai ban mamaki,  sun ƙaura zuwa [[San Francisco]] a shekarar 1910 kuma zuwa [[Vancouver]] a shekarar 1911 (inda aka haifi ƙaramar 'yarsu, 'yar Sarauniya Lili'uokalani ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darrin |first=Lythgoe |date=January 14, 2017 |title=Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |archive-date=January 20, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDarrin2017&quot;&gt;Darrin, Lythgoe (January 14, 2017). [http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 &quot;Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley&quot;]. ''The Atcherley Family History Website''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 Archived] from the original on January 20, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=September 25, 2014 |title=Royalty in Vancouver: Victoria Elizabeth Kaiulani Atcherley – Atcherley.org.uk |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/royalty-in-vancouver-victoria-elizabeth-kaiulani-atcherley/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509015415/https://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/royalty-in-vancouver-victoria-elizabeth-kaiulani-atcherley/ |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Atcherley ta yi aiki a Kamfanin Jiragen Ƙasa na Pacific na Kanada kafin ta shiga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Canadian lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] ya fara a shekarar 1914. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=July 14, 2014 |title=Dr John Atcherley's World War One |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/dr-john-atcherleys-world-war-one/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524014502/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/dr-john-atcherleys-world-war-one/ |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website. |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gida, Atcherley ta ɗauki nauyin tara kuɗi mai taken Hawaiian don yaƙin, inda sau da yawa take jagorantar 'ya'yanta wajen yin waƙoƙin Hawaiian . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=February 8, 2015 |title=An Atcherley family's World War One: The Canadian Home Front |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/an-atcherley-familys-world-war-one-the-canadian-home-front/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509021502/https://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/an-atcherley-familys-world-war-one-the-canadian-home-front/ |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyalin sun koma Tsibirin Hawaii zuwa Molokai (inda Dr. Atcherley shine likitan gundumar) kafin su zauna a Honolulu a shekarar 1928. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darrin |first=Lythgoe |date=January 14, 2017 |title=Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |archive-date=January 20, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDarrin2017&quot;&gt;Darrin, Lythgoe (January 14, 2017). [http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 &quot;Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley&quot;]. ''The Atcherley Family History Website''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 Archived] from the original on January 20, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  An binne Atcherley a Diamond Head Memorial Park a tsibirin Oahu tare da mijinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 1933 |title=Mrs Atcherley Dies Here; Plan Rites Tuesday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22796402/mrs-atcherley-rites-planned/ |via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Tun daga wasiƙun da aka aika wa editan a shekarar 1908, Atcherley ya zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar Hawaii, musamman dangane da lafiyar jama'a da kuma cin zarafin da jami'an gwamnati ke yi masa.   A shekarar 1919, Atcherley ya halarci zanga-zangar goyon bayan zaɓen mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last2=Judy Tzu-Chun Wu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1920, Atcherley ta tsaya takarar jam'iyyar Democrat daga Oahu a zaɓen fidda gwani na majalisar dattawan yankin.   Wani labari na 1920 game da jihohinta: &quot;Mrs. Atcherley tana wakiltar doka don mafi ƙarancin albashi da albashin rayuwa ga duk 'yan mata da mata masu aiki, da kuma gyara dokar diyya ta ma'aikata.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sakataren Yankin Kanar Curtis P. Iaukea bai san ko an ba shi izinin shigar da sunayen mata a cikin kuri'ar ba; an mika tambayar ta hannun majalisar ministocin gwamnan ga Babban Lauyan Gwamnati Harry Irwin.  Babban Lauyan Gwamnati ya bayyana cewa bisa doka, 'yan takarar mata ba su cancanci shiga cikin kuri'ar ba saboda ba su cancanci a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 34 na Dokar Halittar Hawaiian ba, ( [[Dokar Majalisa|Pub.L.]] 56–339, 31 Stat. 141), wani doka ta halitta da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar don kafa gwamnati da majalisar dokoki ta Yankin da aka zartar a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1900. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;   Sashe na 34 ya karanta kamar haka:&lt;blockquote&gt;SEC. 34. Domin mutum ya cancanci zaɓe a matsayin sanata, dole ne-

 Ka zama namiji ɗan ƙasar Amurka;

 Ka kai shekaru talatin;

 Na zauna a Tsibirin Hawaii ba kasa da shekaru uku ba kuma

 ya cancanci kaɗa ƙuri'ar 'yan majalisar dattawa a gundumar da aka zaɓe shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 30, 1900 |title=Pub. L. 56-339: AN ACT to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii. |url=https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/56/339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020723/https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/56/339 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=uslaw.link |page=147}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Saboda haka, an ba wa matan izinin ci gaba da kasancewa a kan kuri'ar zaɓe bisa doka, amma da an zaɓe su, da ba za su iya riƙe muƙaminsu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Mary Haaheo Atcherley and her Democratic candidacy |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/mary-haaheo-atcherley-and-her-democratic-candidacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509015530/https://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/mary-haaheo-atcherley-and-her-democratic-candidacy/ |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban Lauyan Gwamnati ya ba da shawarar wani ɗan ƙasa ya gabatar da ƙarar gwaji don a miƙa ta ga [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Ƙoli]] .  Sunan Atcherley ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kan tikitin, amma ba a zaɓe ta ba.  

Atcherley ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1922, amma ana sa ran za ta sami kuri'u 800 ne kawai.  Batun cancanta bai kasance a bayyane ba: an ba wa mata damar tsayawa takara a mukaman yankuna, amma batun ko an ba su izinin riƙe mukamai a yankunansu zai kasance daga membobin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka .  A watan Satumba na 1922, wani kudiri da aka zartar ya ba wa mata damar riƙe mukamai a yankin Hawaii: jaridu sun ambaci cewa kamfen ɗin Atcherley ya jawo hankali ga wannan batu. 

A tsawon shekarun 1920, ta yi kira ga gwamnati game da batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da amfani da filaye. 

Wani labarin mutuwar ya ce, &quot;Mrs. Atcherley ba ta taɓa samun wata babbar lambar yabo ta siyasa ba duk da cewa ta yi burin zuwa wurare da yawa na hidimar jama'a&quot; duk da cewa &quot;a cikin ƙoƙarinta a madadin mutanenta, 'yan Hawaii, matakanta ba su taɓa yin jinkiri ba, muryarta ba ta taɓa tsayawa ba. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙinsu ba tare da yin kasa a gwiwa ba.&quot;

== Gudummawar harsuna ==
Atcherley, wacce ta girma tana jin [[Harshen Hawaiian|harshen Hawaii]] tare da dangin sarauta, ta koyar da azuzuwan harshen Hawaii a Molokai da Oahu a shekarun 1920 kuma ta rubuta littattafanta na kanta.  A shekarar 1923, Majalisar Dokoki ta Yankuna ta zartar da Dokar 243 (&quot;dokar samar da shiri da buga littafin rubutu na makaranta a cikin harshen Hawaii&quot;); An zaɓi ''Littafin Atcherley na Farko a cikin Harshen Hawaii: Littafin Rubutu a cikin Harshen Hawaii'' a matsayin littafin karatu na ƙarshe kuma Gwamnatin Yankuna ta buga shi a 1930 don amfani a makarantu a faɗin Hawaii. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atcherley |first=Mary H. |date=1930 |title=First book in Hawaiian: A Text Book in the Hawaiian Language |url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=firstbook&amp;l=haw |access-date=August 5, 2020 |website=Ulukau}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Mary Haʻaheo Atcherley''' (an haifi '''Mary Ha'aheo Kinimaka''', 24 ga Afrilu, 1874{{Spaced en dash}} Maris 8, 1933) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta ƙasar Hawaii . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan asalin ƙasar Hawaii na farko da suka tsaya takarar mukamai a Yankin Hawaii .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Mary Ha'aheo Kinimaka akan titin King a Honolulu a cikin 1874 ga David Leleo Kinimaka, wani mai martaba na Hawaii, da Hannah Keolaokalaau (wanda kuma aka sani da Hanakeola, ko Hana Keola Allen-Kinimaka, 1854-1893).  

Ta halarci Makarantar Kawaiaha'o ta 'Yan Mata tsakanin 1879 da 1881 ko 1882.  Tana da shekaru shida, ta zama 'yar ''hānai'' ta Sarki Kalākaua . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta zauna a gidan sarauta har zuwa shekara goma sha shida kuma ta kammala karatunta a St. Andrew's Priory . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bayan sarkin ya mutu, Kinimaka ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta, kamar yadda mahaifinta ya mutu a 1884. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1893, ta haɗu da likitan mahaifiyarta, Dakta John Atcherley (1865–1940), wani Ba’amurke ɗan Ingila daga [[Liverpool]] wanda ya zo tsibiran don kula da aikin likitanci na surukinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steven |date=June 27, 2018 |title=Dr John Atcherley of Hawaii and his family |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/pictures/pictures-people/dr-john-atcherley-of-hawaii-and-his-family/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919221914/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/pictures/pictures-people/dr-john-atcherley-of-hawaii-and-his-family/ |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mary Kinimaka ta auri John Atcherley a shekara ta 1894 a Kawaiae, Hawaii .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darrin |first=Lythgoe |date=January 14, 2017 |title=Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |archive-date=January 20, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza huɗu, ɗaya daga cikinsu bai rayu ba har ya girma, da kuma 'ya'ya mata uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Ha'aheo Leleo Kinimaka (1874–1933) • FamilySearch |url=https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LCZM-6G8/mary-ha%27aheo-leleo-kinimaka-1874-1933 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030162511/https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LCZM-6G8/mary-ha%27aheo-leleo-kinimaka-1874-1933 |archive-date=October 30, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=FamilySearch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1897, Atcherley ta zama ita kaɗai mai mallakar gidaje biyu na ahapua'a a Kona, Hawaii.   Ta shiga cikin takaddamar shari'a da ta shafi filaye a duk tsawon shekara ta 1915, ciki har da wanda [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yanke hukunci a kansa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United States Supreme Court, KAPIOLANI ESTATE v. ATCHERLEY (1915), No. 174 (Argued: April 30, 1915Decided: June 14, 1915) |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/238/119.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128171356/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/238/119.html |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |access-date=August 5, 2020 |website=Findlaw |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LEWERS &amp; COOKE, Limited, Appt., v. MARY H. ATCHERLY. |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/222/285 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518141429/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/222/285 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |access-date=August 5, 2020 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyalin suna yawo akai-akai. A shekarar 1908, suna zaune a Honolulu, kuma, bayan wasu takaddama na shari'a da suka shafi tsarewar John Atcherley a wani gidan yari mai ban mamaki,  sun ƙaura zuwa [[San Francisco]] a shekarar 1910 kuma zuwa [[Vancouver]] a shekarar 1911 (inda aka haifi ƙaramar 'yarsu, 'yar Sarauniya Lili'uokalani ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darrin |first=Lythgoe |date=January 14, 2017 |title=Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |archive-date=January 20, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDarrin2017&quot;&gt;Darrin, Lythgoe (January 14, 2017). [http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 &quot;Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley&quot;]. ''The Atcherley Family History Website''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 Archived] from the original on January 20, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=September 25, 2014 |title=Royalty in Vancouver: Victoria Elizabeth Kaiulani Atcherley – Atcherley.org.uk |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/royalty-in-vancouver-victoria-elizabeth-kaiulani-atcherley/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509015415/https://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/royalty-in-vancouver-victoria-elizabeth-kaiulani-atcherley/ |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Atcherley ta yi aiki a Kamfanin Jiragen Ƙasa na Pacific na Kanada kafin ta shiga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Canadian lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] ya fara a shekarar 1914. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=July 14, 2014 |title=Dr John Atcherley's World War One |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/dr-john-atcherleys-world-war-one/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524014502/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/dr-john-atcherleys-world-war-one/ |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website. |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gida, Atcherley ta ɗauki nauyin tara kuɗi mai taken Hawaiian don yaƙin, inda sau da yawa take jagorantar 'ya'yanta wajen yin waƙoƙin Hawaiian . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=February 8, 2015 |title=An Atcherley family's World War One: The Canadian Home Front |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/an-atcherley-familys-world-war-one-the-canadian-home-front/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509021502/https://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/an-atcherley-familys-world-war-one-the-canadian-home-front/ |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyalin sun koma Tsibirin Hawaii zuwa Molokai (inda Dr. Atcherley shine likitan gundumar) kafin su zauna a Honolulu a shekarar 1928. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darrin |first=Lythgoe |date=January 14, 2017 |title=Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |archive-date=January 20, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDarrin2017&quot;&gt;Darrin, Lythgoe (January 14, 2017). [http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 &quot;Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley&quot;]. ''The Atcherley Family History Website''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 Archived] from the original on January 20, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  An binne Atcherley a Diamond Head Memorial Park a tsibirin Oahu tare da mijinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 1933 |title=Mrs Atcherley Dies Here; Plan Rites Tuesday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22796402/mrs-atcherley-rites-planned/ |via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Tun daga wasiƙun da aka aika wa editan a shekarar 1908, Atcherley ya zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar Hawaii, musamman dangane da lafiyar jama'a da kuma cin zarafin da jami'an gwamnati ke yi masa.   A shekarar 1919, Atcherley ya halarci zanga-zangar goyon bayan zaɓen mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last2=Judy Tzu-Chun Wu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1920, Atcherley ta tsaya takarar jam'iyyar Democrat daga Oahu a zaɓen fidda gwani na majalisar dattawan yankin.   Wani labari na 1920 game da jihohinta: &quot;Mrs. Atcherley tana wakiltar doka don mafi ƙarancin albashi da albashin rayuwa ga duk 'yan mata da mata masu aiki, da kuma gyara dokar diyya ta ma'aikata.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sakataren Yankin Kanar Curtis P. Iaukea bai san ko an ba shi izinin shigar da sunayen mata a cikin kuri'ar ba; an mika tambayar ta hannun majalisar ministocin gwamnan ga Babban Lauyan Gwamnati Harry Irwin.  Babban Lauyan Gwamnati ya bayyana cewa bisa doka, 'yan takarar mata ba su cancanci shiga cikin kuri'ar ba saboda ba su cancanci a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 34 na Dokar Halittar Hawaiian ba, ( [[Dokar Majalisa|Pub.L.]] 56–339, 31 Stat. 141), wani doka ta halitta da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar don kafa gwamnati da majalisar dokoki ta Yankin da aka zartar a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1900. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;   Sashe na 34 ya karanta kamar haka:&lt;blockquote&gt;SEC. 34. Domin mutum ya cancanci zaɓe a matsayin sanata, dole ne-

 Ka zama namiji ɗan ƙasar Amurka;

 Ka kai shekaru talatin;

 Na zauna a Tsibirin Hawaii ba kasa da shekaru uku ba kuma

 ya cancanci kaɗa ƙuri'ar 'yan majalisar dattawa a gundumar da aka zaɓe shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 30, 1900 |title=Pub. L. 56-339: AN ACT to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii. |url=https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/56/339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020723/https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/56/339 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=uslaw.link |page=147}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Saboda haka, an ba wa matan izinin ci gaba da kasancewa a kan kuri'ar zaɓe bisa doka, amma da an zaɓe su, da ba za su iya riƙe muƙaminsu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Mary Haaheo Atcherley and her Democratic candidacy |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/mary-haaheo-atcherley-and-her-democratic-candidacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509015530/https://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/mary-haaheo-atcherley-and-her-democratic-candidacy/ |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban Lauyan Gwamnati ya ba da shawarar wani ɗan ƙasa ya gabatar da ƙarar gwaji don a miƙa ta ga [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Ƙoli]] .  Sunan Atcherley ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kan tikitin, amma ba a zaɓe ta ba.  

Atcherley ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1922, amma ana sa ran za ta sami kuri'u 800 ne kawai.  Batun cancanta bai kasance a bayyane ba: an ba wa mata damar tsayawa takara a mukaman yankuna, amma batun ko an ba su izinin riƙe mukamai a yankunansu zai kasance daga membobin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka .  A watan Satumba na 1922, wani kudiri da aka zartar ya ba wa mata damar riƙe mukamai a yankin Hawaii: jaridu sun ambaci cewa kamfen ɗin Atcherley ya jawo hankali ga wannan batu. 

A tsawon shekarun 1920, ta yi kira ga gwamnati game da batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da amfani da filaye. 

Wani labarin mutuwar ya ce, &quot;Mrs. Atcherley ba ta taɓa samun wata babbar lambar yabo ta siyasa ba duk da cewa ta yi burin zuwa wurare da yawa na hidimar jama'a&quot; duk da cewa &quot;a cikin ƙoƙarinta a madadin mutanenta, 'yan Hawaii, matakanta ba su taɓa yin jinkiri ba, muryarta ba ta taɓa tsayawa ba. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙinsu ba tare da yin kasa a gwiwa ba.&quot;

== Gudummawar harsuna ==
Atcherley, wacce ta girma tana jin [[Harshen Hawaiian|harshen Hawaii]] tare da dangin sarauta, ta koyar da azuzuwan harshen Hawaii a Molokai da Oahu a shekarun 1920 kuma ta rubuta littattafanta na kanta.  A shekarar 1923, Majalisar Dokoki ta Yankuna ta zartar da Dokar 243 (&quot;dokar samar da shiri da buga littafin rubutu na makaranta a cikin harshen Hawaii&quot;); An zaɓi ''Littafin Atcherley na Farko a cikin Harshen Hawaii: Littafin Rubutu a cikin Harshen Hawaii'' a matsayin littafin karatu na ƙarshe kuma Gwamnatin Yankuna ta buga shi a 1930 don amfani a makarantu a faɗin Hawaii. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atcherley |first=Mary H. |date=1930 |title=First book in Hawaiian: A Text Book in the Hawaiian Language |url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=firstbook&amp;l=haw |access-date=August 5, 2020 |website=Ulukau}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Mary Haʻaheo Atcherley''' (an haifi '''Mary Ha'aheo Kinimaka''', 24 ga Afrilu, 1874{{Spaced en dash}} Maris 8, 1933) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta ƙasar Hawaii . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan asalin ƙasar Hawaii na farko da suka tsaya takarar mukamai a Yankin Hawaii .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Mary Ha'aheo Kinimaka akan titin King a Honolulu a cikin 1874 ga David Leleo Kinimaka, wani mai martaba na Hawaii, da Hannah Keolaokalaau (wanda kuma aka sani da Hanakeola, ko Hana Keola Allen-Kinimaka, 1854-1893).  

Ta halarci Makarantar Kawaiaha'o ta 'Yan Mata tsakanin 1879 da 1881 ko 1882.  Tana da shekaru shida, ta zama 'yar ''hānai'' ta Sarki Kalākaua . Ta zauna a gidan sarauta har zuwa shekara goma sha shida kuma ta kammala karatunta a St. Andrew's Priory . Bayan sarkin ya mutu, Kinimaka ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta, kamar yadda mahaifinta ya mutu a 1884.

A shekara ta 1893, ta haɗu da likitan mahaifiyarta, Dakta John Atcherley (1865–1940), wani Ba’amurke ɗan Ingila daga [[Liverpool]] wanda ya zo tsibiran don kula da aikin likitanci na surukinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steven |date=June 27, 2018 |title=Dr John Atcherley of Hawaii and his family |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/pictures/pictures-people/dr-john-atcherley-of-hawaii-and-his-family/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919221914/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/pictures/pictures-people/dr-john-atcherley-of-hawaii-and-his-family/ |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mary Kinimaka ta auri John Atcherley a shekara ta 1894 a Kawaiae, Hawaii .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darrin |first=Lythgoe |date=January 14, 2017 |title=Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |archive-date=January 20, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza huɗu, ɗaya daga cikinsu bai rayu ba har ya girma, da kuma 'ya'ya mata uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Ha'aheo Leleo Kinimaka (1874–1933) • FamilySearch |url=https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LCZM-6G8/mary-ha%27aheo-leleo-kinimaka-1874-1933 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030162511/https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LCZM-6G8/mary-ha%27aheo-leleo-kinimaka-1874-1933 |archive-date=October 30, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=FamilySearch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1897, Atcherley ta zama ita kaɗai mai mallakar gidaje biyu na ahapua'a a Kona, Hawaii.   Ta shiga cikin takaddamar shari'a da ta shafi filaye a duk tsawon shekara ta 1915, ciki har da wanda [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yanke hukunci a kansa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United States Supreme Court, KAPIOLANI ESTATE v. ATCHERLEY (1915), No. 174 (Argued: April 30, 1915Decided: June 14, 1915) |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/238/119.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128171356/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/238/119.html |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |access-date=August 5, 2020 |website=Findlaw |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LEWERS &amp; COOKE, Limited, Appt., v. MARY H. ATCHERLY. |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/222/285 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518141429/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/222/285 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |access-date=August 5, 2020 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyalin suna yawo akai-akai. A shekarar 1908, suna zaune a Honolulu, kuma, bayan wasu takaddama na shari'a da suka shafi tsarewar John Atcherley a wani gidan yari mai ban mamaki,  sun ƙaura zuwa [[San Francisco]] a shekarar 1910 kuma zuwa [[Vancouver]] a shekarar 1911 (inda aka haifi ƙaramar 'yarsu, 'yar Sarauniya Lili'uokalani ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darrin |first=Lythgoe |date=January 14, 2017 |title=Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |archive-date=January 20, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDarrin2017&quot;&gt;Darrin, Lythgoe (January 14, 2017). [http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 &quot;Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley&quot;]. ''The Atcherley Family History Website''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 Archived] from the original on January 20, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=September 25, 2014 |title=Royalty in Vancouver: Victoria Elizabeth Kaiulani Atcherley – Atcherley.org.uk |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/royalty-in-vancouver-victoria-elizabeth-kaiulani-atcherley/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509015415/https://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/royalty-in-vancouver-victoria-elizabeth-kaiulani-atcherley/ |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Atcherley ta yi aiki a Kamfanin Jiragen Ƙasa na Pacific na Kanada kafin ta shiga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Canadian lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] ya fara a shekarar 1914. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=July 14, 2014 |title=Dr John Atcherley's World War One |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/dr-john-atcherleys-world-war-one/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524014502/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/dr-john-atcherleys-world-war-one/ |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website. |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gida, Atcherley ta ɗauki nauyin tara kuɗi mai taken Hawaiian don yaƙin, inda sau da yawa take jagorantar 'ya'yanta wajen yin waƙoƙin Hawaiian . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=February 8, 2015 |title=An Atcherley family's World War One: The Canadian Home Front |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/an-atcherley-familys-world-war-one-the-canadian-home-front/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509021502/https://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/an-atcherley-familys-world-war-one-the-canadian-home-front/ |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyalin sun koma Tsibirin Hawaii zuwa Molokai (inda Dr. Atcherley shine likitan gundumar) kafin su zauna a Honolulu a shekarar 1928. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darrin |first=Lythgoe |date=January 14, 2017 |title=Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 |archive-date=January 20, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDarrin2017&quot;&gt;Darrin, Lythgoe (January 14, 2017). [http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 &quot;Mary Haaheo Kinimaka Atcherley&quot;]. ''The Atcherley Family History Website''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005801/http://www.atcherley.org.uk/tng/getperson.php?personID=I788&amp;tree=tree1 Archived] from the original on January 20, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  An binne Atcherley a Diamond Head Memorial Park a tsibirin Oahu tare da mijinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 1933 |title=Mrs Atcherley Dies Here; Plan Rites Tuesday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22796402/mrs-atcherley-rites-planned/ |via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Tun daga wasiƙun da aka aika wa editan a shekarar 1908, Atcherley ya zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar Hawaii, musamman dangane da lafiyar jama'a da kuma cin zarafin da jami'an gwamnati ke yi masa.   A shekarar 1919, Atcherley ya halarci zanga-zangar goyon bayan zaɓen mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last2=Judy Tzu-Chun Wu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1920, Atcherley ta tsaya takarar jam'iyyar Democrat daga Oahu a zaɓen fidda gwani na majalisar dattawan yankin.   Wani labari na 1920 game da jihohinta: &quot;Mrs. Atcherley tana wakiltar doka don mafi ƙarancin albashi da albashin rayuwa ga duk 'yan mata da mata masu aiki, da kuma gyara dokar diyya ta ma'aikata.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sakataren Yankin Kanar Curtis P. Iaukea bai san ko an ba shi izinin shigar da sunayen mata a cikin kuri'ar ba; an mika tambayar ta hannun majalisar ministocin gwamnan ga Babban Lauyan Gwamnati Harry Irwin.  Babban Lauyan Gwamnati ya bayyana cewa bisa doka, 'yan takarar mata ba su cancanci shiga cikin kuri'ar ba saboda ba su cancanci a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 34 na Dokar Halittar Hawaiian ba, ( [[Dokar Majalisa|Pub.L.]] 56–339, 31 Stat. 141), wani doka ta halitta da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar don kafa gwamnati da majalisar dokoki ta Yankin da aka zartar a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1900. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;   Sashe na 34 ya karanta kamar haka:&lt;blockquote&gt;SEC. 34. Domin mutum ya cancanci zaɓe a matsayin sanata, dole ne-

 Ka zama namiji ɗan ƙasar Amurka;

 Ka kai shekaru talatin;

 Na zauna a Tsibirin Hawaii ba kasa da shekaru uku ba kuma

 ya cancanci kaɗa ƙuri'ar 'yan majalisar dattawa a gundumar da aka zaɓe shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 30, 1900 |title=Pub. L. 56-339: AN ACT to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii. |url=https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/56/339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020723/https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/56/339 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=uslaw.link |page=147}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Saboda haka, an ba wa matan izinin ci gaba da kasancewa a kan kuri'ar zaɓe bisa doka, amma da an zaɓe su, da ba za su iya riƙe muƙaminsu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Steve |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Mary Haaheo Atcherley and her Democratic candidacy |url=http://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/mary-haaheo-atcherley-and-her-democratic-candidacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509015530/https://www.atcherley.org.uk/wp/mary-haaheo-atcherley-and-her-democratic-candidacy/ |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=The Atcherley Family History Website |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban Lauyan Gwamnati ya ba da shawarar wani ɗan ƙasa ya gabatar da ƙarar gwaji don a miƙa ta ga [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Ƙoli]] .  Sunan Atcherley ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kan tikitin, amma ba a zaɓe ta ba.  

Atcherley ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1922, amma ana sa ran za ta sami kuri'u 800 ne kawai.  Batun cancanta bai kasance a bayyane ba: an ba wa mata damar tsayawa takara a mukaman yankuna, amma batun ko an ba su izinin riƙe mukamai a yankunansu zai kasance daga membobin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka .  A watan Satumba na 1922, wani kudiri da aka zartar ya ba wa mata damar riƙe mukamai a yankin Hawaii: jaridu sun ambaci cewa kamfen ɗin Atcherley ya jawo hankali ga wannan batu. 

A tsawon shekarun 1920, ta yi kira ga gwamnati game da batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da amfani da filaye. 

Wani labarin mutuwar ya ce, &quot;Mrs. Atcherley ba ta taɓa samun wata babbar lambar yabo ta siyasa ba duk da cewa ta yi burin zuwa wurare da yawa na hidimar jama'a&quot; duk da cewa &quot;a cikin ƙoƙarinta a madadin mutanenta, 'yan Hawaii, matakanta ba su taɓa yin jinkiri ba, muryarta ba ta taɓa tsayawa ba. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙinsu ba tare da yin kasa a gwiwa ba.&quot;

== Gudummawar harsuna ==
Atcherley, wacce ta girma tana jin [[Harshen Hawaiian|harshen Hawaii]] tare da dangin sarauta, ta koyar da azuzuwan harshen Hawaii a Molokai da Oahu a shekarun 1920 kuma ta rubuta littattafanta na kanta.  A shekarar 1923, Majalisar Dokoki ta Yankuna ta zartar da Dokar 243 (&quot;dokar samar da shiri da buga littafin rubutu na makaranta a cikin harshen Hawaii&quot;); An zaɓi ''Littafin Atcherley na Farko a cikin Harshen Hawaii: Littafin Rubutu a cikin Harshen Hawaii'' a matsayin littafin karatu na ƙarshe kuma Gwamnatin Yankuna ta buga shi a 1930 don amfani a makarantu a faɗin Hawaii. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atcherley |first=Mary H. |date=1930 |title=First book in Hawaiian: A Text Book in the Hawaiian Language |url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=firstbook&amp;l=haw |access-date=August 5, 2020 |website=Ulukau}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>hrewqg1wy9qjwkvtgk67rliflbn13ol</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cory Atkins</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>816564</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:00:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344744910|Cory Atkins]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2590" sha1="fxbcogwko5mb1kwqj2al41egmg4pwjf" xml:space="preserve">'''Cory Atkins''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1947) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts daga 1999 zuwa 2019.  Atkins mazaunin Concord ne kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat . 

== Bayani ==
An haife ta a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Atkins ta tafi Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Burdett sannan ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . Kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts, Atkins ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da ADS Ventures daga 1992 zuwa 1999.  Malama ce a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Middlesex kuma tana rubuta shafi na jaridun siyasa da kuma shafi na tafiya. Ta auri Chester G. Atkins wanda shi ma ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, amma ta rabu da shi tsawon shekaru da dama. 

== Siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2016, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 735 don zartar da dokar da ta haramta wariya bisa ga asalin jinsi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. 

A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2016, sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar H4049 don kafa ƙa'idoji ga kamfanonin raba motoci. 

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2014, An Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4278 don gyara dokokin mallakar makamai 

A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2014, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 2123 don ƙara mafi ƙarancin albashi 

A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2013, Atkins ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisa mai lamba 2491, inda ya ba wa garin Concord izinin sanya harajin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin domin samar da sassaucin harajin kadarori. 

Janairu 28, 2010, Ta Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4441 don kafa ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki a makarantu 

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009, an kaɗa ƙuri'a ta Yea tare da wasu 'yan Democrat 108 a kan Sciortino Amdt don ƙara harajin tallace-tallace daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 6.25 

A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2008, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da Dokar H 5022 don rage kuɗin lasisin mallakar makamai 

Janairu 23, 2008, Ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin doka na H 4477 don hana amfani da wayar salula yayin tukin babur 

== Kuri'ar zanga-zanga ==
Cory Atkins ta shahara sosai saboda kuri'ar da ta kada kan sake zaben Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Sal DiMaisi a shekarar 2009. Atkins, tare da wasu 'yan Democrat shida, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar &quot;halarce&quot; a matsayin wata alama ta buƙatar sabbin shugabanni a Beacon Hill. An yaba wa waɗannan 'yan Democrat bakwai saboda ƙuri'ar da suka yi wa DiMaisi. Atkins ya nuna aikinta na yi wa 'yan mazabarta hidima da mafi kyawun hukuncinta.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>fxbcogwko5mb1kwqj2al41egmg4pwjf</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:01:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816565</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2603" sha1="cd7hp0k1pkszoilrny4jq8uk99v3fdf" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Cory Atkins''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1947) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts daga 1999 zuwa 2019.  Atkins mazaunin Concord ne kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat . 

== Bayani ==
An haife ta a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Atkins ta tafi Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Burdett sannan ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . Kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts, Atkins ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da ADS Ventures daga 1992 zuwa 1999.  Malama ce a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Middlesex kuma tana rubuta shafi na jaridun siyasa da kuma shafi na tafiya. Ta auri Chester G. Atkins wanda shi ma ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, amma ta rabu da shi tsawon shekaru da dama. 

== Siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2016, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 735 don zartar da dokar da ta haramta wariya bisa ga asalin jinsi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. 

A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2016, sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar H4049 don kafa ƙa'idoji ga kamfanonin raba motoci. 

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2014, An Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4278 don gyara dokokin mallakar makamai 

A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2014, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 2123 don ƙara mafi ƙarancin albashi 

A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2013, Atkins ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisa mai lamba 2491, inda ya ba wa garin Concord izinin sanya harajin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin domin samar da sassaucin harajin kadarori. 

Janairu 28, 2010, Ta Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4441 don kafa ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki a makarantu 

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009, an kaɗa ƙuri'a ta Yea tare da wasu 'yan Democrat 108 a kan Sciortino Amdt don ƙara harajin tallace-tallace daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 6.25 

A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2008, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da Dokar H 5022 don rage kuɗin lasisin mallakar makamai 

Janairu 23, 2008, Ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin doka na H 4477 don hana amfani da wayar salula yayin tukin babur 

== Kuri'ar zanga-zanga ==
Cory Atkins ta shahara sosai saboda kuri'ar da ta kada kan sake zaben Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Sal DiMaisi a shekarar 2009. Atkins, tare da wasu 'yan Democrat shida, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar &quot;halarce&quot; a matsayin wata alama ta buƙatar sabbin shugabanni a Beacon Hill. An yaba wa waɗannan 'yan Democrat bakwai saboda ƙuri'ar da suka yi wa DiMaisi. Atkins ya nuna aikinta na yi wa 'yan mazabarta hidima da mafi kyawun hukuncinta.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>cd7hp0k1pkszoilrny4jq8uk99v3fdf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816566</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:01:49Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
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'''Cory Atkins''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1947) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts daga 1999 zuwa 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.malegislature.gov/People/Profile/C_A1 Cory Atkins]. Massachusetts General Court.&lt;/ref&gt;  Atkins mazaunin Concord ne kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat . 

== Bayani ==
An haife ta a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Atkins ta tafi Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Burdett sannan ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . Kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts, Atkins ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da ADS Ventures daga 1992 zuwa 1999.  Malama ce a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Middlesex kuma tana rubuta shafi na jaridun siyasa da kuma shafi na tafiya. Ta auri Chester G. Atkins wanda shi ma ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, amma ta rabu da shi tsawon shekaru da dama. 

== Siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2016, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 735 don zartar da dokar da ta haramta wariya bisa ga asalin jinsi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. 

A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2016, sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar H4049 don kafa ƙa'idoji ga kamfanonin raba motoci. 

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2014, An Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4278 don gyara dokokin mallakar makamai 

A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2014, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 2123 don ƙara mafi ƙarancin albashi 

A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2013, Atkins ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisa mai lamba 2491, inda ya ba wa garin Concord izinin sanya harajin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin domin samar da sassaucin harajin kadarori. 

Janairu 28, 2010, Ta Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4441 don kafa ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki a makarantu 

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009, an kaɗa ƙuri'a ta Yea tare da wasu 'yan Democrat 108 a kan Sciortino Amdt don ƙara harajin tallace-tallace daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 6.25 

A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2008, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da Dokar H 5022 don rage kuɗin lasisin mallakar makamai 

Janairu 23, 2008, Ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin doka na H 4477 don hana amfani da wayar salula yayin tukin babur 

== Kuri'ar zanga-zanga ==
Cory Atkins ta shahara sosai saboda kuri'ar da ta kada kan sake zaben Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Sal DiMaisi a shekarar 2009. Atkins, tare da wasu 'yan Democrat shida, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar &quot;halarce&quot; a matsayin wata alama ta buƙatar sabbin shugabanni a Beacon Hill. An yaba wa waɗannan 'yan Democrat bakwai saboda ƙuri'ar da suka yi wa DiMaisi. Atkins ya nuna aikinta na yi wa 'yan mazabarta hidima da mafi kyawun hukuncinta.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>rghpmwly330lr0tnydbjiwbm13kqgd7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816567</id>
      <parentid>816566</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:02:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816567</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2779" sha1="4tdzjorfcefnfaop6ngl4ek1yot6y7h" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Cory Atkins''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1947) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts daga 1999 zuwa 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.malegislature.gov/People/Profile/C_A1 Cory Atkins]. Massachusetts General Court.&lt;/ref&gt;  Atkins mazaunin Concord ne kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat . &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
An haife ta a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Atkins ta tafi Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Burdett sannan ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . Kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts, Atkins ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da ADS Ventures daga 1992 zuwa 1999.  Malama ce a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Middlesex kuma tana rubuta shafi na jaridun siyasa da kuma shafi na tafiya. Ta auri Chester G. Atkins wanda shi ma ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, amma ta rabu da shi tsawon shekaru da dama. 

== Siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2016, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 735 don zartar da dokar da ta haramta wariya bisa ga asalin jinsi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. 

A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2016, sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar H4049 don kafa ƙa'idoji ga kamfanonin raba motoci. 

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2014, An Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4278 don gyara dokokin mallakar makamai 

A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2014, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 2123 don ƙara mafi ƙarancin albashi 

A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2013, Atkins ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisa mai lamba 2491, inda ya ba wa garin Concord izinin sanya harajin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin domin samar da sassaucin harajin kadarori. 

Janairu 28, 2010, Ta Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4441 don kafa ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki a makarantu 

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009, an kaɗa ƙuri'a ta Yea tare da wasu 'yan Democrat 108 a kan Sciortino Amdt don ƙara harajin tallace-tallace daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 6.25 

A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2008, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da Dokar H 5022 don rage kuɗin lasisin mallakar makamai 

Janairu 23, 2008, Ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin doka na H 4477 don hana amfani da wayar salula yayin tukin babur 

== Kuri'ar zanga-zanga ==
Cory Atkins ta shahara sosai saboda kuri'ar da ta kada kan sake zaben Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Sal DiMaisi a shekarar 2009. Atkins, tare da wasu 'yan Democrat shida, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar &quot;halarce&quot; a matsayin wata alama ta buƙatar sabbin shugabanni a Beacon Hill. An yaba wa waɗannan 'yan Democrat bakwai saboda ƙuri'ar da suka yi wa DiMaisi. Atkins ya nuna aikinta na yi wa 'yan mazabarta hidima da mafi kyawun hukuncinta.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>4tdzjorfcefnfaop6ngl4ek1yot6y7h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816568</id>
      <parentid>816567</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:03:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bayani */</comment>
      <origin>816568</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2875" sha1="bbgjnon0fs0qruiid1k3hh75bs2co31" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Cory Atkins''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1947) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts daga 1999 zuwa 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.malegislature.gov/People/Profile/C_A1 Cory Atkins]. Massachusetts General Court.&lt;/ref&gt;  Atkins mazaunin Concord ne kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat . &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
An haife ta a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Atkins ta tafi Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Burdett sannan ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . Kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts, Atkins ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da ADS Ventures daga 1992 zuwa 1999.  Malama ce a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Middlesex kuma tana rubuta shafi na jaridun siyasa da kuma shafi na tafiya. Ta auri Chester G. Atkins wanda shi ma ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, amma ta rabu da shi tsawon shekaru da dama.
&lt;ref&gt;[http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1983/cory-atkins Votesmart.org-Cory Atkins]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2016, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 735 don zartar da dokar da ta haramta wariya bisa ga asalin jinsi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. 

A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2016, sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar H4049 don kafa ƙa'idoji ga kamfanonin raba motoci. 

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2014, An Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4278 don gyara dokokin mallakar makamai 

A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2014, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 2123 don ƙara mafi ƙarancin albashi 

A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2013, Atkins ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisa mai lamba 2491, inda ya ba wa garin Concord izinin sanya harajin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin domin samar da sassaucin harajin kadarori. 

Janairu 28, 2010, Ta Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4441 don kafa ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki a makarantu 

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009, an kaɗa ƙuri'a ta Yea tare da wasu 'yan Democrat 108 a kan Sciortino Amdt don ƙara harajin tallace-tallace daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 6.25 

A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2008, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da Dokar H 5022 don rage kuɗin lasisin mallakar makamai 

Janairu 23, 2008, Ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin doka na H 4477 don hana amfani da wayar salula yayin tukin babur 

== Kuri'ar zanga-zanga ==
Cory Atkins ta shahara sosai saboda kuri'ar da ta kada kan sake zaben Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Sal DiMaisi a shekarar 2009. Atkins, tare da wasu 'yan Democrat shida, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar &quot;halarce&quot; a matsayin wata alama ta buƙatar sabbin shugabanni a Beacon Hill. An yaba wa waɗannan 'yan Democrat bakwai saboda ƙuri'ar da suka yi wa DiMaisi. Atkins ya nuna aikinta na yi wa 'yan mazabarta hidima da mafi kyawun hukuncinta.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>bbgjnon0fs0qruiid1k3hh75bs2co31</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816569</id>
      <parentid>816568</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:04:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bayani */</comment>
      <origin>816569</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2948" sha1="9hjmpbb775i0r1koqnr08g273ykvknr" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Cory Atkins''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1947) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts daga 1999 zuwa 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.malegislature.gov/People/Profile/C_A1 Cory Atkins]. Massachusetts General Court.&lt;/ref&gt;  Atkins mazaunin Concord ne kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat . &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
An haife ta a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Atkins ta tafi Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Burdett sannan ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . Kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts, Atkins ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da ADS Ventures daga 1992 zuwa 1999.  Malama ce a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Middlesex kuma tana rubuta shafi na jaridun siyasa da kuma shafi na tafiya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;Ta auri Chester G. Atkins wanda shi ma ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, amma ta rabu da shi tsawon shekaru da dama.
&lt;ref&gt;[http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1983/cory-atkins Votesmart.org-Cory Atkins]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2016, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 735 don zartar da dokar da ta haramta wariya bisa ga asalin jinsi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. 

A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2016, sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar H4049 don kafa ƙa'idoji ga kamfanonin raba motoci. 

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2014, An Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4278 don gyara dokokin mallakar makamai 

A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2014, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 2123 don ƙara mafi ƙarancin albashi 

A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2013, Atkins ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisa mai lamba 2491, inda ya ba wa garin Concord izinin sanya harajin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin domin samar da sassaucin harajin kadarori. 

Janairu 28, 2010, Ta Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4441 don kafa ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki a makarantu 

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009, an kaɗa ƙuri'a ta Yea tare da wasu 'yan Democrat 108 a kan Sciortino Amdt don ƙara harajin tallace-tallace daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 6.25 

A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2008, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da Dokar H 5022 don rage kuɗin lasisin mallakar makamai 

Janairu 23, 2008, Ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin doka na H 4477 don hana amfani da wayar salula yayin tukin babur 

== Kuri'ar zanga-zanga ==
Cory Atkins ta shahara sosai saboda kuri'ar da ta kada kan sake zaben Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Sal DiMaisi a shekarar 2009. Atkins, tare da wasu 'yan Democrat shida, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar &quot;halarce&quot; a matsayin wata alama ta buƙatar sabbin shugabanni a Beacon Hill. An yaba wa waɗannan 'yan Democrat bakwai saboda ƙuri'ar da suka yi wa DiMaisi. Atkins ya nuna aikinta na yi wa 'yan mazabarta hidima da mafi kyawun hukuncinta.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>9hjmpbb775i0r1koqnr08g273ykvknr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816570</id>
      <parentid>816569</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:05:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Siyasa */</comment>
      <origin>816570</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3147" sha1="8kvac3l8vwv3uaq0349mfxgbd4ojqcw" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Cory Atkins''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1947) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts daga 1999 zuwa 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.malegislature.gov/People/Profile/C_A1 Cory Atkins]. Massachusetts General Court.&lt;/ref&gt;  Atkins mazaunin Concord ne kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat . &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
An haife ta a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Atkins ta tafi Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Burdett sannan ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . Kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts, Atkins ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da ADS Ventures daga 1992 zuwa 1999.  Malama ce a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Middlesex kuma tana rubuta shafi na jaridun siyasa da kuma shafi na tafiya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;Ta auri Chester G. Atkins wanda shi ma ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, amma ta rabu da shi tsawon shekaru da dama.
&lt;ref&gt;[http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1983/cory-atkins Votesmart.org-Cory Atkins]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2016, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 735 don zartar da dokar da ta haramta wariya bisa ga asalin jinsi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;[https://votesmart.org/bill/21623/56979/1983/prohibits-discrimination-based-on-gender-identity#.V_PEgZMrKuU] Vote Smart, S 735 - Prohibits Discrimination Based on Gender Identity - Key Vote&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2016, sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar H4049 don kafa ƙa'idoji ga kamfanonin raba motoci. 

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2014, An Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4278 don gyara dokokin mallakar makamai 

A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2014, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 2123 don ƙara mafi ƙarancin albashi 

A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2013, Atkins ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisa mai lamba 2491, inda ya ba wa garin Concord izinin sanya harajin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin domin samar da sassaucin harajin kadarori. 

Janairu 28, 2010, Ta Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4441 don kafa ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki a makarantu 

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009, an kaɗa ƙuri'a ta Yea tare da wasu 'yan Democrat 108 a kan Sciortino Amdt don ƙara harajin tallace-tallace daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 6.25 

A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2008, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da Dokar H 5022 don rage kuɗin lasisin mallakar makamai 

Janairu 23, 2008, Ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin doka na H 4477 don hana amfani da wayar salula yayin tukin babur

== Kuri'ar zanga-zanga ==
Cory Atkins ta shahara sosai saboda kuri'ar da ta kada kan sake zaben Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Sal DiMaisi a shekarar 2009. Atkins, tare da wasu 'yan Democrat shida, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar &quot;halarce&quot; a matsayin wata alama ta buƙatar sabbin shugabanni a Beacon Hill. An yaba wa waɗannan 'yan Democrat bakwai saboda ƙuri'ar da suka yi wa DiMaisi. Atkins ya nuna aikinta na yi wa 'yan mazabarta hidima da mafi kyawun hukuncinta.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>8kvac3l8vwv3uaq0349mfxgbd4ojqcw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816571</id>
      <parentid>816570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Siyasa */</comment>
      <origin>816571</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3350" sha1="kumyme3wokkxvru06eln9aaed20nd0t" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Cory Atkins''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1947) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts daga 1999 zuwa 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.malegislature.gov/People/Profile/C_A1 Cory Atkins]. Massachusetts General Court.&lt;/ref&gt;  Atkins mazaunin Concord ne kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat . &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
An haife ta a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Atkins ta tafi Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Burdett sannan ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . Kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts, Atkins ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da ADS Ventures daga 1992 zuwa 1999.  Malama ce a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Middlesex kuma tana rubuta shafi na jaridun siyasa da kuma shafi na tafiya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;Ta auri Chester G. Atkins wanda shi ma ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, amma ta rabu da shi tsawon shekaru da dama.
&lt;ref&gt;[http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1983/cory-atkins Votesmart.org-Cory Atkins]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2016, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 735 don zartar da dokar da ta haramta wariya bisa ga asalin jinsi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;[https://votesmart.org/bill/21623/56979/1983/prohibits-discrimination-based-on-gender-identity#.V_PEgZMrKuU] Vote Smart, S 735 - Prohibits Discrimination Based on Gender Identity - Key Vote&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2016, sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar H4049 don kafa ƙa'idoji ga kamfanonin raba motoci. &lt;ref&gt;[https://votesmart.org/bill/21415/56184/1983/establishes-regulations-for-ride-sharing-companies#.V_PFIJMrKuU] Vote Smart, H 4049 - Establishes Regulations for Ride-Sharing Companies - Key Vote&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2014, An Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4278 don gyara dokokin mallakar makamai 

A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2014, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 2123 don ƙara mafi ƙarancin albashi 

A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2013, Atkins ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisa mai lamba 2491, inda ya ba wa garin Concord izinin sanya harajin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin domin samar da sassaucin harajin kadarori. 

Janairu 28, 2010, Ta Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4441 don kafa ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki a makarantu 

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009, an kaɗa ƙuri'a ta Yea tare da wasu 'yan Democrat 108 a kan Sciortino Amdt don ƙara harajin tallace-tallace daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 6.25 

A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2008, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da Dokar H 5022 don rage kuɗin lasisin mallakar makamai 

Janairu 23, 2008, Ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin doka na H 4477 don hana amfani da wayar salula yayin tukin babur

== Kuri'ar zanga-zanga ==
Cory Atkins ta shahara sosai saboda kuri'ar da ta kada kan sake zaben Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Sal DiMaisi a shekarar 2009. Atkins, tare da wasu 'yan Democrat shida, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar &quot;halarce&quot; a matsayin wata alama ta buƙatar sabbin shugabanni a Beacon Hill. An yaba wa waɗannan 'yan Democrat bakwai saboda ƙuri'ar da suka yi wa DiMaisi. Atkins ya nuna aikinta na yi wa 'yan mazabarta hidima da mafi kyawun hukuncinta.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>kumyme3wokkxvru06eln9aaed20nd0t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816573</id>
      <parentid>816571</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:08:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Siyasa */</comment>
      <origin>816573</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3467" sha1="ai0kqabar766eyntczhg8jrrcr8mvk5" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Cory Atkins''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1947) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts daga 1999 zuwa 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.malegislature.gov/People/Profile/C_A1 Cory Atkins]. Massachusetts General Court.&lt;/ref&gt;  Atkins mazaunin Concord ne kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat . &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
An haife ta a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Atkins ta tafi Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Burdett sannan ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . Kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts, Atkins ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da ADS Ventures daga 1992 zuwa 1999.  Malama ce a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Middlesex kuma tana rubuta shafi na jaridun siyasa da kuma shafi na tafiya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;Ta auri Chester G. Atkins wanda shi ma ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, amma ta rabu da shi tsawon shekaru da dama.
&lt;ref&gt;[http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1983/cory-atkins Votesmart.org-Cory Atkins]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2016, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 735 don zartar da dokar da ta haramta wariya bisa ga asalin jinsi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;[https://votesmart.org/bill/21623/56979/1983/prohibits-discrimination-based-on-gender-identity#.V_PEgZMrKuU] Vote Smart, S 735 - Prohibits Discrimination Based on Gender Identity - Key Vote&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2016, sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar H4049 don kafa ƙa'idoji ga kamfanonin raba motoci. &lt;ref&gt;[https://votesmart.org/bill/21415/56184/1983/establishes-regulations-for-ride-sharing-companies#.V_PFIJMrKuU] Vote Smart, H 4049 - Establishes Regulations for Ride-Sharing Companies - Key Vote&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2014, An Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4278 don gyara dokokin mallakar makamai 

A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2014, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 2123 don ƙara mafi ƙarancin albashi 

A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2013, Atkins ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisa mai lamba 2491, inda ya ba wa garin Concord izinin sanya harajin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin domin samar da sassaucin harajin kadarori. 

Janairu 28, 2010, Ta Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4441 don kafa ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki a makarantu 

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009, an kaɗa ƙuri'a ta Yea tare da wasu 'yan Democrat 108 a kan Sciortino Amdt don ƙara harajin tallace-tallace daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 6.25 

A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2008, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da Dokar H 5022 don rage kuɗin lasisin mallakar makamai &lt;ref&gt;[https://votesmart.org/bill/7915/21992/1983/reducing-firearm-licensing-fee#.V_PJw5MrKuU] VoteSmart, H 5022&lt;/ref&gt;

Janairu 23, 2008, Ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin doka na H 4477 don hana amfani da wayar salula yayin tukin babur

== Kuri'ar zanga-zanga ==
Cory Atkins ta shahara sosai saboda kuri'ar da ta kada kan sake zaben Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Sal DiMaisi a shekarar 2009. Atkins, tare da wasu 'yan Democrat shida, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar &quot;halarce&quot; a matsayin wata alama ta buƙatar sabbin shugabanni a Beacon Hill. An yaba wa waɗannan 'yan Democrat bakwai saboda ƙuri'ar da suka yi wa DiMaisi. Atkins ya nuna aikinta na yi wa 'yan mazabarta hidima da mafi kyawun hukuncinta.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ai0kqabar766eyntczhg8jrrcr8mvk5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816574</id>
      <parentid>816573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:08:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Siyasa */</comment>
      <origin>816574</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3584" sha1="7ags3fglolnf2gu0z37mv1vsfkq7gub" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Cory Atkins''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1947) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts daga 1999 zuwa 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.malegislature.gov/People/Profile/C_A1 Cory Atkins]. Massachusetts General Court.&lt;/ref&gt;  Atkins mazaunin Concord ne kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat . &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
An haife ta a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Atkins ta tafi Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Burdett sannan ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . Kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts, Atkins ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da ADS Ventures daga 1992 zuwa 1999.  Malama ce a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Middlesex kuma tana rubuta shafi na jaridun siyasa da kuma shafi na tafiya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://ballotpedia.org/Cory_Atkins] Ballotpedia, Cory Atkins&lt;/ref&gt;Ta auri Chester G. Atkins wanda shi ma ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ta Massachusetts da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, amma ta rabu da shi tsawon shekaru da dama.
&lt;ref&gt;[http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1983/cory-atkins Votesmart.org-Cory Atkins]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2016, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 735 don zartar da dokar da ta haramta wariya bisa ga asalin jinsi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;[https://votesmart.org/bill/21623/56979/1983/prohibits-discrimination-based-on-gender-identity#.V_PEgZMrKuU] Vote Smart, S 735 - Prohibits Discrimination Based on Gender Identity - Key Vote&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2016, sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar H4049 don kafa ƙa'idoji ga kamfanonin raba motoci. &lt;ref&gt;[https://votesmart.org/bill/21415/56184/1983/establishes-regulations-for-ride-sharing-companies#.V_PFIJMrKuU] Vote Smart, H 4049 - Establishes Regulations for Ride-Sharing Companies - Key Vote&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2014, An Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4278 don gyara dokokin mallakar makamai 

A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2014, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan Dokar S 2123 don ƙara mafi ƙarancin albashi 

A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2013, Atkins ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisa mai lamba 2491, inda ya ba wa garin Concord izinin sanya harajin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin domin samar da sassaucin harajin kadarori. 

Janairu 28, 2010, Ta Kaɗa Kuri'a kan Dokar H 4441 don kafa ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki a makarantu &lt;ref&gt;[https://votesmart.org/bill/7915/21992/1983/reducing-firearm-licensing-fee#.V_PJw5MrKuU] VoteSmart, H 5022&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009, an kaɗa ƙuri'a ta Yea tare da wasu 'yan Democrat 108 a kan Sciortino Amdt don ƙara harajin tallace-tallace daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 6.25 

A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2008, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da Dokar H 5022 don rage kuɗin lasisin mallakar makamai &lt;ref&gt;[https://votesmart.org/bill/7915/21992/1983/reducing-firearm-licensing-fee#.V_PJw5MrKuU] VoteSmart, H 5022&lt;/ref&gt;

Janairu 23, 2008, Ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin doka na H 4477 don hana amfani da wayar salula yayin tukin babur

== Kuri'ar zanga-zanga ==
Cory Atkins ta shahara sosai saboda kuri'ar da ta kada kan sake zaben Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Sal DiMaisi a shekarar 2009. Atkins, tare da wasu 'yan Democrat shida, sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar &quot;halarce&quot; a matsayin wata alama ta buƙatar sabbin shugabanni a Beacon Hill. An yaba wa waɗannan 'yan Democrat bakwai saboda ƙuri'ar da suka yi wa DiMaisi. Atkins ya nuna aikinta na yi wa 'yan mazabarta hidima da mafi kyawun hukuncinta.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>7ags3fglolnf2gu0z37mv1vsfkq7gub</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Frances Cleveland Axtell</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:11:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307885197|Frances Cleveland Axtell]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Frances Sevilla Cleveland Axtell''' (12 ga Yuni, 1866 - 27 ga Mayu, 1953) 'yar Amurka ce mai kula da kulob, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yar siyasa, kuma jami'ar tarayya. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokoki mata na farko a Amurka, waɗanda aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Washington a 1912. Ta kasance memba na Hukumar Diyya ta Ma'aikata ta Tarayya a lokacin gwamnatin Wilson .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Cleveland a Sterling, Illinois, 'yar William A. Cleveland da Mary Humaston Cleveland. Mahaifinta manomi ne kuma mai tara dabbobi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell, Frances (1866-1953) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=History Link}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axtell ta sami digirin farko ( Ph.B. ) a shekarar 1889  da digirin masters a shekarar 1892,  duka a Jami'ar DePauw da ke Indiana,   inda ta kasance memba na Kappa Alpha Theta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Notable Thetas |url=https://www.kappaalphatheta.org/heritage/notable-thetas |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Kappa Alpha Theta |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=November 1917 |title=Thetas We Honor: Mrs. W. H. Axtell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_ISAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Frances+Cleveland+Axtell&amp;pg=PA21 |journal=Kappa Alpha Theta |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=21–22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Cleveland ta koyar da Latin da lissafi a Makarantar Normal ta Arewa maso Yamma tun tana ƙarama.  Ta koma Bellingham, Washington, wacce a lokacin ake kira New Whatcom, tare da mijinta da ƙananan 'ya'ya mata biyu a 1894. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell, Frances (1866-1953) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=History Link}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 &quot;Axtell, Frances (1866-1953)&quot;]. ''History Link''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce shugabar farko ta ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Mata ta New Whatcom, kuma memba ce ta kafa ƙungiyar Aftermath Club ta birnin. Ta yi takarar gundumar makaranta a Bellingham ba tare da nasara ba a 1897, kuma ta yi aiki don zaɓen mata a jihar Washington. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Ta yi takarar neman tikitin jam'iyyar Republican, tare da mawakiya Ella Rhoads Higginson a matsayin manajan kamfen ɗinta,  An zaɓi Axtell a Gundumar 54 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Washington wacce ke wakiltar Bellingham a shekarar 1912. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell, Frances (1866-1953) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=History Link}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 &quot;Axtell, Frances (1866-1953)&quot;]. ''History Link''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Axtell ta kasance mai fafutukar neman mafi ƙarancin albashi, hana [[Dokokin aiki na yara a Amurka|aikin yara]], diyya ga ma'aikata, da fansho ga tsofaffi, nakasassu, da zawarawa. Ta kuma taimaka wajen sauya fannoni na dokokin laifuka, musamman cin zarafi mai tsanani. 

Axtell ta kusa zama sanata a Amurka a shekarar 1916, inda ta sha kaye da ƙuri'u kusan dubu uku. Alaƙarta da ɗan'uwanta Frederick, wanda ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Shugaba William Howard Taft, tare da tallata yunƙurinta na 1916 a matsayin sanata, ya jawo hankalin Shugaba Woodrow Wilson . A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1917, Shugaba Wilson ya naɗa ta a Hukumar Diyya ta Ma'aikata ta Tarayya.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=H. J. |date=1917 |title=Newer Federal Commissions |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=376–378 |doi=10.2307/1944009 |jstor=1944009 |s2cid=145122351 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata mafiya matsayi a gwamnatin Wilson.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Hukumar daga 1918 zuwa 1921. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell, Frances (1866-1953) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=History Link}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 &quot;Axtell, Frances (1866-1953)&quot;]. ''History Link''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1917, ta yi jawabi a taron ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Matan Amurka Masu Zaɓe (NAWSA). 

Bayan wa'adin aikinta a Washington, DC ya ƙare, Axtell ta koma Jihar Washington, ta kuma sake tsayawa takarar kujerar Sanata a 1922,  kuma ba tare da samun nasara ba. Daga kimanin 1930 zuwa 1936, ta kasance Mai Kula da Fansho na Uwaye kuma jami'in gwaji a Bellingham. [2] Ta koma Seattle a 1944, inda ta ci gaba da aiki a kulab da ayyukan coci.

== Rayuwar mutum da gado ==
Cleveland ta auri likita William Henry Axtell a shekarar 1891. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Ruth Axtell (née Burnett), an haife ta a shekarar 1892, da kuma Helen &quot;Grace&quot; Frances Axtell, an haife ta a shekarar 1901. Ta mutu a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1953, a Seattle. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell, Frances (1866-1953) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=History Link}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 &quot;Axtell, Frances (1866-1953)&quot;]. ''History Link''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gidanta da ke Bellingham, wanda aka fi sani da Axtell House, an raba shi zuwa gidaje a shekarunta na ƙarshe, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wurin tarihi a birnin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell House |url=https://cob.org/services/planning/historic/buildings/axtell-house |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=City of Bellingham |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alden |first=Charlotte |date=2022-08-17 |title=What's the Deal With: The Axtell House? |url=https://www.cascadiadaily.com/2022/aug/17/whats-the-deal-with-the-axtell-house/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Cascadia Daily News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>15405</id>
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'''Frances Sevilla Cleveland Axtell''' (12 ga Yuni, 1866 - 27 ga Mayu, 1953) 'yar Amurka ce mai kula da kulob, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yar siyasa, kuma jami'ar tarayya. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokoki mata na farko a Amurka, waɗanda aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Washington a 1912. Ta kasance memba na Hukumar Diyya ta Ma'aikata ta Tarayya a lokacin gwamnatin Wilson .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Cleveland a Sterling, Illinois, 'yar William A. Cleveland da Mary Humaston Cleveland. Mahaifinta manomi ne kuma mai tara dabbobi. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell, Frances (1866-1953) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=History Link}}&lt;/ref&gt; Axtell ta sami digirin farko ( Ph.B. ) a shekarar 1889  da digirin masters a shekarar 1892,  duka a Jami'ar DePauw da ke Indiana,   inda ta kasance memba na Kappa Alpha Theta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Notable Thetas |url=https://www.kappaalphatheta.org/heritage/notable-thetas |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Kappa Alpha Theta |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=November 1917 |title=Thetas We Honor: Mrs. W. H. Axtell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_ISAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Frances+Cleveland+Axtell&amp;pg=PA21 |journal=Kappa Alpha Theta |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=21–22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Cleveland ta koyar da Latin da lissafi a Makarantar Normal ta Arewa maso Yamma tun tana ƙarama.  Ta koma Bellingham, Washington, wacce a lokacin ake kira New Whatcom, tare da mijinta da ƙananan 'ya'ya mata biyu a 1894. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell, Frances (1866-1953) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=History Link}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 &quot;Axtell, Frances (1866-1953)&quot;]. ''History Link''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce shugabar farko ta ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Mata ta New Whatcom, kuma memba ce ta kafa ƙungiyar Aftermath Club ta birnin. Ta yi takarar gundumar makaranta a Bellingham ba tare da nasara ba a 1897, kuma ta yi aiki don zaɓen mata a jihar Washington. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Ta yi takarar neman tikitin jam'iyyar Republican, tare da mawakiya Ella Rhoads Higginson a matsayin manajan kamfen ɗinta,  An zaɓi Axtell a Gundumar 54 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Washington wacce ke wakiltar Bellingham a shekarar 1912. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell, Frances (1866-1953) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=History Link}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 &quot;Axtell, Frances (1866-1953)&quot;]. ''History Link''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Axtell ta kasance mai fafutukar neman mafi ƙarancin albashi, hana [[Dokokin aiki na yara a Amurka|aikin yara]], diyya ga ma'aikata, da fansho ga tsofaffi, nakasassu, da zawarawa. Ta kuma taimaka wajen sauya fannoni na dokokin laifuka, musamman cin zarafi mai tsanani. 

Axtell ta kusa zama sanata a Amurka a shekarar 1916, inda ta sha kaye da ƙuri'u kusan dubu uku. Alaƙarta da ɗan'uwanta Frederick, wanda ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Shugaba William Howard Taft, tare da tallata yunƙurinta na 1916 a matsayin sanata, ya jawo hankalin Shugaba Woodrow Wilson . A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1917, Shugaba Wilson ya naɗa ta a Hukumar Diyya ta Ma'aikata ta Tarayya.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=H. J. |date=1917 |title=Newer Federal Commissions |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=376–378 |doi=10.2307/1944009 |jstor=1944009 |s2cid=145122351 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata mafiya matsayi a gwamnatin Wilson.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Hukumar daga 1918 zuwa 1921. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell, Frances (1866-1953) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=History Link}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 &quot;Axtell, Frances (1866-1953)&quot;]. ''History Link''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1917, ta yi jawabi a taron ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Matan Amurka Masu Zaɓe (NAWSA). 

Bayan wa'adin aikinta a Washington, DC ya ƙare, Axtell ta koma Jihar Washington, ta kuma sake tsayawa takarar kujerar Sanata a 1922,  kuma ba tare da samun nasara ba. Daga kimanin 1930 zuwa 1936, ta kasance Mai Kula da Fansho na Uwaye kuma jami'in gwaji a Bellingham. [2] Ta koma Seattle a 1944, inda ta ci gaba da aiki a kulab da ayyukan coci.

== Rayuwar mutum da gado ==
Cleveland ta auri likita William Henry Axtell a shekarar 1891. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Ruth Axtell (née Burnett), an haife ta a shekarar 1892, da kuma Helen &quot;Grace&quot; Frances Axtell, an haife ta a shekarar 1901. Ta mutu a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1953, a Seattle. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell, Frances (1866-1953) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=History Link}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.historylink.org/File/9625 &quot;Axtell, Frances (1866-1953)&quot;]. ''History Link''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gidanta da ke Bellingham, wanda aka fi sani da Axtell House, an raba shi zuwa gidaje a shekarunta na ƙarshe, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wurin tarihi a birnin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Axtell House |url=https://cob.org/services/planning/historic/buildings/axtell-house |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=City of Bellingham |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alden |first=Charlotte |date=2022-08-17 |title=What's the Deal With: The Axtell House? |url=https://www.cascadiadaily.com/2022/aug/17/whats-the-deal-with-the-axtell-house/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Cascadia Daily News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>5us043inbl0s3179tau9pj1vgik3pqq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aramis Ayala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816577</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:14:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317772471|Aramis Ayala]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816577</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6110" sha1="4yozyboih051ne18ewxllw2nbdyfu6g" xml:space="preserve">
'''Aramis Ayala''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1975) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aramis Donell Ayala |url=https://www.floridaresidentsdirectory.com/person/113044582/ayala-aramis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513011911/https://www.floridaresidentsdirectory.com/person/113044582/ayala-aramis |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.floridaresidentsdirectory.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasa ce kuma mai gabatar da ƙara a Amurka wacce ta kasance lauyan jiha na Kotun Shari'a ta Tara ta Florida . An zaɓe ta a watan Nuwamba na 2016, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai gabatar da ƙara daga 2017 zuwa 2021.   A watan Mayu na 2019, Ayala ta bayyana cewa ba za ta sake neman takarar lauyan jiha ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citing Conflict With Florida Death-Penalty Ruling, Aramis Ayala Will Not Seek Re-Election As State Attorney |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/citing-conflict-with-florida-death-penalty-ruling-aramis-ayala-will-not-seek-re-election-as-state-attorney |access-date=2020-03-03 |website=Death Penalty Information Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayala ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a zaben babban lauyan jihar Florida na 2022. Ayala ta sha kaye a zaben gama gari ga mai ci Ashley Moody da gagarumin rinjaye.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ayala a Saginaw, Michigan, kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Michigan . Daga nan ta sami digirin digirgir na Juris daga Jami'ar Detroit . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Scott |date=July 15, 2016 |title=Aramis Ayala's 9th Judicial Circuit state attorney run could be historic |url=http://orlando-rising.com/aramis-ayalas-9th-judicial-circuit-state-attorney-run-could-be-historic/ |access-date=July 20, 2017 |website=Orlando Rising |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==

=== Lauyan Jiha ===
Ayala ta sanar da cewa ba za ta nemi [[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]] ba a kowace shari'a, wanda hakan ya sa Gwamnan Florida Rick Scott ya sake mayar da shari'o'in hukuncin kisa ga wani Lauyan Jiha.   Ayala ta shigar da kara tana kalubalantar wannan shari'ar a Kotun Koli ta Florida, da kuma a kotun tarayya.  Ayala ta sha kaye a shari'ar da ta shigar a Kotun Koli kan Scott. Kotun Koli ta Florida (tare da wani mai ra'ayinsa) ta yanke hukunci a kan Ayala, tana mai cewa gwamnan yana da ikon kwace shari'o'in daga hannun Ayala saboda matsayinta na yin watsi da hukuncin kisa a duk shari'o'in da ke gabanta kuma ba ta yin amfani da ikonta a kowace shari'a ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Ayala v. Scott|court=|reporter=So. 3d|vol=224|opinion=755|date=2017|url=https://cite.case.law/so-3d/224/755/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2017, wani bidiyo na 'yan sanda biyu da ke ja da Ayala ya yadu a yanar gizo, saboda zargin nuna wariyar launin fata. Ayala ta nemi bayanin jami'an a lokacin ganawar, amma ba ta dauki wani mataki na shari'a ba, tana rubuta cewa dakatarwar &quot;ta yi daidai da dokar Florida.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2017 |title=Despite outrage with Aramis Ayala video, experts say traffic stop was legit |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/despite-outrage-with-aramis-ayala-video-experts-say-traffic-stop-was-legit/2330242/ |access-date=December 2, 2021 |website=Tampa Bay Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2022 ===
A watan Mayun 2021, Ayala ta sanar da cewa za ta tsaya takarar gundumar majalisa ta 10 a Florida a shekarar 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fineout |first=Gary |date=2021-05-26 |title=Florida's Ayala jumps into race for Demings' seat |url=https://www.politico.com/states/florida/story/2021/05/26/floridas-ayala-jumps-into-race-for-demings-seat-1383983 |access-date=2021-05-26 |website=Politico PRO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko tana tunanin tsayawa takarar majalisar dattawan Amurka, ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki bayan da wakilin Amurka mai ci [[Val Demings]] ya sanar da cewa za ta tsaya takarar majalisar dattawan Amurka a shekarar 2022 a kan Marco Rubio na jam'iyyar Republican mai ci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Speck |first=Emilee |date=2021-05-03 |title=Former State Attorney Aramis Ayala exploring run for US Senate |url=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2021/05/03/former-state-attorney-aramis-ayala-exploring-run-for-us-senate/ |access-date=2021-05-10 |website=WKMG |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fineout |first=Gary |date=May 8, 2021 |title=Democrats agonize over who should try to dethrone Rubio |url=https://politi.co/3xWmoQc |access-date=2021-05-10 |website=Politico PRO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta janye don tsayawa takarar babban lauya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Democrat Aramis Ayala running for Florida attorney general |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/florida-politics/2022/03/02/democrat-aramis-ayala-running-for-florida-attorney-general/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayala ta sha kaye a zaben gama gari ga mai ci Ashley Moody da gagarumin rinjaye.

== Sakamakon zaɓen Babban Lauyan Gwamnati na 2022 ==
Lauyan jam'iyyar Republican mai ci Ashley Moody ya sake tsayawa takara, inda Aramis Ayala, ɗan Democrat, tsohon lauyan jihar ya kalubalance shi. Moody ya kayar da Ayala a babban zaɓen da tazarar maki 20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=Moody defeats Ayala in race for attorney general |url=https://www.wftv.com/news/local/moody-defeats-ayala-race-attorney-general/2OCVAUVHQBAMRP6WSCC7DBGJMM/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=WFTV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Election box begin no change|title=Florida attorney general election, 2022}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=[[Ashley Moody]] (incumbent)|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=4,651,376|percentage=60.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Aramis Ayala|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=3,025,959|percentage=39.4}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]]</text>
      <sha1>4yozyboih051ne18ewxllw2nbdyfu6g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816578</id>
      <parentid>816577</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:14:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816578</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6121" sha1="237kqcmoo8d3sh4tvt74iaah5ocsrfv" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Aramis Ayala''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1975) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aramis Donell Ayala |url=https://www.floridaresidentsdirectory.com/person/113044582/ayala-aramis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513011911/https://www.floridaresidentsdirectory.com/person/113044582/ayala-aramis |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.floridaresidentsdirectory.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasa ce kuma mai gabatar da ƙara a Amurka wacce ta kasance lauyan jiha na Kotun Shari'a ta Tara ta Florida . An zaɓe ta a watan Nuwamba na 2016, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai gabatar da ƙara daga 2017 zuwa 2021.   A watan Mayu na 2019, Ayala ta bayyana cewa ba za ta sake neman takarar lauyan jiha ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citing Conflict With Florida Death-Penalty Ruling, Aramis Ayala Will Not Seek Re-Election As State Attorney |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/citing-conflict-with-florida-death-penalty-ruling-aramis-ayala-will-not-seek-re-election-as-state-attorney |access-date=2020-03-03 |website=Death Penalty Information Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayala ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a zaben babban lauyan jihar Florida na 2022. Ayala ta sha kaye a zaben gama gari ga mai ci Ashley Moody da gagarumin rinjaye.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ayala a Saginaw, Michigan, kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Michigan . Daga nan ta sami digirin digirgir na Juris daga Jami'ar Detroit . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Scott |date=July 15, 2016 |title=Aramis Ayala's 9th Judicial Circuit state attorney run could be historic |url=http://orlando-rising.com/aramis-ayalas-9th-judicial-circuit-state-attorney-run-could-be-historic/ |access-date=July 20, 2017 |website=Orlando Rising |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==

=== Lauyan Jiha ===
Ayala ta sanar da cewa ba za ta nemi [[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]] ba a kowace shari'a, wanda hakan ya sa Gwamnan Florida Rick Scott ya sake mayar da shari'o'in hukuncin kisa ga wani Lauyan Jiha.   Ayala ta shigar da kara tana kalubalantar wannan shari'ar a Kotun Koli ta Florida, da kuma a kotun tarayya.  Ayala ta sha kaye a shari'ar da ta shigar a Kotun Koli kan Scott. Kotun Koli ta Florida (tare da wani mai ra'ayinsa) ta yanke hukunci a kan Ayala, tana mai cewa gwamnan yana da ikon kwace shari'o'in daga hannun Ayala saboda matsayinta na yin watsi da hukuncin kisa a duk shari'o'in da ke gabanta kuma ba ta yin amfani da ikonta a kowace shari'a ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Ayala v. Scott|court=|reporter=So. 3d|vol=224|opinion=755|date=2017|url=https://cite.case.law/so-3d/224/755/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2017, wani bidiyo na 'yan sanda biyu da ke ja da Ayala ya yadu a yanar gizo, saboda zargin nuna wariyar launin fata. Ayala ta nemi bayanin jami'an a lokacin ganawar, amma ba ta dauki wani mataki na shari'a ba, tana rubuta cewa dakatarwar &quot;ta yi daidai da dokar Florida.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2017 |title=Despite outrage with Aramis Ayala video, experts say traffic stop was legit |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/despite-outrage-with-aramis-ayala-video-experts-say-traffic-stop-was-legit/2330242/ |access-date=December 2, 2021 |website=Tampa Bay Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2022 ===
A watan Mayun 2021, Ayala ta sanar da cewa za ta tsaya takarar gundumar majalisa ta 10 a Florida a shekarar 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fineout |first=Gary |date=2021-05-26 |title=Florida's Ayala jumps into race for Demings' seat |url=https://www.politico.com/states/florida/story/2021/05/26/floridas-ayala-jumps-into-race-for-demings-seat-1383983 |access-date=2021-05-26 |website=Politico PRO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko tana tunanin tsayawa takarar majalisar dattawan Amurka, ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki bayan da wakilin Amurka mai ci [[Val Demings]] ya sanar da cewa za ta tsaya takarar majalisar dattawan Amurka a shekarar 2022 a kan Marco Rubio na jam'iyyar Republican mai ci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Speck |first=Emilee |date=2021-05-03 |title=Former State Attorney Aramis Ayala exploring run for US Senate |url=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2021/05/03/former-state-attorney-aramis-ayala-exploring-run-for-us-senate/ |access-date=2021-05-10 |website=WKMG |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fineout |first=Gary |date=May 8, 2021 |title=Democrats agonize over who should try to dethrone Rubio |url=https://politi.co/3xWmoQc |access-date=2021-05-10 |website=Politico PRO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta janye don tsayawa takarar babban lauya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Democrat Aramis Ayala running for Florida attorney general |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/florida-politics/2022/03/02/democrat-aramis-ayala-running-for-florida-attorney-general/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayala ta sha kaye a zaben gama gari ga mai ci Ashley Moody da gagarumin rinjaye.

== Sakamakon zaɓen Babban Lauyan Gwamnati na 2022 ==
Lauyan jam'iyyar Republican mai ci Ashley Moody ya sake tsayawa takara, inda Aramis Ayala, ɗan Democrat, tsohon lauyan jihar ya kalubalance shi. Moody ya kayar da Ayala a babban zaɓen da tazarar maki 20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=Moody defeats Ayala in race for attorney general |url=https://www.wftv.com/news/local/moody-defeats-ayala-race-attorney-general/2OCVAUVHQBAMRP6WSCC7DBGJMM/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=WFTV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Election box begin no change|title=Florida attorney general election, 2022}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=[[Ashley Moody]] (incumbent)|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=4,651,376|percentage=60.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Aramis Ayala|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=3,025,959|percentage=39.4}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]]</text>
      <sha1>237kqcmoo8d3sh4tvt74iaah5ocsrfv</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Gwen Robinson Awsumb</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816580</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:17:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1263879333|Gwen Robinson Awsumb]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816580</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7813" sha1="fj3nsjk02a35dyxypqgn371iuqvioj6" xml:space="preserve">'''Gwen Robinson Awsumb''' (25 Satumba 1915 - 16 Janairu 2003) 'yar siyasar Amurka ce kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. A shekara ta 1967, ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a majalisar birni a [[Memphis, Tennessee]], Amurka. Kyautarta ita ce ta kalubalanci &quot;tsakanin siyasa, zamantakewa, da launin fata tare da matsayinta na fari, mace Jamhuriyar Republican&quot; a Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin Yajin aikin tsabtace muhalli na Memphis a shekarar 1968 ta zama fitacciyar mutum a cikin gida.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Gwendolyn Van Court Robinson a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1915, a Marshall, Michigan ga iyayenta Catherine VanCourt (Pritchartt) Robinson da Carl Arnold Robinson. Mahaifinta lauya ne kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan Democrat a majalisar dokokin jihar Michigan na tsawon shekaru 15. Iyalan sun ƙaura zuwa [[Chicago]] sannan zuwa Arewacin Florida a lokacin da ake cikin mawuyacin hali na [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Hali]], kafin su zauna a Memphis a shekarar 1930 lokacin tana da shekaru 15. Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Episcopal ta St. Mary a shekarar 1932, amma da farko ba ta iya zuwa kwaleji ba saboda matsalolin kuɗi na iyalin.  Daga ƙarshe ta yi karatun [[Kimiyya|sinadarai]] a Kwalejin Southwestern (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Rhodes College ) kuma ta sami digiri a shekarar 1937. &lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Sha'awar Awsumb ga siyasa ta samo asali ne daga aikin mahaifinta a Michigan. A shekarar 1956, ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe a matsayin 'yar takarar jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] a Majalisar Dokokin Tennessee . 

A shekarar 1967, Awsumb ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Birnin Memphis . Bayan watanni biyu da fara wa'adinta na farko, Awsumb ta zama fitacciyar jaruma a yajin aikin tsafta na Memphis a shekarar 1968.  Awsumb ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a matsayin mai hulda da majalisar ga Magajin Gari Henry Loeb, wanda ta zarge shi da kawo cikas ga ci gaban majalisar kan warware yajin aikin. Awsumb ba ta goyi bayan kungiyoyin kwadago na birni ba a cikin manufar kuma ta yi adawa da yajin aikin. Duk da haka, ta fahimci cewa yajin aikin ya kara ta'azzara rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki ga [[Afirkawan Amurka|bakar fata 'yan Amurka]] kuma ta nemi yin sulhu wajen warware shi, kamar karin albashi nan take, tare da ra'ayoyinta sun koma ga masu yajin aikin yayin da [[Rikicin 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] ya kara ta'azzara a duk lokacin rikicin.  

Majalisar ta zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba a shekarar 1970—mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa 1975. Baya ga yajin aikin tsafta, zamanta na rashin kwanciyar hankali a majalisar ya kuma haɗa da kisan gillar Martin Luther King Jr., tashin hankali kan haɗakar launin fata a birnin, da kuma ƙaruwar shigar mata cikin harkokin siyasa . Awsumb ta karɓi naɗin a matsayin darektan farko na Gidaje da Ci gaban Al'umma na birnin a shekarar 1975, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin har zuwa 1981. &lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Da take tunani game da harkokin siyasarta, ta bayyana kanta a matsayin &quot;mai matsakaicin ra'ayi&quot; wadda ke wakiltar dukkan mutane, kuma tana alfahari da cewa ta lashe mafi yawan dukkan yankunan zaɓe—ciki har da waɗanda suka fi rinjaye a wurare fararen fata da baƙi a cikin garin.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Gwen Robinson ta auri Wells Awsumb, ɗan fitaccen mai zane-zane ɗan ƙasar Norway-Amurka George Awsumb, a shekarar 1937. Sun haifi 'ya'ya uku tare, George, Carl, da Helen Catherine. Gwen Awsumb ta rasu a Memphis, Tennessee a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Wani shafi a cikin ''jaridar Daily Memphian'' da ke bikin cika shekaru biyu na birnin ya haɗa da Awsumb a cikin jerin manyan mutane 200 na tarihi waɗanda &quot;ba ku sani ba amma ya kamata ku sani.&quot;  Makarantar St. Mary's Episcopal ta ba ta suna wanda ya karɓi kyautar Distinguished Tlumnae Award a 1996. An adana tarin takardu da bayanan tarihi a cikin ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Memphis, yana mai bayyana cewa ta bar &quot;gado na ambushness&quot; a Memphis. &lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan rasuwarta a 2003, Majalisar Dokokin Tennessee ta zartar da wani kuduri na girmama gudummawar da ta bayar ga birnin Memphis da kuma zamanta memba a majalisar dokoki da shugaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=SJR 40 |url=http://www.legislature.state.tn.us/bills/103/Bill/SJR0040.pdf |website=Bills |publisher=Tennessee General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2003 |title=Resolutions passed by the 103rd General Assembly 2003 Session |url=http://sharetngov.s3.amazonaws.com/sos/acts/103/res/res_report03.pdf |website=Amazon Web Services (AWS) Shared TN Gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a]]
* Tarihin Memphis, Tennessee
* Mata a mukamai masu iko

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816581</id>
      <parentid>816580</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:17:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="7825" sha1="iufurwzi8ufyez2we8vuvhg976i30ac" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Gwen Robinson Awsumb''' (25 Satumba 1915 - 16 Janairu 2003) 'yar siyasar Amurka ce kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. A shekara ta 1967, ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a majalisar birni a [[Memphis, Tennessee]], Amurka. Kyautarta ita ce ta kalubalanci &quot;tsakanin siyasa, zamantakewa, da launin fata tare da matsayinta na fari, mace Jamhuriyar Republican&quot; a Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin Yajin aikin tsabtace muhalli na Memphis a shekarar 1968 ta zama fitacciyar mutum a cikin gida.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Gwendolyn Van Court Robinson a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1915, a Marshall, Michigan ga iyayenta Catherine VanCourt (Pritchartt) Robinson da Carl Arnold Robinson. Mahaifinta lauya ne kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan Democrat a majalisar dokokin jihar Michigan na tsawon shekaru 15. Iyalan sun ƙaura zuwa [[Chicago]] sannan zuwa Arewacin Florida a lokacin da ake cikin mawuyacin hali na [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Hali]], kafin su zauna a Memphis a shekarar 1930 lokacin tana da shekaru 15. Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Episcopal ta St. Mary a shekarar 1932, amma da farko ba ta iya zuwa kwaleji ba saboda matsalolin kuɗi na iyalin.  Daga ƙarshe ta yi karatun [[Kimiyya|sinadarai]] a Kwalejin Southwestern (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Rhodes College ) kuma ta sami digiri a shekarar 1937. &lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Sha'awar Awsumb ga siyasa ta samo asali ne daga aikin mahaifinta a Michigan. A shekarar 1956, ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe a matsayin 'yar takarar jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] a Majalisar Dokokin Tennessee . 

A shekarar 1967, Awsumb ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Birnin Memphis . Bayan watanni biyu da fara wa'adinta na farko, Awsumb ta zama fitacciyar jaruma a yajin aikin tsafta na Memphis a shekarar 1968.  Awsumb ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a matsayin mai hulda da majalisar ga Magajin Gari Henry Loeb, wanda ta zarge shi da kawo cikas ga ci gaban majalisar kan warware yajin aikin. Awsumb ba ta goyi bayan kungiyoyin kwadago na birni ba a cikin manufar kuma ta yi adawa da yajin aikin. Duk da haka, ta fahimci cewa yajin aikin ya kara ta'azzara rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki ga [[Afirkawan Amurka|bakar fata 'yan Amurka]] kuma ta nemi yin sulhu wajen warware shi, kamar karin albashi nan take, tare da ra'ayoyinta sun koma ga masu yajin aikin yayin da [[Rikicin 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] ya kara ta'azzara a duk lokacin rikicin.  

Majalisar ta zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba a shekarar 1970—mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa 1975. Baya ga yajin aikin tsafta, zamanta na rashin kwanciyar hankali a majalisar ya kuma haɗa da kisan gillar Martin Luther King Jr., tashin hankali kan haɗakar launin fata a birnin, da kuma ƙaruwar shigar mata cikin harkokin siyasa . Awsumb ta karɓi naɗin a matsayin darektan farko na Gidaje da Ci gaban Al'umma na birnin a shekarar 1975, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin har zuwa 1981. &lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Da take tunani game da harkokin siyasarta, ta bayyana kanta a matsayin &quot;mai matsakaicin ra'ayi&quot; wadda ke wakiltar dukkan mutane, kuma tana alfahari da cewa ta lashe mafi yawan dukkan yankunan zaɓe—ciki har da waɗanda suka fi rinjaye a wurare fararen fata da baƙi a cikin garin.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Gwen Robinson ta auri Wells Awsumb, ɗan fitaccen mai zane-zane ɗan ƙasar Norway-Amurka George Awsumb, a shekarar 1937. Sun haifi 'ya'ya uku tare, George, Carl, da Helen Catherine. Gwen Awsumb ta rasu a Memphis, Tennessee a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Wani shafi a cikin ''jaridar Daily Memphian'' da ke bikin cika shekaru biyu na birnin ya haɗa da Awsumb a cikin jerin manyan mutane 200 na tarihi waɗanda &quot;ba ku sani ba amma ya kamata ku sani.&quot;  Makarantar St. Mary's Episcopal ta ba ta suna wanda ya karɓi kyautar Distinguished Tlumnae Award a 1996. An adana tarin takardu da bayanan tarihi a cikin ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Memphis, yana mai bayyana cewa ta bar &quot;gado na ambushness&quot; a Memphis. &lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan rasuwarta a 2003, Majalisar Dokokin Tennessee ta zartar da wani kuduri na girmama gudummawar da ta bayar ga birnin Memphis da kuma zamanta memba a majalisar dokoki da shugaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=SJR 40 |url=http://www.legislature.state.tn.us/bills/103/Bill/SJR0040.pdf |website=Bills |publisher=Tennessee General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2003 |title=Resolutions passed by the 103rd General Assembly 2003 Session |url=http://sharetngov.s3.amazonaws.com/sos/acts/103/res/res_report03.pdf |website=Amazon Web Services (AWS) Shared TN Gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a]]
* Tarihin Memphis, Tennessee
* Mata a mukamai masu iko

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]]</text>
      <sha1>iufurwzi8ufyez2we8vuvhg976i30ac</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816582</id>
      <parentid>816581</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:18:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816582</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7827" sha1="7327ptvivzkjhhu7xhl87as4pfkzjdz" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Gwen Robinson Awsumb''' (25 Satumba 1915 - 16 Janairu 2003) 'yar siyasar Amurka ce kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. A shekara ta 1967, ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a majalisar birni a [[Memphis, Tennessee]], Amurka. Kyautarta ita ce ta kalubalanci &quot;tsakanin siyasa, zamantakewa, da launin fata tare da matsayinta na fari, mace Jamhuriyar Republican&quot; a Kudu.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin Yajin aikin tsabtace muhalli na Memphis a shekarar 1968 ta zama fitacciyar mutum a cikin gida.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Gwendolyn Van Court Robinson a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1915, a Marshall, Michigan ga iyayenta Catherine VanCourt (Pritchartt) Robinson da Carl Arnold Robinson. Mahaifinta lauya ne kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan Democrat a majalisar dokokin jihar Michigan na tsawon shekaru 15. Iyalan sun ƙaura zuwa [[Chicago]] sannan zuwa Arewacin Florida a lokacin da ake cikin mawuyacin hali na [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Hali]], kafin su zauna a Memphis a shekarar 1930 lokacin tana da shekaru 15. Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Episcopal ta St. Mary a shekarar 1932, amma da farko ba ta iya zuwa kwaleji ba saboda matsalolin kuɗi na iyalin.  Daga ƙarshe ta yi karatun [[Kimiyya|sinadarai]] a Kwalejin Southwestern (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Rhodes College ) kuma ta sami digiri a shekarar 1937. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Sha'awar Awsumb ga siyasa ta samo asali ne daga aikin mahaifinta a Michigan. A shekarar 1956, ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe a matsayin 'yar takarar jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] a Majalisar Dokokin Tennessee . 

A shekarar 1967, Awsumb ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Birnin Memphis . Bayan watanni biyu da fara wa'adinta na farko, Awsumb ta zama fitacciyar jaruma a yajin aikin tsafta na Memphis a shekarar 1968.  Awsumb ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a matsayin mai hulda da majalisar ga Magajin Gari Henry Loeb, wanda ta zarge shi da kawo cikas ga ci gaban majalisar kan warware yajin aikin. Awsumb ba ta goyi bayan kungiyoyin kwadago na birni ba a cikin manufar kuma ta yi adawa da yajin aikin. Duk da haka, ta fahimci cewa yajin aikin ya kara ta'azzara rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki ga [[Afirkawan Amurka|bakar fata 'yan Amurka]] kuma ta nemi yin sulhu wajen warware shi, kamar karin albashi nan take, tare da ra'ayoyinta sun koma ga masu yajin aikin yayin da [[Rikicin 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] ya kara ta'azzara a duk lokacin rikicin.  

Majalisar ta zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba a shekarar 1970—mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa 1975. Baya ga yajin aikin tsafta, zamanta na rashin kwanciyar hankali a majalisar ya kuma haɗa da kisan gillar Martin Luther King Jr., tashin hankali kan haɗakar launin fata a birnin, da kuma ƙaruwar shigar mata cikin harkokin siyasa . Awsumb ta karɓi naɗin a matsayin darektan farko na Gidaje da Ci gaban Al'umma na birnin a shekarar 1975, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin har zuwa 1981. &lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Da take tunani game da harkokin siyasarta, ta bayyana kanta a matsayin &quot;mai matsakaicin ra'ayi&quot; wadda ke wakiltar dukkan mutane, kuma tana alfahari da cewa ta lashe mafi yawan dukkan yankunan zaɓe—ciki har da waɗanda suka fi rinjaye a wurare fararen fata da baƙi a cikin garin.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Gwen Robinson ta auri Wells Awsumb, ɗan fitaccen mai zane-zane ɗan ƙasar Norway-Amurka George Awsumb, a shekarar 1937. Sun haifi 'ya'ya uku tare, George, Carl, da Helen Catherine. Gwen Awsumb ta rasu a Memphis, Tennessee a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Wani shafi a cikin ''jaridar Daily Memphian'' da ke bikin cika shekaru biyu na birnin ya haɗa da Awsumb a cikin jerin manyan mutane 200 na tarihi waɗanda &quot;ba ku sani ba amma ya kamata ku sani.&quot;  Makarantar St. Mary's Episcopal ta ba ta suna wanda ya karɓi kyautar Distinguished Tlumnae Award a 1996. An adana tarin takardu da bayanan tarihi a cikin ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Memphis, yana mai bayyana cewa ta bar &quot;gado na ambushness&quot; a Memphis. &lt;ref name=&quot;collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adolph |first=Regan |last2=Flanders |first2=Lanier |date=2013 |title=Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note |url=https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ |website=Memphis and Shelby County Room |publisher=Memphis Public Library and Information Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdolphFlanders2013&quot;&gt;Adolph, Regan; Flanders, Lanier (2013). [https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/218/ &quot;Gwen R. Awsumb Collection: Biographical Note&quot;]. ''Memphis and Shelby County Room''. Memphis Public Library and Information Center.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan rasuwarta a 2003, Majalisar Dokokin Tennessee ta zartar da wani kuduri na girmama gudummawar da ta bayar ga birnin Memphis da kuma zamanta memba a majalisar dokoki da shugaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=SJR 40 |url=http://www.legislature.state.tn.us/bills/103/Bill/SJR0040.pdf |website=Bills |publisher=Tennessee General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2003 |title=Resolutions passed by the 103rd General Assembly 2003 Session |url=http://sharetngov.s3.amazonaws.com/sos/acts/103/res/res_report03.pdf |website=Amazon Web Services (AWS) Shared TN Gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a]]
* Tarihin Memphis, Tennessee
* Mata a mukamai masu iko

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]]</text>
      <sha1>7327ptvivzkjhhu7xhl87as4pfkzjdz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kathy Augustine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816583</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:21:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330616957|Kathy Augustine]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816583</origin>
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      <text bytes="7715" sha1="l75bi81o2oevnihl1e0iov4f3dhwtyl" xml:space="preserve">'''Kathy Marie Alfano Augustine''' (29 ga Mayu, 1956 - 11 ga Yuli, 2006) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka daga [[Nevada]] . Augustine, 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]], ta yi aiki a Majalisar Nevada (1993 &amp;#x2013; 1995) da kuma Majalisar Dattawan Nevada (1995 &amp;#x2013; 1999). Ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin Shugaban Hukumar Jihar Nevada, ta yi aiki daga 1999 har zuwa mutuwarta a 2006, sai dai na ɗan gajeren lokaci na dakatarwa a lokacin shari'ar tsige ta a 2004 wanda ya haifar da suka amma ba korar ta daga aiki ba.   Chaz Higgs, mijinta na huɗu, ya kashe ta a 2006, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Augustine a matsayin Kathy Marie Alfano a [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], kuma 'yar asalin Italiya ce 'yar Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2003 |title=State Controller Named Italian-American of the Year |url=http://controller.nv.gov/PDF_Files/PR00403.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051110145832/http://controller.nv.gov/PDF_Files/PR00403.pdf |archive-date=November 10, 2005 |access-date=July 14, 2006 |website=Press Release 00403 |publisher=Controller's Office, State of Nevada}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarihin karatunta ya haɗa da digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Kwalejin Occidental, da digirin Master na Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach . Yayin da take kwaleji, ta yi aiki a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] a matsayin mai koyon aiki a Majalisar Dokoki . Kafin ta shiga siyasa, Augustine ya yi aiki a [[Delta Air Lines]] a matsayin mai tsara jadawalin jirgin sama na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu, kuma na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai hidimar jirgin sama, wanda ke zaune a [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], bayan 1988. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ta yi aure na ɗan gajeren lokaci, duka sun ƙare da saki ɗaya kuma ta haifi 'yarta Dallas. Augustine ya auri matukin jirgin Delta Air Lines Charles Augustine. Sun yi aure na tsawon shekaru goma sha bakwai har zuwa rasuwarsa sakamakon [[Bugun jini|ciwon bugun jini]] a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 2003. Ta haifi 'ya'ya uku na miji daga aurenta da Charles. Makonni uku bayan mutuwarsa, ta auri William Charles &quot;Chaz&quot; Higgs a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2003, wani ma'aikacin jinya mai kula da marasa lafiya wanda ya shiga cikin kula da Charles Augustine. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
Daga 1993 zuwa 1995, Augustine ta yi wa'adi ɗaya a Majalisar Nevada . A lokacin yakin neman zaɓe na 1992, an soki ta saboda wani tallan kamfen da ke nuna mummunan hoton abokin hamayyarta [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata-Amurka]] (duk da haka, abokin hamayyarta ya yi amfani da wannan hoton a cikin littattafan yakin neman zaɓenta). Bayanin da ke sama game da matsayin 'yan takarar biyu kan batutuwa daban-daban ya ƙunshi taken da ke cewa, &quot;Akwai bambanci na gaske.&quot; Augustine ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Nevada daga 1995 zuwa 1999. A zaɓen majalisar dattawan jihar 1994, ta kayar da shugabar riƙo Lori Lipman Brown, kuma ta sake jawo ce-ce-ku-ce game da wani tallan kamfen inda ta zargi Brown da nuna adawa da addu'a da Alƙawarin Aminci . A gaskiya ma, Brown, wacce [[Yahudawa|Bayahudiya ce ta ƙabila]] (kodayake [[Mulhidanci|ba ta yarda da Allah ba]] a fannin tauhidi),  ta ƙi shiga cikin addu'ar da wani ministan Kirista ya jagoranta, kuma zargin da ake yi game da adawar Brown ga Alƙawarin ƙarya ne. A 1998, an zaɓe Augustine a matsayin mace ta farko a jihar da ke kula da harkokin gwamnati, tana aiki a wannan mukamin har zuwa mutuwarta. A watan Janairun 2004, jami'an gwamnatin George W. Bush sun shawarci Augustine cewa ita ce ta ƙarshe da za ta zama Ma'ajin Amurka ; duk da haka, an zaɓi Anna Escobedo Cabral kuma an tabbatar da ita a matsayin Ma'ajin kuɗi.

== Laifi da suka ==
A watan Satumba na 2004, an zargi Augustine da karya dokokin ɗabi'a na jihar a lokacin yakin neman zaɓen ta na sake zaɓe a shekarar 2002 saboda amfani da ma'aikatan jihar da kayan aiki don yakin neman zaɓen ta na kashin kanta. Bayan binciken, Hukumar Ɗabi'a ta gano cewa ta aikata laifin karya Dokar Ɗabi'a ta Nevada da gangan, kuma an ci Augustine tarar {{US$|15000}} ( equivalent to $25,600 a shekarar 2025 ) ta hannun Hukumar Da'a ta jihar.  Hukumar Da'a ta mika karar zuwa ga Majalisar Dokokin Nevada inda Majalisar Dokokin Nevada ta tsige ta a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, kuma ta ajiye mukaminta na ɗan lokaci.  Ita ce jami'ar jihar Nevada ta farko da aka tsige. Bayan shari'ar da aka shafe mako guda ana yi a Majalisar Dattawan Nevada, an yanke mata hukunci kan tuhume-tuhume guda ɗaya, amma an wanke ta daga wasu uku.  An la'anci Augustine, amma an ba shi izinin ci gaba da aiki.

== Tseren Ma'ajin Jiha na 2006 ==
Ba tare da ta iya neman wa'adi na uku a matsayin Mai Kula da Jiha ba saboda iyakokin wa'adi, a watan Janairun 2006, a shekarar ƙarshe ta wa'adinta a matsayin Mai Kula da Jiha, Augustine ta sanar da takararta ta zama Ma'ajin Jihar Nevada, duk da adawa daga shugabannin Jam'iyyar Republican ta jihar sakamakon tsige ta. A watan Mayun 2006, jam'iyyar ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar hana jam'iyyarta goyon bayanta a takarar Ma'ajin Jihar. Duk da rasuwarta, sunanta ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙuri'ar zaɓen fidda gwani na ranar 15 ga Agusta, kuma ta sami kashi 18.64% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2006 |title=Election Summary |url=http://www.sos.state.nv.us/nvelection/2006StateWidePrimary/ElectionSummary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829014630/http://sos.state.nv.us/nvelection/2006StateWidePrimary/ElectionSummary.htm |archive-date=August 29, 2006 |access-date=August 16, 2006 |publisher=Nevada Secretary of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kisa da binciken mutuwa da ta biyo baya ==
A ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2006, an same Augustine a suma a gidanta na Reno, kuma ya mutu bayan kwana uku ba tare da ya sake farfaɗowa ba.   Bayan mutuwar Augustine, Gwamna Kenny Guinn ya naɗa Steve Martin, akawu kuma ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Republican a takarar shugabancin jihar 2006, don ya gaje ta. 

Duk da cewa rahotannin farko sun nuna cewa musabbabin mutuwar shine [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]], 'yan sanda ba da daɗewa ba suka fara zargin aikata laifin. 

A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2006, mijinta, ma'aikaciyar jinya Chaz Higgs, ya yi yunkurin kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke masa wuyan hannu a gidan ma'auratan da ke Las Vegas.  An kama Higgs a Hampton, Virginia a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2006, kuma an tuhume shi da kisan kai na farko a mutuwar Augustine bayan gwajin guba [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|na FBI]] ya gano alamun shan muggan kwayoyi na succinylcholine a cikin tsarinta.  Higgs, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya mai tsanani, ana zargin ta yi maganganu marasa tushe ga abokin aikinta game da yadda za a kashe wani ba tare da an gano ta ba ta amfani da succinylcholine.  &lt;ref name=&quot;LA Times 1&quot; /&gt; An mayar da shi Nevada. &lt;ref name=&quot;New York Times 1&quot; /&gt; An ɓoye sammacin da sakamakon gwajin har sai da aka kama Higgs. 

Juri'an Reno sun yanke wa Higgs hukuncin kisa a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2007.  An yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai, tare da damar yin afuwa bayan shekaru 20.  An sanya shi a sa ido kan kashe kansa bayan ya yi yunkurin kashe kansa sau biyu a lokacin da yake tsare. Higgs yana tsare a gidan yarin High Desert State kusa da Indian Springs, Nevada . A watan Mayu na 2009, Kotun Koli ta Nevada ta amince da hukuncin kisan gillar Higgs a cikin mafi rinjayen hukunci.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|33em}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>l75bi81o2oevnihl1e0iov4f3dhwtyl</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>816584</id>
      <parentid>816583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:21:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7727" sha1="tmt3guwiktjonith751pd5dsb1y8gqm" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Kathy Marie Alfano Augustine''' (29 ga Mayu, 1956 - 11 ga Yuli, 2006) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka daga [[Nevada]] . Augustine, 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]], ta yi aiki a Majalisar Nevada (1993 &amp;#x2013; 1995) da kuma Majalisar Dattawan Nevada (1995 &amp;#x2013; 1999). Ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin Shugaban Hukumar Jihar Nevada, ta yi aiki daga 1999 har zuwa mutuwarta a 2006, sai dai na ɗan gajeren lokaci na dakatarwa a lokacin shari'ar tsige ta a 2004 wanda ya haifar da suka amma ba korar ta daga aiki ba.   Chaz Higgs, mijinta na huɗu, ya kashe ta a 2006, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Augustine a matsayin Kathy Marie Alfano a [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], kuma 'yar asalin Italiya ce 'yar Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2003 |title=State Controller Named Italian-American of the Year |url=http://controller.nv.gov/PDF_Files/PR00403.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051110145832/http://controller.nv.gov/PDF_Files/PR00403.pdf |archive-date=November 10, 2005 |access-date=July 14, 2006 |website=Press Release 00403 |publisher=Controller's Office, State of Nevada}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarihin karatunta ya haɗa da digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Kwalejin Occidental, da digirin Master na Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach . Yayin da take kwaleji, ta yi aiki a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] a matsayin mai koyon aiki a Majalisar Dokoki . Kafin ta shiga siyasa, Augustine ya yi aiki a [[Delta Air Lines]] a matsayin mai tsara jadawalin jirgin sama na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu, kuma na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai hidimar jirgin sama, wanda ke zaune a [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], bayan 1988. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ta yi aure na ɗan gajeren lokaci, duka sun ƙare da saki ɗaya kuma ta haifi 'yarta Dallas. Augustine ya auri matukin jirgin Delta Air Lines Charles Augustine. Sun yi aure na tsawon shekaru goma sha bakwai har zuwa rasuwarsa sakamakon [[Bugun jini|ciwon bugun jini]] a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 2003. Ta haifi 'ya'ya uku na miji daga aurenta da Charles. Makonni uku bayan mutuwarsa, ta auri William Charles &quot;Chaz&quot; Higgs a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2003, wani ma'aikacin jinya mai kula da marasa lafiya wanda ya shiga cikin kula da Charles Augustine. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
Daga 1993 zuwa 1995, Augustine ta yi wa'adi ɗaya a Majalisar Nevada . A lokacin yakin neman zaɓe na 1992, an soki ta saboda wani tallan kamfen da ke nuna mummunan hoton abokin hamayyarta [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata-Amurka]] (duk da haka, abokin hamayyarta ya yi amfani da wannan hoton a cikin littattafan yakin neman zaɓenta). Bayanin da ke sama game da matsayin 'yan takarar biyu kan batutuwa daban-daban ya ƙunshi taken da ke cewa, &quot;Akwai bambanci na gaske.&quot; Augustine ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Nevada daga 1995 zuwa 1999. A zaɓen majalisar dattawan jihar 1994, ta kayar da shugabar riƙo Lori Lipman Brown, kuma ta sake jawo ce-ce-ku-ce game da wani tallan kamfen inda ta zargi Brown da nuna adawa da addu'a da Alƙawarin Aminci . A gaskiya ma, Brown, wacce [[Yahudawa|Bayahudiya ce ta ƙabila]] (kodayake [[Mulhidanci|ba ta yarda da Allah ba]] a fannin tauhidi),  ta ƙi shiga cikin addu'ar da wani ministan Kirista ya jagoranta, kuma zargin da ake yi game da adawar Brown ga Alƙawarin ƙarya ne. A 1998, an zaɓe Augustine a matsayin mace ta farko a jihar da ke kula da harkokin gwamnati, tana aiki a wannan mukamin har zuwa mutuwarta. A watan Janairun 2004, jami'an gwamnatin George W. Bush sun shawarci Augustine cewa ita ce ta ƙarshe da za ta zama Ma'ajin Amurka ; duk da haka, an zaɓi Anna Escobedo Cabral kuma an tabbatar da ita a matsayin Ma'ajin kuɗi.

== Laifi da suka ==
A watan Satumba na 2004, an zargi Augustine da karya dokokin ɗabi'a na jihar a lokacin yakin neman zaɓen ta na sake zaɓe a shekarar 2002 saboda amfani da ma'aikatan jihar da kayan aiki don yakin neman zaɓen ta na kashin kanta. Bayan binciken, Hukumar Ɗabi'a ta gano cewa ta aikata laifin karya Dokar Ɗabi'a ta Nevada da gangan, kuma an ci Augustine tarar {{US$|15000}} ( equivalent to $25,600 a shekarar 2025 ) ta hannun Hukumar Da'a ta jihar.  Hukumar Da'a ta mika karar zuwa ga Majalisar Dokokin Nevada inda Majalisar Dokokin Nevada ta tsige ta a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, kuma ta ajiye mukaminta na ɗan lokaci.  Ita ce jami'ar jihar Nevada ta farko da aka tsige. Bayan shari'ar da aka shafe mako guda ana yi a Majalisar Dattawan Nevada, an yanke mata hukunci kan tuhume-tuhume guda ɗaya, amma an wanke ta daga wasu uku.  An la'anci Augustine, amma an ba shi izinin ci gaba da aiki.

== Tseren Ma'ajin Jiha na 2006 ==
Ba tare da ta iya neman wa'adi na uku a matsayin Mai Kula da Jiha ba saboda iyakokin wa'adi, a watan Janairun 2006, a shekarar ƙarshe ta wa'adinta a matsayin Mai Kula da Jiha, Augustine ta sanar da takararta ta zama Ma'ajin Jihar Nevada, duk da adawa daga shugabannin Jam'iyyar Republican ta jihar sakamakon tsige ta. A watan Mayun 2006, jam'iyyar ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar hana jam'iyyarta goyon bayanta a takarar Ma'ajin Jihar. Duk da rasuwarta, sunanta ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙuri'ar zaɓen fidda gwani na ranar 15 ga Agusta, kuma ta sami kashi 18.64% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2006 |title=Election Summary |url=http://www.sos.state.nv.us/nvelection/2006StateWidePrimary/ElectionSummary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829014630/http://sos.state.nv.us/nvelection/2006StateWidePrimary/ElectionSummary.htm |archive-date=August 29, 2006 |access-date=August 16, 2006 |publisher=Nevada Secretary of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kisa da binciken mutuwa da ta biyo baya ==
A ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2006, an same Augustine a suma a gidanta na Reno, kuma ya mutu bayan kwana uku ba tare da ya sake farfaɗowa ba.   Bayan mutuwar Augustine, Gwamna Kenny Guinn ya naɗa Steve Martin, akawu kuma ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Republican a takarar shugabancin jihar 2006, don ya gaje ta. 

Duk da cewa rahotannin farko sun nuna cewa musabbabin mutuwar shine [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]], 'yan sanda ba da daɗewa ba suka fara zargin aikata laifin. 

A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2006, mijinta, ma'aikaciyar jinya Chaz Higgs, ya yi yunkurin kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke masa wuyan hannu a gidan ma'auratan da ke Las Vegas.  An kama Higgs a Hampton, Virginia a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2006, kuma an tuhume shi da kisan kai na farko a mutuwar Augustine bayan gwajin guba [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|na FBI]] ya gano alamun shan muggan kwayoyi na succinylcholine a cikin tsarinta.  Higgs, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya mai tsanani, ana zargin ta yi maganganu marasa tushe ga abokin aikinta game da yadda za a kashe wani ba tare da an gano ta ba ta amfani da succinylcholine.  &lt;ref name=&quot;LA Times 1&quot; /&gt; An mayar da shi Nevada. &lt;ref name=&quot;New York Times 1&quot; /&gt; An ɓoye sammacin da sakamakon gwajin har sai da aka kama Higgs. 

Juri'an Reno sun yanke wa Higgs hukuncin kisa a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2007.  An yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai, tare da damar yin afuwa bayan shekaru 20.  An sanya shi a sa ido kan kashe kansa bayan ya yi yunkurin kashe kansa sau biyu a lokacin da yake tsare. Higgs yana tsare a gidan yarin High Desert State kusa da Indian Springs, Nevada . A watan Mayu na 2009, Kotun Koli ta Nevada ta amince da hukuncin kisan gillar Higgs a cikin mafi rinjayen hukunci.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|33em}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>tmt3guwiktjonith751pd5dsb1y8gqm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Loranne Ausley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147143</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816586</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:23:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334753549|Loranne Ausley]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5830" sha1="dye45pcou2evnk3u64m21nf4cktq5eq" xml:space="preserve">'''Loranne Ausley''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1963) lauya ce 'yar Amurka kuma 'yar siyasa ' yar Democrat daga [[Tallahassee]], [[Florida]] . Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dattawan Florida daga 2020 har zuwa lokacin da ta sha kaye a 2022, tana wakiltar Calhoun, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Hamilton, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Taylor, da Wakulla . A da, ta wakilci yankin Tallahassee a Majalisar Wakilai ta Florida daga 2000 zuwa 2008 sannan kuma daga 2016 zuwa 2020. Ausley ta sha kaye a sake zaɓenta a 2022 ta hannun ɗan Republican Corey Simon .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ausley a cikin iyali mai himma a siyasa a Florida. Kakan kakanta shine Alexander McSwain, ɗan Majalisar Wakilai ta Florida a 1891. Kakanta, Charles Ausley, ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawa ta Florida . Mahaifin Ausley DuBose Ausley sanannen lauya ne na Tallahassee wanda ya yi aiki a hukumance a matsayin shugaban Tsarin Jami'ar Jihar Florida DuBose Ausley . Mahaifiyarta, Sallie Ausley, ita ce ta kafa Red Hills Horse Trials .

Ausley ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Mata ta Randolph-Macon da digirin farko na Fasaha a shekarar 1985. Daga nan ta halarci Jami'ar Washington &amp;amp;amp; Lee inda ta sami digirin farko na JD a shekarar 1990.

== Aikin siyasa ==
Tare da sama da shekaru 20 na aikin gwamnati a matakin jiha da tarayya, Ausley ta kasance memba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Florida daga 2000 zuwa 2008. Daga nan gundumar ta ta haɗa da yankin arewacin gundumar Leon, gami da yawancin [[Tallahassee]], da kuma yankin arewa maso yamma na gundumar Jefferson da ke makwabtaka da ita. Ausley ita ce babbar 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat a Majalisar Kula da Lafiya ta Majalisar daga 2007 zuwa 2008.

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓen Babban Jami'in Kuɗi na 2010 ===
A zaɓen 2010, Ausley ta tsaya takarar Babban Jami'in Kuɗi na Florida (CFO). Ta zama 'yar takarar Democrat a rashin cancantar shiga zaɓen, bayan babu wani ɗan takara da ya shigar da ƙara, sannan ta sha kaye a hannun Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha Jeff Atwater, ɗan takarar Jam'iyyar Republican, a babban zaɓen.{{Election box begin no change|title=Chief Financial Officer of Florida General Election, 2010 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11/2/2010&amp;DATAMODE= |title= Florida Department of State - Election Results|website=doe.dos.state.fl.us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003141022/https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11%2F2%2F2010&amp;DATAMODE= |archive-date=2011-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate='''Jeff Atwater'''|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes='''2,967,052'''|percentage='''57.33'''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Loranne Ausley|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=2,015,579|percentage=38.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Tom Stearns|party=Independent (politician)|votes=109,192|percentage=2.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Ken Mazzie|party=Independent (politician)|votes=83,959|percentage=1.62}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}Bayan shekaru takwas da barin zaɓe, Ausley ta koma Florida House a shekarar 2016, inda ta sake wakiltar gundumar ta 9. 

A shekarar 2020, Ausley ta tsaya takarar Sanata a Florida a gundumar ta 3 kuma ta gaji Bill Montford, wanda ke kan mulki na ɗan lokaci.  Bayan takara mai kyau, ta kayar da Marva Preston [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] a babban zaɓen 2020 da tazarar kashi 53.4–46.6%.  Ta kaɗa ƙuri'a a kan Dokar Majalisar Dattawa mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce ta 86 a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Senate Vote Record, Senate Bill 86, 2021 Regular Session |url=https://flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2021/86/Vote/SenateVote_s00086c2007.PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2022, Ausley ta yi tambaya game da buƙatar yin zaman musamman kan Dokar Inganta Reedy Creek, tana mai da'awar cewa tana ƙara &quot;cin zarafi ga rauni&quot; kuma tana &quot;bin kasuwanci na sirri.&quot; Ta kuma yi jayayya cewa Disney ta mayar da Florida &quot;abin da take.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitten |first=Sarah |date=April 21, 2022 |title=Florida Republicans vote to dissolve Disney's special district, eliminating privileges and setting up a legal battle |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/21/florida-set-to-dissolve-disneys-reedy-creek-special-district.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421182727/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/21/florida-set-to-dissolve-disneys-reedy-creek-special-district.html |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |access-date=April 21, 2022 |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Loranne ta auri Bill Hollimon kuma 'ya'yansu su ne John Hollimon (Stepson) da William DuBose Ausley Hollimon. Ita 'yar tseren marathon ce kuma 'yar tseren uku . Mahaifin Loranne shine lauyan Tallahassee DuBose Ausley na kamfanin lauyoyi na Ausley &amp; McMullen, PA mai abokin tarayya 33, mai shekaru 75. Ita babbar mai ba da shawara ce ga Gidauniyar Lawton Chiles kuma shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Florida Healthy Kids Corporation.

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2024, Ausley ta shiga wani mummunan hatsarin babur yayin da take shiga gasar triathlon. An yi mata tiyata a wuyanta bayan hatsarin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goñi-Lessan |first=Ana |date=4 November 2024 |title=Loranne Ausley, former Tallahassee lawmaker, injured in bike accident |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/local/state/2024/11/04/loranne-ausley-former-tallahassee-lawmaker-injured-in-bike-accident/76042646007/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |publisher=[[Tallahassee Democrat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>dye45pcou2evnk3u64m21nf4cktq5eq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816587</id>
      <parentid>816586</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:24:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5841" sha1="9hrhq4wr9bezuiqy0h2nujlp0gjntrv" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Loranne Ausley''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1963) lauya ce 'yar Amurka kuma 'yar siyasa ' yar Democrat daga [[Tallahassee]], [[Florida]] . Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dattawan Florida daga 2020 har zuwa lokacin da ta sha kaye a 2022, tana wakiltar Calhoun, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Hamilton, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Taylor, da Wakulla . A da, ta wakilci yankin Tallahassee a Majalisar Wakilai ta Florida daga 2000 zuwa 2008 sannan kuma daga 2016 zuwa 2020. Ausley ta sha kaye a sake zaɓenta a 2022 ta hannun ɗan Republican Corey Simon .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ausley a cikin iyali mai himma a siyasa a Florida. Kakan kakanta shine Alexander McSwain, ɗan Majalisar Wakilai ta Florida a 1891. Kakanta, Charles Ausley, ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawa ta Florida . Mahaifin Ausley DuBose Ausley sanannen lauya ne na Tallahassee wanda ya yi aiki a hukumance a matsayin shugaban Tsarin Jami'ar Jihar Florida DuBose Ausley . Mahaifiyarta, Sallie Ausley, ita ce ta kafa Red Hills Horse Trials .

Ausley ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Mata ta Randolph-Macon da digirin farko na Fasaha a shekarar 1985. Daga nan ta halarci Jami'ar Washington &amp;amp;amp; Lee inda ta sami digirin farko na JD a shekarar 1990.

== Aikin siyasa ==
Tare da sama da shekaru 20 na aikin gwamnati a matakin jiha da tarayya, Ausley ta kasance memba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Florida daga 2000 zuwa 2008. Daga nan gundumar ta ta haɗa da yankin arewacin gundumar Leon, gami da yawancin [[Tallahassee]], da kuma yankin arewa maso yamma na gundumar Jefferson da ke makwabtaka da ita. Ausley ita ce babbar 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat a Majalisar Kula da Lafiya ta Majalisar daga 2007 zuwa 2008.

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓen Babban Jami'in Kuɗi na 2010 ===
A zaɓen 2010, Ausley ta tsaya takarar Babban Jami'in Kuɗi na Florida (CFO). Ta zama 'yar takarar Democrat a rashin cancantar shiga zaɓen, bayan babu wani ɗan takara da ya shigar da ƙara, sannan ta sha kaye a hannun Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha Jeff Atwater, ɗan takarar Jam'iyyar Republican, a babban zaɓen.{{Election box begin no change|title=Chief Financial Officer of Florida General Election, 2010 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11/2/2010&amp;DATAMODE= |title= Florida Department of State - Election Results|website=doe.dos.state.fl.us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003141022/https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11%2F2%2F2010&amp;DATAMODE= |archive-date=2011-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate='''Jeff Atwater'''|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes='''2,967,052'''|percentage='''57.33'''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Loranne Ausley|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=2,015,579|percentage=38.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Tom Stearns|party=Independent (politician)|votes=109,192|percentage=2.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Ken Mazzie|party=Independent (politician)|votes=83,959|percentage=1.62}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{End}}Bayan shekaru takwas da barin zaɓe, Ausley ta koma Florida House a shekarar 2016, inda ta sake wakiltar gundumar ta 9. 

A shekarar 2020, Ausley ta tsaya takarar Sanata a Florida a gundumar ta 3 kuma ta gaji Bill Montford, wanda ke kan mulki na ɗan lokaci.  Bayan takara mai kyau, ta kayar da Marva Preston [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] a babban zaɓen 2020 da tazarar kashi 53.4–46.6%.  Ta kaɗa ƙuri'a a kan Dokar Majalisar Dattawa mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce ta 86 a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Senate Vote Record, Senate Bill 86, 2021 Regular Session |url=https://flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2021/86/Vote/SenateVote_s00086c2007.PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2022, Ausley ta yi tambaya game da buƙatar yin zaman musamman kan Dokar Inganta Reedy Creek, tana mai da'awar cewa tana ƙara &quot;cin zarafi ga rauni&quot; kuma tana &quot;bin kasuwanci na sirri.&quot; Ta kuma yi jayayya cewa Disney ta mayar da Florida &quot;abin da take.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitten |first=Sarah |date=April 21, 2022 |title=Florida Republicans vote to dissolve Disney's special district, eliminating privileges and setting up a legal battle |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/21/florida-set-to-dissolve-disneys-reedy-creek-special-district.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421182727/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/21/florida-set-to-dissolve-disneys-reedy-creek-special-district.html |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |access-date=April 21, 2022 |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Loranne ta auri Bill Hollimon kuma 'ya'yansu su ne John Hollimon (Stepson) da William DuBose Ausley Hollimon. Ita 'yar tseren marathon ce kuma 'yar tseren uku . Mahaifin Loranne shine lauyan Tallahassee DuBose Ausley na kamfanin lauyoyi na Ausley &amp; McMullen, PA mai abokin tarayya 33, mai shekaru 75. Ita babbar mai ba da shawara ce ga Gidauniyar Lawton Chiles kuma shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Florida Healthy Kids Corporation.

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2024, Ausley ta shiga wani mummunan hatsarin babur yayin da take shiga gasar triathlon. An yi mata tiyata a wuyanta bayan hatsarin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goñi-Lessan |first=Ana |date=4 November 2024 |title=Loranne Ausley, former Tallahassee lawmaker, injured in bike accident |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/local/state/2024/11/04/loranne-ausley-former-tallahassee-lawmaker-injured-in-bike-accident/76042646007/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |publisher=[[Tallahassee Democrat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>9hrhq4wr9bezuiqy0h2nujlp0gjntrv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Toni Atkins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147144</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816589</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:27:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344336721|Toni Atkins]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816589</origin>
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'''Toni Gayle Atkins''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1962) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙasa ta 51 a majalisar dattawan jihar California daga 2018 zuwa 2024. Ta kasance 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar majalisar dokokin jihar California ta 69 daga 2014 zuwa 2016 da kuma shugabar rinjaye a majalisar dokokin jihar California daga 2012 zuwa 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JoinCalifornia - Toni G. Atkins |url=https://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/13551 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.joincalifornia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wakilci gundumar majalisar dattawa ta jiha ta 39 daga 2016 zuwa 2024, inda ta ƙunshi mafi yawan yankunan [[San Diego]] .

Bayan an zaɓe ta a matsayin kakakin Majalisar Jiha, ta zama mace ta uku kuma ta fara amincewa da 'yar madigo da aka zaɓa a matsayin, da kuma 'yar majalisa ta farko daga San Diego da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capitol Alert: It's official: Toni Atkins elected speaker of California Assembly - sacbee.com |url=http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2014/03/its-official-toni-atkins-elected-speaker.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318022421/http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2014/03/its-official-toni-atkins-elected-speaker.html |archive-date=March 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a Majalisar Birnin San Diego daga 2000 zuwa 2008, ciki har da wa'adin magajin garin San Diego a 2005. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan riƙo na California na tsawon awanni tara a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2014, wanda ya sanya ta zama &quot;gwamna na farko da ya fito fili ya zama ɗan luwaɗi&quot; a California, sannan kuma a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2023, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta fito fili ta zama 'yar LGBT da ta sanya hannu kan wani kudiri a jihar.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2014 |title=California Assembly Speaker Becomes First Gay Governor For A Few Hours |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/politicians/2014/07/31/california-assembly-speaker-becomes-first-gay-governor-few-hours}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-07-30 |title=Toni Atkins will briefly be California's first openly gay governor |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-assembly-speaker-becomes-acting-governor-of-california-20140730-story.html |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2018, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha ta ɗan lokaci, ta zama mace ta farko kuma mace ta farko da ta fito fili ta zama 'yar LGBT da ta jagoranci Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California, kuma mace ta farko kuma 'yar LGBT da ta jagoranci majalisun biyu na jihar.  &lt;ref name=&quot;startribune.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First woman, LGBT lawmaker to lead California Senate |url=http://www.startribune.com/first-woman-lgbt-lawmaker-to-lead-california-senate/477578743/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624205743/https://www.startribune.com/first-woman-lgbt-lawmaker-to-lead-california-senate/477578743/ |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |access-date=Dec 23, 2020 |website=[[Star Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2024, ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗinta na gwamna a zaɓen 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zavala |first=Ashley |date=2024-01-20 |title=Toni Atkins launches campaign for California governor |url=https://www.kcra.com/article/toni-atkins-launches-campaign-for-california-governor/46457860 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=KCRA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba na 2025, ta dakatar da kamfen ɗinta na gwamna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-29 |title=Toni Atkins drops out of the California governor's race |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/09/29/toni-atkins-drops-out-california-governor-race-00585042 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Atkins ta yi shekarunta na farko a Max Meadows, Virginia, ta koma Roanoke tana da shekaru bakwai.  Mahaifinta ma'aikacin hakar ma'adinai ne, mahaifiyarta kuma mai dinki ce; ta girma a wani gida da babu ruwan famfo.  Ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Emory &amp;amp;amp; Henry a shekarar 1984 kuma ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa, inda ta mai da hankali kan tsara al'umma.  A shekarar 2004, Atkins ta kammala shirin Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy ta Jami'ar Harvard don Manyan Jami'ai a Jiha da Kananan Hukumomi a matsayin David Bohnett LGBTQ Victory Institute Leadership Fellow. Atkins ta koma San Diego a shekarar 1985.

== Majalisar Birnin San Diego ==
Lokacin da ta fara zuwa San Diego, ta shiga ma'aikatan Cibiyar Lafiya ta Womancare a matsayin Daraktar Asibiti. Daga nan ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru da dama a matsayin wakiliyar kansila kuma mai sharhi kan manufofi ga 'yar majalisar birni Christine Kehoe . Lokacin da aka zabi Kehoe a majalisar dokokin jihar, an zabi Atkins a matsayin kujerar Majalisar Birnin Kehoe a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2000. An sake zabenta a watan Maris na 2004, ba tare da bukatar sake tsayawa takara a watan Nuwamba ba.

A watan Afrilun 2005, Magajin Gari Dick Murphy ya yi murabus bayan sukar da ya yi kan yadda ya tafiyar da matsalolin kudi na birnin.  Dan majalisar Michael Zucchet, wanda shi ne mataimakin magajin gari, ya karɓi mulki, amma bayan kwana uku, ya yi murabus tare da dan majalisar Ralph Inzunza bayan an same su da laifin zamba ta intanet da kuma keta dokar Hobbs . A wani zaɓen gaggawa da aka gudanar a ranar 19 ga Yuli, sauran membobin majalisar biyar sun zaɓi Atkins don su karɓi ragamar magajin gari na tsawon mako guda. A ranar 25 ga Yuli, sun sake nanata zaɓinsu kuma suka naɗa mataimakin magajin garin Atkins don ya yi aiki har sai da aka rantsar da Jerry Sanders a matsayin magajin gari a ranar 5 ga Disamba.  Atkins shi ne magajin garin San Diego na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana [[Maɗigo|mayaka]] .

A lokacin da take majalisar, ta wakilci Birnin San Diego a Sashen San Diego na Ƙungiyar Birane da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa na Tsarin Sufuri na Babban Birnin San Diego . Ta zauna a Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Gidaje ta Yankin San Diego (SANDAG), a matsayin madadin Kwamitin Sufuri da Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Yankuna, da kuma Ƙungiyar Hadin Gwiwa ta Marasa Gidaje ta Birni/Ƙungiya. Ta ci gaba da aiki a Hukumar Kula da Kogunan San Diego a matsayin naɗin tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California Herb Wesson . Ta lissafa manyan abubuwan da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai na gidaje masu araha, haƙƙin ma'aikata, farfaɗo da unguwanni da sake gina tsoffin unguwannin birnin San Diego.

== Majalisar dokokin jiha ==

=== Majalisar Jiha ===
An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Jiha a watan Nuwamba na 2010, inda ta sami kashi 57.7% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California Secretary of State: November 2011 election results |url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2010-general/73-state-assembly.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018063255/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2010-general/73-state-assembly.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-18 |access-date=2013-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wakilci gundumar Majalisar Dokoki ta 76. A watan Nuwamba na 2012 ta tsaya takara a gundumar Majalisar Dokoki ta 78 saboda sake zaɓen gundumomi, kuma ta yi nasara da kashi 62% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Presidential General Election, November 6, 2012 |url=http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/voters/results/transform.htm?paramVal1=election.xsl |access-date=19 November 2012 |website=San Diego County Registrar of Voters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2012 ta gabatar da AB 1522, wani kudiri da zai hana bayar da tallafin kuɗi da sauran haƙƙoƙin ma'aurata ga ma'auratan da ke cin zarafi. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shari'ar wata mata 'yar San Diego wadda aka umarce ta da ta biya kuɗin shari'a da tallafin miji ga tsohon mijinta duk da cewa yana gidan yari saboda cin zarafinta. 

A shekarar 2012, ta kasance Shugabar Masu Rinjaye na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California; a watan Janairun 2014, Jam'iyyar Democrat ta zaɓe ta don ta zama Kakakin Majalisar daga baya a shekarar, inda ta maye gurbin kakakin da aka naɗa John Pérez . Ita ce Shugabar Majalisar ta farko daga San Diego, 'yar madigo ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayi, kuma mace ta uku da ta yi hakan.  An sake zaɓen Atkins a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar a watan Nuwamban 2014. A matsayinta na Kakakin Majalisar, ta taimaka wajen rubuta takardar amincewa da takardar biyan kuɗi ta dala biliyan 7.5 wanda 'yan majalisa da masu zaɓe suka amince da shi a shekarar 2014.  Atkins ta fuskanci zanga-zanga kan ƙuri'arta don yin dokoki waɗanda za su takaita yawan zaɓen al'umma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Did Toni Atkins side with &quot;dirty energy companies&quot;? {{!}} San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2014/may/31/ticker-did-toni-atkins-side-large-dirty-energy/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.sandiegoreader.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atkins ta sauka daga matsayin kakakin Majalisar a watan Maris na 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 December 2015 |title=Toni Atkins to step down as Assembly speaker in March |url=http://fox5sandiego.com/2015/12/04/toni-atkins-to-step-down-as-assembly-speaker-in-march/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115094621/https://fox5sandiego.com/2015/12/04/toni-atkins-to-step-down-as-assembly-speaker-in-march/ |archive-date=2019-01-15 |access-date=2015-12-30 |website=FOX5 San Diego - San Diego News, Weather, Traffic and Sports {{!}} KSWB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ta 2014 ====
{{Election box open primary begin no change|title=[[California's 78th State Assembly district]] election, 2014}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Toni Atkins ([[incumbent]])|votes=45,922|percentage=60.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Barbara Decker|votes=21,545|percentage=28.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Kevin D. Melton|votes=8,855|percentage=11.6}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Toni Atkins ([[incumbent]])|votes=72,224|percentage=61.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Barbara Decker|votes=45,088|percentage=38.4}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

=== Majalisar Dattawan Jiha ===
Ta tsaya takarar kujerar Sanata ta jiha ta 39 a California a shekarar 2016, inda ta fara kalubalantar Marty Block, wanda shi ma dan jam'iyyar Democrat ne, kafin Block ya janye daga takarar.  A babban zaben, ta kayar da dan jam'iyyar Republican John Renison da kashi 63% na kuri'un da aka kada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toni Atkins (California) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Toni_Atkins_(California) |website=Ballotpedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, Atkins ta gaji Kevin de León a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha na ɗan lokaci . Wannan ya sa ta zama mace ta farko kuma mace ta farko da ta fito fili ta zama 'yar LGBT da ta jagoranci Majalisar Dattawa ta Jihar California. Ita ce mutum ta uku da ta yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar da kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa na ɗan lokaci, bayan Ransom Burnell da James T. Farley .

==== Dokokin Gidaje ====
A watan Mayun 2019, Shugaban Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi na Majalisar Dattawa Anthony Portantino ya hana Dokar Majalisar Dattawa ta 50 fita daga kwamitin zuwa shiga Majalisar Dattawa don muhawara da kaɗa ƙuri'a. Dokar ta gabatar da manyan gyare-gyare don magance ƙarancin gidaje na California ta hanyar rage ikon kula da ƙananan hukumomi (kamar buƙatar ba da izinin gina ƙarin gidaje kusa da sufuri na jama'a da kuma a unguwannin da ke da ayyukan yi masu albashi mai yawa). Atkins ta ƙi shiga tsakani ta cire dokar daga kwamitin, wanda ke cikin ikonta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-20 |title=California's big housing bill is dead for the year. Here's what's left - SFChronicle.com |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/California-s-big-housing-bill-is-dead-for-the-13857890.php |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=www.sfchronicle.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jeremy B. |last2=Marinucci |first2=Carla |last3=ALEX |last4=Nieves |first4=Er |last5=Massara |first5=Graph |date=20 May 2019 |title=TRUMP swipes at CALIFORNIA — ATKINS denies HOUSING pleas — BECERRA overruled on COP RECORDS release — BORDER WALL EMERGENCY in court |url=https://politi.co/2WOBPXz |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu goyon bayan dokar sun zargi Portantino da amfani da ikonsa wajen hana SB50 muhawara da ƙuri'a a Majalisar Dattawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Supporters unite in last-chance effort to save California's most controversial housing bill |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/05/22/supporters-unite-in-last-chance-effort-to-save-years-most-controversial-housing-bill/ |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=The Mercury News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakin Atkins ya hana 'yan majalisa dawo da dokar don yin la'akari da ita a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Saboda wannan jinkirin, Majalisar Dattawa ba za ta iya yin la'akari da dokar ba har sai 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A watan Janairun 2020, lokacin da ake sake duba kudirin, Atkins ta yi amfani da ikonta na majalisar dokoki don cire kudirin daga kwamitin Portantino. Kudirin ya isa zauren majalisar dattawa kuma daga baya aka kayar da shi bayan kuri'u da dama a zauren. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Jan 23, 2020 |title=State Senate head saved California's most important housing bill, showing what leadership is made of |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-01-23/skelton-sb50-housing-bill-toni-atkins-scott-wiener-california-legislature |access-date=Dec 23, 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheyner |first=Gennady |date=30 January 2020 |title=Contentious housing bill SB 50 dies on the Senate floor |url=https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2020/01/29/sb-50-hangs-by-a-thread-after-failing-to-get-needed-votes-in-the-senate |access-date=Dec 23, 2020 |website=www.paloaltoonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Dokokin yanayi ====
Atkins ta fuskanci suka kan karɓar gudummawa daga kamfanonin mai da kuma gazawar zartar da manyan dokokin yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Creasman |first=Mary |date=August 23, 2021 |title=California's top Democrats took money from big oil and gas. Then climate legislation died |url=https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/article253548359.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823231720/https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/article253548359.html |archive-date=Aug 23, 2022 |access-date=April 10, 2022 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman ma, masu suka sun lura cewa ta naɗa masu adawa da matakan sauyin yanayi ga kwamitocin da za su yi tasiri mai yawa ga dokokin sauyin yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-08 |title=Will Democrats stop appointing legislators with fossil fuel investments to key committees in 2022? • Sacramento News &amp; Review |url=https://sacramento.newsreview.com/2021/12/08/will-democrats-stop-appointing-legislators-with-fossil-fuel-investments-to-key-committees-in-2022/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=Sacramento News &amp; Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Atkins tana ɗaya daga cikin membobi takwas na ƙungiyar LGBT ta 'yan majalisar dokokin California . Tana zaune a unguwar South Park da ke [[San Diego]] tare da mijinta, Jennifer LeSar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2016 |title=Senator Toni Atkins: Biography |url=http://sd39.senate.ca.gov/biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624205744/https://sd39.senate.ca.gov/biography |archive-date=24 June 2022 |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=California State Senate Majority Caucus |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen mata masu magana da yawun 'yan majalisa a Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
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'''Toni Gayle Atkins''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1962) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙasa ta 51 a majalisar dattawan jihar California daga 2018 zuwa 2024. Ta kasance 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar majalisar dokokin jihar California ta 69 daga 2014 zuwa 2016 da kuma shugabar rinjaye a majalisar dokokin jihar California daga 2012 zuwa 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JoinCalifornia - Toni G. Atkins |url=https://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/13551 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.joincalifornia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wakilci gundumar majalisar dattawa ta jiha ta 39 daga 2016 zuwa 2024, inda ta ƙunshi mafi yawan yankunan [[San Diego]] .

Bayan an zaɓe ta a matsayin kakakin Majalisar Jiha, ta zama mace ta uku kuma ta fara amincewa da 'yar madigo da aka zaɓa a matsayin, da kuma 'yar majalisa ta farko daga San Diego da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capitol Alert: It's official: Toni Atkins elected speaker of California Assembly - sacbee.com |url=http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2014/03/its-official-toni-atkins-elected-speaker.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318022421/http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2014/03/its-official-toni-atkins-elected-speaker.html |archive-date=March 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a Majalisar Birnin San Diego daga 2000 zuwa 2008, ciki har da wa'adin magajin garin San Diego a 2005. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan riƙo na California na tsawon awanni tara a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2014, wanda ya sanya ta zama &quot;gwamna na farko da ya fito fili ya zama ɗan luwaɗi&quot; a California, sannan kuma a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2023, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta fito fili ta zama 'yar LGBT da ta sanya hannu kan wani kudiri a jihar.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2014 |title=California Assembly Speaker Becomes First Gay Governor For A Few Hours |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/politicians/2014/07/31/california-assembly-speaker-becomes-first-gay-governor-few-hours}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-07-30 |title=Toni Atkins will briefly be California's first openly gay governor |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-assembly-speaker-becomes-acting-governor-of-california-20140730-story.html |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2018, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha ta ɗan lokaci, ta zama mace ta farko kuma mace ta farko da ta fito fili ta zama 'yar LGBT da ta jagoranci Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California, kuma mace ta farko kuma 'yar LGBT da ta jagoranci majalisun biyu na jihar.  &lt;ref name=&quot;startribune.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First woman, LGBT lawmaker to lead California Senate |url=http://www.startribune.com/first-woman-lgbt-lawmaker-to-lead-california-senate/477578743/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624205743/https://www.startribune.com/first-woman-lgbt-lawmaker-to-lead-california-senate/477578743/ |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |access-date=Dec 23, 2020 |website=[[Star Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2024, ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗinta na gwamna a zaɓen 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zavala |first=Ashley |date=2024-01-20 |title=Toni Atkins launches campaign for California governor |url=https://www.kcra.com/article/toni-atkins-launches-campaign-for-california-governor/46457860 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=KCRA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba na 2025, ta dakatar da kamfen ɗinta na gwamna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-29 |title=Toni Atkins drops out of the California governor's race |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/09/29/toni-atkins-drops-out-california-governor-race-00585042 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Atkins ta yi shekarunta na farko a Max Meadows, Virginia, ta koma Roanoke tana da shekaru bakwai.  Mahaifinta ma'aikacin hakar ma'adinai ne, mahaifiyarta kuma mai dinki ce; ta girma a wani gida da babu ruwan famfo.  Ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Emory &amp;amp;amp; Henry a shekarar 1984 kuma ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa, inda ta mai da hankali kan tsara al'umma.  A shekarar 2004, Atkins ta kammala shirin Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy ta Jami'ar Harvard don Manyan Jami'ai a Jiha da Kananan Hukumomi a matsayin David Bohnett LGBTQ Victory Institute Leadership Fellow. Atkins ta koma San Diego a shekarar 1985.

== Majalisar Birnin San Diego ==
Lokacin da ta fara zuwa San Diego, ta shiga ma'aikatan Cibiyar Lafiya ta Womancare a matsayin Daraktar Asibiti. Daga nan ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru da dama a matsayin wakiliyar kansila kuma mai sharhi kan manufofi ga 'yar majalisar birni Christine Kehoe . Lokacin da aka zabi Kehoe a majalisar dokokin jihar, an zabi Atkins a matsayin kujerar Majalisar Birnin Kehoe a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2000. An sake zabenta a watan Maris na 2004, ba tare da bukatar sake tsayawa takara a watan Nuwamba ba.

A watan Afrilun 2005, Magajin Gari Dick Murphy ya yi murabus bayan sukar da ya yi kan yadda ya tafiyar da matsalolin kudi na birnin.  Dan majalisar Michael Zucchet, wanda shi ne mataimakin magajin gari, ya karɓi mulki, amma bayan kwana uku, ya yi murabus tare da dan majalisar Ralph Inzunza bayan an same su da laifin zamba ta intanet da kuma keta dokar Hobbs . A wani zaɓen gaggawa da aka gudanar a ranar 19 ga Yuli, sauran membobin majalisar biyar sun zaɓi Atkins don su karɓi ragamar magajin gari na tsawon mako guda. A ranar 25 ga Yuli, sun sake nanata zaɓinsu kuma suka naɗa mataimakin magajin garin Atkins don ya yi aiki har sai da aka rantsar da Jerry Sanders a matsayin magajin gari a ranar 5 ga Disamba.  Atkins shi ne magajin garin San Diego na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana [[Maɗigo|mayaka]] .

A lokacin da take majalisar, ta wakilci Birnin San Diego a Sashen San Diego na Ƙungiyar Birane da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa na Tsarin Sufuri na Babban Birnin San Diego . Ta zauna a Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Gidaje ta Yankin San Diego (SANDAG), a matsayin madadin Kwamitin Sufuri da Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Yankuna, da kuma Ƙungiyar Hadin Gwiwa ta Marasa Gidaje ta Birni/Ƙungiya. Ta ci gaba da aiki a Hukumar Kula da Kogunan San Diego a matsayin naɗin tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California Herb Wesson . Ta lissafa manyan abubuwan da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai na gidaje masu araha, haƙƙin ma'aikata, farfaɗo da unguwanni da sake gina tsoffin unguwannin birnin San Diego.

== Majalisar dokokin jiha ==

=== Majalisar Jiha ===
An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Jiha a watan Nuwamba na 2010, inda ta sami kashi 57.7% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California Secretary of State: November 2011 election results |url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2010-general/73-state-assembly.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018063255/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2010-general/73-state-assembly.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-18 |access-date=2013-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wakilci gundumar Majalisar Dokoki ta 76. A watan Nuwamba na 2012 ta tsaya takara a gundumar Majalisar Dokoki ta 78 saboda sake zaɓen gundumomi, kuma ta yi nasara da kashi 62% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Presidential General Election, November 6, 2012 |url=http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/voters/results/transform.htm?paramVal1=election.xsl |access-date=19 November 2012 |website=San Diego County Registrar of Voters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2012 ta gabatar da AB 1522, wani kudiri da zai hana bayar da tallafin kuɗi da sauran haƙƙoƙin ma'aurata ga ma'auratan da ke cin zarafi. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga shari'ar wata mata 'yar San Diego wadda aka umarce ta da ta biya kuɗin shari'a da tallafin miji ga tsohon mijinta duk da cewa yana gidan yari saboda cin zarafinta. 

A shekarar 2012, ta kasance Shugabar Masu Rinjaye na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California; a watan Janairun 2014, Jam'iyyar Democrat ta zaɓe ta don ta zama Kakakin Majalisar daga baya a shekarar, inda ta maye gurbin kakakin da aka naɗa John Pérez . Ita ce Shugabar Majalisar ta farko daga San Diego, 'yar madigo ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayi, kuma mace ta uku da ta yi hakan.  An sake zaɓen Atkins a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar a watan Nuwamban 2014. A matsayinta na Kakakin Majalisar, ta taimaka wajen rubuta takardar amincewa da takardar biyan kuɗi ta dala biliyan 7.5 wanda 'yan majalisa da masu zaɓe suka amince da shi a shekarar 2014.  Atkins ta fuskanci zanga-zanga kan ƙuri'arta don yin dokoki waɗanda za su takaita yawan zaɓen al'umma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Did Toni Atkins side with &quot;dirty energy companies&quot;? {{!}} San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2014/may/31/ticker-did-toni-atkins-side-large-dirty-energy/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.sandiegoreader.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atkins ta sauka daga matsayin kakakin Majalisar a watan Maris na 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 December 2015 |title=Toni Atkins to step down as Assembly speaker in March |url=http://fox5sandiego.com/2015/12/04/toni-atkins-to-step-down-as-assembly-speaker-in-march/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115094621/https://fox5sandiego.com/2015/12/04/toni-atkins-to-step-down-as-assembly-speaker-in-march/ |archive-date=2019-01-15 |access-date=2015-12-30 |website=FOX5 San Diego - San Diego News, Weather, Traffic and Sports {{!}} KSWB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ta 2014 ====
{{Election box open primary begin no change|title=[[California's 78th State Assembly district]] election, 2014}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Toni Atkins ([[incumbent]])|votes=45,922|percentage=60.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Barbara Decker|votes=21,545|percentage=28.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Kevin D. Melton|votes=8,855|percentage=11.6}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Toni Atkins ([[incumbent]])|votes=72,224|percentage=61.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Barbara Decker|votes=45,088|percentage=38.4}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

=== Majalisar Dattawan Jiha ===
Ta tsaya takarar kujerar Sanata ta jiha ta 39 a California a shekarar 2016, inda ta fara kalubalantar Marty Block, wanda shi ma dan jam'iyyar Democrat ne, kafin Block ya janye daga takarar.  A babban zaben, ta kayar da dan jam'iyyar Republican John Renison da kashi 63% na kuri'un da aka kada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toni Atkins (California) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Toni_Atkins_(California) |website=Ballotpedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, Atkins ta gaji Kevin de León a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha na ɗan lokaci . Wannan ya sa ta zama mace ta farko kuma mace ta farko da ta fito fili ta zama 'yar LGBT da ta jagoranci Majalisar Dattawa ta Jihar California. Ita ce mutum ta uku da ta yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar da kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa na ɗan lokaci, bayan Ransom Burnell da James T. Farley .

==== Dokokin Gidaje ====
A watan Mayun 2019, Shugaban Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi na Majalisar Dattawa Anthony Portantino ya hana Dokar Majalisar Dattawa ta 50 fita daga kwamitin zuwa shiga Majalisar Dattawa don muhawara da kaɗa ƙuri'a. Dokar ta gabatar da manyan gyare-gyare don magance ƙarancin gidaje na California ta hanyar rage ikon kula da ƙananan hukumomi (kamar buƙatar ba da izinin gina ƙarin gidaje kusa da sufuri na jama'a da kuma a unguwannin da ke da ayyukan yi masu albashi mai yawa). Atkins ta ƙi shiga tsakani ta cire dokar daga kwamitin, wanda ke cikin ikonta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-20 |title=California's big housing bill is dead for the year. Here's what's left - SFChronicle.com |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/California-s-big-housing-bill-is-dead-for-the-13857890.php |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=www.sfchronicle.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jeremy B. |last2=Marinucci |first2=Carla |last3=ALEX |last4=Nieves |first4=Er |last5=Massara |first5=Graph |date=20 May 2019 |title=TRUMP swipes at CALIFORNIA — ATKINS denies HOUSING pleas — BECERRA overruled on COP RECORDS release — BORDER WALL EMERGENCY in court |url=https://politi.co/2WOBPXz |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu goyon bayan dokar sun zargi Portantino da amfani da ikonsa wajen hana SB50 muhawara da ƙuri'a a Majalisar Dattawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Supporters unite in last-chance effort to save California's most controversial housing bill |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/05/22/supporters-unite-in-last-chance-effort-to-save-years-most-controversial-housing-bill/ |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=The Mercury News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakin Atkins ya hana 'yan majalisa dawo da dokar don yin la'akari da ita a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Saboda wannan jinkirin, Majalisar Dattawa ba za ta iya yin la'akari da dokar ba har sai 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A watan Janairun 2020, lokacin da ake sake duba kudirin, Atkins ta yi amfani da ikonta na majalisar dokoki don cire kudirin daga kwamitin Portantino. Kudirin ya isa zauren majalisar dattawa kuma daga baya aka kayar da shi bayan kuri'u da dama a zauren. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Jan 23, 2020 |title=State Senate head saved California's most important housing bill, showing what leadership is made of |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-01-23/skelton-sb50-housing-bill-toni-atkins-scott-wiener-california-legislature |access-date=Dec 23, 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheyner |first=Gennady |date=30 January 2020 |title=Contentious housing bill SB 50 dies on the Senate floor |url=https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2020/01/29/sb-50-hangs-by-a-thread-after-failing-to-get-needed-votes-in-the-senate |access-date=Dec 23, 2020 |website=www.paloaltoonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Dokokin yanayi ====
Atkins ta fuskanci suka kan karɓar gudummawa daga kamfanonin mai da kuma gazawar zartar da manyan dokokin yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Creasman |first=Mary |date=August 23, 2021 |title=California's top Democrats took money from big oil and gas. Then climate legislation died |url=https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/article253548359.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823231720/https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/article253548359.html |archive-date=Aug 23, 2022 |access-date=April 10, 2022 |website=Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman ma, masu suka sun lura cewa ta naɗa masu adawa da matakan sauyin yanayi ga kwamitocin da za su yi tasiri mai yawa ga dokokin sauyin yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-08 |title=Will Democrats stop appointing legislators with fossil fuel investments to key committees in 2022? • Sacramento News &amp; Review |url=https://sacramento.newsreview.com/2021/12/08/will-democrats-stop-appointing-legislators-with-fossil-fuel-investments-to-key-committees-in-2022/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=Sacramento News &amp; Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Atkins tana ɗaya daga cikin membobi takwas na ƙungiyar LGBT ta 'yan majalisar dokokin California . Tana zaune a unguwar South Park da ke [[San Diego]] tare da mijinta, Jennifer LeSar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2016 |title=Senator Toni Atkins: Biography |url=http://sd39.senate.ca.gov/biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624205744/https://sd39.senate.ca.gov/biography |archive-date=24 June 2022 |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=California State Senate Majority Caucus |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen mata masu magana da yawun 'yan majalisa a Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mamye BaCote</title>
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        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344606637|Mamye BaCote]]&quot;</comment>
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Mamye Edmondson BaCote (February 18, 1939 – December 14, 2020) was an American politician of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, representing the 95th District from 2004 to 2016.

== Bayani ==
An haifi BaCote a Halifax, Virginia . Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyar da ɗan'uwa ɗaya. Ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Virginia Union, a shekarar 1960, da kuma digirin masters daga Cibiyar Hampton a shekarar 1967. BaCote ta koyar a Tsarin Makarantun Jama'a na Newport News tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ta fara koyarwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Huntington kuma bayan makarantun sun haɗu, sai ta koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Menchville inda daga ƙarshe ta zama shugabar sashen. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=Mamye BaCote, influential former Newport News delegate, dies at 81 – Daily Press |url=https://www.dailypress.com/government/virginia/dp-nw-bacote-obituary-20201214-asqkyntilvdtbcy2d7wabe7nt4-story.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.dailypress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; BaCote farfesa ce ta jami'a. Ta yi aiki a Majalisar Birnin Newport News daga 1996 zuwa 2003. 

== Majalisar Wakilai ==
An fara zaɓen BaCote a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia a shekara ta 2003 bayan da wakiliyar Flora D. Crittenden ta sanar da yin ritaya daga wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Wakilai ta 95. BaCote ta yi takara da Sanata Mamie Locke ta jihar kuma sun kira kansu ƙungiyar M&amp;M saboda sun raba M&amp;amp;amp;M ga masu zaɓe a lokacin kamfen ɗinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=Mamye BaCote, influential former Newport News delegate, dies at 81 – Daily Press |url=https://www.dailypress.com/government/virginia/dp-nw-bacote-obituary-20201214-asqkyntilvdtbcy2d7wabe7nt4-story.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.dailypress.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.dailypress.com/government/virginia/dp-nw-bacote-obituary-20201214-asqkyntilvdtbcy2d7wabe7nt4-story.html &quot;Mamye BaCote, influential former Newport News delegate, dies at 81 – Daily Press&quot;]. ''www.dailypress.com''. 14 December 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-05-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2007, jigon kamfen ɗinta shine tallafawa kuɗi da manufofi da aka tsara don ilimin jama'a da manyan makarantu, kiwon lafiya, sufuri da tsaron jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mamye BaCote&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mamye BaCote |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Mamye_BaCote |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2011 ta kayar da abokin hamayyarta daga jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi; Glenn McGuire a babban zaɓen 8 ga Nuwamba &lt;ref name=&quot;Mamye BaCote&quot; /&gt; . A shekara ta 2013, 'yan Democrat na LGBT na Virginia da Virginia Association of Relators suka amince da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mamye BaCote&quot; /&gt; BaCote ta yi aiki har zuwa 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-14 |title=Former Peninsula delegate Mamye BaCote dies at 81 |url=https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231071121/https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ |archive-date=2020-12-31 |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=WAVY.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta aikin kwamitin kasafin kuɗi na Majalisar, BaCote ta sami kuɗi don Kotun Magunguna ta Newport News, don haka ta ba wa mahalarta damar zama a gidan yari ta hanyar ƙoƙarin gyara hali mai tsanani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mamye BaCote |url=http://articles.dailypress.com/2011-10-27/news/dp-edt-bacote-editorial-1028-20111027_1_endorsements-95th-district-house-of-delegates-districts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231033112/http://articles.dailypress.com/2011-10-27/news/dp-edt-bacote-editorial-1028-20111027_1_endorsements-95th-district-house-of-delegates-districts |archive-date=December 31, 2011 |access-date=25 December 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
BaCote ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2020, a Newport News, Virginia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-14 |title=Former Peninsula delegate Mamye BaCote dies at 81 |url=https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231071121/https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ |archive-date=2020-12-31 |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=WAVY.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201231071121/https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ &quot;Former Peninsula delegate Mamye BaCote dies at 81&quot;]. ''WAVY.com''. 2020-12-14. Archived from [https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ the original] on 2020-12-31&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-12-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Reflist}}

== Nassoshi ==

* {{Cite web |title=Virginia House of Delegates 2009; Delegate Mamye E. BaCote |url=http://dela.state.va.us/dela/MemBios.nsf/a7b082ef6ed01eac85256c0d00515644/9c3e1ad561f7d6b885257535005773a8?OpenDocument |access-date=2009-03-05 |publisher=Virginia House of Delegates}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=50784 Kuri'ar Aiki Mai Wayo – Bayanin Wakili Mamye E. BaCote (VA)]
* ''Bi Kuɗin'' – Mamye E. BaCote
** Gudummawar kamfen na [http://www.followthemoney.org/database/StateGlance/candidate.phtml?c=77218 2005] [http://www.followthemoney.org/database/StateGlance/candidate.phtml?c=19308 2003]
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|us-va-hs}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Flora D. Crittenden]]}}
{{S-ttl||title=Virginia Delegate for District 95|years=2004–2016}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Marcia Price]]}}
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Mamye Edmondson BaCote (February 18, 1939 – December 14, 2020) was an American politician of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, representing the 95th District from 2004 to 2016.

== Bayani ==
An haifi BaCote a Halifax, Virginia . Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyar da ɗan'uwa ɗaya. Ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Virginia Union, a shekarar 1960, da kuma digirin masters daga Cibiyar Hampton a shekarar 1967. BaCote ta koyar a Tsarin Makarantun Jama'a na Newport News tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ta fara koyarwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Huntington kuma bayan makarantun sun haɗu, sai ta koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Menchville inda daga ƙarshe ta zama shugabar sashen. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=Mamye BaCote, influential former Newport News delegate, dies at 81 – Daily Press |url=https://www.dailypress.com/government/virginia/dp-nw-bacote-obituary-20201214-asqkyntilvdtbcy2d7wabe7nt4-story.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.dailypress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; BaCote farfesa ce ta jami'a. Ta yi aiki a Majalisar Birnin Newport News daga 1996 zuwa 2003. 

== Majalisar Wakilai ==
An fara zaɓen BaCote a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia a shekara ta 2003 bayan da wakiliyar Flora D. Crittenden ta sanar da yin ritaya daga wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Wakilai ta 95. BaCote ta yi takara da Sanata Mamie Locke ta jihar kuma sun kira kansu ƙungiyar M&amp;M saboda sun raba M&amp;amp;amp;M ga masu zaɓe a lokacin kamfen ɗinsu. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=Mamye BaCote, influential former Newport News delegate, dies at 81 – Daily Press |url=https://www.dailypress.com/government/virginia/dp-nw-bacote-obituary-20201214-asqkyntilvdtbcy2d7wabe7nt4-story.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.dailypress.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.dailypress.com/government/virginia/dp-nw-bacote-obituary-20201214-asqkyntilvdtbcy2d7wabe7nt4-story.html &quot;Mamye BaCote, influential former Newport News delegate, dies at 81 – Daily Press&quot;]. ''www.dailypress.com''. 14 December 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-05-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2007, jigon kamfen ɗinta shine tallafawa kuɗi da manufofi da aka tsara don ilimin jama'a da manyan makarantu, kiwon lafiya, sufuri da tsaron jama'a. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Mamye BaCote&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mamye BaCote |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Mamye_BaCote |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2011 ta kayar da abokin hamayyarta daga jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi; Glenn McGuire a babban zaɓen 8 ga Nuwamba &lt;ref name=&quot;Mamye BaCote&quot; /&gt; . A shekara ta 2013, 'yan Democrat na LGBT na Virginia da Virginia Association of Relators suka amince da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mamye BaCote&quot; /&gt; BaCote ta yi aiki har zuwa 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-14 |title=Former Peninsula delegate Mamye BaCote dies at 81 |url=https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231071121/https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ |archive-date=2020-12-31 |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=WAVY.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta aikin kwamitin kasafin kuɗi na Majalisar, BaCote ta sami kuɗi don Kotun Magunguna ta Newport News, don haka ta ba wa mahalarta damar zama a gidan yari ta hanyar ƙoƙarin gyara hali mai tsanani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mamye BaCote |url=http://articles.dailypress.com/2011-10-27/news/dp-edt-bacote-editorial-1028-20111027_1_endorsements-95th-district-house-of-delegates-districts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231033112/http://articles.dailypress.com/2011-10-27/news/dp-edt-bacote-editorial-1028-20111027_1_endorsements-95th-district-house-of-delegates-districts |archive-date=December 31, 2011 |access-date=25 December 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
BaCote ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2020, a Newport News, Virginia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-14 |title=Former Peninsula delegate Mamye BaCote dies at 81 |url=https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231071121/https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ |archive-date=2020-12-31 |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=WAVY.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201231071121/https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ &quot;Former Peninsula delegate Mamye BaCote dies at 81&quot;]. ''WAVY.com''. 2020-12-14. Archived from [https://www.wavy.com/news/former-peninsula-delegate-mamye-bacote-dies-at-81/ the original] on 2020-12-31&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-12-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Reflist}}

== Nassoshi ==

* {{Cite web |title=Virginia House of Delegates 2009; Delegate Mamye E. BaCote |url=http://dela.state.va.us/dela/MemBios.nsf/a7b082ef6ed01eac85256c0d00515644/9c3e1ad561f7d6b885257535005773a8?OpenDocument |access-date=2009-03-05 |publisher=Virginia House of Delegates}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=50784 Kuri'ar Aiki Mai Wayo – Bayanin Wakili Mamye E. BaCote (VA)]
* ''Bi Kuɗin'' – Mamye E. BaCote
** Gudummawar kamfen na [http://www.followthemoney.org/database/StateGlance/candidate.phtml?c=77218 2005] [http://www.followthemoney.org/database/StateGlance/candidate.phtml?c=19308 2003]
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|us-va-hs}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Flora D. Crittenden]]}}
{{S-ttl||title=Virginia Delegate for District 95|years=2004–2016}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Marcia Price]]}}
{{S-end}}
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'''Barbara Alby''' (9 ga Agusta, 1946 &amp;#x2013; 9 ga Disamba, 2012) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ke zaune a Fair Oaks, California  kuma memba ce a [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Barbara Alby a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1946  a yankin Gari da Ƙauye na Sacramento, California .  Ita ce babba a cikin 'yan'uwa huɗu. Mahaifinta mahauci ne a shagunan kayan abinci na gida. Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin da take da shekaru 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;rocky2&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci makarantar aji ta St. Philomene da [[Loretto High School|makarantar sakandare ta Loretto]] . Daga nan ta koma makarantar sakandare ta Encina . Ta kasance memba a cikin ajin 1964, amma ba ta kammala karatun ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;rocky2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;encina&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Encina High School Class of 1964 directory |url=http://www.encinahighschool.com/directory/directory64.htm |access-date=2021-08-30 |website=encinahighschool.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alby moved to [[Wisconsin]] with her second husband and she lived there for eight years. She received her high school diploma from a night school in Wisconsin. Alby dropped out of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She went on welfare at the age of 19 until her benefits were cut.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Alby ta yi aure sau biyu.  Ta yi aure da mijinta na farko tana da shekaru 17 a shekarar 1964.  Ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu tare da mijinta na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;rocky1&quot; /&gt; Ta auri mijinta na biyu, Dennis Alby kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;rocky1&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ta fara neman mukamin zaɓe a shekarar 1991, inda ta fafata a zaɓe na musamman na gundumar 5 da ke Sacramento a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California . Ta sha kaye a wannan zaɓen ga abokin takararta na Republican BT Collins, wanda a da ya taɓa zama Shugaban Ma'aikata ga tsohon Gwamna [[Jerry Brown]] na Democrat, kuma ta sake shan kaye a hannunsa a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican na 1992. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement of Vote - Primary Election - June 2, 1992 |url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/1992-primary/1992-primary-sov.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008003604/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/1992-primary/1992-primary-sov.pdf |archive-date=2010-10-08 |publisher=[[California Secretary of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan rasuwar Collins, Alby ta lashe zaɓe na musamman a shekarar 1993 don maye gurbinsa kuma ta mamaye kujerar Majalisar har zuwa 1998 lokacin da iyakokin wa'adi suka tilasta mata barin ofis. &lt;ref name=&quot;election98&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement of Vote - Primary Election - June 2, 1998 |url=http://primary98.sos.ca.gov/Final/P98_SOV.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202041654/http://primary98.sos.ca.gov/Final/P98_SOV.pdf |archive-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=[[California Secretary of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1996, ta rubuta dokoki don Dokar Megan a California.  A shekarar 1998 ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, tana ƙoƙarin maye gurbin tsohon ɗan Democrat Vic Fazio a gundumar 3 da ke Sacramento bayan Fazio ya yi ritaya bayan sake zaɓen gundumomi ya sa gundumar ta zama mai fafatawa a siyasance. Alby ta sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican ga ɗan kasuwa mai matsakaicin ra'ayi Doug Ose da maki 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;election98&quot; /&gt;

Daga baya, Alby ta karɓi muƙamin babban mataimaki ga memba na Hukumar Daidaito Bill Leonard . Ta riƙe wannan muƙamin har sai da Leonard ya yi murabus a watan Maris na 2010, a lokacin ne ta zama Mukaddashin Memba na Hukumar don kujerar—a tsakiyar lokacin da 'yan takara za su gabatar da takardu don bayyana a kan ƙuri'ar don cike gurbin Hukumar a zaɓen fidda gwani na watan Yuni, don haka da kwanaki kaɗan da 'yan takara za su cancanci bayyana a ƙuri'ar, Leonard ya ba Alby damar tsayawa takara a matsayin &quot;Mai Riƙon Memba na Hukumar&quot; a ƙuri'ar.

A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na watan Yunin 2010, Alby ta shiga cikin ce-ce-ku-ce lokacin da jaridar ''Capitol Weekly'' ta bayyana cewa gidajen caca na Indiya sun kashe kusan dala 200,000 a madadin Alby a zaɓen.   Baya ga gidajen caca na Indiya, manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin Alby sune Alby da kanta, Sanata Roy Ashburn, da Bill Leonard, tsohon shugabanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CalAccess - Campaign Finance - Alby for Board of Equalization 2010 - Contributors Sorted by Amount |url=http://cal-access.ss.ca.gov/Campaign/Committees/Detail.aspx?id=1311623&amp;session=2009&amp;view=received&amp;psort=AMOUNT |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408120533/http://cal-access.ss.ca.gov/Campaign/Committees/Detail.aspx?id=1311623&amp;session=2009&amp;view=received&amp;psort=AMOUNT |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |publisher=[[California Secretary of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alby ya yi murabus daga muƙamin memba na Kwamitin Daidaito a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2010, kuma mukaddashin memba na kwamitin Sean Wallentine ya gaje shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An acting capacity to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Acting Board of Equalization Member Barbara Alby (SBOE-2) following her resignation. |url=http://www.joincalifornia.com/election/2010-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830052351/http://www.joincalifornia.com/election/2010-12-31 |archive-date=2021-08-30 |access-date=2021-08-30 |publisher=JoinCalifornia Political Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Barbara Alby ta mutu sakamakon [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] a safiyar ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2012.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;cause of death (August 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101013141902/http://www.barbaraalby.com/ Barbara Alby, 'Yar Takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha]
* [http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/5985 Shiga California Barbara Alby]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]]</text>
      <sha1>eij41ksevfjcmb38lgcezshdp2vm9zs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816595</id>
      <parentid>816594</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:34:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6013" sha1="2onqvj13vr9p0ax0rlynl26h4n1p02q" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Barbara Alby''' (9 ga Agusta, 1946 &amp;#x2013; 9 ga Disamba, 2012) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ke zaune a Fair Oaks, California  kuma memba ce a [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Barbara Alby a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1946  a yankin Gari da Ƙauye na Sacramento, California .  Ita ce babba a cikin 'yan'uwa huɗu. Mahaifinta mahauci ne a shagunan kayan abinci na gida. Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin da take da shekaru 16. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;rocky2&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci makarantar aji ta St. Philomene da [[Loretto High School|makarantar sakandare ta Loretto]] . Daga nan ta koma makarantar sakandare ta Encina . Ta kasance memba a cikin ajin 1964, amma ba ta kammala karatun ba. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;rocky2&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;encina&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Encina High School Class of 1964 directory |url=http://www.encinahighschool.com/directory/directory64.htm |access-date=2021-08-30 |website=encinahighschool.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alby moved to [[Wisconsin]] with her second husband and she lived there for eight years. She received her high school diploma from a night school in Wisconsin. Alby dropped out of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She went on welfare at the age of 19 until her benefits were cut.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Alby ta yi aure sau biyu.  Ta yi aure da mijinta na farko tana da shekaru 17 a shekarar 1964.  Ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu tare da mijinta na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;rocky1&quot; /&gt; Ta auri mijinta na biyu, Dennis Alby kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya uku. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;rocky1&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ta fara neman mukamin zaɓe a shekarar 1991, inda ta fafata a zaɓe na musamman na gundumar 5 da ke Sacramento a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California . Ta sha kaye a wannan zaɓen ga abokin takararta na Republican BT Collins, wanda a da ya taɓa zama Shugaban Ma'aikata ga tsohon Gwamna [[Jerry Brown]] na Democrat, kuma ta sake shan kaye a hannunsa a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican na 1992. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement of Vote - Primary Election - June 2, 1992 |url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/1992-primary/1992-primary-sov.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008003604/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/1992-primary/1992-primary-sov.pdf |archive-date=2010-10-08 |publisher=[[California Secretary of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan rasuwar Collins, Alby ta lashe zaɓe na musamman a shekarar 1993 don maye gurbinsa kuma ta mamaye kujerar Majalisar har zuwa 1998 lokacin da iyakokin wa'adi suka tilasta mata barin ofis. &lt;ref name=&quot;election98&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement of Vote - Primary Election - June 2, 1998 |url=http://primary98.sos.ca.gov/Final/P98_SOV.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202041654/http://primary98.sos.ca.gov/Final/P98_SOV.pdf |archive-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=[[California Secretary of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1996, ta rubuta dokoki don Dokar Megan a California.  A shekarar 1998 ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, tana ƙoƙarin maye gurbin tsohon ɗan Democrat Vic Fazio a gundumar 3 da ke Sacramento bayan Fazio ya yi ritaya bayan sake zaɓen gundumomi ya sa gundumar ta zama mai fafatawa a siyasance. Alby ta sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican ga ɗan kasuwa mai matsakaicin ra'ayi Doug Ose da maki 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;election98&quot; /&gt;

Daga baya, Alby ta karɓi muƙamin babban mataimaki ga memba na Hukumar Daidaito Bill Leonard . Ta riƙe wannan muƙamin har sai da Leonard ya yi murabus a watan Maris na 2010, a lokacin ne ta zama Mukaddashin Memba na Hukumar don kujerar—a tsakiyar lokacin da 'yan takara za su gabatar da takardu don bayyana a kan ƙuri'ar don cike gurbin Hukumar a zaɓen fidda gwani na watan Yuni, don haka da kwanaki kaɗan da 'yan takara za su cancanci bayyana a ƙuri'ar, Leonard ya ba Alby damar tsayawa takara a matsayin &quot;Mai Riƙon Memba na Hukumar&quot; a ƙuri'ar.

A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na watan Yunin 2010, Alby ta shiga cikin ce-ce-ku-ce lokacin da jaridar ''Capitol Weekly'' ta bayyana cewa gidajen caca na Indiya sun kashe kusan dala 200,000 a madadin Alby a zaɓen.   Baya ga gidajen caca na Indiya, manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin Alby sune Alby da kanta, Sanata Roy Ashburn, da Bill Leonard, tsohon shugabanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CalAccess - Campaign Finance - Alby for Board of Equalization 2010 - Contributors Sorted by Amount |url=http://cal-access.ss.ca.gov/Campaign/Committees/Detail.aspx?id=1311623&amp;session=2009&amp;view=received&amp;psort=AMOUNT |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408120533/http://cal-access.ss.ca.gov/Campaign/Committees/Detail.aspx?id=1311623&amp;session=2009&amp;view=received&amp;psort=AMOUNT |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |publisher=[[California Secretary of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alby ya yi murabus daga muƙamin memba na Kwamitin Daidaito a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2010, kuma mukaddashin memba na kwamitin Sean Wallentine ya gaje shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An acting capacity to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Acting Board of Equalization Member Barbara Alby (SBOE-2) following her resignation. |url=http://www.joincalifornia.com/election/2010-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830052351/http://www.joincalifornia.com/election/2010-12-31 |archive-date=2021-08-30 |access-date=2021-08-30 |publisher=JoinCalifornia Political Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Barbara Alby ta mutu sakamakon [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] a safiyar ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2012.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;cause of death (August 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101013141902/http://www.barbaraalby.com/ Barbara Alby, 'Yar Takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha]
* [http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/5985 Shiga California Barbara Alby]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]]</text>
      <sha1>2onqvj13vr9p0ax0rlynl26h4n1p02q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816596</id>
      <parentid>816595</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:34:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta sirri */</comment>
      <origin>816596</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6018" sha1="8w9mhi8om0m5ha2ibgud1yzjk81zfvn" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Barbara Alby''' (9 ga Agusta, 1946 &amp;#x2013; 9 ga Disamba, 2012) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ke zaune a Fair Oaks, California  kuma memba ce a [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Barbara Alby a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1946  a yankin Gari da Ƙauye na Sacramento, California .  Ita ce babba a cikin 'yan'uwa huɗu. Mahaifinta mahauci ne a shagunan kayan abinci na gida. Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin da take da shekaru 16. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;rocky2&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci makarantar aji ta St. Philomene da [[Loretto High School|makarantar sakandare ta Loretto]] . Daga nan ta koma makarantar sakandare ta Encina . Ta kasance memba a cikin ajin 1964, amma ba ta kammala karatun ba. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;rocky2&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;encina&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Encina High School Class of 1964 directory |url=http://www.encinahighschool.com/directory/directory64.htm |access-date=2021-08-30 |website=encinahighschool.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alby moved to [[Wisconsin]] with her second husband and she lived there for eight years. She received her high school diploma from a night school in Wisconsin. Alby dropped out of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She went on welfare at the age of 19 until her benefits were cut.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Alby ta yi aure sau biyu.  Ta yi aure da mijinta na farko tana da shekaru 17 a shekarar 1964.  Ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu tare da mijinta na farko. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;rocky1&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Ta auri mijinta na biyu, Dennis Alby kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya uku. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;rocky1&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ta fara neman mukamin zaɓe a shekarar 1991, inda ta fafata a zaɓe na musamman na gundumar 5 da ke Sacramento a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California . Ta sha kaye a wannan zaɓen ga abokin takararta na Republican BT Collins, wanda a da ya taɓa zama Shugaban Ma'aikata ga tsohon Gwamna [[Jerry Brown]] na Democrat, kuma ta sake shan kaye a hannunsa a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican na 1992. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement of Vote - Primary Election - June 2, 1992 |url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/1992-primary/1992-primary-sov.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008003604/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/1992-primary/1992-primary-sov.pdf |archive-date=2010-10-08 |publisher=[[California Secretary of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan rasuwar Collins, Alby ta lashe zaɓe na musamman a shekarar 1993 don maye gurbinsa kuma ta mamaye kujerar Majalisar har zuwa 1998 lokacin da iyakokin wa'adi suka tilasta mata barin ofis. &lt;ref name=&quot;election98&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement of Vote - Primary Election - June 2, 1998 |url=http://primary98.sos.ca.gov/Final/P98_SOV.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202041654/http://primary98.sos.ca.gov/Final/P98_SOV.pdf |archive-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=[[California Secretary of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1996, ta rubuta dokoki don Dokar Megan a California.  A shekarar 1998 ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, tana ƙoƙarin maye gurbin tsohon ɗan Democrat Vic Fazio a gundumar 3 da ke Sacramento bayan Fazio ya yi ritaya bayan sake zaɓen gundumomi ya sa gundumar ta zama mai fafatawa a siyasance. Alby ta sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican ga ɗan kasuwa mai matsakaicin ra'ayi Doug Ose da maki 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;election98&quot; /&gt;

Daga baya, Alby ta karɓi muƙamin babban mataimaki ga memba na Hukumar Daidaito Bill Leonard . Ta riƙe wannan muƙamin har sai da Leonard ya yi murabus a watan Maris na 2010, a lokacin ne ta zama Mukaddashin Memba na Hukumar don kujerar—a tsakiyar lokacin da 'yan takara za su gabatar da takardu don bayyana a kan ƙuri'ar don cike gurbin Hukumar a zaɓen fidda gwani na watan Yuni, don haka da kwanaki kaɗan da 'yan takara za su cancanci bayyana a ƙuri'ar, Leonard ya ba Alby damar tsayawa takara a matsayin &quot;Mai Riƙon Memba na Hukumar&quot; a ƙuri'ar.

A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na watan Yunin 2010, Alby ta shiga cikin ce-ce-ku-ce lokacin da jaridar ''Capitol Weekly'' ta bayyana cewa gidajen caca na Indiya sun kashe kusan dala 200,000 a madadin Alby a zaɓen.   Baya ga gidajen caca na Indiya, manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin Alby sune Alby da kanta, Sanata Roy Ashburn, da Bill Leonard, tsohon shugabanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CalAccess - Campaign Finance - Alby for Board of Equalization 2010 - Contributors Sorted by Amount |url=http://cal-access.ss.ca.gov/Campaign/Committees/Detail.aspx?id=1311623&amp;session=2009&amp;view=received&amp;psort=AMOUNT |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408120533/http://cal-access.ss.ca.gov/Campaign/Committees/Detail.aspx?id=1311623&amp;session=2009&amp;view=received&amp;psort=AMOUNT |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |publisher=[[California Secretary of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alby ya yi murabus daga muƙamin memba na Kwamitin Daidaito a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2010, kuma mukaddashin memba na kwamitin Sean Wallentine ya gaje shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An acting capacity to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Acting Board of Equalization Member Barbara Alby (SBOE-2) following her resignation. |url=http://www.joincalifornia.com/election/2010-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830052351/http://www.joincalifornia.com/election/2010-12-31 |archive-date=2021-08-30 |access-date=2021-08-30 |publisher=JoinCalifornia Political Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Barbara Alby ta mutu sakamakon [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] a safiyar ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2012.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;cause of death (August 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101013141902/http://www.barbaraalby.com/ Barbara Alby, 'Yar Takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha]
* [http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/5985 Shiga California Barbara Alby]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]]</text>
      <sha1>8w9mhi8om0m5ha2ibgud1yzjk81zfvn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Consuelo N. Bailey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816597</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:37:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276845194|Consuelo N. Bailey]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816597</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4667" sha1="1lr2s1jwu518npa1uqhob5bx2uprl9f" xml:space="preserve">'''Consuelo Bailey''' (wacce aka haifa '''a Northrop''' ; 19 ga Oktoba, 1899 &amp;#x2013; 9 ga Satumba, 1976) lauya ce 'yar Amurka, 'yar siyasa, kuma jami'a da aka zaɓa. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont kuma a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna ta 66 a Vermont . Ita ce mace ta farko a tarihin Amurka da aka zaɓa a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna.

== Bayani da kuma aikin da ya gabata ==
An haifi Consuelo Bentina Northrop Bailey a Fairfield, Vermont a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1899, 'yar Katherine E. (Fletcher) Northrop da Peter Bent Brigham Northrop. Peter Northrop ya yi karatu a Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia amma ya yanke shawarar yin aikin noma. Aikinsa ya yi nasara, kuma ya girma har ya haɗa da gonakin kiwo masu nasara, masana'antar kirim, da kuma masana'antar sukari ta maple. A matsayinsa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|ɗan jam'iyyar Republican]] mai himma, ya yi aiki a ofisoshin gari da kuma memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont .

An haifi Consuelo Bailey a Fairfield kuma ta yi makarantar firamare a Sheldon da kuma makarantar sakandare a St. Albans . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Vermont da digiri na farko a fannin Falsafa a shekarar 1921. Yayin da take kwaleji, an shigar da ita cikin ƙungiyar girmamawa ta Phi Beta Kappa . Bailey ta koyar da makaranta a Shelburne na tsawon shekara guda, sannan ta yanke shawarar fara aikin lauya.

Bailey ta halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Boston, inda ta sami digirin LL. B. a shekarar 1925. A makarantar shari'a, ta kasance kyaftin a ƙungiyar muhawara kuma ta yi aiki a ma'aikatan edita na ''The Brief'', mujallar ƙwararru ta makarantar. An shigar da ita a Vermont Bar a shekarar 1925. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2014 |title=Consuelo Northrup Bailey: Vermont's First Woman Speaker |url=http://www.vt-world.com/consuelo-northrup-bailey-vermonts-first-woman-speaker-2.html |access-date=2017-01-19 |website=www.vt-world.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Alkalin Kotun Burlington, mai gabatar da kara a kotun birnin, kuma a shekarar 1926, Bailey ta zama mace ta farko da aka shigar da ita aiki a Kotun Koli ta Vermont &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Consuelo Northrop Bailey Papers |url=http://cdi.uvm.edu/findingaids/collection/baileyconsuelo.ead.xml |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Special Collections, University of Vermont Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta tsaya takarar Lauyan Jiha na Gundumar Chittenden . Daga nan aka zabi Bailey a Majalisar Dattawan Vermont a shekarar 1930, kuma ta yi wa'adi ɗaya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare ga Sanata Ernest Willard Gibson na Amurka kafin ta koma Vermont don ci gaba da aikin lauya.

A shekarar 1950, an zaɓe Bailey a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Majalisar daga 1953 zuwa 1955, mace ta farko da ta zama Shugabar Majalisar Vermont.

== Mataimakin gwamnan Vermont ==
A shekarar 1954 ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna a kowace jiha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Consuelo Northrop Bailey Papers |url=http://cdi.uvm.edu/findingaids/collection/baileyconsuelo.ead.xml |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Special Collections, University of Vermont Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://cdi.uvm.edu/findingaids/collection/baileyconsuelo.ead.xml &quot;Consuelo Northrop Bailey Papers&quot;]. Special Collections, University of Vermont Library&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 19,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|[[Matilda Dodge Wilson]] of Michigan was the first female lieutenant governor in US history, but was appointed.}} Bailey ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamna na 65 na Vermont tsakanin 1955 da 1957.

== Matsayin daga baya ==
Bailey ta wakilci Vermont a Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Republican daga 1936 zuwa 1976. Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaba daga 1953 zuwa 1957, da kuma sakatare daga 1965 zuwa 1973. A matsayinta na sakatare, ita ce ke da alhakin kiran sunayen wakilai yayin da suka kaɗa ƙuri'arsu ta zama shugaban ƙasa a Babban Taro na Jam'iyyar Republican na 1968 da 1972.

== Mutuwa da binnewa ==
Bailey ta mutu a Burlington a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1976. An binne ta a Makabartar Sheldon da ke Sheldon.

== Iyali ==
A shekarar 1940, Bailey ta auri mijinta Henry A. Bailey (1893-1961), lauya wanda ya yi aiki a majalisun dokokin jihar biyu kuma magajin garin Winooski .

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin Mata Mata Mata Mata Gwamnoni a Amurka
* Jerin sunayen mata masu magana da yawun 'yan majalisa a Amurka

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Consuelo Bailey''' (wacce aka haifa '''a Northrop''' ; 19 ga Oktoba, 1899 &amp;#x2013; 9 ga Satumba, 1976) lauya ce 'yar Amurka, 'yar siyasa, kuma jami'a da aka zaɓa. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont kuma a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna ta 66 a Vermont . Ita ce mace ta farko a tarihin Amurka da aka zaɓa a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna.

== Bayani da kuma aikin da ya gabata ==
An haifi Consuelo Bentina Northrop Bailey a Fairfield, Vermont a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1899, 'yar Katherine E. (Fletcher) Northrop da Peter Bent Brigham Northrop. Peter Northrop ya yi karatu a Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia amma ya yanke shawarar yin aikin noma. Aikinsa ya yi nasara, kuma ya girma har ya haɗa da gonakin kiwo masu nasara, masana'antar kirim, da kuma masana'antar sukari ta maple. A matsayinsa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|ɗan jam'iyyar Republican]] mai himma, ya yi aiki a ofisoshin gari da kuma memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont .

An haifi Consuelo Bailey a Fairfield kuma ta yi makarantar firamare a Sheldon da kuma makarantar sakandare a St. Albans . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Vermont da digiri na farko a fannin Falsafa a shekarar 1921. Yayin da take kwaleji, an shigar da ita cikin ƙungiyar girmamawa ta Phi Beta Kappa . Bailey ta koyar da makaranta a Shelburne na tsawon shekara guda, sannan ta yanke shawarar fara aikin lauya.

Bailey ta halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Boston, inda ta sami digirin LL. B. a shekarar 1925. A makarantar shari'a, ta kasance kyaftin a ƙungiyar muhawara kuma ta yi aiki a ma'aikatan edita na ''The Brief'', mujallar ƙwararru ta makarantar. An shigar da ita a Vermont Bar a shekarar 1925. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2014 |title=Consuelo Northrup Bailey: Vermont's First Woman Speaker |url=http://www.vt-world.com/consuelo-northrup-bailey-vermonts-first-woman-speaker-2.html |access-date=2017-01-19 |website=www.vt-world.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Alkalin Kotun Burlington, mai gabatar da kara a kotun birnin, kuma a shekarar 1926, Bailey ta zama mace ta farko da aka shigar da ita aiki a Kotun Koli ta Vermont &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Consuelo Northrop Bailey Papers |url=http://cdi.uvm.edu/findingaids/collection/baileyconsuelo.ead.xml |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Special Collections, University of Vermont Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta tsaya takarar Lauyan Jiha na Gundumar Chittenden . Daga nan aka zabi Bailey a Majalisar Dattawan Vermont a shekarar 1930, kuma ta yi wa'adi ɗaya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare ga Sanata Ernest Willard Gibson na Amurka kafin ta koma Vermont don ci gaba da aikin lauya.

A shekarar 1950, an zaɓe Bailey a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Majalisar daga 1953 zuwa 1955, mace ta farko da ta zama Shugabar Majalisar Vermont.

== Mataimakin gwamnan Vermont ==
A shekarar 1954 ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna a kowace jiha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Consuelo Northrop Bailey Papers |url=http://cdi.uvm.edu/findingaids/collection/baileyconsuelo.ead.xml |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Special Collections, University of Vermont Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://cdi.uvm.edu/findingaids/collection/baileyconsuelo.ead.xml &quot;Consuelo Northrop Bailey Papers&quot;]. Special Collections, University of Vermont Library&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 19,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|[[Matilda Dodge Wilson]] of Michigan was the first female lieutenant governor in US history, but was appointed.}} Bailey ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamna na 65 na Vermont tsakanin 1955 da 1957.

== Matsayin daga baya ==
Bailey ta wakilci Vermont a Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Republican daga 1936 zuwa 1976. Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaba daga 1953 zuwa 1957, da kuma sakatare daga 1965 zuwa 1973. A matsayinta na sakatare, ita ce ke da alhakin kiran sunayen wakilai yayin da suka kaɗa ƙuri'arsu ta zama shugaban ƙasa a Babban Taro na Jam'iyyar Republican na 1968 da 1972.

== Mutuwa da binnewa ==
Bailey ta mutu a Burlington a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1976. An binne ta a Makabartar Sheldon da ke Sheldon.

== Iyali ==
A shekarar 1940, Bailey ta auri mijinta Henry A. Bailey (1893-1961), lauya wanda ya yi aiki a majalisun dokokin jihar biyu kuma magajin garin Winooski .

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin Mata Mata Mata Mata Gwamnoni a Amurka
* Jerin sunayen mata masu magana da yawun 'yan majalisa a Amurka

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>/* Bayani da kuma aikin da ya gabata */</comment>
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'''Consuelo Bailey''' (wacce aka haifa '''a Northrop''' ; 19 ga Oktoba, 1899 &amp;#x2013; 9 ga Satumba, 1976) lauya ce 'yar Amurka, 'yar siyasa, kuma jami'a da aka zaɓa. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont kuma a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna ta 66 a Vermont . Ita ce mace ta farko a tarihin Amurka da aka zaɓa a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna.

== Bayani da kuma aikin da ya gabata ==
An haifi Consuelo Bentina Northrop Bailey a Fairfield, Vermont a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1899, 'yar Katherine E. (Fletcher) Northrop da Peter Bent Brigham Northrop. Peter Northrop ya yi karatu a Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia amma ya yanke shawarar yin aikin noma. Aikinsa ya yi nasara, kuma ya girma har ya haɗa da gonakin kiwo masu nasara, masana'antar kirim, da kuma masana'antar sukari ta maple. A matsayinsa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|ɗan jam'iyyar Republican]] mai himma, ya yi aiki a ofisoshin gari da kuma memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont .

An haifi Consuelo Bailey a Fairfield kuma ta yi makarantar firamare a Sheldon da kuma makarantar sakandare a St. Albans . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Vermont da digiri na farko a fannin Falsafa a shekarar 1921. Yayin da take kwaleji, an shigar da ita cikin ƙungiyar girmamawa ta Phi Beta Kappa . Bailey ta koyar da makaranta a Shelburne na tsawon shekara guda, sannan ta yanke shawarar fara aikin lauya.

Bailey ta halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Boston, inda ta sami digirin LL. B. a shekarar 1925. A makarantar shari'a, ta kasance kyaftin a ƙungiyar muhawara kuma ta yi aiki a ma'aikatan edita na ''The Brief'', mujallar ƙwararru ta makarantar. An shigar da ita a Vermont Bar a shekarar 1925. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2014 |title=Consuelo Northrup Bailey: Vermont's First Woman Speaker |url=http://www.vt-world.com/consuelo-northrup-bailey-vermonts-first-woman-speaker-2.html |access-date=2017-01-19 |website=www.vt-world.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Alkalin Kotun Burlington, mai gabatar da kara a kotun birnin, kuma a shekarar 1926, Bailey ta zama mace ta farko da aka shigar da ita aiki a Kotun Koli ta Vermont &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Consuelo Northrop Bailey Papers |url=http://cdi.uvm.edu/findingaids/collection/baileyconsuelo.ead.xml |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Special Collections, University of Vermont Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta tsaya takarar Lauyan Jiha na Gundumar Chittenden . Daga nan aka zabi Bailey a Majalisar Dattawan Vermont a shekarar 1930, kuma ta yi wa'adi ɗaya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare ga Sanata Ernest Willard Gibson na Amurka kafin ta koma Vermont don ci gaba da aikin lauya.

A shekarar 1950, an zaɓe Bailey a Majalisar Wakilai ta Vermont . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Majalisar daga 1953 zuwa 1955, mace ta farko da ta zama Shugabar Majalisar Vermont.

== Mataimakin gwamnan Vermont ==
A shekarar 1954 ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna a kowace jiha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Consuelo Northrop Bailey Papers |url=http://cdi.uvm.edu/findingaids/collection/baileyconsuelo.ead.xml |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Special Collections, University of Vermont Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://cdi.uvm.edu/findingaids/collection/baileyconsuelo.ead.xml &quot;Consuelo Northrop Bailey Papers&quot;]. Special Collections, University of Vermont Library&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 19,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|[[Matilda Dodge Wilson]] of Michigan was the first female lieutenant governor in US history, but was appointed.}} Bailey ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamna na 65 na Vermont tsakanin 1955 da 1957.

== Matsayin daga baya ==
Bailey ta wakilci Vermont a Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Republican daga 1936 zuwa 1976. Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaba daga 1953 zuwa 1957, da kuma sakatare daga 1965 zuwa 1973. A matsayinta na sakatare, ita ce ke da alhakin kiran sunayen wakilai yayin da suka kaɗa ƙuri'arsu ta zama shugaban ƙasa a Babban Taro na Jam'iyyar Republican na 1968 da 1972.

== Mutuwa da binnewa ==
Bailey ta mutu a Burlington a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1976. An binne ta a Makabartar Sheldon da ke Sheldon.

== Iyali ==
A shekarar 1940, Bailey ta auri mijinta Henry A. Bailey (1893-1961), lauya wanda ya yi aiki a majalisun dokokin jihar biyu kuma magajin garin Winooski .

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin Mata Mata Mata Mata Gwamnoni a Amurka
* Jerin sunayen mata masu magana da yawun 'yan majalisa a Amurka

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>7sc7dthrm9drc09dhjxzbzv17cr5ksr</sha1>
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    <title>Algie Eggertsen Ballif</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345289297|Algie Eggertsen Ballif]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Algie Eggertsen Ballif''' (3 May 1896 &amp;#x2013; 11 July 1984) was an educational leader and politician in Utah. She served from 1959 to 1961 as a member of the Utah House of Representatives.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Ballif ga Lars Eggertsen da Annie Nielsen Eggertsen a Provo, Utah . An haifi Ballif da lebe mai tsagewa.  Ita 'yar'uwar Virginia Sorenson da Esther Peterson ce {{Rp|cite}}Iyalinta suna ɗaukar ɗalibai daga Jami'ar Brigham Young (BYU) a lokacin da take girma. An tilasta wa Algie barin wasu daga cikin azuzuwan ta don taimakawa wajen yin ayyukan gida, kodayake iyayenta koyaushe suna mai da hankali kan koyo da mahimmancin ilimi  Ta fara sha'awar rawa bayan halartar wani wasan opera a Provo Opera House. Ta yi atisaye a gida lokacin da babu kowa a gida, amma ta sami damar yin rajista a azuzuwan rawa yayin da take karatu a BYU. Bayanan da ta rubuta a mujallar sun nuna cewa Ballif &quot;tana damuwa da yanayin fasaha da al'amuran zuciya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1916, Ballif ta sami aiki daga Shugaban BYU, George Brimhall, don zuwa aikin koyarwa a Ricks Academy . Ta koyar da fannoni da yawa, ciki har da dakin motsa jiki, tauhidi, bayyana ra'ayi da Turanci. A lokacin da take Ricks Academy, ta haɗu da George S. Ballif a wani rawa na makaranta, wanda daga baya za ta aura.  

Ta koma Provo, Utah a shekarar 1917 kuma ta kammala karatunta daga BYU a shekarar 1918.   A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1920, Ballif ta ƙaura zuwa Berkeley, California tare da mahaifinta don halartar wani shirin rawa na tsawon makonni 12. Ta shiga wasannin kwaikwayo kuma ta ɗauki azuzuwan karatu. Waɗannan abubuwan sun ba ta sabbin dabaru don aiwatarwa a cikin aikinta na koyarwa a BYU. &lt;ref name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; /&gt;

Ta auri George S. Ballif (1894–1977) a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1920 a Salt Lake City, [[Utah]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;alumni&quot; /&gt; Shi ma ya kammala karatunsa daga BYU kuma ya sami tallafin karatu zuwa Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard . Algie ya zauna a Provo kuma ya yi aiki don taimakawa wajen ba shi kuɗin karatunsa.  A shekara ta 1924, George ya canja makarantu kuma ya sami digirin lauya daga Jami'ar California, Makarantar Shari'a ta Berkeley . Ya kasance lauyan birni na Provo kuma daga baya ya zama Lauyan Gundumar.  Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya 4: Algene, Joan, George, da Ann &quot;Grethe&quot;. 'Yarsu Ann Greta Ballif ita ce matar Chase N. Peterson wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Jami'ar Utah. &lt;ref name=&quot;alumni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical Alumni |url=http://www.byhigh.org/cgi-bin/ez-directory/dispAssoc.cgi?B&amp;X329586&amp;50 |website=Brigham Young High School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==

=== Koyarwa ===
Algie Ballif ta fara aikin koyarwa ne bayan ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Brigham Young. Ta fara aiki a Makarantar Sakandare ta American Fork daga 1918 zuwa 1919. Saboda annobar mura, an tilasta mata ta kula da iyalinta. Bayan annobar, Shugaba George Brimhall ya ba ta mukamin koyarwa a BYU. Ta koyar da fannoni daban-daban: magana, Turanci, ilimin motsa jiki, rawa, da kuma Littafin Mormon . Ta haɓaka azuzuwan rawa da ilimin motsa jiki da yawa, musamman ga mata a BYU. Akwai ɗan rikici tsakanin Ballif da gwamnati kan irin suturar da ta dace a saka a harabar jami'a. Ta koyar kuma ta haɓaka manhajar karatu har zuwa 1923, lokacin da ta ƙaura zuwa Berkeley, [[California]] don zama tare da mijinta a lokacin shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta makarantar lauya. 

=== Ɗan siyasa ===
An zaɓi Ballif a matsayin shugabar reshen mata na jihar na Babban Taron Ƙungiyar Legion ta Amurka wanda aka gudanar a Provo a shekarar 1930. A matsayinta na shugabar ƙasa, ta halarci Babban Taron Ƙungiyar Legion ta Ƙasa, inda ta yi jawabi na mintuna goma.  A shekarar 1932, ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar ta ƙasa. An soki ta da ɗaukar irin waɗannan nauyin yayin da take da ƙananan yara a gida.

A shekarar 1935, an zaɓe ta a hukumar makarantar Provo, duk da cewa ta yi takara da maza biyu. Ta yi wa'adi na shekaru biyar,  daga 1935 zuwa 1958.  Yayin da take aiki a hukumar, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar Allon Makarantun Utah na wa'adi biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; /&gt; Ballif ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 23 a Hukumar Regents ta Jami'ar Utah .  Ta fara shirin rawa na farko a jami'ar. &lt;ref name=&quot;utah women&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Algie Eggersten Ballif |url=http://utahwomenswalk.org/nominate/index/page:2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404045846/http://utahwomenswalk.org/nominate/index/page:2 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |website=Utah Women's Walk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ballif ta kuma kasance tana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Democrat a Utah; ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban sannan kuma shugabar Jam'iyyar Democratic Party ta Utah . Sashe ya nemi ta yi takarar majalisar dattijai ta jihar a shekarar 1958. Ta yi aiki daga 1959 zuwa 1961 a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Utah .  Yayinda yake aiki a majalisar dokoki ta jihar, Ballil ya shiga cikin yakin neman zabe da zaben [[John F. Kennedy]]. Ta sadu da [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], wacce aka nada ta shugabar Hukumar Amurka kan Matsayin Mata; An nada 'yar'uwar Ballif Esther Peterson mataimakin shugabar. Eleanor Roosevelt ta nemi Algie ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimi. Wannan aikin ya buƙaci ta je [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] sau ɗaya a wata. A shekara ta 1963, ta yi takarar majalisar dattijai ta jihar, amma ta rasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; /&gt;

Ta kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Matsayin Mata ta Jihar Utah. A shekarar 1965 aka nemi ta shiga Hukumar Jin Dadin Jama'a ta Jihar Utah;  daga baya ta zama darakta a Sashen Ayyukan Iyali.  An nada Ballif a Kwamitin Membobi 15 na Nazarin Gidajen Lafiya a Amurka a shekarar 1967, Shugaba Lyndon Johnson . &lt;ref name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; /&gt;

=== Sauran Nasara ===
Ballif ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Agaji ta Provo Stake of Relief Society inda ta kula da darussa na adabi tsawon shekaru goma.  A shekarar 1958, an nada ta a matsayin Mutumin Shekara a Ilimi na Utah.  Ta taka rawa sosai a cikin al'ummarta kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyi da yawa na gida da na jiha kamar Ƙungiyar Tsoffin Ɗaliban Jami'ar Brigham Young (BYU), Ƙungiyar BYU Emeritus, Ƙungiyar Abokan Laburare ta BYU, PTA, Ƙungiyoyin Mata na Tarayya, Majalisar Dokokin Mata, Sorosis, da Ƙungiyar Taimakon Ƙungiyar Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;finding aid&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Ballif ta yi fama da matsalar ciwon ido. Ta yi ritaya daga Hukumar Jin Daɗi a shekarar 1974, inda ta kawo ƙarshen aikinta na gwamnati. Ta ci gaba da halartar taruka, tarurrukan siyasa da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. Ta yi fafutukar neman lafiya ta duniya, haƙƙin tsofaffi da kuma Daidaiton Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama.  A tsawon rayuwarta, ta kasance memba na Cocin Yesu Kiristi na Waliyyan Ƙarshe.

Ta zama makaho kuma kurma kaɗan. Mijinta George ya mutu a watan Oktoba na 1977. Bayan rasuwarsa, ta sha fama da bugun jini iri-iri.  Ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1984.  Membobin Kwamitin Manzannin Sha Biyu, James E. Faust, Marvin J. Ashton da Dallin H. Oaks sun yi jawabi a jana'izarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1984]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1896]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <id>816601</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <text bytes="7214" sha1="n74dg8pk93dn7fdzhldjtketfqzm214" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Algie Eggertsen Ballif''' (3 May 1896 &amp;#x2013; 11 July 1984) was an educational leader and politician in Utah. She served from 1959 to 1961 as a member of the Utah House of Representatives.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Ballif ga Lars Eggertsen da Annie Nielsen Eggertsen a Provo, Utah . An haifi Ballif da lebe mai tsagewa.  Ita 'yar'uwar Virginia Sorenson da Esther Peterson ce {{Rp|cite}}Iyalinta suna ɗaukar ɗalibai daga Jami'ar Brigham Young (BYU) a lokacin da take girma. An tilasta wa Algie barin wasu daga cikin azuzuwan ta don taimakawa wajen yin ayyukan gida, kodayake iyayenta koyaushe suna mai da hankali kan koyo da mahimmancin ilimi  Ta fara sha'awar rawa bayan halartar wani wasan opera a Provo Opera House. Ta yi atisaye a gida lokacin da babu kowa a gida, amma ta sami damar yin rajista a azuzuwan rawa yayin da take karatu a BYU. Bayanan da ta rubuta a mujallar sun nuna cewa Ballif &quot;tana damuwa da yanayin fasaha da al'amuran zuciya.&quot; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1916, Ballif ta sami aiki daga Shugaban BYU, George Brimhall, don zuwa aikin koyarwa a Ricks Academy . Ta koyar da fannoni da yawa, ciki har da dakin motsa jiki, tauhidi, bayyana ra'ayi da Turanci. A lokacin da take Ricks Academy, ta haɗu da George S. Ballif a wani rawa na makaranta, wanda daga baya za ta aura.  

Ta koma Provo, Utah a shekarar 1917 kuma ta kammala karatunta daga BYU a shekarar 1918.   A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1920, Ballif ta ƙaura zuwa Berkeley, California tare da mahaifinta don halartar wani shirin rawa na tsawon makonni 12. Ta shiga wasannin kwaikwayo kuma ta ɗauki azuzuwan karatu. Waɗannan abubuwan sun ba ta sabbin dabaru don aiwatarwa a cikin aikinta na koyarwa a BYU. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

Ta auri George S. Ballif (1894–1977) a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1920 a Salt Lake City, [[Utah]] . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;alumni&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Shi ma ya kammala karatunsa daga BYU kuma ya sami tallafin karatu zuwa Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard . Algie ya zauna a Provo kuma ya yi aiki don taimakawa wajen ba shi kuɗin karatunsa.  A shekara ta 1924, George ya canja makarantu kuma ya sami digirin lauya daga Jami'ar California, Makarantar Shari'a ta Berkeley . Ya kasance lauyan birni na Provo kuma daga baya ya zama Lauyan Gundumar.  Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya 4: Algene, Joan, George, da Ann &quot;Grethe&quot;. 'Yarsu Ann Greta Ballif ita ce matar Chase N. Peterson wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Jami'ar Utah. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;alumni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical Alumni |url=http://www.byhigh.org/cgi-bin/ez-directory/dispAssoc.cgi?B&amp;X329586&amp;50 |website=Brigham Young High School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==

=== Koyarwa ===
Algie Ballif ta fara aikin koyarwa ne bayan ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Brigham Young. Ta fara aiki a Makarantar Sakandare ta American Fork daga 1918 zuwa 1919. Saboda annobar mura, an tilasta mata ta kula da iyalinta. Bayan annobar, Shugaba George Brimhall ya ba ta mukamin koyarwa a BYU. Ta koyar da fannoni daban-daban: magana, Turanci, ilimin motsa jiki, rawa, da kuma Littafin Mormon . Ta haɓaka azuzuwan rawa da ilimin motsa jiki da yawa, musamman ga mata a BYU. Akwai ɗan rikici tsakanin Ballif da gwamnati kan irin suturar da ta dace a saka a harabar jami'a. Ta koyar kuma ta haɓaka manhajar karatu har zuwa 1923, lokacin da ta ƙaura zuwa Berkeley, [[California]] don zama tare da mijinta a lokacin shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta makarantar lauya. 

=== Ɗan siyasa ===
An zaɓi Ballif a matsayin shugabar reshen mata na jihar na Babban Taron Ƙungiyar Legion ta Amurka wanda aka gudanar a Provo a shekarar 1930. A matsayinta na shugabar ƙasa, ta halarci Babban Taron Ƙungiyar Legion ta Ƙasa, inda ta yi jawabi na mintuna goma.  A shekarar 1932, ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar ta ƙasa. An soki ta da ɗaukar irin waɗannan nauyin yayin da take da ƙananan yara a gida.

A shekarar 1935, an zaɓe ta a hukumar makarantar Provo, duk da cewa ta yi takara da maza biyu. Ta yi wa'adi na shekaru biyar,  daga 1935 zuwa 1958.  Yayin da take aiki a hukumar, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar Allon Makarantun Utah na wa'adi biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; /&gt; Ballif ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 23 a Hukumar Regents ta Jami'ar Utah .  Ta fara shirin rawa na farko a jami'ar. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;utah women&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Algie Eggersten Ballif |url=http://utahwomenswalk.org/nominate/index/page:2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404045846/http://utahwomenswalk.org/nominate/index/page:2 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |website=Utah Women's Walk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ballif ta kuma kasance tana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Democrat a Utah; ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban sannan kuma shugabar Jam'iyyar Democratic Party ta Utah . Sashe ya nemi ta yi takarar majalisar dattijai ta jihar a shekarar 1958. Ta yi aiki daga 1959 zuwa 1961 a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Utah .  Yayinda yake aiki a majalisar dokoki ta jihar, Ballil ya shiga cikin yakin neman zabe da zaben [[John F. Kennedy]]. Ta sadu da [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], wacce aka nada ta shugabar Hukumar Amurka kan Matsayin Mata; An nada 'yar'uwar Ballif Esther Peterson mataimakin shugabar. Eleanor Roosevelt ta nemi Algie ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimi. Wannan aikin ya buƙaci ta je [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] sau ɗaya a wata. A shekara ta 1963, ta yi takarar majalisar dattijai ta jihar, amma ta rasa.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Matsayin Mata ta Jihar Utah. A shekarar 1965 aka nemi ta shiga Hukumar Jin Dadin Jama'a ta Jihar Utah;  daga baya ta zama darakta a Sashen Ayyukan Iyali.  An nada Ballif a Kwamitin Membobi 15 na Nazarin Gidajen Lafiya a Amurka a shekarar 1967, Shugaba Lyndon Johnson . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sauran Nasara ===
Ballif ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Agaji ta Provo Stake of Relief Society inda ta kula da darussa na adabi tsawon shekaru goma.  A shekarar 1958, an nada ta a matsayin Mutumin Shekara a Ilimi na Utah.  Ta taka rawa sosai a cikin al'ummarta kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyi da yawa na gida da na jiha kamar Ƙungiyar Tsoffin Ɗaliban Jami'ar Brigham Young (BYU), Ƙungiyar BYU Emeritus, Ƙungiyar Abokan Laburare ta BYU, PTA, Ƙungiyoyin Mata na Tarayya, Majalisar Dokokin Mata, Sorosis, da Ƙungiyar Taimakon Ƙungiyar Amurka. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;finding aid&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Ballif ta yi fama da matsalar ciwon ido. Ta yi ritaya daga Hukumar Jin Daɗi a shekarar 1974, inda ta kawo ƙarshen aikinta na gwamnati. Ta ci gaba da halartar taruka, tarurrukan siyasa da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. Ta yi fafutukar neman lafiya ta duniya, haƙƙin tsofaffi da kuma Daidaiton Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama.  A tsawon rayuwarta, ta kasance memba na Cocin Yesu Kiristi na Waliyyan Ƙarshe.

Ta zama makaho kuma kurma kaɗan. Mijinta George ya mutu a watan Oktoba na 1977. Bayan rasuwarsa, ta sha fama da bugun jini iri-iri.  Ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1984.  Membobin Kwamitin Manzannin Sha Biyu, James E. Faust, Marvin J. Ashton da Dallin H. Oaks sun yi jawabi a jana'izarta. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;worth their salt&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1984]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1896]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>n74dg8pk93dn7fdzhldjtketfqzm214</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Estella Bagnelle</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1263496136|Estella Bagnelle]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Estella Bagnelle''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Mary Estelle Bagnelle''' ) malamar makarantar gwamnati ce ta Amurka kuma mai gudanarwa wacce ke aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta, shugabar makarantu, memba na kwamitin ilimi, da kuma mai kula da makarantu na gundumar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Umarni na Gundumar Madera, California daga 1899 zuwa 1911. &lt;ref name=&quot;herhatwasinthering.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Estelle Bagnelle |url=http://www.herhatwasinthering.org/biography.php?id=4828 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=herhatwasinthering.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shekarun farko da ilimi ==
An haifi mahaifinta, JD Bagnelle, a [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], daga wani tsohon iyali na kudanci wanda ya fito daga kakannin Faransa kuma ya yi suna da tarihin farko na [[Virginia]] . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya ƙaura zuwa [[Illinois]] kuma ya shiga harkar kasuwanci a Litchfield, har zuwa rasuwarsa da wuri. Ya auri Amanda Slaughter (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1901, [[Tennessee]] ). Iyalan Slaughter an samo su ne tun daga shekarar 1608 a Scotland, kuma 'yan'uwa uku daga wannan ƙasar ne suka kafa iyalin a Amurka. {{Sfn|Guinn|1905}}

Karatun Estella Bagnelle, wanda aka fara a Litchfield, garinsu na haihuwa, an kammala shi ne a makarantar firamare ta jihar San Jose, California (yanzu Jami'ar Jihar San Jose ), inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1885. {{Sfn|Guinn|1905}}

== Sana'a ==
Bayan ta koyar da shekara guda a San Jose, a shekarar 1887 ta fara koyarwa a makarantun gundumar gundumar Madera, daga baya ta shafe shekaru takwas tana da alaƙa da makarantun Madera. A cikin shekaru shida na farko na wannan lokacin, ta riƙe matsayin mataimakiyar shugaba sannan ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar makaranta. A shekarar 1898, an zaɓe ta a matsayin babban jami'in kula da makarantu na gundumar bisa ga tikitin jam'iyyar Democrat kuma ta sami rinjaye na 140, ta yi rantsuwar kama aiki a watan Janairu, 1899, na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Bayan ƙarshen wannan lokacin, a shekarar 1902, an sake zaɓenta ba tare da wata hamayya ba. {{Sfn|Guinn|1905}}

Akwai ci gaba guda huɗu da ta yi aiki tukuru don su, wato: daidaiton littattafan karatu; mafi girman matsayin malamai; mafi kyawun albashi; da ƙarin sha'awa tsakanin amintattu. Baya ga ayyukanta na mai kula da makarantu, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare na Ƙungiyar Malamai ta San Joaquin, tana da sha'awar Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Ƙasa, kuma tana tausaya wa duk ƙungiyoyi don amfanin wannan sana'a. A watan Mayu, 1893, an zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na hukumar ilimi ta gundumar, a lokacin da aka kafa gundumar Madera, kuma bayan 1899, ta zama sakatare na hukumar.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bayan ta yi ritaya a watan Janairu, 1911, ta auri mai hakar ma'adinai, Oscar H. McDonald, daga Coarsegold, California a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, a Oakland, kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Nome, Alaska a ranar 1 ga Mayu {{Sfn|Wagner|1911}}

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Ba da izini ===

* This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: J. M. Guinn's History of the State of California and Biographical Record of the San Joaquin Valley, California: An Historical Story of the State's Marvelous Growth from Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time (1905)

=== Littattafan tarihi ===

*  
*  </text>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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'''Estella Bagnelle''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Mary Estelle Bagnelle''' ) malamar makarantar gwamnati ce ta Amurka kuma mai gudanarwa wacce ke aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta, shugabar makarantu, memba na kwamitin ilimi, da kuma mai kula da makarantu na gundumar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Umarni na Gundumar Madera, California daga 1899 zuwa 1911. &lt;ref name=&quot;herhatwasinthering.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Estelle Bagnelle |url=http://www.herhatwasinthering.org/biography.php?id=4828 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=herhatwasinthering.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shekarun farko da ilimi ==
An haifi mahaifinta, JD Bagnelle, a [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], daga wani tsohon iyali na kudanci wanda ya fito daga kakannin Faransa kuma ya yi suna da tarihin farko na [[Virginia]] . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya ƙaura zuwa [[Illinois]] kuma ya shiga harkar kasuwanci a Litchfield, har zuwa rasuwarsa da wuri. Ya auri Amanda Slaughter (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1901, [[Tennessee]] ). Iyalan Slaughter an samo su ne tun daga shekarar 1608 a Scotland, kuma 'yan'uwa uku daga wannan ƙasar ne suka kafa iyalin a Amurka. {{Sfn|Guinn|1905}}

Karatun Estella Bagnelle, wanda aka fara a Litchfield, garinsu na haihuwa, an kammala shi ne a makarantar firamare ta jihar San Jose, California (yanzu Jami'ar Jihar San Jose ), inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1885. {{Sfn|Guinn|1905}}

== Sana'a ==
Bayan ta koyar da shekara guda a San Jose, a shekarar 1887 ta fara koyarwa a makarantun gundumar gundumar Madera, daga baya ta shafe shekaru takwas tana da alaƙa da makarantun Madera. A cikin shekaru shida na farko na wannan lokacin, ta riƙe matsayin mataimakiyar shugaba sannan ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar makaranta. A shekarar 1898, an zaɓe ta a matsayin babban jami'in kula da makarantu na gundumar bisa ga tikitin jam'iyyar Democrat kuma ta sami rinjaye na 140, ta yi rantsuwar kama aiki a watan Janairu, 1899, na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Bayan ƙarshen wannan lokacin, a shekarar 1902, an sake zaɓenta ba tare da wata hamayya ba. {{Sfn|Guinn|1905}}

Akwai ci gaba guda huɗu da ta yi aiki tukuru don su, wato: daidaiton littattafan karatu; mafi girman matsayin malamai; mafi kyawun albashi; da ƙarin sha'awa tsakanin amintattu. Baya ga ayyukanta na mai kula da makarantu, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare na Ƙungiyar Malamai ta San Joaquin, tana da sha'awar Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Ƙasa, kuma tana tausaya wa duk ƙungiyoyi don amfanin wannan sana'a. A watan Mayu, 1893, an zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na hukumar ilimi ta gundumar, a lokacin da aka kafa gundumar Madera, kuma bayan 1899, ta zama sakatare na hukumar.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bayan ta yi ritaya a watan Janairu, 1911, ta auri mai hakar ma'adinai, Oscar H. McDonald, daga Coarsegold, California a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, a Oakland, kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Nome, Alaska a ranar 1 ga Mayu {{Sfn|Wagner|1911}}

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Ba da izini ===

* This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: J. M. Guinn's History of the State of California and Biographical Record of the San Joaquin Valley, California: An Historical Story of the State's Marvelous Growth from Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time (1905)

=== Littattafan tarihi ===

*  
*  </text>
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    <title>Dorothy F. Bailey</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312524034|Dorothy F. Bailey]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5702" sha1="j8601djqed876okm71z3jnfk21cymu5" xml:space="preserve">Dorothy F. Bailey shugabar al'umma ce ta Amurka daga Gundumar Prince George, Maryland . Ta yi aiki a majalisar gundumar na tsawon shekaru takwas, inda ta yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin shugaba. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyoyi da dama na ƙasa da na gida, ciki har da Majalisar Mata Masu Ra'ayin Baƙi ta Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihi na 'Yan Afirka ta Amirka (ASALH). Ta kafa Bikin Harlem Renaissance na gundumar, wanda ake gudanarwa kowace shekara tun 1999, kuma ta kafa ƙungiyoyi da dama na al'umma. An shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Maryland a 2014.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haife ta ne a Dunn, North Carolina . Ta fara shiga cikin fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam yayin da take karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tsakiya ta North Carolina, inda ta sami digirin BA a shekarar 1962.  Ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi da ilimin gerontology a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania da Jami'ar Maryland . A farkon aikinta ta koyar a makarantun gwamnati kuma ta yi aiki a shirin Upward Bound na Jami'ar Maryland . &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 1983 zuwa 1994, ta riƙe manyan mukamai a hukumomin gwamnatin Prince George's County da dama, ciki har da babban darektan Hukumar Kare Masu Amfani, da kuma daraktan haɗin gwiwar al'umma a Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Iyali. &lt;ref name=&quot;pgplanning&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Commissioners |url=http://www.pgplanning.org/Planning_Board/About_The_Planning_Board/Meet_the_Commissioners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703143901/http://www.pgplanning.org/Planning_Board/About_The_Planning_Board/Meet_the_Commissioners.htm |archive-date=2016-07-03 |access-date=2016-07-09 |website=Prince George's County Planning Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1994 an zaɓe ta a majalisar gundumar Prince George, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru takwas. Ta kasance shugabar majalisar na wa'adi biyu da mataimakiyar shugaba na wa'adi uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html &quot;Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey&quot;]. ''[[Maryland|State of Maryland]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan barin majalisar, Bailey ta yi aiki a matsayin mai hulɗa da iyaye a Makarantun Jama'a na Gundumar Prince George. &lt;ref name=&quot;pgplanning&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, an zaɓe Bailey a majalisar zartarwa ta ƙasa ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihin Baƙar fata ta Amurka (ASALH); ita ce kuma shugabar reshen Gundumar Prince George. A shekara ta 2002 ta kafa Gidauniyar Tunawa da Harlem ta Gundumar Prince George, tana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa daga 2003 zuwa 2011. Gidauniyar tana gudanar da bikin Harlem Renaissance na shekara-shekara, wani ra'ayi da Bailey ta tsara a matsayin hanyar nuna gudummawar fasaha da al'adu na Baƙar fata a lokacin zamanin Harlem Renaissance, da kuma nuna ayyukan mazauna gundumar waɗanda ke ci gaba da wannan gado. &lt;ref name=&quot;hrf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Honorable Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://pghrf.org/dorothy-bailey/ |website=Harlem Remembrance Foundation of Prince George's County}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikin yana jawo dubban baƙi kowace shekara kuma yana ɗauke da karatun waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, zane-zane na gani, da kuma jazz kai tsaye.  Fitattun masu wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Clifton Powell, wanda ya karanta waƙoƙin Langston Hughes, da kuma mawaƙin jazz Jean Carne . 

Bailey ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama, ciki har da Gidauniyar LEARN (Landover Educational Athletic Recreational Non-Profit), Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa Matasa ta Kiamsha, da Kwamitin Haɗin Kan Sarauta na Royal Bafokeng Sister City Friendship. Ta kuma yi aiki a hukumomin ƙasa da na ƙananan hukumomi na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Mata 'Yan Negro . &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html &quot;Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey&quot;]. ''[[Maryland|State of Maryland]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==

* Shigar da Mata a Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Maryland, 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html &quot;Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey&quot;]. ''[[Maryland|State of Maryland]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Gladys Noon Spellman don Ayyukan Jama'a &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Kyautar Hoton NAACP don Fafutukar Siyasa, 1999 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt; 
* Kyautar Amincewa da Bethune ta Majalisar Ƙasa ta Mata 'Yan Negro &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Takardar kammala karatun digiri na shekarar 2013 a Jami'ar North Carolina Central &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Shigar da Mata a Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Gundumar Prince George, 1996 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt; 
* Digirin girmamawa na Allahntaka daga Kwalejin Baptist da Seminary ta Riverside, 1991 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;

== Littattafai ==

*  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>j8601djqed876okm71z3jnfk21cymu5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816607</id>
      <parentid>816606</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:54:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5720" sha1="bmhelk9s5nc7vdz841s71kjwgsnc9s4" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Dorothy F. Bailey''' shugabar al'umma ce ta Amurka daga Gundumar Prince George, Maryland . Ta yi aiki a majalisar gundumar na tsawon shekaru takwas, inda ta yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin shugaba. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyoyi da dama na ƙasa da na gida, ciki har da Majalisar Mata Masu Ra'ayin Baƙi ta Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihi na 'Yan Afirka ta Amirka (ASALH). Ta kafa Bikin Harlem Renaissance na gundumar, wanda ake gudanarwa kowace shekara tun 1999, kuma ta kafa ƙungiyoyi da dama na al'umma. An shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Maryland a 2014.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haife ta ne a Dunn, North Carolina . Ta fara shiga cikin fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam yayin da take karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tsakiya ta North Carolina, inda ta sami digirin BA a shekarar 1962.  Ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi da ilimin gerontology a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania da Jami'ar Maryland . A farkon aikinta ta koyar a makarantun gwamnati kuma ta yi aiki a shirin Upward Bound na Jami'ar Maryland . &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 1983 zuwa 1994, ta riƙe manyan mukamai a hukumomin gwamnatin Prince George's County da dama, ciki har da babban darektan Hukumar Kare Masu Amfani, da kuma daraktan haɗin gwiwar al'umma a Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Iyali. &lt;ref name=&quot;pgplanning&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Commissioners |url=http://www.pgplanning.org/Planning_Board/About_The_Planning_Board/Meet_the_Commissioners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703143901/http://www.pgplanning.org/Planning_Board/About_The_Planning_Board/Meet_the_Commissioners.htm |archive-date=2016-07-03 |access-date=2016-07-09 |website=Prince George's County Planning Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1994 an zaɓe ta a majalisar gundumar Prince George, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru takwas. Ta kasance shugabar majalisar na wa'adi biyu da mataimakiyar shugaba na wa'adi uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html &quot;Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey&quot;]. ''[[Maryland|State of Maryland]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan barin majalisar, Bailey ta yi aiki a matsayin mai hulɗa da iyaye a Makarantun Jama'a na Gundumar Prince George. &lt;ref name=&quot;pgplanning&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, an zaɓe Bailey a majalisar zartarwa ta ƙasa ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihin Baƙar fata ta Amurka (ASALH); ita ce kuma shugabar reshen Gundumar Prince George. A shekara ta 2002 ta kafa Gidauniyar Tunawa da Harlem ta Gundumar Prince George, tana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa daga 2003 zuwa 2011. Gidauniyar tana gudanar da bikin Harlem Renaissance na shekara-shekara, wani ra'ayi da Bailey ta tsara a matsayin hanyar nuna gudummawar fasaha da al'adu na Baƙar fata a lokacin zamanin Harlem Renaissance, da kuma nuna ayyukan mazauna gundumar waɗanda ke ci gaba da wannan gado. &lt;ref name=&quot;hrf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Honorable Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://pghrf.org/dorothy-bailey/ |website=Harlem Remembrance Foundation of Prince George's County}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikin yana jawo dubban baƙi kowace shekara kuma yana ɗauke da karatun waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, zane-zane na gani, da kuma jazz kai tsaye.  Fitattun masu wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Clifton Powell, wanda ya karanta waƙoƙin Langston Hughes, da kuma mawaƙin jazz Jean Carne . 

Bailey ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama, ciki har da Gidauniyar LEARN (Landover Educational Athletic Recreational Non-Profit), Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa Matasa ta Kiamsha, da Kwamitin Haɗin Kan Sarauta na Royal Bafokeng Sister City Friendship. Ta kuma yi aiki a hukumomin ƙasa da na ƙananan hukumomi na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Mata 'Yan Negro . &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html &quot;Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey&quot;]. ''[[Maryland|State of Maryland]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==

* Shigar da Mata a Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Maryland, 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html &quot;Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey&quot;]. ''[[Maryland|State of Maryland]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Gladys Noon Spellman don Ayyukan Jama'a &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Kyautar Hoton NAACP don Fafutukar Siyasa, 1999 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt; 
* Kyautar Amincewa da Bethune ta Majalisar Ƙasa ta Mata 'Yan Negro &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Takardar kammala karatun digiri na shekarar 2013 a Jami'ar North Carolina Central &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Shigar da Mata a Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Gundumar Prince George, 1996 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt; 
* Digirin girmamawa na Allahntaka daga Kwalejin Baptist da Seminary ta Riverside, 1991 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;

== Littattafai ==

*  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>bmhelk9s5nc7vdz841s71kjwgsnc9s4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816608</id>
      <parentid>816607</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:55:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tarihin Rayuwa */</comment>
      <origin>816608</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5726" sha1="9rdzipw2lpvsagp0x63yt8grbif108w" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Dorothy F. Bailey''' shugabar al'umma ce ta Amurka daga Gundumar Prince George, Maryland . Ta yi aiki a majalisar gundumar na tsawon shekaru takwas, inda ta yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin shugaba. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyoyi da dama na ƙasa da na gida, ciki har da Majalisar Mata Masu Ra'ayin Baƙi ta Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihi na 'Yan Afirka ta Amirka (ASALH). Ta kafa Bikin Harlem Renaissance na gundumar, wanda ake gudanarwa kowace shekara tun 1999, kuma ta kafa ƙungiyoyi da dama na al'umma. An shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Maryland a 2014.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haife ta ne a Dunn, North Carolina . Ta fara shiga cikin fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam yayin da take karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tsakiya ta North Carolina, inda ta sami digirin BA a shekarar 1962.  Ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi da ilimin gerontology a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania da Jami'ar Maryland . A farkon aikinta ta koyar a makarantun gwamnati kuma ta yi aiki a shirin Upward Bound na Jami'ar Maryland . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 1983 zuwa 1994, ta riƙe manyan mukamai a hukumomin gwamnatin Prince George's County da dama, ciki har da babban darektan Hukumar Kare Masu Amfani, da kuma daraktan haɗin gwiwar al'umma a Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Iyali. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;pgplanning&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Commissioners |url=http://www.pgplanning.org/Planning_Board/About_The_Planning_Board/Meet_the_Commissioners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703143901/http://www.pgplanning.org/Planning_Board/About_The_Planning_Board/Meet_the_Commissioners.htm |archive-date=2016-07-03 |access-date=2016-07-09 |website=Prince George's County Planning Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1994 an zaɓe ta a majalisar gundumar Prince George, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru takwas. Ta kasance shugabar majalisar na wa'adi biyu da mataimakiyar shugaba na wa'adi uku. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html &quot;Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey&quot;]. ''[[Maryland|State of Maryland]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan barin majalisar, Bailey ta yi aiki a matsayin mai hulɗa da iyaye a Makarantun Jama'a na Gundumar Prince George. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;pgplanning&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, an zaɓe Bailey a majalisar zartarwa ta ƙasa ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihin Baƙar fata ta Amurka (ASALH); ita ce kuma shugabar reshen Gundumar Prince George. A shekara ta 2002 ta kafa Gidauniyar Tunawa da Harlem ta Gundumar Prince George, tana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa daga 2003 zuwa 2011. Gidauniyar tana gudanar da bikin Harlem Renaissance na shekara-shekara, wani ra'ayi da Bailey ta tsara a matsayin hanyar nuna gudummawar fasaha da al'adu na Baƙar fata a lokacin zamanin Harlem Renaissance, da kuma nuna ayyukan mazauna gundumar waɗanda ke ci gaba da wannan gado. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;hrf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Honorable Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://pghrf.org/dorothy-bailey/ |website=Harlem Remembrance Foundation of Prince George's County}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikin yana jawo dubban baƙi kowace shekara kuma yana ɗauke da karatun waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, zane-zane na gani, da kuma jazz kai tsaye.  Fitattun masu wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Clifton Powell, wanda ya karanta waƙoƙin Langston Hughes, da kuma mawaƙin jazz Jean Carne . 

Bailey ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama, ciki har da Gidauniyar LEARN (Landover Educational Athletic Recreational Non-Profit), Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa Matasa ta Kiamsha, da Kwamitin Haɗin Kan Sarauta na Royal Bafokeng Sister City Friendship. Ta kuma yi aiki a hukumomin ƙasa da na ƙananan hukumomi na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Mata 'Yan Negro . &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html &quot;Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey&quot;]. ''[[Maryland|State of Maryland]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==

* Shigar da Mata a Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Maryland, 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html &quot;Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey&quot;]. ''[[Maryland|State of Maryland]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Gladys Noon Spellman don Ayyukan Jama'a &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Kyautar Hoton NAACP don Fafutukar Siyasa, 1999 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt; 
* Kyautar Amincewa da Bethune ta Majalisar Ƙasa ta Mata 'Yan Negro &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Takardar kammala karatun digiri na shekarar 2013 a Jami'ar North Carolina Central &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Shigar da Mata a Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Gundumar Prince George, 1996 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt; 
* Digirin girmamawa na Allahntaka daga Kwalejin Baptist da Seminary ta Riverside, 1991 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;

== Littattafai ==

*  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>9rdzipw2lpvsagp0x63yt8grbif108w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Irene Baker</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816609</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T07:58:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338977405|Irene Baker]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3162" sha1="rdiw8x256hene90dgm01qgjhqpbwon8" xml:space="preserve">'''Edith Irene Bailey Baker''' (17 ga Nuwamba, 1901 - 2 ga Afrilu, 1994) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka kuma 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka daga [[Tennessee]] . Ita ce bazawara ga Howard Baker Sr. kuma uwar Howard Baker Jr.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Baker a Sevierville, Tennessee, a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1901, kuma ya halarci makarantun gwamnati a Sevierville da Maryville .

== Sana'a ==
Baker ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Magatakardar Kotun Gundumar Sevier daga 1918 zuwa 1922 da kuma Mataimakin Magatakarda kuma Babban Magatakardar Kotun Chancery daga 1922 zuwa 1924.

Bayan rasuwar mijinta na farko, Baker ta tafi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Kwarin Tennessee (TVA). A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1935, ta auri Howard Baker Sr., wanda mijinta ya mutu yana da 'ya'ya biyu. Ma'auratan sun renon 'ya'yan Baker biyu daga aurensa na farko, Howard H. Baker Jr. da Mary Elizabeth Baker, da kuma 'yarsu, Beverly Irene Baker. Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Republican na Ƙasa daga 1960 zuwa 1964. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irene Bailey Baker |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000064 |access-date=May 16, 2013 |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da mijinta ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a kan mulki a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1964, Baker ya tsaya takarar Republican a [[zaɓe]] na musamman don cike sauran wa'adinsa, inda ya kayar da Willard Yarbrough na Democrat, ɗan jarida a Knoxville. A matsayinta na ɗan takarar kujerar, ta yi alƙawarin yin aiki ne kawai a matsayin mai kula da harkokin jama'a wanda ba zai nemi ƙarin zaɓe ba; kuma ta cika wannan alƙawarin, kuma ta yi aiki daga Maris 10, 1964, zuwa Janairu 3, 1965. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irene Bailey Baker |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/irene_baker/401068 |access-date=May 16, 2013 |publisher=Govtrack US Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take cikin Majalisa, ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Ayyukan Gwamnati kuma ta yi fafutukar samun daidaiton kasafin kuɗi na tarayya. Ta kuma yi fafutukar kare muradun haƙar kwal, TVA, shirye-shiryen [[Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka|Hukumar Makamashin Atomic ta Amurka]] a Oak Ridge, Tennessee, da kuma hauhawar farashin rayuwa a fanshon Tsaron Jama'a .  A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Republican goma daga Kudu, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.R. 7152. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. ADOPTION OF A … -- House Vote #182 -- Jul 2, 1964 |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta bar Majalisar Dokoki a shekarar 1965, Baker ta zama Daraktan Kula da Jin Dadin Jama'a a Knoxville, Tennessee, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa 1971.

== Mutuwa ==
Baker died in Loudon, Tennessee on April 2, 1994 (age 92 years, 136 days). She is interred at Sherwood Memorial Gardens, in Loudon, Tennessee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irene Bailey Baker |url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/baker4.html |access-date=May 16, 2013 |publisher=The Political Graveyard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Mata a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]</text>
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      <id>816611</id>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
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'''Edith Irene Bailey Baker''' (17 ga Nuwamba, 1901 - 2 ga Afrilu, 1994) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka kuma 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka daga [[Tennessee]] . Ita ce bazawara ga Howard Baker Sr. kuma uwar Howard Baker Jr.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Baker a Sevierville, Tennessee, a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1901, kuma ya halarci makarantun gwamnati a Sevierville da Maryville .

== Sana'a ==
Baker ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Magatakardar Kotun Gundumar Sevier daga 1918 zuwa 1922 da kuma Mataimakin Magatakarda kuma Babban Magatakardar Kotun Chancery daga 1922 zuwa 1924.

Bayan rasuwar mijinta na farko, Baker ta tafi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Kwarin Tennessee (TVA). A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1935, ta auri Howard Baker Sr., wanda mijinta ya mutu yana da 'ya'ya biyu. Ma'auratan sun renon 'ya'yan Baker biyu daga aurensa na farko, Howard H. Baker Jr. da Mary Elizabeth Baker, da kuma 'yarsu, Beverly Irene Baker. Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Republican na Ƙasa daga 1960 zuwa 1964. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irene Bailey Baker |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000064 |access-date=May 16, 2013 |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da mijinta ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a kan mulki a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1964, Baker ya tsaya takarar Republican a [[zaɓe]] na musamman don cike sauran wa'adinsa, inda ya kayar da Willard Yarbrough na Democrat, ɗan jarida a Knoxville. A matsayinta na ɗan takarar kujerar, ta yi alƙawarin yin aiki ne kawai a matsayin mai kula da harkokin jama'a wanda ba zai nemi ƙarin zaɓe ba; kuma ta cika wannan alƙawarin, kuma ta yi aiki daga Maris 10, 1964, zuwa Janairu 3, 1965. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irene Bailey Baker |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/irene_baker/401068 |access-date=May 16, 2013 |publisher=Govtrack US Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take cikin Majalisa, ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Ayyukan Gwamnati kuma ta yi fafutukar samun daidaiton kasafin kuɗi na tarayya. Ta kuma yi fafutukar kare muradun haƙar kwal, TVA, shirye-shiryen [[Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka|Hukumar Makamashin Atomic ta Amurka]] a Oak Ridge, Tennessee, da kuma hauhawar farashin rayuwa a fanshon Tsaron Jama'a .  A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Republican goma daga Kudu, ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.R. 7152. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. ADOPTION OF A … -- House Vote #182 -- Jul 2, 1964 |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta bar Majalisar Dokoki a shekarar 1965, Baker ta zama Daraktan Kula da Jin Dadin Jama'a a Knoxville, Tennessee, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa 1971.

== Mutuwa ==
Baker died in Loudon, Tennessee on April 2, 1994 (age 92 years, 136 days). She is interred at Sherwood Memorial Gardens, in Loudon, Tennessee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irene Bailey Baker |url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/baker4.html |access-date=May 16, 2013 |publisher=The Political Graveyard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Mata a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]</text>
      <sha1>fwu7pngjx8m3rvoulftjao6ps7r5j4a</sha1>
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    <title>Ester Ledecká</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345434019|Ester Ledecká]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ester Ledecká''' ( , an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 1995) ƙwararriyar mai wasan dusar ƙanƙara ce ta ƙasar Czech kuma mai wasan tsalle-tsalle a tsaunuka . A gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2018 da aka yi a Pyeongchang, Ledecká ta lashe lambobin zinare a gasar super-G a wasan tsalle-tsalle a tsaunuka da kuma a gasar tsalle-tsalle a manyan tsere a wasan tsalle-tsalle a dusar ƙanƙara, inda ta zama mutum na farko da ba wai kawai ta fafata a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta amfani da nau'ikan kayan aiki guda biyu ba (skis da snowboard) amma ta ci gaba da lashe lambobin zinare biyu kuma ta yi hakan a gasar Olympics ta hunturu. Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta lashe zinare a gasar Olympics a fannoni daban-daban guda biyu amma ta farko da ta yi hakan a gasar Olympics ta hunturu guda ɗaya. Ita ce 'yar Czech ta farko da ta lashe tseren tsalle-tsalle a manyan tsere a wasan tsalle-tsalle a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIS Snowboard .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Ester Ledecká a Prague, ga mahaifiyar Zuzana, mai wasan kwaikwayo, &lt;ref name=&quot;ctv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dampf |first=Andrew |date=22 February 2016 |title=Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[CTV News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mahaifin Janek Ledecký, sanannen mawaƙi a Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovakia. &lt;ref name=&quot;cupdebut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2012 |title=Dcera Janka Ledeckého debutovala ve Světovém poháru ve snowboardingu 13. místem |url=http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225085755/http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem |archive-date=25 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=[[Hospodářské noviny]] |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;started&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grim |first=Filip |date=3 February 2014 |title=Od sněhuláků přes zapomenuté lyže. Jak Ledecká startovala kariéru |url=http://oh.idnes.cz/snowboardistka-ester-ledecka-djw-/zoh-ostatni-sporty.aspx?c=A140202_012903_zoh-ostatni-sporty_ot |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=[[Mladá fronta DNES]] |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fito ne daga dangin wasanni: kakan mahaifiyarta tsohon dan wasan hockey ne Jan Klapáč, wanda ya kasance dan wasan zakarun duniya sau bakwai kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;started&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2014, har yanzu tana makarantar sakandare, tana halartar shirin ilmantarwa na nesa a Prague . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jakoubek |first=Jiří |date=18 January 2014 |title=Za odměnu mám vafle, smála se po prvním triumfu v SP Ledecká |url=http://sport.idnes.cz/ester-ledecka-po-zavode-v-rogle-dzh-/lyzovani.aspx?c=A140118_192205_lyzovani_ald |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=[[Mladá fronta DNES]] |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ice hockey shine wasanni na farko da ta fara tun tana yarinya, kafin ta fara yin tsere a lokacin da take da shekaru hudu kuma daga baya ta kara snowboarding.&lt;ref name=&quot;ctv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dampf |first=Andrew |date=22 February 2016 |title=Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[CTV News]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDampf2016&quot;&gt;Dampf, Andrew (22 February 2016). [https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ &quot;Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup&quot;]. ''[[CTV News]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Ina bin abin da ɗan'uwana ya yi, &quot;in ji Ledecká.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ester Ledecká: how did she DO that?! |url=https://iceatrail.com/ester-ledecka/ |access-date=2020-07-14 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Ya fi ni shekara daya da rabi, don haka lokacin da ya fara da allon, ina so in yi shi ma. Ina da shekaru biyar lokacin da na fara snowboarding, kuma na yi freestyle snowboarding da boardercross har sai ina da shekaru goma sha uku. Kuma kuma, ɗan'uwana ne ya fara da snowboarding na alpine, kuma ina so in doke shi, don haka ma na koyi hakan. &quot;

Abubuwan sha'awa da ta yi sun haɗa da kunna guitar da raira waƙa. Tana kuma jin daɗin shiga wasanni na rani kamar volleyball na rairayin bakin teku da windsurfing.&lt;ref name=&quot;ctv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dampf |first=Andrew |date=22 February 2016 |title=Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[CTV News]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDampf2016&quot;&gt;Dampf, Andrew (22 February 2016). [https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ &quot;Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup&quot;]. ''[[CTV News]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ledecká ta fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko a Gasar 2012-13, ta kammala a matsayi na 13 a taron slalom mai girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;cupdebut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2012 |title=Dcera Janka Ledeckého debutovala ve Světovém poháru ve snowboardingu 13. místem |url=http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225085755/http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem |archive-date=25 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=[[Hospodářské noviny]] |language=cs}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140225085755/http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem &quot;Dcera Janka Ledeckého debutovala ve Světovém poháru ve snowboardingu 13. místem&quot;]. ''[[Hospodářské noviny]]'' (in Czech). 21 December 2012. Archived from [http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem the original] on 25 February 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 February&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)]]&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, tana da shekaru 17, ta lashe zinare a gasar slalom a gasar zakarun duniya ta Junior, zinare ta biyu a gasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2013 |title=Ledecka and Baumeister win parallel slalom at Junior World Champs |url=http://www.fis-ski.com/snowboard/parallel/news-multimedia/news/article=ledecka-and-baumeister-win-parallel-slalom-junior-world-champs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211041756/http://www.fis-ski.com/snowboard/parallel/news-multimedia/news/article=ledecka-and-baumeister-win-parallel-slalom-junior-world-champs.html |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=FIS}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta suna &quot;Junior Sportsperson of the year&quot; a Jamhuriyar Czech ta 2013 Sportsperson of The Year awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beránek |first=Jaroslav |last2=Kučerová |first2=Martina |date=18 December 2013 |title=Neporazitelná běžkyně Hejnová vyhrála i souboj o titul Sportovec roku |url=http://sport.idnes.cz/zuzana-hejnova-sportovec-roku-2013-dq1-/sporty.aspx?c=A131218_145033_sporty_ber |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=[[Mladá fronta DNES]] |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIS Snowboard ta 2013-14, Ledecká ta kasance ta biyu a bayan Patrizia Kummer a taron farko na slalom a Bad Gastein kuma ta uku a taron na biyu. Daga baya ta lashe zinare a Rogla a cikin babban taron slalom a wannan gasar, ta zama Czech ta farko da ta yi hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;onetowatch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lawton |first=Andrew |date=5 February 2014 |title=Winter Olympics 2014: Blagger's guide to snowboarding |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/winter-olympics/10619915/Winter-Olympics-2014-Blaggers-guide-to-snowboarding.html |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar yin haka, ta kuma zama ta uku a Czech don lashe duk wani gasar cin kofin duniya na snowboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Career's first for Ledecka and Mathies in Rogla PGS &amp;#124; First Czech win on Alpine Snowboard World Cup tour &amp;#124; Exciting race for Crystal Globes |url=http://www.rogla.eu/en/winter/news/n/careers-first-for-ledecka-and-mathies-in-rogla-pgs-first-czech-win-on-alpine-snowboard-world-cup/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207114754/http://www.rogla.eu/en/winter/news/n/careers-first-for-ledecka-and-mathies-in-rogla-pgs-first-czech-win-on-alpine-snowboard-world-cup/ |archive-date=7 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=rogla.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin Wasannin Olympics na hunturu na 2014, Andrew Lawton na ''Daily Telegraph''' ya ambaci Ledecká a matsayin &quot;wanda za a kalli&quot; a gasar snowboarding ta mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;onetowatch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lawton |first=Andrew |date=5 February 2014 |title=Winter Olympics 2014: Blagger's guide to snowboarding |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/winter-olympics/10619915/Winter-Olympics-2014-Blaggers-guide-to-snowboarding.html |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLawton2014&quot;&gt;Lawton, Andrew (5 February 2014). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/winter-olympics/10619915/Winter-Olympics-2014-Blaggers-guide-to-snowboarding.html &quot;Winter Olympics 2014: Blagger's guide to snowboarding&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 February&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan Czech da aka fi sa ran lashe lambar yabo a wasannin, tare da Martina Sáblíková, Gabriela Soukalová da' yar wasan snowboard Eva Samková.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2014 |title=Czech Republic names 85 athletes to Sochi Olympic team |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/-olympics/news/20140116/czech-republic-sochi-olympics-team.ap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062418/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/-olympics/news/20140116/czech-republic-sochi-olympics-team.ap/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=AP |publisher=Sports Illustrated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta gama ta tara a cikin cancantar wasan tseren kankara a gasar Olympics ta hunturu, kungiyar Czech Ski Association ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi rajista a matsayin mai fafatawa. Koyaya, FIS ta ki amincewa da shawarar, tana sake jaddada cewa 'yan Czechoslovakia takwas ne kawai zasu iya yin gasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Augustin |first=Marek |date=1 February 2014 |title=Ledecká bude v Soči závodit jen na snowboardu, start v lyžování neprošel |url=http://www.rozhlas.cz/zpravy/sochi2014/_zprava/ledecka-bude-v-soci-zavodit-jen-na-snowboardu-start-v-lyzovani-neprosel--1310614 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=Czech Radio |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ledecká ta fara buga wasan Olympics a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2014 a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun 2014 a gasar tseren kankara mai girma. Ta kai matakin kwata-kwata kafin Patrizia Kummer ta kawar da ita, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe lambar zinare a taron. An rarraba Ledecká a matsayin na bakwai gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;olympicdebut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grim |first=Filip |date=19 February 2014 |title=Desítka, jak jsem plánovala, chválila se Ledecká po olympijském debutu |url=http://oh.idnes.cz/rozhovor-ledecka-0ea-/zoh-ostatni-sporty.aspx?c=A140219_124710_zoh-ostatni-sporty_fil |access-date=19 February 2014 |website=[[Mladá fronta DNES]] |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ledecká ta haɗu da aikinta na snowboarding tare da yin gasa a cikin tseren kankara: ta fara bugawa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIS Alpine Ski a watan Fabrairun 2016, ta kammala ta 24 a tseren farko, Kandahar downhill a [[Garmisch Classic|Garmisch]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;fis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=9 February 2016 |title=Ester Ledecka surprises ski world |url=http://www.fis-ski.com/snowboard/alpine-snowboard/news-multimedia/news/article=ester-ledecka-surprises-ski-world.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220190612/http://www.fis-ski.com/snowboard/alpine-snowboard/news-multimedia/news/article=ester-ledecka-surprises-ski-world.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[International Ski Federation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da zira kwallaye a hudu daga cikin tseren gasar cin kofin duniya biyar na farko, tana fafatawa a cikin tseren downhill da [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2017 – Women's super-G|super-G]]&quot; id=&quot;mwkw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Super-G&quot;&gt;Super-G.&lt;ref name=&quot;ctv2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dampf |first=Andrew |date=22 February 2016 |title=Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[CTV News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2017 ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko da ta yi gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a duka tseren kankara da snowboarding, ta dauki zinariya a cikin slalom mai girma da azurfa a cikin [[FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships 2017 – Women's parallel slalom|slalom mai layi daya]] a Gasar Ski da Snowboarding ta Duniya a [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada, Spain]], kuma ta zira kwallaye 30 a cikin downhill, super-G da alpine a Gasar Duniya ta Alpine Skiing a [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |date=27 November 2017 |title=Skiing or Snowboarding? Ester Ledecka Chose Both |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/27/sports/olympics/ester-ledecka-skiing-snowboarding.html |access-date=24 December 2017 |website=[[NYTimes.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ledecká ta fara wasan Olympics a wasan kankara a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2018 yayin da take kuma cancanta ga wasan kankara na alpine. Ta lashe lambar zinare a super-G a wasan tseren kankara a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2018 a cikin rikici na tarihi. Ta yi mamakin gaske bayan ta gama 0.01 seconds gabanin gasar Olympics ta 2014 tana kare lambar zinare Anna Veith, wacce ta riga ta ayyana ta a matsayin mai nasara ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa. Ledecká ta kasance a matsayi na 49 a taron kafin wasannin Olympics kuma ba ta taɓa samun lambar yabo a kowane gasar cin kofin duniya ba. Don yin aikin ya fi mamakin manema labarai, an yi jita-jita cewa tana tsere a kan takalma da aka aro daga Mikaela Shiffrin (duka masu tsere suna daukar nauyin Atomic). Ta ki cire tabarau don taron manema labarai bayan nasarar, tana mai da hankali cewa wannan alama ce ta kasuwanci (wanda gaskiya ne), kuma lokacin da manema labarai suka matsa mata, ta bayyana cewa ta tsallake sanye da kayan shafa kamar yadda ba ta tsammanin ta lashe taron ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sugar |first=Jenny |date=18 February 2018 |title=Ester Ledecka Won Gold in the Super-G — and She Was Wearing Mikaela Shiffrin's Skis! |url=https://www.popsugar.co.uk/fitness/Ester-Ledecka-Borrowed-Mikaela-Shiffrin-Skis-Wins-Gold-44594534 |publisher=[[PopSugar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kocin snowboard dinta, Ba'amurke Justin Reiter, ya isa a farkon taron Ladies PGS tare da jaket din tawagar Czech da tabbaci ya riga ya juya gefen zinariya. Bayan nasara a cikin giant slalom ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics a fannoni biyu daban-daban a lokacin wasannin Olympics na hunturu  (Anfisa Reztsova a baya ta lashe zinare a fannoni daban-daban amma ba a wasannin Olympics ba, ko kuma ta amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban: tseren kankara a 1988 da biathlon a 1992 da 1994). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGee |first=Paul |date=27 July 2019 |title=Ester Ledecká interview |url=https://iceatrail.com/ester-ledecka/ |access-date=2019-10-26 |website=icetrail.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabi Ledecká a matsayin Mai ɗaukar tutar Jamhuriyar Czech a bikin rufewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;flagbearer18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2018 |title=Olympiáda skončila, za účasti Ivanky Trumpové i generála, který nechal potopit jihokorejskou loď |url=https://sport.lidovky.cz/zakonceni-zoh-ivanka-trumpova-a-kontroverzni-general-z-kldr-rusove-bez-vlajky-19d-/olympiada.aspx?c=A180225_114631_ln-sport-oh_oka&amp;galerie |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=lidovky.cz |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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'''Ester Ledecká''' ( , an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 1995) ƙwararriyar mai wasan dusar ƙanƙara ce ta ƙasar Czech kuma mai wasan tsalle-tsalle a tsaunuka . A gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2018 da aka yi a Pyeongchang, Ledecká ta lashe lambobin zinare a gasar super-G a wasan tsalle-tsalle a tsaunuka da kuma a gasar tsalle-tsalle a manyan tsere a wasan tsalle-tsalle a dusar ƙanƙara, inda ta zama mutum na farko da ba wai kawai ta fafata a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta amfani da nau'ikan kayan aiki guda biyu ba (skis da snowboard) amma ta ci gaba da lashe lambobin zinare biyu kuma ta yi hakan a gasar Olympics ta hunturu. Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta lashe zinare a gasar Olympics a fannoni daban-daban guda biyu amma ta farko da ta yi hakan a gasar Olympics ta hunturu guda ɗaya. Ita ce 'yar Czech ta farko da ta lashe tseren tsalle-tsalle a manyan tsere a wasan tsalle-tsalle a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIS Snowboard .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Ester Ledecká a Prague, ga mahaifiyar Zuzana, mai wasan kwaikwayo, &lt;ref name=&quot;ctv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dampf |first=Andrew |date=22 February 2016 |title=Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[CTV News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mahaifin Janek Ledecký, sanannen mawaƙi a Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovakia. &lt;ref name=&quot;cupdebut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2012 |title=Dcera Janka Ledeckého debutovala ve Světovém poháru ve snowboardingu 13. místem |url=http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225085755/http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem |archive-date=25 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=[[Hospodářské noviny]] |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;started&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grim |first=Filip |date=3 February 2014 |title=Od sněhuláků přes zapomenuté lyže. Jak Ledecká startovala kariéru |url=http://oh.idnes.cz/snowboardistka-ester-ledecka-djw-/zoh-ostatni-sporty.aspx?c=A140202_012903_zoh-ostatni-sporty_ot |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=[[Mladá fronta DNES]] |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fito ne daga dangin wasanni: kakan mahaifiyarta tsohon dan wasan hockey ne Jan Klapáč, wanda ya kasance dan wasan zakarun duniya sau bakwai kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;started&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2014, har yanzu tana makarantar sakandare, tana halartar shirin ilmantarwa na nesa a Prague . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jakoubek |first=Jiří |date=18 January 2014 |title=Za odměnu mám vafle, smála se po prvním triumfu v SP Ledecká |url=http://sport.idnes.cz/ester-ledecka-po-zavode-v-rogle-dzh-/lyzovani.aspx?c=A140118_192205_lyzovani_ald |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=[[Mladá fronta DNES]] |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ice hockey shine wasanni na farko da ta fara tun tana yarinya, kafin ta fara yin tsere a lokacin da take da shekaru hudu kuma daga baya ta kara snowboarding.&lt;ref name=&quot;ctv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dampf |first=Andrew |date=22 February 2016 |title=Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[CTV News]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDampf2016&quot;&gt;Dampf, Andrew (22 February 2016). [https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ &quot;Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup&quot;]. ''[[CTV News]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Ina bin abin da ɗan'uwana ya yi, &quot;in ji Ledecká.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ester Ledecká: how did she DO that?! |url=https://iceatrail.com/ester-ledecka/ |access-date=2020-07-14 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Ya fi ni shekara daya da rabi, don haka lokacin da ya fara da allon, ina so in yi shi ma. Ina da shekaru biyar lokacin da na fara snowboarding, kuma na yi freestyle snowboarding da boardercross har sai ina da shekaru goma sha uku. Kuma kuma, ɗan'uwana ne ya fara da snowboarding na alpine, kuma ina so in doke shi, don haka ma na koyi hakan. &quot;

Abubuwan sha'awa da ta yi sun haɗa da kunna guitar da raira waƙa. Tana kuma jin daɗin shiga wasanni na rani kamar volleyball na rairayin bakin teku da windsurfing.&lt;ref name=&quot;ctv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dampf |first=Andrew |date=22 February 2016 |title=Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[CTV News]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDampf2016&quot;&gt;Dampf, Andrew (22 February 2016). [https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ &quot;Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup&quot;]. ''[[CTV News]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ledecká ta fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko a Gasar 2012-13, ta kammala a matsayi na 13 a taron slalom mai girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;cupdebut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2012 |title=Dcera Janka Ledeckého debutovala ve Světovém poháru ve snowboardingu 13. místem |url=http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225085755/http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem |archive-date=25 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=[[Hospodářské noviny]] |language=cs}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140225085755/http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem &quot;Dcera Janka Ledeckého debutovala ve Světovém poháru ve snowboardingu 13. místem&quot;]. ''[[Hospodářské noviny]]'' (in Czech). 21 December 2012. Archived from [http://sport.ihned.cz/c1-59016780-dcera-janka-ledeckeho-debutovala-ve-svetovem-poharu-ve-snowboardingu-13-mistem the original] on 25 February 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 February&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)]]&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, tana da shekaru 17, ta lashe zinare a gasar slalom a gasar zakarun duniya ta Junior, zinare ta biyu a gasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2013 |title=Ledecka and Baumeister win parallel slalom at Junior World Champs |url=http://www.fis-ski.com/snowboard/parallel/news-multimedia/news/article=ledecka-and-baumeister-win-parallel-slalom-junior-world-champs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211041756/http://www.fis-ski.com/snowboard/parallel/news-multimedia/news/article=ledecka-and-baumeister-win-parallel-slalom-junior-world-champs.html |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=FIS}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta suna &quot;Junior Sportsperson of the year&quot; a Jamhuriyar Czech ta 2013 Sportsperson of The Year awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beránek |first=Jaroslav |last2=Kučerová |first2=Martina |date=18 December 2013 |title=Neporazitelná běžkyně Hejnová vyhrála i souboj o titul Sportovec roku |url=http://sport.idnes.cz/zuzana-hejnova-sportovec-roku-2013-dq1-/sporty.aspx?c=A131218_145033_sporty_ber |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=[[Mladá fronta DNES]] |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIS Snowboard ta 2013-14, Ledecká ta kasance ta biyu a bayan Patrizia Kummer a taron farko na slalom a Bad Gastein kuma ta uku a taron na biyu. Daga baya ta lashe zinare a Rogla a cikin babban taron slalom a wannan gasar, ta zama Czech ta farko da ta yi hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;onetowatch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lawton |first=Andrew |date=5 February 2014 |title=Winter Olympics 2014: Blagger's guide to snowboarding |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/winter-olympics/10619915/Winter-Olympics-2014-Blaggers-guide-to-snowboarding.html |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar yin haka, ta kuma zama ta uku a Czech don lashe duk wani gasar cin kofin duniya na snowboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Career's first for Ledecka and Mathies in Rogla PGS &amp;#124; First Czech win on Alpine Snowboard World Cup tour &amp;#124; Exciting race for Crystal Globes |url=http://www.rogla.eu/en/winter/news/n/careers-first-for-ledecka-and-mathies-in-rogla-pgs-first-czech-win-on-alpine-snowboard-world-cup/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207114754/http://www.rogla.eu/en/winter/news/n/careers-first-for-ledecka-and-mathies-in-rogla-pgs-first-czech-win-on-alpine-snowboard-world-cup/ |archive-date=7 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=rogla.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin Wasannin Olympics na hunturu na 2014, Andrew Lawton na ''Daily Telegraph''' ya ambaci Ledecká a matsayin &quot;wanda za a kalli&quot; a gasar snowboarding ta mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;onetowatch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lawton |first=Andrew |date=5 February 2014 |title=Winter Olympics 2014: Blagger's guide to snowboarding |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/winter-olympics/10619915/Winter-Olympics-2014-Blaggers-guide-to-snowboarding.html |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLawton2014&quot;&gt;Lawton, Andrew (5 February 2014). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/winter-olympics/10619915/Winter-Olympics-2014-Blaggers-guide-to-snowboarding.html &quot;Winter Olympics 2014: Blagger's guide to snowboarding&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 February&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan Czech da aka fi sa ran lashe lambar yabo a wasannin, tare da Martina Sáblíková, Gabriela Soukalová da' yar wasan snowboard Eva Samková.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2014 |title=Czech Republic names 85 athletes to Sochi Olympic team |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/-olympics/news/20140116/czech-republic-sochi-olympics-team.ap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062418/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/-olympics/news/20140116/czech-republic-sochi-olympics-team.ap/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=AP |publisher=Sports Illustrated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta gama ta tara a cikin cancantar wasan tseren kankara a gasar Olympics ta hunturu, kungiyar Czech Ski Association ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi rajista a matsayin mai fafatawa. Koyaya, FIS ta ki amincewa da shawarar, tana sake jaddada cewa 'yan Czechoslovakia takwas ne kawai zasu iya yin gasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Augustin |first=Marek |date=1 February 2014 |title=Ledecká bude v Soči závodit jen na snowboardu, start v lyžování neprošel |url=http://www.rozhlas.cz/zpravy/sochi2014/_zprava/ledecka-bude-v-soci-zavodit-jen-na-snowboardu-start-v-lyzovani-neprosel--1310614 |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=Czech Radio |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ledecká ta fara buga wasan Olympics a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2014 a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun 2014 a gasar tseren kankara mai girma. Ta kai matakin kwata-kwata kafin Patrizia Kummer ta kawar da ita, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe lambar zinare a taron. An rarraba Ledecká a matsayin na bakwai gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;olympicdebut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grim |first=Filip |date=19 February 2014 |title=Desítka, jak jsem plánovala, chválila se Ledecká po olympijském debutu |url=http://oh.idnes.cz/rozhovor-ledecka-0ea-/zoh-ostatni-sporty.aspx?c=A140219_124710_zoh-ostatni-sporty_fil |access-date=19 February 2014 |website=[[Mladá fronta DNES]] |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ledecká ta haɗu da aikinta na snowboarding tare da yin gasa a cikin tseren kankara: ta fara bugawa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIS Alpine Ski a watan Fabrairun 2016, ta kammala ta 24 a tseren farko, Kandahar downhill a [[Garmisch Classic|Garmisch]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;fis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=9 February 2016 |title=Ester Ledecka surprises ski world |url=http://www.fis-ski.com/snowboard/alpine-snowboard/news-multimedia/news/article=ester-ledecka-surprises-ski-world.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220190612/http://www.fis-ski.com/snowboard/alpine-snowboard/news-multimedia/news/article=ester-ledecka-surprises-ski-world.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[International Ski Federation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da zira kwallaye a hudu daga cikin tseren gasar cin kofin duniya biyar na farko, tana fafatawa a cikin tseren downhill da [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2017 – Women's super-G|super-G]]&quot; id=&quot;mwkw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Super-G&quot;&gt;Super-G.&lt;ref name=&quot;ctv2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dampf |first=Andrew |date=22 February 2016 |title=Czech athlete transitions from snowboard to ski at World Cup |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/article/czech-athlete-transitions-from-snowboard-to-ski-at-world-cup/ |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[CTV News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2017 ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko da ta yi gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a duka tseren kankara da snowboarding, ta dauki zinariya a cikin slalom mai girma da azurfa a cikin [[FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships 2017 – Women's parallel slalom|slalom mai layi daya]] a Gasar Ski da Snowboarding ta Duniya a [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada, Spain]], kuma ta zira kwallaye 30 a cikin downhill, super-G da alpine a Gasar Duniya ta Alpine Skiing a [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |date=27 November 2017 |title=Skiing or Snowboarding? Ester Ledecka Chose Both |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/27/sports/olympics/ester-ledecka-skiing-snowboarding.html |access-date=24 December 2017 |website=[[NYTimes.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ledecká ta fara wasan Olympics a wasan kankara a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2018 yayin da take kuma cancanta ga wasan kankara na alpine. Ta lashe lambar zinare a super-G a wasan tseren kankara a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2018 a cikin rikici na tarihi. Ta yi mamakin gaske bayan ta gama 0.01 seconds gabanin gasar Olympics ta 2014 tana kare lambar zinare Anna Veith, wacce ta riga ta ayyana ta a matsayin mai nasara ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa. Ledecká ta kasance a matsayi na 49 a taron kafin wasannin Olympics kuma ba ta taɓa samun lambar yabo a kowane gasar cin kofin duniya ba. Don yin aikin ya fi mamakin manema labarai, an yi jita-jita cewa tana tsere a kan takalma da aka aro daga Mikaela Shiffrin (duka masu tsere suna daukar nauyin Atomic). Ta ki cire tabarau don taron manema labarai bayan nasarar, tana mai da hankali cewa wannan alama ce ta kasuwanci (wanda gaskiya ne), kuma lokacin da manema labarai suka matsa mata, ta bayyana cewa ta tsallake sanye da kayan shafa kamar yadda ba ta tsammanin ta lashe taron ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sugar |first=Jenny |date=18 February 2018 |title=Ester Ledecka Won Gold in the Super-G — and She Was Wearing Mikaela Shiffrin's Skis! |url=https://www.popsugar.co.uk/fitness/Ester-Ledecka-Borrowed-Mikaela-Shiffrin-Skis-Wins-Gold-44594534 |publisher=[[PopSugar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kocin snowboard dinta, Ba'amurke Justin Reiter, ya isa a farkon taron Ladies PGS tare da jaket din tawagar Czech da tabbaci ya riga ya juya gefen zinariya. Bayan nasara a cikin giant slalom ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics a fannoni biyu daban-daban a lokacin wasannin Olympics na hunturu  (Anfisa Reztsova a baya ta lashe zinare a fannoni daban-daban amma ba a wasannin Olympics ba, ko kuma ta amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban: tseren kankara a 1988 da biathlon a 1992 da 1994). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGee |first=Paul |date=27 July 2019 |title=Ester Ledecká interview |url=https://iceatrail.com/ester-ledecka/ |access-date=2019-10-26 |website=icetrail.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabi Ledecká a matsayin Mai ɗaukar tutar Jamhuriyar Czech a bikin rufewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;flagbearer18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2018 |title=Olympiáda skončila, za účasti Ivanky Trumpové i generála, který nechal potopit jihokorejskou loď |url=https://sport.lidovky.cz/zakonceni-zoh-ivanka-trumpova-a-kontroverzni-general-z-kldr-rusove-bez-vlajky-19d-/olympiada.aspx?c=A180225_114631_ln-sport-oh_oka&amp;galerie |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=lidovky.cz |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]

==manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Angela Alioto</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336314716|Angela Alioto]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9092" sha1="t6isw9n1gof61hzbgddefbzxwweft5k" xml:space="preserve">'''Angela Mia Alioto Veronese''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angela Mia Veronese # 269942 - Attorney Licensee Search |url=http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Licensee/Detail/269942}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angela Mia Alioto Veronese # 130328 - Attorney Licensee Search |url=http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Licensee/Detail/130328}}&lt;/ref&gt; (an haife shi Oktoba 20, 1949)  lauya ce kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar Amurka. Ita 'yar Joseph L. Alioto ce, magajin gari na 36 na San Francisco. Mamba ce a Jam'iyyar Democrat, ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da San Francisco daga 1989 zuwa 1997.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Angela Mia Alioto a shekarar 1949 ga Joseph L. Alioto da matarsa ta farko, Angelina Genaro Alioto. 

Alioto ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Convent of the Sacred Heart da ke San Francisco.  A shekarar 1971, Alioto ta sami digiri na farko, Cum Laude, a cikin Turanci, Faransanci, da Italiyanci ( [[Dante Alighieri]] ) da kuma Renaissance na Italiya daga Kwalejin Lone Mountain, da ke San Francisco. A shekarar 1983, ta sami digiri na farko daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar San Francisco, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumna Inspires Students With Career Achievements J. Osborn Jr. |url=http://www.usfca.edu/law/news/angelaalioto |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228043823/http://www.usfca.edu/law/news/angelaalioto |archive-date=December 28, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |publisher=USF School of Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an shigar da ita a matsayin Lauya ta Jihar California a shekarar 1987, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=California |first=The State Bar of |title=Attorney Search : The State Bar of California |url=http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Member/Detail/130328 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=Members.calbar.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan ta gaza a baya sau da dama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dolan |first=Maura |date=21 February 2006 |title=A High Bar for Lawyers |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-feb-21-me-bar21-story.html |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta auri Adolfo Veronese a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1968, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu.

== Sana'a ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
A farkon aikinta, Alioto ta taimaka wajen samar da wani bidiyo da aka tsara don samar da ilimin cutar kanjamau ga matasa a makarantu daban-daban, wanda ya taimaka wajen wayar da kan matasa game da cutar kanjamau.

Alioto ta yi aiki a shekarar 1985 a matsayin Shugabar Kwamitin Dandalin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jihar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jihar California daga 1991 zuwa 1993 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaba ta Biyu. An zaɓe ta a matsayin babbar wakiliya a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Democrat na 1992, kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar Wakilan California. Alioto ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Jam'iyyar [[Jerry Brown]] ta California a yakin neman zaben Shugaban Kasa a 1992.

=== Siyasar San Francisco ===
[[Fayil:Angela_Alioto,_1988.jpg|thumb|Alioto in 1988 during her run for San Francisco Board of Supervisors.]]
Alioto ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta San Francisco (1989–97). Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar daga Janairu 1993 zuwa Janairu 1995. A matsayinta na Shugaba, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Kwamitin Kudi na Hukumar. Alioto ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kwamitoci biyu na Hukumar: Kwamitin Lafiya, Tsaron Jama'a da Muhalli da Kwamitin Zaɓaɓɓu kan Ikon Jama'a na Gundumar, kwamitin da ta kafa a matsayin Shugaba. A ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1997, Alioto ta bar Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i saboda iyakokin wa'adin aiki.

A lokacin da take kan mukaminta a Hukumar Gudanarwa, Alioto ta yi yaƙi da kamfanonin taba da wasu dokoki da dama, ciki har da dokar hana shan taba ta farko a ko'ina a Amurka. Alioto ta kuma mai da hankali kan kare lafiyar unguwanni, ta ƙirƙiri cikakken tsarin rashin matsuguni, ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa don ayyukan AIDS, ta rubuta dokar musayar allurar San Francisco, ta haɗa hannu wajen ɗaukar nauyin dokokin kasuwanci na tsiraru, dokokin laifuka, kare haƙƙin ma'aikata, tabbatar da kariyar muhalli, ta taimaka wa ƙananan 'yan kasuwa, da kuma ƙara himma wajen gina tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na birnin. Alioto ta kuma ƙirƙiri Hukumar Fina-finai ta San Francisco da Hukumar Matasa ta San Francisco.

Alioto ta tsaya takarar Magajin Garin San Francisco ba tare da nasara ba a zaɓɓukan 1991, 1995, 2003, da 2018. A shekarar 1995, ta janye daga takarar jim kaɗan kafin zaɓen, inda ta goyi bayan tsohuwar mataimakiyar sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka Roberta Achtenberg .  A shekarar 2003, Alioto ta zo ta uku, inda ta kasa samun cancantar shiga zaɓen zagaye na biyu. A shekarar 2018, ta zo ta huɗu, da ƙasa da kashi tara cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa.

Alioto ta kuma rubuta wani littafi game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a siyasar San Francisco, mai suna ''Straight to the Heart'' .

A shekarar 2016, an zaɓi Alioto a Kwamitin Yaƙin Neman Zaɓen 'Yan Democrat na Majalisar Dokoki ta San Francisco. 

=== Ofisoshin Lauyoyi na Alioto ===
Bayan ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Sufuri, Alioto ta buɗe kamfanin lauyoyi nata, wanda ya ƙware a fannin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma dokokin hana nuna wariya.

Alioto ya lashe shari'o'i da dama na kare hakkin jama'a. A shekara ta 2001, Alioto ya lashe mafi girman hukuncin kare hakkin jama'a a tarihin Amurka, a kan IBC/Wonder Bread kan dala miliyan 135. Alioto ya wakilci maza 20 'yan [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurkawa]] waɗanda suka fuskanci shekaru na cin zarafin launin fata, kuma an kore su daga aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ko kuma an yi musu karin girma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chavez |first=Aaron |date=10 November 2011 |title=Alumna Inspires Students With Career Achievements |url=https://www.usfca.edu/news/alumna-inspires-students-career-achievements |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=Usfca.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙungiyoyi ===
 
Alioto ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat ta California, memba na Gundumar Golden Gate Bridge, haka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Hukumar Kula da Shelf ta Outer-Continental, Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Sufuri ta Gundumar San Francisco, a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kuɗi na Hukumar Sufuri, a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Gwamnatocin Yankin Bay, da kuma Hukumar Lafiyar Hankali ta San Francisco.

Alioto memba ce ta tsawon rai a Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci Gaban Mutane Masu Launi (NAACP), Ƙungiyar Franciscan ta Duniya, Ƙungiyar Dante ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida Masu Ƙwararru, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta San Francisco, da Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Shari'a ta Amurka. Haka kuma tana aiki a matsayin Daraktar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Knights of Saint Francis a Porziuncola Nuova. Alioto ita ce Shugabar Hukumar Regents a makarantar Saint Patrick, haka kuma memba ce a Hukumar Amintattu ta Seminary.

Ta kasance Shugabar Hukumar Daraktoci ta National Shrine of St. Francis of Assisi, kuma ta goyi bayan ƙungiyoyi kamar Equal Rights Advocates, Raoul Wallenberg Jewish Democratic Club, Bay Area Young Positives, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Harvey Milk Club, San Francisco Tomorrow, da sauran ƙungiyoyin Democrat da ƙungiyoyin unguwanni da yawa. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da Lauyan shari'a na ƙasa da kuma kyautar &quot;Tau&quot; ta Makarantar Tauhidin Franciscan da ke Berkeley California. Alioto ta kuma sami kyautar &quot;Fra Jacoba Franciscan Rose&quot; a Assisi, Italiya wadda limaman Santa Maria Degli Angeli suka bayar.

Angela, a matsayinta na memba na Saint Francis's Third Order kuma wacce ta kafa Knights of Saint Francis, ta gina Porziuncola Nuova Chapel a kusurwar titin Columbus da titin Vallejo. Wuri ne mai tsarki wanda ya kwaikwayi Porziuncola na Saint Francis na Assisi a Assisi (Santa Maria degli Angeli) a Umbria Italiya.

A shekarar 2005, Alioto ta haɗu da Cardinal William Levada don ƙirƙirar Porziuncola Nuova, kwafin cocin asali da Saint Francis da kansa ya gina a Assisi Italiya mai girman kashi 78%. An buɗe shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2008, kuma yana kusurwar titin Columbus da titin Vallejo a tsakiyar gundumar North Beach ta San Francisco. A shekarar 2008 ta kafa jaruman Saint Francis don tsaro da kare Porziuncola Nuova. Mayakan Knights yanzu suna cikin ƙasashe uku kuma yanzu sun kai sama da jaruman Knights 200.

Alioto ta ci gaba da shiga cikin al'amuran al'umma. Ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga wata kungiya mai tushe, &quot;Citizens for Lower Utilities Bills.&quot; CLUB ta yi nasarar sanya wani shiri na kaɗa ƙuri'a na kafa gundumar samar da wutar lantarki ta birni don San Francisco a cikin kuri'ar zaɓen watan Nuwamba na 2001. Ta yi aiki a kan wannan batu sama da shekaru 13. A shekara ta 2004 an naɗa ta Shugabar Majalisar Aiwatar da Tsarin Shekaru Goma ta San Francisco. Majalisar ta himmatu wajen kawar da rashin matsuguni na dindindin a San Francisco kuma an amince da ita a matsayin samfurin ƙasa.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Alioto Katolika ce.  Ita memba ce ta Uku ta Order of Saint Francis . 

== Ƙarin karatu ==

*  

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Angela Mia Alioto Veronese''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angela Mia Veronese # 269942 - Attorney Licensee Search |url=http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Licensee/Detail/269942}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angela Mia Alioto Veronese # 130328 - Attorney Licensee Search |url=http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Licensee/Detail/130328}}&lt;/ref&gt; (an haife shi Oktoba 20, 1949)  lauya ce kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar Amurka. Ita 'yar Joseph L. Alioto ce, magajin gari na 36 na San Francisco. Mamba ce a Jam'iyyar Democrat, ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da San Francisco daga 1989 zuwa 1997.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Angela Mia Alioto a shekarar 1949 ga Joseph L. Alioto da matarsa ta farko, Angelina Genaro Alioto. 

Alioto ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Convent of the Sacred Heart da ke San Francisco.  A shekarar 1971, Alioto ta sami digiri na farko, Cum Laude, a cikin Turanci, Faransanci, da Italiyanci ( [[Dante Alighieri]] ) da kuma Renaissance na Italiya daga Kwalejin Lone Mountain, da ke San Francisco. A shekarar 1983, ta sami digiri na farko daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar San Francisco, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumna Inspires Students With Career Achievements J. Osborn Jr. |url=http://www.usfca.edu/law/news/angelaalioto |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228043823/http://www.usfca.edu/law/news/angelaalioto |archive-date=December 28, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |publisher=USF School of Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an shigar da ita a matsayin Lauya ta Jihar California a shekarar 1987, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=California |first=The State Bar of |title=Attorney Search : The State Bar of California |url=http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Member/Detail/130328 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=Members.calbar.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan ta gaza a baya sau da dama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dolan |first=Maura |date=21 February 2006 |title=A High Bar for Lawyers |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-feb-21-me-bar21-story.html |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta auri Adolfo Veronese a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1968, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu.

== Sana'a ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
A farkon aikinta, Alioto ta taimaka wajen samar da wani bidiyo da aka tsara don samar da ilimin cutar kanjamau ga matasa a makarantu daban-daban, wanda ya taimaka wajen wayar da kan matasa game da cutar kanjamau.

Alioto ta yi aiki a shekarar 1985 a matsayin Shugabar Kwamitin Dandalin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jihar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jihar California daga 1991 zuwa 1993 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaba ta Biyu. An zaɓe ta a matsayin babbar wakiliya a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Democrat na 1992, kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar Wakilan California. Alioto ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Jam'iyyar [[Jerry Brown]] ta California a yakin neman zaben Shugaban Kasa a 1992.

=== Siyasar San Francisco ===
[[Fayil:Angela_Alioto,_1988.jpg|thumb|Alioto in 1988 during her run for San Francisco Board of Supervisors.]]
Alioto ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta San Francisco (1989–97). Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar daga Janairu 1993 zuwa Janairu 1995. A matsayinta na Shugaba, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Kwamitin Kudi na Hukumar. Alioto ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kwamitoci biyu na Hukumar: Kwamitin Lafiya, Tsaron Jama'a da Muhalli da Kwamitin Zaɓaɓɓu kan Ikon Jama'a na Gundumar, kwamitin da ta kafa a matsayin Shugaba. A ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1997, Alioto ta bar Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i saboda iyakokin wa'adin aiki.

A lokacin da take kan mukaminta a Hukumar Gudanarwa, Alioto ta yi yaƙi da kamfanonin taba da wasu dokoki da dama, ciki har da dokar hana shan taba ta farko a ko'ina a Amurka. Alioto ta kuma mai da hankali kan kare lafiyar unguwanni, ta ƙirƙiri cikakken tsarin rashin matsuguni, ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa don ayyukan AIDS, ta rubuta dokar musayar allurar San Francisco, ta haɗa hannu wajen ɗaukar nauyin dokokin kasuwanci na tsiraru, dokokin laifuka, kare haƙƙin ma'aikata, tabbatar da kariyar muhalli, ta taimaka wa ƙananan 'yan kasuwa, da kuma ƙara himma wajen gina tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na birnin. Alioto ta kuma ƙirƙiri Hukumar Fina-finai ta San Francisco da Hukumar Matasa ta San Francisco.

Alioto ta tsaya takarar Magajin Garin San Francisco ba tare da nasara ba a zaɓɓukan 1991, 1995, 2003, da 2018. A shekarar 1995, ta janye daga takarar jim kaɗan kafin zaɓen, inda ta goyi bayan tsohuwar mataimakiyar sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka Roberta Achtenberg .  A shekarar 2003, Alioto ta zo ta uku, inda ta kasa samun cancantar shiga zaɓen zagaye na biyu. A shekarar 2018, ta zo ta huɗu, da ƙasa da kashi tara cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa.

Alioto ta kuma rubuta wani littafi game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a siyasar San Francisco, mai suna ''Straight to the Heart'' .

A shekarar 2016, an zaɓi Alioto a Kwamitin Yaƙin Neman Zaɓen 'Yan Democrat na Majalisar Dokoki ta San Francisco. 

=== Ofisoshin Lauyoyi na Alioto ===
Bayan ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Sufuri, Alioto ta buɗe kamfanin lauyoyi nata, wanda ya ƙware a fannin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma dokokin hana nuna wariya.

Alioto ya lashe shari'o'i da dama na kare hakkin jama'a. A shekara ta 2001, Alioto ya lashe mafi girman hukuncin kare hakkin jama'a a tarihin Amurka, a kan IBC/Wonder Bread kan dala miliyan 135. Alioto ya wakilci maza 20 'yan [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurkawa]] waɗanda suka fuskanci shekaru na cin zarafin launin fata, kuma an kore su daga aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ko kuma an yi musu karin girma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chavez |first=Aaron |date=10 November 2011 |title=Alumna Inspires Students With Career Achievements |url=https://www.usfca.edu/news/alumna-inspires-students-career-achievements |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=Usfca.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙungiyoyi ===
 
Alioto ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat ta California, memba na Gundumar Golden Gate Bridge, haka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Hukumar Kula da Shelf ta Outer-Continental, Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Sufuri ta Gundumar San Francisco, a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kuɗi na Hukumar Sufuri, a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Gwamnatocin Yankin Bay, da kuma Hukumar Lafiyar Hankali ta San Francisco.

Alioto memba ce ta tsawon rai a Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci Gaban Mutane Masu Launi (NAACP), Ƙungiyar Franciscan ta Duniya, Ƙungiyar Dante ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida Masu Ƙwararru, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta San Francisco, da Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Shari'a ta Amurka. Haka kuma tana aiki a matsayin Daraktar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Knights of Saint Francis a Porziuncola Nuova. Alioto ita ce Shugabar Hukumar Regents a makarantar Saint Patrick, haka kuma memba ce a Hukumar Amintattu ta Seminary.

Ta kasance Shugabar Hukumar Daraktoci ta National Shrine of St. Francis of Assisi, kuma ta goyi bayan ƙungiyoyi kamar Equal Rights Advocates, Raoul Wallenberg Jewish Democratic Club, Bay Area Young Positives, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Harvey Milk Club, San Francisco Tomorrow, da sauran ƙungiyoyin Democrat da ƙungiyoyin unguwanni da yawa. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da Lauyan shari'a na ƙasa da kuma kyautar &quot;Tau&quot; ta Makarantar Tauhidin Franciscan da ke Berkeley California. Alioto ta kuma sami kyautar &quot;Fra Jacoba Franciscan Rose&quot; a Assisi, Italiya wadda limaman Santa Maria Degli Angeli suka bayar.

Angela, a matsayinta na memba na Saint Francis's Third Order kuma wacce ta kafa Knights of Saint Francis, ta gina Porziuncola Nuova Chapel a kusurwar titin Columbus da titin Vallejo. Wuri ne mai tsarki wanda ya kwaikwayi Porziuncola na Saint Francis na Assisi a Assisi (Santa Maria degli Angeli) a Umbria Italiya.

A shekarar 2005, Alioto ta haɗu da Cardinal William Levada don ƙirƙirar Porziuncola Nuova, kwafin cocin asali da Saint Francis da kansa ya gina a Assisi Italiya mai girman kashi 78%. An buɗe shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2008, kuma yana kusurwar titin Columbus da titin Vallejo a tsakiyar gundumar North Beach ta San Francisco. A shekarar 2008 ta kafa jaruman Saint Francis don tsaro da kare Porziuncola Nuova. Mayakan Knights yanzu suna cikin ƙasashe uku kuma yanzu sun kai sama da jaruman Knights 200.

Alioto ta ci gaba da shiga cikin al'amuran al'umma. Ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga wata kungiya mai tushe, &quot;Citizens for Lower Utilities Bills.&quot; CLUB ta yi nasarar sanya wani shiri na kaɗa ƙuri'a na kafa gundumar samar da wutar lantarki ta birni don San Francisco a cikin kuri'ar zaɓen watan Nuwamba na 2001. Ta yi aiki a kan wannan batu sama da shekaru 13. A shekara ta 2004 an naɗa ta Shugabar Majalisar Aiwatar da Tsarin Shekaru Goma ta San Francisco. Majalisar ta himmatu wajen kawar da rashin matsuguni na dindindin a San Francisco kuma an amince da ita a matsayin samfurin ƙasa.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Alioto Katolika ce.  Ita memba ce ta Uku ta Order of Saint Francis . 

== Ƙarin karatu ==

*  

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Christia Adair</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328390335|Christia Adair]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6473" sha1="t6lib26yatno8hvo4en91q9hgh0ymjc" xml:space="preserve">'''Christia V. Daniels Adair''' (22 ga Oktoba, 1893 - 31 ga Disamba, 1989) 'yar [[Afirkawan Amurka|asalin Amurka ce]] mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ma'aikaciyar kare hakkin jama'a da ke zaune a Texas. Akwai wani zane a Texas game da rayuwarta, wanda aka nuna a wani wurin shakatawa na gundumar da aka sanya mata suna.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Christia V. Daniels a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1893, a Victoria, Texas, kuma ta girma a Edna, Texas,  'yar Ada Crosby Daniels, mai wanki, da Hardy Daniels, wacce ke da kasuwancin jigilar kaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pruitt&quot;&gt;Bernadette Pruitt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-YSzAQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Christia+Adair&amp;pg=PA176 ''The Other Great Migration: The Movement of Rural African Americans to Houston, 1900-1941''] (Texas A&amp;M University Press 2013): 176. {{ISBN|9781603449489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da wata 'yar'uwa wadda mahaifiyarta ta ɗauke ta bisa doka, da kuma ƙannenta biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Christia Adair. Transcript {{!}} HOLLIS for Archival Discovery |url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/digital_objects/95362 |access-date=2018-11-05 |website=hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rayuwarta ta farko ta yi tasiri sosai ga addinin Kirista, wanda ta yi iƙirarin yana da shekaru 11, da kuma hulɗarta da Cocin Methodist. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Kwalejin Samuel Huston, wadda ubanta ya kafa tare kuma ya horar da ita don koyarwa a Kwalejin Prairie View State Normal da Industrial, inda ta kammala karatunta a 1915. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Christia Daniels ta koyar a makarantun gwamnati a Edna tsawon shekaru uku sannan ta bar koyarwa a shekarar 1918 bayan ta auri Elbert H. Adair, wani mai taka birki a layin dogo na Missouri-Pacific, sannan ta koma Kingsville, Texas .  A nan, ta shiga wata kungiyar mata ta yi yaki da cibiyoyin caca da kuma shirya gangamin neman kuri'a ga mata. Duk da nasarar da aka samu a [[Zaɓen Mata|yunkurin mata na kaɗa ƙuri'a]], an hana ta kada ƙuri'a a Texas kuma an kore ta daga wurin zaɓe saboda dokar da gwamnati ta bayar cewa baƙar fata 'yan Amurka ba za su iya kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓen fidda gwani ba, duk da cewa an ba ta izinin yin rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a. &lt;ref&gt;Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=U6o0ttZqgtUC&amp;dq=Christia+Adair&amp;pg=PA148 ''African-American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920''] (Indiana University Press 1998): 147-148. {{ISBN|9780253211767}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lamari ya sa Adair ta fara aiki da [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Christia Adair Collection MSS.0017 An Inventory of her Records at the African American Library at the Gregory School, Houston Public Library |url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/aalgs/00016/aal-00016.html |website=legacy.lib.utexas.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikinta a cikin al'umma ya ƙaru lokacin da yanayin wariyar launin fata a lokacin ya zama ruwan dare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Christia_Adair_(13270285254).jpg|left|thumb]]
Ta koma [[Houston]] a shekarar 1925, kuma ta shiga babin birnin na NAACP a shekarar 1943.   Ta yi aiki a babin a matsayin sakatare mai zartarwa  daga 1949 ko 1950 zuwa 1959, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  har zuwa lokacin da aka fara shari'ar Smith da Allwright . Bayan an yanke hukunci kan shari'ar, babin Houston na NAACP ya zama abin da ake nema a barazanar bam. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Christia Adair Collection MSS.0017 An Inventory of her Records at the African American Library at the Gregory School, Houston Public Library |url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/aalgs/00016/aal-00016.html |website=legacy.lib.utexas.edu |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/aalgs/00016/aal-00016.html &quot;Christia Adair Collection MSS.0017 An Inventory of her Records at the African American Library at the Gregory School, Houston Public Library&quot;]. ''legacy.lib.utexas.edu''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ƙi bayyana sunayen membobin kungiyar ga 'yan sanda saboda imanin cewa 'yan sandan Houston suna ƙoƙarin samun jerin sunayen don raba babin, a ƙarƙashin ikirarin cewa an yi musu shari'a . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobin babin da suka ba da shaida a lokacin shari'ar game da yunƙurin kwace bayanan babin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Adair ta yi aiki kan raba ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Houston, filin jirgin sama, asibiti, da wuraren sufuri na jama'a, da kuma ɗakunan suturar shaguna.  Ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin sanya baƙaƙen fata 'yan Texas su cancanci yin aiki a cikin alkalai, da kuma ɗaukar su aiki don ayyukan gunduma.  Adair ta haɗu da kafa ƙungiyar Democrats ta Harris County, ƙungiya mai haɗin gwiwa, kuma a cikin 1966 ita ce mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da aka zaɓa a Kwamitin Zartarwa na Democrat na jihar (kodayake ta ƙi zama a kwamitin don nuna rashin amincewa).  &lt;ref&gt;Karen Gibson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=i5ZmBgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Harris+County+Democrats+Adair&amp;pg=PA104 ''Texas History for Kids: Lone Star Lives and Legends, with 21 Activities''] (Chicago Review Press 2015): 104. {{ISBN|9781613749920}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance mai himma a Cocin Methodist Episcopal tun tana ƙarama, kuma ita ce mace ta farko a kwamitin babban cocin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones&quot; /&gt;

An girmama Adair a lokacin rayuwarta, a matsayin sunan wani wurin shakatawa na gunduma da cibiyar al'umma a Houston, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Christia V. Adair Park |url=http://hcp1.net/Parks/ChristiaVAdair.aspx |website=Parks &amp; Park Reservations |publisher=Harris County Precinct One}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haɗa da zane-zanen John T. Biggers game da rayuwarta; &lt;ref&gt;Ollie Jensen Theisen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6OLF_HeRgBsC&amp;q=Christia+Adair ''Walls that Speak: The Murals of John Thomas Biggers''] (University of North Texas Press 2010): 64. {{ISBN|9781574412895}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a shekarar 1984 lokacin da aka shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Texas .  Ta kuma yi hira a shekarar 1977 da Shirin Tarihin Baka na Mata Bakar fata a ɗakin karatu na Schlesinger na Harvard kan Tarihin Mata a Amurka. 

== Rayuwar mutum da gado ==
Christia Daniels ta rasu a shekarar 1943 kuma ta mutu a shekarar 1989 tana da shekaru 96.

An adana takardunta a cikin tarin Laburaren Jama'a na Houston, a cikin Laburaren Baƙar fata na Amurka a Makarantar Gregory a Ward na Huɗu .

== Duba kuma ==

* Tarihin 'Yan Afirka na Amurka a Houston

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]]</text>
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'''Christia V. Daniels Adair''' (22 ga Oktoba, 1893 - 31 ga Disamba, 1989) 'yar [[Afirkawan Amurka|asalin Amurka ce]] mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ma'aikaciyar kare hakkin jama'a da ke zaune a Texas. Akwai wani zane a Texas game da rayuwarta, wanda aka nuna a wani wurin shakatawa na gundumar da aka sanya mata suna.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Christia V. Daniels a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1893, a Victoria, Texas, kuma ta girma a Edna, Texas,  'yar Ada Crosby Daniels, mai wanki, da Hardy Daniels, wacce ke da kasuwancin jigilar kaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pruitt&quot;&gt;Bernadette Pruitt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-YSzAQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Christia+Adair&amp;pg=PA176 ''The Other Great Migration: The Movement of Rural African Americans to Houston, 1900-1941''] (Texas A&amp;M University Press 2013): 176. {{ISBN|9781603449489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da wata 'yar'uwa wadda mahaifiyarta ta ɗauke ta bisa doka, da kuma ƙannenta biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Christia Adair. Transcript {{!}} HOLLIS for Archival Discovery |url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/digital_objects/95362 |access-date=2018-11-05 |website=hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rayuwarta ta farko ta yi tasiri sosai ga addinin Kirista, wanda ta yi iƙirarin yana da shekaru 11, da kuma hulɗarta da Cocin Methodist. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Kwalejin Samuel Huston, wadda ubanta ya kafa tare kuma ya horar da ita don koyarwa a Kwalejin Prairie View State Normal da Industrial, inda ta kammala karatunta a 1915. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Christia Daniels ta koyar a makarantun gwamnati a Edna tsawon shekaru uku sannan ta bar koyarwa a shekarar 1918 bayan ta auri Elbert H. Adair, wani mai taka birki a layin dogo na Missouri-Pacific, sannan ta koma Kingsville, Texas .  A nan, ta shiga wata kungiyar mata ta yi yaki da cibiyoyin caca da kuma shirya gangamin neman kuri'a ga mata. Duk da nasarar da aka samu a [[Zaɓen Mata|yunkurin mata na kaɗa ƙuri'a]], an hana ta kada ƙuri'a a Texas kuma an kore ta daga wurin zaɓe saboda dokar da gwamnati ta bayar cewa baƙar fata 'yan Amurka ba za su iya kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓen fidda gwani ba, duk da cewa an ba ta izinin yin rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a. &lt;ref&gt;Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=U6o0ttZqgtUC&amp;dq=Christia+Adair&amp;pg=PA148 ''African-American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920''] (Indiana University Press 1998): 147-148. {{ISBN|9780253211767}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lamari ya sa Adair ta fara aiki da [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Christia Adair Collection MSS.0017 An Inventory of her Records at the African American Library at the Gregory School, Houston Public Library |url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/aalgs/00016/aal-00016.html |website=legacy.lib.utexas.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikinta a cikin al'umma ya ƙaru lokacin da yanayin wariyar launin fata a lokacin ya zama ruwan dare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Christia_Adair_(13270285254).jpg|left|thumb]]
Ta koma [[Houston]] a shekarar 1925, kuma ta shiga babin birnin na NAACP a shekarar 1943.   Ta yi aiki a babin a matsayin sakatare mai zartarwa  daga 1949 ko 1950 zuwa 1959, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  har zuwa lokacin da aka fara shari'ar Smith da Allwright . Bayan an yanke hukunci kan shari'ar, babin Houston na NAACP ya zama abin da ake nema a barazanar bam. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Christia Adair Collection MSS.0017 An Inventory of her Records at the African American Library at the Gregory School, Houston Public Library |url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/aalgs/00016/aal-00016.html |website=legacy.lib.utexas.edu |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/aalgs/00016/aal-00016.html &quot;Christia Adair Collection MSS.0017 An Inventory of her Records at the African American Library at the Gregory School, Houston Public Library&quot;]. ''legacy.lib.utexas.edu''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ƙi bayyana sunayen membobin kungiyar ga 'yan sanda saboda imanin cewa 'yan sandan Houston suna ƙoƙarin samun jerin sunayen don raba babin, a ƙarƙashin ikirarin cewa an yi musu shari'a . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobin babin da suka ba da shaida a lokacin shari'ar game da yunƙurin kwace bayanan babin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Adair ta yi aiki kan raba ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Houston, filin jirgin sama, asibiti, da wuraren sufuri na jama'a, da kuma ɗakunan suturar shaguna.  Ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin sanya baƙaƙen fata 'yan Texas su cancanci yin aiki a cikin alkalai, da kuma ɗaukar su aiki don ayyukan gunduma.  Adair ta haɗu da kafa ƙungiyar Democrats ta Harris County, ƙungiya mai haɗin gwiwa, kuma a cikin 1966 ita ce mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da aka zaɓa a Kwamitin Zartarwa na Democrat na jihar (kodayake ta ƙi zama a kwamitin don nuna rashin amincewa).  &lt;ref&gt;Karen Gibson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=i5ZmBgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Harris+County+Democrats+Adair&amp;pg=PA104 ''Texas History for Kids: Lone Star Lives and Legends, with 21 Activities''] (Chicago Review Press 2015): 104. {{ISBN|9781613749920}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance mai himma a Cocin Methodist Episcopal tun tana ƙarama, kuma ita ce mace ta farko a kwamitin babban cocin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones&quot; /&gt;

An girmama Adair a lokacin rayuwarta, a matsayin sunan wani wurin shakatawa na gunduma da cibiyar al'umma a Houston, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Christia V. Adair Park |url=http://hcp1.net/Parks/ChristiaVAdair.aspx |website=Parks &amp; Park Reservations |publisher=Harris County Precinct One}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haɗa da zane-zanen John T. Biggers game da rayuwarta; &lt;ref&gt;Ollie Jensen Theisen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6OLF_HeRgBsC&amp;q=Christia+Adair ''Walls that Speak: The Murals of John Thomas Biggers''] (University of North Texas Press 2010): 64. {{ISBN|9781574412895}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a shekarar 1984 lokacin da aka shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Texas .  Ta kuma yi hira a shekarar 1977 da Shirin Tarihin Baka na Mata Bakar fata a ɗakin karatu na Schlesinger na Harvard kan Tarihin Mata a Amurka. 

== Rayuwar mutum da gado ==
Christia Daniels ta rasu a shekarar 1943 kuma ta mutu a shekarar 1989 tana da shekaru 96.

An adana takardunta a cikin tarin Laburaren Jama'a na Houston, a cikin Laburaren Baƙar fata na Amurka a Makarantar Gregory a Ward na Huɗu .

== Duba kuma ==

* Tarihin 'Yan Afirka na Amurka a Houston

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]]</text>
      <sha1>rvkxuqs5y2txtf7x8aj2ehir58bdvnh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Delila Richards Abbott</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301948250|Delila Richards Abbott]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4303" sha1="1pw4uleknlibumw4o9ygwcr8ioq6455" xml:space="preserve">'''Delila M. &quot;Dee&quot; Richards Abbott''' (4 ga Nuwamba, 1908 - 1 ga Disamba, 1998) 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa 'yar Amurka. A tsawon rayuwarta ta kasance mai himma a harkokin siyasa na gida da na ƙasa, kuma nasarorin da ta samu sun kama daga rubuta littattafan almara  zuwa yin aiki a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Tsaro ga Mata.  Abbott ta yi aiki don kawo ƙarin mata cikin harkokin jama'a, tana mai cewa &quot;Mata albarkatu ne da aka yi watsi da su. Ba a san su sosai ba kuma ba a cika haɓaka cikakken ƙarfinsu ba&quot;.  Abbott ya halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta LDS . Baya ga Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Tsaro ga Mata, Abbott ya yi aiki a kwamitoci da kamfen da yawa.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Delila M. Richards a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1908, ga John C. Richards da Clara Bacon a Yammacin Jordan, Utah .  John kafinta ne,  kuma shi da Clara dukkansu 'yan asalin Yammacin Jordan ne.  Delila ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Jordan kuma ta ci gaba da zuwa Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta LDS a Salt Lake City, Utah . A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1930, ta auri Floyd A. Abbott, wanda shi ma mazaunin Yammacin Jordan ne na tsawon rai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1993-04-28 |title=DEATH: FLOYD A. ABBOTT |url=https://www.deseret.com/1993/4/28/19044339/death-floyd-a-abbott/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matasan ma'auratan sun fara ƙaura zuwa Spokane, Washington, amma an tilasta musu komawa Utah da farkon [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci]] . Floyd ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Utah a 1928, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da magunguna, sannan daga baya ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Amurka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] .  Watanni biyar bayan tafiyar Floyd, Delila ta haifi ɗansu, Richard Abbott. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
Abbott ta fara aikinta na siyasa a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 a matsayin mai sa ido a zaɓen 'yan majalisa kuma memba a Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Republican na gundumar Salt Lake.  A shekarar 1954, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Jam'iyyar Republican ta Gundumar (wani matsayi da za ta riƙe na tsawon shekaru shida masu zuwa), amma kuma ta shiga cikin harkokin jiha. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Magatakardar Kulawa ta Majalisar Dattawan Utah a 1955 (kuma a 1959)  kuma a wannan shekarar aka gayyace ta don halartar Taron Ƙasa na Mata na Jam'iyyar Republican a Washington, DC, a matsayin shugabar Taron Jihar Utah.  A shekarar 1957, an zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai ta Utah .  Duk da cewa ta yi aiki na shekara ɗaya kacal, a matsayin wakili ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitocin Patronage da Dokoki kuma ta kasance memba a wasu da dama. &lt;ref name=&quot;Utah&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, Abbott ya riƙe ko/ko ya yi kamfen don wasu ofisoshi da mukamai na gida da na jiha da dama, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da:

* Wakilin Taron Yammacin Jam'iyyar Republican (1958) 
* Ɗan takarar Magatakardar Gundumar Salt Lake (1958) 
* Shugaban ƙungiyar ƙidayar jama'a (1961) 
* Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Republican ta Mata ta Salt Lake City (1961–62)
* Memba a Kwamitin Majalisar Mata ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (1963) 
* Memba a Kwamitin Majalisar Mata ta Duniya (1963) &lt;ref name=&quot;Council&quot; /&gt;
* Shugabar Majalisar Dokokin Mata ta Utah (1976) 

Daga cikin waɗannan ofisoshin, Abbott ta fi tasiri a lokacin nadin shekaru uku a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Tsaro na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka kan Mata a cikin Ayyuka tun daga shekarar 1960. Manufar kwamitin ita ce ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka kan manufofi game da mata a cikin Sojoji, Sojojin Ruwa, Sojojin Sama, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa. An ɗauki kwamitin da kansa a matsayin &quot;babban matsayi&quot; na kwamitocin ba da shawara kan fararen hula na mata, kuma an ɓoye ajandarsa da kuma asalin waɗanda ke yin naɗin gaba ɗaya. A matsayinta na memba na kwamitin kuma shugabar ƙaramin kwamitin ƙungiya, Abbott ta haɓaka sauye-sauye da yawa na manufofi don taimakawa sojojin Amurka wajen amfani da matansu yadda ya kamata. Nasarorin da ta samu sun yi yawa a matsayin shugabar kwamiti, amma ta shahara a Utah saboda &quot;ƙalubalantar&quot; ƙa'idoji da fafutuka don ba wa mata masu hidima damar sanya tufafi masu daɗi da salo - musamman, siket ɗinsu.

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]]</text>
      <sha1>1pw4uleknlibumw4o9ygwcr8ioq6455</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>816620</id>
      <parentid>816618</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T08:08:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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'''Delila M. &quot;Dee&quot; Richards Abbott''' (4 ga Nuwamba, 1908 - 1 ga Disamba, 1998) 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa 'yar Amurka. A tsawon rayuwarta ta kasance mai himma a harkokin siyasa na gida da na ƙasa, kuma nasarorin da ta samu sun kama daga rubuta littattafan almara  zuwa yin aiki a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Tsaro ga Mata.  Abbott ta yi aiki don kawo ƙarin mata cikin harkokin jama'a, tana mai cewa &quot;Mata albarkatu ne da aka yi watsi da su. Ba a san su sosai ba kuma ba a cika haɓaka cikakken ƙarfinsu ba&quot;.  Abbott ya halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta LDS . Baya ga Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Tsaro ga Mata, Abbott ya yi aiki a kwamitoci da kamfen da yawa.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Delila M. Richards a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1908, ga John C. Richards da Clara Bacon a Yammacin Jordan, Utah .  John kafinta ne,  kuma shi da Clara dukkansu 'yan asalin Yammacin Jordan ne.  Delila ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Jordan kuma ta ci gaba da zuwa Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta LDS a Salt Lake City, Utah . A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1930, ta auri Floyd A. Abbott, wanda shi ma mazaunin Yammacin Jordan ne na tsawon rai. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Obituary&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1993-04-28 |title=DEATH: FLOYD A. ABBOTT |url=https://www.deseret.com/1993/4/28/19044339/death-floyd-a-abbott/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matasan ma'auratan sun fara ƙaura zuwa Spokane, Washington, amma an tilasta musu komawa Utah da farkon [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci]] . Floyd ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Utah a 1928, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da magunguna, sannan daga baya ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Amurka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] .  Watanni biyar bayan tafiyar Floyd, Delila ta haifi ɗansu, Richard Abbott. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
Abbott ta fara aikinta na siyasa a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 a matsayin mai sa ido a zaɓen 'yan majalisa kuma memba a Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Republican na gundumar Salt Lake.  A shekarar 1954, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Jam'iyyar Republican ta Gundumar (wani matsayi da za ta riƙe na tsawon shekaru shida masu zuwa), amma kuma ta shiga cikin harkokin jiha. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Magatakardar Kulawa ta Majalisar Dattawan Utah a 1955 (kuma a 1959)  kuma a wannan shekarar aka gayyace ta don halartar Taron Ƙasa na Mata na Jam'iyyar Republican a Washington, DC, a matsayin shugabar Taron Jihar Utah.  A shekarar 1957, an zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai ta Utah .  Duk da cewa ta yi aiki na shekara ɗaya kacal, a matsayin wakili ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitocin Patronage da Dokoki kuma ta kasance memba a wasu da dama. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Utah&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, Abbott ya riƙe ko/ko ya yi kamfen don wasu ofisoshi da mukamai na gida da na jiha da dama, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da:

* Wakilin Taron Yammacin Jam'iyyar Republican (1958) 
* Ɗan takarar Magatakardar Gundumar Salt Lake (1958) 
* Shugaban ƙungiyar ƙidayar jama'a (1961) 
* Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Republican ta Mata ta Salt Lake City (1961–62)
* Memba a Kwamitin Majalisar Mata ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (1963) 
* Memba a Kwamitin Majalisar Mata ta Duniya (1963) &lt;ref name=&quot;Council&quot; /&gt;
* Shugabar Majalisar Dokokin Mata ta Utah (1976) 

Daga cikin waɗannan ofisoshin, Abbott ta fi tasiri a lokacin nadin shekaru uku a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Tsaro na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka kan Mata a cikin Ayyuka tun daga shekarar 1960. Manufar kwamitin ita ce ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka kan manufofi game da mata a cikin Sojoji, Sojojin Ruwa, Sojojin Sama, da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa. An ɗauki kwamitin da kansa a matsayin &quot;babban matsayi&quot; na kwamitocin ba da shawara kan fararen hula na mata, kuma an ɓoye ajandarsa da kuma asalin waɗanda ke yin naɗin gaba ɗaya. A matsayinta na memba na kwamitin kuma shugabar ƙaramin kwamitin ƙungiya, Abbott ta haɓaka sauye-sauye da yawa na manufofi don taimakawa sojojin Amurka wajen amfani da matansu yadda ya kamata. Nasarorin da ta samu sun yi yawa a matsayin shugabar kwamiti, amma ta shahara a Utah saboda &quot;ƙalubalantar&quot; ƙa'idoji da fafutuka don ba wa mata masu hidima damar sanya tufafi masu daɗi da salo - musamman, siket ɗinsu.

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]]</text>
      <sha1>fb0vns87h8k1njuypuc3s3rmz7cvjqt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rosalie Silber Abrams</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323091167|Rosalie Silber Abrams]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Rosalie Silber Abrams''' (2 ga Yuni, 1916 &lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; – 27 ga Fabrairu, 2009  ) ta kasance memba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Maryland (1967–70) da Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Maryland (1970–84). Ita ce mace ta farko kuma shugabar rinjaye [[Yahudawa|ta Yahudawa]] a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar (1978–82). &lt;ref name=&quot;mwhf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshallfame/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427233657/https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshallfame/html/abrams.html |archive-date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame |publisher=Maryland State Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamna Harry Hughes ya naɗa Abrams, ya jagoranci Ofishin Kula da Tsufa na Maryland (wanda yanzu haka yake Ma'aikatar Tsufa) daga 1983 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Rosalie Silber ga Dora (née Rodbell) da Isaac &quot;Ike&quot; Silber   a Baltimore, Maryland a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1916. &lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html &quot;Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams&quot;]. [[Maryland State Archives]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html Archived] from the original on March 7, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 7,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta baƙuwa ce daga [[Poland]] kuma mahaifinta baƙuwa ce daga [[Austriya|Austria]] . Iyayenta suna da gidan burodi a Gabashin Baltimore mai suna Silber's Bakery. &lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;mother&quot; /&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Western a shekarun 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Asibitin Sinai kuma ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista . Ta kuma halarci Jami'ar Columbia . &lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot; /&gt;

Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Johns Hopkins kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya a shekarar 1963 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa a shekarar 1969.  Takardar digirin ta na biyu ita ce ''Tsarin Gwamnatin Jiha da ke Shafar Kafa da Aiwatar da Shirin Tarayya: Nazarin Shari'a na Medicaid a Maryland'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt;

== Personal life ==
She married William Abrams in 1954. He died in 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt; Together, they had one daughter, Elizabeth &quot;Lissa&quot; Abrams.&lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Abrams ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html &quot;Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams&quot;]. [[Maryland State Archives]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html Archived] from the original on March 7, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 7,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta koma aiki a Silber's Bakery a 1947 kuma ta yi aiki a can har sai da ta yi aure a 1954. &lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma koyar da azuzuwan ilimin jima'i a Makarantar Sakandare ta Patterson . &lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt;

An zaɓi Abrams a Majalisar Wakilai ta Maryland a shekarar 1966 kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html &quot;Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams&quot;]. [[Maryland State Archives]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html Archived] from the original on March 7, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 7,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Abrams ya wakilci Arewa maso Yammacin Baltimore a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Maryland daga 1970 zuwa 1984. &lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1983, Gwamna Harry Hughes ya naɗa ta a matsayin darektan Ofishin Tsufa na Maryland. Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har sai da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1996.

== Mutuwa ==
Abrams ya mutu sakamakon [[Gazawar zuciya|bugun zuciya]] a Gilchrist Hospice Care da ke Towson, Maryland a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2009. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]]</text>
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'''Rosalie Silber Abrams''' (2 ga Yuni, 1916 &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;msa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; – 27 ga Fabrairu, 2009  ) ta kasance memba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Maryland (1967–70) da Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Maryland (1970–84). Ita ce mace ta farko kuma shugabar rinjaye [[Yahudawa|ta Yahudawa]] a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar (1978–82). &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;mwhf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshallfame/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427233657/https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshallfame/html/abrams.html |archive-date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame |publisher=Maryland State Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamna Harry Hughes ya naɗa Abrams, ya jagoranci Ofishin Kula da Tsufa na Maryland (wanda yanzu haka yake Ma'aikatar Tsufa) daga 1983 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 1996. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;sun&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Rosalie Silber ga Dora (née Rodbell) da Isaac &quot;Ike&quot; Silber   a Baltimore, Maryland a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1916. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;msa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html &quot;Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams&quot;]. [[Maryland State Archives]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html Archived] from the original on March 7, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 7,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta baƙuwa ce daga [[Poland]] kuma mahaifinta baƙuwa ce daga [[Austriya|Austria]] . Iyayenta suna da gidan burodi a Gabashin Baltimore mai suna Silber's Bakery. &lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;mother&quot; /&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Western a shekarun 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Asibitin Sinai kuma ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista . Ta kuma halarci Jami'ar Columbia . &lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot; /&gt;

Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Johns Hopkins kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya a shekarar 1963 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa a shekarar 1969.  Takardar digirin ta na biyu ita ce ''Tsarin Gwamnatin Jiha da ke Shafar Kafa da Aiwatar da Shirin Tarayya: Nazarin Shari'a na Medicaid a Maryland'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt;

== Personal life ==
She married William Abrams in 1954. He died in 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt; Together, they had one daughter, Elizabeth &quot;Lissa&quot; Abrams.&lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Abrams ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html &quot;Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams&quot;]. [[Maryland State Archives]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html Archived] from the original on March 7, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 7,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta koma aiki a Silber's Bakery a 1947 kuma ta yi aiki a can har sai da ta yi aure a 1954. &lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma koyar da azuzuwan ilimin jima'i a Makarantar Sakandare ta Patterson . &lt;ref name=&quot;sun&quot; /&gt;

An zaɓi Abrams a Majalisar Wakilai ta Maryland a shekarar 1966 kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html &quot;Society of Senates Past: Rosalie Silber Abrams&quot;]. [[Maryland State Archives]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223934/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/abrams.html Archived] from the original on March 7, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 7,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Abrams ya wakilci Arewa maso Yammacin Baltimore a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Maryland daga 1970 zuwa 1984. &lt;ref name=&quot;msa&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1983, Gwamna Harry Hughes ya naɗa ta a matsayin darektan Ofishin Tsufa na Maryland. Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har sai da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1996.

== Mutuwa ==
Abrams ya mutu sakamakon [[Gazawar zuciya|bugun zuciya]] a Gilchrist Hospice Care da ke Towson, Maryland a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2009. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340555986|Roberta Achtenberg]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Roberta Achtenberg''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1950) lauya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Haƙƙoƙin Bil'adama ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A da ta kasance mataimakiyar sakatare a Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka, ta zama jami'ar gwamnati ta farko da ta fito fili [[Maɗigo|ta 'yan madigo]] ko 'yan luwaɗi a Amurka wacce Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da naɗinta a matsayin shugabar gwamnati.  Wannan zaman tabbatarwa ya jawo yabo, adawa, da goyon baya sosai.  

Achtenberg ta yi makaranta a rassan Jami'ar California daban-daban sannan daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Utah. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin aikinta na siyasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya, darakta, malami, da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot; /&gt;   Achtenberg tana da aure da ɗa, kuma an karrama ta da kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da ƙasa kuma ta yi wallafe-wallafe da yawa a tsawon aikinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} Board of Trustees {{!}} CSU |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2023-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
Achtenberg's father was Jewish and immigrated to the United States from the [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]], while her mother was from [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Both parents had minimal formal education.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg, California, 1990 |url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/out-and-elected/1990/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404134506/http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/out-and-elected/1990/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=OutHistory.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; They owned a grocery store in Los Angeles and raised Roberta and her three siblings in California.

=== Ilimi ===
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Morningside da ke Inglewood, California, Achtenberg ta halarci Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, sannan ta koma Jami'ar California, Berkeley, kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1972 da digirin farko na Fasaha a Tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A Berkeley, ta kammala karatunta na Phi Beta Kappa .  Achtenberg ta kuma haɗu da tsohon mijinta, David Chavkin a Berkeley. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara karatun lauya a Jami'ar California, Kwalejin Shari'a ta Hastings, kafin daga bisani ta karɓi Likitan Shari'a daga Jami'ar Utah a shekarar 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;

=== Rayuwa ta sirri ===
Roberta Achtenberg ta rabu da David Chavkin cikin ladabi a shekarar 1977, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta fito fili ta bayyana wa iyalinta a matsayin 'yar madigo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan da Achtenberg ta fito fili, ta sami goyon baya da adawa daga ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; Mutanen LGBTQ+ da abokan hulɗarta sun yi zanga-zanga don goyon bayanta, kuma ƙungiyoyin addini da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi mata zanga-zanga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;

Achtenberg ta haɗu da tsohuwar abokiyar zamanta, Mary Morgan, alkali a Kotun Gundumar San Francisco, a shekarar 1979, kuma ta zama abokan hulɗa a shekarar 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1985, Achtenberg da Morgan sun haifi ɗa mai suna Benjamin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; Achtenberg da Morgan suna ɗaya daga cikin ma'auratan 'yan madigo da aka fi sani da suna da ɗa a lokacin da Achtenberg ke siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaffney-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Stuart |last2=Lewis |first2=John |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Pete Buttigieg and the 'Damned Lesbian' |url=https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504050157/https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=San Francisco Bay Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin faretin alfahari tsakanin 'yan madigo da 'yan madigo na San Francisco, Achtenberg da Mary Morgan sun rungumi juna suka sumbaci juna yayin da suke hawa kan ruwa tare da ɗansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce a lokacin shigarta harkar siyasa ta tarayya.  A shekarar 1995, Achtenberg ta yi jawabi a bikin Maris na San Francisco Dyke da kuma taron Pride na 'yan madigo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=San Francisco Dyke March and Gay Pride Footage, 1995 · Lesbian Herstory Archives AudioVisual Collections |url=http://herstories.prattinfoschool.nyc/omeka/items/show/881 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=herstories.prattinfoschool.nyc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, she spoke at the University of Utah's S.J Quinney College of Law's Commencement ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Civil Rights Commissioner Roberta Achtenberg to Deliver 2015 Commencement Address at University of Utah's S.J. Quinney College of Law |url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/u-s-civil-rights-commissioner-roberta-achtenberg-to-deliver-2015-commencement-address-at-university-of-utah-s-s-j-quinney-college-of-law |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.newswise.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kafin ya zama jami'in gwamnati, Achtenberg ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru 15 a matsayin lauya mai kare haƙƙin jama'a, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, darektan ƙungiyar agaji, da kuma mai koyar da harkokin shari'a.

Tsakanin 1975 da 1976, ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Makarantar Shari'a [[Jami'ar Stanford|ta Jami'ar Stanford]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www2.calstate.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073321/https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-04-03 |website=www2.calstate.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1976, Achtenberg ta zama Shugabar Makarantar Shari'a ta Sabuwar Kwalejin California . &lt;ref name=&quot;Mixner-2011&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www2.calstate.edu&quot; /&gt; Achtenberg ta goyi bayan al'ummar LGBTQ a farkon aikinta na siyasa. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da kafa Cibiyar Haƙƙin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa a 1977, tare da Donna Hitchens . &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Cibiyar tana aiki ne ga mutanen LGBTQ+, kuma tana ba su ayyukan shari'a da shawarwari, shawarwari, da ayyukan ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Newton-2009&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, a shekarar 1978, Achtenberg ta wakilci haƙƙin LGBTQ a lokacin da take cikin Kwamitin Yaƙi da Jinsi na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa . &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take aiki a ƙungiyar, ta gyara ''Harkokin Jima'i da Dokar'' (1985). &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; Wata matsala da wannan aikin ya nuna ita ce samar da jagora kan yadda za a bai wa 'yan madigo da 'yan luwaɗi wakilci mai dacewa.  Takardar ta fayyace yadda za a wakilci matasa 'yan LGBTQ+ yadda ya kamata, yadda za a magance matsalolin Kwaskwarima ta Farko game da mutanen LGBTQ+ ko magana, da ƙari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juveniles (From Sexual Orientation and the Law, P 10.1- 10.32, 1987, Roberta Achtenberg, ed. -- See NCJ-117686) {{!}} Office of Justice Programs |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/juveniles-sexual-orientation-and-law-p-101-1032-1987-roberta |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.ojp.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Amendment (From Sexual Orientation and the Law, P 9.1- 9.52, 1987, Roberta Achtenberg, ed. -- See NCJ-117686) {{!}} Office of Justice Programs |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/first-amendment-sexual-orientation-and-law-p-91-952-1987-roberta |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.ojp.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Achtenberg ta taɓa yin aiki a Bankin Ba da Lamuni na Gidaje na Tarayya na San Francisco a Hukumar Daraktoci daga 1997 zuwa 2002 inda ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gidaje Masu Sauƙi, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Lauya Ma'aikaci ga Shirin Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo na Masu Faɗaɗa Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2000, ta zama Darakta Andrew J. Wong, Inc., kuma ta yi aiki a can tun daga lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2018 an naɗa ta cikin ƙungiyar Canjin Manufofin Magajin Garin San Francisco, London Breed, don taimakawa wajen magance matsaloli daban-daban, ciki har da manufofin LBGTQ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Political Notebook: Lesbians, gay man to lead Breed policy panel |url=https://www.ebar.com/story.php?ch=news&amp;sc=news&amp;id=262165 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Bay Area Reporter |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma abokiyar hulɗa da ABK City Advisors, kuma tana aiki a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara a Lennar Corporation, kuma ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugabar Hukumar Daraktocin Bankin San Francisco. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.abkcityadvisors.com/about |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=ABK City Advisors |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''

== Aikin siyasa ==
Achtenberg bai yi nasara ba don tsayawa takara a zaben musamman na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California na 1988 don maye gurbin Art Agnos, ya sha kashi a hannun John Burton. An zabe ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco a cikin 1990, karo na farko da 'yan mata biyu (tare da Carole Migden) suka lashe kujeru a cikin kwamitin. A lokacin da take kan Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco, ta yi aiki a kan batutuwa daga haƙƙin mutane zuwa ƙananan kasuwanni zuwa yin mafaka na tashin hankali na cikin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda yake aiki a Kwamitin Masu Kula a shekarar 1992, an nada Achtenberg a kwamitin da ke tsara dandalin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya naɗa ta Mataimakin Sakatare a Ofishin Gidaje Masu Adalci da Daidaito, inda ta zama mutum na farko da aka naɗa kuma aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin memba a cikin majalisar ministoci. A matsayinta na Mataimakiyar Sakatare, Achtenberg ta yi nasarar haɗa wani gari da a da fari ne a Vidor, Texas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai adawa da Ku Klux Klan ga wannan haɗin gwiwar gidaje na jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki don taimakawa wajen nemo gidaje ga iyalai da suka rasa matsuguni sakamakon guguwa a 1994, kuma ta yi aiki don inganta adalci a tsarin gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; Ƙungiyarta kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Gore's Hammer Award . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appendix I |url=https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/nprrpt/annrpt/vp-rpt96/appendix/hammer.html |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=govinfo.library.unt.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1995 zuwa 1997, an naɗa ta a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg ta bar mukamin a shekarar 1995 don tsayawa takarar magajin garin San Francisco, kuma ta zo ta uku a bayan Frank Jordan da Willie Brown (waɗanda za su yi nasara a zagaye na biyu).  Daga 1998 zuwa 2004, Achtenberg ta taimaka wajen ƙirƙiro manufofi na Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta San Francisco da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ta San Francisco. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaba kan Manufofin Jama'a a Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci [[San Francisco|ta San Francisco]] har zuwa Janairu 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2004, a lokacin da take Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaba, ta taimaka wa ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya, Phyllis Ann Lyon da Del Martin, samun lasisin aure na farko da San Francisco ta bayar ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Jason A. |date=2020-04-13 |title=Obituary: Phyllis Ann Lyon |url=https://pridesource.com/article/obituary-phyllis-ann-lyon/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Pride Source |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |url-status=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000, Gwamna Gray Davis ya naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Jami'ar Jihar California, inda ta zama shugabar kwamitin a watan Mayu na 2006, tana aiki a Kwamitin Amintattu na CSU har zuwa 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg ta yi shekaru 16 a Kwamitin Amintattu na Jami'ar Jihar California, inda ta yi shekaru biyu a matsayin shugaba, inda ta ƙirƙiro Tsarin Samun Kyakkyawar Aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} Board of Trustees {{!}} CSU |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2023-05-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU&quot;]. April 4, 2018. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Marasa Lafiya ta CSU, kuma memba ce a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Ƙasa ta Kula da Marasa Lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot; /&gt; Saboda aikinta mai yawa da Jami'ar Jihar California, an ba ta digirin digirgir na Wasikun Jinƙai . &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot; /&gt;

Achtenberg ita ce ke kula da Ƙungiyar Bita ta Hukumar Kula da Gidaje da Bunkasa Birane ta Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Bunkasa Birane wadda ta taimaka wa gwamnatin Obama a lokacin da ta fara aiki a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2011, [[Barack Obama|Shugaba Barack Obama]] ya naɗa Achtenberg a matsayin Kwamishina na Hukumar Kula da Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt; Ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;

=== Mataimakin Sakataren Gidaje Masu Daidaito da kuma Sauraren Zaɓe da kuma Sauraron Tabbatarwa ===
Bayan muhawarar da ta ɗauki tsawon kwanaki uku, ciki har da awanni tara da rabi na zaɓen 'yan takara a ranakun 19 da 20 ga Mayu, Majalisar Dattawa ta 103 ta tabbatar da Achtenberg a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1993, inda ta sami ƙuri'u 58 na YEAs, yayin da 31 NAYs suka kaɗa ƙuri'a, inda 1 ya kaɗa ƙuri'a a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara, 10 kuma ba su kaɗa ƙuri'a ba.  Roberta Achtenberg ita ce mutum ta farko da ta bayyana a fili cewa tana da LGBTQ+ da ta shiga cikin tsarin tabbatar da majalisar dattawa, kuma daga baya ta kasance mutum ta farko da ta riƙe mukamin tarayya.

A lokacin zaman sauraron ƙarar, Sanatoci da yawa sun yi wa Achtenberg tambayoyi, ciki har da Sanatoci Faircloth, Boxer, da Bond .  A duk tsawon lokacin, Sanata Jesse Helms ya yi mata suka da ƙarfi, wanda ya kira ta &quot;mace 'yar madigo&quot; cewa Majalisar Dattawa ya kamata ta ƙi amincewa da wannan matsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MILLER-1998&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaffney-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Stuart |last2=Lewis |first2=John |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Pete Buttigieg and the 'Damned Lesbian' |url=https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504050157/https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=San Francisco Bay Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGaffneyLewis2021&quot;&gt;Gaffney, Stuart; Lewis, John (February 11, 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230504050157/https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ &quot;Pete Buttigieg and the 'Damned Lesbian'&quot;]. ''San Francisco Bay Times''. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([[:Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown]]&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg ta kuma sami adawa daga Christian Action Network, saboda fafutukar da take yi wa 'yan madigo masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MILLER-1998&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaffney-2021&quot; /&gt; Achtenberg ta sami goyon baya daga ƙungiyoyi da mutane da yawa, kamar National Fair Housing Alliance, San Francisco Bar Association, National Association of Human Rights Workers, [[Dianne Feinstein|Sanata Feinstein]], da kuma [[Nancy polosi|'yar majalisar dokoki Pelosi]] . 

She also expressed her own viewpoints and goals related to the position. Achtenberg stated that, in the role of Assistant Secretary, she would strive to eradicate housing discrimination and allow people to make free and fair choices surrounding their housing.

== Kyaututtuka ==

* Advocate Article, a gay and lesbian magazine, named Achtenberg the Advocate's &quot;Woman of the Year&quot; in 1993.
* Awarded the Visibility Award in 1994 from GLAAD Media Awards&lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Recognized five times as one of the &quot;50 Most Influential Businesswomen&quot; in the Bay Area by the San Francisco Business Times&lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Awarded the Founders Award from the National Center for Lesbian Rights&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Awarded the Award of Excellence by the National Community Reinvestment Coalition&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;
* Awarded &quot;Woman of the Year&quot; by the California State Senate for the Third District&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;
* Declared Management Volunteer of the Year by the United Way, Bay Area&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;
* Received the Southern California Women for Understanding Achievement Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.bibliopolis.com |title=1992 Lesbian Rights Award Banquet honoring Roberta Achtenberg Los Angeles, March 14, 1992 program by Southern California Women for Understanding on Bolerium Books |url=https://www.bolerium.com/pages/books/189395/southern-california-women-for-understanding/1992-lesbian-rights-award-banquet-honoring-roberta-achtenberg-los-angeles-march-14-1992-program |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Bolerium Books |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Received the Women of Achievement Award from the National Organization for Women
* Received an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters at California State University and California State University San Marcos&lt;ref name=&quot;www2.calstate.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073321/https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-04-03 |website=www2.calstate.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;]. ''www2.calstate.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073321/https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx Archived] from the original on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* In 2012, she was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of LGBT History Month.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt;
* In 2021, she was named a Pride Honoree by the California Legislature's LGBTQ Caucus in recognition of her pioneering  advocacy work and for being the first openly LGBTQ person to hold a federal position.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2021 Legislative LGBTQ Caucus Pride Honorees {{!}} California Legislative Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Transgender and Queer Caucus |url=https://lgbtqcaucus.legislature.ca.gov/news/1623999600-2021-legislative-lgbtq-caucus-pride-honorees |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=lgbtqcaucus.legislature.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Was inducted into the LGBTQ Victory Institute's Hall of Fame as part of the Founding Class in 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ Victory Hall of Fame {{!}} Pride &amp; Progress |url=https://www.prideandprogress.org/hall-of-fame |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.prideandprogress.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Recognized as #WomenWhoBuiltHUD by the Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2022 during Women's History Month&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2022 |title=HUDgov Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/HUDgov/status/1502736183213756417 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313095827/https://twitter.com/HUDgov/status/1502736183213756417 |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Twitter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* &quot;Gyaran Ɗabi'a: Iyakokin Shari'a kan Hanyoyi da Manufofi&quot;, 50 ''Notre Dame Lawyer'' 230 (1975) 
* ''Tsarin Jima'i da Dokar'', ta Roberta Achtenberg (edita) (1985) 
* &quot;Shari'ar Fa'idodin Abokan Hulɗa: Faɗaɗa Ma'anar Iyali&quot;, Matthew bender ''Dokar Iyali ta Wata-wata'' (Mayu 1987) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Iyayen 'Yan Luwaɗi da 'Yan Madigo da Masu Ɗauki da Masu Renon Yara,'' a cikin Iyayen 'Yan Luwaɗi da 'Yan Madigo, Bozett, Ed., Praeger Press (1987) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nicaragua: Rahoton Watan Agusta na 1986 Wakilan Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa zuwa Nicaragua'' (Mayu 1987)
* ''Cutar Kanjamau da Kula da Yara: Jagora ga Tallafawa'', Cibiyar Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa (1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Littafin Soyayya da Aure na 'Yan Madigo da 'Yan Luwadi: Ƙirƙirar Labarun Rayuwarmu'', na Paula Martinac, Roberta Achtenberg (mai ba da gudummawa) (1998) 
* ''Kiyayewa da Kare Iyalan 'Yan Madigo da Maza 'Yan Luwadi'', Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa (1986, 1990) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Littafin Shari'ar Iyayen Madigo'', Bugu na Biyu, Cibiyar 'Yancin Madigo ta Ƙasa, tare da Donna Hitchens (1990) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Kare Iyalan 'Yan Madigo'' a Haƙƙinmu na Soyayya, Vida, Ed, (1990) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Taimaka wa Matasan 'Yan Luwadi da 'Yan Madigo: Sabbin Manufofi, Sabbin Shirye-shirye, Sabbin Ayyuka'', na Teresa Decrescenzo (edita), Roberta Achtenberg (mai ba da gudummawa) (1994) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Roberta Achtenberg''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1950) lauya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Haƙƙoƙin Bil'adama ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A da ta kasance mataimakiyar sakatare a Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka, ta zama jami'ar gwamnati ta farko da ta fito fili [[Maɗigo|ta 'yan madigo]] ko 'yan luwaɗi a Amurka wacce Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da naɗinta a matsayin shugabar gwamnati.  Wannan zaman tabbatarwa ya jawo yabo, adawa, da goyon baya sosai.  

Achtenberg ta yi makaranta a rassan Jami'ar California daban-daban sannan daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Utah. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin aikinta na siyasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya, darakta, malami, da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot; /&gt;   Achtenberg tana da aure da ɗa, kuma an karrama ta da kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da ƙasa kuma ta yi wallafe-wallafe da yawa a tsawon aikinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} Board of Trustees {{!}} CSU |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2023-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
Achtenberg's father was Jewish and immigrated to the United States from the [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]], while her mother was from [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Both parents had minimal formal education.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg, California, 1990 |url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/out-and-elected/1990/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404134506/http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/out-and-elected/1990/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=OutHistory.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; They owned a grocery store in Los Angeles and raised Roberta and her three siblings in California.

=== Ilimi ===
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Morningside da ke Inglewood, California, Achtenberg ta halarci Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, sannan ta koma Jami'ar California, Berkeley, kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1972 da digirin farko na Fasaha a Tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A Berkeley, ta kammala karatunta na Phi Beta Kappa .  Achtenberg ta kuma haɗu da tsohon mijinta, David Chavkin a Berkeley. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara karatun lauya a Jami'ar California, Kwalejin Shari'a ta Hastings, kafin daga bisani ta karɓi Likitan Shari'a daga Jami'ar Utah a shekarar 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;

=== Rayuwa ta sirri ===
Roberta Achtenberg ta rabu da David Chavkin cikin ladabi a shekarar 1977, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta fito fili ta bayyana wa iyalinta a matsayin 'yar madigo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan da Achtenberg ta fito fili, ta sami goyon baya da adawa daga ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; Mutanen LGBTQ+ da abokan hulɗarta sun yi zanga-zanga don goyon bayanta, kuma ƙungiyoyin addini da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi mata zanga-zanga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;

Achtenberg ta haɗu da tsohuwar abokiyar zamanta, Mary Morgan, alkali a Kotun Gundumar San Francisco, a shekarar 1979, kuma ta zama abokan hulɗa a shekarar 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1985, Achtenberg da Morgan sun haifi ɗa mai suna Benjamin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; Achtenberg da Morgan suna ɗaya daga cikin ma'auratan 'yan madigo da aka fi sani da suna da ɗa a lokacin da Achtenberg ke siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaffney-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Stuart |last2=Lewis |first2=John |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Pete Buttigieg and the 'Damned Lesbian' |url=https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504050157/https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=San Francisco Bay Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin faretin alfahari tsakanin 'yan madigo da 'yan madigo na San Francisco, Achtenberg da Mary Morgan sun rungumi juna suka sumbaci juna yayin da suke hawa kan ruwa tare da ɗansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce a lokacin shigarta harkar siyasa ta tarayya.  A shekarar 1995, Achtenberg ta yi jawabi a bikin Maris na San Francisco Dyke da kuma taron Pride na 'yan madigo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=San Francisco Dyke March and Gay Pride Footage, 1995 · Lesbian Herstory Archives AudioVisual Collections |url=http://herstories.prattinfoschool.nyc/omeka/items/show/881 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=herstories.prattinfoschool.nyc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, she spoke at the University of Utah's S.J Quinney College of Law's Commencement ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Civil Rights Commissioner Roberta Achtenberg to Deliver 2015 Commencement Address at University of Utah's S.J. Quinney College of Law |url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/u-s-civil-rights-commissioner-roberta-achtenberg-to-deliver-2015-commencement-address-at-university-of-utah-s-s-j-quinney-college-of-law |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.newswise.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kafin ya zama jami'in gwamnati, Achtenberg ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru 15 a matsayin lauya mai kare haƙƙin jama'a, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, darektan ƙungiyar agaji, da kuma mai koyar da harkokin shari'a.

Tsakanin 1975 da 1976, ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Makarantar Shari'a [[Jami'ar Stanford|ta Jami'ar Stanford]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www2.calstate.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073321/https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-04-03 |website=www2.calstate.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1976, Achtenberg ta zama Shugabar Makarantar Shari'a ta Sabuwar Kwalejin California . &lt;ref name=&quot;Mixner-2011&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www2.calstate.edu&quot; /&gt; Achtenberg ta goyi bayan al'ummar LGBTQ a farkon aikinta na siyasa. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da kafa Cibiyar Haƙƙin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa a 1977, tare da Donna Hitchens . &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Cibiyar tana aiki ne ga mutanen LGBTQ+, kuma tana ba su ayyukan shari'a da shawarwari, shawarwari, da ayyukan ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Newton-2009&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, a shekarar 1978, Achtenberg ta wakilci haƙƙin LGBTQ a lokacin da take cikin Kwamitin Yaƙi da Jinsi na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa . &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take aiki a ƙungiyar, ta gyara ''Harkokin Jima'i da Dokar'' (1985). &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; Wata matsala da wannan aikin ya nuna ita ce samar da jagora kan yadda za a bai wa 'yan madigo da 'yan luwaɗi wakilci mai dacewa.  Takardar ta fayyace yadda za a wakilci matasa 'yan LGBTQ+ yadda ya kamata, yadda za a magance matsalolin Kwaskwarima ta Farko game da mutanen LGBTQ+ ko magana, da ƙari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juveniles (From Sexual Orientation and the Law, P 10.1- 10.32, 1987, Roberta Achtenberg, ed. -- See NCJ-117686) {{!}} Office of Justice Programs |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/juveniles-sexual-orientation-and-law-p-101-1032-1987-roberta |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.ojp.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Amendment (From Sexual Orientation and the Law, P 9.1- 9.52, 1987, Roberta Achtenberg, ed. -- See NCJ-117686) {{!}} Office of Justice Programs |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/first-amendment-sexual-orientation-and-law-p-91-952-1987-roberta |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.ojp.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Achtenberg ta taɓa yin aiki a Bankin Ba da Lamuni na Gidaje na Tarayya na San Francisco a Hukumar Daraktoci daga 1997 zuwa 2002 inda ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gidaje Masu Sauƙi, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Lauya Ma'aikaci ga Shirin Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo na Masu Faɗaɗa Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2000, ta zama Darakta Andrew J. Wong, Inc., kuma ta yi aiki a can tun daga lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2018 an naɗa ta cikin ƙungiyar Canjin Manufofin Magajin Garin San Francisco, London Breed, don taimakawa wajen magance matsaloli daban-daban, ciki har da manufofin LBGTQ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Political Notebook: Lesbians, gay man to lead Breed policy panel |url=https://www.ebar.com/story.php?ch=news&amp;sc=news&amp;id=262165 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Bay Area Reporter |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma abokiyar hulɗa da ABK City Advisors, kuma tana aiki a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara a Lennar Corporation, kuma ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugabar Hukumar Daraktocin Bankin San Francisco. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.abkcityadvisors.com/about |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=ABK City Advisors |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''

== Aikin siyasa ==
Achtenberg bai yi nasara ba don tsayawa takara a zaben musamman na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California na 1988 don maye gurbin Art Agnos, ya sha kashi a hannun John Burton. An zabe ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco a cikin 1990, karo na farko da 'yan mata biyu (tare da Carole Migden) suka lashe kujeru a cikin kwamitin. A lokacin da take kan Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco, ta yi aiki a kan batutuwa daga haƙƙin mutane zuwa ƙananan kasuwanni zuwa yin mafaka na tashin hankali na cikin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda yake aiki a Kwamitin Masu Kula a shekarar 1992, an nada Achtenberg a kwamitin da ke tsara dandalin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya naɗa ta Mataimakin Sakatare a Ofishin Gidaje Masu Adalci da Daidaito, inda ta zama mutum na farko da aka naɗa kuma aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin memba a cikin majalisar ministoci. A matsayinta na Mataimakiyar Sakatare, Achtenberg ta yi nasarar haɗa wani gari da a da fari ne a Vidor, Texas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai adawa da Ku Klux Klan ga wannan haɗin gwiwar gidaje na jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki don taimakawa wajen nemo gidaje ga iyalai da suka rasa matsuguni sakamakon guguwa a 1994, kuma ta yi aiki don inganta adalci a tsarin gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; Ƙungiyarta kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Gore's Hammer Award . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appendix I |url=https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/nprrpt/annrpt/vp-rpt96/appendix/hammer.html |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=govinfo.library.unt.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1995 zuwa 1997, an naɗa ta a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg ta bar mukamin a shekarar 1995 don tsayawa takarar magajin garin San Francisco, kuma ta zo ta uku a bayan Frank Jordan da Willie Brown (waɗanda za su yi nasara a zagaye na biyu).  Daga 1998 zuwa 2004, Achtenberg ta taimaka wajen ƙirƙiro manufofi na Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta San Francisco da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ta San Francisco. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaba kan Manufofin Jama'a a Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci [[San Francisco|ta San Francisco]] har zuwa Janairu 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2004, a lokacin da take Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaba, ta taimaka wa ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya, Phyllis Ann Lyon da Del Martin, samun lasisin aure na farko da San Francisco ta bayar ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Jason A. |date=2020-04-13 |title=Obituary: Phyllis Ann Lyon |url=https://pridesource.com/article/obituary-phyllis-ann-lyon/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Pride Source |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |url-status=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000, Gwamna Gray Davis ya naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Jami'ar Jihar California, inda ta zama shugabar kwamitin a watan Mayu na 2006, tana aiki a Kwamitin Amintattu na CSU har zuwa 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg ta yi shekaru 16 a Kwamitin Amintattu na Jami'ar Jihar California, inda ta yi shekaru biyu a matsayin shugaba, inda ta ƙirƙiro Tsarin Samun Kyakkyawar Aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} Board of Trustees {{!}} CSU |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2023-05-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU&quot;]. April 4, 2018. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Marasa Lafiya ta CSU, kuma memba ce a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Ƙasa ta Kula da Marasa Lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot; /&gt; Saboda aikinta mai yawa da Jami'ar Jihar California, an ba ta digirin digirgir na Wasikun Jinƙai . &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot; /&gt;

Achtenberg ita ce ke kula da Ƙungiyar Bita ta Hukumar Kula da Gidaje da Bunkasa Birane ta Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Bunkasa Birane wadda ta taimaka wa gwamnatin Obama a lokacin da ta fara aiki a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2011, [[Barack Obama|Shugaba Barack Obama]] ya naɗa Achtenberg a matsayin Kwamishina na Hukumar Kula da Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt; Ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;

=== Mataimakin Sakataren Gidaje Masu Daidaito da kuma Sauraren Zaɓe da kuma Sauraron Tabbatarwa ===
Bayan muhawarar da ta ɗauki tsawon kwanaki uku, ciki har da awanni tara da rabi na zaɓen 'yan takara a ranakun 19 da 20 ga Mayu, Majalisar Dattawa ta 103 ta tabbatar da Achtenberg a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1993, inda ta sami ƙuri'u 58 na YEAs, yayin da 31 NAYs suka kaɗa ƙuri'a, inda 1 ya kaɗa ƙuri'a a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara, 10 kuma ba su kaɗa ƙuri'a ba.  Roberta Achtenberg ita ce mutum ta farko da ta bayyana a fili cewa tana da LGBTQ+ da ta shiga cikin tsarin tabbatar da majalisar dattawa, kuma daga baya ta kasance mutum ta farko da ta riƙe mukamin tarayya.

A lokacin zaman sauraron ƙarar, Sanatoci da yawa sun yi wa Achtenberg tambayoyi, ciki har da Sanatoci Faircloth, Boxer, da Bond .  A duk tsawon lokacin, Sanata Jesse Helms ya yi mata suka da ƙarfi, wanda ya kira ta &quot;mace 'yar madigo&quot; cewa Majalisar Dattawa ya kamata ta ƙi amincewa da wannan matsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MILLER-1998&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaffney-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Stuart |last2=Lewis |first2=John |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Pete Buttigieg and the 'Damned Lesbian' |url=https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504050157/https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=San Francisco Bay Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGaffneyLewis2021&quot;&gt;Gaffney, Stuart; Lewis, John (February 11, 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230504050157/https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ &quot;Pete Buttigieg and the 'Damned Lesbian'&quot;]. ''San Francisco Bay Times''. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([[:Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown]]&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg ta kuma sami adawa daga Christian Action Network, saboda fafutukar da take yi wa 'yan madigo masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MILLER-1998&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaffney-2021&quot; /&gt; Achtenberg ta sami goyon baya daga ƙungiyoyi da mutane da yawa, kamar National Fair Housing Alliance, San Francisco Bar Association, National Association of Human Rights Workers, [[Dianne Feinstein|Sanata Feinstein]], da kuma [[Nancy polosi|'yar majalisar dokoki Pelosi]] . 

She also expressed her own viewpoints and goals related to the position. Achtenberg stated that, in the role of Assistant Secretary, she would strive to eradicate housing discrimination and allow people to make free and fair choices surrounding their housing.

== Kyaututtuka ==

* Advocate Article, a gay and lesbian magazine, named Achtenberg the Advocate's &quot;Woman of the Year&quot; in 1993.
* Awarded the Visibility Award in 1994 from GLAAD Media Awards&lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Recognized five times as one of the &quot;50 Most Influential Businesswomen&quot; in the Bay Area by the San Francisco Business Times&lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Awarded the Founders Award from the National Center for Lesbian Rights&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Awarded the Award of Excellence by the National Community Reinvestment Coalition&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;
* Awarded &quot;Woman of the Year&quot; by the California State Senate for the Third District&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;
* Declared Management Volunteer of the Year by the United Way, Bay Area&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;
* Received the Southern California Women for Understanding Achievement Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.bibliopolis.com |title=1992 Lesbian Rights Award Banquet honoring Roberta Achtenberg Los Angeles, March 14, 1992 program by Southern California Women for Understanding on Bolerium Books |url=https://www.bolerium.com/pages/books/189395/southern-california-women-for-understanding/1992-lesbian-rights-award-banquet-honoring-roberta-achtenberg-los-angeles-march-14-1992-program |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Bolerium Books |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Received the Women of Achievement Award from the National Organization for Women
* Received an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters at California State University and California State University San Marcos&lt;ref name=&quot;www2.calstate.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073321/https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-04-03 |website=www2.calstate.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;]. ''www2.calstate.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073321/https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx Archived] from the original on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* In 2012, she was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of LGBT History Month.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt;
* In 2021, she was named a Pride Honoree by the California Legislature's LGBTQ Caucus in recognition of her pioneering  advocacy work and for being the first openly LGBTQ person to hold a federal position.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2021 Legislative LGBTQ Caucus Pride Honorees {{!}} California Legislative Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Transgender and Queer Caucus |url=https://lgbtqcaucus.legislature.ca.gov/news/1623999600-2021-legislative-lgbtq-caucus-pride-honorees |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=lgbtqcaucus.legislature.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Was inducted into the LGBTQ Victory Institute's Hall of Fame as part of the Founding Class in 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ Victory Hall of Fame {{!}} Pride &amp; Progress |url=https://www.prideandprogress.org/hall-of-fame |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.prideandprogress.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Recognized as #WomenWhoBuiltHUD by the Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2022 during Women's History Month&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2022 |title=HUDgov Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/HUDgov/status/1502736183213756417 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313095827/https://twitter.com/HUDgov/status/1502736183213756417 |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Twitter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* &quot;Gyaran Ɗabi'a: Iyakokin Shari'a kan Hanyoyi da Manufofi&quot;, 50 ''Notre Dame Lawyer'' 230 (1975) 
* ''Tsarin Jima'i da Dokar'', ta Roberta Achtenberg (edita) (1985) 
* &quot;Shari'ar Fa'idodin Abokan Hulɗa: Faɗaɗa Ma'anar Iyali&quot;, Matthew bender ''Dokar Iyali ta Wata-wata'' (Mayu 1987) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Iyayen 'Yan Luwaɗi da 'Yan Madigo da Masu Ɗauki da Masu Renon Yara,'' a cikin Iyayen 'Yan Luwaɗi da 'Yan Madigo, Bozett, Ed., Praeger Press (1987) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nicaragua: Rahoton Watan Agusta na 1986 Wakilan Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa zuwa Nicaragua'' (Mayu 1987)
* ''Cutar Kanjamau da Kula da Yara: Jagora ga Tallafawa'', Cibiyar Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa (1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Littafin Soyayya da Aure na 'Yan Madigo da 'Yan Luwadi: Ƙirƙirar Labarun Rayuwarmu'', na Paula Martinac, Roberta Achtenberg (mai ba da gudummawa) (1998) 
* ''Kiyayewa da Kare Iyalan 'Yan Madigo da Maza 'Yan Luwadi'', Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa (1986, 1990) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Littafin Shari'ar Iyayen Madigo'', Bugu na Biyu, Cibiyar 'Yancin Madigo ta Ƙasa, tare da Donna Hitchens (1990) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Kare Iyalan 'Yan Madigo'' a Haƙƙinmu na Soyayya, Vida, Ed, (1990) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Taimaka wa Matasan 'Yan Luwadi da 'Yan Madigo: Sabbin Manufofi, Sabbin Shirye-shirye, Sabbin Ayyuka'', na Teresa Decrescenzo (edita), Roberta Achtenberg (mai ba da gudummawa) (1994) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Roberta Achtenberg''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1950) lauya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Haƙƙoƙin Bil'adama ta Amurka . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A da ta kasance mataimakiyar sakatare a Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka, ta zama jami'ar gwamnati ta farko da ta fito fili [[Maɗigo|ta 'yan madigo]] ko 'yan luwaɗi a Amurka wacce Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da naɗinta a matsayin shugabar gwamnati.  Wannan zaman tabbatarwa ya jawo yabo, adawa, da goyon baya sosai.  

Achtenberg ta yi makaranta a rassan Jami'ar California daban-daban sannan daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Utah. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin aikinta na siyasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya, darakta, malami, da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;CalState&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;   Achtenberg tana da aure da ɗa, kuma an karrama ta da kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da ƙasa kuma ta yi wallafe-wallafe da yawa a tsawon aikinta. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} Board of Trustees {{!}} CSU |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2023-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
Achtenberg's father was Jewish and immigrated to the United States from the [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]], while her mother was from [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Both parents had minimal formal education.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg, California, 1990 |url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/out-and-elected/1990/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404134506/http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/out-and-elected/1990/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=OutHistory.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; They owned a grocery store in Los Angeles and raised Roberta and her three siblings in California.

=== Ilimi ===
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Morningside da ke Inglewood, California, Achtenberg ta halarci Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, sannan ta koma Jami'ar California, Berkeley, kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1972 da digirin farko na Fasaha a Tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A Berkeley, ta kammala karatunta na Phi Beta Kappa .  Achtenberg ta kuma haɗu da tsohon mijinta, David Chavkin a Berkeley. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara karatun lauya a Jami'ar California, Kwalejin Shari'a ta Hastings, kafin daga bisani ta karɓi Likitan Shari'a daga Jami'ar Utah a shekarar 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;

=== Rayuwa ta sirri ===
Roberta Achtenberg ta rabu da David Chavkin cikin ladabi a shekarar 1977, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta fito fili ta bayyana wa iyalinta a matsayin 'yar madigo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan da Achtenberg ta fito fili, ta sami goyon baya da adawa daga ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; Mutanen LGBTQ+ da abokan hulɗarta sun yi zanga-zanga don goyon bayanta, kuma ƙungiyoyin addini da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi mata zanga-zanga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;

Achtenberg ta haɗu da tsohuwar abokiyar zamanta, Mary Morgan, alkali a Kotun Gundumar San Francisco, a shekarar 1979, kuma ta zama abokan hulɗa a shekarar 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1985, Achtenberg da Morgan sun haifi ɗa mai suna Benjamin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; Achtenberg da Morgan suna ɗaya daga cikin ma'auratan 'yan madigo da aka fi sani da suna da ɗa a lokacin da Achtenberg ke siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaffney-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Stuart |last2=Lewis |first2=John |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Pete Buttigieg and the 'Damned Lesbian' |url=https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504050157/https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=San Francisco Bay Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin faretin alfahari tsakanin 'yan madigo da 'yan madigo na San Francisco, Achtenberg da Mary Morgan sun rungumi juna suka sumbaci juna yayin da suke hawa kan ruwa tare da ɗansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce a lokacin shigarta harkar siyasa ta tarayya.  A shekarar 1995, Achtenberg ta yi jawabi a bikin Maris na San Francisco Dyke da kuma taron Pride na 'yan madigo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=San Francisco Dyke March and Gay Pride Footage, 1995 · Lesbian Herstory Archives AudioVisual Collections |url=http://herstories.prattinfoschool.nyc/omeka/items/show/881 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=herstories.prattinfoschool.nyc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, she spoke at the University of Utah's S.J Quinney College of Law's Commencement ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Civil Rights Commissioner Roberta Achtenberg to Deliver 2015 Commencement Address at University of Utah's S.J. Quinney College of Law |url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/u-s-civil-rights-commissioner-roberta-achtenberg-to-deliver-2015-commencement-address-at-university-of-utah-s-s-j-quinney-college-of-law |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.newswise.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kafin ya zama jami'in gwamnati, Achtenberg ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru 15 a matsayin lauya mai kare haƙƙin jama'a, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, darektan ƙungiyar agaji, da kuma mai koyar da harkokin shari'a.

Tsakanin 1975 da 1976, ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Makarantar Shari'a [[Jami'ar Stanford|ta Jami'ar Stanford]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www2.calstate.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073321/https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-04-03 |website=www2.calstate.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1976, Achtenberg ta zama Shugabar Makarantar Shari'a ta Sabuwar Kwalejin California . &lt;ref name=&quot;Mixner-2011&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www2.calstate.edu&quot; /&gt; Achtenberg ta goyi bayan al'ummar LGBTQ a farkon aikinta na siyasa. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da kafa Cibiyar Haƙƙin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa a 1977, tare da Donna Hitchens . &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Cibiyar tana aiki ne ga mutanen LGBTQ+, kuma tana ba su ayyukan shari'a da shawarwari, shawarwari, da ayyukan ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Newton-2009&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, a shekarar 1978, Achtenberg ta wakilci haƙƙin LGBTQ a lokacin da take cikin Kwamitin Yaƙi da Jinsi na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa . &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take aiki a ƙungiyar, ta gyara ''Harkokin Jima'i da Dokar'' (1985). &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; Wata matsala da wannan aikin ya nuna ita ce samar da jagora kan yadda za a bai wa 'yan madigo da 'yan luwaɗi wakilci mai dacewa.  Takardar ta fayyace yadda za a wakilci matasa 'yan LGBTQ+ yadda ya kamata, yadda za a magance matsalolin Kwaskwarima ta Farko game da mutanen LGBTQ+ ko magana, da ƙari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juveniles (From Sexual Orientation and the Law, P 10.1- 10.32, 1987, Roberta Achtenberg, ed. -- See NCJ-117686) {{!}} Office of Justice Programs |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/juveniles-sexual-orientation-and-law-p-101-1032-1987-roberta |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.ojp.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Amendment (From Sexual Orientation and the Law, P 9.1- 9.52, 1987, Roberta Achtenberg, ed. -- See NCJ-117686) {{!}} Office of Justice Programs |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/first-amendment-sexual-orientation-and-law-p-91-952-1987-roberta |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.ojp.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Achtenberg ta taɓa yin aiki a Bankin Ba da Lamuni na Gidaje na Tarayya na San Francisco a Hukumar Daraktoci daga 1997 zuwa 2002 inda ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gidaje Masu Sauƙi, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Lauya Ma'aikaci ga Shirin Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo na Masu Faɗaɗa Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2000, ta zama Darakta Andrew J. Wong, Inc., kuma ta yi aiki a can tun daga lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2018 an naɗa ta cikin ƙungiyar Canjin Manufofin Magajin Garin San Francisco, London Breed, don taimakawa wajen magance matsaloli daban-daban, ciki har da manufofin LBGTQ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Political Notebook: Lesbians, gay man to lead Breed policy panel |url=https://www.ebar.com/story.php?ch=news&amp;sc=news&amp;id=262165 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Bay Area Reporter |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma abokiyar hulɗa da ABK City Advisors, kuma tana aiki a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara a Lennar Corporation, kuma ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugabar Hukumar Daraktocin Bankin San Francisco. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.abkcityadvisors.com/about |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=ABK City Advisors |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''

== Aikin siyasa ==
Achtenberg bai yi nasara ba don tsayawa takara a zaben musamman na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California na 1988 don maye gurbin Art Agnos, ya sha kashi a hannun John Burton. An zabe ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco a cikin 1990, karo na farko da 'yan mata biyu (tare da Carole Migden) suka lashe kujeru a cikin kwamitin. A lokacin da take kan Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco, ta yi aiki a kan batutuwa daga haƙƙin mutane zuwa ƙananan kasuwanni zuwa yin mafaka na tashin hankali na cikin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda yake aiki a Kwamitin Masu Kula a shekarar 1992, an nada Achtenberg a kwamitin da ke tsara dandalin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya naɗa ta Mataimakin Sakatare a Ofishin Gidaje Masu Adalci da Daidaito, inda ta zama mutum na farko da aka naɗa kuma aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin memba a cikin majalisar ministoci. A matsayinta na Mataimakiyar Sakatare, Achtenberg ta yi nasarar haɗa wani gari da a da fari ne a Vidor, Texas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai adawa da Ku Klux Klan ga wannan haɗin gwiwar gidaje na jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki don taimakawa wajen nemo gidaje ga iyalai da suka rasa matsuguni sakamakon guguwa a 1994, kuma ta yi aiki don inganta adalci a tsarin gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot; /&gt; Ƙungiyarta kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Gore's Hammer Award . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appendix I |url=https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/nprrpt/annrpt/vp-rpt96/appendix/hammer.html |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=govinfo.library.unt.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1995 zuwa 1997, an naɗa ta a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees&quot;]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg ta bar mukamin a shekarar 1995 don tsayawa takarar magajin garin San Francisco, kuma ta zo ta uku a bayan Frank Jordan da Willie Brown (waɗanda za su yi nasara a zagaye na biyu).  Daga 1998 zuwa 2004, Achtenberg ta taimaka wajen ƙirƙiro manufofi na Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta San Francisco da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ta San Francisco. &lt;ref name=&quot;CalState&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaba kan Manufofin Jama'a a Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci [[San Francisco|ta San Francisco]] har zuwa Janairu 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2004, a lokacin da take Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaba, ta taimaka wa ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya, Phyllis Ann Lyon da Del Martin, samun lasisin aure na farko da San Francisco ta bayar ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Jason A. |date=2020-04-13 |title=Obituary: Phyllis Ann Lyon |url=https://pridesource.com/article/obituary-phyllis-ann-lyon/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Pride Source |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |url-status=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000, Gwamna Gray Davis ya naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Jami'ar Jihar California, inda ta zama shugabar kwamitin a watan Mayu na 2006, tana aiki a Kwamitin Amintattu na CSU har zuwa 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg ta yi shekaru 16 a Kwamitin Amintattu na Jami'ar Jihar California, inda ta yi shekaru biyu a matsayin shugaba, inda ta ƙirƙiro Tsarin Samun Kyakkyawar Aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} Board of Trustees {{!}} CSU |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2023-05-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU&quot;]. April 4, 2018. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Marasa Lafiya ta CSU, kuma memba ce a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Ƙasa ta Kula da Marasa Lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot; /&gt; Saboda aikinta mai yawa da Jami'ar Jihar California, an ba ta digirin digirgir na Wasikun Jinƙai . &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018&quot; /&gt;

Achtenberg ita ce ke kula da Ƙungiyar Bita ta Hukumar Kula da Gidaje da Bunkasa Birane ta Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Bunkasa Birane wadda ta taimaka wa gwamnatin Obama a lokacin da ta fara aiki a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2011, [[Barack Obama|Shugaba Barack Obama]] ya naɗa Achtenberg a matsayin Kwamishina na Hukumar Kula da Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt; Ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;

=== Mataimakin Sakataren Gidaje Masu Daidaito da kuma Sauraren Zaɓe da kuma Sauraron Tabbatarwa ===
Bayan muhawarar da ta ɗauki tsawon kwanaki uku, ciki har da awanni tara da rabi na zaɓen 'yan takara a ranakun 19 da 20 ga Mayu, Majalisar Dattawa ta 103 ta tabbatar da Achtenberg a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1993, inda ta sami ƙuri'u 58 na YEAs, yayin da 31 NAYs suka kaɗa ƙuri'a, inda 1 ya kaɗa ƙuri'a a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara, 10 kuma ba su kaɗa ƙuri'a ba.  Roberta Achtenberg ita ce mutum ta farko da ta bayyana a fili cewa tana da LGBTQ+ da ta shiga cikin tsarin tabbatar da majalisar dattawa, kuma daga baya ta kasance mutum ta farko da ta riƙe mukamin tarayya.

A lokacin zaman sauraron ƙarar, Sanatoci da yawa sun yi wa Achtenberg tambayoyi, ciki har da Sanatoci Faircloth, Boxer, da Bond .  A duk tsawon lokacin, Sanata Jesse Helms ya yi mata suka da ƙarfi, wanda ya kira ta &quot;mace 'yar madigo&quot; cewa Majalisar Dattawa ya kamata ta ƙi amincewa da wannan matsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MILLER-1998&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaffney-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Stuart |last2=Lewis |first2=John |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Pete Buttigieg and the 'Damned Lesbian' |url=https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504050157/https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=San Francisco Bay Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGaffneyLewis2021&quot;&gt;Gaffney, Stuart; Lewis, John (February 11, 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230504050157/https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ &quot;Pete Buttigieg and the 'Damned Lesbian'&quot;]. ''San Francisco Bay Times''. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([[:Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown]]&lt;/ref&gt; Achtenberg ta kuma sami adawa daga Christian Action Network, saboda fafutukar da take yi wa 'yan madigo masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MILLER-1998&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaffney-2021&quot; /&gt; Achtenberg ta sami goyon baya daga ƙungiyoyi da mutane da yawa, kamar National Fair Housing Alliance, San Francisco Bar Association, National Association of Human Rights Workers, [[Dianne Feinstein|Sanata Feinstein]], da kuma [[Nancy polosi|'yar majalisar dokoki Pelosi]] . 

She also expressed her own viewpoints and goals related to the position. Achtenberg stated that, in the role of Assistant Secretary, she would strive to eradicate housing discrimination and allow people to make free and fair choices surrounding their housing.

== Kyaututtuka ==

* Advocate Article, a gay and lesbian magazine, named Achtenberg the Advocate's &quot;Woman of the Year&quot; in 1993.
* Awarded the Visibility Award in 1994 from GLAAD Media Awards&lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | LGBTHistoryMonth.com&quot;]. ''lgbthistorymonth.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography Archived] from the original on March 23, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Recognized five times as one of the &quot;50 Most Influential Businesswomen&quot; in the Bay Area by the San Francisco Business Times&lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg &quot;Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights&quot;]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Awarded the Founders Award from the National Center for Lesbian Rights&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapp-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRapp2015&quot;&gt;Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on January 10, 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Awarded the Award of Excellence by the National Community Reinvestment Coalition&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;
* Awarded &quot;Woman of the Year&quot; by the California State Senate for the Third District&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;
* Declared Management Volunteer of the Year by the United Way, Bay Area&lt;ref name=&quot;www.usccr.gov&quot; /&gt;
* Received the Southern California Women for Understanding Achievement Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.bibliopolis.com |title=1992 Lesbian Rights Award Banquet honoring Roberta Achtenberg Los Angeles, March 14, 1992 program by Southern California Women for Understanding on Bolerium Books |url=https://www.bolerium.com/pages/books/189395/southern-california-women-for-understanding/1992-lesbian-rights-award-banquet-honoring-roberta-achtenberg-los-angeles-march-14-1992-program |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Bolerium Books |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Received the Women of Achievement Award from the National Organization for Women
* Received an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters at California State University and California State University San Marcos&lt;ref name=&quot;www2.calstate.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073321/https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-04-03 |website=www2.calstate.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx &quot;Roberta Achtenberg&quot;]. ''www2.calstate.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073321/https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx Archived] from the original on April 4, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* In 2012, she was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of LGBT History Month.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgbthistorymonth.com&quot; /&gt;
* In 2021, she was named a Pride Honoree by the California Legislature's LGBTQ Caucus in recognition of her pioneering  advocacy work and for being the first openly LGBTQ person to hold a federal position.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2021 Legislative LGBTQ Caucus Pride Honorees {{!}} California Legislative Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Transgender and Queer Caucus |url=https://lgbtqcaucus.legislature.ca.gov/news/1623999600-2021-legislative-lgbtq-caucus-pride-honorees |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=lgbtqcaucus.legislature.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Was inducted into the LGBTQ Victory Institute's Hall of Fame as part of the Founding Class in 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ Victory Hall of Fame {{!}} Pride &amp; Progress |url=https://www.prideandprogress.org/hall-of-fame |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.prideandprogress.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Recognized as #WomenWhoBuiltHUD by the Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2022 during Women's History Month&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2022 |title=HUDgov Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/HUDgov/status/1502736183213756417 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313095827/https://twitter.com/HUDgov/status/1502736183213756417 |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Twitter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* &quot;Gyaran Ɗabi'a: Iyakokin Shari'a kan Hanyoyi da Manufofi&quot;, 50 ''Notre Dame Lawyer'' 230 (1975) 
* ''Tsarin Jima'i da Dokar'', ta Roberta Achtenberg (edita) (1985) 
* &quot;Shari'ar Fa'idodin Abokan Hulɗa: Faɗaɗa Ma'anar Iyali&quot;, Matthew bender ''Dokar Iyali ta Wata-wata'' (Mayu 1987) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Iyayen 'Yan Luwaɗi da 'Yan Madigo da Masu Ɗauki da Masu Renon Yara,'' a cikin Iyayen 'Yan Luwaɗi da 'Yan Madigo, Bozett, Ed., Praeger Press (1987) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nicaragua: Rahoton Watan Agusta na 1986 Wakilan Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa zuwa Nicaragua'' (Mayu 1987)
* ''Cutar Kanjamau da Kula da Yara: Jagora ga Tallafawa'', Cibiyar Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa (1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Littafin Soyayya da Aure na 'Yan Madigo da 'Yan Luwadi: Ƙirƙirar Labarun Rayuwarmu'', na Paula Martinac, Roberta Achtenberg (mai ba da gudummawa) (1998) 
* ''Kiyayewa da Kare Iyalan 'Yan Madigo da Maza 'Yan Luwadi'', Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa (1986, 1990) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Littafin Shari'ar Iyayen Madigo'', Bugu na Biyu, Cibiyar 'Yancin Madigo ta Ƙasa, tare da Donna Hitchens (1990) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Kare Iyalan 'Yan Madigo'' a Haƙƙinmu na Soyayya, Vida, Ed, (1990) &lt;ref name=&quot;United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993&quot; /&gt;
* ''Taimaka wa Matasan 'Yan Luwadi da 'Yan Madigo: Sabbin Manufofi, Sabbin Shirye-shirye, Sabbin Ayyuka'', na Teresa Decrescenzo (edita), Roberta Achtenberg (mai ba da gudummawa) (1994) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Annette Abbott Adams</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307810834|Annette Abbott Adams]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Annette Abbott Adams''' (Maris 12, 1877 - Oktoba 26, 1956) lauya ce kuma alkali 'yar Amurka. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama Mataimakiyar Babban Lauya a Amurka. 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Annette_Abbott_Adams_LCCN2014697838.jpg|left|thumb|Adams sanye da rigunan kammala karatunta {{Circa}} 1912]]
An haifi Annette Grace Abbott a Prattville, California, ga mai shago Hiram Brown Abbott da malamar Annette Frances Stubbs, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Beverly B. |year=2000 |title=Adams, Annette Abbott |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=American National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adams ta yi karatu a Makarantar Al'ada ta Jihar Chico da Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ta sami digirinta na farko a shekarar 1904, sannan ta sami digirinta na shari'a a shekarar 1912. Ta kasance memba a Delta Delta Delta . 

== Sana'a ==
Kafin ta fara aikin lauya, ta koyar da makarantar nahawu kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin makarantu mata na farko a California, a Makarantar Sakandare ta Modoc County da ke Alturas.

A shekarar 1912, an shigar da ita cikin Lauyan Jihar California .  Ta yi kamfen ga Woodrow Wilson a California, kuma bayan zaɓensa an ba ta lada da naɗin Mataimakin Lauyan Amurka a Gundumar Arewacin California, 1914–1919. A shekarar 1918–1920, ta kasance mataimakiyar Lauyan Amurka a wannan gundumar. A shekarar 1920, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Lauyan Janar ta farko a Amurka, ofishin da ta yi murabus a shekarar 1921.
[[Fayil:Annette_Abbott_Adams_1950.jpg|left|thumb|Adams {{Circa}} 1950]]
Adams ta yi takarar kujera a Hukumar Kula da Masu Kula da San Francisco a shekarar 1923 ba tare da nasara ba. Ta yi nasarar yin aikin lauya na sirri har zuwa 1935, lokacin da aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Lauya na Musamman na shari'o'in Man Fetur na Amurka. A shekarar 1942, Gwamnan California Culbert Olson ya naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar Alkali na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta California a Gundumar Uku da ke Sacramento . A lokacin, wannan kotun tana ɗaya daga cikin kotunan ɗaukaka ƙara huɗu na tsakiya a California - matsakaici, wato, tsakanin kotunan shari'a da ke kowace gunduma, da Kotun Koli ta California. A matsayinta na Shugabar Kotun Uku, Mai Shari'a Adams ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan alkalai huɗu a jihar bayan Alkalan Kotun Koli. Ta lashe zaɓen wa'adi na shekaru goma sha biyu a kotun ɗaukaka ƙara daga baya a 1942, amma ta yi ritaya a 1952 saboda dalilai na lafiya. A lokacin da take kan kotun, ta rubuta ra'ayoyi sama da 350. A shekarar 1950, ta yi aiki ta musamman a wani shari'a a Kotun Koli ta California, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta zauna a wannan kotun ( ''Gardner v. Jonathon Club'' (1950) 35 Cal.2d 343). 

Adams died in Sacramento on October 26, 1956.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1906, Annette Abbott ta auri Martin Houston &quot;Mart&quot; Adams, tare da alkali JD Goodwin na gundumar Plumas ya yi hidimar. Mista Adams ya fi Mrs. Adams shekaru biyu girmi. Abokai sun ce sun yi aure ne saboda Annette tana son &quot;Mrs.&quot; a gaban sunanta. Duk da cewa suna zaune daban, ba su sake ba.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin lauyoyi da alkalai mata na farko a California

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]]</text>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <text bytes="3338" sha1="9u2d2dflpo18vbzn5u1ge0lkdxzjvgl" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Annette Abbott Adams''' (Maris 12, 1877 - Oktoba 26, 1956) lauya ce kuma alkali 'yar Amurka. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama Mataimakiyar Babban Lauya a Amurka. 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Annette_Abbott_Adams_LCCN2014697838.jpg|left|thumb|Adams sanye da rigunan kammala karatunta {{Circa}} 1912]]
An haifi Annette Grace Abbott a Prattville, California, ga mai shago Hiram Brown Abbott da malamar Annette Frances Stubbs, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Beverly B. |year=2000 |title=Adams, Annette Abbott |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=American National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adams ta yi karatu a Makarantar Al'ada ta Jihar Chico da Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ta sami digirinta na farko a shekarar 1904, sannan ta sami digirinta na shari'a a shekarar 1912. Ta kasance memba a Delta Delta Delta . 

== Sana'a ==
Kafin ta fara aikin lauya, ta koyar da makarantar nahawu kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin makarantu mata na farko a California, a Makarantar Sakandare ta Modoc County da ke Alturas.

A shekarar 1912, an shigar da ita cikin Lauyan Jihar California .  Ta yi kamfen ga Woodrow Wilson a California, kuma bayan zaɓensa an ba ta lada da naɗin Mataimakin Lauyan Amurka a Gundumar Arewacin California, 1914–1919. A shekarar 1918–1920, ta kasance mataimakiyar Lauyan Amurka a wannan gundumar. A shekarar 1920, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Lauyan Janar ta farko a Amurka, ofishin da ta yi murabus a shekarar 1921.
[[Fayil:Annette_Abbott_Adams_1950.jpg|left|thumb|Adams {{Circa}} 1950]]
Adams ta yi takarar kujera a Hukumar Kula da Masu Kula da San Francisco a shekarar 1923 ba tare da nasara ba. Ta yi nasarar yin aikin lauya na sirri har zuwa 1935, lokacin da aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Lauya na Musamman na shari'o'in Man Fetur na Amurka. A shekarar 1942, Gwamnan California Culbert Olson ya naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar Alkali na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta California a Gundumar Uku da ke Sacramento . A lokacin, wannan kotun tana ɗaya daga cikin kotunan ɗaukaka ƙara huɗu na tsakiya a California - matsakaici, wato, tsakanin kotunan shari'a da ke kowace gunduma, da Kotun Koli ta California. A matsayinta na Shugabar Kotun Uku, Mai Shari'a Adams ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan alkalai huɗu a jihar bayan Alkalan Kotun Koli. Ta lashe zaɓen wa'adi na shekaru goma sha biyu a kotun ɗaukaka ƙara daga baya a 1942, amma ta yi ritaya a 1952 saboda dalilai na lafiya. A lokacin da take kan kotun, ta rubuta ra'ayoyi sama da 350. A shekarar 1950, ta yi aiki ta musamman a wani shari'a a Kotun Koli ta California, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta zauna a wannan kotun ( ''Gardner v. Jonathon Club'' (1950) 35 Cal.2d 343). 

Adams died in Sacramento on October 26, 1956.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1906, Annette Abbott ta auri Martin Houston &quot;Mart&quot; Adams, tare da alkali JD Goodwin na gundumar Plumas ya yi hidimar. Mista Adams ya fi Mrs. Adams shekaru biyu girmi. Abokai sun ce sun yi aure ne saboda Annette tana son &quot;Mrs.&quot; a gaban sunanta. Duk da cewa suna zaune daban, ba su sake ba.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin lauyoyi da alkalai mata na farko a California

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>816632</id>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3624" sha1="304vj60sbc7cj9rz4gqgl81o7ovfwug" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Annette Abbott Adams''' (Maris 12, 1877 - Oktoba 26, 1956) lauya ce kuma alkali 'yar Amurka. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama Mataimakiyar Babban Lauya a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BakkenFarrington2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Gordon Moris Bakken|author2=Brenda Farrington|title=Encyclopedia of Women in the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9zIeyugktEC|access-date=13 November 2012|year=2003|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0761923565|page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Annette_Abbott_Adams_LCCN2014697838.jpg|left|thumb|Adams sanye da rigunan kammala karatunta {{Circa}} 1912]]
An haifi Annette Grace Abbott a Prattville, California, ga mai shago Hiram Brown Abbott da malamar Annette Frances Stubbs, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Beverly B. |year=2000 |title=Adams, Annette Abbott |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=American National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adams ta yi karatu a Makarantar Al'ada ta Jihar Chico da Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ta sami digirinta na farko a shekarar 1904, sannan ta sami digirinta na shari'a a shekarar 1912. Ta kasance memba a Delta Delta Delta . 

== Sana'a ==
Kafin ta fara aikin lauya, ta koyar da makarantar nahawu kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin makarantu mata na farko a California, a Makarantar Sakandare ta Modoc County da ke Alturas.

A shekarar 1912, an shigar da ita cikin Lauyan Jihar California .  Ta yi kamfen ga Woodrow Wilson a California, kuma bayan zaɓensa an ba ta lada da naɗin Mataimakin Lauyan Amurka a Gundumar Arewacin California, 1914–1919. A shekarar 1918–1920, ta kasance mataimakiyar Lauyan Amurka a wannan gundumar. A shekarar 1920, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Lauyan Janar ta farko a Amurka, ofishin da ta yi murabus a shekarar 1921.
[[Fayil:Annette_Abbott_Adams_1950.jpg|left|thumb|Adams {{Circa}} 1950]]
Adams ta yi takarar kujera a Hukumar Kula da Masu Kula da San Francisco a shekarar 1923 ba tare da nasara ba. Ta yi nasarar yin aikin lauya na sirri har zuwa 1935, lokacin da aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Lauya na Musamman na shari'o'in Man Fetur na Amurka. A shekarar 1942, Gwamnan California Culbert Olson ya naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar Alkali na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta California a Gundumar Uku da ke Sacramento . A lokacin, wannan kotun tana ɗaya daga cikin kotunan ɗaukaka ƙara huɗu na tsakiya a California - matsakaici, wato, tsakanin kotunan shari'a da ke kowace gunduma, da Kotun Koli ta California. A matsayinta na Shugabar Kotun Uku, Mai Shari'a Adams ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan alkalai huɗu a jihar bayan Alkalan Kotun Koli. Ta lashe zaɓen wa'adi na shekaru goma sha biyu a kotun ɗaukaka ƙara daga baya a 1942, amma ta yi ritaya a 1952 saboda dalilai na lafiya. A lokacin da take kan kotun, ta rubuta ra'ayoyi sama da 350. A shekarar 1950, ta yi aiki ta musamman a wani shari'a a Kotun Koli ta California, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta zauna a wannan kotun ( ''Gardner v. Jonathon Club'' (1950) 35 Cal.2d 343). 

Adams died in Sacramento on October 26, 1956.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1906, Annette Abbott ta auri Martin Houston &quot;Mart&quot; Adams, tare da alkali JD Goodwin na gundumar Plumas ya yi hidimar. Mista Adams ya fi Mrs. Adams shekaru biyu girmi. Abokai sun ce sun yi aure ne saboda Annette tana son &quot;Mrs.&quot; a gaban sunanta. Duk da cewa suna zaune daban, ba su sake ba.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin lauyoyi da alkalai mata na farko a California

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]]</text>
      <sha1>304vj60sbc7cj9rz4gqgl81o7ovfwug</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>/* Rayuwar farko da ilimi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3925" sha1="i5hchh4gjmagb3mlf7yv4ru7g5bah4j" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Annette Abbott Adams''' (Maris 12, 1877 - Oktoba 26, 1956) lauya ce kuma alkali 'yar Amurka. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama Mataimakiyar Babban Lauya a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BakkenFarrington2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Gordon Moris Bakken|author2=Brenda Farrington|title=Encyclopedia of Women in the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9zIeyugktEC|access-date=13 November 2012|year=2003|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0761923565|page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Annette_Abbott_Adams_LCCN2014697838.jpg|left|thumb|Adams sanye da rigunan kammala karatunta {{Circa}} 1912]]
An haifi Annette Grace Abbott a Prattville, California, ga mai shago Hiram Brown Abbott da malamar Annette Frances Stubbs, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Beverly B. |year=2000 |title=Adams, Annette Abbott |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=American National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adams ta yi karatu a Makarantar Al'ada ta Jihar Chico da Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ta sami digirinta na farko a shekarar 1904, sannan ta sami digirinta na shari'a a shekarar 1912. Ta kasance memba a Delta Delta Delta .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004 |title=Adams, Annette Abbott |last=Cook |first=Beverly B. |website=American National Biography |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004 |access-date=August 22, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kafin ta fara aikin lauya, ta koyar da makarantar nahawu kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin makarantu mata na farko a California, a Makarantar Sakandare ta Modoc County da ke Alturas.

A shekarar 1912, an shigar da ita cikin Lauyan Jihar California .  Ta yi kamfen ga Woodrow Wilson a California, kuma bayan zaɓensa an ba ta lada da naɗin Mataimakin Lauyan Amurka a Gundumar Arewacin California, 1914–1919. A shekarar 1918–1920, ta kasance mataimakiyar Lauyan Amurka a wannan gundumar. A shekarar 1920, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Lauyan Janar ta farko a Amurka, ofishin da ta yi murabus a shekarar 1921.
[[Fayil:Annette_Abbott_Adams_1950.jpg|left|thumb|Adams {{Circa}} 1950]]
Adams ta yi takarar kujera a Hukumar Kula da Masu Kula da San Francisco a shekarar 1923 ba tare da nasara ba. Ta yi nasarar yin aikin lauya na sirri har zuwa 1935, lokacin da aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Lauya na Musamman na shari'o'in Man Fetur na Amurka. A shekarar 1942, Gwamnan California Culbert Olson ya naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar Alkali na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta California a Gundumar Uku da ke Sacramento . A lokacin, wannan kotun tana ɗaya daga cikin kotunan ɗaukaka ƙara huɗu na tsakiya a California - matsakaici, wato, tsakanin kotunan shari'a da ke kowace gunduma, da Kotun Koli ta California. A matsayinta na Shugabar Kotun Uku, Mai Shari'a Adams ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan alkalai huɗu a jihar bayan Alkalan Kotun Koli. Ta lashe zaɓen wa'adi na shekaru goma sha biyu a kotun ɗaukaka ƙara daga baya a 1942, amma ta yi ritaya a 1952 saboda dalilai na lafiya. A lokacin da take kan kotun, ta rubuta ra'ayoyi sama da 350. A shekarar 1950, ta yi aiki ta musamman a wani shari'a a Kotun Koli ta California, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta zauna a wannan kotun ( ''Gardner v. Jonathon Club'' (1950) 35 Cal.2d 343). 

Adams died in Sacramento on October 26, 1956.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1906, Annette Abbott ta auri Martin Houston &quot;Mart&quot; Adams, tare da alkali JD Goodwin na gundumar Plumas ya yi hidimar. Mista Adams ya fi Mrs. Adams shekaru biyu girmi. Abokai sun ce sun yi aure ne saboda Annette tana son &quot;Mrs.&quot; a gaban sunanta. Duk da cewa suna zaune daban, ba su sake ba.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin lauyoyi da alkalai mata na farko a California

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]]</text>
      <sha1>i5hchh4gjmagb3mlf7yv4ru7g5bah4j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816636</id>
      <parentid>816633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T08:23:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sana'a */</comment>
      <origin>816636</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4651" sha1="l1zgjoj0jf748ysi14tihbzpqzc66uq" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Annette Abbott Adams''' (Maris 12, 1877 - Oktoba 26, 1956) lauya ce kuma alkali 'yar Amurka. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama Mataimakiyar Babban Lauya a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BakkenFarrington2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Gordon Moris Bakken|author2=Brenda Farrington|title=Encyclopedia of Women in the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9zIeyugktEC|access-date=13 November 2012|year=2003|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0761923565|page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Annette_Abbott_Adams_LCCN2014697838.jpg|left|thumb|Adams sanye da rigunan kammala karatunta {{Circa}} 1912]]
An haifi Annette Grace Abbott a Prattville, California, ga mai shago Hiram Brown Abbott da malamar Annette Frances Stubbs, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Beverly B. |year=2000 |title=Adams, Annette Abbott |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=American National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adams ta yi karatu a Makarantar Al'ada ta Jihar Chico da Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ta sami digirinta na farko a shekarar 1904, sannan ta sami digirinta na shari'a a shekarar 1912. Ta kasance memba a Delta Delta Delta .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004 |title=Adams, Annette Abbott |last=Cook |first=Beverly B. |website=American National Biography |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1100004 |access-date=August 22, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kafin ta fara aikin lauya, ta koyar da makarantar nahawu kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin makarantu mata na farko a California, a Makarantar Sakandare ta Modoc County da ke Alturas.

A shekarar 1912, an shigar da ita cikin Lauyan Jihar California .  Ta yi kamfen ga Woodrow Wilson a California, kuma bayan zaɓensa an ba ta lada da naɗin Mataimakin Lauyan Amurka a Gundumar Arewacin California, 1914–1919. A shekarar 1918–1920, ta kasance mataimakiyar Lauyan Amurka a wannan gundumar. A shekarar 1920, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Lauyan Janar ta farko a Amurka, ofishin da ta yi murabus a shekarar 1921.
[[Fayil:Annette_Abbott_Adams_1950.jpg|left|thumb|Adams {{Circa}} 1950]]
Adams ta yi takarar kujera a Hukumar Kula da Masu Kula da San Francisco a shekarar 1923 ba tare da nasara ba. Ta yi nasarar yin aikin lauya na sirri har zuwa 1935, lokacin da aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Lauya na Musamman na shari'o'in Man Fetur na Amurka. A shekarar 1942, Gwamnan California Culbert Olson ya naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar Alkali na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta California a Gundumar Uku da ke Sacramento . A lokacin, wannan kotun tana ɗaya daga cikin kotunan ɗaukaka ƙara huɗu na tsakiya a California - matsakaici, wato, tsakanin kotunan shari'a da ke kowace gunduma, da Kotun Koli ta California. A matsayinta na Shugabar Kotun Uku, Mai Shari'a Adams ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan alkalai huɗu a jihar bayan Alkalan Kotun Koli. Ta lashe zaɓen wa'adi na shekaru goma sha biyu a kotun ɗaukaka ƙara daga baya a 1942, amma ta yi ritaya a 1952 saboda dalilai na lafiya. A lokacin da take kan kotun, ta rubuta ra'ayoyi sama da 350. A shekarar 1950, ta yi aiki ta musamman a wani shari'a a Kotun Koli ta California, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta zauna a wannan kotun ( ''Gardner v. Jonathon Club'' (1950) 35 Cal.2d 343). 

Adams died in Sacramento on October 26, 1956.&lt;ref name=gale&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Adams, Annette (1877–1956)|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591300086.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315202856/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591300086.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2016|encyclopedia=Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia|publisher=Gale Research Inc.|access-date=8 January 2013}}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sacramento-union-services-for-annett/162245051/ |title=Services for Annette Abbott Adams, 79, State's First Lady of Law, Tomorrow |newspaper=[[The Sacramento Union]] |page=12 |date=1956-10-28 |access-date=2025-01-04 |via=Newspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1906, Annette Abbott ta auri Martin Houston &quot;Mart&quot; Adams, tare da alkali JD Goodwin na gundumar Plumas ya yi hidimar. Mista Adams ya fi Mrs. Adams shekaru biyu girmi. Abokai sun ce sun yi aure ne saboda Annette tana son &quot;Mrs.&quot; a gaban sunanta. Duk da cewa suna zaune daban, ba su sake ba.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin lauyoyi da alkalai mata na farko a California

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]]</text>
      <sha1>l1zgjoj0jf748ysi14tihbzpqzc66uq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maryamu M'Mukindia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147159</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816634</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T08:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342213370|Mary M'Mukindia]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816634</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4074" sha1="q6j84ybp8rj53v81n3q0u1df8au50t2" xml:space="preserve">Mary M'Mukindia MBS (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957) 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya a masana'antar man fetur, wacce ta kasance Shugaba na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa na Kenya (NOCK) daga 2003 zuwa 2008. A cikin shekara ta 2015, manyan jaridu da yawa sun haɗa ta da cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaƙa da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 2013 na [[Martha Karua]], amma shari'ar kotu ta biyo baya ta gano waɗannan zarge-zargen da rashin gaskiya ne. Ya zuwa 2018, tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara da kuma kocin jagoranci.

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Mary Kimotho M'Mukindia a watan Yulin shekara ta 1957. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] . Ta shiga masana'antar mai da iskar gas, tana aiki a matsayin mai zartarwa ga ExxonMobil a Kenya da Ingila. Ta kasance memba mai kafa kuma Janar Manajan farko na Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Gabashin Afirka (PIEA).  Ta yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar sadarwa ta Mwai Kibaki kuma bayan an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Kenya a shekara ta 2003, ya nada ta Shugaba na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa na Kenya (NOCK), a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarinsa na nada ƙwararrun masana zuwa mukaman gudanarwa na jihar. A cikin wannan rawar ta yi amfani da alakarta da Kibaki don gina sashen binciken mai da gas na NOCK. NOCK ta fara shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye na tallace-tallace na kasashen waje da halartar manyan taron masana'antu na duniya. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar sha'awar masu saka hannun jari na kasashen waje a cikin man fetur da iskar gas na Kenya. M'Mukindia ya yi murabus daga NOCK a shekara ta 2008, bisa zargin rashin jin daɗi game da nadin siyasa ga kwamitin NOCK da kuma asarar NOCK damar samun kudaden gwamnati. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Moran of the Burning Spear a shekara ta 2007. Ta kasance tare da [[Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|UNEP]], tana aiki don Hadin gwiwar Tsabtace Fuels da Motoci daga 2007 zuwa 2012. 

Ta kasance abokiyar ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa Njenga Karume . Kafin ya mutu daga ciwon daji a 2013 ya kafa Gidauniyar Njenga Karume wacce aka tsara don gudanar da gadonsa. An zaɓi kwamitin amintattu don gudanar da waɗannan abubuwan da suka biyo baya suka nada M'Mukinda [1] zuwa kwamitin Jacaranda Holdings a watan Oktoba 2012.

A cikin 2013 [[Martha Karua]], tsohuwar ministan shari'a, ta yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don zama Shugaban Kenya kuma M'Mukindia ta kasance mai ba da shawara game da kamfen din kuma mai tara kuɗi a kamfen dinta. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015 Karua ta yarda da karbar &quot;kyauta&quot; miliyoyin fam ga kudin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa daga British American Tobacco. Karua ta ce ta yi tunanin cewa gudummawar da Paul Hopkins, ma'aikacin BAT, bayarwa ce ta mutum. An biya kuɗin bisa ga Karua ta hanyar M'Mukindia. An yi zargin cewa an ba da kuɗin ne don samun cikakkun bayanai game da fasahar da Kenya za ta yi amfani da ita don gano shigo da taba ba bisa ka'ida ba. M'Mukindia, a cikin shari'ar farar hula ta 5 na 2016, ta kai karar kungiyar watsa labarai ta Nation don cin mutunci kuma a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka yanke ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2017, an ba shi lambar yabo ta gaba ɗaya, mai tsanani, da kuma mummunar lalacewar da ake tuhuma ta yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma yayin da kotun ta gano cewa littafin ba gaskiya ba ne kuma ya aikata ta hanyar mugunta a bangaren wadanda ake tuhumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Civil Case 5 of 2016 - Kenya Law |url=http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/145394 |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=kenyalaw.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon abin kunya, M'Mukindia ta yi murabus daga kwamitin daraktocin Unga Group a watan Afrilu 2016,  amma ta ci gaba a matsayin memba na kwamitin Hukumar Haraji ta Kenya  har zuwa ƙarshen wa'adin ta a watan Agusta 2016.

Ya zuwa 2018, tana tallata kanta a matsayin Kocin Shugaba, Mai ba da shawara kan Kasuwanci da Mai horar da Shugaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=M'Mukindia |first=Mary |date=3 May 2018 |title=Mary M'Mukindia |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mary-m-mukindia-2a318133/ |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>q6j84ybp8rj53v81n3q0u1df8au50t2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816642</id>
      <parentid>816634</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T08:35:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4087" sha1="f7jk1o4c19ko09lybdclthedqpn28n9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Mary M'Mukindia MBS (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957) 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya a masana'antar man fetur, wacce ta kasance Shugaba na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa na Kenya (NOCK) daga 2003 zuwa 2008. A cikin shekara ta 2015, manyan jaridu da yawa sun haɗa ta da cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaƙa da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 2013 na [[Martha Karua]], amma shari'ar kotu ta biyo baya ta gano waɗannan zarge-zargen da rashin gaskiya ne. Ya zuwa 2018, tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara da kuma kocin jagoranci.

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Mary Kimotho M'Mukindia a watan Yulin shekara ta 1957. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] . Ta shiga masana'antar mai da iskar gas, tana aiki a matsayin mai zartarwa ga ExxonMobil a Kenya da Ingila. Ta kasance memba mai kafa kuma Janar Manajan farko na Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Gabashin Afirka (PIEA).  Ta yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar sadarwa ta Mwai Kibaki kuma bayan an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Kenya a shekara ta 2003, ya nada ta Shugaba na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa na Kenya (NOCK), a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarinsa na nada ƙwararrun masana zuwa mukaman gudanarwa na jihar. A cikin wannan rawar ta yi amfani da alakarta da Kibaki don gina sashen binciken mai da gas na NOCK. NOCK ta fara shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye na tallace-tallace na kasashen waje da halartar manyan taron masana'antu na duniya. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar sha'awar masu saka hannun jari na kasashen waje a cikin man fetur da iskar gas na Kenya. M'Mukindia ya yi murabus daga NOCK a shekara ta 2008, bisa zargin rashin jin daɗi game da nadin siyasa ga kwamitin NOCK da kuma asarar NOCK damar samun kudaden gwamnati. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Moran of the Burning Spear a shekara ta 2007. Ta kasance tare da [[Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|UNEP]], tana aiki don Hadin gwiwar Tsabtace Fuels da Motoci daga 2007 zuwa 2012. 

Ta kasance abokiyar ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa Njenga Karume . Kafin ya mutu daga ciwon daji a 2013 ya kafa Gidauniyar Njenga Karume wacce aka tsara don gudanar da gadonsa. An zaɓi kwamitin amintattu don gudanar da waɗannan abubuwan da suka biyo baya suka nada M'Mukinda [1] zuwa kwamitin Jacaranda Holdings a watan Oktoba 2012.

A cikin 2013 [[Martha Karua]], tsohuwar ministan shari'a, ta yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don zama Shugaban Kenya kuma M'Mukindia ta kasance mai ba da shawara game da kamfen din kuma mai tara kuɗi a kamfen dinta. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015 Karua ta yarda da karbar &quot;kyauta&quot; miliyoyin fam ga kudin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa daga British American Tobacco. Karua ta ce ta yi tunanin cewa gudummawar da Paul Hopkins, ma'aikacin BAT, bayarwa ce ta mutum. An biya kuɗin bisa ga Karua ta hanyar M'Mukindia. An yi zargin cewa an ba da kuɗin ne don samun cikakkun bayanai game da fasahar da Kenya za ta yi amfani da ita don gano shigo da taba ba bisa ka'ida ba. M'Mukindia, a cikin shari'ar farar hula ta 5 na 2016, ta kai karar kungiyar watsa labarai ta Nation don cin mutunci kuma a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka yanke ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2017, an ba shi lambar yabo ta gaba ɗaya, mai tsanani, da kuma mummunar lalacewar da ake tuhuma ta yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma yayin da kotun ta gano cewa littafin ba gaskiya ba ne kuma ya aikata ta hanyar mugunta a bangaren wadanda ake tuhumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Civil Case 5 of 2016 - Kenya Law |url=http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/145394 |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=kenyalaw.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon abin kunya, M'Mukindia ta yi murabus daga kwamitin daraktocin Unga Group a watan Afrilu 2016,  amma ta ci gaba a matsayin memba na kwamitin Hukumar Haraji ta Kenya  har zuwa ƙarshen wa'adin ta a watan Agusta 2016.

Ya zuwa 2018, tana tallata kanta a matsayin Kocin Shugaba, Mai ba da shawara kan Kasuwanci da Mai horar da Shugaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=M'Mukindia |first=Mary |date=3 May 2018 |title=Mary M'Mukindia |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mary-m-mukindia-2a318133/ |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>f7jk1o4c19ko09lybdclthedqpn28n9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laila Macharia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147160</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816638</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T08:29:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302440494|Laila Macharia]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816638</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5719" sha1="s5vlh7imo08zirj1hw3h0zieftse0e2" xml:space="preserve">
'''Laila Macharia''' lauya ce ta Kenya, 'yar kasuwa, 'yar kasuwanci kuma mala'ika mai saka hannun jari da ke zaune a Nairobi, babban birnin Kenya. Tana zaune a kan allon kamfanoni da yawa na kasa, yanki da na duniya, gami da (a) Africa Digital Media Group (b) Absa Bank Kenya Plc da (c) Centum Investments . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abigail Arunga |date=28 July 2016 |title=Personality of The Week: Dr Laila Macharia |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/lifestyle/myNetwork/PERSONALITY-OF-THE-WEEK-Dr-Laila-macharia/3141096-3320340-th7nxvz/index.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[Daily Nation]] |place=Nairobi, Kenya |format=The website requires payment to access content}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Africa |date=17 August 2014 |title=Laila Macharia steps out as the new boardroom queen |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/Laila-Macharia-the-new-boardroom-queen/-/539550/2421954/-/mwncv0z/-/index.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Macharia a Nairobi, Kenya kuma ta girma a Kenya, [[Somaliya]] da [[Namibiya|Namibia]]. A lokacin da take da shekaru 18, ta koma Amurka ita kaɗai inda ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki har sai da ta dawo [[Gabashin Afirka]] a shekara ta 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Africa |date=17 August 2014 |title=Laila Macharia steps out as the new boardroom queen |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/Laila-Macharia-the-new-boardroom-queen/-/539550/2421954/-/mwncv0z/-/index.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBusiness_Daily_Africa2014&quot;&gt;Business Daily Africa (17 August 2014). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/Laila-Macharia-the-new-boardroom-queen/-/539550/2421954/-/mwncv0z/-/index.html &quot;Laila Macharia steps out as the new boardroom queen&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 October&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&amp;#x7C;author=&lt;/code&gt; has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aspen Institute |date=2013 |title=Laila Macharia: Chair, Africa Leadership Initiative-East Africa Foundation |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/4108 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[Aspen Institute|Aspen Global Leadership Network]] |place=Washington DC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 2007 da 2014, Macharia shine Shugaba wanda ya kafa Scion Real, kamfanin saka hannun jari wanda ke mai da hankali kan ci gaban birane a Afirka. Kamfanin yana ba da mafita na saka hannun jari ga masu saka hannun jari da Kamfanoni masu yawa da ke fadada cikin Afirka da kuma cikin Afirka. Hedikwatar a Nairobi, Kenya, Scion Real ta ba da shawara game da ma'amala ga gwamnatocin Guinea, Kenya, Rwanda da Sudan ta Kudu a fannin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu don gidaje da ababen more rayuwa na birane. Ga ayyukan masu zaman kansu, Scion Real ta tara kudade na sama da dala miliyan 30. A cikin 2013, an nada Scion Real don tsara damar saka hannun jari don Konza Technology City kuma ya yi aiki a kan aikin Bankin Duniya na gano saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tashoshin jirgin kasa a karkashin Nairobi Metro 2030.

== Ilimi ==
Macharia Itaca da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a (J.S.D) daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Stanford . Rubutun ta ya mayar da hankali kan sake fasalin bangaren [[sadarwa]] a Kenya. A shekara ta 1995, Macharia ta sami digiri na farko na Dokoki (J.D.) da Master of Laws (LL.M) daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Cornell a Ithaca, New York . Har ila yau, tana da digiri na farko na Arts (B.A.) a cikin Shirye-shiryen da Manufofin Jama'a daga Jami'ar Oregon . An shigar da Macharia a cikin mashaya na [[Maryland]] (1996) da [[New York (jiha)|Jihar New York]] (2002). Har ila yau, lauya ce ta Babban Kotun Kenya (2006). &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aspen Institute |date=2013 |title=Laila Macharia: Chair, Africa Leadership Initiative-East Africa Foundation |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/4108 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[Aspen Institute|Aspen Global Leadership Network]] |place=Washington DC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAspen_Institute2013&quot;&gt;Aspen Institute (2013). [https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/4108 &quot;Laila Macharia: Chair, Africa Leadership Initiative-East Africa Foundation&quot;]. ''[[Aspen Institute|Aspen Global Leadership Network]]''. Washington DC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 October&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EdR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laila Macharia |date=October 2021 |title=Laila Macharia: Chair, Africa Leadership Initiative (East Africa) |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/laila-macharia-73931941/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[LinkedIn.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwalejin ==
A cikin 2004 da 2005, Macharia ta koyar da dokar kasuwanci ga dalibai masu digiri da digiri a Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka da ke Nairobi . A shekara ta 2009, ta kirkiro Shirin Zartarwa na Real Estate a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Strathmore . Tana koyarwa lokaci-lokaci a Makarantar Harkokin Jama'a da Kasa ta Woodrow Wilson a Jami'ar Princeton .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
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'''Laila Macharia''' lauya ce ta Kenya, 'yar kasuwa, 'yar kasuwanci kuma mala'ika mai saka hannun jari da ke zaune a Nairobi, babban birnin Kenya. Tana zaune a kan allon kamfanoni da yawa na kasa, yanki da na duniya, gami da (a) Africa Digital Media Group (b) Absa Bank Kenya Plc da (c) Centum Investments . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abigail Arunga |date=28 July 2016 |title=Personality of The Week: Dr Laila Macharia |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/lifestyle/myNetwork/PERSONALITY-OF-THE-WEEK-Dr-Laila-macharia/3141096-3320340-th7nxvz/index.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[Daily Nation]] |place=Nairobi, Kenya |format=The website requires payment to access content}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Africa |date=17 August 2014 |title=Laila Macharia steps out as the new boardroom queen |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/Laila-Macharia-the-new-boardroom-queen/-/539550/2421954/-/mwncv0z/-/index.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Macharia a Nairobi, Kenya kuma ta girma a Kenya, [[Somaliya]] da [[Namibiya|Namibia]]. A lokacin da take da shekaru 18, ta koma Amurka ita kaɗai inda ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki har sai da ta dawo [[Gabashin Afirka]] a shekara ta 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Africa |date=17 August 2014 |title=Laila Macharia steps out as the new boardroom queen |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/Laila-Macharia-the-new-boardroom-queen/-/539550/2421954/-/mwncv0z/-/index.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBusiness_Daily_Africa2014&quot;&gt;Business Daily Africa (17 August 2014). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/Laila-Macharia-the-new-boardroom-queen/-/539550/2421954/-/mwncv0z/-/index.html &quot;Laila Macharia steps out as the new boardroom queen&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 October&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&amp;#x7C;author=&lt;/code&gt; has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aspen Institute |date=2013 |title=Laila Macharia: Chair, Africa Leadership Initiative-East Africa Foundation |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/4108 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[Aspen Institute|Aspen Global Leadership Network]] |place=Washington DC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 2007 da 2014, Macharia shine Shugaba wanda ya kafa Scion Real, kamfanin saka hannun jari wanda ke mai da hankali kan ci gaban birane a Afirka. Kamfanin yana ba da mafita na saka hannun jari ga masu saka hannun jari da Kamfanoni masu yawa da ke fadada cikin Afirka da kuma cikin Afirka. Hedikwatar a Nairobi, Kenya, Scion Real ta ba da shawara game da ma'amala ga gwamnatocin Guinea, Kenya, Rwanda da Sudan ta Kudu a fannin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu don gidaje da ababen more rayuwa na birane. Ga ayyukan masu zaman kansu, Scion Real ta tara kudade na sama da dala miliyan 30. A cikin 2013, an nada Scion Real don tsara damar saka hannun jari don Konza Technology City kuma ya yi aiki a kan aikin Bankin Duniya na gano saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tashoshin jirgin kasa a karkashin Nairobi Metro 2030.

== Ilimi ==
Macharia Itaca da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a (J.S.D) daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Stanford . Rubutun ta ya mayar da hankali kan sake fasalin bangaren [[sadarwa]] a Kenya. A shekara ta 1995, Macharia ta sami digiri na farko na Dokoki (J.D.) da Master of Laws (LL.M) daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Cornell a Ithaca, New York . Har ila yau, tana da digiri na farko na Arts (B.A.) a cikin Shirye-shiryen da Manufofin Jama'a daga Jami'ar Oregon . An shigar da Macharia a cikin mashaya na [[Maryland]] (1996) da [[New York (jiha)|Jihar New York]] (2002). Har ila yau, lauya ce ta Babban Kotun Kenya (2006). &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aspen Institute |date=2013 |title=Laila Macharia: Chair, Africa Leadership Initiative-East Africa Foundation |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/4108 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[Aspen Institute|Aspen Global Leadership Network]] |place=Washington DC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAspen_Institute2013&quot;&gt;Aspen Institute (2013). [https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/4108 &quot;Laila Macharia: Chair, Africa Leadership Initiative-East Africa Foundation&quot;]. ''[[Aspen Institute|Aspen Global Leadership Network]]''. Washington DC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 October&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EdR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laila Macharia |date=October 2021 |title=Laila Macharia: Chair, Africa Leadership Initiative (East Africa) |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/laila-macharia-73931941/?originalSubdomain=ke |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=[[LinkedIn.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwalejin ==
A cikin 2004 da 2005, Macharia ta koyar da dokar kasuwanci ga dalibai masu digiri da digiri a Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka da ke Nairobi . A shekara ta 2009, ta kirkiro Shirin Zartarwa na Real Estate a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Strathmore . Tana koyarwa lokaci-lokaci a Makarantar Harkokin Jama'a da Kasa ta Woodrow Wilson a Jami'ar Princeton .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>oo0370towod8qf0d377esl6unupsgo0</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Mary Ngechu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346112051|Mary Ngechu]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6058" sha1="0qsrwjodegos1isvbp4arjlj1fh7d1z" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Wanjugu Ngechu''' 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya kuma 'yar masana'antu ce. Ita ce manajan darakta na Line Plast Group, kamfanin masana'antu da ke [[Nairobi]], kuma mai kafawa da kuma mai kula da Gidauniyar TakaTaka Ni Mali, kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan gudanar da sharar gida da kuma shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki na zagaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-29 |title=Hard-edged entrepreneur believes success happens when one learns to hang on |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/hard-edged-entrepreneur-believes-success-happens-when-one-learns-to-hang-on-246436 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New information hub, app to aid in waste management |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2022-11-17-new-information-hub-app-to-aid-in-waste-management |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=The Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2024, Shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Moran na Order of the Burning Spear (MBS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ntongai |first=Elijah |date=2024-12-16 |title=William Ruto Confers Burning Spear Award to Kenyan Industrialists Rajan Shah, Mary Ngechu - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/business-economy/572578-william-ruto-confers-burning-spear-award-kenyan-industrialists-rajan-shah-mary-ngechu/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Ngechu ta yi karatun injiniyan sadarwa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Kenya daga 1994 zuwa 1996. Daga baya ta sami cancanta a fannin fasahar bayanai daga Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta tsakanin 2004 da 2006. Ta gudanar da horo na zartarwa a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Strathmore tsakanin 2015 da 2016. A cikin 2019, ta kammala karatun kan layi a cikin kasuwanci da [[Jami'ar Harvard]] ta bayar ta hanyar edX . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Ngechu: Social entrepreneur who values waste and wants it used to build circular economy |url=https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2023/06/mary-ngechu-social-entrepreneur-who-values-waste-and-wants-it-used-to-build-circular-economy/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Alliance for Science |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ngechu ita ce jagora a Line Art Solutions Limited, kamfanin buga labels da ta kafa a shekara ta 2006. A cikin 2017, an nuna Ngechu a cikin wata kasida ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya game da hanyoyin da take amfani da su wajen bunkasa ƙwarewa da hada ma'aikata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-18 |title=Kenyan woman entrepreneur breaking gender barriers in a manufacturing production floor through training {{!}} International Labour Organization |url=https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/kenyan-woman-entrepreneur-breaking-gender-barriers-manufacturing-production |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngechu ta jagoranci shirin Mata a Masana'antu a karkashin Kungiyar Masana'antun Kenya har zuwa Satumba 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mary Ngechu: Making space for the next generation of women in manufacturing |url=https://africabusinesscommunities.com/features/column-mary-ngechu-making-space-for-the-next-generation-of-women-in-manufacturing/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma shugabanci sashen MSME a Kenya Private Sector Alliance a 2022 kuma a matsayin memba na kwamitin Majalisar Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka tun daga 2019. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na kwamitin daraktoci na Kungiyar Kula da Ayyuka ta Kenya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Ngechu |url=https://meaningful.business/team-member/mary-ngechu/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Meaningful Business |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2024, an nada ta a matsayin jakada a kungiyar International Solid Waste Association . 

== Gidauniyar TTNM ==
Ngechu ya kafa Gidauniyar TakaTaka Ni Mali a cikin 2017, don mayar da hankali kan rarrabewar sharar gida, sake amfani, da hanyoyin tattalin arziki a [[Kenya]], TakaTakaNi Mali na nufin Sharar gida ce Dukiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Takataka ni mali |url=https://takanimali.org/about/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=takanimali.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2022, kungiyar ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen hannu don haɗa gidaje tare da masu tara sharar gida, masu tarawa, da masu sake amfani.[1] A cikin 2023, TTNM ta ƙaddamar da Ecoloop, tsarin sarrafa fasaha wanda aka tsara don inganta sarrafa sharar gida da inganta ayyukan tattalin arziki na zagaye a Kenya.[2]

Ngechu ta shiga cikin ƙaddamar da jerin abubuwan da suka faru a Afirka, taron kula da sharar gida na yanki wanda aka shirya ta hanyar Gidauniyar TakaTaka Ni Mali da abokan tarayya. Ya haɗu da masu tsara manufofi, masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu, da masu yin muhalli don tattaunawa game da kula da sharar gida a [[Gabashin Afirka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Ngechu: Social entrepreneur who values waste and wants it used to build circular economy |url=https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2023/06/mary-ngechu-social-entrepreneur-who-values-waste-and-wants-it-used-to-build-circular-economy/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Alliance for Science |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2023/06/mary-ngechu-social-entrepreneur-who-values-waste-and-wants-it-used-to-build-circular-economy/ &quot;Mary Ngechu: Social entrepreneur who values waste and wants it used to build circular economy&quot;]. ''Alliance for Science''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 December&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karramawa ==

* 2017: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kenya Mutumin Shekara, wanda ya zo na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=BOLD WOMAN: Mary Ngechu |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/women-style/bold-woman-mary-ngechu-19782 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: EY Gabashin Afirka Dan kasuwa na Shekara - Mata mai cin nasara.
* 2019: Zuri Awards, Mata a cikin Masana'antu.
* 2024: Moran na Order of the Burning Spear (MBS).

== Manazarta ==

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'''Mary Wanjugu Ngechu''' 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya kuma 'yar masana'antu ce. Ita ce manajan darakta na Line Plast Group, kamfanin masana'antu da ke [[Nairobi]], kuma mai kafawa da kuma mai kula da Gidauniyar TakaTaka Ni Mali, kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan gudanar da sharar gida da kuma shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki na zagaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-29 |title=Hard-edged entrepreneur believes success happens when one learns to hang on |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/hard-edged-entrepreneur-believes-success-happens-when-one-learns-to-hang-on-246436 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New information hub, app to aid in waste management |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2022-11-17-new-information-hub-app-to-aid-in-waste-management |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=The Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2024, Shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Moran na Order of the Burning Spear (MBS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ntongai |first=Elijah |date=2024-12-16 |title=William Ruto Confers Burning Spear Award to Kenyan Industrialists Rajan Shah, Mary Ngechu - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/business-economy/572578-william-ruto-confers-burning-spear-award-kenyan-industrialists-rajan-shah-mary-ngechu/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Ngechu ta yi karatun injiniyan sadarwa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Kenya daga 1994 zuwa 1996. Daga baya ta sami cancanta a fannin fasahar bayanai daga Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta tsakanin 2004 da 2006. Ta gudanar da horo na zartarwa a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Strathmore tsakanin 2015 da 2016. A cikin 2019, ta kammala karatun kan layi a cikin kasuwanci da [[Jami'ar Harvard]] ta bayar ta hanyar edX . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Ngechu: Social entrepreneur who values waste and wants it used to build circular economy |url=https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2023/06/mary-ngechu-social-entrepreneur-who-values-waste-and-wants-it-used-to-build-circular-economy/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Alliance for Science |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ngechu ita ce jagora a Line Art Solutions Limited, kamfanin buga labels da ta kafa a shekara ta 2006. A cikin 2017, an nuna Ngechu a cikin wata kasida ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya game da hanyoyin da take amfani da su wajen bunkasa ƙwarewa da hada ma'aikata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-18 |title=Kenyan woman entrepreneur breaking gender barriers in a manufacturing production floor through training {{!}} International Labour Organization |url=https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/kenyan-woman-entrepreneur-breaking-gender-barriers-manufacturing-production |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngechu ta jagoranci shirin Mata a Masana'antu a karkashin Kungiyar Masana'antun Kenya har zuwa Satumba 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mary Ngechu: Making space for the next generation of women in manufacturing |url=https://africabusinesscommunities.com/features/column-mary-ngechu-making-space-for-the-next-generation-of-women-in-manufacturing/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma shugabanci sashen MSME a Kenya Private Sector Alliance a 2022 kuma a matsayin memba na kwamitin Majalisar Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka tun daga 2019. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na kwamitin daraktoci na Kungiyar Kula da Ayyuka ta Kenya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Ngechu |url=https://meaningful.business/team-member/mary-ngechu/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Meaningful Business |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2024, an nada ta a matsayin jakada a kungiyar International Solid Waste Association . 

== Gidauniyar TTNM ==
Ngechu ya kafa Gidauniyar TakaTaka Ni Mali a cikin 2017, don mayar da hankali kan rarrabewar sharar gida, sake amfani, da hanyoyin tattalin arziki a [[Kenya]], TakaTakaNi Mali na nufin Sharar gida ce Dukiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Takataka ni mali |url=https://takanimali.org/about/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=takanimali.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2022, kungiyar ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen hannu don haɗa gidaje tare da masu tara sharar gida, masu tarawa, da masu sake amfani.[1] A cikin 2023, TTNM ta ƙaddamar da Ecoloop, tsarin sarrafa fasaha wanda aka tsara don inganta sarrafa sharar gida da inganta ayyukan tattalin arziki na zagaye a Kenya.[2]

Ngechu ta shiga cikin ƙaddamar da jerin abubuwan da suka faru a Afirka, taron kula da sharar gida na yanki wanda aka shirya ta hanyar Gidauniyar TakaTaka Ni Mali da abokan tarayya. Ya haɗu da masu tsara manufofi, masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu, da masu yin muhalli don tattaunawa game da kula da sharar gida a [[Gabashin Afirka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Ngechu: Social entrepreneur who values waste and wants it used to build circular economy |url=https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2023/06/mary-ngechu-social-entrepreneur-who-values-waste-and-wants-it-used-to-build-circular-economy/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Alliance for Science |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2023/06/mary-ngechu-social-entrepreneur-who-values-waste-and-wants-it-used-to-build-circular-economy/ &quot;Mary Ngechu: Social entrepreneur who values waste and wants it used to build circular economy&quot;]. ''Alliance for Science''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 December&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karramawa ==

* 2017: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kenya Mutumin Shekara, wanda ya zo na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=BOLD WOMAN: Mary Ngechu |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/women-style/bold-woman-mary-ngechu-19782 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: EY Gabashin Afirka Dan kasuwa na Shekara - Mata mai cin nasara.
* 2019: Zuri Awards, Mata a cikin Masana'antu.
* 2024: Moran na Order of the Burning Spear (MBS).

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336064260|Rebecca Miano]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5438" sha1="1as5wh9o4rc6cfkn8cbuhu6awxvtk52" xml:space="preserve">Hon. '''Rebecca Miano, EGH''' lauya ce ta Kenya kuma shugabar kasuwanci ce ta nahiyar, a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido da namun daji. Ta taba aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Zuba Jari, Ciniki da Masana'antu daga Oktoba 2023 zuwa Yuli 2024. Ita ce tsohuwar Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Gabashin Afirka, ASALs da Ci gaban Yankin. Kafin ta shiga majalisar ministoci, ta kasance manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na KenGen Plc. , mafi girma mai samar da wutar lantarki a yankin Gabashin Afirka daga Nuwamba 2017. A lokacin da take aiki, an lura da KenGen saboda mayar da hankali kan ci gaban makamashi mai dacewa, wanda ya haifar da karbuwa a cikin makamashi masu sabuntawa da kuma tsara yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta duniya da na yanki da yawa. Ta kafa kungiyar Pink Energy Forum don magance batutuwan mata da daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin bangaren makamashi. An tabbatar da ita a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2017, &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot; /&gt; bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da kyauta tun watan Agusta 2017.

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Miano tana da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] kuma ta halarci Shirin Horar da Lauyoyi a [[Kenya School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya]]  Har ila yau, tana da Jagora na Shari'a a Shari'a, wanda Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia ta bayar. 

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyuka a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ===
Tare da shekaru 25 da suka yi aiki da yawa a bangaren makamashi, Miano sanannen shugaban kasuwanci ne na nahiyar. Ta fara aiki a wani kamfanin lauya na Nairobi, Musyoka Annan &amp; Company Advocates . Daga baya, ta yi aiki a Slater da Gordon, wani kamfanin lauya a Queensland, Australia.[1] A shekara ta 1998, ta shiga Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Kenya (KenGen) a matsayin mataimakiyar jami'in shari'a.[2] Bayan lokaci, ta tashi a matsayi don zama mataimakiyar sakataren kamfanin. A lokacin da ta ci gaba zuwa mukaddashin manajan darektan, a watan Agustan 2017, ta kasance darektan harkokin shari'a da sakataren kamfanin a KenGen, bayan ta yi aiki a duka matsayi biyu tun 2008. [1][2]

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Miano ta doke wasu masu neman takara 90 kuma an nada ta a matsayinta, ta maye gurbin Albert Mugo mai ritaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=KenGen begins search for Albert Mugo replacement |url=https://www.citizen.digital/business/kengen-begins-search-for-albert-mugo-replacement-159149}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin, ita ce mace ta farko kuma ita kaɗai ce shugabar zartarwa a KenGen. A shekara ta 2017, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata biyu kawai a Kenya wadanda suka jagoranci kamfani na kasa, ɗayan kuma shine MaryJane Mwangi, babban jami'in zartarwa na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kenya.

=== Jerin lokaci ===

* Yuli 2024: An nada Sakataren majalisar ministoci, Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido da namun daji
* Oktoba 2023: An nada Sakataren Ma'aikatar, Ma'aikatu na Zuba Jari, Ciniki da Masana'antu
* Satumba 2022: Naɗa shi a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar, Ma'aikatu na Gabashin Afirka, Arid da Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs), da Ci gaban Yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Rebecca Miano: Profile of Corporate Guru Named in Ruto's Cabinet - Kenyans.co.ke |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/80016-rebecca-miano-profile-corporate-guru-named-rutos-cabinet |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.kenyans.co.ke |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Miano ya kasance daga cikin Majalisar Ministocin EAC kuma memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka (EALA).

== Sauran ayyukan ==
Ita ce ta kafa Gidauniyar Rebecca Miano, wacce ke mai da hankali kan jagoranci da karfafa mata da matasa kan jagoranci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Miano Foundation |url=https://rebeccamianofoundation.org/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=rebeccamianofoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miano is a member of the Law Society of Kenya, and a registered Certified Public Secretary of Kenya (CPS-K).

Har ila yau, ita ce Patron of the Future Leaders Challenge Initiative da ke tallafawa masu ruwa da tsaki daga bangaren baƙi da yawon bude ido don haɗi da daidaitawa da dabarun babban birnin ɗan adam na Gabashin Afirka da kuma karfafawa da kuma ba da damar matasa masu basira su shiga masana'antar.

== Sanarwa ==

* A cikin 2024, an zabi Miano a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jagoran Ayyukan Jama'a na Shekara a Gabashin Afirka 2024 Women of Excellence Awards .
* A cikin 2023, an yi mata ado da Order of the Golden Heart (EGH), don nuna godiya ga gagarumar hidimar da ta yi wa Kenya.
* A cikin 2019, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Moran of the Order of the Burning Spear (MBS) don nuna godiya ga gagarumar hidimar da ta yi wa al'ummar.
* A shekara ta 2010, an yi wa Miano ado da Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya don nuna godiya ga aikinta 
* A watan Agustan 2020, an amince da jagorancinta da shugabancin kamfanoni a cikin Kyautar Jagorancin Kasuwancin Afirka ta mujallar ''Jagorancin Afirka''; ta lashe lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Ciniki na Afirka.
* Kungiyar Bankin Duniya ce ta nada Miano a matsayin memba mai halarta a Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Jima'i da Ci gaba a watan Yunin 2021 inda za ta yi aiki na shekaru biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2022 |title=Rebecca Miano is a woman to watch in 2021 |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/rebecca-miano-is-a-woman-to-watch-in-2021-3249226}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekara ta 2010, Miano ya lashe lambar yabo ta Sakataren Kamfanin na Shekara a cikin jerin lambobin yabo na Zakarun Gwamnati.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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Hon. '''Rebecca Miano, EGH''' lauya ce ta Kenya kuma shugabar kasuwanci ce ta nahiyar, a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido da namun daji. Ta taba aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Zuba Jari, Ciniki da Masana'antu daga Oktoba 2023 zuwa Yuli 2024. Ita ce tsohuwar Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Gabashin Afirka, ASALs da Ci gaban Yankin. Kafin ta shiga majalisar ministoci, ta kasance manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na KenGen Plc. , mafi girma mai samar da wutar lantarki a yankin Gabashin Afirka daga Nuwamba 2017. A lokacin da take aiki, an lura da KenGen saboda mayar da hankali kan ci gaban makamashi mai dacewa, wanda ya haifar da karbuwa a cikin makamashi masu sabuntawa da kuma tsara yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta duniya da na yanki da yawa. Ta kafa kungiyar Pink Energy Forum don magance batutuwan mata da daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin bangaren makamashi. An tabbatar da ita a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2017, &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot; /&gt; bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da kyauta tun watan Agusta 2017.

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Miano tana da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] kuma ta halarci Shirin Horar da Lauyoyi a [[Kenya School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya]]  Har ila yau, tana da Jagora na Shari'a a Shari'a, wanda Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia ta bayar. 

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyuka a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ===
Tare da shekaru 25 da suka yi aiki da yawa a bangaren makamashi, Miano sanannen shugaban kasuwanci ne na nahiyar. Ta fara aiki a wani kamfanin lauya na Nairobi, Musyoka Annan &amp; Company Advocates . Daga baya, ta yi aiki a Slater da Gordon, wani kamfanin lauya a Queensland, Australia.[1] A shekara ta 1998, ta shiga Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Kenya (KenGen) a matsayin mataimakiyar jami'in shari'a.[2] Bayan lokaci, ta tashi a matsayi don zama mataimakiyar sakataren kamfanin. A lokacin da ta ci gaba zuwa mukaddashin manajan darektan, a watan Agustan 2017, ta kasance darektan harkokin shari'a da sakataren kamfanin a KenGen, bayan ta yi aiki a duka matsayi biyu tun 2008. [1][2]

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Miano ta doke wasu masu neman takara 90 kuma an nada ta a matsayinta, ta maye gurbin Albert Mugo mai ritaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=KenGen begins search for Albert Mugo replacement |url=https://www.citizen.digital/business/kengen-begins-search-for-albert-mugo-replacement-159149}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin, ita ce mace ta farko kuma ita kaɗai ce shugabar zartarwa a KenGen. A shekara ta 2017, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata biyu kawai a Kenya wadanda suka jagoranci kamfani na kasa, ɗayan kuma shine MaryJane Mwangi, babban jami'in zartarwa na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kenya.

=== Jerin lokaci ===

* Yuli 2024: An nada Sakataren majalisar ministoci, Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido da namun daji
* Oktoba 2023: An nada Sakataren Ma'aikatar, Ma'aikatu na Zuba Jari, Ciniki da Masana'antu
* Satumba 2022: Naɗa shi a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar, Ma'aikatu na Gabashin Afirka, Arid da Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs), da Ci gaban Yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Rebecca Miano: Profile of Corporate Guru Named in Ruto's Cabinet - Kenyans.co.ke |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/80016-rebecca-miano-profile-corporate-guru-named-rutos-cabinet |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.kenyans.co.ke |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Miano ya kasance daga cikin Majalisar Ministocin EAC kuma memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka (EALA).

== Sauran ayyukan ==
Ita ce ta kafa Gidauniyar Rebecca Miano, wacce ke mai da hankali kan jagoranci da karfafa mata da matasa kan jagoranci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Miano Foundation |url=https://rebeccamianofoundation.org/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=rebeccamianofoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miano is a member of the Law Society of Kenya, and a registered Certified Public Secretary of Kenya (CPS-K).

Har ila yau, ita ce Patron of the Future Leaders Challenge Initiative da ke tallafawa masu ruwa da tsaki daga bangaren baƙi da yawon bude ido don haɗi da daidaitawa da dabarun babban birnin ɗan adam na Gabashin Afirka da kuma karfafawa da kuma ba da damar matasa masu basira su shiga masana'antar.

== Sanarwa ==

* A cikin 2024, an zabi Miano a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jagoran Ayyukan Jama'a na Shekara a Gabashin Afirka 2024 Women of Excellence Awards .
* A cikin 2023, an yi mata ado da Order of the Golden Heart (EGH), don nuna godiya ga gagarumar hidimar da ta yi wa Kenya.
* A cikin 2019, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Moran of the Order of the Burning Spear (MBS) don nuna godiya ga gagarumar hidimar da ta yi wa al'ummar.
* A shekara ta 2010, an yi wa Miano ado da Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya don nuna godiya ga aikinta 
* A watan Agustan 2020, an amince da jagorancinta da shugabancin kamfanoni a cikin Kyautar Jagorancin Kasuwancin Afirka ta mujallar ''Jagorancin Afirka''; ta lashe lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Ciniki na Afirka.
* Kungiyar Bankin Duniya ce ta nada Miano a matsayin memba mai halarta a Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Jima'i da Ci gaba a watan Yunin 2021 inda za ta yi aiki na shekaru biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2022 |title=Rebecca Miano is a woman to watch in 2021 |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/rebecca-miano-is-a-woman-to-watch-in-2021-3249226}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekara ta 2010, Miano ya lashe lambar yabo ta Sakataren Kamfanin na Shekara a cikin jerin lambobin yabo na Zakarun Gwamnati.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wanjiku Mugane</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339913035|Wanjiku Mugane]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2072" sha1="87viui4i4ozro69s9rxrp8kolfzds76" xml:space="preserve">Caroline Wanjiku Mugane lauya ce kuma mai saka hannun jari a Kenya, babbar tattalin arziki a Gabashin Afirka. Ita ce manajan darektan na Fedha Connect Limited, kamfani wanda ke tara kudade don kasuwanci a cikin aikin gona, ƙasa, mai da gas.[1] Ita memba ce ta kwamitin daraktoci Kenya Airways, kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa.[2] Ta taba aiki a kan allon Equity Bank, East African Breweries, da Standard Securities.[3]

== Tarihin aiki ==
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Georgetown Law School, ta yi aiki tare da SG Warburg a [[Landan]] da [[Johannesburg]]. A shekara ta 1998, ita da abokin tarayya sun kafa '''Babban Birnin Afirka na farko''', kamfanin ba da shawara kan kudi da ke [[Nairobi]], tare da ofisoshi a Johannesburg da London. A shekara ta 2006, Standard Chartered Kenya ta sami kashi 25% na hannun jari a Afirka ta Farko, inda Ms. Mugane ta yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2009, Standard Chartered ya sami hannun jari 100% a Afirka ta Farko, ya sake sunan kamfanin Standard Chartered Securities (SCS). Ms. Wanjiku Mugane ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba a SCS daga 2006 har sai Bankin Standard Chartered ya rufe reshe a 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Omondi |first=Michael |date=27 October 2013 |title=StanChart Shuts Down Corporate Advisory Unit |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/StanChart-shuts-down-corporate-advisory-unit/-/539550/2049138/-/gr2fouz/-/index.html |access-date=26 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2001, tana da shekaru 37, an nada ta a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na East African Breweries, tana aiki a wannan matsayin har sai da ta yi murabus a shekara ta 2009. Shekaru da yawa kafin 2007, Ms. Wanjiku Mugane ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na Bankin Equity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wamathai |first=James |date=25 November 2014 |title=Kenya Airways Now Has Two Women On Its Board |url=http://www.hapakenya.com/kenya-airways-now-has-two-women-on-its-board/ |access-date=26 November 2015 |publisher=HapaKenya.Com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]</text>
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      <id>816646</id>
      <parentid>816641</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T08:37:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <text bytes="2085" sha1="ts960mw4cxetvpzd8v2e7iq11hk6ulr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Caroline Wanjiku Mugane lauya ce kuma mai saka hannun jari a Kenya, babbar tattalin arziki a Gabashin Afirka. Ita ce manajan darektan na Fedha Connect Limited, kamfani wanda ke tara kudade don kasuwanci a cikin aikin gona, ƙasa, mai da gas.[1] Ita memba ce ta kwamitin daraktoci Kenya Airways, kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa.[2] Ta taba aiki a kan allon Equity Bank, East African Breweries, da Standard Securities.[3]

== Tarihin aiki ==
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Georgetown Law School, ta yi aiki tare da SG Warburg a [[Landan]] da [[Johannesburg]]. A shekara ta 1998, ita da abokin tarayya sun kafa '''Babban Birnin Afirka na farko''', kamfanin ba da shawara kan kudi da ke [[Nairobi]], tare da ofisoshi a Johannesburg da London. A shekara ta 2006, Standard Chartered Kenya ta sami kashi 25% na hannun jari a Afirka ta Farko, inda Ms. Mugane ta yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2009, Standard Chartered ya sami hannun jari 100% a Afirka ta Farko, ya sake sunan kamfanin Standard Chartered Securities (SCS). Ms. Wanjiku Mugane ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba a SCS daga 2006 har sai Bankin Standard Chartered ya rufe reshe a 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Omondi |first=Michael |date=27 October 2013 |title=StanChart Shuts Down Corporate Advisory Unit |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/StanChart-shuts-down-corporate-advisory-unit/-/539550/2049138/-/gr2fouz/-/index.html |access-date=26 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2001, tana da shekaru 37, an nada ta a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na East African Breweries, tana aiki a wannan matsayin har sai da ta yi murabus a shekara ta 2009. Shekaru da yawa kafin 2007, Ms. Wanjiku Mugane ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na Bankin Equity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wamathai |first=James |date=25 November 2014 |title=Kenya Airways Now Has Two Women On Its Board |url=http://www.hapakenya.com/kenya-airways-now-has-two-women-on-its-board/ |access-date=26 November 2015 |publisher=HapaKenya.Com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Habila Habila</title>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340781303|Hazel Abel]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Hazel Abel''' (ɗan '''Hempel''' ; 10 ga Yuli, 1888{{Spaced en dash}} 30 ga Yuli, 1966) ta kasance [[Malami|malamar makaranta]] kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|'yar siyasa 'yar]] Amurka a jihar [[Nebraska]] ta [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na tsawon kwanaki hamsin da huɗu a shekarar 1954. Ita ce mace ta biyu da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawa daga Nebraska, kuma ita ce har yanzu sanata mafi ƙarancin shekaru daga Nebraska.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Abel a Plattsmouth, Nebraska, 'yar Charles Hempel da Ella Hempel. Ta halarci makarantun gwamnati na Omaha, Nebraska, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Nebraska a 1908. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar lissafi ta makarantar sakandare kuma shugabar makaranta a Papillion, Nebraska, Ashland, Nebraska, da Crete, Nebraska, kafin ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare, ma'ajin kuɗi, kuma daga ƙarshe ta zama shugabar kamfanin gine-gine na mijinta.

== Aikin siyasa ==
Abel wakiliya ce a taron Jam'iyyar Republican na Jihar Nebraska daga 1939 zuwa 1948 da kuma daga 1952 zuwa 1956.  A shekarar 1954, an zabi Abel a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar Republican na Jihar. A wannan shekarar ne aka zabe ta don kammala wa'adin Sanata Kenneth Spicer Wherry wanda ya mutu a kan mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gravestones&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hazel Abel |url=http://nebraskagravestones.org/view.php?id=147981 |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=NebraskaGravestones.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta zama mace ta biyu da aka zaba daga [[Nebraska]] don ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawa, da kuma mace ta farko da ta bi wata mace a kujerar Majalisar Dattawa,  kamar yadda aka nada Eva Bowring a matsayin kujerar don ta yi aiki har sai an gudanar da zabe.

Ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawa daga ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1954, har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1954. Ta yi murabus kwana uku kafin karewar wa'adinta, domin bai wa abokin takararta na Republican Carl Curtis na Nebraska, wanda aka zaba a wa'adin shekaru shida a watan Nuwamba, damar samun matsayi a manyan mukamai. Daga baya ta lura cewa ta yi yakin neman zabe na tsawon watanni biyu don kara wa mata damar shiga harkokin siyasa. &quot;A gare ni, ya fi na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Majalisar Dattawa,&quot; in ji Abel ga ''Newsweek'' . &quot;Ina so masu kada kuri'a na Nebraska su nuna amincewarsu da mace a gwamnati. Ni kamar mai son jama'a ne.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;HouseHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abel, Hazel Hempel |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/A/ABEL,-Hazel-Hempel-(A000010)/ |access-date=June 2, 2014 |website=History, Art &amp; Archives |publisher=[[United States House of Representatives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take Majalisar Dattawa, ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar la'antar Sanata Joseph McCarthy daga Wisconsin, a zaman sauraron shari'o'in Soja-McCarthy . &lt;ref name=&quot;HouseHistory&quot; /&gt; Abel ita ce ta biyar cikin Sanatoci shida da suka yi aiki a lokacin wa'adin Majalisar Dattawa na goma sha biyar na kujerar Aji 2 ta Nebraska (3 ga Janairu, 1949, zuwa 3 ga Janairu, 1955).

Ta kasance wakiliya a taron Fadar White House kan Ilimi a shekarar 1955, kuma shugabar tawagar Nebraska zuwa taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1956.  Daga 1955 zuwa 1959 ta kasance memba na [[Theodore Roosevelt|Kwamitin Shekarun Shekara na Theodore Roosevelt]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biographies |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222-4.pdf |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a 1957 an nada ta a matsayin &quot;Uwar Shekara ta Amurka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 May 2014 |title=Mother's Day at 100: Exploring changing views of motherhood |url=http://www.twincities.com/minnmoms/ci_25733006/mothers-day-turns-100 |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=Twin Citites.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaba kuma wacce ta kafa [[Nebraska Federation of Republican Women|Kungiyar Mata ta Republican ta Nebraska]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nebraska Federation of Republican Women |url=http://www.nfrw.org/statefederations/nebraska.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024205456/http://www.nfrw.org/statefederations/nebraska.htm |archive-date=2005-10-24 |access-date=2005-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana cikin kwamitin amintattu a Kwalejin Doane da Kwalejin Wesleyan ta Nebraska . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biographies |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222-4.pdf |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi ƙoƙarin lashe zaɓen 'yan Republican na Gwamna Nebraska a 1960 amma ba ta yi nasara ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;HouseHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abel, Hazel Hempel |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/A/ABEL,-Hazel-Hempel-(A000010)/ |access-date=June 2, 2014 |website=History, Art &amp; Archives |publisher=[[United States House of Representatives]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/A/ABEL,-Hazel-Hempel-(A000010)/ &quot;Abel, Hazel Hempel&quot;]. ''History, Art &amp; Archives''. [[United States House of Representatives]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 2,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa da gado ==
[[Fayil:Grave_of_Hazel_Hempel_Abel_(1888–1966)_at_Wyuka_Cemetery,_Lincoln,_NE.jpg|right|thumb|207x207px|Kabarin Habila a Makabartar Wyuka]]
Ta rasu a Lincoln, Nebraska, a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1966, kuma an binne ta a Makabartar Wyuka da ke Lincoln. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gravestones&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hazel Abel |url=http://nebraskagravestones.org/view.php?id=147981 |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=NebraskaGravestones.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://nebraskagravestones.org/view.php?id=147981 &quot;Hazel Abel&quot;]. NebraskaGravestones.org&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 2,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya wa Hazel Abel Park da ke Lincoln suna don girmama ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Donors&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donors Honored at Rededication of Hazel Abel Park |url=http://lincoln.ne.gov/city/mayor/media/2011/070711.htm |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=City of Lincoln Nebraska}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar iyali ==
Abel ya auri George Abel a shekarar 1916,  kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar, Helen, George, Hazel, Alice, da Annette. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=George P. Abel |url=http://www.lcf.org/page.aspx?pid=649 |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=Lincoln Community Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Mata a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 1966]]</text>
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      <id>816648</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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'''Hazel Abel''' (ɗan '''Hempel''' ; 10 ga Yuli, 1888{{Spaced en dash}} 30 ga Yuli, 1966) ta kasance [[Malami|malamar makaranta]] kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|'yar siyasa 'yar]] Amurka a jihar [[Nebraska]] ta [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na tsawon kwanaki hamsin da huɗu a shekarar 1954. Ita ce mace ta biyu da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawa daga Nebraska, kuma ita ce har yanzu sanata mafi ƙarancin shekaru daga Nebraska.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Abel a Plattsmouth, Nebraska, 'yar Charles Hempel da Ella Hempel. Ta halarci makarantun gwamnati na Omaha, Nebraska, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Nebraska a 1908. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar lissafi ta makarantar sakandare kuma shugabar makaranta a Papillion, Nebraska, Ashland, Nebraska, da Crete, Nebraska, kafin ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare, ma'ajin kuɗi, kuma daga ƙarshe ta zama shugabar kamfanin gine-gine na mijinta.

== Aikin siyasa ==
Abel wakiliya ce a taron Jam'iyyar Republican na Jihar Nebraska daga 1939 zuwa 1948 da kuma daga 1952 zuwa 1956.  A shekarar 1954, an zabi Abel a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar Republican na Jihar. A wannan shekarar ne aka zabe ta don kammala wa'adin Sanata Kenneth Spicer Wherry wanda ya mutu a kan mulki. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Gravestones&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hazel Abel |url=http://nebraskagravestones.org/view.php?id=147981 |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=NebraskaGravestones.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta zama mace ta biyu da aka zaba daga [[Nebraska]] don ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawa, da kuma mace ta farko da ta bi wata mace a kujerar Majalisar Dattawa,  kamar yadda aka nada Eva Bowring a matsayin kujerar don ta yi aiki har sai an gudanar da zabe.

Ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawa daga ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1954, har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1954. Ta yi murabus kwana uku kafin karewar wa'adinta, domin bai wa abokin takararta na Republican Carl Curtis na Nebraska, wanda aka zaba a wa'adin shekaru shida a watan Nuwamba, damar samun matsayi a manyan mukamai. Daga baya ta lura cewa ta yi yakin neman zabe na tsawon watanni biyu don kara wa mata damar shiga harkokin siyasa. &quot;A gare ni, ya fi na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Majalisar Dattawa,&quot; in ji Abel ga ''Newsweek'' . &quot;Ina so masu kada kuri'a na Nebraska su nuna amincewarsu da mace a gwamnati. Ni kamar mai son jama'a ne.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;HouseHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abel, Hazel Hempel |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/A/ABEL,-Hazel-Hempel-(A000010)/ |access-date=June 2, 2014 |website=History, Art &amp; Archives |publisher=[[United States House of Representatives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take Majalisar Dattawa, ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar la'antar Sanata Joseph McCarthy daga Wisconsin, a zaman sauraron shari'o'in Soja-McCarthy . &lt;ref name=&quot;HouseHistory&quot; /&gt; Abel ita ce ta biyar cikin Sanatoci shida da suka yi aiki a lokacin wa'adin Majalisar Dattawa na goma sha biyar na kujerar Aji 2 ta Nebraska (3 ga Janairu, 1949, zuwa 3 ga Janairu, 1955).

Ta kasance wakiliya a taron Fadar White House kan Ilimi a shekarar 1955, kuma shugabar tawagar Nebraska zuwa taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1956.  Daga 1955 zuwa 1959 ta kasance memba na [[Theodore Roosevelt|Kwamitin Shekarun Shekara na Theodore Roosevelt]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biographies |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222-4.pdf |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a 1957 an nada ta a matsayin &quot;Uwar Shekara ta Amurka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 May 2014 |title=Mother's Day at 100: Exploring changing views of motherhood |url=http://www.twincities.com/minnmoms/ci_25733006/mothers-day-turns-100 |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=Twin Citites.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaba kuma wacce ta kafa [[Nebraska Federation of Republican Women|Kungiyar Mata ta Republican ta Nebraska]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nebraska Federation of Republican Women |url=http://www.nfrw.org/statefederations/nebraska.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024205456/http://www.nfrw.org/statefederations/nebraska.htm |archive-date=2005-10-24 |access-date=2005-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana cikin kwamitin amintattu a Kwalejin Doane da Kwalejin Wesleyan ta Nebraska . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biographies |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc222-4.pdf |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi ƙoƙarin lashe zaɓen 'yan Republican na Gwamna Nebraska a 1960 amma ba ta yi nasara ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;HouseHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abel, Hazel Hempel |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/A/ABEL,-Hazel-Hempel-(A000010)/ |access-date=June 2, 2014 |website=History, Art &amp; Archives |publisher=[[United States House of Representatives]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/A/ABEL,-Hazel-Hempel-(A000010)/ &quot;Abel, Hazel Hempel&quot;]. ''History, Art &amp; Archives''. [[United States House of Representatives]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 2,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa da gado ==
[[Fayil:Grave_of_Hazel_Hempel_Abel_(1888–1966)_at_Wyuka_Cemetery,_Lincoln,_NE.jpg|right|thumb|207x207px|Kabarin Habila a Makabartar Wyuka]]
Ta rasu a Lincoln, Nebraska, a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1966, kuma an binne ta a Makabartar Wyuka da ke Lincoln. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gravestones&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hazel Abel |url=http://nebraskagravestones.org/view.php?id=147981 |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=NebraskaGravestones.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://nebraskagravestones.org/view.php?id=147981 &quot;Hazel Abel&quot;]. NebraskaGravestones.org&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 2,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya wa Hazel Abel Park da ke Lincoln suna don girmama ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Donors&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donors Honored at Rededication of Hazel Abel Park |url=http://lincoln.ne.gov/city/mayor/media/2011/070711.htm |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=City of Lincoln Nebraska}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar iyali ==
Abel ya auri George Abel a shekarar 1916,  kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar, Helen, George, Hazel, Alice, da Annette. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=George P. Abel |url=http://www.lcf.org/page.aspx?pid=649 |access-date=June 2, 2014 |publisher=Lincoln Community Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Mata a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 1966]]</text>
      <sha1>58cxpoe652n9d27gdojhgz5crfbcogn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dawn Addiego</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816650</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T08:43:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328435138|Dawn Addiego]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="13238" sha1="tql0fg0jw0ngx7u1ywi63etgd3hq6gp" xml:space="preserve">'''Dawn Marie Addiego''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1962) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta wakilci gundumar majalisa ta 8 ta New Jersey a Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey daga 2010 zuwa 2022. Ta kasance 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki daga 8 ga Janairu, 2008 zuwa 22 ga Nuwamba, 2010 a matsayin 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] (kafin ta canza jam'iyya). A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2010, bayan an tabbatar da Phil Haines ta yi aiki a Babbar Kotun New Jersey ta Gundumar Burlington, kwamitin [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] na gundumar (wanda har yanzu memba ne) ya naɗa Addiego kuma ya naɗa shi don maye gurbin kujerar Haines da ba ta da kowa a cikinta har zuwa ƙarshen wa'adinsa. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Addiego ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin lissafin kuɗi daga Jami'ar Villanova . Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Widener a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;NJLEG&quot; /&gt; Addiego ta yi aiki a Majalisar Garin Evesham daga 1993 zuwa 2000 da kuma Hukumar Tsare-tsare daga 1993 zuwa 1994. Ta kasance a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Ingantaccen Ruwa na Tri-County daga 1994 zuwa 2000. Ta yi aiki a Hukumar Zaɓen Masu Haƙƙin mallaka ta Gundumar Burlington daga 2000 zuwa 2008. 

== Majalisar Dokokin New Jersey ==
A lokacin da take cikin Majalisar, Addigeo ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Mai tsawatarwa ta Jam'iyyar Republican bayan ta hau mulki a shekarar 2008. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da Kwamitin Ilimi Mai Girma.  A watan Maris na 2009, Addiego, tare da abokin aikinsa Scott Rudder, sun nemi a rage musu albashi da kashi 10% daga albashinsu na majalisar dokoki, saboda matsalar tattalin arziki da ke addabar New Jersey a halin yanzu.

Wani ra'ayi na shari'a daga Ofishin Ayyukan Dokoki na New Jersey ya gano cewa su ne 'yan majalisa na farko a tarihin New Jersey da suka nemi a yafe musu wani ɓangare na albashinsu. 

A shekarar 2011, 'yan majalisar biyu sun gabatar da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rage kashi 10% na albashin da suka dauka ga sauran ma'aikatan majalisar dokoki, shari'a da kuma na zartarwa na jihar, ciki har da Gwamna. 

Addiego ta kasance mai adawa da shirin Gwamna Jon Corzine na Majalisar Gidaje Masu Rahusa (COAH) na buƙatar garuruwa su gina adadin gidaje masu araha da gwamnati ta tsara. Ta yi jayayya cewa &quot;sabbin dokokin COAH za su ƙara harajin kadarori, su lalata sararin samaniya kuma su hana ci gaban tattalin arziki.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.medfordcentralrecord.com/WebApp/appmanager/JRC/Weekly;!1535760712?_nfpb=true&amp;_pageLabel=pg_wk_article&amp;r21.pgpath=%2FMED%2FHome&amp;r21.content=%2FMED%2FHome%2FTopStoryList_Story_2714679] {{Dead link|date=November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey ==
Addiego ta lashe cikakken wa'adinta na farko a Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey a watan Nuwamba na 2011, inda ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba bayan da aka kayar da Carl Lewis, wanda ake sa ran zai zama dan takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat, saboda bai cika sharuddan zama dan jihar ba.  An sake zabar Addiego a 2013 da 2017. 

=== Kwamitoci ===

* Harkokin Al'umma da Birane &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senator Dawn Marie Addiego (R) |url=https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/members/bio.asp?Leg=328 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020160848/https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/members/bio.asp?Leg=328 |archive-date=20 October 2011 |access-date=29 March 2019 |website=njleg.state.nj}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lafiya, Ayyukan Dan Adam da Tsofaffi
* Gwamnatin Jiha, Wagering, Yawon Bude Ido &amp; Kare Tarihi
* Ma'aikata
* Kasafin Kuɗi da Kasafin Kuɗi

=== Kuri'u kan Muhimman Matsaloli ===

* A shekarar 2012, Addiego ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da halatta auren jinsi ɗaya ga ma'aurata &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marriage Equality Voting Record by Vote |url=https://www.aclu-nj.org/theissues/lgbt-rights/marriage-equality/take-action-too-big-our/marriage-equality-voting-record-vote |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806022042/https://www.aclu-nj.org/theissues/lgbt-rights/marriage-equality/take-action-too-big-our/marriage-equality-voting-record-vote |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=ACLU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2017, Addiego ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar ƙara harajin iskar gas na New Jersey da senti 23 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gas Tax Hike Takes Center Stage at Candidates Forum in LeisureTowne |url=https://pinebarrenstribune.com/gas-tax-hike-takes-center-stage-at-candidates-forum-in-leisuretowne-p1573-165.htm |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Pine Barrens Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2018, Addiego ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan wani kudiri da ke buƙatar ma'aikata a New Jersey su ba wa ma'aikatansu hutun rashin lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A 1827 - Requires Employers to Provide Paid Sick Leave - New Jersey Key Vote |url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/bill/25224/63990/69709/dawn-addiego-voted-nay-passage-a-1827-requires-employers-to-provide-paid-sick-leave#63990 |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2019, Addiego ta fito fili ta nuna adawa da halatta wiwi a New Jersey &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Addiego a hard no on legal weed, chief of staff says |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/legislature/addiego-a-hard-no-on-legal-weed-chief-of-staff-says/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=New Jersey Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Canjin jam'iyya ===
A ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2019, Addiego ya canza sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Democrat .Bayan sauya shekar Addiego, an yi zargin cewa dan majalisar gundumar 8 Joe Howarth ya yi yunkurin sauya shekarsa daga jam'iyyar Republican zuwa jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma shugabannin jam'iyyar Republican ba su iya tuntuɓar Howarth na tsawon kwana biyu ba. Daga baya Kwamitin Republican na gundumar Burlington ya janye goyon bayansu ga Howarth kuma ya amince da Sheriff na gundumar Burlington Jean Stanfield a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi a Majalisar. A ƙarshe, Stanfield da dan majalisar Republican mai ci Ryan Peters sun kayar da Howarth a zaɓen fidda gwani kuma suka lashe zaɓen gama gari.

A shekarar 2021, Addiego ta sake tsayawa takarar Sanata a matsayin 'yar Democrat. Ba ta da abokin hamayya a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma duk da cewa tana da fa'idar tara kuɗi, ta sha kashi kaɗan a hannun Stanfield a babban zaɓen. Daga baya Addiego ta zama Babban Jami'in Zaɓe na Gundumar Burlington a ƙarshen Janairun 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Livio |first=Susan |date=2022-01-31 |title=Former N.J. state Sen. Bateman gets spot on Horizon Blue Cross board |url=https://nj.com/politics/2022/01/former-nj-state-sen-bateman-gets-spot-on-horizon-blue-cross-board.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=nj.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin zaɓe ==

=== Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey ===
{{Election box begin|title=New Jersey State Senate elections, 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=8th Legislative District |url=https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/election-results/2021/2021-general-election-results-gen-assembly-state-senate-district-08.pdf |access-date=30 October 2025 |pages=1-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (US)|candidate=[[Jean Stanfield]]|votes=39,648|percentage=51.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin|title=New Jersey State Senate elections, 2017&lt;ref name=Results2017&gt;{{cite web|title=Official List, Candidates for State Senate For GENERAL ELECTION 11/07/2017 Election|url=http://nj.gov/state/elections/2017-results/2017-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf|publisher=[[Secretary of State of New Jersey]]|access-date=January 29, 2019|date=November 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205042116/http://nj.gov/state/elections/2017-results/2017-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf|archive-date=December 5, 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (US)|candidate=George B. Youngkin|votes=28,158|percentage=47.8}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey State Senate elections, 2013&lt;ref name=Results2013&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.njelections.org/2013-results/2013-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf |title=Official List Candidates for State Senate For GENERAL ELECTION 11/05/2015 Election |publisher=[[Secretary of State of New Jersey]] |date=December 4, 2013 |access-date=July 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704151019/http://www.njelections.org/2013-results/2013-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf |archive-date=July 4, 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego (incumbent)|votes=35,894|percentage=63.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Javier Vasquez|votes=20,633|percentage=36.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego (incumbent)|votes=22,396|percentage=100.0}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)|loser=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

=== Babban Taron New Jersey ===
{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey State Assembly elections, 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;Results2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://press.co.burlington.nj.us/PRESS/clerk/Election.aspx?op=ELE |title=Summary Report|publisher=[[Burlington County Clerk]] |access-date=August 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego (incumbent)|votes=42,129|percentage=31.06}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Scott Rudder]] (incumbent)|votes=40,679|percentage=29.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Debbie Sarcone|votes=26,397|percentage=19.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Bill Brown|votes=26,384|percentage=19.45}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey State Assembly elections, 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;Results2005&quot;/&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego|votes=25,310|percentage=27.97}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Scott Rudder]]|votes=25,298|percentage=27.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Tracy L. Riley|votes=20,540|percentage=22.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Christopher D. Fifis|votes=19,234|percentage=21.26}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

=== Kwamishinan Gundumar Burlington ===
{{Election box begin no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego (incumbent)|votes=65,199|percentage=27.93}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Aubrey Fenton|votes=64,486|percentage=27.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Amy Vasquez|votes=52,524|percentage=22.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Dean Buono|votes=50,933|percentage=21.84}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=Burlington County Freeholder Elections, 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;Results2005&quot;/&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Theresa Brown (incumbent)|votes=66,322|percentage=29.64}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego (incumbent)|votes=65,082|percentage=29.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=John Fratinardo|votes=46,930|percentage=20.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=John S. Kocubinski|votes=45,446|percentage=20.31}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T08:44:09Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
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      <text bytes="13255" sha1="ecofpdwz6ewe7sjikf30b4ffpfhvvrr" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Dawn Marie Addiego''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1962) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta wakilci gundumar majalisa ta 8 ta New Jersey a Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey daga 2010 zuwa 2022. Ta kasance 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki daga 8 ga Janairu, 2008 zuwa 22 ga Nuwamba, 2010 a matsayin 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] (kafin ta canza jam'iyya). A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2010, bayan an tabbatar da Phil Haines ta yi aiki a Babbar Kotun New Jersey ta Gundumar Burlington, kwamitin [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] na gundumar (wanda har yanzu memba ne) ya naɗa Addiego kuma ya naɗa shi don maye gurbin kujerar Haines da ba ta da kowa a cikinta har zuwa ƙarshen wa'adinsa. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Addiego ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin lissafin kuɗi daga Jami'ar Villanova . Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Widener a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;NJLEG&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Addiego ta yi aiki a Majalisar Garin Evesham daga 1993 zuwa 2000 da kuma Hukumar Tsare-tsare daga 1993 zuwa 1994. Ta kasance a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Ingantaccen Ruwa na Tri-County daga 1994 zuwa 2000. Ta yi aiki a Hukumar Zaɓen Masu Haƙƙin mallaka ta Gundumar Burlington daga 2000 zuwa 2008. 

== Majalisar Dokokin New Jersey ==
A lokacin da take cikin Majalisar, Addigeo ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Mai tsawatarwa ta Jam'iyyar Republican bayan ta hau mulki a shekarar 2008. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da Kwamitin Ilimi Mai Girma.  A watan Maris na 2009, Addiego, tare da abokin aikinsa Scott Rudder, sun nemi a rage musu albashi da kashi 10% daga albashinsu na majalisar dokoki, saboda matsalar tattalin arziki da ke addabar New Jersey a halin yanzu.

Wani ra'ayi na shari'a daga Ofishin Ayyukan Dokoki na New Jersey ya gano cewa su ne 'yan majalisa na farko a tarihin New Jersey da suka nemi a yafe musu wani ɓangare na albashinsu. 

A shekarar 2011, 'yan majalisar biyu sun gabatar da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rage kashi 10% na albashin da suka dauka ga sauran ma'aikatan majalisar dokoki, shari'a da kuma na zartarwa na jihar, ciki har da Gwamna. 

Addiego ta kasance mai adawa da shirin Gwamna Jon Corzine na Majalisar Gidaje Masu Rahusa (COAH) na buƙatar garuruwa su gina adadin gidaje masu araha da gwamnati ta tsara. Ta yi jayayya cewa &quot;sabbin dokokin COAH za su ƙara harajin kadarori, su lalata sararin samaniya kuma su hana ci gaban tattalin arziki.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.medfordcentralrecord.com/WebApp/appmanager/JRC/Weekly;!1535760712?_nfpb=true&amp;_pageLabel=pg_wk_article&amp;r21.pgpath=%2FMED%2FHome&amp;r21.content=%2FMED%2FHome%2FTopStoryList_Story_2714679] {{Dead link|date=November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey ==
Addiego ta lashe cikakken wa'adinta na farko a Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey a watan Nuwamba na 2011, inda ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba bayan da aka kayar da Carl Lewis, wanda ake sa ran zai zama dan takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat, saboda bai cika sharuddan zama dan jihar ba.  An sake zabar Addiego a 2013 da 2017. 

=== Kwamitoci ===

* Harkokin Al'umma da Birane &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senator Dawn Marie Addiego (R) |url=https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/members/bio.asp?Leg=328 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020160848/https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/members/bio.asp?Leg=328 |archive-date=20 October 2011 |access-date=29 March 2019 |website=njleg.state.nj}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lafiya, Ayyukan Dan Adam da Tsofaffi
* Gwamnatin Jiha, Wagering, Yawon Bude Ido &amp; Kare Tarihi
* Ma'aikata
* Kasafin Kuɗi da Kasafin Kuɗi

=== Kuri'u kan Muhimman Matsaloli ===

* A shekarar 2012, Addiego ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da halatta auren jinsi ɗaya ga ma'aurata &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marriage Equality Voting Record by Vote |url=https://www.aclu-nj.org/theissues/lgbt-rights/marriage-equality/take-action-too-big-our/marriage-equality-voting-record-vote |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806022042/https://www.aclu-nj.org/theissues/lgbt-rights/marriage-equality/take-action-too-big-our/marriage-equality-voting-record-vote |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=ACLU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2017, Addiego ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar ƙara harajin iskar gas na New Jersey da senti 23 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gas Tax Hike Takes Center Stage at Candidates Forum in LeisureTowne |url=https://pinebarrenstribune.com/gas-tax-hike-takes-center-stage-at-candidates-forum-in-leisuretowne-p1573-165.htm |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Pine Barrens Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2018, Addiego ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan wani kudiri da ke buƙatar ma'aikata a New Jersey su ba wa ma'aikatansu hutun rashin lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A 1827 - Requires Employers to Provide Paid Sick Leave - New Jersey Key Vote |url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/bill/25224/63990/69709/dawn-addiego-voted-nay-passage-a-1827-requires-employers-to-provide-paid-sick-leave#63990 |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2019, Addiego ta fito fili ta nuna adawa da halatta wiwi a New Jersey &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Addiego a hard no on legal weed, chief of staff says |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/legislature/addiego-a-hard-no-on-legal-weed-chief-of-staff-says/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=New Jersey Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Canjin jam'iyya ===
A ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2019, Addiego ya canza sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Democrat .Bayan sauya shekar Addiego, an yi zargin cewa dan majalisar gundumar 8 Joe Howarth ya yi yunkurin sauya shekarsa daga jam'iyyar Republican zuwa jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma shugabannin jam'iyyar Republican ba su iya tuntuɓar Howarth na tsawon kwana biyu ba. Daga baya Kwamitin Republican na gundumar Burlington ya janye goyon bayansu ga Howarth kuma ya amince da Sheriff na gundumar Burlington Jean Stanfield a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi a Majalisar. A ƙarshe, Stanfield da dan majalisar Republican mai ci Ryan Peters sun kayar da Howarth a zaɓen fidda gwani kuma suka lashe zaɓen gama gari.

A shekarar 2021, Addiego ta sake tsayawa takarar Sanata a matsayin 'yar Democrat. Ba ta da abokin hamayya a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma duk da cewa tana da fa'idar tara kuɗi, ta sha kashi kaɗan a hannun Stanfield a babban zaɓen. Daga baya Addiego ta zama Babban Jami'in Zaɓe na Gundumar Burlington a ƙarshen Janairun 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Livio |first=Susan |date=2022-01-31 |title=Former N.J. state Sen. Bateman gets spot on Horizon Blue Cross board |url=https://nj.com/politics/2022/01/former-nj-state-sen-bateman-gets-spot-on-horizon-blue-cross-board.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=nj.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin zaɓe ==

=== Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey ===
{{Election box begin|title=New Jersey State Senate elections, 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=8th Legislative District |url=https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/election-results/2021/2021-general-election-results-gen-assembly-state-senate-district-08.pdf |access-date=30 October 2025 |pages=1-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (US)|candidate=[[Jean Stanfield]]|votes=39,648|percentage=51.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin|title=New Jersey State Senate elections, 2017&lt;ref name=Results2017&gt;{{cite web|title=Official List, Candidates for State Senate For GENERAL ELECTION 11/07/2017 Election|url=http://nj.gov/state/elections/2017-results/2017-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf|publisher=[[Secretary of State of New Jersey]]|access-date=January 29, 2019|date=November 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205042116/http://nj.gov/state/elections/2017-results/2017-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf|archive-date=December 5, 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (US)|candidate=George B. Youngkin|votes=28,158|percentage=47.8}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey State Senate elections, 2013&lt;ref name=Results2013&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.njelections.org/2013-results/2013-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf |title=Official List Candidates for State Senate For GENERAL ELECTION 11/05/2015 Election |publisher=[[Secretary of State of New Jersey]] |date=December 4, 2013 |access-date=July 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704151019/http://www.njelections.org/2013-results/2013-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf |archive-date=July 4, 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego (incumbent)|votes=35,894|percentage=63.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Javier Vasquez|votes=20,633|percentage=36.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego (incumbent)|votes=22,396|percentage=100.0}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)|loser=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

=== Babban Taron New Jersey ===
{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey State Assembly elections, 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;Results2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://press.co.burlington.nj.us/PRESS/clerk/Election.aspx?op=ELE |title=Summary Report|publisher=[[Burlington County Clerk]] |access-date=August 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego (incumbent)|votes=42,129|percentage=31.06}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Scott Rudder]] (incumbent)|votes=40,679|percentage=29.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Debbie Sarcone|votes=26,397|percentage=19.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Bill Brown|votes=26,384|percentage=19.45}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=New Jersey State Assembly elections, 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;Results2005&quot;/&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego|votes=25,310|percentage=27.97}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Scott Rudder]]|votes=25,298|percentage=27.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Tracy L. Riley|votes=20,540|percentage=22.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Christopher D. Fifis|votes=19,234|percentage=21.26}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

=== Kwamishinan Gundumar Burlington ===
{{Election box begin no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego (incumbent)|votes=65,199|percentage=27.93}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Aubrey Fenton|votes=64,486|percentage=27.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Amy Vasquez|votes=52,524|percentage=22.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Dean Buono|votes=50,933|percentage=21.84}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=Burlington County Freeholder Elections, 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;Results2005&quot;/&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Theresa Brown (incumbent)|votes=66,322|percentage=29.64}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Dawn Marie Addiego (incumbent)|votes=65,082|percentage=29.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=John Fratinardo|votes=46,930|percentage=20.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=John S. Kocubinski|votes=45,446|percentage=20.31}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing||winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Catherine Muraga</title>
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'''Catherine Muraga''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977) ƙwararren ƙwararren masaniyar [[fasahar bayanai]] ce kuma mai gudanar da kamfanoni, wanda ke aiki a matsayin manajan darektan na Cibiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta [[Microsoft]] (ADC), wanda ke zaune a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya. Ta hau wannan ofishin a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2022. Kafin wannan, ta kasance shugabar injiniya a Stanbic Bank Kenya da Stanbic Bank South Sudan . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leah Wamugu |date=2 June 2022 |title=Catherine Muraga to Replace Jack Ngare as Microsoft's ADC Managing Director |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/catherine-muraga-appointed-microsofts-adc-md/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lynet Igadwah |date=3 June 2022 |title=Microsoft appoints new MD for Nairobi innovation hub |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/microsoft-appoints-new-md-for-nairobi-innovation-hub-3837084 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Muraga dan kasar Kenya ne ta hanyar haihuwa. Bayan ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida, an shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Nazarene ta Afirka]], jami'a mai zaman kanta a Kenya. Ta kammala karatu daga can tare da digiri na farko a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta . Daga baya, ta halarci Shirin Fintech a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Saïd ta [[Jami'ar Oxford]], a Ingila. Ta kuma halarci darasi na Digital Strategies for Business a Jami'ar Columbia, a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leah Wamugu |date=2 June 2022 |title=Catherine Muraga to Replace Jack Ngare as Microsoft's ADC Managing Director |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/catherine-muraga-appointed-microsofts-adc-md/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeah_Wamugu2022&quot;&gt;Leah Wamugu (2 June 2022). [https://kenyanwallstreet.com/catherine-muraga-appointed-microsofts-adc-md/ &quot;Catherine Muraga to Replace Jack Ngare as Microsoft's ADC Managing Director&quot;]. ''The Kenyan Wall Street''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lynet Igadwah |date=3 June 2022 |title=Microsoft appoints new MD for Nairobi innovation hub |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/microsoft-appoints-new-md-for-nairobi-innovation-hub-3837084 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLynet_Igadwah2022&quot;&gt;Lynet Igadwah (3 June 2022). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/microsoft-appoints-new-md-for-nairobi-innovation-hub-3837084 &quot;Microsoft appoints new MD for Nairobi innovation hub&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Microsoft News |date=2 June 2022 |title=Microsoft's ADC appoints Catherine Muraga as Managing Director |url=https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2022/06/02/microsofts-adc-appoints-catherine-muraga-as-managing-director/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Microsoft.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ya zuwa Yuni 2022, aikin Muraga a cikin fasahar bayanai ya koma sama da shekaru 15. Ta sami gogewa daban-daban a bangarorin kasuwanci da yawa ciki har da jirgin sama, banki da masana'antu. Ma'aikata na baya sun hada da East African Breweries Limited, Kenya Airways da Sidian Bank, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na IT da Ayyuka na shekaru hudu da rabi.[1][2][3]

A ADC na Microsoft a Nairobi, Muraga ya maye gurbin Jack Ngare, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan darakta a ADC daga 2019 lokacin da aka kafa shi har zuwa lokacin da ya yi murabus a watan Afrilu 2022. A matsayinta na yanzu, tana jagorantar ƙungiyar masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi sama da 450.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leah Wamugu |date=2 June 2022 |title=Catherine Muraga to Replace Jack Ngare as Microsoft's ADC Managing Director |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/catherine-muraga-appointed-microsofts-adc-md/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeah_Wamugu2022&quot;&gt;Leah Wamugu (2 June 2022). [https://kenyanwallstreet.com/catherine-muraga-appointed-microsofts-adc-md/ &quot;Catherine Muraga to Replace Jack Ngare as Microsoft's ADC Managing Director&quot;]. ''The Kenyan Wall Street''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lynet Igadwah |date=3 June 2022 |title=Microsoft appoints new MD for Nairobi innovation hub |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/microsoft-appoints-new-md-for-nairobi-innovation-hub-3837084 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLynet_Igadwah2022&quot;&gt;Lynet Igadwah (3 June 2022). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/microsoft-appoints-new-md-for-nairobi-innovation-hub-3837084 &quot;Microsoft appoints new MD for Nairobi innovation hub&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Microsoft News |date=2 June 2022 |title=Microsoft's ADC appoints Catherine Muraga as Managing Director |url=https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2022/06/02/microsofts-adc-appoints-catherine-muraga-as-managing-director/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Microsoft.com]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMicrosoft_News2022&quot;&gt;Microsoft News (2 June 2022). [https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2022/06/02/microsofts-adc-appoints-catherine-muraga-as-managing-director/ &quot;Microsoft's ADC appoints Catherine Muraga as Managing Director&quot;]. ''[[Microsoft|Microsoft.com]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carol Odero |date=31 May 2022 |title=Catherine Muraga To Replace Jack Ngare |url=https://cioafrica.co/catherine-muraga-to-replace-jack-ngare/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=CIOAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Catherine Muraga''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977) ƙwararren ƙwararren masaniyar [[fasahar bayanai]] ce kuma mai gudanar da kamfanoni, wanda ke aiki a matsayin manajan darektan na Cibiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta [[Microsoft]] (ADC), wanda ke zaune a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya. Ta hau wannan ofishin a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2022. Kafin wannan, ta kasance shugabar injiniya a Stanbic Bank Kenya da Stanbic Bank South Sudan . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leah Wamugu |date=2 June 2022 |title=Catherine Muraga to Replace Jack Ngare as Microsoft's ADC Managing Director |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/catherine-muraga-appointed-microsofts-adc-md/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lynet Igadwah |date=3 June 2022 |title=Microsoft appoints new MD for Nairobi innovation hub |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/microsoft-appoints-new-md-for-nairobi-innovation-hub-3837084 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Muraga dan kasar Kenya ne ta hanyar haihuwa. Bayan ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida, an shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Nazarene ta Afirka]], jami'a mai zaman kanta a Kenya. Ta kammala karatu daga can tare da digiri na farko a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta . Daga baya, ta halarci Shirin Fintech a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Saïd ta [[Jami'ar Oxford]], a Ingila. Ta kuma halarci darasi na Digital Strategies for Business a Jami'ar Columbia, a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leah Wamugu |date=2 June 2022 |title=Catherine Muraga to Replace Jack Ngare as Microsoft's ADC Managing Director |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/catherine-muraga-appointed-microsofts-adc-md/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeah_Wamugu2022&quot;&gt;Leah Wamugu (2 June 2022). [https://kenyanwallstreet.com/catherine-muraga-appointed-microsofts-adc-md/ &quot;Catherine Muraga to Replace Jack Ngare as Microsoft's ADC Managing Director&quot;]. ''The Kenyan Wall Street''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lynet Igadwah |date=3 June 2022 |title=Microsoft appoints new MD for Nairobi innovation hub |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/microsoft-appoints-new-md-for-nairobi-innovation-hub-3837084 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLynet_Igadwah2022&quot;&gt;Lynet Igadwah (3 June 2022). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/microsoft-appoints-new-md-for-nairobi-innovation-hub-3837084 &quot;Microsoft appoints new MD for Nairobi innovation hub&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Microsoft News |date=2 June 2022 |title=Microsoft's ADC appoints Catherine Muraga as Managing Director |url=https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2022/06/02/microsofts-adc-appoints-catherine-muraga-as-managing-director/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Microsoft.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ya zuwa Yuni 2022, aikin Muraga a cikin fasahar bayanai ya koma sama da shekaru 15. Ta sami gogewa daban-daban a bangarorin kasuwanci da yawa ciki har da jirgin sama, banki da masana'antu. Ma'aikata na baya sun hada da East African Breweries Limited, Kenya Airways da Sidian Bank, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na IT da Ayyuka na shekaru hudu da rabi.[1][2][3]

A ADC na Microsoft a Nairobi, Muraga ya maye gurbin Jack Ngare, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan darakta a ADC daga 2019 lokacin da aka kafa shi har zuwa lokacin da ya yi murabus a watan Afrilu 2022. A matsayinta na yanzu, tana jagorantar ƙungiyar masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi sama da 450.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leah Wamugu |date=2 June 2022 |title=Catherine Muraga to Replace Jack Ngare as Microsoft's ADC Managing Director |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/catherine-muraga-appointed-microsofts-adc-md/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The Kenyan Wall Street}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeah_Wamugu2022&quot;&gt;Leah Wamugu (2 June 2022). [https://kenyanwallstreet.com/catherine-muraga-appointed-microsofts-adc-md/ &quot;Catherine Muraga to Replace Jack Ngare as Microsoft's ADC Managing Director&quot;]. ''The Kenyan Wall Street''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lynet Igadwah |date=3 June 2022 |title=Microsoft appoints new MD for Nairobi innovation hub |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/microsoft-appoints-new-md-for-nairobi-innovation-hub-3837084 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLynet_Igadwah2022&quot;&gt;Lynet Igadwah (3 June 2022). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/microsoft-appoints-new-md-for-nairobi-innovation-hub-3837084 &quot;Microsoft appoints new MD for Nairobi innovation hub&quot;]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi, Kenya&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Microsoft News |date=2 June 2022 |title=Microsoft's ADC appoints Catherine Muraga as Managing Director |url=https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2022/06/02/microsofts-adc-appoints-catherine-muraga-as-managing-director/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Microsoft.com]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMicrosoft_News2022&quot;&gt;Microsoft News (2 June 2022). [https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2022/06/02/microsofts-adc-appoints-catherine-muraga-as-managing-director/ &quot;Microsoft's ADC appoints Catherine Muraga as Managing Director&quot;]. ''[[Microsoft|Microsoft.com]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carol Odero |date=31 May 2022 |title=Catherine Muraga To Replace Jack Ngare |url=https://cioafrica.co/catherine-muraga-to-replace-jack-ngare/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=CIOAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mary-Ann Musangi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342213438|Mary-Ann Musangi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Mary-Ann Wambui Kirubi Musangi''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Mary-Ann Musangi''' 'ɗan kasuwa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa Dan Kenya wacce ita ce manajan darektan na Haco Industries Kenya Limited, masana'anta da kuma rarraba kayan masarufi masu saurin motsi a Yankin Great Lakes na Afirka . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi, Leading From The Front In The Manufacturing Sector |url=https://hapakenya.com/2022/10/27/mary-ann-musangi-leading-from-the-front-in-the-manufacturing-sector/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Hapa Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marion Sitawa |date=16 September 2024 |title=Haco Boss To Chair KAM Committee On Women Empowerment |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/haco-boss-to-chair-kam-committee-on-women-empowerment-4764182 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta a shekara ta 1971 ga [[Chris Kirubi]] (1921 - 2021) da matarsa Fiona Kirubi . Iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take ƙarama. Tana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Robert Kirubi da 'yar'uwa ɗaya mai suna Fiona Farha Kirubi . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benta Marion |date=26 February 2024 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi: The Heiress Managing Chris Kirubi's Business Empire |url=https://businessempires.africa/mary-ann-musangi-the-heiress-managing-chris-kirubis-business-empire/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Business Empires Africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenta_Marion2024&quot;&gt;Benta Marion (26 February 2024). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson Biko |date=13 July 2017 |title=Meet Kirubi's Daughter |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/society/meet-kirubi-s-daughter--2160900 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJackson_Biko2017&quot;&gt;Jackson Biko (13 July 2017). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Surrey a Ƙasar Ingila tare da digiri na farko na Gudanar da Kasuwanci . Ta bi hakan tare da Digiri na Jagora a cikin Gudanarwa daga wannan jami'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benta Marion |date=26 February 2024 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi: The Heiress Managing Chris Kirubi's Business Empire |url=https://businessempires.africa/mary-ann-musangi-the-heiress-managing-chris-kirubis-business-empire/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Business Empires Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson Biko |date=13 July 2017 |title=Meet Kirubi's Daughter |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/society/meet-kirubi-s-daughter--2160900 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== 1994 zuwa 2017 ===
Bayan karatunta a Turai, ta koma asalinsa Kenya kuma ta fara aiki tare da ma'aikata da yawa, ciki har da Kamfanin Coca-Cola, GlaxoSmithKline, KCB Group da Ogilvy &amp;amp;amp; Mather . Bayan ta yi aiki na shekaru biyar a matsayin darektan tallace-tallace na Bankin Kasuwanci na Kenya, ta yi murabus a 2011 don buɗe Secret Garden, babban gidan cin abinci. Ta bi hakan tare da babban wurin cin abinci na biyu na ''Olpul'', a cikin 2017. Dukkanin kamfanoni sun ninka a lokacin annobar COVID-19. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benta Marion |date=26 February 2024 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi: The Heiress Managing Chris Kirubi's Business Empire |url=https://businessempires.africa/mary-ann-musangi-the-heiress-managing-chris-kirubis-business-empire/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Business Empires Africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenta_Marion2024&quot;&gt;Benta Marion (26 February 2024). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson Biko |date=13 July 2017 |title=Meet Kirubi's Daughter |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/society/meet-kirubi-s-daughter--2160900 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJackson_Biko2017&quot;&gt;Jackson Biko (13 July 2017). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Magadan kamfanin kasuwanci na Chris Kirubi ===
Bayan an gano mahaifinta da ciwon daji a cikin 2018, an nada Mary-Ann Musangi manajan darakta na Haco Industries Limited a watan Fabrairun 2019. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinta a watan Yunin 2021, ta bayyana cewa ta yi aiki tare da shi a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata na rayuwarsa a Haco Industries da sauran kasuwancin iyali.[1][2][3]

A watan Yunin 2021 lokacin da mahaifin Mary-Ann [[Chris Kirubi]] ya mutu ya ba da kashi 80 cikin 100 na dukiyarsa ga Mary-Ann da ɗan'uwanta Robert. Ya zuwa 2023, an kimanta dukiyar a KSh biliyan 40 ($ 350 miliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Kivuva |date=20 February 2023 |title=Chris Kirubi's Daughter On Running Tycoon's Empire |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/chris-kirubi-s-daughter-on-running-tycoon-s-empire--4131246 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sauran Shahararrun Matsayi na Kwamitin ===
A cikin shekaru ta yi aiki a kan allon daraktocin kamfanoni na kasa, yanki da na duniya, ciki har da Haco Tiger Brands, UAP Investments Limited, International House Limited, Woof Advertising &amp; Marketing, Croyden Limited, Sheraton Rongai da Sidian Bank . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benta Marion |date=26 February 2024 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi: The Heiress Managing Chris Kirubi's Business Empire |url=https://businessempires.africa/mary-ann-musangi-the-heiress-managing-chris-kirubis-business-empire/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Business Empires Africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenta_Marion2024&quot;&gt;Benta Marion (26 February 2024). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kabui Mwangi |date=31 August 2023 |title=Chris Kirubi Heiress Exits Sidian As Husband Goes For CBK Post |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/chris-kirubi-heiress-exits-sidian-as-husband-goes-for-cbk-post--4354160 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ta auri Andrew Mukite Musangi, lauya wanda yanzu shine shugaban kwamitin daraktocin Babban Bankin Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Omokolade Ajayi |date=13 September 2023 |title=Andrew Musangi, husband of Kenyan billionaire heiress, unveils $8-million wealth |url=https://www.billionaires.africa/2023/09/13/andrew-musangi-husband-of-kenyan-billionaire-heiress-unveils-8-million-wealth/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Billionaires Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare su iyaye ne ga 'ya'ya mata biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benta Marion |date=26 February 2024 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi: The Heiress Managing Chris Kirubi's Business Empire |url=https://businessempires.africa/mary-ann-musangi-the-heiress-managing-chris-kirubis-business-empire/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Business Empires Africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenta_Marion2024&quot;&gt;Benta Marion (26 February 2024). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dukiya ===
Bayan rasuwar mahaifinta ([[Chris Kirubi]]) a cikin 2021, Mary-Ann Musangi ta karɓi mallakar da gudanar da mulkin kasuwanci daban-daban na mahaifinta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, masana'antu, fasaha, ainihin jihar da kuɗi. An kimanta darajar dukiyar a kusan KSh40 biliyan (US $ 350 miliyan) tun daga shekarar 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Kivuva |date=20 February 2023 |title=Chris Kirubi's Daughter On Running Tycoon's Empire |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/chris-kirubi-s-daughter-on-running-tycoon-s-empire--4131246 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFElizabeth_Kivuva2023&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Kivuva (20 February 2023). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2011, A cewar Forbes Ranking na 40 mafi arziki a Afirka, an kiyasta dukiyar Chris Kirubi ta kai dala miliyan 300 tun daga shekara ta 2011 tare da Chris Kirube sannan aka sanya shi a matsayin mutum na biyu mafi arziki a Kenya, kuma na 31 mafi arziki a Afrika tun daga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011. 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kasuwanci na Centum
* Bankin Sidian
* [[James Mworia]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <text bytes="8066" sha1="58ytslact9iboplubi332gxq6bs0jx1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Mary-Ann Wambui Kirubi Musangi''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Mary-Ann Musangi''' 'ɗan kasuwa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa Dan Kenya wacce ita ce manajan darektan na Haco Industries Kenya Limited, masana'anta da kuma rarraba kayan masarufi masu saurin motsi a Yankin Great Lakes na Afirka . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi, Leading From The Front In The Manufacturing Sector |url=https://hapakenya.com/2022/10/27/mary-ann-musangi-leading-from-the-front-in-the-manufacturing-sector/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Hapa Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marion Sitawa |date=16 September 2024 |title=Haco Boss To Chair KAM Committee On Women Empowerment |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/haco-boss-to-chair-kam-committee-on-women-empowerment-4764182 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta a shekara ta 1971 ga [[Chris Kirubi]] (1921 - 2021) da matarsa Fiona Kirubi . Iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take ƙarama. Tana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Robert Kirubi da 'yar'uwa ɗaya mai suna Fiona Farha Kirubi . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benta Marion |date=26 February 2024 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi: The Heiress Managing Chris Kirubi's Business Empire |url=https://businessempires.africa/mary-ann-musangi-the-heiress-managing-chris-kirubis-business-empire/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Business Empires Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson Biko |date=13 July 2017 |title=Meet Kirubi's Daughter |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/society/meet-kirubi-s-daughter--2160900 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Surrey a Ƙasar Ingila tare da digiri na farko na Gudanar da Kasuwanci . Ta bi hakan tare da Digiri na Jagora a cikin Gudanarwa daga wannan jami'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benta Marion |date=26 February 2024 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi: The Heiress Managing Chris Kirubi's Business Empire |url=https://businessempires.africa/mary-ann-musangi-the-heiress-managing-chris-kirubis-business-empire/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Business Empires Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson Biko |date=13 July 2017 |title=Meet Kirubi's Daughter |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/society/meet-kirubi-s-daughter--2160900 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== 1994 zuwa 2017 ===
Bayan karatunta a Turai, ta koma asalinsa Kenya kuma ta fara aiki tare da ma'aikata da yawa, ciki har da Kamfanin Coca-Cola, GlaxoSmithKline, KCB Group da Ogilvy &amp;amp;amp; Mather . Bayan ta yi aiki na shekaru biyar a matsayin darektan tallace-tallace na Bankin Kasuwanci na Kenya, ta yi murabus a 2011 don buɗe Secret Garden, babban gidan cin abinci. Ta bi hakan tare da babban wurin cin abinci na biyu na ''Olpul'', a cikin 2017. Dukkanin kamfanoni sun ninka a lokacin annobar COVID-19. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benta Marion |date=26 February 2024 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi: The Heiress Managing Chris Kirubi's Business Empire |url=https://businessempires.africa/mary-ann-musangi-the-heiress-managing-chris-kirubis-business-empire/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Business Empires Africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenta_Marion2024&quot;&gt;Benta Marion (26 February 2024). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson Biko |date=13 July 2017 |title=Meet Kirubi's Daughter |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/society/meet-kirubi-s-daughter--2160900 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJackson_Biko2017&quot;&gt;Jackson Biko (13 July 2017). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Magadan kamfanin kasuwanci na Chris Kirubi ===
Bayan an gano mahaifinta da ciwon daji a cikin 2018, an nada Mary-Ann Musangi manajan darakta na Haco Industries Limited a watan Fabrairun 2019. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinta a watan Yunin 2021, ta bayyana cewa ta yi aiki tare da shi a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata na rayuwarsa a Haco Industries da sauran kasuwancin iyali.[1][2][3]

A watan Yunin 2021 lokacin da mahaifin Mary-Ann [[Chris Kirubi]] ya mutu ya ba da kashi 80 cikin 100 na dukiyarsa ga Mary-Ann da ɗan'uwanta Robert. Ya zuwa 2023, an kimanta dukiyar a KSh biliyan 40 ($ 350 miliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Kivuva |date=20 February 2023 |title=Chris Kirubi's Daughter On Running Tycoon's Empire |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/chris-kirubi-s-daughter-on-running-tycoon-s-empire--4131246 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sauran Shahararrun Matsayi na Kwamitin ===
A cikin shekaru ta yi aiki a kan allon daraktocin kamfanoni na kasa, yanki da na duniya, ciki har da Haco Tiger Brands, UAP Investments Limited, International House Limited, Woof Advertising &amp; Marketing, Croyden Limited, Sheraton Rongai da Sidian Bank . &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benta Marion |date=26 February 2024 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi: The Heiress Managing Chris Kirubi's Business Empire |url=https://businessempires.africa/mary-ann-musangi-the-heiress-managing-chris-kirubis-business-empire/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Business Empires Africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenta_Marion2024&quot;&gt;Benta Marion (26 February 2024). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kabui Mwangi |date=31 August 2023 |title=Chris Kirubi Heiress Exits Sidian As Husband Goes For CBK Post |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/chris-kirubi-heiress-exits-sidian-as-husband-goes-for-cbk-post--4354160 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ta auri Andrew Mukite Musangi, lauya wanda yanzu shine shugaban kwamitin daraktocin Babban Bankin Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Omokolade Ajayi |date=13 September 2023 |title=Andrew Musangi, husband of Kenyan billionaire heiress, unveils $8-million wealth |url=https://www.billionaires.africa/2023/09/13/andrew-musangi-husband-of-kenyan-billionaire-heiress-unveils-8-million-wealth/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Billionaires Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare su iyaye ne ga 'ya'ya mata biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benta Marion |date=26 February 2024 |title=Mary-Ann Musangi: The Heiress Managing Chris Kirubi's Business Empire |url=https://businessempires.africa/mary-ann-musangi-the-heiress-managing-chris-kirubis-business-empire/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Business Empires Africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBenta_Marion2024&quot;&gt;Benta Marion (26 February 2024). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dukiya ===
Bayan rasuwar mahaifinta ([[Chris Kirubi]]) a cikin 2021, Mary-Ann Musangi ta karɓi mallakar da gudanar da mulkin kasuwanci daban-daban na mahaifinta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, masana'antu, fasaha, ainihin jihar da kuɗi. An kimanta darajar dukiyar a kusan KSh40 biliyan (US $ 350 miliyan) tun daga shekarar 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Kivuva |date=20 February 2023 |title=Chris Kirubi's Daughter On Running Tycoon's Empire |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/chris-kirubi-s-daughter-on-running-tycoon-s-empire--4131246 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFElizabeth_Kivuva2023&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Kivuva (20 February 2023). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2011, A cewar Forbes Ranking na 40 mafi arziki a Afirka, an kiyasta dukiyar Chris Kirubi ta kai dala miliyan 300 tun daga shekara ta 2011 tare da Chris Kirube sannan aka sanya shi a matsayin mutum na biyu mafi arziki a Kenya, kuma na 31 mafi arziki a Afrika tun daga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011. 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kasuwanci na Centum
* Bankin Sidian
* [[James Mworia]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>58ytslact9iboplubi332gxq6bs0jx1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Linet Kwamboka</title>
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      <id>816657</id>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345294868|Linet Kwamboka]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8053" sha1="pdtuaw7y8frj7p1lfr494pi18m86t8d" xml:space="preserve">'''Linet Kwamboka Nyang'au''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1988), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ce kuma 'yar kasuwa ta Kenya, wacce ita ce ta kafa kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na DataScience Limited, kamfanin bincike na IT. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabor |first=Nakirfai |date=9 June 2017 |title=Kenya's Linet Kwamboka Selected As Part Of Mozilla's Newly Launched Tech Policy Fellowship |url=https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223537/https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=Iafrikan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta ne a yankin Nyamira, a yammacin Kenya, a shekara ta 1988 ga Evelyne Kerubo da Aloys Nyang'au . Ita ce 'yarsu ta ƙarshe a cikin iyali na yara 8. Bayan ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Nyamira &amp; St. Mathews Academy for Primary School, Butere Girls High School for High School, an shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], ta kammala a shekara ta 2010, tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=M.J.Kelly |date=11 April 2018 |title=Linet Kwamboka: Your data is your power |url=https://blog.mozilla.org/internetcitizen/2018/04/11/linet-kwamboka/ |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[Mozilla Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ITC News |date=3 July 2015 |title=Women Business Owner Success Stories: Linet Kwamboka |url=http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115063452/http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ |archive-date=15 November 2019 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[International Trade Centre]] (ITC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da ƙwarewar koyar da kanta a cikin tsarin bayanai na ƙasa (GIS), hakar bayanai da bincike.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=21 August 2018 |title=Linet Kwamboka: Founder and CEO of DataScience Limited |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223245/https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[The World Bank]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan jami'a, a cikin shekaru shida masu zuwa, ta jagoranci shirin Open Data Initiative na Kenya, ta tura gwamnati don samar da ƙarin bayani a buɗe kuma a fili.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=M.J.Kelly |date=11 April 2018 |title=Linet Kwamboka: Your data is your power |url=https://blog.mozilla.org/internetcitizen/2018/04/11/linet-kwamboka/ |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[Mozilla Foundation]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM.J.Kelly2018&quot;&gt;M.J.Kelly (11 April 2018). [https://blog.mozilla.org/internetcitizen/2018/04/11/linet-kwamboka/ &quot;Linet Kwamboka: Your data is your power&quot;]. [[Mozilla Foundation]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki tare da Bankin Duniya a kan Open Government Partnership don Gwamnatin Kenya . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniyar software tare da Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon da Jami'an Stanford . &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=21 August 2018 |title=Linet Kwamboka: Founder and CEO of DataScience Limited |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223245/https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[The World Bank]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWorld_Bank2018&quot;&gt;World Bank (21 August 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223245/https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka &quot;Linet Kwamboka: Founder and CEO of DataScience Limited&quot;]. Washington, DC: [[The World Bank]]. Archived from [https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka the original] on 21 August 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2013, yana da shekaru 25, Kwamboka ya kafa DataScience Limited. Kamfanin, tare da ma'aikata 9 a cikin 2015, yana da hannu a cikin nazarin bayanai da batutuwan manufofi masu budewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ITC News |date=3 July 2015 |title=Women Business Owner Success Stories: Linet Kwamboka |url=http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115063452/http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ |archive-date=15 November 2019 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[International Trade Centre]] (ITC)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFITC_News2015&quot;&gt;ITC News (3 July 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191115063452/http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ &quot;Women Business Owner Success Stories: Linet Kwamboka&quot;]. Geneva, Switzerland: [[International Trade Centre]] (ITC). Archived from [http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ the original] on 15 November 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, Linet Kwamboka na ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓar goma na farko na &quot;Mozilla Tech Policy Fellowship&quot;. Abokan hulɗa, wanda Gidauniyar Mozilla ta ba da kyauta da tallafawa, yana da niyyar &quot;ba wa mutane masu ƙwarewa a cikin gwamnati da manufofin Intanet goyon baya da tsarin da suke buƙata don ci gaba da aikinsu na yin Intanet lafiya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabor |first=Nakirfai |date=9 June 2017 |title=Kenya's Linet Kwamboka Selected As Part Of Mozilla's Newly Launched Tech Policy Fellowship |url=https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223537/https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=Iafrikan.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTabor2017&quot;&gt;Tabor, Nakirfai (9 June 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223537/https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ &quot;Kenya's Linet Kwamboka Selected As Part Of Mozilla's Newly Launched Tech Policy Fellowship&quot;]. Iafrikan.com. Archived from [https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ the original] on 21 August 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020, ta shiga Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Duniya don Bayanan Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa a matsayin Manajan Shirin Afirka . Ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Babban Manajan Shirin don Data4Now da Babban Manajan Innovation don Ci gaba a GPSDD .

Linet a halin yanzu ita ce babban darakta a Cibiyar Bayanai ta Ci Gaban inda take da alhakin jagorantar shirye-shiryen gina kayan aikin bayanai na Afirka da aiki tare da abokan hulɗa na ƙasa don tabbatar da cewa suna da kayan aiki, ƙwarewa da taimakon fasaha da suke buƙata don samunwa da amfani da bayanan da ke tallafawa yanke shawara.

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Agustan 2018, an ambaci Linet Kwamboka a matsayin daya daga cikin &quot;Mutanen 100 mafi tasiri a Gwamnatin Dijital&quot;. Jerin ya tattara ta hanyar Apolitical, cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya mai zaman kanta ta London, United Kingdom, wacce ke taimaka wa ma'aikatan gwamnati su sami ra'ayoyin, mutane da abokan hulɗa da suke buƙata don magance ƙalubalen mulki.[1][2]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Linet Kwamboka Nyang'au''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1988), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ce kuma 'yar kasuwa ta Kenya, wacce ita ce ta kafa kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na DataScience Limited, kamfanin bincike na IT. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabor |first=Nakirfai |date=9 June 2017 |title=Kenya's Linet Kwamboka Selected As Part Of Mozilla's Newly Launched Tech Policy Fellowship |url=https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223537/https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=Iafrikan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta ne a yankin Nyamira, a yammacin Kenya, a shekara ta 1988 ga Evelyne Kerubo da Aloys Nyang'au . Ita ce 'yarsu ta ƙarshe a cikin iyali na yara 8. Bayan ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Nyamira &amp; St. Mathews Academy for Primary School, Butere Girls High School for High School, an shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], ta kammala a shekara ta 2010, tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=M.J.Kelly |date=11 April 2018 |title=Linet Kwamboka: Your data is your power |url=https://blog.mozilla.org/internetcitizen/2018/04/11/linet-kwamboka/ |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[Mozilla Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ITC News |date=3 July 2015 |title=Women Business Owner Success Stories: Linet Kwamboka |url=http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115063452/http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ |archive-date=15 November 2019 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[International Trade Centre]] (ITC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da ƙwarewar koyar da kanta a cikin tsarin bayanai na ƙasa (GIS), hakar bayanai da bincike.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=21 August 2018 |title=Linet Kwamboka: Founder and CEO of DataScience Limited |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223245/https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[The World Bank]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan jami'a, a cikin shekaru shida masu zuwa, ta jagoranci shirin Open Data Initiative na Kenya, ta tura gwamnati don samar da ƙarin bayani a buɗe kuma a fili.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=M.J.Kelly |date=11 April 2018 |title=Linet Kwamboka: Your data is your power |url=https://blog.mozilla.org/internetcitizen/2018/04/11/linet-kwamboka/ |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[Mozilla Foundation]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM.J.Kelly2018&quot;&gt;M.J.Kelly (11 April 2018). [https://blog.mozilla.org/internetcitizen/2018/04/11/linet-kwamboka/ &quot;Linet Kwamboka: Your data is your power&quot;]. [[Mozilla Foundation]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki tare da Bankin Duniya a kan Open Government Partnership don Gwamnatin Kenya . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniyar software tare da Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon da Jami'an Stanford . &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=21 August 2018 |title=Linet Kwamboka: Founder and CEO of DataScience Limited |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223245/https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[The World Bank]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWorld_Bank2018&quot;&gt;World Bank (21 August 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223245/https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka &quot;Linet Kwamboka: Founder and CEO of DataScience Limited&quot;]. Washington, DC: [[The World Bank]]. Archived from [https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/linet-kwamboka the original] on 21 August 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2013, yana da shekaru 25, Kwamboka ya kafa DataScience Limited. Kamfanin, tare da ma'aikata 9 a cikin 2015, yana da hannu a cikin nazarin bayanai da batutuwan manufofi masu budewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ITC News |date=3 July 2015 |title=Women Business Owner Success Stories: Linet Kwamboka |url=http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115063452/http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ |archive-date=15 November 2019 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=[[International Trade Centre]] (ITC)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFITC_News2015&quot;&gt;ITC News (3 July 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191115063452/http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ &quot;Women Business Owner Success Stories: Linet Kwamboka&quot;]. Geneva, Switzerland: [[International Trade Centre]] (ITC). Archived from [http://www.intracen.org/news/Women-business-owner-success-stories-Linet-Kwamboka/ the original] on 15 November 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, Linet Kwamboka na ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓar goma na farko na &quot;Mozilla Tech Policy Fellowship&quot;. Abokan hulɗa, wanda Gidauniyar Mozilla ta ba da kyauta da tallafawa, yana da niyyar &quot;ba wa mutane masu ƙwarewa a cikin gwamnati da manufofin Intanet goyon baya da tsarin da suke buƙata don ci gaba da aikinsu na yin Intanet lafiya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabor |first=Nakirfai |date=9 June 2017 |title=Kenya's Linet Kwamboka Selected As Part Of Mozilla's Newly Launched Tech Policy Fellowship |url=https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223537/https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=Iafrikan.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTabor2017&quot;&gt;Tabor, Nakirfai (9 June 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223537/https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ &quot;Kenya's Linet Kwamboka Selected As Part Of Mozilla's Newly Launched Tech Policy Fellowship&quot;]. Iafrikan.com. Archived from [https://www.iafrikan.com/2017/06/09/kenya-linet-kwamboka-mozilla-tech-policy-fellowship-data-science/ the original] on 21 August 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020, ta shiga Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Duniya don Bayanan Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa a matsayin Manajan Shirin Afirka . Ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Babban Manajan Shirin don Data4Now da Babban Manajan Innovation don Ci gaba a GPSDD .

Linet a halin yanzu ita ce babban darakta a Cibiyar Bayanai ta Ci Gaban inda take da alhakin jagorantar shirye-shiryen gina kayan aikin bayanai na Afirka da aiki tare da abokan hulɗa na ƙasa don tabbatar da cewa suna da kayan aiki, ƙwarewa da taimakon fasaha da suke buƙata don samunwa da amfani da bayanan da ke tallafawa yanke shawara.

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Agustan 2018, an ambaci Linet Kwamboka a matsayin daya daga cikin &quot;Mutanen 100 mafi tasiri a Gwamnatin Dijital&quot;. Jerin ya tattara ta hanyar Apolitical, cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya mai zaman kanta ta London, United Kingdom, wacce ke taimaka wa ma'aikatan gwamnati su sami ra'ayoyin, mutane da abokan hulɗa da suke buƙata don magance ƙalubalen mulki.[1][2]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>bfad56xj4urs6hnczlxsbwivxm2q19o</sha1>
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    <title>Nelly Tuikong</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342218420|Nelly Tuikong]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4700" sha1="si6q6qag5t7bjtqhj3kktyp5ogxiibe" xml:space="preserve">'''Nelly Tuikong''' ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Kenya, 'yar kasuwa kuma mai gudanar da kasuwanci, wacce ita ce ta kafa kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na ''Pauline Cosmetics Limited'', kamfanin Nairobi da ta kafa a 2013, tare da ayyukan kasuwanci a shekarar 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017 |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuikong |first=Nelly |date=25 November 2015 |title=Nelly Tuikong: Executive Director of Pauline Cosmetics |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/nelly-tuikong-08037078/ |access-date=25 November 2015 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Nelly kuma ta girma a Kenya. Ita ce yarinya ta tsakiya kuma yarinya ce kawai a cikin iyali na 'yan uwa uku. Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Kwalejin Kapsabet a Nandi County da Makarantar Firimare ta Eregi, a Kakamega County don karatun firamare. Daga nan sai ta koma makarantar sakandare ta Saint Mary's Tachasis Girls, a cikin Nandi County, ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Genga |first=Shirley |date=15 September 2013 |title=Homegrown beauty |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000093551/homegrown-beauty |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan makarantar sakandare, mahaifiyar Nelly ba za ta iya biyan kuɗin kwaleji ba. Maimakon haka, Nelly ta ba da gudummawa a Cibiyar Nazarin Yara ta Sally, a Eldoret. Yayinda take can, ta sadu da Stephen Leapman da matarsa Judy Leapman, wadanda suka ba da kansu don tallafawa karatunta a Jami'ar Indiana Indianapolis da kuma karbar bakuncin ta yayin da take Amurka. Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Nursing ta Jami'ar Indiana tare da digiri na farko a fannin Nursing (BSN). &lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Genga |first=Shirley |date=15 September 2013 |title=Homegrown beauty |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000093551/homegrown-beauty |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGenga2013&quot;&gt;Genga, Shirley (15 September 2013). [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000093551/homegrown-beauty &quot;Homegrown beauty&quot;]. ''[[The Standard (Kenya)]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan kwaleji, ta fara aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya mai kula da kulawa a jihar Indiana, a Amurka. Koyaya, a cikin 2010, ta fara bincika yiwuwar fara layin kyawawan kayayyaki da aka tsara don matan Afirka. Tare da US $ 400 (kimanin Sh40,800), Nelly Tuikong ta fara Pauline Cosmetics (mai suna bayan mahaifiyarta). Ta yi bincike a kan layi kuma ta kusanci [[Kiralee Hubbard]], mai zane-zane na Amurka wanda ke da Eye Max Cosmetics don shawara da jagoranci. Nelly ya zaɓi farawa da layin samfurori huɗu; sandar lebe, gloss lebe, mascara da inuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukumu |first=Isabella |date=8 February 2016 |title=Cosmetics firm bets big on the African woman |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Cosmetics-firm-bets-big-on-the-African-woman/1248928-3067544-ssbd51z/index.html |access-date=15 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012 ta koma ƙasarsu ta Kenya kuma ta zauna a Eldoret . Bayan kimanin shekaru uku na yin kuskuren farawa (ta ba da umarnin babban rukunin kayan shafawa na farko kafin ta haɓaka kasuwa), ta fara rarraba layin ta ta hanyar kantin sayar da kayayyaki a hanya mai ɗorewa. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2016, tana ba da tallace-tallace sama da 40 a Kenya, tare da shirye-shiryen fadada zuwa wasu ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka, gami da Uganda da Rwanda.[1][2][3][4]

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an sanya sunan Nelly Tuikong a cikin &quot;Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017&quot;, ta hanyar Business Daily Africa, jaridar kasuwanci ta yau da kullun da Nation Media Group ta buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017 |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf &quot;Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Nairobi: [[Nation Media Group]]. 26 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Esther Koimett
* [[Catherine Igathe]]
* [[Carole Kariuki]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]</text>
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        <id>32668</id>
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      <text bytes="4713" sha1="pohe9ouvzgq9maety8p59yno0g0gi7s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Nelly Tuikong''' ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Kenya, 'yar kasuwa kuma mai gudanar da kasuwanci, wacce ita ce ta kafa kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na ''Pauline Cosmetics Limited'', kamfanin Nairobi da ta kafa a 2013, tare da ayyukan kasuwanci a shekarar 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017 |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuikong |first=Nelly |date=25 November 2015 |title=Nelly Tuikong: Executive Director of Pauline Cosmetics |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/nelly-tuikong-08037078/ |access-date=25 November 2015 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Nelly kuma ta girma a Kenya. Ita ce yarinya ta tsakiya kuma yarinya ce kawai a cikin iyali na 'yan uwa uku. Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Kwalejin Kapsabet a Nandi County da Makarantar Firimare ta Eregi, a Kakamega County don karatun firamare. Daga nan sai ta koma makarantar sakandare ta Saint Mary's Tachasis Girls, a cikin Nandi County, ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Genga |first=Shirley |date=15 September 2013 |title=Homegrown beauty |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000093551/homegrown-beauty |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan makarantar sakandare, mahaifiyar Nelly ba za ta iya biyan kuɗin kwaleji ba. Maimakon haka, Nelly ta ba da gudummawa a Cibiyar Nazarin Yara ta Sally, a Eldoret. Yayinda take can, ta sadu da Stephen Leapman da matarsa Judy Leapman, wadanda suka ba da kansu don tallafawa karatunta a Jami'ar Indiana Indianapolis da kuma karbar bakuncin ta yayin da take Amurka. Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Nursing ta Jami'ar Indiana tare da digiri na farko a fannin Nursing (BSN). &lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Genga |first=Shirley |date=15 September 2013 |title=Homegrown beauty |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000093551/homegrown-beauty |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGenga2013&quot;&gt;Genga, Shirley (15 September 2013). [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000093551/homegrown-beauty &quot;Homegrown beauty&quot;]. ''[[The Standard (Kenya)]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan kwaleji, ta fara aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya mai kula da kulawa a jihar Indiana, a Amurka. Koyaya, a cikin 2010, ta fara bincika yiwuwar fara layin kyawawan kayayyaki da aka tsara don matan Afirka. Tare da US $ 400 (kimanin Sh40,800), Nelly Tuikong ta fara Pauline Cosmetics (mai suna bayan mahaifiyarta). Ta yi bincike a kan layi kuma ta kusanci [[Kiralee Hubbard]], mai zane-zane na Amurka wanda ke da Eye Max Cosmetics don shawara da jagoranci. Nelly ya zaɓi farawa da layin samfurori huɗu; sandar lebe, gloss lebe, mascara da inuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukumu |first=Isabella |date=8 February 2016 |title=Cosmetics firm bets big on the African woman |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Cosmetics-firm-bets-big-on-the-African-woman/1248928-3067544-ssbd51z/index.html |access-date=15 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012 ta koma ƙasarsu ta Kenya kuma ta zauna a Eldoret . Bayan kimanin shekaru uku na yin kuskuren farawa (ta ba da umarnin babban rukunin kayan shafawa na farko kafin ta haɓaka kasuwa), ta fara rarraba layin ta ta hanyar kantin sayar da kayayyaki a hanya mai ɗorewa. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2016, tana ba da tallace-tallace sama da 40 a Kenya, tare da shirye-shiryen fadada zuwa wasu ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka, gami da Uganda da Rwanda.[1][2][3][4]

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an sanya sunan Nelly Tuikong a cikin &quot;Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017&quot;, ta hanyar Business Daily Africa, jaridar kasuwanci ta yau da kullun da Nation Media Group ta buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017 |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf &quot;Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Nairobi: [[Nation Media Group]]. 26 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Esther Koimett
* [[Catherine Igathe]]
* [[Carole Kariuki]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]</text>
      <sha1>pohe9ouvzgq9maety8p59yno0g0gi7s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sauda Rajab</title>
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        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314104293|Sauda Rajab]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sauda Rajab''' (1964-2021) ya kasance babban jami'in kamfanoni na Kenya, wanda ya kasance babban kwamishinan Precision Air, kamfanin jirgin sama na yanki mai zaman kansa, wanda ke zaune a Tanzania, yana aiki a ƙasashen Great Lakes na Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Batte |first=Edgar |date=29 October 2017 |title=Rajab, the woman behind growth at regional airline |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Rajab-woman-behind-growth-regional-airline/689842-4158750-7ifytc/index.html |access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kenya ta [[Mombasa]], a kusa da shekara ta 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stuff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Precision Air |date=17 August 2016 |title=Precision Air Annual Report and Financial Statements for the Period 2015/2016, Ending 31 March 2016 |url=https://www.precisionairtz.com/images/documents/Precision-Air-Annual-Report-2015-16.pdf |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Precision Air]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da yaran suke ƙanana, iyayensu sun sake aure, wanda ya haifar da mahaifinsu marar aure ya tashe su. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] kuma ta sami horo da ilimi daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta London da [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Batte |first=Edgar |date=29 October 2017 |title=Rajab, the woman behind growth at regional airline |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Rajab-woman-behind-growth-regional-airline/689842-4158750-7ifytc/index.html |access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBatte2017&quot;&gt;Batte, Edgar (29 October 2017). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Rajab-woman-behind-growth-regional-airline/689842-4158750-7ifytc/index.html &quot;Rajab, the woman behind growth at regional airline&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==


A cikin shekaru 24 masu zuwa, ta tashi cikin matsayi. Ta rike manyan mukamai da yawa a KQ a hanya, ciki har da (a) Janar Manajan Kenya, (b) Janar Janar na Yankin Turai, Amurka da Asiya kuma matsayinta na karshe a KQ ya kasance a matsayin (c) Janar manajan kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Precision Air |date=3 November 2017 |title=Precision Air: Board of Directors: Ms. Sauda Rajab |url=https://www.precisionairtz.com/about-us/board-of-directors |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Precision Air]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 1 ga Maris 2013, an nada ta a matsayin manajan darakta da Babban Jami'in Precision Air (: , : ), &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Batte |first=Edgar |date=29 October 2017 |title=Rajab, the woman behind growth at regional airline |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Rajab-woman-behind-growth-regional-airline/689842-4158750-7ifytc/index.html |access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBatte2017&quot;&gt;Batte, Edgar (29 October 2017). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Rajab-woman-behind-growth-regional-airline/689842-4158750-7ifytc/index.html &quot;Rajab, the woman behind growth at regional airline&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; inda KQ ke da kashi 41.23 cikin dari na hannun jari, har zuwa 31 ga Maris 2016 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Precision Air |date=3 November 2017 |title=Precision Air: Board of Directors: Ms. Sauda Rajab |url=https://www.precisionairtz.com/about-us/board-of-directors |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Precision Air]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrecision_Air2017&quot;&gt;Precision Air (3 November 2017). [https://www.precisionairtz.com/about-us/board-of-directors &quot;Precision Air: Board of Directors: Ms. Sauda Rajab&quot;]. Dar es Salaam: [[Precision Air]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stuff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Precision Air |date=17 August 2016 |title=Precision Air Annual Report and Financial Statements for the Period 2015/2016, Ending 31 March 2016 |url=https://www.precisionairtz.com/images/documents/Precision-Air-Annual-Report-2015-16.pdf |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Precision Air]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrecision_Air2016&quot;&gt;Precision Air (17 August 2016). [https://www.precisionairtz.com/images/documents/Precision-Air-Annual-Report-2015-16.pdf &quot;Precision Air Annual Report and Financial Statements for the Period 2015/2016, Ending 31 March 2016&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Dar es Salaam: [[Precision Air]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da ta isa PW, ta kafa canje-canje kuma an yaba da ita tare da murmurewa a kamfanin jirgin sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A matsayinta na manajan darakta da Shugaba, tana zaune a kan kwamitin daraktocin PW, daga watan Maris na shekara ta 2013.[1] Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Sauda Rajab na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan mata shugabannin shugabannin kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zaman kansu da na jama'a a duniya.[2]

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Rebecca Miano]]
* MaryJane Mwangi

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <id>816712</id>
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'''Sauda Rajab''' (1964-2021) ya kasance babban jami'in kamfanoni na Kenya, wanda ya kasance babban kwamishinan Precision Air, kamfanin jirgin sama na yanki mai zaman kansa, wanda ke zaune a Tanzania, yana aiki a ƙasashen Great Lakes na Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Batte |first=Edgar |date=29 October 2017 |title=Rajab, the woman behind growth at regional airline |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Rajab-woman-behind-growth-regional-airline/689842-4158750-7ifytc/index.html |access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kenya ta [[Mombasa]], a kusa da shekara ta 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stuff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Precision Air |date=17 August 2016 |title=Precision Air Annual Report and Financial Statements for the Period 2015/2016, Ending 31 March 2016 |url=https://www.precisionairtz.com/images/documents/Precision-Air-Annual-Report-2015-16.pdf |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Precision Air]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da yaran suke ƙanana, iyayensu sun sake aure, wanda ya haifar da mahaifinsu marar aure ya tashe su. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] kuma ta sami horo da ilimi daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta London da [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Batte |first=Edgar |date=29 October 2017 |title=Rajab, the woman behind growth at regional airline |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Rajab-woman-behind-growth-regional-airline/689842-4158750-7ifytc/index.html |access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBatte2017&quot;&gt;Batte, Edgar (29 October 2017). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Rajab-woman-behind-growth-regional-airline/689842-4158750-7ifytc/index.html &quot;Rajab, the woman behind growth at regional airline&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==


A cikin shekaru 24 masu zuwa, ta tashi cikin matsayi. Ta rike manyan mukamai da yawa a KQ a hanya, ciki har da (a) Janar Manajan Kenya, (b) Janar Janar na Yankin Turai, Amurka da Asiya kuma matsayinta na karshe a KQ ya kasance a matsayin (c) Janar manajan kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Precision Air |date=3 November 2017 |title=Precision Air: Board of Directors: Ms. Sauda Rajab |url=https://www.precisionairtz.com/about-us/board-of-directors |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Precision Air]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 1 ga Maris 2013, an nada ta a matsayin manajan darakta da Babban Jami'in Precision Air (: , : ), &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Batte |first=Edgar |date=29 October 2017 |title=Rajab, the woman behind growth at regional airline |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Rajab-woman-behind-growth-regional-airline/689842-4158750-7ifytc/index.html |access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBatte2017&quot;&gt;Batte, Edgar (29 October 2017). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Rajab-woman-behind-growth-regional-airline/689842-4158750-7ifytc/index.html &quot;Rajab, the woman behind growth at regional airline&quot;]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; inda KQ ke da kashi 41.23 cikin dari na hannun jari, har zuwa 31 ga Maris 2016 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Precision Air |date=3 November 2017 |title=Precision Air: Board of Directors: Ms. Sauda Rajab |url=https://www.precisionairtz.com/about-us/board-of-directors |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Precision Air]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrecision_Air2017&quot;&gt;Precision Air (3 November 2017). [https://www.precisionairtz.com/about-us/board-of-directors &quot;Precision Air: Board of Directors: Ms. Sauda Rajab&quot;]. Dar es Salaam: [[Precision Air]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stuff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Precision Air |date=17 August 2016 |title=Precision Air Annual Report and Financial Statements for the Period 2015/2016, Ending 31 March 2016 |url=https://www.precisionairtz.com/images/documents/Precision-Air-Annual-Report-2015-16.pdf |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Precision Air]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPrecision_Air2016&quot;&gt;Precision Air (17 August 2016). [https://www.precisionairtz.com/images/documents/Precision-Air-Annual-Report-2015-16.pdf &quot;Precision Air Annual Report and Financial Statements for the Period 2015/2016, Ending 31 March 2016&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Dar es Salaam: [[Precision Air]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da ta isa PW, ta kafa canje-canje kuma an yaba da ita tare da murmurewa a kamfanin jirgin sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A matsayinta na manajan darakta da Shugaba, tana zaune a kan kwamitin daraktocin PW, daga watan Maris na shekara ta 2013.[1] Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Sauda Rajab na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan mata shugabannin shugabannin kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zaman kansu da na jama'a a duniya.[2]

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Rebecca Miano]]
* MaryJane Mwangi

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Teodosia Osir</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:28:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342304011|Teodosia Osir]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Teodosia Osir''', wanda kuma '''Teddie Osir''', lauya ce ta Kenya kuma mai gudanar da kamfanoni, wanda shine babban lauya kuma shugaban harkokin kamfanoni a Kenya Airways, kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa da ke [[Nairobi]], babban birnin da kuma birni mafi girma a Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;App&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutegi |first=Mugambi |date=3 November 2017 |title=Kenya Airways appoints four managers |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/Kenya-Airways-CEO-appoints-four-acting-managers/4003102-4172414-i8016b/index.html |access-date=4 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Osir ta kammala karatu a Makarantar Shari'a ta [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], inda ta sami digiri na farko na Shari'a. Har ila yau, tana da difloma na digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a, wanda [[Kenya School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya]] ta bayar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2017 |title=Teddie Osir: Head of Legal Services at Kenya Airways |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/teddie-osir-98997117/ |access-date=4 November 2017 |publisher=Linkedin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1986 har zuwa 1987, ta yi karatu a Jami'ar West Indies a harabarta a Cave Hill, Saint Michael, Barbados, inda ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri mafi girma a cikin Drafting na Shari'a. A shekara ta 2007, ta sami difloma a cikin dangantakar ma'aikata, daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Singapore . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Osir ƙwararren lauya ne kuma memba ne na Kenya Bar . Ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, a ciki da waje na Kenya. Kimanin shekara guda, daga Oktoba 2006 har zuwa Oktoba 2007, ta kasance mataimakiyar darakta a David Lawrence and Associates, kamfanin daukar ma'aikata na kamfanoni ga shugabannin C-Suite, wanda ke zaune a [[Singafora|Singapore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2017 |title=Teddie Osir: Head of Legal Services at Kenya Airways |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/teddie-osir-98997117/ |access-date=4 November 2017 |publisher=Linkedin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

zuwa Maris 2011, ta yi aiki a matsayin kwararriyar kwangila ga Qatar Airways . Daga nan ne Kenya Airways ta hayar da ita a matsayin shugabar ayyukan shari'a daga Afrilu 2011 har zuwa Nuwamba 2017. A wannan matsayi, ta kula da duk ma'amaloli na kasuwanci na kamfanin, gami da sayen kayan aiki da hayar da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi.[1]

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, kamfanin (: , : ), ya kirkiro sabon sashen da ake kira Ma'aikatar Harkokin Kasuwanci, wanda ke da alhakin kula da alaƙar jama'a, alaƙar masu saka hannun jari, al'amuran shari'a, dabarun da ayyukan na musamman. An gabatar da Osir zuwa babban lauya don jagorantar sabon sashen.&lt;ref name=&quot;App&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutegi |first=Mugambi |date=3 November 2017 |title=Kenya Airways appoints four managers |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/Kenya-Airways-CEO-appoints-four-acting-managers/4003102-4172414-i8016b/index.html |access-date=4 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Ta auri Ellie Osir. Ɗansu, Jeremy Ominde Osir, ya yi karatu a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar North Carolina a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2013 |title=Phi Beta Kappa inducts 144 students at UNC |url=http://uncnewsarchive.unc.edu/2013/04/01/phi-beta-kappa-inducts-144-students-at-unc-2/ |access-date=4 November 2017 |website=UNC News |publisher=[[University of North Carolina]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Rebecca Miano]]
* MaryJane Mwangi
* Sauda Rajab

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>980jsluhq4cz2p40batqiv9vrtzi4x4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816713</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3432" sha1="8idg322bhaz34cl5swgizlmkbi01vs5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Teodosia Osir''', wanda kuma '''Teddie Osir''', lauya ce ta Kenya kuma mai gudanar da kamfanoni, wanda shine babban lauya kuma shugaban harkokin kamfanoni a Kenya Airways, kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa da ke [[Nairobi]], babban birnin da kuma birni mafi girma a Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;App&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutegi |first=Mugambi |date=3 November 2017 |title=Kenya Airways appoints four managers |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/Kenya-Airways-CEO-appoints-four-acting-managers/4003102-4172414-i8016b/index.html |access-date=4 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Osir ta kammala karatu a Makarantar Shari'a ta [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], inda ta sami digiri na farko na Shari'a. Har ila yau, tana da difloma na digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a, wanda [[Kenya School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya]] ta bayar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2017 |title=Teddie Osir: Head of Legal Services at Kenya Airways |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/teddie-osir-98997117/ |access-date=4 November 2017 |publisher=Linkedin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1986 har zuwa 1987, ta yi karatu a Jami'ar West Indies a harabarta a Cave Hill, Saint Michael, Barbados, inda ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri mafi girma a cikin Drafting na Shari'a. A shekara ta 2007, ta sami difloma a cikin dangantakar ma'aikata, daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Singapore . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Osir ƙwararren lauya ne kuma memba ne na Kenya Bar . Ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, a ciki da waje na Kenya. Kimanin shekara guda, daga Oktoba 2006 har zuwa Oktoba 2007, ta kasance mataimakiyar darakta a David Lawrence and Associates, kamfanin daukar ma'aikata na kamfanoni ga shugabannin C-Suite, wanda ke zaune a [[Singafora|Singapore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2017 |title=Teddie Osir: Head of Legal Services at Kenya Airways |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/teddie-osir-98997117/ |access-date=4 November 2017 |publisher=Linkedin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

zuwa Maris 2011, ta yi aiki a matsayin kwararriyar kwangila ga Qatar Airways . Daga nan ne Kenya Airways ta hayar da ita a matsayin shugabar ayyukan shari'a daga Afrilu 2011 har zuwa Nuwamba 2017. A wannan matsayi, ta kula da duk ma'amaloli na kasuwanci na kamfanin, gami da sayen kayan aiki da hayar da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi.[1]

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, kamfanin (: , : ), ya kirkiro sabon sashen da ake kira Ma'aikatar Harkokin Kasuwanci, wanda ke da alhakin kula da alaƙar jama'a, alaƙar masu saka hannun jari, al'amuran shari'a, dabarun da ayyukan na musamman. An gabatar da Osir zuwa babban lauya don jagorantar sabon sashen.&lt;ref name=&quot;App&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutegi |first=Mugambi |date=3 November 2017 |title=Kenya Airways appoints four managers |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/Kenya-Airways-CEO-appoints-four-acting-managers/4003102-4172414-i8016b/index.html |access-date=4 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Ta auri Ellie Osir. Ɗansu, Jeremy Ominde Osir, ya yi karatu a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar North Carolina a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2013 |title=Phi Beta Kappa inducts 144 students at UNC |url=http://uncnewsarchive.unc.edu/2013/04/01/phi-beta-kappa-inducts-144-students-at-unc-2/ |access-date=4 November 2017 |website=UNC News |publisher=[[University of North Carolina]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Rebecca Miano]]
* MaryJane Mwangi
* Sauda Rajab

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>8idg322bhaz34cl5swgizlmkbi01vs5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Susan Oguya</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:28:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343548941|Susan Oguya]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6088" sha1="turp1w998g4w0so1c3ustr7z58unxvt" xml:space="preserve">'''Susan Eve Oguya Kutalek''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Susan Oguya''', 'ɗan kasuwa ce, mai zane da kuma 'yar kasuwa a [[Kenya]]. Ita ce co-kafa kuma tsohon babban jami'in aiki na MFarm Kenya Limited, kamfani na intanet wanda ke sauƙaƙa manoma don samun mafi kyawun kayan aikin gona, tsaba da samun damar rahotanni na yanayi da bayanan kasuwa. Tun daga watan Agustan 2015, Oguya ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai tsarawa a Dalberg Global Development Advisors, wanda ke zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carnegie Council |date=11 September 2017 |title=Susan Eve Oguya: Dalberg Design Impact Group; Co-Founder, MFarm Kenya Limited |url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/susan-oguya |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=Carnegiecouncil.org (Carnegie Council)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Oguya a yammacin Kenya a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Gregory |date=24 December 2012 |title=Kenyan Women Create Their Own 'Geek Culture' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2012/12/24/167961947/kenyan-women-create-their-own-geek-cuture |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci makarantun Kenya don karatun jami'a. An fallasa ta ga kwamfutoci lokacin da daya daga cikin kawunta, wanda ke karatu a babban birnin [[Nairobi]], ya dawo gida tare da teburinsa yayin hutu. Daga baya, kawunta ya sayi mata tebur nata. Ta yanke shawarar yin karatun Fasahar Bayanai a jami'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2010, ta kammala karatun digiri na shekaru hudu, ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Strathmore, tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya, yana karatun Fasahar Bayanai ta Kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atieno |first=Millicent |date=22 March 2014 |title=Meet Susan Oguya – A Member Of The Akirachix Who Invented An App To Help Farmers |url=http://innov8tiv.com/meet-susan-oguya-member-akirachix-invented-app-help-farmers/ |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=Innov8tiv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2013, an shigar da ita a Jami'ar Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Jami'ar Katolika ta Zuciya Mai Tsarki), a [[Milano|Milan, Italiya]] . Bayan shekara guda, ta kammala karatu tare da Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci . Daga can, ta shiga Domus Academy, kuma a Milan, inda ta yi karatun zane, ta kammala a 2015 tare da digiri na Master of Design, ta fi dacewa a cikin Hulɗa da Kwamfuta na Mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=E4Impact Foundation |date=2013 |title=Susan Oguya: MFarm Limited |url=http://e4impact.org/champions/susan-oguya/ |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=E4Impact Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A lokacin shekara ta ƙarshe ta karatun digiri, ta yi aiki a matsayin Abokin Hulɗa na Microsoft. A wannan lokacin, ta yi aiki a lokaci guda a cikin Shirin Kasuwancin Dalibai, inda ta yi aiki tare da masu ruwa da tsaki don samar da kayan ilimi, tallace-tallace da kayan gabatarwa, a matsayinta na manajan sadarwa da talla.[1] Ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Mai haɓaka software ga Safaricom, sannan a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a iHub Nairobi, wani kamfani na haɓaka software, kafin ta zauna a Akirachix, [2] inda ta yi aiki na shekara ɗaya da rabi a matsayin manajan horo.[3] A can ta horar da matasan mata masu shekaru 18 zuwa 25 a cikin ƙwarewar rayuwa da ƙwarewar kwamfuta ta asali da ta tsakiya, gami da shirye-shirye.[1]

A cikin shekara ta 2010, ta motsa kuma ta yi fushi da rahotanni na jarida cewa matsakanci suna cin zarafin manoma na karkara, &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Heidi Hautala |first=and Janamitra Devan |date=8 March 2012 |title=Female tech entrepreneurs are instigating a revolution |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/Op-Ed/2012/03/08/Female-tech-entrepreneurs-are-instigating-a-revolution/stories/201203080336 |access-date=5 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ita da wasu abokan aiki guda biyu sun kafa MFarm Kenya Limited, tare da Oguya yana aiki a matsayin babban jami'in fasaha, wanda ke da alhakin yin amfani da ƙididdiga, gwaji da warware matsalar aikace-aikacen hannu, daga Oktoba 2010 har zuwa Yuli 2012. Ta shafe shekaru biyu masu zuwa tana haɓaka da ƙarfafa aikace-aikacen kasuwanci na aikace-aikace, ta hanyar hulɗa tare da abokan ciniki, masu ba da kuɗi, abokan kasuwanci da masu ƙididdiga, a matsayinta na babban jami'in aiki na MFarm Kenya Limited. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, kamfanin yana da ma'aikata 18 na cikakken lokaci da abokan ciniki sama da 7,000 a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Gregory |date=24 December 2012 |title=Kenyan Women Create Their Own 'Geek Culture' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2012/12/24/167961947/kenyan-women-create-their-own-geek-cuture |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015 lokacin da ta kammala makarantar digiri a Italiya, ta koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], tana aiki a matsayin babban mai tsarawa a Dalberg Global Development Advisors, wanda ke zaune a New York, New York tun watan Agusta 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carnegie Council |date=11 September 2017 |title=Susan Eve Oguya: Dalberg Design Impact Group; Co-Founder, MFarm Kenya Limited |url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/susan-oguya |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=Carnegiecouncil.org (Carnegie Council)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carnegie Council |date=11 September 2017 |title=Susan Eve Oguya: Dalberg Design Impact Group; Co-Founder, MFarm Kenya Limited |url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/susan-oguya |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=Carnegiecouncil.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A cikin 2014, mujallar ''Forbes'' ta lissafa Oguya a cikin &quot;10 Mata Masu Kafa Tech Don Kulawa A Afirka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |date=25 March 2014 |title=10 Female Tech Founders To Watch In Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2014/03/25/10-female-tech-founders-to-watch-in-africa/ |access-date=5 May 2019 |website=[[Forbes.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Susan Eve Oguya Kutalek''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Susan Oguya''', 'ɗan kasuwa ce, mai zane da kuma 'yar kasuwa a [[Kenya]]. Ita ce co-kafa kuma tsohon babban jami'in aiki na MFarm Kenya Limited, kamfani na intanet wanda ke sauƙaƙa manoma don samun mafi kyawun kayan aikin gona, tsaba da samun damar rahotanni na yanayi da bayanan kasuwa. Tun daga watan Agustan 2015, Oguya ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai tsarawa a Dalberg Global Development Advisors, wanda ke zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carnegie Council |date=11 September 2017 |title=Susan Eve Oguya: Dalberg Design Impact Group; Co-Founder, MFarm Kenya Limited |url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/susan-oguya |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=Carnegiecouncil.org (Carnegie Council)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Oguya a yammacin Kenya a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Gregory |date=24 December 2012 |title=Kenyan Women Create Their Own 'Geek Culture' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2012/12/24/167961947/kenyan-women-create-their-own-geek-cuture |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci makarantun Kenya don karatun jami'a. An fallasa ta ga kwamfutoci lokacin da daya daga cikin kawunta, wanda ke karatu a babban birnin [[Nairobi]], ya dawo gida tare da teburinsa yayin hutu. Daga baya, kawunta ya sayi mata tebur nata. Ta yanke shawarar yin karatun Fasahar Bayanai a jami'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2010, ta kammala karatun digiri na shekaru hudu, ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Strathmore, tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya, yana karatun Fasahar Bayanai ta Kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atieno |first=Millicent |date=22 March 2014 |title=Meet Susan Oguya – A Member Of The Akirachix Who Invented An App To Help Farmers |url=http://innov8tiv.com/meet-susan-oguya-member-akirachix-invented-app-help-farmers/ |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=Innov8tiv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2013, an shigar da ita a Jami'ar Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Jami'ar Katolika ta Zuciya Mai Tsarki), a [[Milano|Milan, Italiya]] . Bayan shekara guda, ta kammala karatu tare da Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci . Daga can, ta shiga Domus Academy, kuma a Milan, inda ta yi karatun zane, ta kammala a 2015 tare da digiri na Master of Design, ta fi dacewa a cikin Hulɗa da Kwamfuta na Mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=E4Impact Foundation |date=2013 |title=Susan Oguya: MFarm Limited |url=http://e4impact.org/champions/susan-oguya/ |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=E4Impact Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A lokacin shekara ta ƙarshe ta karatun digiri, ta yi aiki a matsayin Abokin Hulɗa na Microsoft. A wannan lokacin, ta yi aiki a lokaci guda a cikin Shirin Kasuwancin Dalibai, inda ta yi aiki tare da masu ruwa da tsaki don samar da kayan ilimi, tallace-tallace da kayan gabatarwa, a matsayinta na manajan sadarwa da talla.[1] Ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Mai haɓaka software ga Safaricom, sannan a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a iHub Nairobi, wani kamfani na haɓaka software, kafin ta zauna a Akirachix, [2] inda ta yi aiki na shekara ɗaya da rabi a matsayin manajan horo.[3] A can ta horar da matasan mata masu shekaru 18 zuwa 25 a cikin ƙwarewar rayuwa da ƙwarewar kwamfuta ta asali da ta tsakiya, gami da shirye-shirye.[1]

A cikin shekara ta 2010, ta motsa kuma ta yi fushi da rahotanni na jarida cewa matsakanci suna cin zarafin manoma na karkara, &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Heidi Hautala |first=and Janamitra Devan |date=8 March 2012 |title=Female tech entrepreneurs are instigating a revolution |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/Op-Ed/2012/03/08/Female-tech-entrepreneurs-are-instigating-a-revolution/stories/201203080336 |access-date=5 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ita da wasu abokan aiki guda biyu sun kafa MFarm Kenya Limited, tare da Oguya yana aiki a matsayin babban jami'in fasaha, wanda ke da alhakin yin amfani da ƙididdiga, gwaji da warware matsalar aikace-aikacen hannu, daga Oktoba 2010 har zuwa Yuli 2012. Ta shafe shekaru biyu masu zuwa tana haɓaka da ƙarfafa aikace-aikacen kasuwanci na aikace-aikace, ta hanyar hulɗa tare da abokan ciniki, masu ba da kuɗi, abokan kasuwanci da masu ƙididdiga, a matsayinta na babban jami'in aiki na MFarm Kenya Limited. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, kamfanin yana da ma'aikata 18 na cikakken lokaci da abokan ciniki sama da 7,000 a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Gregory |date=24 December 2012 |title=Kenyan Women Create Their Own 'Geek Culture' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2012/12/24/167961947/kenyan-women-create-their-own-geek-cuture |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015 lokacin da ta kammala makarantar digiri a Italiya, ta koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], tana aiki a matsayin babban mai tsarawa a Dalberg Global Development Advisors, wanda ke zaune a New York, New York tun watan Agusta 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carnegie Council |date=11 September 2017 |title=Susan Eve Oguya: Dalberg Design Impact Group; Co-Founder, MFarm Kenya Limited |url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/susan-oguya |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=Carnegiecouncil.org (Carnegie Council)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carnegie Council |date=11 September 2017 |title=Susan Eve Oguya: Dalberg Design Impact Group; Co-Founder, MFarm Kenya Limited |url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/susan-oguya |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=Carnegiecouncil.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A cikin 2014, mujallar ''Forbes'' ta lissafa Oguya a cikin &quot;10 Mata Masu Kafa Tech Don Kulawa A Afirka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |date=25 March 2014 |title=10 Female Tech Founders To Watch In Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2014/03/25/10-female-tech-founders-to-watch-in-africa/ |access-date=5 May 2019 |website=[[Forbes.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ida Odinga</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343944540|Ida Odinga]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5794" sha1="ljz7ng6jzl7h87m4l7wv5sxjpop2wed" xml:space="preserve">Ida Betty Odinga[1] (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Agusta 1950)[2] 'Yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya, mai fafutuka, kuma mai ilimi. Ita ce matar Raila Odinga, tsohon Firayim Ministan Kenya[3] kuma shugaban National Super Alliance (NASA).[4] A shekarar 2010, Jaridar Standard ta nada Odinga, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka jagoranci wani babban kamfani na Kenya, kuma ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi ƙarfi a Kenya a shekarar 2010.[5]

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Odinga ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] a 1973 lokacin da take da shekaru 24. Yayinda take halartar [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[Raila A Odinga|Raila Odinga]], wanda ma'aikaci ne na Sashen Injiniya na jami'ar a lokacin. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1973 kuma suna da 'ya'ya hudu. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansu, Fidel Odinga, ya mutu a shekara ta 2015.  

== Ayyuka ==
Ta yi aiki a matsayin malama sama da shekaru ashirin bayan kammala karatunta. Ta koyar a Makarantar Sakandare ta Kenya, makarantar kwana ta mata a [[Nairobi]].&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; cx-link=&quot;&quot; data-linkid=&quot;134&quot; href=&quot;./Joyce_Laboso&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Joyce Laboso&quot;&gt;Joyce Laboso&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ureport/article/2001336123/ida-odinga-s-touching-tribute-to-the-late-joyce-laboso&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;work&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot&lt;/nowiki&gt;;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard Digital]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;2019-07-31&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;access-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;2019-10-14&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwATc\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt30\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFKejitan2019\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Kejitan, Vincent (2019-07-31). &lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ureport/article/2001336123/ida-odinga-s-touching-tribute-to-the-late-joyce-laboso\&quot; id=\&quot;mwATg\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Ida Odinga's touching tribute to the late Joyce Laboso\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwATk\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;193\&quot; href=\&quot;./The_Standard_(Kenya)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwATo\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;The Standard (Kenya)\&quot;&gt;The Standard Digital&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwATs\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwATw\&quot;&gt;2019-10-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-standard2_8-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Ida_Odinga#cite_note-standard2-8 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Dalibanta sun hada da marigayi Gwamna na Bomet County, Joyce Laboso . 

An tsare [[Raila A Odinga|Raila Odinga]] a 1982 a matsayin fursunonin siyasa ta gwamnatin Shugaba Daniel arap Moi .  Ida Odinga ta fi girma da 'ya'yanta a cikin waɗannan shekarun yayin da take aiki a matsayin malama kuma tana zaune a harabar KHS. Koyaya, daga baya aka kori Ida Odinga daga matsayinta na koyarwa kuma daga gidanta a harabar makarantar ta gwamnatin Kenya ta African National Union saboda adawar siyasa ta Raila Odinga. 

Odinga ta kafa kungiyar mata masu jefa kuri'a ta [[Kenya]] a shekarar 1991,  wacce ke inganta damar mata a fagen siyasa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar. Ta kuma goyi bayan wasu dalilai, da yawa sun mai da hankali kan mata, yara, da kiwon lafiya a Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot; /&gt; Odinga ya ba da shawarar rigakafin ciwon nono da fistulas da kuma kawar da kwayar Cutar chigoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;standard&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma jagoranci 'yan makaranta mata na Kenya kuma ta zauna a kan kwamitin daraktoci na ƙungiyar da ke taimakawa masu nakasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;standard&quot; /&gt;

Ta zama manajan darektan na Gabashin Afirka Spectre, kamfanin kera iskar gas, a cikin shekara ta 2003, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka jagoranci babban kamfanin Kenya.

The Standard ya lissafa Odinga a matsayin daya daga cikin mata masu iko a [[Kenya]] a cikin 2010. 
[[Fayil:Raila_and_Ida_Odinga.jpg|thumb|Odinga (dama) tare da mijinta Raila a taron ODM a 2007]]
A wata hira da aka yi da CNN International a shekarar 2012, Odinga ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da rayuwarta a matsayin matar 'yar siyasa. Ta gaya wa CNN's Felicia Taylor, &quot;Yana da kyau a zama mace, amma yana da kyau a kasance mace mai ilimi. Kasancewa mace, ba matsayi ne na ƙasƙanci ba - matsayi ne na ƙarfi. &quot;

== Rikici ==

=== Gudanar da majami'u ===
A farkon wannan shekarar, Ida Odinga ta yi kira ga ka'idojin majami'u don kwantar da yaduwar cibiyoyin ibada a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ta ce ya kamata Kenya Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin Kasa ta Kenya (NCCK) ta tabbatar da cewa ana daukar shugabannin coci ta hanyar horo don ingantaccen sabis ga masu ikilisiya. Wannan ya haifar da muhawara mai zafi a intanet, wanda ya tilasta mata ta janye kuma ta nemi gafara saboda maganganun da aka yi ba su zauna da kyau tare da wasu malamai ba. Ta kuma bayyana cewa maganganunta sun fito ne daga mahallin. Ida, duk da haka, ta sami goyon baya daga Atheists Society a Kenya, wanda ya bukaci a soke majami'u da masu ilimin tauhidi ba su gudanar da su. Har ila yau, ita ma mai ba da shawara ce game da tsaka-tsaki na addini a tsarin ilimin jama'a

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]</text>
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Ida Betty Odinga[1] (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Agusta 1950)[2] 'Yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya, mai fafutuka, kuma mai ilimi. Ita ce matar Raila Odinga, tsohon Firayim Ministan Kenya[3] kuma shugaban National Super Alliance (NASA).[4] A shekarar 2010, Jaridar Standard ta nada Odinga, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka jagoranci wani babban kamfani na Kenya, kuma ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi ƙarfi a Kenya a shekarar 2010.[5]

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Odinga ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] a 1973 lokacin da take da shekaru 24. Yayinda take halartar [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[Raila A Odinga|Raila Odinga]], wanda ma'aikaci ne na Sashen Injiniya na jami'ar a lokacin. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1973 kuma suna da 'ya'ya hudu. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansu, Fidel Odinga, ya mutu a shekara ta 2015.  

== Ayyuka ==
Ta yi aiki a matsayin malama sama da shekaru ashirin bayan kammala karatunta. Ta koyar a Makarantar Sakandare ta Kenya, makarantar kwana ta mata a [[Nairobi]].&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; cx-link=&quot;&quot; data-linkid=&quot;134&quot; href=&quot;./Joyce_Laboso&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Joyce Laboso&quot;&gt;Joyce Laboso&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ureport/article/2001336123/ida-odinga-s-touching-tribute-to-the-late-joyce-laboso&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;work&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot&lt;/nowiki&gt;;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard Digital]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;2019-07-31&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;access-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;2019-10-14&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwATc\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt30\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFKejitan2019\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Kejitan, Vincent (2019-07-31). &lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ureport/article/2001336123/ida-odinga-s-touching-tribute-to-the-late-joyce-laboso\&quot; id=\&quot;mwATg\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Ida Odinga's touching tribute to the late Joyce Laboso\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwATk\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;193\&quot; href=\&quot;./The_Standard_(Kenya)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwATo\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;The Standard (Kenya)\&quot;&gt;The Standard Digital&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwATs\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwATw\&quot;&gt;2019-10-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-standard2_8-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Ida_Odinga#cite_note-standard2-8 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Dalibanta sun hada da marigayi Gwamna na Bomet County, Joyce Laboso . 

An tsare [[Raila A Odinga|Raila Odinga]] a 1982 a matsayin fursunonin siyasa ta gwamnatin Shugaba Daniel arap Moi .  Ida Odinga ta fi girma da 'ya'yanta a cikin waɗannan shekarun yayin da take aiki a matsayin malama kuma tana zaune a harabar KHS. Koyaya, daga baya aka kori Ida Odinga daga matsayinta na koyarwa kuma daga gidanta a harabar makarantar ta gwamnatin Kenya ta African National Union saboda adawar siyasa ta Raila Odinga. 

Odinga ta kafa kungiyar mata masu jefa kuri'a ta [[Kenya]] a shekarar 1991,  wacce ke inganta damar mata a fagen siyasa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar. Ta kuma goyi bayan wasu dalilai, da yawa sun mai da hankali kan mata, yara, da kiwon lafiya a Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot; /&gt; Odinga ya ba da shawarar rigakafin ciwon nono da fistulas da kuma kawar da kwayar Cutar chigoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;standard&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma jagoranci 'yan makaranta mata na Kenya kuma ta zauna a kan kwamitin daraktoci na ƙungiyar da ke taimakawa masu nakasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;standard&quot; /&gt;

Ta zama manajan darektan na Gabashin Afirka Spectre, kamfanin kera iskar gas, a cikin shekara ta 2003, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka jagoranci babban kamfanin Kenya.

The Standard ya lissafa Odinga a matsayin daya daga cikin mata masu iko a [[Kenya]] a cikin 2010. 
[[Fayil:Raila_and_Ida_Odinga.jpg|thumb|Odinga (dama) tare da mijinta Raila a taron ODM a 2007]]
A wata hira da aka yi da CNN International a shekarar 2012, Odinga ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da rayuwarta a matsayin matar 'yar siyasa. Ta gaya wa CNN's Felicia Taylor, &quot;Yana da kyau a zama mace, amma yana da kyau a kasance mace mai ilimi. Kasancewa mace, ba matsayi ne na ƙasƙanci ba - matsayi ne na ƙarfi. &quot;

== Rikici ==

=== Gudanar da majami'u ===
A farkon wannan shekarar, Ida Odinga ta yi kira ga ka'idojin majami'u don kwantar da yaduwar cibiyoyin ibada a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ta ce ya kamata Kenya Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin Kasa ta Kenya (NCCK) ta tabbatar da cewa ana daukar shugabannin coci ta hanyar horo don ingantaccen sabis ga masu ikilisiya. Wannan ya haifar da muhawara mai zafi a intanet, wanda ya tilasta mata ta janye kuma ta nemi gafara saboda maganganun da aka yi ba su zauna da kyau tare da wasu malamai ba. Ta kuma bayyana cewa maganganunta sun fito ne daga mahallin. Ida, duk da haka, ta sami goyon baya daga Atheists Society a Kenya, wanda ya bukaci a soke majami'u da masu ilimin tauhidi ba su gudanar da su. Har ila yau, ita ma mai ba da shawara ce game da tsaka-tsaki na addini a tsarin ilimin jama'a

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301488116|Valentine Nekesa]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Valentine Nekesa''', yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya, mai tsarawa kuma mai magana mai motsawa wadda ta kafa '''Nekesa Queens Limited''' .

An haife ta kuma ta girma a Webuye, &lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajula |first=Thomas |date=5 October 2017 |title=My Hustle: How I stitched together my life after losing mum |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/How-I-stitched-together-my-life-after-losing-mum/1190-4126092-138qb3c/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105126/https://nation.africa/lifestyle/How-I-stitched-together-my-life-after-losing-mum/1190-4126092-138qb3c/index.html |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin Gundumar Bungoma, a yammacin [[Kenya]] . Mahaifiyarta ce ta haifi Nekesa. A shekara ta 2009, mahaifiyar Valentine ta mutu lokacin da Valentine ke da shekaru 12 kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2008, tana da shekaru 11 lokacin da take daliba a Senior One, wata aboki ta nemi Nekesa ta sanya mata kayan aiki don ta iya shiga cikin gasar makaranta. Abokin ya gamsu, wanda ya karfafa Nekesa don tsara ƙarin tufafi. Yayinda take makarantar sakandare, ta ci gaba da tsara kayan ado ga mutane daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kinyua |first=Mumbi |date=5 April 2017 |title=The high school hobby that bagged Nekesa Sh5 million |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001235178/the-high-school-hobby-that-bagged-nekesa-sh5-million |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2014, yayin da take jiran shiga jami'a, wata aboki ta nemi ta sanya ta kayan aiki don wani taron. Nekesa ya saka hannun jari na Sh1,000 (kimanin US $ 10) kuma ya sami Sh1,500 (kimani US $ 15). Don haka, an kirkiro kamfaninta na VN Designs. Wani dan uwan ya ba da gudummawar na'urar sutura don Nekesa ta iya yin tufafinta a cikin gida.[1][2][3]

A watan Fabrairun 2017, tana da shekaru 19, ta shiga wani shirin talabijin na gaskiya wanda Safaricom ke tallafawa. Nunin makonni takwas ya ga Nekesa ya fito da nasara a kan wasu masu fafatawa 11. Kyautar ta kasance kyautar kuɗi ta Sh3 miliyan (kimanin US $ 30,000) da Sh2 miliyan (kusan $ 20,000) a cikin ayyuka daga kasuwancin Kenya da suka halarci. Ta yi niyyar amfani da nasarorin da ta samu don fadada kasuwancin ta, wanda ke da ma'aikata uku a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017 |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152014/http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kinyua |first=Mumbi |date=5 April 2017 |title=The high school hobby that bagged Nekesa Sh5 million |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001235178/the-high-school-hobby-that-bagged-nekesa-sh5-million |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajula |first=Thomas |date=5 October 2017 |title=My Hustle: How I stitched together my life after losing mum |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/How-I-stitched-together-my-life-after-losing-mum/1190-4126092-138qb3c/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105126/https://nation.africa/lifestyle/How-I-stitched-together-my-life-after-losing-mum/1190-4126092-138qb3c/index.html |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2017 |title=19-year Valentine Nekesa Announced Winner of BLAZE BYOB TV Show at Grand Finale |url=http://sokodirectory.com/2017/03/19-year-valentine-nekesa-winner-of-blaze-byob-tv-show-grand-finale/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105122/http://sokodirectory.com/2017/03/19-year-valentine-nekesa-winner-of-blaze-byob-tv-show-grand-finale/ |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=Sokodirectory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kimuyu |first=Hilary |date=2 April 2017 |title=Nekesa: I Have No Life After Winning Sh5 Million In Blaze BYOB – Includes Video |url=http://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/news/nekesa-no-life-winning-sh5m-blaze-byob-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105129/https://nairobinews.nation.africa/nekesa-no-life-winning-sh5m-blaze-byob-video/ |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=Nairobi News a division of [[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an sanya sunan Valentine Nekesa a cikin &quot;Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017&quot;, ta hanyar Business Daily Africa, jaridar kasuwanci ta yau da kullun da aka buga ta Nation Media Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017 |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152014/http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Esther Koimett
* [[Catherine Igathe]]
* [[Carole Kariuki]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
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'''Valentine Nekesa''', yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya, mai tsarawa kuma mai magana mai motsawa wadda ta kafa '''Nekesa Queens Limited''' .

An haife ta kuma ta girma a Webuye, &lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajula |first=Thomas |date=5 October 2017 |title=My Hustle: How I stitched together my life after losing mum |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/How-I-stitched-together-my-life-after-losing-mum/1190-4126092-138qb3c/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105126/https://nation.africa/lifestyle/How-I-stitched-together-my-life-after-losing-mum/1190-4126092-138qb3c/index.html |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin Gundumar Bungoma, a yammacin [[Kenya]] . Mahaifiyarta ce ta haifi Nekesa. A shekara ta 2009, mahaifiyar Valentine ta mutu lokacin da Valentine ke da shekaru 12 kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2008, tana da shekaru 11 lokacin da take daliba a Senior One, wata aboki ta nemi Nekesa ta sanya mata kayan aiki don ta iya shiga cikin gasar makaranta. Abokin ya gamsu, wanda ya karfafa Nekesa don tsara ƙarin tufafi. Yayinda take makarantar sakandare, ta ci gaba da tsara kayan ado ga mutane daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kinyua |first=Mumbi |date=5 April 2017 |title=The high school hobby that bagged Nekesa Sh5 million |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001235178/the-high-school-hobby-that-bagged-nekesa-sh5-million |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2014, yayin da take jiran shiga jami'a, wata aboki ta nemi ta sanya ta kayan aiki don wani taron. Nekesa ya saka hannun jari na Sh1,000 (kimanin US $ 10) kuma ya sami Sh1,500 (kimani US $ 15). Don haka, an kirkiro kamfaninta na VN Designs. Wani dan uwan ya ba da gudummawar na'urar sutura don Nekesa ta iya yin tufafinta a cikin gida.[1][2][3]

A watan Fabrairun 2017, tana da shekaru 19, ta shiga wani shirin talabijin na gaskiya wanda Safaricom ke tallafawa. Nunin makonni takwas ya ga Nekesa ya fito da nasara a kan wasu masu fafatawa 11. Kyautar ta kasance kyautar kuɗi ta Sh3 miliyan (kimanin US $ 30,000) da Sh2 miliyan (kusan $ 20,000) a cikin ayyuka daga kasuwancin Kenya da suka halarci. Ta yi niyyar amfani da nasarorin da ta samu don fadada kasuwancin ta, wanda ke da ma'aikata uku a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017 |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152014/http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kinyua |first=Mumbi |date=5 April 2017 |title=The high school hobby that bagged Nekesa Sh5 million |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001235178/the-high-school-hobby-that-bagged-nekesa-sh5-million |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajula |first=Thomas |date=5 October 2017 |title=My Hustle: How I stitched together my life after losing mum |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/How-I-stitched-together-my-life-after-losing-mum/1190-4126092-138qb3c/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105126/https://nation.africa/lifestyle/How-I-stitched-together-my-life-after-losing-mum/1190-4126092-138qb3c/index.html |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=25 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2017 |title=19-year Valentine Nekesa Announced Winner of BLAZE BYOB TV Show at Grand Finale |url=http://sokodirectory.com/2017/03/19-year-valentine-nekesa-winner-of-blaze-byob-tv-show-grand-finale/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105122/http://sokodirectory.com/2017/03/19-year-valentine-nekesa-winner-of-blaze-byob-tv-show-grand-finale/ |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=Sokodirectory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kimuyu |first=Hilary |date=2 April 2017 |title=Nekesa: I Have No Life After Winning Sh5 Million In Blaze BYOB – Includes Video |url=http://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/news/nekesa-no-life-winning-sh5m-blaze-byob-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105129/https://nairobinews.nation.africa/nekesa-no-life-winning-sh5m-blaze-byob-video/ |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=Nairobi News a division of [[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an sanya sunan Valentine Nekesa a cikin &quot;Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017&quot;, ta hanyar Business Daily Africa, jaridar kasuwanci ta yau da kullun da aka buga ta Nation Media Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya 2017 |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152014/http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Esther Koimett
* [[Catherine Igathe]]
* [[Carole Kariuki]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angela Ndambuki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147175</id>
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      <id>816694</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339448642|Angela Ndambuki]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Angela Ndambuki''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980), lauya ce ta Kenya kuma shugabar kamfanoni. An nada ta a matsayin Daraktan Yankin Tarayyar Kasuwancin Kasa da Kasa (IFPI) na Afirka ta Kudu, daga ranar 1 ga Yulin 2020. Tana da alhakin kasashe 46, wanda ke zaune a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya kuma birni mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=19 June 2020 |title=Angela Ndambuki exits Chamber of Commerce, picked to head IFPI Sub-Saharan office |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Angela-Ndambuki-head-IFPI-Sub-Saharan-exit-chamber-of-commerce/539546-5579470-vni7dt/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin haka, daga Satumba 2017 har zuwa Yuni 2020, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Kasa na Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Derrick Oluoch |date=September 2017 |title=Former Tatuu singer Angela Ndambuki appointed CEO of Kenya Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001255281/former-tatuu-singer-angela-ndambuki-appointed-ceo-of-kenya-chamber-of-commerce |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=SDE.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=23 September 2017 |title=Chamber of commerce picks new CEO |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Chamber-of-commerce-picks-new-CEO/539546-4107982-fkoq7lz/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Performers Rights Society of Kenya (PRISK). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=19 June 2020 |title=Angela Ndambuki exits Chamber of Commerce, picked to head IFPI Sub-Saharan office |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Angela-Ndambuki-head-IFPI-Sub-Saharan-exit-chamber-of-commerce/539546-5579470-vni7dt/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot; /&gt;

Har ila yau, ƙwararriyar mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da rikodin, kuma ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar 'yan mata da ake kira Tatuu . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=19 June 2020 |title=Angela Ndambuki exits Chamber of Commerce, picked to head IFPI Sub-Saharan office |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Angela-Ndambuki-head-IFPI-Sub-Saharan-exit-chamber-of-commerce/539546-5579470-vni7dt/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=23 September 2017 |title=Chamber of commerce picks new CEO |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Chamber-of-commerce-picks-new-CEO/539546-4107982-fkoq7lz/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya kungiyar ta rabu don su [[Yin zane-zane|yin aiki]] a kan ayyukansu.

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Angela a [[Mombasa]], Kenya a kusa da 1980, &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Africa |date=26 October 2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 In Kenya 2017 |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun firamare da sakandare.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Victor Kiprop |date=24 March 2018 |title=A rising star: From stage to executive suite |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Angela-Ndambuki-profile/434746-4355124-xkhwpp/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami digiri na farko na Shari'a (LLB) daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] . Har ila yau, tana da difloma na digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a (Dip.Law), wanda [[Kenya School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya]] ta bayar. Ita memba ce ta Kenya Bar . An samo digiri na Master of Laws (LLM) wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin haƙƙin mallaka na ilimi, daga Jami'ar Edinburgh, a [[Scotland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=23 September 2017 |title=Chamber of commerce picks new CEO |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Chamber-of-commerce-picks-new-CEO/539546-4107982-fkoq7lz/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1998, Angela Ndambuki ta sadu da '''Debbie Asila''' a karon farko. A shekara mai zuwa, ta sadu da '''Angela Mwandanda''' . Dukansu suna da sha'awar yin aiki. Su uku sun zama abokai kuma sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare, ciki har da ''Cibiyar Al'adu ta Faransa'' da kuma Majalisar Burtaniya a [[Nairobi]], [[babban birni]] Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SDE Kenya |date=November 2013 |title=Angela Ndambuki Super Woman! |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152410/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=SDE.co.ke (SDE Kenya)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta wuce jarrabawar lauya, ita da sauransu sun kafa kungiyar 'yancin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Kenya (PRISK). A wata hira da jaridar The Standard (Kenya) a watan Oktoba 2015, Angela ta ce ta yi aiki na shekaru biyu ba tare da albashi ba yayin da take karbar al'umma tare. Ta tashi zuwa matsayin Janar Manajan a watan Janairun 2009, tana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa Oktoba 2012. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, an kara ta zuwa matsayin Shugaba a PRISK, tana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa watan Satumbar shekara ta 2017. [1][2]

== Iyali ==
Angela Ndambuki ta auri Roy Mutungi, kuma tare su ne iyayen 'ya'ya mata biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Victor Kiprop |date=24 March 2018 |title=A rising star: From stage to executive suite |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Angela-Ndambuki-profile/434746-4355124-xkhwpp/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SDE Kenya |date=November 2013 |title=Angela Ndambuki Super Woman! |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152410/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=SDE.co.ke (SDE Kenya)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardy Chacha |date=3 October 2015 |title=Music and the Law: Catching up with Angela Ndambuki |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2000178410/music-and-the-law-catching-up-with-angela-ndambuki |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haifi 'yar da ta fi girma a shekara ta 2007 kuma an haifi ƙarami a shekara ta 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson Biko |date=26 June 2020 |title=Angela Finds A Perfect Mix |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/profiles/Angela-finds-a-perfect-mix/4258438-5582946-vt5txj/index.html |access-date=27 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an sanya mata suna a cikin &quot;Top 40 Women Under 40 In Kenya 2017&quot;, ta jaridar Business Daily Africa, da ke [[Nairobi|Nairobi, Kenya]] kuma kungiyar Nation Media Group ta buga ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SDE Kenya |date=November 2013 |title=Angela Ndambuki Super Woman! |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152410/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=SDE.co.ke (SDE Kenya)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Borna Nyaoke-Anoke]]
* [[Kellen Kariuki]]
* Iddah Asin
* [[Flora Mutahi]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Angela Ndambuki''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980), lauya ce ta Kenya kuma shugabar kamfanoni. An nada ta a matsayin Daraktan Yankin Tarayyar Kasuwancin Kasa da Kasa (IFPI) na Afirka ta Kudu, daga ranar 1 ga Yulin 2020. Tana da alhakin kasashe 46, wanda ke zaune a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya kuma birni mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=19 June 2020 |title=Angela Ndambuki exits Chamber of Commerce, picked to head IFPI Sub-Saharan office |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Angela-Ndambuki-head-IFPI-Sub-Saharan-exit-chamber-of-commerce/539546-5579470-vni7dt/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin haka, daga Satumba 2017 har zuwa Yuni 2020, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Kasa na Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Derrick Oluoch |date=September 2017 |title=Former Tatuu singer Angela Ndambuki appointed CEO of Kenya Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001255281/former-tatuu-singer-angela-ndambuki-appointed-ceo-of-kenya-chamber-of-commerce |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=SDE.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=23 September 2017 |title=Chamber of commerce picks new CEO |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Chamber-of-commerce-picks-new-CEO/539546-4107982-fkoq7lz/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Performers Rights Society of Kenya (PRISK). &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=19 June 2020 |title=Angela Ndambuki exits Chamber of Commerce, picked to head IFPI Sub-Saharan office |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Angela-Ndambuki-head-IFPI-Sub-Saharan-exit-chamber-of-commerce/539546-5579470-vni7dt/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot; /&gt;

Har ila yau, ƙwararriyar mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da rikodin, kuma ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar 'yan mata da ake kira Tatuu . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=19 June 2020 |title=Angela Ndambuki exits Chamber of Commerce, picked to head IFPI Sub-Saharan office |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Angela-Ndambuki-head-IFPI-Sub-Saharan-exit-chamber-of-commerce/539546-5579470-vni7dt/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=23 September 2017 |title=Chamber of commerce picks new CEO |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Chamber-of-commerce-picks-new-CEO/539546-4107982-fkoq7lz/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya kungiyar ta rabu don su [[Yin zane-zane|yin aiki]] a kan ayyukansu.

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Angela a [[Mombasa]], Kenya a kusa da 1980, &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Africa |date=26 October 2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 In Kenya 2017 |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun firamare da sakandare.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Victor Kiprop |date=24 March 2018 |title=A rising star: From stage to executive suite |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Angela-Ndambuki-profile/434746-4355124-xkhwpp/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami digiri na farko na Shari'a (LLB) daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] . Har ila yau, tana da difloma na digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a (Dip.Law), wanda [[Kenya School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya]] ta bayar. Ita memba ce ta Kenya Bar . An samo digiri na Master of Laws (LLM) wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin haƙƙin mallaka na ilimi, daga Jami'ar Edinburgh, a [[Scotland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonface Otieno |date=23 September 2017 |title=Chamber of commerce picks new CEO |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Chamber-of-commerce-picks-new-CEO/539546-4107982-fkoq7lz/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1998, Angela Ndambuki ta sadu da '''Debbie Asila''' a karon farko. A shekara mai zuwa, ta sadu da '''Angela Mwandanda''' . Dukansu suna da sha'awar yin aiki. Su uku sun zama abokai kuma sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare, ciki har da ''Cibiyar Al'adu ta Faransa'' da kuma Majalisar Burtaniya a [[Nairobi]], [[babban birni]] Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SDE Kenya |date=November 2013 |title=Angela Ndambuki Super Woman! |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152410/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=SDE.co.ke (SDE Kenya)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta wuce jarrabawar lauya, ita da sauransu sun kafa kungiyar 'yancin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Kenya (PRISK). A wata hira da jaridar The Standard (Kenya) a watan Oktoba 2015, Angela ta ce ta yi aiki na shekaru biyu ba tare da albashi ba yayin da take karbar al'umma tare. Ta tashi zuwa matsayin Janar Manajan a watan Janairun 2009, tana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa Oktoba 2012. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, an kara ta zuwa matsayin Shugaba a PRISK, tana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa watan Satumbar shekara ta 2017. [1][2]

== Iyali ==
Angela Ndambuki ta auri Roy Mutungi, kuma tare su ne iyayen 'ya'ya mata biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Victor Kiprop |date=24 March 2018 |title=A rising star: From stage to executive suite |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Angela-Ndambuki-profile/434746-4355124-xkhwpp/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SDE Kenya |date=November 2013 |title=Angela Ndambuki Super Woman! |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152410/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=SDE.co.ke (SDE Kenya)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardy Chacha |date=3 October 2015 |title=Music and the Law: Catching up with Angela Ndambuki |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2000178410/music-and-the-law-catching-up-with-angela-ndambuki |access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haifi 'yar da ta fi girma a shekara ta 2007 kuma an haifi ƙarami a shekara ta 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson Biko |date=26 June 2020 |title=Angela Finds A Perfect Mix |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/profiles/Angela-finds-a-perfect-mix/4258438-5582946-vt5txj/index.html |access-date=27 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an sanya mata suna a cikin &quot;Top 40 Women Under 40 In Kenya 2017&quot;, ta jaridar Business Daily Africa, da ke [[Nairobi|Nairobi, Kenya]] kuma kungiyar Nation Media Group ta buga ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SDE Kenya |date=November 2013 |title=Angela Ndambuki Super Woman! |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152410/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2000111894/angela-ndambuki-super-woman |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=SDE.co.ke (SDE Kenya)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Borna Nyaoke-Anoke]]
* [[Kellen Kariuki]]
* Iddah Asin
* [[Flora Mutahi]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341969718|Sheila Mwarangu]]&quot;</comment>
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''''''Sheila Wairimu''' Mwarangu''' (née Sheila Wairamu), ita ce mai ba da shawara kan farar hula da injiniya, wacce ita ce abokin tarayya da manajan darektan a Gathara &amp; Partners Consulting Civil and Structural Engineers, kamfanin injiniya mai ba da shawarwari [[Kenya|Dan Kenya]] a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya kuma birni mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Africa |date=2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheila Mwarangu |date=25 November 2017 |title=Sheila Mwarangu: Managing Director at Gathara Consulting Engineers Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/sheilamwarangu/?trk=public-profile-join-page |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Ta sami digiri na farko na Injiniya (BEng) a cikin Injiniya a shekara ta 2002, daga Jami'ar Manchester . Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Kwalejin Imperial ta London, inda aka ba ta digiri na Master of Science (MSc) a cikin Injiniyanci, a shekara ta 2003. Har ila yau, tana da digiri na Executive MBA (EMBA) daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta IESE, wanda aka ba ta a shekarar 2015. Daga baya, a cikin 2016, ta sami digiri na Master of Business Administration (MBA) daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Strathmore . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheila Mwarangu |date=25 November 2017 |title=Sheila Mwarangu: Managing Director at Gathara Consulting Engineers Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/sheilamwarangu/?trk=public-profile-join-page |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wekesa |first=Grace |date=31 December 2011 |title=Chartered Engineer On Top of Her Game |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000049190/chartered-engineer-on-top-of-her-game |access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Nan da nan bayan digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Imperial, Kungiyar Halcrow Group ta hayar ta, tana aiki a can a matsayin injiniya mai digiri, a ofisoshin su a [[Manchester]], a Ingila, na tsawon shekaru biyu daga 2003 har zuwa 2005. A shekara ta 2006, ta sauya ma'aikata kuma ta koma TRP Consulting, kuma a Manchester, tana aiki a matsayin injiniya na tsarin shekaru biyu har zuwa 2008. Daga nan sai ta koma asalinsa [[Kenya]] kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a Gathara da Partners Consulting Engineers na shekara guda har zuwa 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheila Mwarangu |date=25 November 2017 |title=Sheila Mwarangu: Managing Director at Gathara Consulting Engineers Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/sheilamwarangu/?trk=public-profile-join-page |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wekesa |first=Grace |date=31 December 2011 |title=Chartered Engineer On Top of Her Game |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000049190/chartered-engineer-on-top-of-her-game |access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga nan sai ta koma Manchester, United Kingdom, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a Clancy Consulting, na tsawon shekaru biyu har zuwa 2012. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012 an zabe ta a matsayin abokin tarayya a Gathara &amp; Partners Consulting Engineers, a Nairobi Kenya . A watan Agustan 2017, an nada ta a matsayin manajan darektan da kuma babban jami'in zartarwa a ofishin mai ba da shawara kan injiniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheila Mwarangu |date=25 November 2017 |title=Sheila Mwarangu: Managing Director at Gathara Consulting Engineers Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/sheilamwarangu/?trk=public-profile-join-page |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Ita mahaifiyar yara biyu ce.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Africa |date=2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wekesa |first=Grace |date=31 December 2011 |title=Chartered Engineer On Top of Her Game |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000049190/chartered-engineer-on-top-of-her-game |access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Tana zaune a cikin kwamitocin daraktoci da yawa, ciki har da ASHA Freight Limited, kasuwancin jigilar kaya da ke Manchester, Ingila [1] da kuma CONTERRA Limited, kamfanin ci gaban ƙasa na Nairobi. A cikin 2017, Sheila Mwarangu ta kasance cikin &quot;Top 40 Under 40 Women 2017&quot; ta Business Daily Africa, jaridar kasuwanci ta harshen Ingilishi ta yau da kullun, wacce Nation Media Group ta buga [2]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Esther Koimett
* [[Catherine Igathe]]
* [[Carole Kariuki]]
* Naadiya Moosajee

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]</text>
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''''''Sheila Wairimu''' Mwarangu''' (née Sheila Wairamu), ita ce mai ba da shawara kan farar hula da injiniya, wacce ita ce abokin tarayya da manajan darektan a Gathara &amp; Partners Consulting Civil and Structural Engineers, kamfanin injiniya mai ba da shawarwari [[Kenya|Dan Kenya]] a [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya kuma birni mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Africa |date=2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheila Mwarangu |date=25 November 2017 |title=Sheila Mwarangu: Managing Director at Gathara Consulting Engineers Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/sheilamwarangu/?trk=public-profile-join-page |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Ta sami digiri na farko na Injiniya (BEng) a cikin Injiniya a shekara ta 2002, daga Jami'ar Manchester . Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Kwalejin Imperial ta London, inda aka ba ta digiri na Master of Science (MSc) a cikin Injiniyanci, a shekara ta 2003. Har ila yau, tana da digiri na Executive MBA (EMBA) daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta IESE, wanda aka ba ta a shekarar 2015. Daga baya, a cikin 2016, ta sami digiri na Master of Business Administration (MBA) daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Strathmore . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheila Mwarangu |date=25 November 2017 |title=Sheila Mwarangu: Managing Director at Gathara Consulting Engineers Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/sheilamwarangu/?trk=public-profile-join-page |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wekesa |first=Grace |date=31 December 2011 |title=Chartered Engineer On Top of Her Game |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000049190/chartered-engineer-on-top-of-her-game |access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Nan da nan bayan digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Imperial, Kungiyar Halcrow Group ta hayar ta, tana aiki a can a matsayin injiniya mai digiri, a ofisoshin su a [[Manchester]], a Ingila, na tsawon shekaru biyu daga 2003 har zuwa 2005. A shekara ta 2006, ta sauya ma'aikata kuma ta koma TRP Consulting, kuma a Manchester, tana aiki a matsayin injiniya na tsarin shekaru biyu har zuwa 2008. Daga nan sai ta koma asalinsa [[Kenya]] kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a Gathara da Partners Consulting Engineers na shekara guda har zuwa 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheila Mwarangu |date=25 November 2017 |title=Sheila Mwarangu: Managing Director at Gathara Consulting Engineers Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/sheilamwarangu/?trk=public-profile-join-page |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wekesa |first=Grace |date=31 December 2011 |title=Chartered Engineer On Top of Her Game |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000049190/chartered-engineer-on-top-of-her-game |access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga nan sai ta koma Manchester, United Kingdom, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a Clancy Consulting, na tsawon shekaru biyu har zuwa 2012. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012 an zabe ta a matsayin abokin tarayya a Gathara &amp; Partners Consulting Engineers, a Nairobi Kenya . A watan Agustan 2017, an nada ta a matsayin manajan darektan da kuma babban jami'in zartarwa a ofishin mai ba da shawara kan injiniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheila Mwarangu |date=25 November 2017 |title=Sheila Mwarangu: Managing Director at Gathara Consulting Engineers Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/sheilamwarangu/?trk=public-profile-join-page |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Ita mahaifiyar yara biyu ce.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Africa |date=2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wekesa |first=Grace |date=31 December 2011 |title=Chartered Engineer On Top of Her Game |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000049190/chartered-engineer-on-top-of-her-game |access-date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Tana zaune a cikin kwamitocin daraktoci da yawa, ciki har da ASHA Freight Limited, kasuwancin jigilar kaya da ke Manchester, Ingila [1] da kuma CONTERRA Limited, kamfanin ci gaban ƙasa na Nairobi. A cikin 2017, Sheila Mwarangu ta kasance cikin &quot;Top 40 Under 40 Women 2017&quot; ta Business Daily Africa, jaridar kasuwanci ta harshen Ingilishi ta yau da kullun, wacce Nation Media Group ta buga [2]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Esther Koimett
* [[Catherine Igathe]]
* [[Carole Kariuki]]
* Naadiya Moosajee

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MaryJane Mwangi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328418340|MaryJane Mwangi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''MaryJane Mwangi''', also '''Mary Jane Mwangi''', is a corporate executive in Kenya, who served as the managing director and chief executive officer of the National Oil Corporation of Kenya, from August 2017 to October 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herbling |first=David |date=6 August 2017 |title=National Oil acting chief executive confirmed |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/National-Oil-acting-chief-executive-confirmed/4003102-4047742-1uemiqz/index.html |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Ta kammala karatu daga [[Nairobi]]&quot; id=&quot;mwGg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Nairobi&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Nairobi tare da digiri na Master of Business Administration a shekara ta 2006. Har ila yau, tana da [[Albarkatun dan'adam|Digiri mafi girma a cikin Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam]], wanda Cibiyar Gudanar da Harkokin Dan Adam (IHRM) ta bayar a shekarar 2013, wanda ke zaune a Nairobi, babban birnin Kenya kuma birni mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwangi |first=MaryJane |date=2016 |title=MaryJane Mwangi: National Oil Corporation of Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/maryjane-mwangi-576a5a11a/?trk=public-profile-join-page |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=Linkedin Webpage of MryJane Mwangi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara aikinta na dogon lokaci a bangaren mai a 1993, tana aiki a matsayin Manajan fitarwa na Agip Kenya Limited (AGKL), wanda ke da alhakin rarraba man fetur da mai daga tashar da ke Mombasa zuwa kasashe biyar a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, yana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 1998. Shekara guda, daga 1998 har zuwa 1999, ta yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Sabis na Abokin Ciniki a AGKL . A shekara ta gaba, daga 1999 har zuwa 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da LPG a AGKL . [1]

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Yulin 2016, a matsayinta na Shugaba, ta shiga kwamitin daraktoci NOCK, kuma ta kasance memba har zuwa lokacin da ta tashi a watan Oktoba 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bloomberg |date=3 November 2017 |title=Executive Profile of Mary Jane Mwangi, CEO &amp; Director, National Oil Corporation of Kenya Limited |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=256872740&amp;privcapId=35929664&amp;previousCapId=35929664&amp;previousTitle=National%20Oil%20Corporation%20of%20Kenya%20Limited |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg Research]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Mangi ta auri Martin Mbogo, manajan Tullow Oil Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herbling |first=David |date=6 August 2017 |title=National Oil acting chief executive confirmed |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/National-Oil-acting-chief-executive-confirmed/4003102-4047742-1uemiqz/index.html |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Rebecca Miano]]
* Josephine Wapakhabulo
* Makamashi a Kenya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''MaryJane Mwangi''', also '''Mary Jane Mwangi''', is a corporate executive in Kenya, who served as the managing director and chief executive officer of the National Oil Corporation of Kenya, from August 2017 to October 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herbling |first=David |date=6 August 2017 |title=National Oil acting chief executive confirmed |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/National-Oil-acting-chief-executive-confirmed/4003102-4047742-1uemiqz/index.html |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Ta kammala karatu daga [[Nairobi]]&quot; id=&quot;mwGg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Nairobi&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Nairobi tare da digiri na Master of Business Administration a shekara ta 2006. Har ila yau, tana da [[Albarkatun dan'adam|Digiri mafi girma a cikin Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam]], wanda Cibiyar Gudanar da Harkokin Dan Adam (IHRM) ta bayar a shekarar 2013, wanda ke zaune a Nairobi, babban birnin Kenya kuma birni mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwangi |first=MaryJane |date=2016 |title=MaryJane Mwangi: National Oil Corporation of Kenya |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/maryjane-mwangi-576a5a11a/?trk=public-profile-join-page |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=Linkedin Webpage of MryJane Mwangi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara aikinta na dogon lokaci a bangaren mai a 1993, tana aiki a matsayin Manajan fitarwa na Agip Kenya Limited (AGKL), wanda ke da alhakin rarraba man fetur da mai daga tashar da ke Mombasa zuwa kasashe biyar a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, yana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 1998. Shekara guda, daga 1998 har zuwa 1999, ta yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Sabis na Abokin Ciniki a AGKL . A shekara ta gaba, daga 1999 har zuwa 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da LPG a AGKL . [1]

== Sauran la'akari ==
A watan Yulin 2016, a matsayinta na Shugaba, ta shiga kwamitin daraktoci NOCK, kuma ta kasance memba har zuwa lokacin da ta tashi a watan Oktoba 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bloomberg |date=3 November 2017 |title=Executive Profile of Mary Jane Mwangi, CEO &amp; Director, National Oil Corporation of Kenya Limited |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=256872740&amp;privcapId=35929664&amp;previousCapId=35929664&amp;previousTitle=National%20Oil%20Corporation%20of%20Kenya%20Limited |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg Research]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Mangi ta auri Martin Mbogo, manajan Tullow Oil Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herbling |first=David |date=6 August 2017 |title=National Oil acting chief executive confirmed |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/National-Oil-acting-chief-executive-confirmed/4003102-4047742-1uemiqz/index.html |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Rebecca Miano]]
* Josephine Wapakhabulo
* Makamashi a Kenya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carol Musyoka</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341814601|Carol Musyoka]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Carol Musyoka''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972) [[lauya]] ce ta Kenya, mai gudanar da kasuwanci kuma ɗan kasuwa, wanda shine wanda ya kafa kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na [http://carolmusyoka.com/ Carol Musyoka Consulting Limited], mai ba da shawara a Nairobi . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strathmore University |date=19 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Carol Musyoka |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/carol-musyoka/ |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musokya |first=Carol |date=19 November 2017 |title=Carol Musyoka Infographic: Education |url=http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081136/http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=Carol Musokya Consultants Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haife ta ne a Kenya kuma ta sami ilimi na asali a Nairobi . A makarantar firamare ta kasance a makarantar Consolata kuma daga 1987 zuwa 1990 ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kenya don karatun sakandare. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] a watan Yulin 1996. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1998, ta kammala Master of Laws daga Cornell Law School Itaca, New York, a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strathmore University |date=19 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Carol Musyoka |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/carol-musyoka/ |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musokya |first=Carol |date=19 November 2017 |title=Carol Musyoka Infographic: Education |url=http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081136/http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=Carol Musokya Consultants Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarewar aiki ==
Shekara guda bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Cornell, Musyoka ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'in aikin a Manajojin Asusun Afirka na zamani, wanda ke zaune a Washington, DC, har zuwa 1999. A shekara ta 1999 ta koma Kenya kuma Citibank Kenya ta hayar ta, a matsayin manajan dangantaka da ke Nairobi, tana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa shekara huɗu har zuwa shekara ta 2003.[1][2]

A shekara ta 2003 [[Bankin Absa Kenya|Bankin Barclays na Kenya]] ya hayar ta a matsayin babban manajan dangantaka, tana aiki a wannan matsayi na shekaru biyu masu zuwa, kafin a kara ta zuwa Darakta na Kamfanin, matsayin da ta rike na shekaru biyu har zuwa 2007. Shekara guda, daga 2007 har zuwa 2008, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in aiki a Bankin K-Rep, kafin a sake sanya shi Bankin Sidian. A shekara ta 2008, ta shiga cikin shawarwari masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strathmore University |date=19 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Carol Musyoka |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/carol-musyoka/ |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musokya |first=Carol |date=19 November 2017 |title=Carol Musyoka Infographic: Education |url=http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081136/http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=Carol Musokya Consultants Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Musyoka has been a member in the past or is currently a member of the boards of a number of public and private Kenyan companies, including (a) BAT Kenya (b) East African Breweries Limited (c) [[Bankin Absa Kenya|Barclays Bank of Kenya]] (d) K-Rep Bank&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strathmore University |date=19 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Carol Musyoka |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/carol-musyoka/ |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musokya |first=Carol |date=19 November 2017 |title=Carol Musyoka Infographic: Education |url=http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081136/http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=Carol Musokya Consultants Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; (e) Business Registration Service of Kenya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njanja |first=Annie |date=21 December 2015 |title=AG appoints Carol Musyoka to chair new board |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/AG-appoints-Carol-Musyoka-to-chair-new-board/539550-3005518-145ury9/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121141453/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/AG-appoints-Carol-Musyoka-to-chair-new-board/539550-3005518-145ury9/index.html |archive-date=21 November 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and (f) [[Kenya Airways]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutegi |first=Mugambi |date=17 November 2017 |title=Oduor-Otieno, Musyoka to sit on Kenya Airways' board |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/Martin-Oduor-Otieno-Carol-Musyoka-Kenya-Airways-board-directors/4003102-4190966-14hskl1z/index.html |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carol Musyoka is a member of faculty at Strathmore Business School.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Rebecca Miano]]
* Sauda Rajab
* Teodosia Osir
* [[Kellen Kariuki]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]
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'''Carol Musyoka''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972) [[lauya]] ce ta Kenya, mai gudanar da kasuwanci kuma ɗan kasuwa, wanda shine wanda ya kafa kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na [http://carolmusyoka.com/ Carol Musyoka Consulting Limited], mai ba da shawara a Nairobi . &lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strathmore University |date=19 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Carol Musyoka |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/carol-musyoka/ |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musokya |first=Carol |date=19 November 2017 |title=Carol Musyoka Infographic: Education |url=http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081136/http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=Carol Musokya Consultants Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haife ta ne a Kenya kuma ta sami ilimi na asali a Nairobi . A makarantar firamare ta kasance a makarantar Consolata kuma daga 1987 zuwa 1990 ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kenya don karatun sakandare. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] a watan Yulin 1996. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1998, ta kammala Master of Laws daga Cornell Law School Itaca, New York, a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strathmore University |date=19 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Carol Musyoka |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/carol-musyoka/ |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musokya |first=Carol |date=19 November 2017 |title=Carol Musyoka Infographic: Education |url=http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081136/http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=Carol Musokya Consultants Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarewar aiki ==
Shekara guda bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Cornell, Musyoka ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'in aikin a Manajojin Asusun Afirka na zamani, wanda ke zaune a Washington, DC, har zuwa 1999. A shekara ta 1999 ta koma Kenya kuma Citibank Kenya ta hayar ta, a matsayin manajan dangantaka da ke Nairobi, tana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa shekara huɗu har zuwa shekara ta 2003.[1][2]

A shekara ta 2003 [[Bankin Absa Kenya|Bankin Barclays na Kenya]] ya hayar ta a matsayin babban manajan dangantaka, tana aiki a wannan matsayi na shekaru biyu masu zuwa, kafin a kara ta zuwa Darakta na Kamfanin, matsayin da ta rike na shekaru biyu har zuwa 2007. Shekara guda, daga 2007 har zuwa 2008, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in aiki a Bankin K-Rep, kafin a sake sanya shi Bankin Sidian. A shekara ta 2008, ta shiga cikin shawarwari masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strathmore University |date=19 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Carol Musyoka |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/carol-musyoka/ |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musokya |first=Carol |date=19 November 2017 |title=Carol Musyoka Infographic: Education |url=http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081136/http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=Carol Musokya Consultants Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Musyoka has been a member in the past or is currently a member of the boards of a number of public and private Kenyan companies, including (a) BAT Kenya (b) East African Breweries Limited (c) [[Bankin Absa Kenya|Barclays Bank of Kenya]] (d) K-Rep Bank&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strathmore University |date=19 November 2017 |title=Strathmore Business School: Faculty Members: Carol Musyoka |url=http://sbs.strathmore.edu/facultymember/carol-musyoka/ |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=[[Strathmore University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musokya |first=Carol |date=19 November 2017 |title=Carol Musyoka Infographic: Education |url=http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081136/http://carolmusyoka.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carol-Musyoka-infographic_idea_17022016b.jpg |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=Carol Musokya Consultants Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; (e) Business Registration Service of Kenya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njanja |first=Annie |date=21 December 2015 |title=AG appoints Carol Musyoka to chair new board |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/AG-appoints-Carol-Musyoka-to-chair-new-board/539550-3005518-145ury9/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121141453/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/AG-appoints-Carol-Musyoka-to-chair-new-board/539550-3005518-145ury9/index.html |archive-date=21 November 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and (f) [[Kenya Airways]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mutegi |first=Mugambi |date=17 November 2017 |title=Oduor-Otieno, Musyoka to sit on Kenya Airways' board |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/Martin-Oduor-Otieno-Carol-Musyoka-Kenya-Airways-board-directors/4003102-4190966-14hskl1z/index.html |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carol Musyoka is a member of faculty at Strathmore Business School.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Rebecca Miano]]
* Sauda Rajab
* Teodosia Osir
* [[Kellen Kariuki]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alma Adams</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339071146|Alma Adams]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Alma Shealey Adams''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1946) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wacce ke wakiltar gundumar 12 ta majalisar dokoki ta North Carolina a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . Adams, 'yar Democrat, ta wakilci gundumar 58 ta majalisar jihar a Gundumar Guilford a Babban Majalisar Dokokin North Carolina tun daga nadinta a watan Afrilun 1994 har zuwa lokacin da aka zaɓe ta zuwa Majalisar Dokoki, wanda Ralph C. Johnson ya gaje shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NC SBE Contest Results |url=http://enr.ncsbe.gov/ElectionResults/contest_details.aspx?election_dt=11/4/2014&amp;county_id=0&amp;contest_id=1188 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511173922/http://enr.ncsbe.gov/ElectionResults/contest_details.aspx?election_dt=11%2F4%2F2014&amp;county_id=0&amp;contest_id=1188 |archive-date=May 11, 2015 |access-date=December 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adams tsohuwar mai kula da kwaleji ce kuma farfesa a fannin fasaha daga Greensboro . An san ta da kyawawan halaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Rep. Alma Adams To Be Sworn Into Office |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/11/12/363458830/u-s-rep-alma-adams-to-be-sworn-into-office |access-date=December 12, 2016 |website=NPR.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe zaben musamman na 2014 a gundumar 12 ta majalisar dokoki ta North Carolina don cike gurbin da Mel Watt ya samu sakamakon murabus dinta, inda ta zama mace ta 100 da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta 113. Ta lashe zaben na tsawon shekaru biyu a lokaci guda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women poised to break glass ceiling on Election Day |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2014/11/02/women-candidates-glass-ceiling-election-day/18085305/ |access-date=December 12, 2016 |website=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Adams a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1946, a High Point, North Carolina, ga Benjamin Shealey da Mattie Stokes.  Mahaifiyarta ce ta rene ta, wacce ke aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rothacker |first=Jen |date=January 9, 2015 |title=Our congresswoman has made history. 10 things you should know about her |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118211952/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=Charlotte Five}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adams ta ƙaura tare da iyalinta zuwa Baltimore, Maryland, tun tana ƙarama kafin ta zauna a Newark, New Jersey . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adams, Alma Shealey, 1947- - Civil Rights Digital Library |url=https://crdl.usg.edu/people/adams_alma_shealey_1947 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=crdl.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta West Side da ke Newark wacce galibi fararen fata ne kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1964. &lt;ref name=&quot;NCManual&quot; /&gt;

Daga nan Adams ta tafi Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina A&amp;amp;amp;T da ke Greensboro, North Carolina, inda ta sami digirin farko na Kimiyya a shekarar 1969 da kuma digirin Master na Kimiyya a shekarar 1972, duka a fannin ilimin fasaha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adams, Alma Shealey, 1947- - Civil Rights Digital Library |url=https://crdl.usg.edu/people/adams_alma_shealey_1947 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=crdl.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take a NC A&amp;T, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Zane-zane kuma ta zama memba na kungiyar Alpha Kappa Alpha . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rothacker |first=Jen |date=January 9, 2015 |title=Our congresswoman has made history. 10 things you should know about her |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118211952/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=Charlotte Five}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Alma_Adams_-_Jan_30_2020.jpg|thumb|Adams sanye da ɗaya daga cikin hulunan ta na musamman a shekarar 2020]]
Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu, an nada Adams a matsayin shugabar sashen fasaha a Cibiyar Palmer, inda ta koyar da ɗalibai daga aji bakwai zuwa sha biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adams, Alma Shealey, 1947- - Civil Rights Digital Library |url=https://crdl.usg.edu/people/adams_alma_shealey_1947 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=crdl.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin fasaha da ilimin al'adu daban-daban daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a shekarar 1981. 

Daga baya Adams ta shiga sashen koyar da zane-zane na Kwalejin Bennett da ke Greensboro, inda ta koyar har zuwa 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bioguide Search |url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/A000370 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=bioguide.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce kuma darektan Cibiyar Zane-zane ta Steel Hall.  A shekarar 1990, Adams da mai zane Eva Hamlin Miller sun kafa ƙungiyar African American Atelier, wata ƙungiya da aka kafa don haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a da kuma godiya ga fasahar gani da al'adun [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background |url=http://africanamericanatelier.org/about/background/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051803/http://africanamericanatelier.org/about/background/ |archive-date=2014-05-29 |access-date=May 28, 2014 |publisher=African American Atelier}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Majalisar dokokin jiha ==
Adams ta fara aikinta na siyasa a matsayin memba na Hukumar Makarantun Birnin Greensboro daga 1984 zuwa 1986, kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Birnin Greensboro daga 1987 har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa ta a Majalisar Wakilai ta North Carolina a 1994.  

An naɗa ta a Majalisar Jiha don ta maye gurbin Wakilin Herman Gist, wanda ya mutu a kan mulki. A lokacin naɗinta, Adams ta riga ta sanar da takararta don ƙalubalantar Gist a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat da za a yi a shekarar 1994. Yankin majalisar ya haɗa da mafi yawan yankin kudu maso gabashin Greensboro a Gundumar Guilford .  A zaɓen fidda gwani, ta kayar da OC Stafford, ɗan kasuwa, injiniya mai ritaya, kuma ɗan takara na dindindin, wanda a baya ya tsaya takarar Democrat da [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] .  Adams ya lashe cikakken wa'adi a zaɓen fidda gwani na 1994, inda ya kayar da Roger G. Coffer na Republican.  Ta ci gaba da lashe zaɓe a 1996  da 1998  da Stafford, wanda ya tsaya takarar Republican a dukkan zaɓuka biyu.  A shekarar 2000, Adams ba shi da abokin hamayya a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat kuma ya kayar da Jim Rumley na Republican a zaɓen fidda gwani.  

Bayan sake zaɓen gundumomi a shekarar 2002, an sake zaɓen gundumar Adams daga na 26 zuwa na 58. A wannan shekarar, ɗan takarar Libertarian David Williams ya ƙalubalanci ta, wanda ya janye daga takarar kafin zaɓen amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kan ƙuri'un.  Adams ya sake zaɓe da kusan kashi 86% na ƙuri'un.  Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa gaba, ta fuskanci ƙalubale akai-akai daga mataimakiyar lauya kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jam'iyyar Republican Olga Morgan Wright, inda ta kayar da ita a kowace zaɓe har zuwa 2008, sannan kuma a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olga Wright Biography |url=http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/41456/olga-wright |access-date=January 19, 2013 |publisher=Project Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Alma_Adams.jpg|thumb|Hoton Majalisar Wakilai ta Arewacin Carolina ta Adam, 2013]]
Adams ya kayar da Wright da abokin hamayyarsa Walter Sperko da kashi 66% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2004.  A zaɓen da ya gaba, Adams ba ta da wani ɗan takara a zaɓen fidda gwani; ta kayar da Wright a zaɓen gama gari da kashi 66%–34%.  A shekarar 2008, shekarar da aka zaɓi [[Barack Obama]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, masu zaɓen Democrat sun sami babban adadin shiga zaɓe, kuma Adams ya kayar da Wright da kashi 71.35%–28.65%  A shekarar 2010, Adams ya kayar da shi a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat ta hannun Ralph C. Johnson . Ta kayar da Johnson da kashi 76.56% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2010 |title=Official Primary Election Results - NC House District 58 - DEM |url=https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=05/04/2010&amp;county_id=0&amp;office=NCH&amp;contest=1051 |publisher=[[North Carolina State Board of Elections|NCSBE]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adams ya sake fafatawa da Darin H. Thomas na jam'iyyar Republican a zaɓen gama gari, inda ya kayar da shi da kashi 63.15%–36.85%.  A shekarar 2012, Adams ba shi da ɗan takara a zaɓen fidda gwani kuma ya kayar da Olga Wright a zaɓen gama gari, da kashi 79.86%–20.14%. 

A lokacin da take aiki a Majalisar North Carolina, an zaɓe Adams a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta 'Yan Majalisa ta North Carolina kuma ta yi aiki a karo na biyu a wannan matsayin a shekarar 2008.  Ta kuma jagoranci Gidauniyar Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta 'Yan Majalisa ta North Carolina, wadda ke ba da tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban da ke halartar [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|Kwalejoji da Jami'o'in Baƙar fata na Tarihi]] na jihar. Adams ta riƙe muƙamai na jagoranci a kwamitoci da dama, ciki har da yin aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugabar Kwamitin Gwamnati, shugabar Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi, da kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Kwamitin Kasuwanci, Ƙananan Kasuwanci, da 'Yan Kasuwanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee Assignments 2013-2014 |url=http://www.legislature.state.nc.us/gascripts/members/reports/committeeAssignments.pl?nUserid=18&amp;Chamber=H |access-date=January 19, 2013 |publisher=North Carolina General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ==

=== Zaɓe ===

==== Zaɓen musamman da na gama gari na 2014 ====
A watan Afrilun 2013, Mel Watt, 'yar majalisa daya tilo da ta yi aiki a gundumar 12 tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1993, aka nada ta darakta a Hukumar Kudi ta Gidaje ta Tarayya . Adams tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara sanar da cewa idan aka tabbatar da Watt, za ta tsaya takara a zaben musamman da ya biyo baya. An tabbatar da Watt a watan Disamba na 2013. Adams ta gabatar da takardu a hukumance don tsayawa takara a zaben fidda gwani na Democrat na tsawon shekaru biyu a Majalisa ta 114 da kuma zaben musamman da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba na 2014 don cike gurbin wa'adin Watt na 11. &lt;ref name=&quot;kickoff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cahn |first=Emily |title=Roll Call: Watt Confirmation Kicks Off North Carolina Special Election |url=http://atr.rollcall.com/watt-confirmation-kicks-off-north-carolina-special-election/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214024824/http://atr.rollcall.com/watt-confirmation-kicks-off-north-carolina-special-election/ |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=December 16, 2013 |publisher=Atr.rollcall.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rantsar da Adams a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2014, don kammala sauran makonni bakwai na wa'adin Watt.  Bayan rantsar da shi, Adams ta zama mace ta 100 a cikin ajin 'yan majalisa, inda ta doke tarihin da ya gabata na 99. &lt;ref name=&quot;Alma Adams - Ballotpedia&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Alma_Adams_Congress.jpg|thumb|Adams a lokacin zaman majalisar dokoki kusa da Shugabar Majalisar [[Nancy polosi|Nancy Pelosi]]]]
Masu sharhi sun yi tunanin cewa Adams yana cikin wani mummunan yanayi a zaɓen fidda gwani na ɓangarori biyar (na musamman da na yau da kullun) na zaɓen musamman (wanda aka gudanar a rana ɗaya a watan Nuwamba 2014). Ta fito daga Greensboro, amma mafi yawan al'ummar gundumar suna Charlotte. Amma da yake 'yan Charlotte uku ne suka fafata a zaɓen raba ƙuri'un wannan yankin, Adams ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani da kusan kashi 44% na ƙuri'un, ƙuri'u dubu kaɗan fiye da kashi 40% da ake buƙata don guje wa zaɓen zagaye na biyu . Ta fuskanci Vince Coakley na jam'iyyar Republican, tsohon mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo daga Matthews, a zaɓen gama gari da na musamman, wanda aka gudanar a rana ɗaya. Gundumar 12 ta kasance gunduma mai yawan 'yan Democrat tare da mafi yawan 'yan baƙar fata da ke jefa ƙuri'a da kuma Jerin Kuri'un Masu Kuri'a na D+26, kuma Adams ya lashe zaɓen biyu da hannu.

Adams ita ce mace ta biyu mai launin fata da ta wakilci North Carolina a Majalisar Wakilai. Ta farko ita ce Eva Clayton, wacce ta wakilci gabashin North Carolina daga 1992 zuwa 2002.

==== 2016 ====
Wani sabon yanki da kotu ta umarta a shekarar 2016 ya sa gundumar Adam ta 12 ta ɗan yi ƙaranci. Yanzu ta ƙunshi kusan dukkan gundumar Mecklenburg, wato gidan [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte]] . Gidanta da ke Greensboro an raba shi zuwa gundumar 13. Daga baya ta koma Charlotte don ta ci gaba da zama a gundumar 12. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rep. Alma Adams says she'll move to Charlotte |url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-government/article65183332.html |access-date=December 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ta ƙaura kafin watan Yuni ba a fayyace ko ba ta ƙaura ba. 

Da 'yan Charlotte guda bakwai suka raba kuri'unsu, Adams ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2016 da kashi 42%, wanda ya wuce iyaka don gujewa zagaye na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina's 12th Congressional District |url=https://ballotpedia.org/North_Carolina%27s_12th_Congressional_District |website=Ballotpedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wannan ya tabbatar mata da samun cikakken wa'adi na biyu; saboda yadda Charlotte da Mecklenburg County suka yi wa 'yan Democrat juyin mulki a 'yan shekarun nan, wanda aka sake tsarawa a matsayi na 12 ba ya kasa da na jam'iyyar Democrat fiye da wanda ya gabace shi.

=== Zamanin aiki ===
[[Fayil:Alma_Adams_Black_Maternal_Health.jpg|thumb|Adams yayi magana don goyon bayan kudirin dokar Monnibus ta lafiyar mata masu launin fata, 2020]]
Adams ta goyi bayan [[Hillary Clinton]] a zaben shugaban ƙasa na 2016 kuma ta yi alƙawarin goyon bayanta a matsayin babbar wakiliya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2015 |title=The 2016 Endorsement Primary |url=http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2016-endorsement-primary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150829132953/http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2016-endorsement-primary/ |archive-date=August 29, 2015 |access-date=June 6, 2016 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba ta halarci bikin rantsar da Donald Trump a 2017 ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2017 |title=NC Rep. Alma Adams among members of Congress not attending inauguration |url=https://www.wsoctv.com/news/donald-trumps-inauguration-heres-a-list-of-members-of-congress-who-are-not-attending_/485188883/ |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=WSOCtv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adams da Wakilai A. Donald McEachin da Brian Fitzpatrick sun gabatar da Dokar Kiyaye Filin Binne gawawwakin Baƙar fata na Amurka a shekarar 2022, kuma za su sa [[Gidan shakatawa na Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa]] ta yi aiki tare da gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi don gano, bincika, bincike, da kuma kiyaye makabartun tarihi na Baƙar fata da wuraren binne gawawwakin. Dokar tana da goyon bayan ɓangarorin biyu a Majalisar. 

Adams ya kaɗa ƙuri'ar samar wa Isra'ila goyon baya bayan hare-haren ranar 7 ga Oktoba .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=U. S. Capitol Room H154 |last2=p:225-7000 |first2=DC 20515-6601 |date=2023-10-25 |title=Roll Call 528 Roll Call 528, Bill Number: H. Res. 771, 118th Congress, 1st Session |url=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2023528 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga watan Yunin 2025, Adams ya sami ƙimar &quot;A&quot; daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Gyara Dokokin Marijuana (NORML) bisa ga bayanan jama'a da bayanan zaɓe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Which Candidate Is the Best on Marijuana Policy? |url=https://vote.norml.org/politicians/5935 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=vote.norml.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan kwamiti ===

* Kwamitin Noma (Mataimakin Shugaba)
** Kwamitin Kula da Abinci Mai Gina Jiki, Kulawa, da Ayyukan Sashe
* Kwamitin Ilimi da Aiki
** Kwamitin Kare Ma'aikata (Shugaba)
* Kwamitin Ayyukan Kuɗi
** Kwamitin Bambance-bambance da Haɗaka

=== Membobin ƙungiyar Caucus ===

* Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Baƙar fata ta Uwa (Mataimakin Shugaba) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Caucus Members |url=https://blackmaternalhealthcaucus-underwood.house.gov/about-caucus/caucus-members |access-date=15 July 2025 |publisher=Black Maternal Health Caucus |format=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Majalisa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caucus Membrs |url=https://progressives.house.gov/caucus-members |access-date=January 3, 2021 |publisher=US House of Representatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Babban taron kwala mai launin shuɗi
* Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta Majalisa
* Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Majalisa
* Kwamitin Majalisa kan Daidaiton Haƙƙoƙi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Membership |url=https://bush.house.gov/era/about/membership |access-date=17 September 2024 |publisher=Congressional Caucus for the Equal Rights Amendment |format=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Daidaito ta Majalisa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the CEC |url=https://equality.house.gov/about-cec/membership |access-date=27 August 2025 |publisher=CEC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Taron Majalisar Dokoki kan Turkiyya da Amurkawa 'yan Turkiyya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Members of the Caucus on U.S. - Türkiye Relations &amp; Turkish Americans |url=https://www.tc-america.org/in-congress/caucus.htm |access-date=25 March 2025 |publisher=Turkish Coalition of America |format=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Adams ya sake ta kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu.   An san ta da sanya huluna daban-daban,  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Rep. Alma Adams To Be Sworn Into Office |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/11/12/363458830/u-s-rep-alma-adams-to-be-sworn-into-office |access-date=December 12, 2016 |website=NPR.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.npr.org/2014/11/12/363458830/u-s-rep-alma-adams-to-be-sworn-into-office &quot;U.S. Rep. Alma Adams To Be Sworn Into Office&quot;]. ''NPR.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 12,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da sama da ɗaruruwan mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rothacker |first=Jen |date=January 9, 2015 |title=Our congresswoman has made history. 10 things you should know about her |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118211952/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=Charlotte Five}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRothacker2015&quot;&gt;Rothacker, Jen (January 9, 2015). [https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html &quot;Our congresswoman has made history. 10 things you should know about her&quot;]. ''Charlotte Five''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201118211952/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html Archived] from the original on November 18, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin zaɓe ==

=== Babban Taron Majalisar Dokokin North Carolina ===
{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 26th State House district results, 1994&lt;ref name=&quot;1994nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 26|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 8, 1994|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=1063456}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=5,259|percentage=68.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Roger G. Coffer|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=2,371|percentage=31.07}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 26th State House district results, 1996&lt;ref name=&quot;1996nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 26|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 5, 1996|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=1002592}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=13,777|percentage=73.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=O.C. &quot;Ozzie&quot; Stafford|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=4,876|percentage=26.14}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 26th State House district results, 1998&lt;ref name=&quot;1998nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 26|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 3, 1998|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=758006}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=10,150|percentage=74.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=O.C. &quot;Ozzie&quot; Stafford|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=3,514|percentage=25.72}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=13,664|percentage=100}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 26th State House district results, 2000&lt;ref name=&quot;2000nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 26|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 7, 2000|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=781693}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=14,677|percentage=73.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Jim Rumley|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=5,224|percentage=26.25}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;2002nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 5, 2002|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=25660}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=14,054|percentage=85.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=David Williams|party=Libertarian Party (United States)|votes=2,320|percentage=14.17}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=16,374|percentage=100}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2004&lt;ref name=&quot;2004nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 2, 2004|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=85127}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=21,087|percentage=65.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Olga Morgan Wright|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=10,374|percentage=32.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Walter Sperko|party=Libertarian Party (United States)|votes=618|percentage=1.93}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=32,079|percentage=100}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;2006nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 7, 2006|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=85127}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=10,391|percentage=65.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Olga Morgan Wright|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=5,441|percentage=34.37}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;2008nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 4, 2008|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=402120}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=29,113|percentage=71.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Olga Morgan Wright|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=11,690|percentage=28.65}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;2010nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 2, 2010|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=646471}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=15,210|percentage=63.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Darrin H. Thomas|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=8,899|percentage=36.91}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;2012nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 6, 2012|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=758081}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=32,895|percentage=79.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Olga Morgan Wright|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=8,294|percentage=20.14}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

=== Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ===
{{Election box open primary begin no change|title=North Carolina's 12th congressional district results, 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;2014ushouseprimary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title= Official Primary Election Results - US House of Representatives District 12|url=https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=05/06/2014&amp;county_id=0&amp;office=FED&amp;contest=1481|publisher=[[North Carolina State Board of Elections|NCSBE]]|date=May 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Official General Election Results - US House of Representatives District 12|url=http://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=11/04/2014&amp;county_id=0&amp;office=FED&amp;contest=1164|publisher=[[North Carolina State Board of Elections|NCSBE]]|date=November 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Alma Adams|votes=15,235|percentage=44.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Malcolm Graham (politician)|Malcolm Graham]]|votes=8,180|percentage=23.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[George Battle]]|votes=4,342|percentage=12.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Marcus Brandon]]|votes=2,856|percentage=8.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=James &quot;Smuggie&quot; Mitchell|votes=1,775|percentage=5.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Curtis C. Osborne|votes=1,733|percentage=5.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Rajive Patel|votes=502|percentage=1.45}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Alma Adams|votes=130,096|percentage=75.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Vince Coakley|votes=42,568|percentage=24.65}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box open primary begin no change|title=North Carolina's 12th congressional district results, 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;2016ushouseprimary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title= Official Primary Election Results - US House of Representatives District 12|url=https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=06/07/2016&amp;county_id=0&amp;office=FED&amp;contest=1034|publisher=[[North Carolina State Board of Elections|NCSBE]]|date=July 20, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Official General Election Results - US House of Representatives District 12|url=https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=11/08/2016&amp;county_id=0&amp;office=FED&amp;contest=1391|publisher=[[North Carolina State Board of Elections|NCSBE]]|date=December 13, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|votes=12,400|percentage=42.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Malcolm Graham (politician)|Malcolm Graham]]|votes=8,428|percentage=28.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Tricia Cotham]]|votes=6,165|percentage=21.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Carla Cunningham]]|votes=1,255|percentage=4.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Gardenia Henley|votes=444|percentage=1.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Rodney W. Moore|Rodney Moore]]|votes=245|percentage=0.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Rick Miller|votes=235|percentage=0.81}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|votes=234,115|percentage=67.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Leon Threatt|votes=115,185|percentage=32.98}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin wakilan Amurka 'yan Afirka-Amurka
* Mata a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]]
[[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>a8jk51sluhoky7t0pt0yljfzqmcb8m1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816701</id>
      <parentid>816699</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T10:34:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <text bytes="31355" sha1="ojo437r97q0u2h83mqq0i0diofpb2am" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Alma Shealey Adams''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1946) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wacce ke wakiltar gundumar 12 ta majalisar dokoki ta North Carolina a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . Adams, 'yar Democrat, ta wakilci gundumar 58 ta majalisar jihar a Gundumar Guilford a Babban Majalisar Dokokin North Carolina tun daga nadinta a watan Afrilun 1994 har zuwa lokacin da aka zaɓe ta zuwa Majalisar Dokoki, wanda Ralph C. Johnson ya gaje shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NC SBE Contest Results |url=http://enr.ncsbe.gov/ElectionResults/contest_details.aspx?election_dt=11/4/2014&amp;county_id=0&amp;contest_id=1188 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511173922/http://enr.ncsbe.gov/ElectionResults/contest_details.aspx?election_dt=11%2F4%2F2014&amp;county_id=0&amp;contest_id=1188 |archive-date=May 11, 2015 |access-date=December 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adams tsohuwar mai kula da kwaleji ce kuma farfesa a fannin fasaha daga Greensboro . An san ta da kyawawan halaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Rep. Alma Adams To Be Sworn Into Office |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/11/12/363458830/u-s-rep-alma-adams-to-be-sworn-into-office |access-date=December 12, 2016 |website=NPR.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe zaben musamman na 2014 a gundumar 12 ta majalisar dokoki ta North Carolina don cike gurbin da Mel Watt ya samu sakamakon murabus dinta, inda ta zama mace ta 100 da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta 113. Ta lashe zaben na tsawon shekaru biyu a lokaci guda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women poised to break glass ceiling on Election Day |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2014/11/02/women-candidates-glass-ceiling-election-day/18085305/ |access-date=December 12, 2016 |website=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Adams a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1946, a High Point, North Carolina, ga Benjamin Shealey da Mattie Stokes.  Mahaifiyarta ce ta rene ta, wacce ke aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rothacker |first=Jen |date=January 9, 2015 |title=Our congresswoman has made history. 10 things you should know about her |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118211952/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=Charlotte Five}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adams ta ƙaura tare da iyalinta zuwa Baltimore, Maryland, tun tana ƙarama kafin ta zauna a Newark, New Jersey . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adams, Alma Shealey, 1947- - Civil Rights Digital Library |url=https://crdl.usg.edu/people/adams_alma_shealey_1947 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=crdl.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta West Side da ke Newark wacce galibi fararen fata ne kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1964. &lt;ref name=&quot;NCManual&quot; /&gt;

Daga nan Adams ta tafi Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina A&amp;amp;amp;T da ke Greensboro, North Carolina, inda ta sami digirin farko na Kimiyya a shekarar 1969 da kuma digirin Master na Kimiyya a shekarar 1972, duka a fannin ilimin fasaha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adams, Alma Shealey, 1947- - Civil Rights Digital Library |url=https://crdl.usg.edu/people/adams_alma_shealey_1947 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=crdl.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take a NC A&amp;T, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Zane-zane kuma ta zama memba na kungiyar Alpha Kappa Alpha . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rothacker |first=Jen |date=January 9, 2015 |title=Our congresswoman has made history. 10 things you should know about her |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118211952/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=Charlotte Five}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Alma_Adams_-_Jan_30_2020.jpg|thumb|Adams sanye da ɗaya daga cikin hulunan ta na musamman a shekarar 2020]]
Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu, an nada Adams a matsayin shugabar sashen fasaha a Cibiyar Palmer, inda ta koyar da ɗalibai daga aji bakwai zuwa sha biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adams, Alma Shealey, 1947- - Civil Rights Digital Library |url=https://crdl.usg.edu/people/adams_alma_shealey_1947 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=crdl.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin fasaha da ilimin al'adu daban-daban daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a shekarar 1981. 

Daga baya Adams ta shiga sashen koyar da zane-zane na Kwalejin Bennett da ke Greensboro, inda ta koyar har zuwa 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bioguide Search |url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/A000370 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=bioguide.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce kuma darektan Cibiyar Zane-zane ta Steel Hall.  A shekarar 1990, Adams da mai zane Eva Hamlin Miller sun kafa ƙungiyar African American Atelier, wata ƙungiya da aka kafa don haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a da kuma godiya ga fasahar gani da al'adun [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background |url=http://africanamericanatelier.org/about/background/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051803/http://africanamericanatelier.org/about/background/ |archive-date=2014-05-29 |access-date=May 28, 2014 |publisher=African American Atelier}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Majalisar dokokin jiha ==
Adams ta fara aikinta na siyasa a matsayin memba na Hukumar Makarantun Birnin Greensboro daga 1984 zuwa 1986, kafin ta yi aiki a Majalisar Birnin Greensboro daga 1987 har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa ta a Majalisar Wakilai ta North Carolina a 1994.  

An naɗa ta a Majalisar Jiha don ta maye gurbin Wakilin Herman Gist, wanda ya mutu a kan mulki. A lokacin naɗinta, Adams ta riga ta sanar da takararta don ƙalubalantar Gist a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat da za a yi a shekarar 1994. Yankin majalisar ya haɗa da mafi yawan yankin kudu maso gabashin Greensboro a Gundumar Guilford .  A zaɓen fidda gwani, ta kayar da OC Stafford, ɗan kasuwa, injiniya mai ritaya, kuma ɗan takara na dindindin, wanda a baya ya tsaya takarar Democrat da [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] .  Adams ya lashe cikakken wa'adi a zaɓen fidda gwani na 1994, inda ya kayar da Roger G. Coffer na Republican.  Ta ci gaba da lashe zaɓe a 1996  da 1998  da Stafford, wanda ya tsaya takarar Republican a dukkan zaɓuka biyu.  A shekarar 2000, Adams ba shi da abokin hamayya a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat kuma ya kayar da Jim Rumley na Republican a zaɓen fidda gwani.  

Bayan sake zaɓen gundumomi a shekarar 2002, an sake zaɓen gundumar Adams daga na 26 zuwa na 58. A wannan shekarar, ɗan takarar Libertarian David Williams ya ƙalubalanci ta, wanda ya janye daga takarar kafin zaɓen amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kan ƙuri'un.  Adams ya sake zaɓe da kusan kashi 86% na ƙuri'un.  Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa gaba, ta fuskanci ƙalubale akai-akai daga mataimakiyar lauya kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jam'iyyar Republican Olga Morgan Wright, inda ta kayar da ita a kowace zaɓe har zuwa 2008, sannan kuma a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olga Wright Biography |url=http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/41456/olga-wright |access-date=January 19, 2013 |publisher=Project Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Alma_Adams.jpg|thumb|Hoton Majalisar Wakilai ta Arewacin Carolina ta Adam, 2013]]
Adams ya kayar da Wright da abokin hamayyarsa Walter Sperko da kashi 66% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2004.  A zaɓen da ya gaba, Adams ba ta da wani ɗan takara a zaɓen fidda gwani; ta kayar da Wright a zaɓen gama gari da kashi 66%–34%.  A shekarar 2008, shekarar da aka zaɓi [[Barack Obama]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, masu zaɓen Democrat sun sami babban adadin shiga zaɓe, kuma Adams ya kayar da Wright da kashi 71.35%–28.65%  A shekarar 2010, Adams ya kayar da shi a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat ta hannun Ralph C. Johnson . Ta kayar da Johnson da kashi 76.56% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2010 |title=Official Primary Election Results - NC House District 58 - DEM |url=https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=05/04/2010&amp;county_id=0&amp;office=NCH&amp;contest=1051 |publisher=[[North Carolina State Board of Elections|NCSBE]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adams ya sake fafatawa da Darin H. Thomas na jam'iyyar Republican a zaɓen gama gari, inda ya kayar da shi da kashi 63.15%–36.85%.  A shekarar 2012, Adams ba shi da ɗan takara a zaɓen fidda gwani kuma ya kayar da Olga Wright a zaɓen gama gari, da kashi 79.86%–20.14%. 

A lokacin da take aiki a Majalisar North Carolina, an zaɓe Adams a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta 'Yan Majalisa ta North Carolina kuma ta yi aiki a karo na biyu a wannan matsayin a shekarar 2008.  Ta kuma jagoranci Gidauniyar Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta 'Yan Majalisa ta North Carolina, wadda ke ba da tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban da ke halartar [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|Kwalejoji da Jami'o'in Baƙar fata na Tarihi]] na jihar. Adams ta riƙe muƙamai na jagoranci a kwamitoci da dama, ciki har da yin aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugabar Kwamitin Gwamnati, shugabar Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi, da kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Kwamitin Kasuwanci, Ƙananan Kasuwanci, da 'Yan Kasuwanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee Assignments 2013-2014 |url=http://www.legislature.state.nc.us/gascripts/members/reports/committeeAssignments.pl?nUserid=18&amp;Chamber=H |access-date=January 19, 2013 |publisher=North Carolina General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ==

=== Zaɓe ===

==== Zaɓen musamman da na gama gari na 2014 ====
A watan Afrilun 2013, Mel Watt, 'yar majalisa daya tilo da ta yi aiki a gundumar 12 tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1993, aka nada ta darakta a Hukumar Kudi ta Gidaje ta Tarayya . Adams tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara sanar da cewa idan aka tabbatar da Watt, za ta tsaya takara a zaben musamman da ya biyo baya. An tabbatar da Watt a watan Disamba na 2013. Adams ta gabatar da takardu a hukumance don tsayawa takara a zaben fidda gwani na Democrat na tsawon shekaru biyu a Majalisa ta 114 da kuma zaben musamman da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba na 2014 don cike gurbin wa'adin Watt na 11. &lt;ref name=&quot;kickoff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cahn |first=Emily |title=Roll Call: Watt Confirmation Kicks Off North Carolina Special Election |url=http://atr.rollcall.com/watt-confirmation-kicks-off-north-carolina-special-election/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214024824/http://atr.rollcall.com/watt-confirmation-kicks-off-north-carolina-special-election/ |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=December 16, 2013 |publisher=Atr.rollcall.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rantsar da Adams a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2014, don kammala sauran makonni bakwai na wa'adin Watt.  Bayan rantsar da shi, Adams ta zama mace ta 100 a cikin ajin 'yan majalisa, inda ta doke tarihin da ya gabata na 99. &lt;ref name=&quot;Alma Adams - Ballotpedia&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Alma_Adams_Congress.jpg|thumb|Adams a lokacin zaman majalisar dokoki kusa da Shugabar Majalisar [[Nancy polosi|Nancy Pelosi]]]]
Masu sharhi sun yi tunanin cewa Adams yana cikin wani mummunan yanayi a zaɓen fidda gwani na ɓangarori biyar (na musamman da na yau da kullun) na zaɓen musamman (wanda aka gudanar a rana ɗaya a watan Nuwamba 2014). Ta fito daga Greensboro, amma mafi yawan al'ummar gundumar suna Charlotte. Amma da yake 'yan Charlotte uku ne suka fafata a zaɓen raba ƙuri'un wannan yankin, Adams ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani da kusan kashi 44% na ƙuri'un, ƙuri'u dubu kaɗan fiye da kashi 40% da ake buƙata don guje wa zaɓen zagaye na biyu . Ta fuskanci Vince Coakley na jam'iyyar Republican, tsohon mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo daga Matthews, a zaɓen gama gari da na musamman, wanda aka gudanar a rana ɗaya. Gundumar 12 ta kasance gunduma mai yawan 'yan Democrat tare da mafi yawan 'yan baƙar fata da ke jefa ƙuri'a da kuma Jerin Kuri'un Masu Kuri'a na D+26, kuma Adams ya lashe zaɓen biyu da hannu.

Adams ita ce mace ta biyu mai launin fata da ta wakilci North Carolina a Majalisar Wakilai. Ta farko ita ce Eva Clayton, wacce ta wakilci gabashin North Carolina daga 1992 zuwa 2002.

==== 2016 ====
Wani sabon yanki da kotu ta umarta a shekarar 2016 ya sa gundumar Adam ta 12 ta ɗan yi ƙaranci. Yanzu ta ƙunshi kusan dukkan gundumar Mecklenburg, wato gidan [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte]] . Gidanta da ke Greensboro an raba shi zuwa gundumar 13. Daga baya ta koma Charlotte don ta ci gaba da zama a gundumar 12. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rep. Alma Adams says she'll move to Charlotte |url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-government/article65183332.html |access-date=December 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ta ƙaura kafin watan Yuni ba a fayyace ko ba ta ƙaura ba. 

Da 'yan Charlotte guda bakwai suka raba kuri'unsu, Adams ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2016 da kashi 42%, wanda ya wuce iyaka don gujewa zagaye na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina's 12th Congressional District |url=https://ballotpedia.org/North_Carolina%27s_12th_Congressional_District |website=Ballotpedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wannan ya tabbatar mata da samun cikakken wa'adi na biyu; saboda yadda Charlotte da Mecklenburg County suka yi wa 'yan Democrat juyin mulki a 'yan shekarun nan, wanda aka sake tsarawa a matsayi na 12 ba ya kasa da na jam'iyyar Democrat fiye da wanda ya gabace shi.

=== Zamanin aiki ===
[[Fayil:Alma_Adams_Black_Maternal_Health.jpg|thumb|Adams yayi magana don goyon bayan kudirin dokar Monnibus ta lafiyar mata masu launin fata, 2020]]
Adams ta goyi bayan [[Hillary Clinton]] a zaben shugaban ƙasa na 2016 kuma ta yi alƙawarin goyon bayanta a matsayin babbar wakiliya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2015 |title=The 2016 Endorsement Primary |url=http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2016-endorsement-primary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150829132953/http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2016-endorsement-primary/ |archive-date=August 29, 2015 |access-date=June 6, 2016 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba ta halarci bikin rantsar da Donald Trump a 2017 ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2017 |title=NC Rep. Alma Adams among members of Congress not attending inauguration |url=https://www.wsoctv.com/news/donald-trumps-inauguration-heres-a-list-of-members-of-congress-who-are-not-attending_/485188883/ |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=WSOCtv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adams da Wakilai A. Donald McEachin da Brian Fitzpatrick sun gabatar da Dokar Kiyaye Filin Binne gawawwakin Baƙar fata na Amurka a shekarar 2022, kuma za su sa [[Gidan shakatawa na Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa]] ta yi aiki tare da gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi don gano, bincika, bincike, da kuma kiyaye makabartun tarihi na Baƙar fata da wuraren binne gawawwakin. Dokar tana da goyon bayan ɓangarorin biyu a Majalisar. 

Adams ya kaɗa ƙuri'ar samar wa Isra'ila goyon baya bayan hare-haren ranar 7 ga Oktoba .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=U. S. Capitol Room H154 |last2=p:225-7000 |first2=DC 20515-6601 |date=2023-10-25 |title=Roll Call 528 Roll Call 528, Bill Number: H. Res. 771, 118th Congress, 1st Session |url=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2023528 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga watan Yunin 2025, Adams ya sami ƙimar &quot;A&quot; daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Gyara Dokokin Marijuana (NORML) bisa ga bayanan jama'a da bayanan zaɓe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Which Candidate Is the Best on Marijuana Policy? |url=https://vote.norml.org/politicians/5935 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=vote.norml.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan kwamiti ===

* Kwamitin Noma (Mataimakin Shugaba)
** Kwamitin Kula da Abinci Mai Gina Jiki, Kulawa, da Ayyukan Sashe
* Kwamitin Ilimi da Aiki
** Kwamitin Kare Ma'aikata (Shugaba)
* Kwamitin Ayyukan Kuɗi
** Kwamitin Bambance-bambance da Haɗaka

=== Membobin ƙungiyar Caucus ===

* Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Baƙar fata ta Uwa (Mataimakin Shugaba) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Caucus Members |url=https://blackmaternalhealthcaucus-underwood.house.gov/about-caucus/caucus-members |access-date=15 July 2025 |publisher=Black Maternal Health Caucus |format=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Majalisa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caucus Membrs |url=https://progressives.house.gov/caucus-members |access-date=January 3, 2021 |publisher=US House of Representatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Babban taron kwala mai launin shuɗi
* Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta Majalisa
* Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Majalisa
* Kwamitin Majalisa kan Daidaiton Haƙƙoƙi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Membership |url=https://bush.house.gov/era/about/membership |access-date=17 September 2024 |publisher=Congressional Caucus for the Equal Rights Amendment |format=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Daidaito ta Majalisa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the CEC |url=https://equality.house.gov/about-cec/membership |access-date=27 August 2025 |publisher=CEC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Taron Majalisar Dokoki kan Turkiyya da Amurkawa 'yan Turkiyya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Members of the Caucus on U.S. - Türkiye Relations &amp; Turkish Americans |url=https://www.tc-america.org/in-congress/caucus.htm |access-date=25 March 2025 |publisher=Turkish Coalition of America |format=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Adams ya sake ta kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu.   An san ta da sanya huluna daban-daban,  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Rep. Alma Adams To Be Sworn Into Office |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/11/12/363458830/u-s-rep-alma-adams-to-be-sworn-into-office |access-date=December 12, 2016 |website=NPR.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.npr.org/2014/11/12/363458830/u-s-rep-alma-adams-to-be-sworn-into-office &quot;U.S. Rep. Alma Adams To Be Sworn Into Office&quot;]. ''NPR.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 12,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da sama da ɗaruruwan mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rothacker |first=Jen |date=January 9, 2015 |title=Our congresswoman has made history. 10 things you should know about her |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118211952/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=Charlotte Five}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRothacker2015&quot;&gt;Rothacker, Jen (January 9, 2015). [https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html &quot;Our congresswoman has made history. 10 things you should know about her&quot;]. ''Charlotte Five''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201118211952/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-around-town/article236304758.html Archived] from the original on November 18, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin zaɓe ==

=== Babban Taron Majalisar Dokokin North Carolina ===
{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 26th State House district results, 1994&lt;ref name=&quot;1994nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 26|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 8, 1994|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=1063456}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=5,259|percentage=68.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Roger G. Coffer|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=2,371|percentage=31.07}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 26th State House district results, 1996&lt;ref name=&quot;1996nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 26|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 5, 1996|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=1002592}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=13,777|percentage=73.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=O.C. &quot;Ozzie&quot; Stafford|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=4,876|percentage=26.14}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 26th State House district results, 1998&lt;ref name=&quot;1998nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 26|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 3, 1998|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=758006}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=10,150|percentage=74.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=O.C. &quot;Ozzie&quot; Stafford|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=3,514|percentage=25.72}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=13,664|percentage=100}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 26th State House district results, 2000&lt;ref name=&quot;2000nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 26|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 7, 2000|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=781693}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=14,677|percentage=73.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Jim Rumley|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=5,224|percentage=26.25}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;2002nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 5, 2002|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=25660}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=14,054|percentage=85.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=David Williams|party=Libertarian Party (United States)|votes=2,320|percentage=14.17}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=16,374|percentage=100}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2004&lt;ref name=&quot;2004nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 2, 2004|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=85127}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=21,087|percentage=65.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Olga Morgan Wright|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=10,374|percentage=32.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Walter Sperko|party=Libertarian Party (United States)|votes=618|percentage=1.93}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=32,079|percentage=100}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;2006nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 7, 2006|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=85127}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=10,391|percentage=65.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Olga Morgan Wright|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=5,441|percentage=34.37}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;2008nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 4, 2008|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=402120}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=29,113|percentage=71.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Olga Morgan Wright|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=11,690|percentage=28.65}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;2010nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 2, 2010|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=646471}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=15,210|percentage=63.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Darrin H. Thomas|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=8,899|percentage=36.91}}
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{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box begin no change|title=North Carolina's 58th State House district results, 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;2012nchouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=  NC State House 58|website=ourcampaigns.com|date=November 6, 2012|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=758081}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=32,895|percentage=79.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Olga Morgan Wright|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=8,294|percentage=20.14}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

=== Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ===
{{Election box open primary begin no change|title=North Carolina's 12th congressional district results, 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;2014ushouseprimary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title= Official Primary Election Results - US House of Representatives District 12|url=https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=05/06/2014&amp;county_id=0&amp;office=FED&amp;contest=1481|publisher=[[North Carolina State Board of Elections|NCSBE]]|date=May 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Official General Election Results - US House of Representatives District 12|url=http://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=11/04/2014&amp;county_id=0&amp;office=FED&amp;contest=1164|publisher=[[North Carolina State Board of Elections|NCSBE]]|date=November 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Alma Adams|votes=15,235|percentage=44.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Malcolm Graham (politician)|Malcolm Graham]]|votes=8,180|percentage=23.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[George Battle]]|votes=4,342|percentage=12.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Marcus Brandon]]|votes=2,856|percentage=8.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=James &quot;Smuggie&quot; Mitchell|votes=1,775|percentage=5.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Curtis C. Osborne|votes=1,733|percentage=5.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Rajive Patel|votes=502|percentage=1.45}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Alma Adams|votes=130,096|percentage=75.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Vince Coakley|votes=42,568|percentage=24.65}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}{{Election box open primary begin no change|title=North Carolina's 12th congressional district results, 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;2016ushouseprimary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title= Official Primary Election Results - US House of Representatives District 12|url=https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=06/07/2016&amp;county_id=0&amp;office=FED&amp;contest=1034|publisher=[[North Carolina State Board of Elections|NCSBE]]|date=July 20, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Official General Election Results - US House of Representatives District 12|url=https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=11/08/2016&amp;county_id=0&amp;office=FED&amp;contest=1391|publisher=[[North Carolina State Board of Elections|NCSBE]]|date=December 13, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|votes=12,400|percentage=42.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Malcolm Graham (politician)|Malcolm Graham]]|votes=8,428|percentage=28.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Tricia Cotham]]|votes=6,165|percentage=21.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Carla Cunningham]]|votes=1,255|percentage=4.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Gardenia Henley|votes=444|percentage=1.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Rodney W. Moore|Rodney Moore]]|votes=245|percentage=0.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Rick Miller|votes=235|percentage=0.81}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Alma Adams (incumbent)|votes=234,115|percentage=67.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Leon Threatt|votes=115,185|percentage=32.98}}
{{Election box total no change}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{End}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin wakilan Amurka 'yan Afirka-Amurka
* Mata a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]]
[[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ojo437r97q0u2h83mqq0i0diofpb2am</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Al'adun Gargajiya na Indiya</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:as:Special:Redirect/revision/598696|ভাৰতৰ লোকসংস্কৃতি]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9131" sha1="hw49nc6j0eeyig975zwjxt2osn5j7rc" xml:space="preserve">Wasu daga cikin shahararrun fasahar gargajiya da kabilanci na Indiya sune:

Daidaito tsakanin addinai da addinai a addinin Hindu yana gabatar da dalili ko bayanin da ke bayan ayyukan addini na gida kuma ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi na gida waɗanda ke bayyana al'adu ko bukukuwan addini. Al'adun gargajiya da yawa a Indiya suna rayuwa ta hanyar al'adar baki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-31 |title=Exploring India's Folk Storytelling Heritage – Voices Across Time |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/people/culture/exploring-indias-folk-storytelling-heritage-voices-across-time/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Travel and Leisure Asia {{!}} India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fasahar gargajiya ta Indiya ==
Fasahar gargajiya da ta ƙabila a Indiya tana nuna gadar ƙasar mai albarka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Folk and Tribal Art |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213152155/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=99 |archive-date=2011-12-13 |access-date=2011-11-27 |website=Know India. Culture and Heritage. Visual Arts and Literature |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fasahar Indiya tana da matuƙar sauƙi da haske. Fasahar gargajiya ta ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban kamar salon Mughal, salon Rajasthan, salon Nakashi da sauransu. Kowace nau'in tana da haɗin launi ko siffa ta musamman da halayenta. Sauran shahararrun fasahar gargajiya sun haɗa da fasahar Madhubani da zane-zanen Bhojpuri a Bihar, zane-zanen Kangra a Himachal Pradesh da zane-zanen Warli a Maharashtra. Ana amfani da ainihin zinare a zane-zanen Tanjore a Kudancin Indiya. Bikin baje kolin gida, bukukuwa, alloli da alloli da jarumai (mayaƙa) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan fasaha. A tarihi, manyan kabilu ne suka yi waɗannan fasaha amma a yau sun shahara a duk faɗin duniya.
 
Indiya tana da tarin waƙoƙin jarumtaka da almara da aka adana ta hanyar al'adar baki a cikin Sanskrit da harsunan gargajiya daban-daban. Dr. John Smith daga Rajasthan ya tattara wani irin wannan almara na baki wanda ke ba da labarin Pabuji; Wannan wata doguwar waƙa ce a cikin Rajasthan, wacce ƙwararrun masu ba da labari suka bayar da labarinta a al'ada da ake kira 'bhopas'. Suna ba da labarin a gaban wani zane da ke nuna halayen labarin tare da rakiyar wani kayan kida mai suna 'Ravanahatho' Babban halinsa shine wani yarima na tarihi na Rajput, wanda aka yi masa mu'amala da shi kamar allah a Rajasthan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The epic of Pabuji |url=http://bombay.oriental.cam.ac.uk/john/pabuji/statement.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511183037/http://bombay.oriental.cam.ac.uk/john/pabuji/statement.html |archive-date=2006-05-11 |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=bombay.oriental.cam.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Zanen Tanjo
* Zane-zanen Madhubani ko Mithila
* Zane-zanen Bhojpuri
* Zane mai tsarki
* Zanen Worley na Jama'a
* Screenshots
* Zane-zanen Rajasthan Ƙarami
* Kalamezhuthu

== Al'adun Indiya ==
[[Fayil:Thirayattam-_(Karumakan_Vallattu).JPG|thumb|Thirayattam (Karu Makan Ballatu)]]
Manyan tarin labaran gargajiya na Indiya sun haɗa da Panchatantra, tarin labaran gargajiya da Vishnu Sharma ya rubuta a ƙarni na biyu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Hitopadesha na Narayan Pandit tarin tatsuniyoyi ne na dabbobi masu tausayi waɗanda aka tattara a cikin Sanskrit a ƙarni na tara.

Garba da Dandia Ras na Gujarat, Sambalpuri dance na Orissa, Chou dance, Alkap da Gambhira na West Bengal, Bihu na Assam, Jhumur (Ghoomar) na Rajasthan da Haryana, Bhangra da Gidda na Punjab, Dhangar na Goa, Panthi dance na Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra dance na Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra Elements na daban  Kummicha Elements. Kargattam na Tamil Nadu, Kolattam na Andhra Pradesh, Yakshagana na Karnataka, Thirayattam na Kerala &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Thirayattam&quot; (Folklore Text -malayalam), Bhasha Institute, Keralam - {{ISBN|978-81-200-4294-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Chang Lo na Nagaland an samo su ne daga tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi da canje-canjen yanayi.

A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, masana tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na Indiya sun ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga nazarin al'adun gargajiya. Devendra Satyarthi, Krishnadev Upadhyay, Praful Datta Goswami, Kunj Bihari Das, Ashutosh Bhattacharya da sauran manyan masana tatsuniyoyin gargajiya sun ba da gudummawa ga nazarin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya. Tun daga shekarun 1970, wasu masana tatsuniyoyin gargajiya sun yi karatu a jami'o'in Amurka kuma sun sami horo a kan ka'idoji na zamani da hanyoyin binciken tatsuniyoyin gargajiya, wanda ya fara wani sabon salo a nazarin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya a Indiya. Jami'o'i a Kudancin Indiya, musamman, sun jaddada fannin ilimi na al'adun gargajiya. A.K. Ramanujan yana ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan mutanen da suka yi nazarin al'adun gargajiya daga mahallin Indiya.

An ƙarfafa nazarin tatsuniyoyi ta hanyar masanin tatsuniyoyi na ƙasar Finland Lauri Honko da kuma masanin tatsuniyoyi na Amurka Peter J. Klaus. Waɗannan ƙwararru biyu sun gudanar da bincike a fagen 'Siri Epic' kuma sun nuna sabbin hanyoyi ga masu bincike na Indiya. Cibiyar Harsunan Indiya ta Tsakiya ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka nazarin al'adun Indiya.

Kwanan nan, Chitrasen Pasayat, M D Muthukumaraswamy, Vivek Roy, Jawaharlal Handu, Virendra Nath Dutt, P C Pattanaik, B Reddy, Sadhana Nathani, P Chubachari, Molly Kaushal, Shyam Sundar Mahapatra, Bhavagrahi Mishra da sauran sabbin masana tatsuniyoyi suna da ƙarfi wanda ke wakiltar tunawa da muryar mutane wanda ya ba da gudummawa wajen tsara nazarin tatsuniyoyi a matsayin fanni. Cibiyar Tallafawa Tatsuniyoyi ta Ƙasa da ke Chennai ta ɗauki matakai don yaɗa al'adun tatsuniyoyi da haɗa al'umma da ilimi.

== Jaruman al'adun Indiya, mugaye da kuma jarumai masu wayo ==
Jaruman gargajiya na Indiya sun haɗa da Rama (daga Ramayana) da Krishna (daga Mahabharata). An san su sosai a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ana bauta musu a al'ada a matsayin alloli. Kowace al'umma mai alaƙa da ƙabila tana da jaruman gargajiya. Jaruman al'adun Chaotal sune Bir Kherwal da Bidu Chandan. Jarumin gargajiya na Gonds shine Chital Singh Satti. Jarumin gargajiya na Banjara shine Lakha Banjara ko Raja Ichalu. Littattafan Banjara galibi suna ɗauke da haruffa mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Folklore of India |url=https://excelsol.com/hindu/essays/folktales.htm |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=excelsol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littattafan almara na baka galibi suna da sigar al'adun gargajiya na yankuna daban-daban, waɗanda abubuwan da suka faru suka bambanta da labaran gargajiya. Wani lokaci ana bauta wa jaruman al'adu kuma ana bauta musu a ƙauyen. A al'adun al'adun Indiya, babu bambanci sosai tsakanin jarumi na tatsuniyoyi da jarumi na soyayya. A Kalahandi, ana samun labaran almara na baki a tsakanin mawaƙan ƙabila, waɗanda aka yi su a cikin mahallin addini da zamantakewa. An yi nazari sosai kan nau'ikan yatra na gargajiya da ƙabila daban-daban, kamar Dhanu Yatra da Sunia Yatra, kuma an binciki 'halayen jarumai' waɗanda a lokuta da yawa suka zama alloli na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Folklore of India |url=https://excelsol.com/hindu/essays/folktales.htm |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=excelsol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littattafan Indiya na baka sun yi yawa kuma ƙasashe da yawa suna da nasu waƙoƙin na baka. An gudanar da bincike mai zurfi da bincike kan waƙoƙin Tulu 'Siri Epic'. Yawancin ƙabilun Indiya suna da nasu littattafan kuma littattafai da yawa kamar su littattafan Tulu da littattafan Pabuji sun sami karbuwa sosai saboda buga fassarar Turanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Folklore of India |url=https://excelsol.com/hindu/essays/folktales.htm |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=excelsol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A karkarar Kerala, akwai wata al'ada da ake kira 'Odiyan' inda wasu mutane suka yi iƙirarin cewa za su iya sanya tsoro a zukatan mutane har su mutu ta hanyar amfani da wata dabara mai suna 'Otiviki'  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=M. S. A. |date=September 5, 1957 |title=Social Change in Malabar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jd0iAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Odiyan+malabar |publisher=Popular Book Depot |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Odiyan wani mutum ne mai suna a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Kerala, wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan rabi-mutum da rabi-dabba wanda ke saba da tituna da daddare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dare |first=Marcus Paul |date=September 5, 1940 |title=Indian Underworld: A First-hand Account of Hindu Saints, Sorcerers, and Superstitions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pU0AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Odiyan+malabar |publisher=E.P. Dutton &amp; Company, Incorporated |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan Odiyan suna amfani da takamaiman ganye a wasu sassan jikinsu, suna yin sihiri, kuma suna canza kansu zuwa dabbobi daban-daban, kamar bijimai, bijimai, ko diloli, bisa ga burinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thurston |first=Edgar |date=January 2021 |title=Omens and Superstitions of Southern India: Popular Books by Edgar Thurston : All times Bestseller Demanding Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxo5EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Odiyan+malabar&amp;pg=PT159}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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Wasu daga cikin shahararrun fasahar gargajiya da kabilanci na Indiya sune:

Daidaito tsakanin addinai da addinai a addinin Hindu yana gabatar da dalili ko bayanin da ke bayan ayyukan addini na gida kuma ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi na gida waɗanda ke bayyana al'adu ko bukukuwan addini. Al'adun gargajiya da yawa a Indiya suna rayuwa ta hanyar al'adar baki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-31 |title=Exploring India's Folk Storytelling Heritage – Voices Across Time |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/people/culture/exploring-indias-folk-storytelling-heritage-voices-across-time/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Travel and Leisure Asia {{!}} India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fasahar gargajiya ta Indiya ==
Fasahar gargajiya da ta ƙabila a Indiya tana nuna gadar ƙasar mai albarka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Folk and Tribal Art |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213152155/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=99 |archive-date=2011-12-13 |access-date=2011-11-27 |website=Know India. Culture and Heritage. Visual Arts and Literature |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fasahar Indiya tana da matuƙar sauƙi da haske. Fasahar gargajiya ta ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban kamar salon Mughal, salon Rajasthan, salon Nakashi da sauransu. Kowace nau'in tana da haɗin launi ko siffa ta musamman da halayenta. Sauran shahararrun fasahar gargajiya sun haɗa da fasahar Madhubani da zane-zanen Bhojpuri a Bihar, zane-zanen Kangra a Himachal Pradesh da zane-zanen Warli a Maharashtra. Ana amfani da ainihin zinare a zane-zanen Tanjore a Kudancin Indiya. Bikin baje kolin gida, bukukuwa, alloli da alloli da jarumai (mayaƙa) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan fasaha. A tarihi, manyan kabilu ne suka yi waɗannan fasaha amma a yau sun shahara a duk faɗin duniya.
 
Indiya tana da tarin waƙoƙin jarumtaka da almara da aka adana ta hanyar al'adar baki a cikin Sanskrit da harsunan gargajiya daban-daban. Dr. John Smith daga Rajasthan ya tattara wani irin wannan almara na baki wanda ke ba da labarin Pabuji; Wannan wata doguwar waƙa ce a cikin Rajasthan, wacce ƙwararrun masu ba da labari suka bayar da labarinta a al'ada da ake kira 'bhopas'. Suna ba da labarin a gaban wani zane da ke nuna halayen labarin tare da rakiyar wani kayan kida mai suna 'Ravanahatho' Babban halinsa shine wani yarima na tarihi na Rajput, wanda aka yi masa mu'amala da shi kamar allah a Rajasthan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The epic of Pabuji |url=http://bombay.oriental.cam.ac.uk/john/pabuji/statement.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511183037/http://bombay.oriental.cam.ac.uk/john/pabuji/statement.html |archive-date=2006-05-11 |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=bombay.oriental.cam.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Zanen Tanjo
* Zane-zanen Madhubani ko Mithila
* Zane-zanen Bhojpuri
* Zane mai tsarki
* Zanen Worley na Jama'a
* Screenshots
* Zane-zanen Rajasthan Ƙarami
* Kalamezhuthu

== Al'adun Indiya ==
[[Fayil:Thirayattam-_(Karumakan_Vallattu).JPG|thumb|Thirayattam (Karu Makan Ballatu)]]
Manyan tarin labaran gargajiya na Indiya sun haɗa da Panchatantra, tarin labaran gargajiya da Vishnu Sharma ya rubuta a ƙarni na biyu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Hitopadesha na Narayan Pandit tarin tatsuniyoyi ne na dabbobi masu tausayi waɗanda aka tattara a cikin Sanskrit a ƙarni na tara.

Garba da Dandia Ras na Gujarat, Sambalpuri dance na Orissa, Chou dance, Alkap da Gambhira na West Bengal, Bihu na Assam, Jhumur (Ghoomar) na Rajasthan da Haryana, Bhangra da Gidda na Punjab, Dhangar na Goa, Panthi dance na Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra dance na Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra Elements na daban  Kummicha Elements. Kargattam na Tamil Nadu, Kolattam na Andhra Pradesh, Yakshagana na Karnataka, Thirayattam na Kerala &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Thirayattam&quot; (Folklore Text -malayalam), Bhasha Institute, Keralam - {{ISBN|978-81-200-4294-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Chang Lo na Nagaland an samo su ne daga tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi da canje-canjen yanayi.

A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, masana tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na Indiya sun ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga nazarin al'adun gargajiya. Devendra Satyarthi, Krishnadev Upadhyay, Praful Datta Goswami, Kunj Bihari Das, Ashutosh Bhattacharya da sauran manyan masana tatsuniyoyin gargajiya sun ba da gudummawa ga nazarin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya. Tun daga shekarun 1970, wasu masana tatsuniyoyin gargajiya sun yi karatu a jami'o'in Amurka kuma sun sami horo a kan ka'idoji na zamani da hanyoyin binciken tatsuniyoyin gargajiya, wanda ya fara wani sabon salo a nazarin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya a Indiya. Jami'o'i a Kudancin Indiya, musamman, sun jaddada fannin ilimi na al'adun gargajiya. A.K. Ramanujan yana ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan mutanen da suka yi nazarin al'adun gargajiya daga mahallin Indiya.

An ƙarfafa nazarin tatsuniyoyi ta hanyar masanin tatsuniyoyi na ƙasar Finland Lauri Honko da kuma masanin tatsuniyoyi na Amurka Peter J. Klaus. Waɗannan ƙwararru biyu sun gudanar da bincike a fagen 'Siri Epic' kuma sun nuna sabbin hanyoyi ga masu bincike na Indiya. Cibiyar Harsunan Indiya ta Tsakiya ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka nazarin al'adun Indiya.

Kwanan nan, Chitrasen Pasayat, M D Muthukumaraswamy, Vivek Roy, Jawaharlal Handu, Virendra Nath Dutt, P C Pattanaik, B Reddy, Sadhana Nathani, P Chubachari, Molly Kaushal, Shyam Sundar Mahapatra, Bhavagrahi Mishra da sauran sabbin masana tatsuniyoyi suna da ƙarfi wanda ke wakiltar tunawa da muryar mutane wanda ya ba da gudummawa wajen tsara nazarin tatsuniyoyi a matsayin fanni. Cibiyar Tallafawa Tatsuniyoyi ta Ƙasa da ke Chennai ta ɗauki matakai don yaɗa al'adun tatsuniyoyi da haɗa al'umma da ilimi.

== Jaruman al'adun Indiya, mugaye da kuma jarumai masu wayo ==
Jaruman gargajiya na Indiya sun haɗa da Rama (daga Ramayana) da Krishna (daga Mahabharata). An san su sosai a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ana bauta musu a al'ada a matsayin alloli. Kowace al'umma mai alaƙa da ƙabila tana da jaruman gargajiya. Jaruman al'adun Chaotal sune Bir Kherwal da Bidu Chandan. Jarumin gargajiya na Gonds shine Chital Singh Satti. Jarumin gargajiya na Banjara shine Lakha Banjara ko Raja Ichalu. Littattafan Banjara galibi suna ɗauke da haruffa mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Folklore of India |url=https://excelsol.com/hindu/essays/folktales.htm |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=excelsol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littattafan almara na baka galibi suna da sigar al'adun gargajiya na yankuna daban-daban, waɗanda abubuwan da suka faru suka bambanta da labaran gargajiya. Wani lokaci ana bauta wa jaruman al'adu kuma ana bauta musu a ƙauyen. A al'adun al'adun Indiya, babu bambanci sosai tsakanin jarumi na tatsuniyoyi da jarumi na soyayya. A Kalahandi, ana samun labaran almara na baki a tsakanin mawaƙan ƙabila, waɗanda aka yi su a cikin mahallin addini da zamantakewa. An yi nazari sosai kan nau'ikan yatra na gargajiya da ƙabila daban-daban, kamar Dhanu Yatra da Sunia Yatra, kuma an binciki 'halayen jarumai' waɗanda a lokuta da yawa suka zama alloli na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Folklore of India |url=https://excelsol.com/hindu/essays/folktales.htm |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=excelsol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littattafan Indiya na baka sun yi yawa kuma ƙasashe da yawa suna da nasu waƙoƙin na baka. An gudanar da bincike mai zurfi da bincike kan waƙoƙin Tulu 'Siri Epic'. Yawancin ƙabilun Indiya suna da nasu littattafan kuma littattafai da yawa kamar su littattafan Tulu da littattafan Pabuji sun sami karbuwa sosai saboda buga fassarar Turanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Folklore of India |url=https://excelsol.com/hindu/essays/folktales.htm |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=excelsol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A karkarar Kerala, akwai wata al'ada da ake kira 'Odiyan' inda wasu mutane suka yi iƙirarin cewa za su iya sanya tsoro a zukatan mutane har su mutu ta hanyar amfani da wata dabara mai suna 'Otiviki'  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=M. S. A. |date=September 5, 1957 |title=Social Change in Malabar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jd0iAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Odiyan+malabar |publisher=Popular Book Depot |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Odiyan wani mutum ne mai suna a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Kerala, wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan rabi-mutum da rabi-dabba wanda ke saba da tituna da daddare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dare |first=Marcus Paul |date=September 5, 1940 |title=Indian Underworld: A First-hand Account of Hindu Saints, Sorcerers, and Superstitions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pU0AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Odiyan+malabar |publisher=E.P. Dutton &amp; Company, Incorporated |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan Odiyan suna amfani da takamaiman ganye a wasu sassan jikinsu, suna yin sihiri, kuma suna canza kansu zuwa dabbobi daban-daban, kamar bijimai, bijimai, ko diloli, bisa ga burinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thurston |first=Edgar |date=January 2021 |title=Omens and Superstitions of Southern India: Popular Books by Edgar Thurston : All times Bestseller Demanding Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxo5EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Odiyan+malabar&amp;pg=PT159}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Margret Okunga Makoha</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344814138|Margret Okunga Makoha]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1002" sha1="b7lp83150w1yrzdk5z04z0ttycsvj7g" xml:space="preserve">'''Margret Okunga Makoha''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Margaret Makokha''', 'yar siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta sabuwar gundumar Namayingo a babban zaɓen shekarar 2021 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namayingo PDM beneficiaries Receive money {{!}} Namayingo District |url=https://namayingo.go.ug/news/namayingo-pdm-beneficiaries-receive-money |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=namayingo.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two to tussle it out to become first Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* Gundumar Namayingo
* Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa
* Ɗan Majalisa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1249" sha1="6tm848knrjj0tqjfjhbopz3l0f0dqr7" xml:space="preserve">'''Margret Okunga Makoha''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Margaret Makokha''', 'yar siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta sabuwar gundumar Namayingo a babban zaɓen shekarar 2021 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namayingo PDM beneficiaries Receive money {{!}} Namayingo District |url=https://namayingo.go.ug/news/namayingo-pdm-beneficiaries-receive-money |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=namayingo.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two to tussle it out to become first Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* Gundumar Namayingo
* Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa
* Ɗan Majalisa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]
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'''Margret Okunga Makoha''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Margaret Makokha''', 'yar siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta sabuwar gundumar Namayingo a babban zaɓen shekarar 2021 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namayingo PDM beneficiaries Receive money {{!}} Namayingo District |url=https://namayingo.go.ug/news/namayingo-pdm-beneficiaries-receive-money |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=namayingo.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two to tussle it out to become first Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* Gundumar Namayingo
* Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa
* Ɗan Majalisa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]
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'''Margret Okunga Makoha''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Margaret Makokha''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 'yar siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta sabuwar gundumar Namayingo a babban zaɓen shekarar 2021 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namayingo PDM beneficiaries Receive money {{!}} Namayingo District |url=https://namayingo.go.ug/news/namayingo-pdm-beneficiaries-receive-money |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=namayingo.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two to tussle it out to become first Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* Gundumar Namayingo
* Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa
* Ɗan Majalisa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]
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'''Margret Okunga Makoha''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce aka fi sani da '''Margaret Makokha''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta sabuwar gundumar Namayingo a babban zaɓen shekarar 2021 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namayingo PDM beneficiaries Receive money {{!}} Namayingo District |url=https://namayingo.go.ug/news/namayingo-pdm-beneficiaries-receive-money |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=namayingo.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two to tussle it out to become first Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* Gundumar Namayingo
* Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa
* Ɗan Majalisa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Margret Okunga Makoha''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce aka fi sani da '''Margaret Makokha''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta sabuwar gundumar Namayingo a babban zaɓen shekarar 2021 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namayingo PDM beneficiaries Receive money {{!}} Namayingo District |url=https://namayingo.go.ug/news/namayingo-pdm-beneficiaries-receive-money |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=namayingo.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two to tussle it out to become first Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Margret Okunga Makoha''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce aka fi sani da '''Margaret Makokha''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasa ce a ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta sabuwar gundumar Namayingo a babban zaɓen shekarar 2021 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikala |first=Moses |date=23 July 2010 |title=Uganda: Two to Tussle it Out to Become First Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201007261250.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Allafrica |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namayingo PDM beneficiaries Receive money {{!}} Namayingo District |url=https://namayingo.go.ug/news/namayingo-pdm-beneficiaries-receive-money |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=namayingo.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two to tussle it out to become first Woman MP of Namayingo |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 11
* Gundumar Namayingo
* Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa
* Ɗan Majalisa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Dokokin Uganda]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4370" sha1="3p296o1soqbs8qb1pg7mazegdd8q304" xml:space="preserve">'''Janet H. Adkins''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1965) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar Amurka da ke aiki a matsayin mai kula da zaɓe na Gundumar Nassau tun daga 2021. Ta kasance memba a [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]], ta taɓa yin aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Florida daga 2008 zuwa 2012 kuma a matsayin memba na Hukumar Makarantun Gundumar Nassau daga 1998 zuwa 2008. Bayan Vicki Cannon ta daɗe tana aiki a matsayin Mai Kula da Zaɓe, an zaɓe ta a 2020 kuma aka sake zaɓe ta a 2024.

== Tarihi ==
An haifi Adkins a Jacksonville, kuma ta halarci Kwalejin Trinity Christian Academy, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a shekarar 1983. Bayan haka, ta halarci Kwalejin Jihar Florida da ke Jacksonville, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1985, da kuma Jami'ar North Florida, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar bayanai ta kwamfuta a shekarar 1987 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a shekarar 1990. Daga nan Adkins ta yi aiki a Tsarin Bayanai na Florida a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniyar fasahar bayanai, daga ƙarshe ta zama abokin hulɗa a kamfanin. An zaɓe ta a Hukumar Makarantar Gundumar Nassau a shekarar 1998, kuma ta yi aiki a can har sai da ta tsaya takarar majalisar dokoki a shekarar 2008.

== Majalisar Wakilai ta Florida ==
Lokacin da wakilin jiha mai ci Aaron Bean bai sami damar sake tsayawa takara ba a shekarar 2008, Adkins ya tsaya takarar maye gurbinsa a Gundumar 12, wadda ta haɗa da Gundumar Baker, Gundumar Nassau, Gundumar Union, da wasu sassan Gundumar Bradford, Gundumar Clay, da Duval . Ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] a kan Bobby Hart cikin kwanciyar hankali da kashi 59% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, kuma ba ta da abokin hamayya a babban zaɓen. An sake zaɓen Adkins ba tare da an yi takara ba a shekarar 2010.

Bayan sake fasalin gundumomi a shekarar 2012, an mayar da Adkins zuwa Gundumar 11, wadda ta ƙunshi gidanta a Gundumar Nassau, kuma ta bar ikonta zuwa Florida Panhandle don musanya babban yanki na Gundumar Duval, wanda ya miƙe kudu zuwa Jacksonville Beach . A zaɓen fidda gwani [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]], lauya Cord Byrd ya yi mata adawa. Adkins ya soki abokin hamayyarta da kasancewa &quot;lauyan raunin kai wanda ke ƙarar ƙananan 'yan kasuwa,&quot; kuma ta ƙi amincewa da shi kan kuɗaɗen jihar don Jirgin Ruwa na St. Johns, wanda ta goyi baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bauerlein |first=David |date=August 2, 2012 |title=Janet Adkins squares off with Cord Byrd for state House district 11 seat |url=http://jacksonville.com/community/nassau/2012-08-02/story/janet-adkins-squares-cord-byrd-state-house-district-11-seat |access-date=December 6, 2013 |website=[[Florida Times-Union]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami amincewar tsohon Gwamna Jeb Bush, wanda ya yaba mata a matsayin &quot;wakilin jiha wanda ya sanya inganta ilimi ga ɗaliban Florida fifiko.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Derby |first=Kevin |date=July 17, 2012 |title=HD 11: Janet Adkins Gets Jeb Bush's Support as GOP Primary Looms |url=http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/story/hd-11-janet-adkins-gets-jeb-bushs-support-gop-primary-looms |access-date=December 6, 2013 |website=Sunshine State News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gasar da ke tsakanin su biyun ba ta kusa ba, kuma Adkins ta lashe zaɓen jam'iyyarta da kashi 65% na ƙuri'un. A babban zaɓen, ta fuskanci ɗan takarar Democrat Dave Smith da ɗan takarar da ya rubuta takardar neman shiga. Saboda ƙarfin rinjayen jam'iyyar, Adkins ya lashe zaɓen da yawa fiye da Smith, inda ya lashe kashi 72% na ƙuri'un.

A shekarar 2016, Adkins ya ɗauki nauyin HB 1411, wanda ya ƙara ƙa'idojin jiha kan ayyukan zubar da ciki da zubar da ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida House of Representatives - CS/CS/HB 1411 - Termination of Pregnancies |url=http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=56464 |access-date=10 May 2017 |website=www.myfloridahouse.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zartar da dokar a majalisar dokokin jihar mai rinjayen 'yan Republican kuma Gwamna Rick Scott ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2016. A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2016, Planned Parenthood ta shigar da ƙara a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arewacin Florida kan Jihar Florida, kuma ta yi zargin cewa dokar ta saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <text bytes="4382" sha1="gsng3zckrojgoy4nma9x3pquif8fcor" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Janet H. Adkins''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1965) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar Amurka da ke aiki a matsayin mai kula da zaɓe na Gundumar Nassau tun daga 2021. Ta kasance memba a [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]], ta taɓa yin aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Florida daga 2008 zuwa 2012 kuma a matsayin memba na Hukumar Makarantun Gundumar Nassau daga 1998 zuwa 2008. Bayan Vicki Cannon ta daɗe tana aiki a matsayin Mai Kula da Zaɓe, an zaɓe ta a 2020 kuma aka sake zaɓe ta a 2024.

== Tarihi ==
An haifi Adkins a Jacksonville, kuma ta halarci Kwalejin Trinity Christian Academy, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a shekarar 1983. Bayan haka, ta halarci Kwalejin Jihar Florida da ke Jacksonville, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1985, da kuma Jami'ar North Florida, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar bayanai ta kwamfuta a shekarar 1987 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a shekarar 1990. Daga nan Adkins ta yi aiki a Tsarin Bayanai na Florida a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniyar fasahar bayanai, daga ƙarshe ta zama abokin hulɗa a kamfanin. An zaɓe ta a Hukumar Makarantar Gundumar Nassau a shekarar 1998, kuma ta yi aiki a can har sai da ta tsaya takarar majalisar dokoki a shekarar 2008.

== Majalisar Wakilai ta Florida ==
Lokacin da wakilin jiha mai ci Aaron Bean bai sami damar sake tsayawa takara ba a shekarar 2008, Adkins ya tsaya takarar maye gurbinsa a Gundumar 12, wadda ta haɗa da Gundumar Baker, Gundumar Nassau, Gundumar Union, da wasu sassan Gundumar Bradford, Gundumar Clay, da Duval . Ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] a kan Bobby Hart cikin kwanciyar hankali da kashi 59% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, kuma ba ta da abokin hamayya a babban zaɓen. An sake zaɓen Adkins ba tare da an yi takara ba a shekarar 2010.

Bayan sake fasalin gundumomi a shekarar 2012, an mayar da Adkins zuwa Gundumar 11, wadda ta ƙunshi gidanta a Gundumar Nassau, kuma ta bar ikonta zuwa Florida Panhandle don musanya babban yanki na Gundumar Duval, wanda ya miƙe kudu zuwa Jacksonville Beach . A zaɓen fidda gwani [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]], lauya Cord Byrd ya yi mata adawa. Adkins ya soki abokin hamayyarta da kasancewa &quot;lauyan raunin kai wanda ke ƙarar ƙananan 'yan kasuwa,&quot; kuma ta ƙi amincewa da shi kan kuɗaɗen jihar don Jirgin Ruwa na St. Johns, wanda ta goyi baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bauerlein |first=David |date=August 2, 2012 |title=Janet Adkins squares off with Cord Byrd for state House district 11 seat |url=http://jacksonville.com/community/nassau/2012-08-02/story/janet-adkins-squares-cord-byrd-state-house-district-11-seat |access-date=December 6, 2013 |website=[[Florida Times-Union]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami amincewar tsohon Gwamna Jeb Bush, wanda ya yaba mata a matsayin &quot;wakilin jiha wanda ya sanya inganta ilimi ga ɗaliban Florida fifiko.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Derby |first=Kevin |date=July 17, 2012 |title=HD 11: Janet Adkins Gets Jeb Bush's Support as GOP Primary Looms |url=http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/story/hd-11-janet-adkins-gets-jeb-bushs-support-gop-primary-looms |access-date=December 6, 2013 |website=Sunshine State News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gasar da ke tsakanin su biyun ba ta kusa ba, kuma Adkins ta lashe zaɓen jam'iyyarta da kashi 65% na ƙuri'un. A babban zaɓen, ta fuskanci ɗan takarar Democrat Dave Smith da ɗan takarar da ya rubuta takardar neman shiga. Saboda ƙarfin rinjayen jam'iyyar, Adkins ya lashe zaɓen da yawa fiye da Smith, inda ya lashe kashi 72% na ƙuri'un.

A shekarar 2016, Adkins ya ɗauki nauyin HB 1411, wanda ya ƙara ƙa'idojin jiha kan ayyukan zubar da ciki da zubar da ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida House of Representatives - CS/CS/HB 1411 - Termination of Pregnancies |url=http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=56464 |access-date=10 May 2017 |website=www.myfloridahouse.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zartar da dokar a majalisar dokokin jihar mai rinjayen 'yan Republican kuma Gwamna Rick Scott ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2016. A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2016, Planned Parenthood ta shigar da ƙara a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arewacin Florida kan Jihar Florida, kuma ta yi zargin cewa dokar ta saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]</text>
      <sha1>gsng3zckrojgoy4nma9x3pquif8fcor</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lashrecse</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345361879|Lashrecse Aird]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="14863" sha1="eg1t7gldve7nm7mive1p6i8qa3ya5xz" xml:space="preserve">Lashrecse Dianna Aird / ˌla. ʃəˈɹis / (née Jones ; an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1986) ɗan siyasa ne na Amurka ɗan Democrat wanda ya wakilci Gundumar 63 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia daga 2016 zuwa 2022. Gundumar ta haɗa da Gundumar Dinwiddie da birnin Petersburg da kuma wasu sassan gundumomin Chesterfield da Prince George . Aird ya yi aiki a kwamitocin Dokoki na Gabaɗaya, Lafiya, Jin Daɗi da Cibiyoyi, da kuma Kwamitocin Raba Kuɗi.

A shekarar 2023, an zaɓe ta don wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 da ke Virginia bayan ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat da kuma babban zaɓen da ya biyo baya.

== Sana'a ==
An haifi Aird a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1986. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lashrecse Aird's Biography |url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/156437/lashrecse-aird |access-date=August 29, 2021 |website=[[Vote Smart]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da take karatun Jami'ar Jihar Virginia, Aird ta haɗu da Rosalyn Dance, wacce ta gayyace ta ta nemi aikin horon aiki tare da ofishinta. Aird ta yi horon aiki da Dance a duk lokacin kwaleji kuma ta yi aiki da Dance a matsayin mataimakiyar majalisa bayan kwaleji. Lokacin da Dance ta tsaya takarar Sanatan jihar a shekarar 2015, Aird ta yi takara don cike gurbin kujerarta a Majalisar Wakilai. Ita ce mace mafi ƙaranci da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia . 

A shekarar 2016, Aird ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Zaɓe ta Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-19 |title=Aird Speaks About Representing Virginia at Electoral College Vote |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-speaks-about-representing-virginia-at-electoral-college-vote/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2017, Kakakin Jam'iyyar Republican William J. Howell ya naɗa Aird a Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi na Majalisar Wakilai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-01-16 |title=Aird Appointed to House Appropriations Committee |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-appointed-to-house-appropriations-committee/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aird shine Shugaban Kwamitin Dimokuradiyya na Gundumar Majalisa ta 4, wanda ke kula da kwamitocin Democrat na gida a yankin da ke tsakanin Hampton Roads da Richmond. Aird kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Virginia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State Steering Committee |url=https://vademocrats.org/your-party/state-steering-committee/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020, an naɗa Aird a Hukumar Farfaɗo da Yankin Taba ta Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-18 |title=Delegate Aird Appointed to Virginia Tobacco Region Revitalization Commission |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/delegate-lashrecse-aird-appointed-to-the-tobacco-region-revitalization-commission/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, Aird ta yi aiki tare da shugabannin yankin, 'yan majalisar dokoki, da kuma Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki ta Virginia don samun dala $25.&amp;nbsp;zuba jarin miliyoyin kuɗi daga Civica Rx don faɗaɗa ayyukan masana'antar su a Petersburg, Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-05 |title=AMPAC Fine Chemicals to expand Petersburg operation with $25M investment |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/ampac-fine-chemicals-to-expand-petersburg-operation-with-25m-investment/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Kim Taylor, 'yar kasuwa 'yar Republican, ta sha kaye da kyar a zabenta na gaba .

A shekarar 2023, ta tsaya takarar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 a Virginia . Sanatocin jihar Jennifer Boysko, Ghazala Hashmi, Barbara Favola, Janet Howell, Mamie Locke, da Louise Lucas sun goyi bayanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Sen. Joe Morrissey slammed by 6 fellow Democrats for 'destructive' behavior |url=https://news.yahoo.com/sen-joe-morrissey-slammed-6-161000884.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat da Joe Morrissey mai ci da rinjaye da kashi 40%. 

A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Lashrecse Aird ta kayar da Eric Ditri a babban zaɓen majalisar dattawa na gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 da ke Virginia . Ta hau mulki a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2024.

== Matsayin siyasa ==
A shekarar 2019, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 2005 wadda ta faɗaɗa cancantar samun taimako na wucin gadi ga iyalai mabukata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2005 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2005 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2019, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 2317 wadda ta kafa tsarin tsaro inda iyaye za su iya neman kasancewar jami'in tsaro yayin musayar 'yan sanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2317 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2317 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020, Aird ta haɗu da Luke Torian a matsayin babban mai tallafawa kan HB 1250, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar 'Yan Sanda ta Al'umma ta Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HB 1250 Virginia Community Policing Act; data collection and reporting requirement. House patrons |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+mbr+HB1250 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin shekarar 2020, ba a buƙaci ma'aikata a Commonwealth of Virginia su ba wa ma'aikatansu takardu da ke nuna adadin sa'o'in da suka yi aiki ko kuma yadda aka ƙididdige jimillar albashin da aka biya ba. A lokacin zaman Majalisar Dokoki na 2020, Aird ta zartar da HB 689 wanda yanzu ya tilasta wa ma'aikata su samar da takardun albashi ga ma'aikatansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB689 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB689 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a lokacin zaman 2020, Aird ta zartar da HB 757, wanda ke kula da binciken bayanan laifuka ga ma'aikata masu zuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB757 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB757&amp;201+sum+HB757 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aird ta zartar da HB 690 wanda ya soke haramcin ƙara adadin Taimakon Wucin Gadi ga Iyalai Masu Bukata (TANF) da iyali ke samu bayan haihuwar ɗa a lokacin cancantar TANF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB690 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB690 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aird ya haɗu da Christopher Collins na Republican a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kamfani a kan HB 2655 wanda ya kafa Shirin Gwaji na Korar Ma'aikata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2655 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2655 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin zaman 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Marcia Price a matsayin mai tallafawa a kan dokar HB 1864 (wanda kuma aka sani da dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Virginia) wadda ta faɗaɗa ma'anar &quot;ma'aikaci&quot; don haɗawa da mutanen da ke ɗaukar ma'aikatan gida aiki. Dokar ta kuma haramta wariya a wurin aiki bisa ga launin fata, addini, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, nakasa, da sauran dalilai.

=== Ilimi ===
[[Fayil:Aird_with_children_LR_JHWL2243.jpg|thumb|Aird ta ziyarci wani shiri na bayan makaranta a Petersburg, Virginia a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2021]]
Aird ta ba da muhimmanci sosai ga ilimi ta hanyar dokoki da kuma fafutukar neman kuɗi ga tsarin makarantu a gundumarta.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-03 |title=Press Release: Delegate Aird Delivers Remarks at Dinwiddie High School |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/press-release-delegate-aird-delivers-remarks-at-dinwiddie-high-school/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, Aird ta gabatar da wani gyara a kasafin kudi domin kara kudaden da za a kashe wajen shirin karawa masu fama da matsalar hadari a jihar, wanda zai kara yawan kudaden da jihar ke kashewa ga makarantu masu karancin kudin shiga. 

A shekarar 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Jennifer McClellan don sake gabatar da doka don buƙatar jihar ta cika wajibcin samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi da Hukumar Ilimi ta Jiha ta tsara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martz |first=Michael |date=25 January 2021 |title=Legislators renew push to fully fund, update standards for public education |url=https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/legislators-renew-push-to-fully-fund-update-standards-for-public-education/article_b5333679-45f3-5220-8af8-13c94593cd0a.html |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Bill |title=Lawmakers push colleagues for more money to fix public school disparity: 'Show me something' |url=https://www.progress-index.com/story/news/2021/01/25/va-lawmakers-vea-push-general-assembly-more-equality-funding/4250142001/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Progress Index |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Danica Roem a matsayin mai tallafawa kan kudirin ta na buƙatar dukkan gundumomin makarantu da suka cancanta su shiga cikin Shirin Abinci na Tarayya bayan Makaranta (HB 2135). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2135 &gt; 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?212+sum+HB2135 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 1930 wadda ta hana yawancin jami'o'in jihohi yin tambaya game da tarihin laifukan mai nema a lokacin tsarin shiga jami'a na farko (wata manufa da aka fi sani da Ban Box ). A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2021, Gwamna Ralph Northam ya shiga Aird don sanya hannu kan kudirin a bikin a Makarantar Sakandare ta Dinwiddie da ke Dinwiddie, Virginia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2021 |title=Gov. Northam signs higher education bill |url=https://www.nbc12.com/2021/06/03/gov-northam-signs-higher-education-bill/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.nbc12.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhalli ===
Kamfanin Aird ya yi haɗin gwiwa da kamfanin HB 1526, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Tsabtace Tattalin Arziki ta Virginia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; Patrons &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+mbr+HB1526 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara VCEA a fannoni huɗu na manufofi da nufin cimma daidaiton gurɓataccen iskar carbon: rage gurɓataccen iskar carbon, kafa ƙa'idodin albarkatun da suka dace da makamashi, ƙarfafa ƙananan makamashin hasken rana a saman rufin, da kuma haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta makamashi mai tsafta 100%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=4 Things You Should Know About the Virginia Clean Economy Act on its 1-Year Anniversary |url=https://vcnva.org/virginia-clean-economy-act-anniversary/ |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Virginia Conservation Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, Aird ta dauki nauyin kuma ta amince da HB 2741, wanda ya kafa Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Makamashi Mai Tsabta ta Virginia kuma ta ƙirƙiri wani shiri na gwaji don rarraba lamuni da rangwame don shigar da kayayyakin more rayuwa na makamashin rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2741 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2741 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, Aird ta dauki nauyin kuma ta amince da HB 1707 don ƙara yawan membobin hukumar. Dokar ta tanadi cewa sabbin membobin &quot;za su zama ƙwararre mai ƙwarewa wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ƙarfafawa da lamuni na ƙarancin kuɗi da na matsakaicin kuɗi don albarkatun makamashi masu sabuntawa da aka rarraba kuma ɗayan sabon memba zai zama lauya wanda ke kula da aikin shari'a wanda aka keɓe don ci gaban karkara, samar da wutar lantarki a karkara, da manufofin makamashi.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB1707 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB1707 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyar jama'a ===
A shekarar 2019, Aird ta haɗu da Marcia Price don gabatar da wani kuduri &quot;gane matsalar mace-macen mata da jarirai a Amurka.&quot; Kudirin ya haɗa da harshe da ke magance tushen mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, ciki har da bayyana cewa mace-macen mata da jarirai &quot;yana ƙara ta'azzara ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar talauci, rashin daidaiton jinsi, shekaru, da nau'ikan wariya da yawa, da kuma abubuwa kamar rashin isassun cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da fasaha da rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality: Black women far more likely to die giving birth than Caucasians |url=http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/may/10/maternal-mortality-black-women-far-more-likely-die/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=richmondfreepress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, Aird ta amince da HB 687 wanda ya kafa shirin ba da takardar shaida na jiha ga doulas da kuma faɗaɗa cancantar marasa lafiya da ke neman samun damar ayyukan doula. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB689 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB689 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Aird ta zartar da HJ 538, wani kuduri da ya amince da samun ruwa mai tsafta, mai tsafta, kuma mai araha haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam kuma an kafa shi don tabbatar da cewa babu wani ɗan ƙasar Virginia da zai je ba tare da samun wannan buƙata mai mahimmanci ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HJ538 &gt; 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?212+sum+HJ538 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aird mai fafutukar ' [[Haƙƙin haifuwa|yancin haihuwa]] ce kuma tana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar Virginia League for Planned Parenthood . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leadership {{!}} The Virginia League for Planned Parenthood {{!}} ConnectVA |url=https://www.connectva.org/groups/the-virginia-league-for-planned-parenthood/leadership/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin COVID-19 ====
Bayan tattaunawa da masu ba da amsa na farko game da ƙalubalen da suka fuskanta wajen yaƙi da annobar COVID-19, Aird ta amince da dokar HB 1989, wadda ta umarci Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Virginia da ta raba bayanan lafiyar jama'a na ainihin lokaci tare da ma'aikatan lafiya na gaggawa don taimakawa rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB1989 &gt; 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?211+sum+HB1989 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haƙƙoƙin zaɓe ===

== UNassoshi ==

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[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
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Lashrecse Dianna Aird / ˌla. ʃəˈɹis / (née Jones ; an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1986) ɗan siyasa ne na Amurka ɗan Democrat wanda ya wakilci Gundumar 63 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia daga 2016 zuwa 2022. Gundumar ta haɗa da Gundumar Dinwiddie da birnin Petersburg da kuma wasu sassan gundumomin Chesterfield da Prince George . Aird ya yi aiki a kwamitocin Dokoki na Gabaɗaya, Lafiya, Jin Daɗi da Cibiyoyi, da kuma Kwamitocin Raba Kuɗi.

A shekarar 2023, an zaɓe ta don wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 da ke Virginia bayan ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat da kuma babban zaɓen da ya biyo baya.

== Sana'a ==
An haifi Aird a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1986. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lashrecse Aird's Biography |url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/156437/lashrecse-aird |access-date=August 29, 2021 |website=[[Vote Smart]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da take karatun Jami'ar Jihar Virginia, Aird ta haɗu da Rosalyn Dance, wacce ta gayyace ta ta nemi aikin horon aiki tare da ofishinta. Aird ta yi horon aiki da Dance a duk lokacin kwaleji kuma ta yi aiki da Dance a matsayin mataimakiyar majalisa bayan kwaleji. Lokacin da Dance ta tsaya takarar Sanatan jihar a shekarar 2015, Aird ta yi takara don cike gurbin kujerarta a Majalisar Wakilai. Ita ce mace mafi ƙaranci da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia . 

A shekarar 2016, Aird ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Zaɓe ta Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-19 |title=Aird Speaks About Representing Virginia at Electoral College Vote |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-speaks-about-representing-virginia-at-electoral-college-vote/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2017, Kakakin Jam'iyyar Republican William J. Howell ya naɗa Aird a Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi na Majalisar Wakilai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-01-16 |title=Aird Appointed to House Appropriations Committee |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-appointed-to-house-appropriations-committee/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aird shine Shugaban Kwamitin Dimokuradiyya na Gundumar Majalisa ta 4, wanda ke kula da kwamitocin Democrat na gida a yankin da ke tsakanin Hampton Roads da Richmond. Aird kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Virginia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State Steering Committee |url=https://vademocrats.org/your-party/state-steering-committee/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020, an naɗa Aird a Hukumar Farfaɗo da Yankin Taba ta Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-18 |title=Delegate Aird Appointed to Virginia Tobacco Region Revitalization Commission |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/delegate-lashrecse-aird-appointed-to-the-tobacco-region-revitalization-commission/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, Aird ta yi aiki tare da shugabannin yankin, 'yan majalisar dokoki, da kuma Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki ta Virginia don samun dala $25.&amp;nbsp;zuba jarin miliyoyin kuɗi daga Civica Rx don faɗaɗa ayyukan masana'antar su a Petersburg, Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-05 |title=AMPAC Fine Chemicals to expand Petersburg operation with $25M investment |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/ampac-fine-chemicals-to-expand-petersburg-operation-with-25m-investment/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Kim Taylor, 'yar kasuwa 'yar Republican, ta sha kaye da kyar a zabenta na gaba .

A shekarar 2023, ta tsaya takarar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 a Virginia . Sanatocin jihar Jennifer Boysko, Ghazala Hashmi, Barbara Favola, Janet Howell, Mamie Locke, da Louise Lucas sun goyi bayanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Sen. Joe Morrissey slammed by 6 fellow Democrats for 'destructive' behavior |url=https://news.yahoo.com/sen-joe-morrissey-slammed-6-161000884.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat da Joe Morrissey mai ci da rinjaye da kashi 40%. 

A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Lashrecse Aird ta kayar da Eric Ditri a babban zaɓen majalisar dattawa na gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 da ke Virginia . Ta hau mulki a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2024.

== Matsayin siyasa ==
A shekarar 2019, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 2005 wadda ta faɗaɗa cancantar samun taimako na wucin gadi ga iyalai mabukata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2005 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2005 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2019, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 2317 wadda ta kafa tsarin tsaro inda iyaye za su iya neman kasancewar jami'in tsaro yayin musayar 'yan sanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2317 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2317 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020, Aird ta haɗu da Luke Torian a matsayin babban mai tallafawa kan HB 1250, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar 'Yan Sanda ta Al'umma ta Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HB 1250 Virginia Community Policing Act; data collection and reporting requirement. House patrons |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+mbr+HB1250 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin shekarar 2020, ba a buƙaci ma'aikata a Commonwealth of Virginia su ba wa ma'aikatansu takardu da ke nuna adadin sa'o'in da suka yi aiki ko kuma yadda aka ƙididdige jimillar albashin da aka biya ba. A lokacin zaman Majalisar Dokoki na 2020, Aird ta zartar da HB 689 wanda yanzu ya tilasta wa ma'aikata su samar da takardun albashi ga ma'aikatansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB689 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB689 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a lokacin zaman 2020, Aird ta zartar da HB 757, wanda ke kula da binciken bayanan laifuka ga ma'aikata masu zuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB757 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB757&amp;201+sum+HB757 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aird ta zartar da HB 690 wanda ya soke haramcin ƙara adadin Taimakon Wucin Gadi ga Iyalai Masu Bukata (TANF) da iyali ke samu bayan haihuwar ɗa a lokacin cancantar TANF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB690 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB690 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aird ya haɗu da Christopher Collins na Republican a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kamfani a kan HB 2655 wanda ya kafa Shirin Gwaji na Korar Ma'aikata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2655 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2655 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin zaman 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Marcia Price a matsayin mai tallafawa a kan dokar HB 1864 (wanda kuma aka sani da dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Virginia) wadda ta faɗaɗa ma'anar &quot;ma'aikaci&quot; don haɗawa da mutanen da ke ɗaukar ma'aikatan gida aiki. Dokar ta kuma haramta wariya a wurin aiki bisa ga launin fata, addini, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, nakasa, da sauran dalilai.

=== Ilimi ===
[[Fayil:Aird_with_children_LR_JHWL2243.jpg|thumb|Aird ta ziyarci wani shiri na bayan makaranta a Petersburg, Virginia a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2021]]
Aird ta ba da muhimmanci sosai ga ilimi ta hanyar dokoki da kuma fafutukar neman kuɗi ga tsarin makarantu a gundumarta.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-03 |title=Press Release: Delegate Aird Delivers Remarks at Dinwiddie High School |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/press-release-delegate-aird-delivers-remarks-at-dinwiddie-high-school/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, Aird ta gabatar da wani gyara a kasafin kudi domin kara kudaden da za a kashe wajen shirin karawa masu fama da matsalar hadari a jihar, wanda zai kara yawan kudaden da jihar ke kashewa ga makarantu masu karancin kudin shiga. 

A shekarar 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Jennifer McClellan don sake gabatar da doka don buƙatar jihar ta cika wajibcin samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi da Hukumar Ilimi ta Jiha ta tsara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martz |first=Michael |date=25 January 2021 |title=Legislators renew push to fully fund, update standards for public education |url=https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/legislators-renew-push-to-fully-fund-update-standards-for-public-education/article_b5333679-45f3-5220-8af8-13c94593cd0a.html |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Bill |title=Lawmakers push colleagues for more money to fix public school disparity: 'Show me something' |url=https://www.progress-index.com/story/news/2021/01/25/va-lawmakers-vea-push-general-assembly-more-equality-funding/4250142001/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Progress Index |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Danica Roem a matsayin mai tallafawa kan kudirin ta na buƙatar dukkan gundumomin makarantu da suka cancanta su shiga cikin Shirin Abinci na Tarayya bayan Makaranta (HB 2135). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2135 &gt; 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?212+sum+HB2135 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 1930 wadda ta hana yawancin jami'o'in jihohi yin tambaya game da tarihin laifukan mai nema a lokacin tsarin shiga jami'a na farko (wata manufa da aka fi sani da Ban Box ). A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2021, Gwamna Ralph Northam ya shiga Aird don sanya hannu kan kudirin a bikin a Makarantar Sakandare ta Dinwiddie da ke Dinwiddie, Virginia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2021 |title=Gov. Northam signs higher education bill |url=https://www.nbc12.com/2021/06/03/gov-northam-signs-higher-education-bill/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.nbc12.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhalli ===
Kamfanin Aird ya yi haɗin gwiwa da kamfanin HB 1526, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Tsabtace Tattalin Arziki ta Virginia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; Patrons &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+mbr+HB1526 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara VCEA a fannoni huɗu na manufofi da nufin cimma daidaiton gurɓataccen iskar carbon: rage gurɓataccen iskar carbon, kafa ƙa'idodin albarkatun da suka dace da makamashi, ƙarfafa ƙananan makamashin hasken rana a saman rufin, da kuma haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta makamashi mai tsafta 100%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=4 Things You Should Know About the Virginia Clean Economy Act on its 1-Year Anniversary |url=https://vcnva.org/virginia-clean-economy-act-anniversary/ |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Virginia Conservation Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, Aird ta dauki nauyin kuma ta amince da HB 2741, wanda ya kafa Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Makamashi Mai Tsabta ta Virginia kuma ta ƙirƙiri wani shiri na gwaji don rarraba lamuni da rangwame don shigar da kayayyakin more rayuwa na makamashin rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2741 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2741 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, Aird ta dauki nauyin kuma ta amince da HB 1707 don ƙara yawan membobin hukumar. Dokar ta tanadi cewa sabbin membobin &quot;za su zama ƙwararre mai ƙwarewa wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ƙarfafawa da lamuni na ƙarancin kuɗi da na matsakaicin kuɗi don albarkatun makamashi masu sabuntawa da aka rarraba kuma ɗayan sabon memba zai zama lauya wanda ke kula da aikin shari'a wanda aka keɓe don ci gaban karkara, samar da wutar lantarki a karkara, da manufofin makamashi.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB1707 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB1707 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyar jama'a ===
A shekarar 2019, Aird ta haɗu da Marcia Price don gabatar da wani kuduri &quot;gane matsalar mace-macen mata da jarirai a Amurka.&quot; Kudirin ya haɗa da harshe da ke magance tushen mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, ciki har da bayyana cewa mace-macen mata da jarirai &quot;yana ƙara ta'azzara ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar talauci, rashin daidaiton jinsi, shekaru, da nau'ikan wariya da yawa, da kuma abubuwa kamar rashin isassun cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da fasaha da rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality: Black women far more likely to die giving birth than Caucasians |url=http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/may/10/maternal-mortality-black-women-far-more-likely-die/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=richmondfreepress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, Aird ta amince da HB 687 wanda ya kafa shirin ba da takardar shaida na jiha ga doulas da kuma faɗaɗa cancantar marasa lafiya da ke neman samun damar ayyukan doula. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB689 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB689 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Aird ta zartar da HJ 538, wani kuduri da ya amince da samun ruwa mai tsafta, mai tsafta, kuma mai araha haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam kuma an kafa shi don tabbatar da cewa babu wani ɗan ƙasar Virginia da zai je ba tare da samun wannan buƙata mai mahimmanci ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HJ538 &gt; 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?212+sum+HJ538 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aird mai fafutukar ' [[Haƙƙin haifuwa|yancin haihuwa]] ce kuma tana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar Virginia League for Planned Parenthood . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leadership {{!}} The Virginia League for Planned Parenthood {{!}} ConnectVA |url=https://www.connectva.org/groups/the-virginia-league-for-planned-parenthood/leadership/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin COVID-19 ====
Bayan tattaunawa da masu ba da amsa na farko game da ƙalubalen da suka fuskanta wajen yaƙi da annobar COVID-19, Aird ta amince da dokar HB 1989, wadda ta umarci Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Virginia da ta raba bayanan lafiyar jama'a na ainihin lokaci tare da ma'aikatan lafiya na gaggawa don taimakawa rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB1989 &gt; 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?211+sum+HB1989 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haƙƙoƙin zaɓe ===

== UNassoshi ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <text bytes="14875" sha1="l4w21ijx4nn2vdeii4csp5fn1ykop65" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Lashrecse Dianna Aird / ˌla. ʃəˈɹis / (née Jones ; an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1986) ɗan siyasa ne na Amurka ɗan Democrat wanda ya wakilci Gundumar 63 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia daga 2016 zuwa 2022. Gundumar ta haɗa da Gundumar Dinwiddie da birnin Petersburg da kuma wasu sassan gundumomin Chesterfield da Prince George . Aird ya yi aiki a kwamitocin Dokoki na Gabaɗaya, Lafiya, Jin Daɗi da Cibiyoyi, da kuma Kwamitocin Raba Kuɗi.

A shekarar 2023, an zaɓe ta don wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 da ke Virginia bayan ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat da kuma babban zaɓen da ya biyo baya.

== Sana'a ==
An haifi Aird a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1986. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lashrecse Aird's Biography |url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/156437/lashrecse-aird |access-date=August 29, 2021 |website=[[Vote Smart]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da take karatun Jami'ar Jihar Virginia, Aird ta haɗu da Rosalyn Dance, wacce ta gayyace ta ta nemi aikin horon aiki tare da ofishinta. Aird ta yi horon aiki da Dance a duk lokacin kwaleji kuma ta yi aiki da Dance a matsayin mataimakiyar majalisa bayan kwaleji. Lokacin da Dance ta tsaya takarar Sanatan jihar a shekarar 2015, Aird ta yi takara don cike gurbin kujerarta a Majalisar Wakilai. Ita ce mace mafi ƙaranci da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia . 

A shekarar 2016, Aird ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Zaɓe ta Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-19 |title=Aird Speaks About Representing Virginia at Electoral College Vote |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-speaks-about-representing-virginia-at-electoral-college-vote/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2017, Kakakin Jam'iyyar Republican William J. Howell ya naɗa Aird a Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi na Majalisar Wakilai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-01-16 |title=Aird Appointed to House Appropriations Committee |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-appointed-to-house-appropriations-committee/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aird shine Shugaban Kwamitin Dimokuradiyya na Gundumar Majalisa ta 4, wanda ke kula da kwamitocin Democrat na gida a yankin da ke tsakanin Hampton Roads da Richmond. Aird kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Virginia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State Steering Committee |url=https://vademocrats.org/your-party/state-steering-committee/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020, an naɗa Aird a Hukumar Farfaɗo da Yankin Taba ta Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-18 |title=Delegate Aird Appointed to Virginia Tobacco Region Revitalization Commission |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/delegate-lashrecse-aird-appointed-to-the-tobacco-region-revitalization-commission/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, Aird ta yi aiki tare da shugabannin yankin, 'yan majalisar dokoki, da kuma Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki ta Virginia don samun dala $25.&amp;nbsp;zuba jarin miliyoyin kuɗi daga Civica Rx don faɗaɗa ayyukan masana'antar su a Petersburg, Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-05 |title=AMPAC Fine Chemicals to expand Petersburg operation with $25M investment |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/ampac-fine-chemicals-to-expand-petersburg-operation-with-25m-investment/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Kim Taylor, 'yar kasuwa 'yar Republican, ta sha kaye da kyar a zabenta na gaba .

A shekarar 2023, ta tsaya takarar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 a Virginia . Sanatocin jihar Jennifer Boysko, Ghazala Hashmi, Barbara Favola, Janet Howell, Mamie Locke, da Louise Lucas sun goyi bayanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Sen. Joe Morrissey slammed by 6 fellow Democrats for 'destructive' behavior |url=https://news.yahoo.com/sen-joe-morrissey-slammed-6-161000884.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat da Joe Morrissey mai ci da rinjaye da kashi 40%. 

A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Lashrecse Aird ta kayar da Eric Ditri a babban zaɓen majalisar dattawa na gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 da ke Virginia . Ta hau mulki a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2024.

== Matsayin siyasa ==
A shekarar 2019, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 2005 wadda ta faɗaɗa cancantar samun taimako na wucin gadi ga iyalai mabukata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2005 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2005 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2019, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 2317 wadda ta kafa tsarin tsaro inda iyaye za su iya neman kasancewar jami'in tsaro yayin musayar 'yan sanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2317 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2317 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020, Aird ta haɗu da Luke Torian a matsayin babban mai tallafawa kan HB 1250, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar 'Yan Sanda ta Al'umma ta Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HB 1250 Virginia Community Policing Act; data collection and reporting requirement. House patrons |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+mbr+HB1250 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin shekarar 2020, ba a buƙaci ma'aikata a Commonwealth of Virginia su ba wa ma'aikatansu takardu da ke nuna adadin sa'o'in da suka yi aiki ko kuma yadda aka ƙididdige jimillar albashin da aka biya ba. A lokacin zaman Majalisar Dokoki na 2020, Aird ta zartar da HB 689 wanda yanzu ya tilasta wa ma'aikata su samar da takardun albashi ga ma'aikatansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB689 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB689 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma a lokacin zaman 2020, Aird ta zartar da HB 757, wanda ke kula da binciken bayanan laifuka ga ma'aikata masu zuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB757 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB757&amp;201+sum+HB757 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aird ta zartar da HB 690 wanda ya soke haramcin ƙara adadin Taimakon Wucin Gadi ga Iyalai Masu Bukata (TANF) da iyali ke samu bayan haihuwar ɗa a lokacin cancantar TANF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB690 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB690 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aird ya haɗu da Christopher Collins na Republican a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kamfani a kan HB 2655 wanda ya kafa Shirin Gwaji na Korar Ma'aikata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2655 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2655 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin zaman 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Marcia Price a matsayin mai tallafawa a kan dokar HB 1864 (wanda kuma aka sani da dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Virginia) wadda ta faɗaɗa ma'anar &quot;ma'aikaci&quot; don haɗawa da mutanen da ke ɗaukar ma'aikatan gida aiki. Dokar ta kuma haramta wariya a wurin aiki bisa ga launin fata, addini, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, nakasa, da sauran dalilai.

=== Ilimi ===
[[Fayil:Aird_with_children_LR_JHWL2243.jpg|thumb|Aird ta ziyarci wani shiri na bayan makaranta a Petersburg, Virginia a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2021]]
Aird ta ba da muhimmanci sosai ga ilimi ta hanyar dokoki da kuma fafutukar neman kuɗi ga tsarin makarantu a gundumarta.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-03 |title=Press Release: Delegate Aird Delivers Remarks at Dinwiddie High School |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/press-release-delegate-aird-delivers-remarks-at-dinwiddie-high-school/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, Aird ta gabatar da wani gyara a kasafin kudi domin kara kudaden da za a kashe wajen shirin karawa masu fama da matsalar hadari a jihar, wanda zai kara yawan kudaden da jihar ke kashewa ga makarantu masu karancin kudin shiga. 

A shekarar 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Jennifer McClellan don sake gabatar da doka don buƙatar jihar ta cika wajibcin samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi da Hukumar Ilimi ta Jiha ta tsara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martz |first=Michael |date=25 January 2021 |title=Legislators renew push to fully fund, update standards for public education |url=https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/legislators-renew-push-to-fully-fund-update-standards-for-public-education/article_b5333679-45f3-5220-8af8-13c94593cd0a.html |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Bill |title=Lawmakers push colleagues for more money to fix public school disparity: 'Show me something' |url=https://www.progress-index.com/story/news/2021/01/25/va-lawmakers-vea-push-general-assembly-more-equality-funding/4250142001/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Progress Index |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Danica Roem a matsayin mai tallafawa kan kudirin ta na buƙatar dukkan gundumomin makarantu da suka cancanta su shiga cikin Shirin Abinci na Tarayya bayan Makaranta (HB 2135). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2135 &gt; 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?212+sum+HB2135 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 1930 wadda ta hana yawancin jami'o'in jihohi yin tambaya game da tarihin laifukan mai nema a lokacin tsarin shiga jami'a na farko (wata manufa da aka fi sani da Ban Box ). A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2021, Gwamna Ralph Northam ya shiga Aird don sanya hannu kan kudirin a bikin a Makarantar Sakandare ta Dinwiddie da ke Dinwiddie, Virginia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2021 |title=Gov. Northam signs higher education bill |url=https://www.nbc12.com/2021/06/03/gov-northam-signs-higher-education-bill/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.nbc12.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhalli ===
Kamfanin Aird ya yi haɗin gwiwa da kamfanin HB 1526, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Tsabtace Tattalin Arziki ta Virginia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; Patrons &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+mbr+HB1526 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara VCEA a fannoni huɗu na manufofi da nufin cimma daidaiton gurɓataccen iskar carbon: rage gurɓataccen iskar carbon, kafa ƙa'idodin albarkatun da suka dace da makamashi, ƙarfafa ƙananan makamashin hasken rana a saman rufin, da kuma haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta makamashi mai tsafta 100%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=4 Things You Should Know About the Virginia Clean Economy Act on its 1-Year Anniversary |url=https://vcnva.org/virginia-clean-economy-act-anniversary/ |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Virginia Conservation Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, Aird ta dauki nauyin kuma ta amince da HB 2741, wanda ya kafa Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Makamashi Mai Tsabta ta Virginia kuma ta ƙirƙiri wani shiri na gwaji don rarraba lamuni da rangwame don shigar da kayayyakin more rayuwa na makamashin rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB2741 &gt; 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2741 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, Aird ta dauki nauyin kuma ta amince da HB 1707 don ƙara yawan membobin hukumar. Dokar ta tanadi cewa sabbin membobin &quot;za su zama ƙwararre mai ƙwarewa wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ƙarfafawa da lamuni na ƙarancin kuɗi da na matsakaicin kuɗi don albarkatun makamashi masu sabuntawa da aka rarraba kuma ɗayan sabon memba zai zama lauya wanda ke kula da aikin shari'a wanda aka keɓe don ci gaban karkara, samar da wutar lantarki a karkara, da manufofin makamashi.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB1707 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB1707 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyar jama'a ===
A shekarar 2019, Aird ta haɗu da Marcia Price don gabatar da wani kuduri &quot;gane matsalar mace-macen mata da jarirai a Amurka.&quot; Kudirin ya haɗa da harshe da ke magance tushen mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, ciki har da bayyana cewa mace-macen mata da jarirai &quot;yana ƙara ta'azzara ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar talauci, rashin daidaiton jinsi, shekaru, da nau'ikan wariya da yawa, da kuma abubuwa kamar rashin isassun cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da fasaha da rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality: Black women far more likely to die giving birth than Caucasians |url=http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/may/10/maternal-mortality-black-women-far-more-likely-die/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=richmondfreepress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, Aird ta amince da HB 687 wanda ya kafa shirin ba da takardar shaida na jiha ga doulas da kuma faɗaɗa cancantar marasa lafiya da ke neman samun damar ayyukan doula. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB689 &gt; 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB689 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Aird ta zartar da HJ 538, wani kuduri da ya amince da samun ruwa mai tsafta, mai tsafta, kuma mai araha haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam kuma an kafa shi don tabbatar da cewa babu wani ɗan ƙasar Virginia da zai je ba tare da samun wannan buƙata mai mahimmanci ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HJ538 &gt; 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?212+sum+HJ538 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aird mai fafutukar ' [[Haƙƙin haifuwa|yancin haihuwa]] ce kuma tana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar Virginia League for Planned Parenthood . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leadership {{!}} The Virginia League for Planned Parenthood {{!}} ConnectVA |url=https://www.connectva.org/groups/the-virginia-league-for-planned-parenthood/leadership/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin COVID-19 ====
Bayan tattaunawa da masu ba da amsa na farko game da ƙalubalen da suka fuskanta wajen yaƙi da annobar COVID-19, Aird ta amince da dokar HB 1989, wadda ta umarci Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Virginia da ta raba bayanan lafiyar jama'a na ainihin lokaci tare da ma'aikatan lafiya na gaggawa don taimakawa rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIS &gt; Bill Tracking &gt; HB1989 &gt; 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?211+sum+HB1989 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haƙƙoƙin zaɓe ===

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sheryl Albers</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327947906|Sheryl Albers]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4375" sha1="khptu5r4zzl1mq9hb4jruypmnpb5u62" xml:space="preserve">'''Sheryl Albers''' (Satumba 9, 1954 - Mayu 25, 2022) &lt;ref name=&quot;Albers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sheryl K. Albers's Biography |url=http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/3468/officials |access-date=12 September 2012 |publisher=Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƴar siyasa ce [[Amurkawa|ta Amurka]] .

== Ilimi ==
Sheryl Albers ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Baraboo da ke Baraboo, Wisconsin . Ta halarci Jami'ar Carroll daga 1972 zuwa 1974; ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Ripon da digirin BA a 1976. Daga baya ta halarci makarantar lauya a Jami'ar Wisconsin — Madison, tun daga 1999 sannan ta kammala karatunta a 2004.

== Noma ==
An haifi Albers a gonar iyali da ke kiwon na'a da waken soya; ta yi aiki a matsayin manomi na na'a/mai kiwon nama daga 1972 zuwa 1978. Ta kasance manomin kiwo daga 1978 zuwa 1996. Albers ta kuma yi aiki a fannin noman dankali da kuma sayar da kayayyakin gona a waɗannan shekarun.

Albers ta yi aiki a hukumar gudanarwa ta Hukumar Kula da Gona ta Amurka ta gundumar Sauk kuma an nada ta a matsayin Miss Farm Bureau ta gundumar Sauk a wani lokaci. A lokacin da take aiki a fannin noma, ta sami lasisin Pilot kuma ta mallaki jirgin sama na Teratorn ultra lite . An nada Albers da mijinta na farko Jim Albers a matsayin &quot;Fitattun Matasan Manoma&quot; na gundumar Sauk. Albers ta kasance memba ta farko a cikin kungiyar Mata a fannin Noma ta gundumar Sauk (Babban Sashe na Eagle Bluff), kuma memba ce ta kungiyar Wisconsin Mint Growers Association, kungiyar Wisconsin Muck Growers Association, da kuma kungiyar Wisconsin Drainage Boards Association.

A lokacin aikinta na gwamnati, an san ta da iliminta (da kuma alaƙarta da ke tsakaninta da al'ummar noma a Wisconsin). Ta kuma sha yin magana kan batutuwan da suka shafi noma, ciki har da amfani da filaye, tsarin yanki, haƙƙin mallaka, harajin kadarori, da kuma ci gaban tattalin arzikin karkara.

== Siyasa ==
'''Matsayin masu aikin sa kai da kuma aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci'''

Albers ta yi aiki daga 1976 zuwa 1978, a matsayin Shugabar Yaɗa Labarai ta Jam'iyyar Republican ta Gundumar Sauk (Wisconsin). Ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar gundumar a 1978-1980 kuma shugabar ta daga 1980 zuwa 1982. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na Ronald Reagan a 1980. Albers ta shiga ma'aikatan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Wisconsin a 1987. Ta zama sananne a matsayin mai nazari mai amfani da ilimi kan batutuwan noma da amfani da ƙasa.

'''Mukami da aka zaɓa'''

A shekarar 1991, an samu gurbi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Tsakiya lokacin da Wakilin Jiha na wancan lokacin Dale Schultz ya lashe zabe na musamman a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Wisconsin ; Albers ta tsaya takarar kujerar Schultz kuma ta yi nasara. Za ta yi aiki a Majalisar har zuwa sauran zaman 1991 da kuma dukkan zaman 9 na gaba. A shekarar 2008, ba ta nemi sake tsayawa takara ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Schultz won't seek re-election |url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/republican-dale-schultz-wont-seek-re-election-in-senate-b99192350z1-242203711.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.jsonline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan ofis ==
Daga baya Albers ya yi aiki a Ofishin Lauyan Gundumar da ke Gundumar Juneau, Wisconsin, Ofishin Dokokin Lauyoyi a Kotun Koli ta Wisconsin, kuma a matsayin jami'in tattara bayanai da kuma jami'in albarkatun ɗan adam a Sashen Gyaran Gida na Wisconsin . Daga 2013 zuwa farkon 2015 Albers ya koma aikin ma'aikatan majalisa, yana aiki a matsayin magatakarda a ofishin Sanata Dale Schultz na Jiha. Albers ya kuma yi aiki a wasu mukamai a matsayin lauya mai zaman kansa da kuma manaja a wani kasuwanci na gida a Monona, Wisconsin .

== Iyali ==
Albers 'yar [https://groups.google.com/g/alt.obituaries/c/IlM726wKfw4 Marcus Gumz] ce, wacce take yawan tsayawa takarar mukamai a Wisconsin kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a na tsawon lokaci kan batutuwan da suka shafi noma, amfani da filaye, da kuma rawar da gwamnati ke takawa. Albers ta yaba wa mahaifinta da kwarin gwiwar da ta yi a aikinta na yi wa jama'a hidima da kuma kare hakkin jama'a.

== Mutuwa ==
Albers ta mutu a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2022, sakamakon cutar kansa. Ta rubuta [https://www.gundersonfh.com/obituaries/Sheryl-K-Albers-Anders?obId=24989914 labarin mutuwarta] .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Sheryl Albers''' (Satumba 9, 1954 - Mayu 25, 2022) &lt;ref name=&quot;Albers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sheryl K. Albers's Biography |url=http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/3468/officials |access-date=12 September 2012 |publisher=Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƴar siyasa ce [[Amurkawa|ta Amurka]] .

== Ilimi ==
Sheryl Albers ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Baraboo da ke Baraboo, Wisconsin . Ta halarci Jami'ar Carroll daga 1972 zuwa 1974; ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Ripon da digirin BA a 1976. Daga baya ta halarci makarantar lauya a Jami'ar Wisconsin — Madison, tun daga 1999 sannan ta kammala karatunta a 2004.

== Noma ==
An haifi Albers a gonar iyali da ke kiwon na'a da waken soya; ta yi aiki a matsayin manomi na na'a/mai kiwon nama daga 1972 zuwa 1978. Ta kasance manomin kiwo daga 1978 zuwa 1996. Albers ta kuma yi aiki a fannin noman dankali da kuma sayar da kayayyakin gona a waɗannan shekarun.

Albers ta yi aiki a hukumar gudanarwa ta Hukumar Kula da Gona ta Amurka ta gundumar Sauk kuma an nada ta a matsayin Miss Farm Bureau ta gundumar Sauk a wani lokaci. A lokacin da take aiki a fannin noma, ta sami lasisin Pilot kuma ta mallaki jirgin sama na Teratorn ultra lite . An nada Albers da mijinta na farko Jim Albers a matsayin &quot;Fitattun Matasan Manoma&quot; na gundumar Sauk. Albers ta kasance memba ta farko a cikin kungiyar Mata a fannin Noma ta gundumar Sauk (Babban Sashe na Eagle Bluff), kuma memba ce ta kungiyar Wisconsin Mint Growers Association, kungiyar Wisconsin Muck Growers Association, da kuma kungiyar Wisconsin Drainage Boards Association.

A lokacin aikinta na gwamnati, an san ta da iliminta (da kuma alaƙarta da ke tsakaninta da al'ummar noma a Wisconsin). Ta kuma sha yin magana kan batutuwan da suka shafi noma, ciki har da amfani da filaye, tsarin yanki, haƙƙin mallaka, harajin kadarori, da kuma ci gaban tattalin arzikin karkara.

== Siyasa ==
'''Matsayin masu aikin sa kai da kuma aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci'''

Albers ta yi aiki daga 1976 zuwa 1978, a matsayin Shugabar Yaɗa Labarai ta Jam'iyyar Republican ta Gundumar Sauk (Wisconsin). Ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar gundumar a 1978-1980 kuma shugabar ta daga 1980 zuwa 1982. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na Ronald Reagan a 1980. Albers ta shiga ma'aikatan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Wisconsin a 1987. Ta zama sananne a matsayin mai nazari mai amfani da ilimi kan batutuwan noma da amfani da ƙasa.

'''Mukami da aka zaɓa'''

A shekarar 1991, an samu gurbi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Tsakiya lokacin da Wakilin Jiha na wancan lokacin Dale Schultz ya lashe zabe na musamman a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Wisconsin ; Albers ta tsaya takarar kujerar Schultz kuma ta yi nasara. Za ta yi aiki a Majalisar har zuwa sauran zaman 1991 da kuma dukkan zaman 9 na gaba. A shekarar 2008, ba ta nemi sake tsayawa takara ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Schultz won't seek re-election |url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/republican-dale-schultz-wont-seek-re-election-in-senate-b99192350z1-242203711.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.jsonline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan ofis ==
Daga baya Albers ya yi aiki a Ofishin Lauyan Gundumar da ke Gundumar Juneau, Wisconsin, Ofishin Dokokin Lauyoyi a Kotun Koli ta Wisconsin, kuma a matsayin jami'in tattara bayanai da kuma jami'in albarkatun ɗan adam a Sashen Gyaran Gida na Wisconsin . Daga 2013 zuwa farkon 2015 Albers ya koma aikin ma'aikatan majalisa, yana aiki a matsayin magatakarda a ofishin Sanata Dale Schultz na Jiha. Albers ya kuma yi aiki a wasu mukamai a matsayin lauya mai zaman kansa da kuma manaja a wani kasuwanci na gida a Monona, Wisconsin .

== Iyali ==
Albers 'yar [https://groups.google.com/g/alt.obituaries/c/IlM726wKfw4 Marcus Gumz] ce, wacce take yawan tsayawa takarar mukamai a Wisconsin kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a na tsawon lokaci kan batutuwan da suka shafi noma, amfani da filaye, da kuma rawar da gwamnati ke takawa. Albers ta yaba wa mahaifinta da kwarin gwiwar da ta yi a aikinta na yi wa jama'a hidima da kuma kare hakkin jama'a.

== Mutuwa ==
Albers ta mutu a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2022, sakamakon cutar kansa. Ta rubuta [https://www.gundersonfh.com/obituaries/Sheryl-K-Albers-Anders?obId=24989914 labarin mutuwarta] .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>a9rcaqtj0nlevj60ae9mqd8v2kw0m76</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Priscilla Cooper Tyler</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324897712|Priscilla Cooper Tyler]]&quot;</comment>
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Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler (14 ga Yuni, 1816 - 29 ga Disamba, 1889) ita ce mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House kuma uwargidan shugaban Amurka daga 1841 zuwa 1844. Ta kasance surukar shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokacin John Tyler ta hanyar aurenta da ɗansa Robert Tyler . Ta ɗauki nauyin matar shugaban ƙasa a farkon gwamnatin Tyler, tana aiki a madadin surukarta, matar shugaban ƙasa Letitia Christian Tyler, wacce ba ta da lafiya sosai don ta yi hakan da kanta. Bayan mutuwar Letitia Tyler a watan Satumba na 1842, Priscilla Tyler ta kasance matar shugaban ƙasa, tana kula da harkokin zamantakewa a Fadar White House.

A da Tyler ba ta yi nasara ba a harkar fim. Aurenta ya sanya ta cikin rayuwar siyasa ta dangin Tyler. Daidaita hasken ƙasa da sabuwar uwa, Tyler ta shahara sosai a matsayin mai masaukin baki kuma an san ta a matsayin abin da ya fi jan hankali a cikin abin da shugabanci ke kawo cece-kuce. Ta gudanar da liyafa da dama, cin abincin dare, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a kowane mako, wani lokacin kuma yana kawo mata gajiya. Tyler ta bar Fadar White House yayin da shugaban ƙasa ke shirin sake aure, kuma ta zauna a Philadelphia. Ta goyi bayan ƙasashen Confederate na Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, Tyler da mijinta sun ƙaura zuwa Kudancin Amurka . Tyler ta zauna cikin duhu a Montgomery, Alabama, har zuwa mutuwarta a 1889.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1816, a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ta uku cikin 'ya'yan tara da iyayenta suka haifa.  : 124 Mahaifinta, Thomas Abthorpe Cooper, ya kasance jarumi kuma furodusa mai nasara. Mahaifiyarta, Mary Fairlie Cooper, ' yar asalin New York ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Iyayenta suna da bambancin zamantakewa, inda auren ya haifar da tashin hankali a tsakanin dangin mahaifiyarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 124 Kakan Cooper na wajen uwa, James Fairlie, tsohon soja ne na Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifiyar Cooper ta mutu a shekara ta 1833, kuma yadda mahaifinta ke tafiyar da kuɗi ya haifar da matsalolin kuɗi ga iyalin, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; musamman saboda cacarsa.  : 124 Ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tana da shekaru 17 &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; lokacin da ta fito a cikin fim ɗin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTg&quot;&gt;Virginius&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tare da mahaifinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ba a yi maraba da shi sosai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 124 Ta yi aiki tare da mahaifinta daga 1835 zuwa 1838,  : 389 tafiya Gabashin Tekun don yin wasanni daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 124 Iyalan Cooper sun kasance cikin wadata har zuwa lokacin da aka fara tashin hankali a shekarar 1837,  wanda ya jefa iyalin cikin talauci.   : 113 

A lokacin da take taka rawar Desdemona a wani shiri na ''Othello'' a Richmond, Virginia, ta haɗu da Robert Tyler, babban ɗan attajirin mai gonar kuma tsohon Sanata John Tyler na Amurka.   : 113 Wani labari ya nuna cewa bayan ta hau kan dandamali, sai ta ɗauke shi har ya tsaya cak bayan sauran masu sauraro sun zauna. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  : 125 Sun fara soyayya lokacin da ya koma bayan dandamali don ya sadu da ita nan da nan bayan wasan kwaikwayo. A ƙarni na 19 a Amurka, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ba su da wani matsayi a cikin al'umma, kuma ƙarin matsalolin kuɗi na Coopers ya zama kamar yana da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin su biyun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, Tyler ya nemi shawararta sau shida a cikin lokacin soyayyarsu kafin daga baya su yi aure. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 125 

== Aure ==
Cooper ya auri Tyler a Bristol, Virginia,  : 125 a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1839. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 389 Bayan aurensu, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Williamsburg, Virginia, don zama tare da iyalan Robert. John da [[Letitia Christian Tyler]] sun yi mata maraba cikin farin ciki cikin dangin Tyler. Priscilla Tyler ta ƙara kusantar surukinta. Har ma ya bar ta ta buɗe asusu a kowace shago a Williamsburg, amma ta daina karɓar irin waɗannan tagomashi daga Tylers lokacin da ta fahimci cewa sun fi talauci fiye da yadda suke a da. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance kusa da surukarta, Letitia Tyler,  : 59 waɗanda suka nuna matuƙar farin ciki da ra'ayin aurensu.  : 113 Duk da wannan abota, Tyler ta ji kamar ta yi zaman banza da surukanta, tana cikin damuwa cewa hakan zai hana mijinta kafa sana'arsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta yi ƙoƙarin taimaka masa da aikin lauya mai tasowa ta hanyar taimaka masa shirya jawabai da kayan shari'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 125 

Mahaifin Priscilla bai gamsu da auren ba, domin yana da aminci ga Jam'iyyar Democrat kuma yana adawa da Jam'iyyar Whig da John Tyler ke wakilta.  : 126 John Tyler shine ɗan takarar da ya yi nasara a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka a zaɓen 1840. Priscilla Tyler ta yi fatan wannan zai kawo ƙarshen ikon da ya yi wa Robert kuma zai kawo mata 'yancin kai da mijinta. Bayan mutuwar ba zato ba tsammani Shugaba [[William Henry Harrison]] wata guda bayan wa'adin mulkinsa, John Tyler ya zama Shugaban Amurka, kuma ta raka iyalan Tyler zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House ==

=== Daukar nauyin ===
A lokacin da John Tyler ya hau kujerar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1841, matarsa Letitia ba ta da ƙoshin lafiya don yin aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House, don haka aka miƙa alhakin ga Priscilla Tyler. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 60  Tana da shekaru 25 kacal, an ɗauke ta a matsayin ƙuruciya a matsayin fa'ida, &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot; /&gt; kuma gogewarta a fannin nishaɗi ta taimaka mata a wannan matsayin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  : 114 Ta yi farin ciki da damar da ta samu na karɓar bakuncin taron a Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokuta da dama, ta nuna mamakinta game da yadda take jagorantar Fadar White House kuma ta yi wa abokanta alfahari game da rawar da ta taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A matsayinta na mai masaukin baki, Tyler ta sami karbuwa sosai a tsakanin yawancin mutanen zamaninta, a Amurka da kuma ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCaroli2010&quot;&gt;[[Betty Boyd Caroli|Caroli, Betty Boyd]] (2010). [[iarchive:firstladiesfromm0000caro|''First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama'']]. Oxford University Press, USA. p.&amp;nbsp;47. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539285-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-19-539285-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki tare da tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban ƙasa [[Dolley Madison]] da Sakataren Harkokin Waje Daniel Webster don shirya mata aiki sosai.  : 389 Tyler ba ta son yadda ake mayar da saƙonnin sada zumunta, amma ta yi hakan ne bisa shawarar Madison, tana yin abin da ta bayyana a matsayin &quot;kwana uku a mako... awanni uku a rana tana tuƙi daga wannan titi zuwa wancan a cikin wannan birni mai nisa mai ban mamaki&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 389 Kalubalen da ke tattare da rawar da Tyler ke takawa ya ƙaru ne saboda kasancewarta sabuwar uwa. An haifi ɗanta na fari watanni kaɗan kafin ta isa Fadar White House, kuma ta haifi ɗanta na biyu a lokacin da take kan mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Yayin da aka tura ta cikin wannan matsayi ba zato ba tsammani, an tilasta mata koyon yadda za ta tafiyar da rayuwar zamantakewa ta Washington duk da karuwar rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance .  Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna ya ƙara wa muhimmancin rawar da Tyler ke takawa ne kawai, yayin da yadda take tafiyar da harkokin zamantakewa a Fadar White House ke aiki don magance abin da ya kasance wani lokaci na ƙiyayya mai tsanani. Ƙarfin da ta ƙirƙira a Fadar White House ya bai wa shugaban ƙasa fa'idodi na siyasa, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar yin nazari da mu'amala da manyan mutane a Washington a faɗin fagen siyasa. Har ma manyan masu sukar shugaban sun yi magana mai kyau game da yanayin zamantakewa na Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na shekarar 1842, lafiyar Letitia Tyler ta ragu sosai, kuma a bayyane take cewa za ta mutu. Priscilla Tyler tana New York a lokacin. Robert ya yi gaggawa zuwa New York don mayar da Priscilla zuwa Fadar White House, amma ba su iso ba sai bayan mutuwar Letitia.  : 115 Matsayin Tyler a matsayin mai maye gurbin ko &quot;wakili&quot; mai masaukin baki ya nuna wani abu da ya zama ruwan dare a shekarun baya, inda 'yan uwa mata matasa ke tsayawa a madadin matan shugabanni. Saboda rawar da ta taka a Fadar White House, musamman lokacin da Tyler ke matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa mai maye gurbin ya fi bayyana a cikin nazarin tarihi fiye da na Letitia Tyler. 

=== Bukukuwan zamantakewa ===
Tyler ta shirya taronta na farko wata guda bayan rasuwar surukinta. Aikinta na farko a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, domin yana wakiltar komawa ga al'ada bayan mutuwar Harrison. Mafi mahimmanci, shine ta saita yanayin sabon shugaban ƙasa wanda mutane da yawa suka ƙalubalanci a matsayin haramtacciyar doka, domin kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da wata jagora ga maye gurbin shugaban ƙasa a lokacin ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matsin lambar shirya irin wannan taron, tare da damuwar kula da jaririnta na fari da kuma ɗaukar ciki da na biyu, ya sa ta suma yayin da ake ba da kayan zaki.  : 174–175 Bayan da Sakataren Harkokin Waje Daniel Webster, wanda aka san shi da lalata, ya kama shi ya tafi da shi, mijinta ya jawo hankali ga wurin ta hanyar bin su da kuma zubar da kwalbar ruwa a kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ba a sake maimaita lamarin ba har tsawon lokacin da ta shafe tana mulki, kuma duk abubuwan da suka faru a cikinta sun ci gaba da faruwa ba tare da katsewa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 175 

Tyler ta tabbatar da cewa ana gudanar da tarurrukan zamantakewa akai-akai a Fadar White House yayin da ita ce ke da alhakin shiryawa. Ta gudanar da ƙananan liyafar cin abinci sau biyu a mako yayin da Majalisa ke zaman taro;  ɗaya ga baƙi zuwa birnin, ɗaya kuma ga jami'an gwamnati.  : 389  : 114 Ta kuma yi liyafar jama'a a kowane mako biyu, da kuma manyan liyafa tare da kusan baƙi dubu ɗaya a kowane wata. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 114 &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; Tyler ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta yi tafiya tare da jam'iyyar shugaban ƙasa a watan Yunin 1843, lokacin da ta raka shugaban ƙasa zuwa [[Boston]] don keɓewa ga Bunker Hill Monument. 

A watan Maris na shekarar 1842, lokacin da yake da ciki na watanni bakwai, Tyler ne ke da alhakin shirya wani biki don girmama Washington Irving da [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]],  wani lokaci da ya jawo mutane kusan 3,000 zuwa Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wani tasiri da Tyler ya yi wa Washington shi ne gabatar da kade-kade da kungiyar mawakan ruwan Amurka ta yi a filin kudu na Fadar White House.  A farkon shekarar 1843, an bai wa Tyler ikon kula da Fadar White House yayin da shugaban kasar ya ziyarci Virginia. A wannan lokacin, Henri Gatien Bertrand ya nemi a kai shi Fadar White House, kuma Tyler ta ga kanta tana karbar bakuncinsa da gargadin awa daya kacal. Babu wanda ya yi shakkar ikonta lokacin da ta kira dukkan majalisar ministocin shugaban kasa don gaishe da Bertrand ta kuma shirya masa abincin dare don girmama shi. Daga nan Tyler ya shawo kansa ya dawo bayan kwana biyu domin ta shirya biki don girmama shi. Wannan wani abu ne da ya shafe shi sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa ==
Robert da Priscilla Tyler sun bar Fadar White House zuwa [[Philadelphia]] a watan Maris na 1844, suna sane da cewa Julia Gardiner ta shirya auren shugaban ƙasa ta zama sabuwar mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yar Shugaba Tyler, Letitia Tyler-Semple, ta ziyarci harkokin zamantakewa na Fadar White House har zuwa lokacin daurin auren.  : 389–390 Bayan sun bar Fadar White House, Tylers sun ƙaura zuwa Philadelphia inda Robert Tyler ya fara aikin lauya. Robert ya koma Washington na ɗan lokaci don taimaka wa mahaifinsa a wani yunƙuri na sake zaɓe, wanda Priscilla ta ɗauka a matsayin &quot;katsewa&quot; a rayuwarsu. Tare da Robert da Priscilla Tyler suna da 'ya'ya tara, shida ne kawai daga cikinsu za su rayu har zuwa lokacin girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ci gaban aikin Robert ya ba su damar samun lokacin jin daɗin kuɗi,  : 318–319 kuma sun zauna a Philadelphia har zuwa farkon Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka . Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa ya ɓarke a 1861, Tylers sun ƙaura zuwa Virginia, inda Robert ya kasance mai rijistar Baitulmalin Tarayya. 

Bayan yaƙin, Robert ya zama editan jaridar ''Mail and Advertiser'' a [[Montgomery|Montgomery, Alabama]] .  Tyler bai so Montgomery ba saboda yawan jama'ar [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata]], kuma Tylers sun shiga cikin siyasar Democrat don tilasta wa [[Farin sarauta|fararen fata rinjaye]] a Alabama.  : 517 Iyalin sun sha wahala a fannin kuɗi har tsawon rayuwarsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tyler ta zauna a Montgomery bayan mutuwar mijinta a 1877, ta ci gaba da zama a can har zuwa mutuwarta a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1889. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Takardun sirri na iyalan Tyler, gami da na Priscilla Cooper Tyler, suna hannun Cibiyar Bincike ta Musamman ta Tarin Kaya a Kwalejin William da Mary . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Finding aid for the Tyler Family Papers, Group A |url=http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&amp;id=6999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728052645/http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections%2Fcontrolcard&amp;id=6999 |archive-date=July 28, 2011 |access-date=January 22, 2011 |publisher=Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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{{S-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]&lt;br&gt;Acting}}
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Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler (14 ga Yuni, 1816 - 29 ga Disamba, 1889) ita ce mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House kuma uwargidan shugaban Amurka daga 1841 zuwa 1844. Ta kasance surukar shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokacin John Tyler ta hanyar aurenta da ɗansa Robert Tyler . Ta ɗauki nauyin matar shugaban ƙasa a farkon gwamnatin Tyler, tana aiki a madadin surukarta, matar shugaban ƙasa Letitia Christian Tyler, wacce ba ta da lafiya sosai don ta yi hakan da kanta. Bayan mutuwar Letitia Tyler a watan Satumba na 1842, Priscilla Tyler ta kasance matar shugaban ƙasa, tana kula da harkokin zamantakewa a Fadar White House.

A da Tyler ba ta yi nasara ba a harkar fim. Aurenta ya sanya ta cikin rayuwar siyasa ta dangin Tyler. Daidaita hasken ƙasa da sabuwar uwa, Tyler ta shahara sosai a matsayin mai masaukin baki kuma an san ta a matsayin abin da ya fi jan hankali a cikin abin da shugabanci ke kawo cece-kuce. Ta gudanar da liyafa da dama, cin abincin dare, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a kowane mako, wani lokacin kuma yana kawo mata gajiya. Tyler ta bar Fadar White House yayin da shugaban ƙasa ke shirin sake aure, kuma ta zauna a Philadelphia. Ta goyi bayan ƙasashen Confederate na Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, Tyler da mijinta sun ƙaura zuwa Kudancin Amurka . Tyler ta zauna cikin duhu a Montgomery, Alabama, har zuwa mutuwarta a 1889.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1816, a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ta uku cikin 'ya'yan tara da iyayenta suka haifa.  : 124 Mahaifinta, Thomas Abthorpe Cooper, ya kasance jarumi kuma furodusa mai nasara. Mahaifiyarta, Mary Fairlie Cooper, ' yar asalin New York ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Iyayenta suna da bambancin zamantakewa, inda auren ya haifar da tashin hankali a tsakanin dangin mahaifiyarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 124 Kakan Cooper na wajen uwa, James Fairlie, tsohon soja ne na Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifiyar Cooper ta mutu a shekara ta 1833, kuma yadda mahaifinta ke tafiyar da kuɗi ya haifar da matsalolin kuɗi ga iyalin, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; musamman saboda cacarsa.  : 124 Ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tana da shekaru 17 &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; lokacin da ta fito a cikin fim ɗin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTg&quot;&gt;Virginius&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tare da mahaifinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ba a yi maraba da shi sosai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 124 Ta yi aiki tare da mahaifinta daga 1835 zuwa 1838,  : 389 tafiya Gabashin Tekun don yin wasanni daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 124 Iyalan Cooper sun kasance cikin wadata har zuwa lokacin da aka fara tashin hankali a shekarar 1837,  wanda ya jefa iyalin cikin talauci.   : 113 

A lokacin da take taka rawar Desdemona a wani shiri na ''Othello'' a Richmond, Virginia, ta haɗu da Robert Tyler, babban ɗan attajirin mai gonar kuma tsohon Sanata John Tyler na Amurka.   : 113 Wani labari ya nuna cewa bayan ta hau kan dandamali, sai ta ɗauke shi har ya tsaya cak bayan sauran masu sauraro sun zauna. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  : 125 Sun fara soyayya lokacin da ya koma bayan dandamali don ya sadu da ita nan da nan bayan wasan kwaikwayo. A ƙarni na 19 a Amurka, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ba su da wani matsayi a cikin al'umma, kuma ƙarin matsalolin kuɗi na Coopers ya zama kamar yana da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin su biyun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, Tyler ya nemi shawararta sau shida a cikin lokacin soyayyarsu kafin daga baya su yi aure. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 125 

== Aure ==
Cooper ya auri Tyler a Bristol, Virginia,  : 125 a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1839. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 389 Bayan aurensu, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Williamsburg, Virginia, don zama tare da iyalan Robert. John da [[Letitia Christian Tyler]] sun yi mata maraba cikin farin ciki cikin dangin Tyler. Priscilla Tyler ta ƙara kusantar surukinta. Har ma ya bar ta ta buɗe asusu a kowace shago a Williamsburg, amma ta daina karɓar irin waɗannan tagomashi daga Tylers lokacin da ta fahimci cewa sun fi talauci fiye da yadda suke a da. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance kusa da surukarta, Letitia Tyler,  : 59 waɗanda suka nuna matuƙar farin ciki da ra'ayin aurensu.  : 113 Duk da wannan abota, Tyler ta ji kamar ta yi zaman banza da surukanta, tana cikin damuwa cewa hakan zai hana mijinta kafa sana'arsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta yi ƙoƙarin taimaka masa da aikin lauya mai tasowa ta hanyar taimaka masa shirya jawabai da kayan shari'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 125 

Mahaifin Priscilla bai gamsu da auren ba, domin yana da aminci ga Jam'iyyar Democrat kuma yana adawa da Jam'iyyar Whig da John Tyler ke wakilta.  : 126 John Tyler shine ɗan takarar da ya yi nasara a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka a zaɓen 1840. Priscilla Tyler ta yi fatan wannan zai kawo ƙarshen ikon da ya yi wa Robert kuma zai kawo mata 'yancin kai da mijinta. Bayan mutuwar ba zato ba tsammani Shugaba [[William Henry Harrison]] wata guda bayan wa'adin mulkinsa, John Tyler ya zama Shugaban Amurka, kuma ta raka iyalan Tyler zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House ==

=== Daukar nauyin ===
A lokacin da John Tyler ya hau kujerar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1841, matarsa Letitia ba ta da ƙoshin lafiya don yin aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House, don haka aka miƙa alhakin ga Priscilla Tyler. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 60  Tana da shekaru 25 kacal, an ɗauke ta a matsayin ƙuruciya a matsayin fa'ida, &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot; /&gt; kuma gogewarta a fannin nishaɗi ta taimaka mata a wannan matsayin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  : 114 Ta yi farin ciki da damar da ta samu na karɓar bakuncin taron a Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokuta da dama, ta nuna mamakinta game da yadda take jagorantar Fadar White House kuma ta yi wa abokanta alfahari game da rawar da ta taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A matsayinta na mai masaukin baki, Tyler ta sami karbuwa sosai a tsakanin yawancin mutanen zamaninta, a Amurka da kuma ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCaroli2010&quot;&gt;[[Betty Boyd Caroli|Caroli, Betty Boyd]] (2010). [[iarchive:firstladiesfromm0000caro|''First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama'']]. Oxford University Press, USA. p.&amp;nbsp;47. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539285-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-19-539285-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki tare da tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban ƙasa [[Dolley Madison]] da Sakataren Harkokin Waje Daniel Webster don shirya mata aiki sosai.  : 389 Tyler ba ta son yadda ake mayar da saƙonnin sada zumunta, amma ta yi hakan ne bisa shawarar Madison, tana yin abin da ta bayyana a matsayin &quot;kwana uku a mako... awanni uku a rana tana tuƙi daga wannan titi zuwa wancan a cikin wannan birni mai nisa mai ban mamaki&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneider&quot; /&gt; : 389 Kalubalen da ke tattare da rawar da Tyler ke takawa ya ƙaru ne saboda kasancewarta sabuwar uwa. An haifi ɗanta na fari watanni kaɗan kafin ta isa Fadar White House, kuma ta haifi ɗanta na biyu a lokacin da take kan mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Yayin da aka tura ta cikin wannan matsayi ba zato ba tsammani, an tilasta mata koyon yadda za ta tafiyar da rayuwar zamantakewa ta Washington duk da karuwar rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance .  Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna ya ƙara wa muhimmancin rawar da Tyler ke takawa ne kawai, yayin da yadda take tafiyar da harkokin zamantakewa a Fadar White House ke aiki don magance abin da ya kasance wani lokaci na ƙiyayya mai tsanani. Ƙarfin da ta ƙirƙira a Fadar White House ya bai wa shugaban ƙasa fa'idodi na siyasa, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar yin nazari da mu'amala da manyan mutane a Washington a faɗin fagen siyasa. Har ma manyan masu sukar shugaban sun yi magana mai kyau game da yanayin zamantakewa na Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na shekarar 1842, lafiyar Letitia Tyler ta ragu sosai, kuma a bayyane take cewa za ta mutu. Priscilla Tyler tana New York a lokacin. Robert ya yi gaggawa zuwa New York don mayar da Priscilla zuwa Fadar White House, amma ba su iso ba sai bayan mutuwar Letitia.  : 115 Matsayin Tyler a matsayin mai maye gurbin ko &quot;wakili&quot; mai masaukin baki ya nuna wani abu da ya zama ruwan dare a shekarun baya, inda 'yan uwa mata matasa ke tsayawa a madadin matan shugabanni. Saboda rawar da ta taka a Fadar White House, musamman lokacin da Tyler ke matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa mai maye gurbin ya fi bayyana a cikin nazarin tarihi fiye da na Letitia Tyler. 

=== Bukukuwan zamantakewa ===
Tyler ta shirya taronta na farko wata guda bayan rasuwar surukinta. Aikinta na farko a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, domin yana wakiltar komawa ga al'ada bayan mutuwar Harrison. Mafi mahimmanci, shine ta saita yanayin sabon shugaban ƙasa wanda mutane da yawa suka ƙalubalanci a matsayin haramtacciyar doka, domin kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da wata jagora ga maye gurbin shugaban ƙasa a lokacin ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matsin lambar shirya irin wannan taron, tare da damuwar kula da jaririnta na fari da kuma ɗaukar ciki da na biyu, ya sa ta suma yayin da ake ba da kayan zaki.  : 174–175 Bayan da Sakataren Harkokin Waje Daniel Webster, wanda aka san shi da lalata, ya kama shi ya tafi da shi, mijinta ya jawo hankali ga wurin ta hanyar bin su da kuma zubar da kwalbar ruwa a kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ba a sake maimaita lamarin ba har tsawon lokacin da ta shafe tana mulki, kuma duk abubuwan da suka faru a cikinta sun ci gaba da faruwa ba tare da katsewa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 175 

Tyler ta tabbatar da cewa ana gudanar da tarurrukan zamantakewa akai-akai a Fadar White House yayin da ita ce ke da alhakin shiryawa. Ta gudanar da ƙananan liyafar cin abinci sau biyu a mako yayin da Majalisa ke zaman taro;  ɗaya ga baƙi zuwa birnin, ɗaya kuma ga jami'an gwamnati.  : 389  : 114 Ta kuma yi liyafar jama'a a kowane mako biyu, da kuma manyan liyafa tare da kusan baƙi dubu ɗaya a kowane wata. &lt;ref name=&quot;gould&quot; /&gt; : 114 &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot; /&gt; Tyler ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta yi tafiya tare da jam'iyyar shugaban ƙasa a watan Yunin 1843, lokacin da ta raka shugaban ƙasa zuwa [[Boston]] don keɓewa ga Bunker Hill Monument. 

A watan Maris na shekarar 1842, lokacin da yake da ciki na watanni bakwai, Tyler ne ke da alhakin shirya wani biki don girmama Washington Irving da [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]],  wani lokaci da ya jawo mutane kusan 3,000 zuwa Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wani tasiri da Tyler ya yi wa Washington shi ne gabatar da kade-kade da kungiyar mawakan ruwan Amurka ta yi a filin kudu na Fadar White House.  A farkon shekarar 1843, an bai wa Tyler ikon kula da Fadar White House yayin da shugaban kasar ya ziyarci Virginia. A wannan lokacin, Henri Gatien Bertrand ya nemi a kai shi Fadar White House, kuma Tyler ta ga kanta tana karbar bakuncinsa da gargadin awa daya kacal. Babu wanda ya yi shakkar ikonta lokacin da ta kira dukkan majalisar ministocin shugaban kasa don gaishe da Bertrand ta kuma shirya masa abincin dare don girmama shi. Daga nan Tyler ya shawo kansa ya dawo bayan kwana biyu domin ta shirya biki don girmama shi. Wannan wani abu ne da ya shafe shi sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa ==
Robert da Priscilla Tyler sun bar Fadar White House zuwa [[Philadelphia]] a watan Maris na 1844, suna sane da cewa Julia Gardiner ta shirya auren shugaban ƙasa ta zama sabuwar mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yar Shugaba Tyler, Letitia Tyler-Semple, ta ziyarci harkokin zamantakewa na Fadar White House har zuwa lokacin daurin auren.  : 389–390 Bayan sun bar Fadar White House, Tylers sun ƙaura zuwa Philadelphia inda Robert Tyler ya fara aikin lauya. Robert ya koma Washington na ɗan lokaci don taimaka wa mahaifinsa a wani yunƙuri na sake zaɓe, wanda Priscilla ta ɗauka a matsayin &quot;katsewa&quot; a rayuwarsu. Tare da Robert da Priscilla Tyler suna da 'ya'ya tara, shida ne kawai daga cikinsu za su rayu har zuwa lokacin girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ci gaban aikin Robert ya ba su damar samun lokacin jin daɗin kuɗi,  : 318–319 kuma sun zauna a Philadelphia har zuwa farkon Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka . Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa ya ɓarke a 1861, Tylers sun ƙaura zuwa Virginia, inda Robert ya kasance mai rijistar Baitulmalin Tarayya. 

Bayan yaƙin, Robert ya zama editan jaridar ''Mail and Advertiser'' a [[Montgomery|Montgomery, Alabama]] .  Tyler bai so Montgomery ba saboda yawan jama'ar [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata]], kuma Tylers sun shiga cikin siyasar Democrat don tilasta wa [[Farin sarauta|fararen fata rinjaye]] a Alabama.  : 517 Iyalin sun sha wahala a fannin kuɗi har tsawon rayuwarsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=Christopher J. |date=2012 |title=Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=237–269 |id={{ProQuest|1038370038}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;Leahy, Christopher J. (2012). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 &quot;Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44&quot;]. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''. '''120''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;237–&lt;/span&gt;269. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeahy2012&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038370038 1038370038].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tyler ta zauna a Montgomery bayan mutuwar mijinta a 1877, ta ci gaba da zama a can har zuwa mutuwarta a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1889. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Takardun sirri na iyalan Tyler, gami da na Priscilla Cooper Tyler, suna hannun Cibiyar Bincike ta Musamman ta Tarin Kaya a Kwalejin William da Mary . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Finding aid for the Tyler Family Papers, Group A |url=http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&amp;id=6999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728052645/http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections%2Fcontrolcard&amp;id=6999 |archive-date=July 28, 2011 |access-date=January 22, 2011 |publisher=Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{S-start}}
{{S-hon}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]&lt;br&gt;Acting}}
{{S-aft}}
{{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{John Tyler}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dolly Akers</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336343101|Dolly Akers]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="12125" sha1="kd5t77div8naj27w7cuihz43118t4ci" xml:space="preserve">'''Dolly Akers''' (Maris 23, 1901 - Yuni 5, 1986) mace ce 'yar Assiniboine wacce ta kasance mace ta farko 'yar asalin Amurka da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Montana da kashi 100% na kuri'un Indiya &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mace ta farko da aka zaba a Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kabilun Assiniboine da Sioux na Fort Peck Indian Reservation . &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaro da rayuwar mutum ==
An haifi Dolly Smith Cusker Akers a Wolf Point, Montana . Mahaifiyarta, Nellie Trexler, 'yar asalin ƙabilar Assiniboine ce kuma mahaifinta, William Smith, ɗan asalin ƙasar Ireland ne. Ta girma a Arewa maso Gabashin Montana a Fort Peck Reservation. Tun tana ƙarama, ta halarci makarantar kwana ta 'yan asalin Amurka da ake kira Sherman Institute a Riverside, California. Bayan ta kammala karatunta tana da shekaru 16, ta koma Montana ta auri George Cusker a shekarar 1917. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan sun yi kiwon dabbobi kusa da Poplar kuma suna da 'ya mace ɗaya mai suna Alvina. George Cusker ya mutu a shekarar 1941 kuma a shekarar 1944, Dolly ta sake yin aure da John Akers. Ta sake yin bazawara a shekarar 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;Catalog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927–1985 |url=http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv98514 |access-date=31 August 2015 |website=Archives West}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 1920, Akers ta koma Washington, DC, don yin aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga shugabannin ƙabilarta a cikin mu'amalarsu da gwamnatin tarayya

A shekarar 1923, Cusker ta raka wakilan ƙabilu biyu, Bear Hill da Dave Johnson, zuwa Washington, DC, a matsayin mai fassara don neman tallafin kuɗi daga makaranta. Yayin da take can, ta kuma yi kira da a bai wa 'yan asalin ƙasar damar zama ɗan ƙasa a Amurka. An zartar da Dokar 'Yancin 'Yan ƙasar Indiya a shekarar 1924, wadda ta ba wa dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasa. Ba duk 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne suka goyi bayan amincewa da wannan doka saboda ta ba da haƙƙin zaɓe ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, wanda suke jin tsoron wani mataki ne na haɗa kai da kuma lalata ikon mallakar ƙabilu.

An naɗa Dolly a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Majalisar Kabila bayan ta halarci tarurrukan kwamitin a madadin mijinta na farko, George Cusker, wanda ya yi aiki a kwamitin. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami wannan matsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1932, an zaɓe Dolly a majalisar jiha a matsayin 'yar Democrat amma daga baya ta zama 'yar Republican. Ta sami kusan kashi 100 cikin 100 na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a gundumar Roosevelt, wacce ta ƙunshi galibin fararen Amurkawa. Ta zama 'yar asalin Amurka ta farko da ta yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Montana, an zaɓe ta tana da shekaru 23 kacal, kuma ita ce mace ɗaya tilo da ta yi aiki a zaman majalisar dokoki na 1933-34. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An naɗa ta a Kwamitin Hulɗa da Tarayya kuma ta kasance wakiliya ta musamman ga gwamnan ga Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida na Amurka. 

Dolly ta ci gaba da harkokin siyasa a tsawon rayuwarta. Ta ziyarci Washington, DC, sau 57 a matsayin wakilin ƙabila kuma 'yar ƙasa ce ta Majalisar ƙabilar Fort Peck akai-akai tsawon shekaru 40. Aikinta ba tare da wata jayayya ba ne. Misali, a shekarar 1959, an cire ta daga majalisar ƙabilar ta hanyar ƙuri'ar 279 zuwa 189 kuma &quot;an hana ta riƙe muƙami har abada da wakiltar ƙabilun Fort Peck Sioux da Assiniboine.&quot; Daga baya aka soke wannan ƙuri'ar.

Dolly ta kan ƙalubalanci yadda Ofishin Indiya ke kula da albarkatun ƙabilu, tana mai imanin cewa ya kamata a ba wa ƙabilu (da kuma daidaikun 'yan Indiya) damar gudanar da harkokinsu kamar yadda waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su iya. &quot;Me ya sa za a tilasta wa 'yan Indiya su rayu a ƙarƙashin dokar da aka kafa kimanin shekaru 80 da suka gabata? Wannan ita ce shekarar da Kwamishinan Indiya ya kira 'yan Indiya da 'dabbobin daji!'&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hukumar gidaje da kuma bayar da shawarwari ==
Bayan an zaɓe ta a Hukumar Gidajen Gundumar Fort Peck a shekarun 1970, ta yi kira da a samar da kuɗi don gidaje a Wurin Ajiye Kayan Gida na Fort Peck. Ta cimma burinta na karɓar kuɗaɗen tarayya amma daga baya wasu membobin majalisar ƙabilar sun zarge ta da fifita magoya bayanta maimakon auna duk masu neman aiki daidai gwargwado wajen rabon waɗannan kuɗaɗen gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dolly ta zauna a wani gona mai fadin eka 1,400 a Montana na tsawon wani ɓangare na rayuwarta inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bayar da shawara da kuma mai ba da shawara na musamman ga wuraren ajiye kayan gida guda bakwai daban-daban a jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 &quot;Woman's lib is old hat to dolly&quot;]. ''Oakland Post''. July 29, 1971. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 371655978].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dolly tana yin aiki mai yawa kan wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin da ake fuskanta a wuraren ajiyar kayan, musamman game da matasa, yayin da ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jin daɗin jama'a a waɗannan wuraren ajiyar guda bakwai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dolly da kanta tana ganin waɗannan matsalolin ne sakamakon ɗabi'ar matasan 'yan asalin ƙasar, yayin da iyaye da yawa ba sa koya wa 'ya'yansu gadonsu da harshensu na asali don su ba su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Imaninta da 'yancin cin gashin kan Indiya ya sa ta goyi bayan manufar da ke cike da ce-ce-ku-ce ta Termination, wadda ta yi kira da a &quot;kawo ƙarshen&quot; wajibcin da gwamnatin Amurka ta sanya wa kabilu domin ƙarfafa 'yan Indiya su shiga cikin babbar al'ummar Turai-Amurka. Idan ta waiwayi aikinta, ta yi alfahari da nasarar yin fafutukar neman wata doka da ta ba wa kabilu damar ɗaukar lauyoyinsu da kuma Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Indiya ta 1968, &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; wadda ta sanya 'Yan Asalin Amurka a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 &quot;Woman's lib is old hat to dolly&quot;]. ''Oakland Post''. July 29, 1971. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 371655978].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma naɗa Dolly a kwamitin ba da shawara na FHA na Montana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 &quot;Woman's lib is old hat to dolly&quot;]. ''Oakland Post''. July 29, 1971. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 371655978].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Bayan rayuwa mai tasiri, ta mutu a shekarar 1986 a Helena. &lt;ref name=&quot;Catalog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927–1985 |url=http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv98514 |access-date=31 August 2015 |website=Archives West}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv98514 &quot;Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927–1985&quot;]. ''Archives West''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;31 August&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta a ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Dolly Akers''' (Maris 23, 1901 - Yuni 5, 1986) mace ce 'yar Assiniboine wacce ta kasance mace ta farko 'yar asalin Amurka da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Montana da kashi 100% na kuri'un Indiya &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mace ta farko da aka zaba a Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kabilun Assiniboine da Sioux na Fort Peck Indian Reservation . &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaro da rayuwar mutum ==
An haifi Dolly Smith Cusker Akers a Wolf Point, Montana . Mahaifiyarta, Nellie Trexler, 'yar asalin ƙabilar Assiniboine ce kuma mahaifinta, William Smith, ɗan asalin ƙasar Ireland ne. Ta girma a Arewa maso Gabashin Montana a Fort Peck Reservation. Tun tana ƙarama, ta halarci makarantar kwana ta 'yan asalin Amurka da ake kira Sherman Institute a Riverside, California. Bayan ta kammala karatunta tana da shekaru 16, ta koma Montana ta auri George Cusker a shekarar 1917. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan sun yi kiwon dabbobi kusa da Poplar kuma suna da 'ya mace ɗaya mai suna Alvina. George Cusker ya mutu a shekarar 1941 kuma a shekarar 1944, Dolly ta sake yin aure da John Akers. Ta sake yin bazawara a shekarar 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;Catalog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927–1985 |url=http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv98514 |access-date=31 August 2015 |website=Archives West}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 1920, Akers ta koma Washington, DC, don yin aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga shugabannin ƙabilarta a cikin mu'amalarsu da gwamnatin tarayya

A shekarar 1923, Cusker ta raka wakilan ƙabilu biyu, Bear Hill da Dave Johnson, zuwa Washington, DC, a matsayin mai fassara don neman tallafin kuɗi daga makaranta. Yayin da take can, ta kuma yi kira da a bai wa 'yan asalin ƙasar damar zama ɗan ƙasa a Amurka. An zartar da Dokar 'Yancin 'Yan ƙasar Indiya a shekarar 1924, wadda ta ba wa dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasa. Ba duk 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne suka goyi bayan amincewa da wannan doka saboda ta ba da haƙƙin zaɓe ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, wanda suke jin tsoron wani mataki ne na haɗa kai da kuma lalata ikon mallakar ƙabilu.

An naɗa Dolly a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Majalisar Kabila bayan ta halarci tarurrukan kwamitin a madadin mijinta na farko, George Cusker, wanda ya yi aiki a kwamitin. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami wannan matsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1932, an zaɓe Dolly a majalisar jiha a matsayin 'yar Democrat amma daga baya ta zama 'yar Republican. Ta sami kusan kashi 100 cikin 100 na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a gundumar Roosevelt, wacce ta ƙunshi galibin fararen Amurkawa. Ta zama 'yar asalin Amurka ta farko da ta yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Montana, an zaɓe ta tana da shekaru 23 kacal, kuma ita ce mace ɗaya tilo da ta yi aiki a zaman majalisar dokoki na 1933-34. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An naɗa ta a Kwamitin Hulɗa da Tarayya kuma ta kasance wakiliya ta musamman ga gwamnan ga Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida na Amurka. 

Dolly ta ci gaba da harkokin siyasa a tsawon rayuwarta. Ta ziyarci Washington, DC, sau 57 a matsayin wakilin ƙabila kuma 'yar ƙasa ce ta Majalisar ƙabilar Fort Peck akai-akai tsawon shekaru 40. Aikinta ba tare da wata jayayya ba ne. Misali, a shekarar 1959, an cire ta daga majalisar ƙabilar ta hanyar ƙuri'ar 279 zuwa 189 kuma &quot;an hana ta riƙe muƙami har abada da wakiltar ƙabilun Fort Peck Sioux da Assiniboine.&quot; Daga baya aka soke wannan ƙuri'ar.

Dolly ta kan ƙalubalanci yadda Ofishin Indiya ke kula da albarkatun ƙabilu, tana mai imanin cewa ya kamata a ba wa ƙabilu (da kuma daidaikun 'yan Indiya) damar gudanar da harkokinsu kamar yadda waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su iya. &quot;Me ya sa za a tilasta wa 'yan Indiya su rayu a ƙarƙashin dokar da aka kafa kimanin shekaru 80 da suka gabata? Wannan ita ce shekarar da Kwamishinan Indiya ya kira 'yan Indiya da 'dabbobin daji!'&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hukumar gidaje da kuma bayar da shawarwari ==
Bayan an zaɓe ta a Hukumar Gidajen Gundumar Fort Peck a shekarun 1970, ta yi kira da a samar da kuɗi don gidaje a Wurin Ajiye Kayan Gida na Fort Peck. Ta cimma burinta na karɓar kuɗaɗen tarayya amma daga baya wasu membobin majalisar ƙabilar sun zarge ta da fifita magoya bayanta maimakon auna duk masu neman aiki daidai gwargwado wajen rabon waɗannan kuɗaɗen gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dolly ta zauna a wani gona mai fadin eka 1,400 a Montana na tsawon wani ɓangare na rayuwarta inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bayar da shawara da kuma mai ba da shawara na musamman ga wuraren ajiye kayan gida guda bakwai daban-daban a jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 &quot;Woman's lib is old hat to dolly&quot;]. ''Oakland Post''. July 29, 1971. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 371655978].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dolly tana yin aiki mai yawa kan wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin da ake fuskanta a wuraren ajiyar kayan, musamman game da matasa, yayin da ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jin daɗin jama'a a waɗannan wuraren ajiyar guda bakwai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dolly da kanta tana ganin waɗannan matsalolin ne sakamakon ɗabi'ar matasan 'yan asalin ƙasar, yayin da iyaye da yawa ba sa koya wa 'ya'yansu gadonsu da harshensu na asali don su ba su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Imaninta da 'yancin cin gashin kan Indiya ya sa ta goyi bayan manufar da ke cike da ce-ce-ku-ce ta Termination, wadda ta yi kira da a &quot;kawo ƙarshen&quot; wajibcin da gwamnatin Amurka ta sanya wa kabilu domin ƙarfafa 'yan Indiya su shiga cikin babbar al'ummar Turai-Amurka. Idan ta waiwayi aikinta, ta yi alfahari da nasarar yin fafutukar neman wata doka da ta ba wa kabilu damar ɗaukar lauyoyinsu da kuma Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Indiya ta 1968, &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; wadda ta sanya 'Yan Asalin Amurka a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 &quot;Woman's lib is old hat to dolly&quot;]. ''Oakland Post''. July 29, 1971. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 371655978].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma naɗa Dolly a kwamitin ba da shawara na FHA na Montana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 &quot;Woman's lib is old hat to dolly&quot;]. ''Oakland Post''. July 29, 1971. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 371655978].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Bayan rayuwa mai tasiri, ta mutu a shekarar 1986 a Helena. &lt;ref name=&quot;Catalog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927–1985 |url=http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv98514 |access-date=31 August 2015 |website=Archives West}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv98514 &quot;Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927–1985&quot;]. ''Archives West''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;31 August&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta a ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Dolly Akers''' (Maris 23, 1901 - Yuni 5, 1986) mace ce 'yar Assiniboine wacce ta kasance mace ta farko 'yar asalin Amurka da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Montana da kashi 100% na kuri'un Indiya &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mace ta farko da aka zaba a Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kabilun Assiniboine da Sioux na Fort Peck Indian Reservation . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaro da rayuwar mutum ==
An haifi Dolly Smith Cusker Akers a Wolf Point, Montana . Mahaifiyarta, Nellie Trexler, 'yar asalin ƙabilar Assiniboine ce kuma mahaifinta, William Smith, ɗan asalin ƙasar Ireland ne. Ta girma a Arewa maso Gabashin Montana a Fort Peck Reservation. Tun tana ƙarama, ta halarci makarantar kwana ta 'yan asalin Amurka da ake kira Sherman Institute a Riverside, California. Bayan ta kammala karatunta tana da shekaru 16, ta koma Montana ta auri George Cusker a shekarar 1917. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan sun yi kiwon dabbobi kusa da Poplar kuma suna da 'ya mace ɗaya mai suna Alvina. George Cusker ya mutu a shekarar 1941 kuma a shekarar 1944, Dolly ta sake yin aure da John Akers. Ta sake yin bazawara a shekarar 1959. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Catalog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927–1985 |url=http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv98514 |access-date=31 August 2015 |website=Archives West}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 1920, Akers ta koma Washington, DC, don yin aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga shugabannin ƙabilarta a cikin mu'amalarsu da gwamnatin tarayya

A shekarar 1923, Cusker ta raka wakilan ƙabilu biyu, Bear Hill da Dave Johnson, zuwa Washington, DC, a matsayin mai fassara don neman tallafin kuɗi daga makaranta. Yayin da take can, ta kuma yi kira da a bai wa 'yan asalin ƙasar damar zama ɗan ƙasa a Amurka. An zartar da Dokar 'Yancin 'Yan ƙasar Indiya a shekarar 1924, wadda ta ba wa dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasa. Ba duk 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne suka goyi bayan amincewa da wannan doka saboda ta ba da haƙƙin zaɓe ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, wanda suke jin tsoron wani mataki ne na haɗa kai da kuma lalata ikon mallakar ƙabilu.

An naɗa Dolly a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Majalisar Kabila bayan ta halarci tarurrukan kwamitin a madadin mijinta na farko, George Cusker, wanda ya yi aiki a kwamitin. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami wannan matsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1932, an zaɓe Dolly a majalisar jiha a matsayin 'yar Democrat amma daga baya ta zama 'yar Republican. Ta sami kusan kashi 100 cikin 100 na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a gundumar Roosevelt, wacce ta ƙunshi galibin fararen Amurkawa. Ta zama 'yar asalin Amurka ta farko da ta yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Montana, an zaɓe ta tana da shekaru 23 kacal, kuma ita ce mace ɗaya tilo da ta yi aiki a zaman majalisar dokoki na 1933-34. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An naɗa ta a Kwamitin Hulɗa da Tarayya kuma ta kasance wakiliya ta musamman ga gwamnan ga Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida na Amurka. 

Dolly ta ci gaba da harkokin siyasa a tsawon rayuwarta. Ta ziyarci Washington, DC, sau 57 a matsayin wakilin ƙabila kuma 'yar ƙasa ce ta Majalisar ƙabilar Fort Peck akai-akai tsawon shekaru 40. Aikinta ba tare da wata jayayya ba ne. Misali, a shekarar 1959, an cire ta daga majalisar ƙabilar ta hanyar ƙuri'ar 279 zuwa 189 kuma &quot;an hana ta riƙe muƙami har abada da wakiltar ƙabilun Fort Peck Sioux da Assiniboine.&quot; Daga baya aka soke wannan ƙuri'ar.

Dolly ta kan ƙalubalanci yadda Ofishin Indiya ke kula da albarkatun ƙabilu, tana mai imanin cewa ya kamata a ba wa ƙabilu (da kuma daidaikun 'yan Indiya) damar gudanar da harkokinsu kamar yadda waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su iya. &quot;Me ya sa za a tilasta wa 'yan Indiya su rayu a ƙarƙashin dokar da aka kafa kimanin shekaru 80 da suka gabata? Wannan ita ce shekarar da Kwamishinan Indiya ya kira 'yan Indiya da 'dabbobin daji!'&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hukumar gidaje da kuma bayar da shawarwari ==
Bayan an zaɓe ta a Hukumar Gidajen Gundumar Fort Peck a shekarun 1970, ta yi kira da a samar da kuɗi don gidaje a Wurin Ajiye Kayan Gida na Fort Peck. Ta cimma burinta na karɓar kuɗaɗen tarayya amma daga baya wasu membobin majalisar ƙabilar sun zarge ta da fifita magoya bayanta maimakon auna duk masu neman aiki daidai gwargwado wajen rabon waɗannan kuɗaɗen gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dolly ta zauna a wani gona mai fadin eka 1,400 a Montana na tsawon wani ɓangare na rayuwarta inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bayar da shawara da kuma mai ba da shawara na musamman ga wuraren ajiye kayan gida guda bakwai daban-daban a jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 &quot;Woman's lib is old hat to dolly&quot;]. ''Oakland Post''. July 29, 1971. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 371655978].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dolly tana yin aiki mai yawa kan wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin da ake fuskanta a wuraren ajiyar kayan, musamman game da matasa, yayin da ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jin daɗin jama'a a waɗannan wuraren ajiyar guda bakwai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dolly da kanta tana ganin waɗannan matsalolin ne sakamakon ɗabi'ar matasan 'yan asalin ƙasar, yayin da iyaye da yawa ba sa koya wa 'ya'yansu gadonsu da harshensu na asali don su ba su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Imaninta da 'yancin cin gashin kan Indiya ya sa ta goyi bayan manufar da ke cike da ce-ce-ku-ce ta Termination, wadda ta yi kira da a &quot;kawo ƙarshen&quot; wajibcin da gwamnatin Amurka ta sanya wa kabilu domin ƙarfafa 'yan Indiya su shiga cikin babbar al'ummar Turai-Amurka. Idan ta waiwayi aikinta, ta yi alfahari da nasarar yin fafutukar neman wata doka da ta ba wa kabilu damar ɗaukar lauyoyinsu da kuma Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Indiya ta 1968, &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ |access-date= |website=Women's History Matters |publisher=Montana Historical Society}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://montanawomenshistory.org/dolly-smith-cusker-akers-champion-to-some-foe-to-others/ &quot;&quot;I am a very necessary evil&quot;: The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers&quot;]. ''Women's History Matters''. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; wadda ta sanya 'Yan Asalin Amurka a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 &quot;Woman's lib is old hat to dolly&quot;]. ''Oakland Post''. July 29, 1971. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 371655978].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma naɗa Dolly a kwamitin ba da shawara na FHA na Montana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 1971 |title=Woman's lib is old hat to dolly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 |journal=Oakland Post |id={{ProQuest|371655978}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 &quot;Woman's lib is old hat to dolly&quot;]. ''Oakland Post''. July 29, 1971. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/371655978 371655978].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Bayan rayuwa mai tasiri, ta mutu a shekarar 1986 a Helena. &lt;ref name=&quot;Catalog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927–1985 |url=http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv98514 |access-date=31 August 2015 |website=Archives West}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv98514 &quot;Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927–1985&quot;]. ''Archives West''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;31 August&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta a ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>j8kz5y77wd7vstdm1wyh38fyieqf6yh</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jane Alexander ƴar siyasa)</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1261674077|Jane Alexander (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3249" sha1="5hhzziztq0640ya1hf9ptjmmcw2dd8r" xml:space="preserve">Jane M. Alexander (10 ga Nuwamba, 1929 - 6 ga Mayu, 2020) 'yar siyasa ce kuma lauya 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania daga 1965 zuwa 1969.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Jane Lehmer a Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1929.  Iyalinta sun koma Dillsburg, Pennsylvania, lokacin da ta cika shekara biyu, don zama a ƙasar da iyalinta ke mallaka tun bayan da William Penn ya kafa yankin mulkin mallaka na Pennsylvania .   Kakan Lehmer alkali ne na zaman lafiya, kuma ya ba ta damar, tana da shekaru biyar, ta kula da shari'o'in kotu da ya jagoranta. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Bayan Lehmer ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Dillsburg, ta sami digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Dickinson a 1951,  sannan ta sami digirin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Dickinson a 1954. Ta auri P. Nelson Alexander, &lt;ref name=&quot;pnobit&quot; /&gt; wanda ta renon yara biyu na halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Aurenta na biyu shine James A. McHale, &lt;ref name=&quot;pnobit&quot; /&gt; wanda ta haɗu da shi yayin da dukkansu ke aiki a Sashen Noma na Pennsylvania . &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; 

== Aikin shari'a da hidimar jama'a ==
A shekarar 1955, an shigar da Jane Alexander cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta gundumar York.  Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta sami mamba a cikin lauyoyin gundumar, kuma ta farko da ta fara aiki da lauya.  Alexander ta fara aikinta na lauya a fannin shari'a.  An zaɓe ta a matsayinta na siyasa ta farko a shekarar 1955, kuma ta zauna a Majalisar Gundumar Dillsburg a matsayin mace ta farko da ta zama mamba a majalisar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; An naɗa ta shugabar ƙungiyar, ta yi aiki daga 1958 zuwa 1959,  kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci majalisar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Alexander daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Makarantar Haɗin gwiwa ta Arewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Tana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Democrat, an zaɓe Alexander zuwa wa'adi biyu a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania, tana yi wa Gundumar 92 hidima daga 1965 zuwa 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Bayan ta hau mulki, Alexander ta zama mace ta farko da ta wakilci Gundumar York a Babban Taron Pennsylvania .  Ta sha kaye a karo na biyu a zaɓen sake zaɓe a shekarar 1968. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin 1969 da 1972, an naɗa Alexander a Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Ayyukan Yara. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Scolforo&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ta yi aiki a Ofishin Abinci da Sinadarai na Ma'aikatar Noma ta Pennsylvania. Daga baya Gwamna Milton Shapp ya naɗa mataimakiyar sakataren noma na jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta zama mace ta farko a Amurka da ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar sakataren noma a matakin jiha. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Ta ci gaba da wannan matsayin har zuwa 1978, lokacin da ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar J&amp;J Agri-Products and Services Inc., a Dillsburg. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta yi aikin lauya har zuwa rasuwarta,  ta mai da hankali kan dokokin iyali, gidaje da gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta mutu a Asibitin Harrisburg, a Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, tana da shekaru 90, a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Scolforo&quot; /&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]</text>
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Jane M. Alexander (10 ga Nuwamba, 1929 - 6 ga Mayu, 2020) 'yar siyasa ce kuma lauya 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania daga 1965 zuwa 1969.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Jane Lehmer a Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1929.  Iyalinta sun koma Dillsburg, Pennsylvania, lokacin da ta cika shekara biyu, don zama a ƙasar da iyalinta ke mallaka tun bayan da William Penn ya kafa yankin mulkin mallaka na Pennsylvania .   Kakan Lehmer alkali ne na zaman lafiya, kuma ya ba ta damar, tana da shekaru biyar, ta kula da shari'o'in kotu da ya jagoranta. Bayan Lehmer ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Dillsburg, ta sami digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Dickinson a 1951,  sannan ta sami digirin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Dickinson a 1954. Ta auri P. Nelson Alexander, &lt;ref name=&quot;pnobit&quot; /&gt; wanda ta renon yara biyu na halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Aurenta na biyu shine James A. McHale, &lt;ref name=&quot;pnobit&quot; /&gt; wanda ta haɗu da shi yayin da dukkansu ke aiki a Sashen Noma na Pennsylvania . &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; 

== Aikin shari'a da hidimar jama'a ==
A shekarar 1955, an shigar da Jane Alexander cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta gundumar York.  Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta sami mamba a cikin lauyoyin gundumar, kuma ta farko da ta fara aiki da lauya.  Alexander ta fara aikinta na lauya a fannin shari'a.  An zaɓe ta a matsayinta na siyasa ta farko a shekarar 1955, kuma ta zauna a Majalisar Gundumar Dillsburg a matsayin mace ta farko da ta zama mamba a majalisar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; An naɗa ta shugabar ƙungiyar, ta yi aiki daga 1958 zuwa 1959,  kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci majalisar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Alexander daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Makarantar Haɗin gwiwa ta Arewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Tana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Democrat, an zaɓe Alexander zuwa wa'adi biyu a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania, tana yi wa Gundumar 92 hidima daga 1965 zuwa 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Bayan ta hau mulki, Alexander ta zama mace ta farko da ta wakilci Gundumar York a Babban Taron Pennsylvania .  Ta sha kaye a karo na biyu a zaɓen sake zaɓe a shekarar 1968. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin 1969 da 1972, an naɗa Alexander a Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Ayyukan Yara. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Scolforo&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ta yi aiki a Ofishin Abinci da Sinadarai na Ma'aikatar Noma ta Pennsylvania. Daga baya Gwamna Milton Shapp ya naɗa mataimakiyar sakataren noma na jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta zama mace ta farko a Amurka da ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar sakataren noma a matakin jiha. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Ta ci gaba da wannan matsayin har zuwa 1978, lokacin da ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar J&amp;J Agri-Products and Services Inc., a Dillsburg. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta yi aikin lauya har zuwa rasuwarta,  ta mai da hankali kan dokokin iyali, gidaje da gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta mutu a Asibitin Harrisburg, a Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, tana da shekaru 90, a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Scolforo&quot; /&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]</text>
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        <id>15405</id>
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Jane M. Alexander (10 ga Nuwamba, 1929 - 6 ga Mayu, 2020) 'yar siyasa ce kuma lauya 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania daga 1965 zuwa 1969.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Jane Lehmer a Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1929. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=JANE M. ALEXANDER |url=https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=1238&amp;body=H |access-date=May 15, 2020 |agency=Pennsylvania House of Representatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Iyalinta sun koma Dillsburg, Pennsylvania, lokacin da ta cika shekara biyu, don zama a ƙasar da iyalinta ke mallaka tun bayan da William Penn ya kafa yankin mulkin mallaka na Pennsylvania .   Kakan Lehmer alkali ne na zaman lafiya, kuma ya ba ta damar, tana da shekaru biyar, ta kula da shari'o'in kotu da ya jagoranta. Bayan Lehmer ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Dillsburg, ta sami digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Dickinson a 1951,  sannan ta sami digirin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Dickinson a 1954. Ta auri P. Nelson Alexander, &lt;ref name=&quot;pnobit&quot; /&gt; wanda ta renon yara biyu na halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Aurenta na biyu shine James A. McHale, &lt;ref name=&quot;pnobit&quot; /&gt; wanda ta haɗu da shi yayin da dukkansu ke aiki a Sashen Noma na Pennsylvania . &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin shari'a da hidimar jama'a ==
A shekarar 1955, an shigar da Jane Alexander cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta gundumar York.  Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta sami mamba a cikin lauyoyin gundumar, kuma ta farko da ta fara aiki da lauya.  Alexander ta fara aikinta na lauya a fannin shari'a.  An zaɓe ta a matsayinta na siyasa ta farko a shekarar 1955, kuma ta zauna a Majalisar Gundumar Dillsburg a matsayin mace ta farko da ta zama mamba a majalisar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; An naɗa ta shugabar ƙungiyar, ta yi aiki daga 1958 zuwa 1959,  kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci majalisar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Alexander daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Makarantar Haɗin gwiwa ta Arewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Tana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Democrat, an zaɓe Alexander zuwa wa'adi biyu a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania, tana yi wa Gundumar 92 hidima daga 1965 zuwa 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Bayan ta hau mulki, Alexander ta zama mace ta farko da ta wakilci Gundumar York a Babban Taron Pennsylvania .  Ta sha kaye a karo na biyu a zaɓen sake zaɓe a shekarar 1968. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin 1969 da 1972, an naɗa Alexander a Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Ayyukan Yara. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Scolforo&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ta yi aiki a Ofishin Abinci da Sinadarai na Ma'aikatar Noma ta Pennsylvania. Daga baya Gwamna Milton Shapp ya naɗa mataimakiyar sakataren noma na jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta zama mace ta farko a Amurka da ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar sakataren noma a matakin jiha. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Ta ci gaba da wannan matsayin har zuwa 1978, lokacin da ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar J&amp;J Agri-Products and Services Inc., a Dillsburg. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta yi aikin lauya har zuwa rasuwarta,  ta mai da hankali kan dokokin iyali, gidaje da gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta mutu a Asibitin Harrisburg, a Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, tana da shekaru 90, a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Scolforo&quot; /&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]</text>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta sirri */</comment>
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Jane M. Alexander (10 ga Nuwamba, 1929 - 6 ga Mayu, 2020) 'yar siyasa ce kuma lauya 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania daga 1965 zuwa 1969.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Jane Lehmer a Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1929. &lt;ref&gt;  name=&quot;pahouse&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=JANE M. ALEXANDER |url=https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=1238&amp;body=H |access-date=May 15, 2020 |agency=Pennsylvania House of Representatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Iyalinta sun koma Dillsburg, Pennsylvania, lokacin da ta cika shekara biyu, don zama a ƙasar da iyalinta ke mallaka tun bayan da William Penn ya kafa yankin mulkin mallaka na Pennsylvania . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;bowman&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bowman |first1=Sue |title=Jane Alexander: Country Girl With Worldwide Impact |url=https://www.lancasterfarming.com/farm_life/antiques_and_history/jane-alexander-country-girl-with-worldwide-impact/article_9800c42e-a5c6-591e-b1bc-a4eec66e4f6c.html |access-date=May 15, 2020 |work=Lancaster Farming |date=February 24, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Kakan Lehmer alkali ne na zaman lafiya, kuma ya ba ta damar, tana da shekaru biyar, ta kula da shari'o'in kotu da ya jagoranta. Bayan Lehmer ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Dillsburg, ta sami digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Dickinson a 1951,  sannan ta sami digirin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Dickinson a 1954. Ta auri P. Nelson Alexander, &lt;ref name=&quot;pnobit&quot; /&gt; wanda ta renon yara biyu na halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Aurenta na biyu shine James A. McHale, &lt;ref name=&quot;pnobit&quot; /&gt; wanda ta haɗu da shi yayin da dukkansu ke aiki a Sashen Noma na Pennsylvania . &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin shari'a da hidimar jama'a ==
A shekarar 1955, an shigar da Jane Alexander cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta gundumar York.  Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta sami mamba a cikin lauyoyin gundumar, kuma ta farko da ta fara aiki da lauya.  Alexander ta fara aikinta na lauya a fannin shari'a.  An zaɓe ta a matsayinta na siyasa ta farko a shekarar 1955, kuma ta zauna a Majalisar Gundumar Dillsburg a matsayin mace ta farko da ta zama mamba a majalisar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; An naɗa ta shugabar ƙungiyar, ta yi aiki daga 1958 zuwa 1959,  kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci majalisar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Alexander daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Makarantar Haɗin gwiwa ta Arewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Tana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Democrat, an zaɓe Alexander zuwa wa'adi biyu a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania, tana yi wa Gundumar 92 hidima daga 1965 zuwa 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Bayan ta hau mulki, Alexander ta zama mace ta farko da ta wakilci Gundumar York a Babban Taron Pennsylvania .  Ta sha kaye a karo na biyu a zaɓen sake zaɓe a shekarar 1968. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin 1969 da 1972, an naɗa Alexander a Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Ayyukan Yara. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Scolforo&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ta yi aiki a Ofishin Abinci da Sinadarai na Ma'aikatar Noma ta Pennsylvania. Daga baya Gwamna Milton Shapp ya naɗa mataimakiyar sakataren noma na jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta zama mace ta farko a Amurka da ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar sakataren noma a matakin jiha. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Ta ci gaba da wannan matsayin har zuwa 1978, lokacin da ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar J&amp;J Agri-Products and Services Inc., a Dillsburg. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta yi aikin lauya har zuwa rasuwarta,  ta mai da hankali kan dokokin iyali, gidaje da gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta mutu a Asibitin Harrisburg, a Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, tana da shekaru 90, a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Scolforo&quot; /&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
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      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta sirri */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4194" sha1="1l6j6bmtyujho8znb0fhh3wcgd6ahij" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Jane M. Alexander (10 ga Nuwamba, 1929 - 6 ga Mayu, 2020) 'yar siyasa ce kuma lauya 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania daga 1965 zuwa 1969.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Jane Lehmer a Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1929. &lt;ref&gt;  name=&quot;pahouse&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=JANE M. ALEXANDER |url=https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=1238&amp;body=H |access-date=May 15, 2020 |agency=Pennsylvania House of Representatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Iyalinta sun koma Dillsburg, Pennsylvania, lokacin da ta cika shekara biyu, don zama a ƙasar da iyalinta ke mallaka tun bayan da William Penn ya kafa yankin mulkin mallaka na Pennsylvania . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;bowman&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bowman |first1=Sue |title=Jane Alexander: Country Girl With Worldwide Impact |url=https://www.lancasterfarming.com/farm_life/antiques_and_history/jane-alexander-country-girl-with-worldwide-impact/article_9800c42e-a5c6-591e-b1bc-a4eec66e4f6c.html |access-date=May 15, 2020 |work=Lancaster Farming |date=February 24, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Kakan Lehmer alkali ne na zaman lafiya, kuma ya ba ta damar, tana da shekaru biyar, ta kula da shari'o'in kotu da ya jagoranta. Bayan Lehmer ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Dillsburg, ta sami digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Dickinson a 1951,  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;pnobit&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Jane M. Alexander |url=https://www.cocklinfuneralhome.com/obituary/jane-alexander |access-date=May 15, 2020 |work=The Patriot News |date=May 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606162152/https://www.cocklinfuneralhome.com/obituary/jane-alexander |archive-date=June 6, 2020 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan ta sami digirin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Dickinson a 1954. Ta auri P. Nelson Alexander, &lt;ref name=&quot;pnobit&quot; /&gt; wanda ta renon yara biyu na halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Aurenta na biyu shine James A. McHale, &lt;ref name=&quot;pnobit&quot; /&gt; wanda ta haɗu da shi yayin da dukkansu ke aiki a Sashen Noma na Pennsylvania . &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin shari'a da hidimar jama'a ==
A shekarar 1955, an shigar da Jane Alexander cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta gundumar York.  Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta sami mamba a cikin lauyoyin gundumar, kuma ta farko da ta fara aiki da lauya.  Alexander ta fara aikinta na lauya a fannin shari'a.  An zaɓe ta a matsayinta na siyasa ta farko a shekarar 1955, kuma ta zauna a Majalisar Gundumar Dillsburg a matsayin mace ta farko da ta zama mamba a majalisar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; An naɗa ta shugabar ƙungiyar, ta yi aiki daga 1958 zuwa 1959,  kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci majalisar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Alexander daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Makarantar Haɗin gwiwa ta Arewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Tana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Democrat, an zaɓe Alexander zuwa wa'adi biyu a Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania, tana yi wa Gundumar 92 hidima daga 1965 zuwa 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Bayan ta hau mulki, Alexander ta zama mace ta farko da ta wakilci Gundumar York a Babban Taron Pennsylvania .  Ta sha kaye a karo na biyu a zaɓen sake zaɓe a shekarar 1968. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Freireich&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin 1969 da 1972, an naɗa Alexander a Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Ayyukan Yara. &lt;ref name=&quot;pahouse&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Scolforo&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ta yi aiki a Ofishin Abinci da Sinadarai na Ma'aikatar Noma ta Pennsylvania. Daga baya Gwamna Milton Shapp ya naɗa mataimakiyar sakataren noma na jihar. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta zama mace ta farko a Amurka da ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar sakataren noma a matakin jiha. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Ta ci gaba da wannan matsayin har zuwa 1978, lokacin da ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar J&amp;J Agri-Products and Services Inc., a Dillsburg. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta yi aikin lauya har zuwa rasuwarta,  ta mai da hankali kan dokokin iyali, gidaje da gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;bowman&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta mutu a Asibitin Harrisburg, a Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, tana da shekaru 90, a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Scolforo&quot; /&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]</text>
      <sha1>1l6j6bmtyujho8znb0fhh3wcgd6ahij</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Annet Katusiime Mugisha</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340531878|Annet Katusiime Mugisha]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5119" sha1="fi58oejft8ehp0gnnd8gz0znh5oa2cl" xml:space="preserve">'''Annet Katusiime Mugisha''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Uganda, wacce take aiki a matsayin memba a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, ta 11, tana wakiltar Gundumar Bushenyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=I will kick poverty out of Bushenyi – Annet Katusiime Mugisha |url=https://eastafricanwatch.net/i-will-kick-poverty-out-of-bushenyi-annet-katusiime-mugisha/ |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=The East African Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=MS ANNET KATUSIIME MUGISHA FIRST TO BE NOMINATED FOR BUSHENYI DISTRICT WOMAN MP |url=https://mknewslink.com/ms-annet-katusiime-mugisha-first-to-be-nominated-for-bushenyi-district-woman-mp/ |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=MK Newslink |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Mugisha a shekarar 1974 a ƙauyen Katunda, ƙaramar hukumar Bumbaire, gundumar Bushenyi, Uganda. Tana da digiri a fannin jagoranci da ba da shawara daga [[Jami'ar shahidan Uganda|Jami'ar Martyrs ta Uganda]], wata jami'a mai zaman kanta ta Katolika da ke Nkozi, [[Uganda]]. A shekarar 2021, ta fara karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) a wannan jami'ar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=PML DAILY EDITOR {{!}} PML Daily |date=9 June 2020 |title=EYES ON THE PRIZE: How Annet Katusiime Mugisha has won hearts and minds in Bushenyi |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/analysis/2020/06/eyes-on-the-prize-how-annet-katusiime-mugisha-has-won-hearts-and-minds-in-bushenyi.html |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four in race to replace Karooro in Bushenyi |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/elections/four-in-race-to-replace-karooro-in-bushenyi-3244760 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==

=== Ƙwarewa ===
Mugisha ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare kuma a halin yanzu tana gudanar da wani kamfanin abinci. Ita kwararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ce, mai ba da shawara, mai zuba jari, kuma mai wa'azi. Ita da mijinta Silver Mugisha, Shugaba kuma Manajin Darakta na Kamfanin Ruwa da Najasa na Uganda, sun kafa Kamfanin Bamugisha Community Welfare Ltd., wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce aka ruwaito cewa manufarta ita ce ƙara samun ilimi, inganta kuɗin shiga na iyali, da kuma samar da tsaron abinci da kare muhalli ga mazauna Gundumar Bushenyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AGENCIES |date=18 July 2019 |title=Bushenyi: Ba Mugisha Community Welfare resort to disease fighting |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/investigations/special-reports/2019/07/bushenyi-ba-mugisha-community-welfare-resort-to-disease-fighting.html |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title=Annet Mugisha turning around lives in Bushenyi |url=https://dailymedia.co.ug/2019/03/18/annet-mugisha-turning-around-lives-in-bushenyi/ |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Daily Media |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BAMUGISHA COMMUNITY WELFARE LTD (BY GUARANTEE) |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/ug/80010004273347 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=opencorporates.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=PML DAILY EDITOR {{!}} PML Daily |date=9 June 2020 |title=EYES ON THE PRIZE: How Annet Katusiime Mugisha has won hearts and minds in Bushenyi |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/analysis/2020/06/eyes-on-the-prize-how-annet-katusiime-mugisha-has-won-hearts-and-minds-in-bushenyi.html |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siyasa ===
Mugisha tana da alaƙa da jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) ta Uganda. Aikinta na siyasa ya fara ne da zaɓen 'yan majalisa na shekarar 2021, inda ta yi nasara a kan [[Mary Karooro Okurut]] a zaɓen fidda gwani na NRM sannan daga baya ta lashe zaɓen 'yan majalisa. Yayin da take fafutukar neman zaɓen fidda gwani, an zargi Mugisha da amfani da takardun shaidar ilimi na jabu a cikin wani ƙara da Zeddy Gakyalo da Phillip Murwani suka jagoranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-29 |title=Annet Mugisha, Wife To NWSC Boss' Troubles Escalate As Concerned Citizens Petition EC To Scrutinize Her Doubted Academic Papers |url=https://thecapitaltimes.co.ug/2020/08/29/annet-mugisha-wife-to-nwsc-boss-troubles-escalate-as-concerned-citizens-petition-ec-to-scrutinize-her-doubted-academic-papers/ |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=The Capital Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mugisha ta musanta zarge-zargen, tana mai kare rashin daidaiton da aka yi a takardunta tare da canza suna daga Musoga zuwa Mugisha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-20 |title=PETITION ON MY QUALIFICATIONS BY PHILLIP AND ZEDDY IS TRASH-MS ANNET KATUSIIME MUGISHA |url=https://mknewslink.com/petition-on-my-qualifications-by-phillip-and-zeddy-is-trash-ms-annet-katusiime-mugisha/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=MK Newslink |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
Margret Okunga MakohaAnnet Katusiime MugishaMargret Okunga MakohaAnnet Katusiime MugishaMargret Okunga Makoha
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5021" sha1="1hxyy3gabocfalm45w6u0vxkwurgf7s" xml:space="preserve">'''Annet Katusiime Mugisha''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Uganda, wacce take aiki a matsayin memba a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, ta 11, tana wakiltar Gundumar Bushenyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=I will kick poverty out of Bushenyi – Annet Katusiime Mugisha |url=https://eastafricanwatch.net/i-will-kick-poverty-out-of-bushenyi-annet-katusiime-mugisha/ |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=The East African Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=MS ANNET KATUSIIME MUGISHA FIRST TO BE NOMINATED FOR BUSHENYI DISTRICT WOMAN MP |url=https://mknewslink.com/ms-annet-katusiime-mugisha-first-to-be-nominated-for-bushenyi-district-woman-mp/ |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=MK Newslink |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Mugisha a shekarar 1974 a ƙauyen Katunda, ƙaramar hukumar Bumbaire, gundumar Bushenyi, Uganda. Tana da digiri a fannin jagoranci da ba da shawara daga [[Jami'ar shahidan Uganda|Jami'ar Martyrs ta Uganda]], wata jami'a mai zaman kanta ta Katolika da ke Nkozi, [[Uganda]]. A shekarar 2021, ta fara karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) a wannan jami'ar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=PML DAILY EDITOR {{!}} PML Daily |date=9 June 2020 |title=EYES ON THE PRIZE: How Annet Katusiime Mugisha has won hearts and minds in Bushenyi |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/analysis/2020/06/eyes-on-the-prize-how-annet-katusiime-mugisha-has-won-hearts-and-minds-in-bushenyi.html |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four in race to replace Karooro in Bushenyi |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/elections/four-in-race-to-replace-karooro-in-bushenyi-3244760 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==

=== Ƙwarewa ===
Mugisha ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare kuma a halin yanzu tana gudanar da wani kamfanin abinci. Ita kwararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ce, mai ba da shawara, mai zuba jari, kuma mai wa'azi. Ita da mijinta Silver Mugisha, Shugaba kuma Manajin Darakta na Kamfanin Ruwa da Najasa na Uganda, sun kafa Kamfanin Bamugisha Community Welfare Ltd., wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce aka ruwaito cewa manufarta ita ce ƙara samun ilimi, inganta kuɗin shiga na iyali, da kuma samar da tsaron abinci da kare muhalli ga mazauna Gundumar Bushenyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AGENCIES |date=18 July 2019 |title=Bushenyi: Ba Mugisha Community Welfare resort to disease fighting |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/investigations/special-reports/2019/07/bushenyi-ba-mugisha-community-welfare-resort-to-disease-fighting.html |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title=Annet Mugisha turning around lives in Bushenyi |url=https://dailymedia.co.ug/2019/03/18/annet-mugisha-turning-around-lives-in-bushenyi/ |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Daily Media |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BAMUGISHA COMMUNITY WELFARE LTD (BY GUARANTEE) |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/ug/80010004273347 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=opencorporates.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=PML DAILY EDITOR {{!}} PML Daily |date=9 June 2020 |title=EYES ON THE PRIZE: How Annet Katusiime Mugisha has won hearts and minds in Bushenyi |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/analysis/2020/06/eyes-on-the-prize-how-annet-katusiime-mugisha-has-won-hearts-and-minds-in-bushenyi.html |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siyasa ===
Mugisha tana da alaƙa da jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) ta Uganda. Aikinta na siyasa ya fara ne da zaɓen 'yan majalisa na shekarar 2021, inda ta yi nasara a kan [[Mary Karooro Okurut]] a zaɓen fidda gwani na NRM sannan daga baya ta lashe zaɓen 'yan majalisa. Yayin da take fafutukar neman zaɓen fidda gwani, an zargi Mugisha da amfani da takardun shaidar ilimi na jabu a cikin wani ƙara da Zeddy Gakyalo da Phillip Murwani suka jagoranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-29 |title=Annet Mugisha, Wife To NWSC Boss' Troubles Escalate As Concerned Citizens Petition EC To Scrutinize Her Doubted Academic Papers |url=https://thecapitaltimes.co.ug/2020/08/29/annet-mugisha-wife-to-nwsc-boss-troubles-escalate-as-concerned-citizens-petition-ec-to-scrutinize-her-doubted-academic-papers/ |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=The Capital Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mugisha ta musanta zarge-zargen, tana mai kare rashin daidaiton da aka yi a takardunta tare da canza suna daga Musoga zuwa Mugisha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-20 |title=PETITION ON MY QUALIFICATIONS BY PHILLIP AND ZEDDY IS TRASH-MS ANNET KATUSIIME MUGISHA |url=https://mknewslink.com/petition-on-my-qualifications-by-phillip-and-zeddy-is-trash-ms-annet-katusiime-mugisha/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=MK Newslink |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:21:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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'''Annet Katusiime Mugisha''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Uganda, wacce take aiki a matsayin memba a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, ta 11, tana wakiltar Gundumar Bushenyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=I will kick poverty out of Bushenyi – Annet Katusiime Mugisha |url=https://eastafricanwatch.net/i-will-kick-poverty-out-of-bushenyi-annet-katusiime-mugisha/ |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=The East African Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=MS ANNET KATUSIIME MUGISHA FIRST TO BE NOMINATED FOR BUSHENYI DISTRICT WOMAN MP |url=https://mknewslink.com/ms-annet-katusiime-mugisha-first-to-be-nominated-for-bushenyi-district-woman-mp/ |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=MK Newslink |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Mugisha a shekarar 1974 a ƙauyen Katunda, ƙaramar hukumar Bumbaire, gundumar Bushenyi, Uganda. Tana da digiri a fannin jagoranci da ba da shawara daga [[Jami'ar shahidan Uganda|Jami'ar Martyrs ta Uganda]], wata jami'a mai zaman kanta ta Katolika da ke Nkozi, [[Uganda]]. A shekarar 2021, ta fara karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) a wannan jami'ar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=PML DAILY EDITOR {{!}} PML Daily |date=9 June 2020 |title=EYES ON THE PRIZE: How Annet Katusiime Mugisha has won hearts and minds in Bushenyi |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/analysis/2020/06/eyes-on-the-prize-how-annet-katusiime-mugisha-has-won-hearts-and-minds-in-bushenyi.html |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four in race to replace Karooro in Bushenyi |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/elections/four-in-race-to-replace-karooro-in-bushenyi-3244760 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==

=== Ƙwarewa ===
Mugisha ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare kuma a halin yanzu tana gudanar da wani kamfanin abinci. Ita kwararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ce, mai ba da shawara, mai zuba jari, kuma mai wa'azi. Ita da mijinta Silver Mugisha, Shugaba kuma Manajin Darakta na Kamfanin Ruwa da Najasa na Uganda, sun kafa Kamfanin Bamugisha Community Welfare Ltd., wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce aka ruwaito cewa manufarta ita ce ƙara samun ilimi, inganta kuɗin shiga na iyali, da kuma samar da tsaron abinci da kare muhalli ga mazauna Gundumar Bushenyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AGENCIES |date=18 July 2019 |title=Bushenyi: Ba Mugisha Community Welfare resort to disease fighting |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/investigations/special-reports/2019/07/bushenyi-ba-mugisha-community-welfare-resort-to-disease-fighting.html |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title=Annet Mugisha turning around lives in Bushenyi |url=https://dailymedia.co.ug/2019/03/18/annet-mugisha-turning-around-lives-in-bushenyi/ |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Daily Media |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BAMUGISHA COMMUNITY WELFARE LTD (BY GUARANTEE) |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/ug/80010004273347 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=opencorporates.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=PML DAILY EDITOR {{!}} PML Daily |date=9 June 2020 |title=EYES ON THE PRIZE: How Annet Katusiime Mugisha has won hearts and minds in Bushenyi |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/analysis/2020/06/eyes-on-the-prize-how-annet-katusiime-mugisha-has-won-hearts-and-minds-in-bushenyi.html |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siyasa ===
Mugisha tana da alaƙa da jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) ta Uganda. Aikinta na siyasa ya fara ne da zaɓen 'yan majalisa na shekarar 2021, inda ta yi nasara a kan [[Mary Karooro Okurut]] a zaɓen fidda gwani na NRM sannan daga baya ta lashe zaɓen 'yan majalisa. Yayin da take fafutukar neman zaɓen fidda gwani, an zargi Mugisha da amfani da takardun shaidar ilimi na jabu a cikin wani ƙara da Zeddy Gakyalo da Phillip Murwani suka jagoranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-29 |title=Annet Mugisha, Wife To NWSC Boss' Troubles Escalate As Concerned Citizens Petition EC To Scrutinize Her Doubted Academic Papers |url=https://thecapitaltimes.co.ug/2020/08/29/annet-mugisha-wife-to-nwsc-boss-troubles-escalate-as-concerned-citizens-petition-ec-to-scrutinize-her-doubted-academic-papers/ |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=The Capital Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mugisha ta musanta zarge-zargen, tana mai kare rashin daidaiton da aka yi a takardunta tare da canza suna daga Musoga zuwa Mugisha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-20 |title=PETITION ON MY QUALIFICATIONS BY PHILLIP AND ZEDDY IS TRASH-MS ANNET KATUSIIME MUGISHA |url=https://mknewslink.com/petition-on-my-qualifications-by-phillip-and-zeddy-is-trash-ms-annet-katusiime-mugisha/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=MK Newslink |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
      <sha1>m3382oed6dk3spupyzza4fodogjmfdr</sha1>
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    <title>Stella Alexander (ƴar siyasa ta Amurka)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1272970665|Stella Alexander (American politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Stella May McCutcheon Burkhart Alexander''' (2 ga Yuli, 1881 {{En dash}} 8 ga Janairu, 1960) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-02-01 |title=Alexander, Stella (1881-1960) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=HistoryLink}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Issaquah, Washington, daga 1932 har zuwa 1934. Mace ta farko da ta zama magajin garin Issaquah, Alexander ta fuskanci adawa mai tsanani daga majalisar garin da sauran jami'an gwamnati, kuma bayan ta tsira daga koke-koke biyu na sake kiranta, an cire ta daga mukami ta hanyar zaben sake kiranta a 1934. Kafin a zabe ta magajin gari, Alexander ta kasance memba na Majalisar Garin Issaquah. Bayan an sake kiranta, Alexander ta koma Renton, inda take gudanar da otal.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Alexander a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1881, a Lancaster, Pennsylvania . &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Phil |date=February 1, 2008 |title=Alexander, Stella (1881-1960) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[HistoryLink]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana ɗaya daga cikin yara shida da suka rabu lokacin da iyayensu suka rabu. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Alexander ta shafe lokaci tana zaune tare da babbar 'yar uwarta da kuma gidan marayu kafin ta shiga [[Bautar da aka yi wa bautar|bauta]] ga wani mutum mai suna Josiah Summy. Summy ta yi watsi da Alexander a [[California]] a shekarar 1895, lokacin tana da shekaru 13 ko 14. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta auri Fredrick Burkhart a shekarar 1901, duk da haka, auren ya ƙare da saki bayan Alexander ya gano cewa sabon mijinta ya riga ya auri wata mace. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt; Aure na biyu na Alexander shine da John Alexander a shekarar 1919. Su biyun sun ƙaura zuwa Issaquah, Washington, jim kaɗan bayan haka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A ranar 8 ga Maris, 1932, an zaɓi Alexander a matsayin Magajin Garin Issaquah da ƙuri'u 195, inda ta sami rinjayen ƙuri'u 59 akan abokin hamayyarta.  Jaridar Seattle Star ta yaba da nasararta ga haɗin gwiwar matan gida da uwaye a Issaquah. Jim kaɗan bayan zaɓenta, Alexander ta bayyana shirinta ga al'umma, tana mai cewa za ta tafiyar da gwamnatin garin kamar &quot;gidan da aka ƙera.&quot; A watan Yunin 1932, Alexander ta yi kira ga taimakon jiha da tarayya don magance rashin aikin yi a Washington a taron magadan gari na duk faɗin jihar, wani fafutukar da aka amince da ita gaba ɗaya.

A ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1933, an shigar da ƙarar neman a yi wa Alexander kira da laifin aikata rashin adalci da kuma karya rantsuwar da ta yi. Mazauna garin 202 ne suka sanya hannu kan takardar neman a yi wa birnin kira, fiye da yawancin waɗanda suka zaɓe ta.  Charles McQuade, memba na majalisar garin Issaquah, ya yi tsokaci cewa &quot;mun zaɓi magajin garinta, amma tana tunanin ita ce mai mulkin kama-karya kuma tana ƙoƙarin gudanar da dukkan shirin.&quot;  Alexander ya rasa goyon bayan kusan dukkan gwamnatin garin, inda mambobi uku na majalisar garin suka yi murabus, ma'ajin garin ya ƙi aiwatar da duk wani kuɗaɗe, kuma shugaban kashe gobara ya yi murabus. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nofil |first=Brianna |date=July 6, 2016 |title=In the 1920s, the Now-Forgotten Flood of ‘Girl Mayors’ Became the Face of Feminism |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/in-the-1920s-the-nowforgotten-flood-of-girl-mayors-became-the-face-of-feminism |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Atlas Obscura]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan tafiyarsa, tsohon shugaban kashe gobara na garin ya ce Alexander zai &quot;ja motar ya yi yaƙi da gobarar da kanta&quot; idan gobara ta tashi.  Hankali ya tashi cikin sauri a garin, inda tarzoma ta barke kuma ta haifar da raunuka da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Phil |date=February 1, 2008 |title=Alexander, Stella (1881-1960) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[HistoryLink]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDougherty2008&quot;&gt;Dougherty, Phil (February 1, 2008). [https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 &quot;Alexander, Stella (1881-1960)&quot;]. ''[[HistoryLink]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar birnin ta naɗa &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwVg&quot;&gt;magajin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; garin McQuade kuma Alexander ya mayar da martani ta hanyar ƙoƙarin naɗa majalisar da za ta maye gurbinta ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba. Rikicin ya kai kotu, inda alkalin kotun King County ya yanke hukuncin cewa Alexander ba shi da ikon naɗa sabuwar majalisa amma kuma ya soke buƙatar sake kiran.   Alkalin ya bayyana zaman a matsayin &quot;wanda ya saba wa ƙa'idoji&quot; saboda Alexander bai sami sanarwar da ta dace game da buƙatar sake kiran ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Colu3089,&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 16 ga Agusta, an fara ƙoƙarin sake kiran zaɓe na biyu. Masu shigar da ƙara sun jira su shigar da ƙarar har sai bayan sun sanar da tuhume-tuhumen da aka yi musu domin guje wa matsalolin da suka shafi ƙoƙarin da ya gabata.   Wannan kiran zaɓen ma ya gaza da sauri kuma an shigar da ƙara ta uku a ranar 29 ga Satumba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Phil |date=February 1, 2008 |title=Alexander, Stella (1881-1960) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[HistoryLink]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDougherty2008&quot;&gt;Dougherty, Phil (February 1, 2008). [https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 &quot;Alexander, Stella (1881-1960)&quot;]. ''[[HistoryLink]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Nuwamba, Alexander ta kai ƙarar masu shirya wannan ƙoƙarin bisa zargin ɓata suna, tana mai cewa ya jawo &quot;wulaƙanci da lalata lafiyarta&quot;.  Washegari, Alexander ta sha kaye a shari'a don hana sake zaɓen na biyu, inda alkali ya yanke hukuncin cewa gaskiyar zarge-zargen ba ta da wani tasiri kan ko za a iya kada ƙuri'ar sake zaɓen.  Yaƙin neman zaɓen sake zaɓen ya kasance da maganganu masu kaifi, inda abokan hamayyar Alexander suka kwatanta ta da &quot;Madame Mussolini&quot; kuma suka zarge ta da kafa &quot;mulkin kama-karya na mata ba bisa ƙa'ida ba&quot;.  An gudanar da zaɓen sake zaɓen a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1934, kuma an kira Alexander da ƙuri'u 206 na goyon baya da kuma ƙuri'u 85 na adawa.  

Alexander ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin kyakkyawan yanayi bayan an kira ta, tana yi wa ''jaridar The News Tribune'' barkwanci cewa &quot;A karo na gaba [za ta] fita don yin babban aiki.&quot;  A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan kiran, Alexander ta sami goyon baya daga tsohuwar Magajin Garin Seattle Bertha Landes, wacce ta kafa tarihi a matsayin mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin magajin garin wani babban birni na Amurka.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cashman |first=Chris |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Remembering Seattle's first woman mayor during Women's History Month |url=https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/seattle/seattles-first-woman-mayor/281-e4d57e0d-cb03-4650-842c-dbe91513fc05 |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=King5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da kyawawan halayenta na farko, Alexander ta ƙi mayar da makullan zauren majalisar na tsawon mako guda bayan zaben, wanda ya hana magajin garin rikon kwarya karbar mulki a hukumance.  Daga ƙarshe an mayar da makullan a daren 8 ga Janairu. Matakin farko na majalisar birnin bayan an kira shi shine biyan wasu kuɗaɗen garin, waɗanda suka zargi Alexander da aikata ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a baya. 

Alexander ta sake neman mukaman siyasa sau da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. A shekarar 1934, ta sake tsayawa takarar magajin gari amma ta sha kaye, inda ta samu kuri'u uku kacal.  Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta shigar da ƙara don tsayawa takarar wakilin jiha a matsayin ɗan [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] .  A shekarar 1938, Alexander ta tsaya takarar neman wakilcin jiha a matsayin ɗan Democrat .  Ta nemi takarar Republican a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Washington a shekarar 1940.  Ba ta yi zaɓen 'yan Republican a shekarar 1934 ko 1938 ba, amma a shekarar 1940 ta sami ƙuri'u 12,233 (2.80% na jimillar). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elections Search Results - September 1940 Primary |url=https://www.sos.wa.gov/elections/results_report.aspx?e=91&amp;c=&amp;c2=&amp;t=&amp;t2=2&amp;p=&amp;p2=&amp;y= |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Washington Secretary of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Alexander ta bar Issaquah zuwa Renton a shekarar 1936, shekaru uku bayan an sake kiranta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Phil |date=February 1, 2008 |title=Alexander, Stella (1881-1960) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[HistoryLink]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDougherty2008&quot;&gt;Dougherty, Phil (February 1, 2008). [https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 &quot;Alexander, Stella (1881-1960)&quot;]. ''[[HistoryLink]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ita da mijinta sun sayi otal a can, wanda suka kula da shi tare. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt; Bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekarar 1950, Alexander ta sayar da otal ɗin da mafi yawan kadarorinta domin ta rayu da kuɗin da aka samu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt; Ta mutu a wani otal a Seattle a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]]</text>
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'''Stella May McCutcheon Burkhart Alexander''' (2 ga Yuli, 1881 {{En dash}} 8 ga Janairu, 1960) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-02-01 |title=Alexander, Stella (1881-1960) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=HistoryLink}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Issaquah, Washington, daga 1932 har zuwa 1934. Mace ta farko da ta zama magajin garin Issaquah, Alexander ta fuskanci adawa mai tsanani daga majalisar garin da sauran jami'an gwamnati, kuma bayan ta tsira daga koke-koke biyu na sake kiranta, an cire ta daga mukami ta hanyar zaben sake kiranta a 1934. Kafin a zabe ta magajin gari, Alexander ta kasance memba na Majalisar Garin Issaquah. Bayan an sake kiranta, Alexander ta koma Renton, inda take gudanar da otal.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Alexander a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1881, a Lancaster, Pennsylvania . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Phil |date=February 1, 2008 |title=Alexander, Stella (1881-1960) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[HistoryLink]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana ɗaya daga cikin yara shida da suka rabu lokacin da iyayensu suka rabu. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Alexander ta shafe lokaci tana zaune tare da babbar 'yar uwarta da kuma gidan marayu kafin ta shiga [[Bautar da aka yi wa bautar|bauta]] ga wani mutum mai suna Josiah Summy. Summy ta yi watsi da Alexander a [[California]] a shekarar 1895, lokacin tana da shekaru 13 ko 14. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta auri Fredrick Burkhart a shekarar 1901, duk da haka, auren ya ƙare da saki bayan Alexander ya gano cewa sabon mijinta ya riga ya auri wata mace. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt; Aure na biyu na Alexander shine da John Alexander a shekarar 1919. Su biyun sun ƙaura zuwa Issaquah, Washington, jim kaɗan bayan haka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A ranar 8 ga Maris, 1932, an zaɓi Alexander a matsayin Magajin Garin Issaquah da ƙuri'u 195, inda ta sami rinjayen ƙuri'u 59 akan abokin hamayyarta.  Jaridar Seattle Star ta yaba da nasararta ga haɗin gwiwar matan gida da uwaye a Issaquah. Jim kaɗan bayan zaɓenta, Alexander ta bayyana shirinta ga al'umma, tana mai cewa za ta tafiyar da gwamnatin garin kamar &quot;gidan da aka ƙera.&quot; A watan Yunin 1932, Alexander ta yi kira ga taimakon jiha da tarayya don magance rashin aikin yi a Washington a taron magadan gari na duk faɗin jihar, wani fafutukar da aka amince da ita gaba ɗaya.

A ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1933, an shigar da ƙarar neman a yi wa Alexander kira da laifin aikata rashin adalci da kuma karya rantsuwar da ta yi. Mazauna garin 202 ne suka sanya hannu kan takardar neman a yi wa birnin kira, fiye da yawancin waɗanda suka zaɓe ta.  Charles McQuade, memba na majalisar garin Issaquah, ya yi tsokaci cewa &quot;mun zaɓi magajin garinta, amma tana tunanin ita ce mai mulkin kama-karya kuma tana ƙoƙarin gudanar da dukkan shirin.&quot;  Alexander ya rasa goyon bayan kusan dukkan gwamnatin garin, inda mambobi uku na majalisar garin suka yi murabus, ma'ajin garin ya ƙi aiwatar da duk wani kuɗaɗe, kuma shugaban kashe gobara ya yi murabus. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nofil |first=Brianna |date=July 6, 2016 |title=In the 1920s, the Now-Forgotten Flood of ‘Girl Mayors’ Became the Face of Feminism |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/in-the-1920s-the-nowforgotten-flood-of-girl-mayors-became-the-face-of-feminism |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Atlas Obscura]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan tafiyarsa, tsohon shugaban kashe gobara na garin ya ce Alexander zai &quot;ja motar ya yi yaƙi da gobarar da kanta&quot; idan gobara ta tashi.  Hankali ya tashi cikin sauri a garin, inda tarzoma ta barke kuma ta haifar da raunuka da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Phil |date=February 1, 2008 |title=Alexander, Stella (1881-1960) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[HistoryLink]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDougherty2008&quot;&gt;Dougherty, Phil (February 1, 2008). [https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 &quot;Alexander, Stella (1881-1960)&quot;]. ''[[HistoryLink]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar birnin ta naɗa &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwVg&quot;&gt;magajin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; garin McQuade kuma Alexander ya mayar da martani ta hanyar ƙoƙarin naɗa majalisar da za ta maye gurbinta ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba. Rikicin ya kai kotu, inda alkalin kotun King County ya yanke hukuncin cewa Alexander ba shi da ikon naɗa sabuwar majalisa amma kuma ya soke buƙatar sake kiran.   Alkalin ya bayyana zaman a matsayin &quot;wanda ya saba wa ƙa'idoji&quot; saboda Alexander bai sami sanarwar da ta dace game da buƙatar sake kiran ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Colu3089,&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 16 ga Agusta, an fara ƙoƙarin sake kiran zaɓe na biyu. Masu shigar da ƙara sun jira su shigar da ƙarar har sai bayan sun sanar da tuhume-tuhumen da aka yi musu domin guje wa matsalolin da suka shafi ƙoƙarin da ya gabata.   Wannan kiran zaɓen ma ya gaza da sauri kuma an shigar da ƙara ta uku a ranar 29 ga Satumba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Phil |date=February 1, 2008 |title=Alexander, Stella (1881-1960) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[HistoryLink]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDougherty2008&quot;&gt;Dougherty, Phil (February 1, 2008). [https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 &quot;Alexander, Stella (1881-1960)&quot;]. ''[[HistoryLink]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Nuwamba, Alexander ta kai ƙarar masu shirya wannan ƙoƙarin bisa zargin ɓata suna, tana mai cewa ya jawo &quot;wulaƙanci da lalata lafiyarta&quot;.  Washegari, Alexander ta sha kaye a shari'a don hana sake zaɓen na biyu, inda alkali ya yanke hukuncin cewa gaskiyar zarge-zargen ba ta da wani tasiri kan ko za a iya kada ƙuri'ar sake zaɓen.  Yaƙin neman zaɓen sake zaɓen ya kasance da maganganu masu kaifi, inda abokan hamayyar Alexander suka kwatanta ta da &quot;Madame Mussolini&quot; kuma suka zarge ta da kafa &quot;mulkin kama-karya na mata ba bisa ƙa'ida ba&quot;.  An gudanar da zaɓen sake zaɓen a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1934, kuma an kira Alexander da ƙuri'u 206 na goyon baya da kuma ƙuri'u 85 na adawa.  

Alexander ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin kyakkyawan yanayi bayan an kira ta, tana yi wa ''jaridar The News Tribune'' barkwanci cewa &quot;A karo na gaba [za ta] fita don yin babban aiki.&quot;  A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan kiran, Alexander ta sami goyon baya daga tsohuwar Magajin Garin Seattle Bertha Landes, wacce ta kafa tarihi a matsayin mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin magajin garin wani babban birni na Amurka.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cashman |first=Chris |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Remembering Seattle's first woman mayor during Women's History Month |url=https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/seattle/seattles-first-woman-mayor/281-e4d57e0d-cb03-4650-842c-dbe91513fc05 |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=King5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da kyawawan halayenta na farko, Alexander ta ƙi mayar da makullan zauren majalisar na tsawon mako guda bayan zaben, wanda ya hana magajin garin rikon kwarya karbar mulki a hukumance.  Daga ƙarshe an mayar da makullan a daren 8 ga Janairu. Matakin farko na majalisar birnin bayan an kira shi shine biyan wasu kuɗaɗen garin, waɗanda suka zargi Alexander da aikata ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a baya. 

Alexander ta sake neman mukaman siyasa sau da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. A shekarar 1934, ta sake tsayawa takarar magajin gari amma ta sha kaye, inda ta samu kuri'u uku kacal.  Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta shigar da ƙara don tsayawa takarar wakilin jiha a matsayin ɗan [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] .  A shekarar 1938, Alexander ta tsaya takarar neman wakilcin jiha a matsayin ɗan Democrat .  Ta nemi takarar Republican a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Washington a shekarar 1940.  Ba ta yi zaɓen 'yan Republican a shekarar 1934 ko 1938 ba, amma a shekarar 1940 ta sami ƙuri'u 12,233 (2.80% na jimillar). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elections Search Results - September 1940 Primary |url=https://www.sos.wa.gov/elections/results_report.aspx?e=91&amp;c=&amp;c2=&amp;t=&amp;t2=2&amp;p=&amp;p2=&amp;y= |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Washington Secretary of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
Alexander ta bar Issaquah zuwa Renton a shekarar 1936, shekaru uku bayan an sake kiranta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Phil |date=February 1, 2008 |title=Alexander, Stella (1881-1960) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[HistoryLink]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDougherty2008&quot;&gt;Dougherty, Phil (February 1, 2008). [https://www.historylink.org/File/8474 &quot;Alexander, Stella (1881-1960)&quot;]. ''[[HistoryLink]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ita da mijinta sun sayi otal a can, wanda suka kula da shi tare. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt; Bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekarar 1950, Alexander ta sayar da otal ɗin da mafi yawan kadarorinta domin ta rayu da kuɗin da aka samu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt; Ta mutu a wani otal a Seattle a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dougherty-2008&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michela Alioto-Pier</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336329650|Michela Alioto-Pier]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9921" sha1="0odc7ulbqhmw26snnlds9om5jwji5wk" xml:space="preserve">'''Michela Alioto-Pier''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1968) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma mai ƙananan kasuwanci wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da San Francisco daga 2004 zuwa 2011. 'Yar Democrat ce, ta wakilci Gundumar 2, wacce ta ƙunshi unguwannin Marina da Pacific Heights . Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta San Francisco . [[Gavin Newsom]] ne ya naɗa ta a Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa bayan an zaɓe ta magajin gari, a 2003. Tsohon magajin gari Willie Brown ne ya naɗa Newsom da kansa a wannan kujera.

Kakan Alioto-Pier na uba shine tsohon magajin garin San Francisco Joseph Alioto, kuma kakan mahaifiyarta shine Michael J. Driscoll Sr., tsohon kwamishinan tashar jiragen ruwa na San Francisco kuma tsohon mai kula da harkokin San Francisco. Ita 'yar'uwar [[Angela Alioto]] ce, tsohuwar shugabar kwamitin kula da harkokin San Francisco. Ita ce 'yar'uwar dangin Alioto ta baya-bayan nan da ta riƙe mukami a zaɓen siyasa a San Francisco.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
A shekarar 1981, tana da shekaru goma sha uku, Alioto-Pier ta shanye tun daga kugunta zuwa ƙasa lokacin da ta faɗi daga kan wani lif a yankin Tafkin Tahoe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 29, 1981 |title=The son of former San Francisco mayor Joseph L... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/07/29/The-son-of-former-San-Francisco-mayor-Joseph-L/4892365227200 |access-date=November 5, 2020 |website=UPI Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya naɗa ta a kwamitin ba da shawara na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Shugaban Ƙasa kan Nakasassu .  Daga baya Alioto-Pier ta sami digiri a fannin ilimin ɗan adam daga UCLA . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Farkon aikin siyasa ==
Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiya ga Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Al Gore, Alioto-Pier ta yi takararta ta farko a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamnati tana da shekaru 28 a shekarar 1996, inda ta fafata da ɗan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar Republican Frank Riggs a gundumar majalisa ta farko ta California, wadda ta haɗa da gundumomin Napa, Mendocino, da Humboldt, inda ta haɗu a bakin teku har zuwa kan iyakar [[Oregon]] . Ta lashe zaɓen 'yan Democrat, amma ta sha kaye a babban zaɓen. Ana yaba mata da yin yaƙin neman zaɓe mai ƙarfi duk da rashin nasara.  A lokacin, ta tsaya takara da sunan Michela Alioto.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta sha kaye a wannan zaɓen, Alioto-Pier ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1998 amma ta janye daga takarar don girmama ɗan takararta na jam'iyyar Democrat (kuma wanda ya yi nasara a ƙarshe) Mike Thompson . Madadin haka, ta tsaya takarar Sakataren Harkokin Waje na California kuma ta lashe zaɓen Democrat amma daga ƙarshe ta sha kaye a hannun Bill Jones na jam'iyyar Republican. Ta sake tsayawa takarar Sakataren Harkokin Waje a shekarar 2002, amma ta sha kaye a zaɓen Democrat ga Kevin Shelley na San Francisco, wanda mahaifinsa ya wuce kakan Alioto-Pier a matsayin magajin garin birnin.

== Hukumar Kula da San Francisco ==
A watan Janairun 2004, Magajin [[Gavin Newsom]] ya naɗa Alioto-Pier a matsayin tsohon kujerarsa a Gundumar 2 a Hukumar Kula da Gundumar San Francisco . Duk da cewa ba a tsara zaɓen gundumomi masu adadi daidai ba sai a shekarar 2006, an gudanar da zaɓen da ba na shekara ba ga Gundumar 2 saboda Alioto-Pier an naɗa ta mai kula da gunduma. Ta tsaya takarar kujerar a zaɓen Nuwamba 2004 kuma ta yi nasara, kuma a shekarar 2006 ta tsaya takara na cikakken wa'adi kuma ta yi nasara cikin sauƙi.

A matsayinta na mai kula da cocin, Alioto-Pier ta himmatu wajen kiyaye Cocin St. Brigid, wanda a da aka tsara rushe shi. Wani babban abin da Alioto-Pier ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne shirye-shiryen girgizar kasa, musamman ma ga gundumarta wadda girgizar kasa ta Loma Prieta ta 1989 ta afkawa.  Alioto-Pier ta bayyana cewa: &quot;A matsayina na wakilin gundumar wata al'umma da ta afkawa a Loma Prieta, alhakina ne in tabbatar da cewa idan wani abu makamancin haka ya sake faruwa, mun san abin da muke yi.&quot; 

A watan Mayun 2004, ta gabatar da wani tsari na keɓe haraji ga kamfanonin fasahar kere-kere a fannin fasahar kere-kere a ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar fasahar kere-kere a San Francisco wanda daga baya aka amince da shi ta hannun cikakken kwamitin kula da harkokin fasaha.  {{As of|2019}}  San Francisco tana da kamfanonin likitanci sama da 250. 

A matsayinta na mai matsakaicin ra'ayi a San Francisco, Alioto-Pier ta fuskanci suka daga 'yan ci gaba na San Francisco saboda rashin samun ingantaccen tarihin halarta da kuma rashin kyakkyawar alaƙar da ke tsakanin mazabu.  Wani muhimmin tushen sukar shi ne game da tarihin halartar Alioto-Pier yayin da take haihuwar ɗanta na uku, wanda shine karo na farko da aka zaɓi wani jami'i a San Francisco. Alioto-Pier ya mayar da martani ta hanyar zartar da manufar hutun iyali ga zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai a San Francisco. 

A shekara ta 2007 an sanar da cewa asibitin St. Luke's, wani asibiti da ke kula da al'ummomin da ba su da galihu, za a rufe shi ga marasa lafiya masu tsanani da waɗanda ba su da galihu kuma za a yi aiki a matsayin wurin kula da marasa lafiya kawai. A watan Janairun 2008, an sanar da cewa Alioto-Pier zai jagoranci kwamitin masu ruwa da tsaki don ceton St. Luke's. &quot;Kula da sake gina St. Luke's da kuma haɓaka shi zuwa asibiti mai daraja ta farko ga Gundumar Mission da kuma sashen Kudu maso Gabashin San Francisco shine babban burina.&quot;  Dangane da shawarwarin kwamitin, a watan Satumba na 2008, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta California Pacific (mai mallakar St. Luke's) ta sanar da soke shawararsu, tana mai cewa za a sake gina St. Luke's don ci gaba da yi wa al'ummomin da suka dogara da shi hidima. 

A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2009, Phillip Matier da Andrew Ross, marubutan siyasa ''na San Francisco Chronicle,'' sun ba da labarin sanarwar Alioto-Pier na kwamishinan inshora na jihar .
{{Blockquote|Alioto-Pier, the granddaughter of former Mayor Joe Alioto and a protégée of former Vice President Al Gore, calls it &quot;the most personal venture I've ever undertaken.&quot; Having been in a wheelchair since a skiing accident at age 13, she says, &quot;I've easily had more personal experience with insurance companies than any of the other candidates.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Matier |first=Phillip |date=July 20, 2009 |title=Alioto-Pier to run for insurance commissioner |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Alioto-Pier-to-run-for-insurance-commissioner-3291618.php |work=SF Gate}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Daga baya Alioto-Pier ya bar takarar kwamishinan inshora saboda raunin da ya samu a ƙafa. 

=== Kalubalen sake zaɓe a shekarar 2010 ===
 
A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2010, Alioto-Pier ta gabatar da takardu don yin rijista a matsayin 'yar takarar sake tsayawa takara a Gundumar Biyu ta Hukumar Kula da Masu Kula da Gundumar San Francisco. Daraktan Sashen Zaɓe na San Francisco, John Arntz, ya fitar da wata wasiƙa a ranar da ya sanar da cewa ba ta cancanci sake tsayawa takara a matsayin mai kula da Gundumar Biyu ba saboda hukuncin da aka yanke a shekarar 2008 game da iyakokin wa'adi da Lauyan Birnin Dennis Herrera ya bayar. Arntz ya rubuta, &quot;Saboda haka, Ma'aikatar Zaɓe ba za ta iya lissafa ku a matsayin ɗan takarar wannan ofishin a zaɓen ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2010 ko duk wani kayan zaɓe na wannan zaɓen ba.&quot; Da ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Masu Kula da Gundumar na tsawon shekaru bakwai lokacin da wa'adinta ya ƙare a watan Janairun 2011. Masu kula da gundumar an iyakance su ga yin wa'adi biyu na shekaru huɗu.

Dokar da ta tanadi iyakokin wa'adi ta birni ta kasance batun muhawara. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa dokar ta ce duk wanda ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru ɗaya da rabi na tsawon wa'adi huɗu (shekaru shida) za a ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ya yi aiki na tsawon wa'adi biyu, don haka ba zai cancanci sake neman zaɓe ba. Wasu kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa dokar ta fi zurfi kuma dole ne a naɗa mutum ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru biyu kafin ta zama cikakken wa'adi. An naɗa Alioto-Pier don yin aiki na shekara ɗaya, ya yi takara na tsawon shekaru biyu, sannan ya sake tsayawa takara na tsawon shekaru huɗu. A cewar wannan ra'ayi, tambayar ita ce ko za a iya haɗa shekarar da ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da harkokin gwamnati da kuma shekaru biyu da ta rage a kan aikinta ko a'a.

Alioto-Pier ta ƙalubalanci hukuncin da Ma'aikatar Zaɓe ta yanke a Kotun Koli kuma ta yi nasara. A martanin da ta mayar, Herrera ta ɗaukaka ƙara kan wannan shawarar ta kuma soke nasarar Alioto-Pier, wanda hakan ya tilasta mata fita daga zaɓen 2010 na Mai Kula da Gundumar 2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Arntz v. Superior Court|vol=114|reporter=3d 561|opinion=|pinpoint=|court=Cal. Rptr.|date=2010|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2288288/arntz-v-superior-court/|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ɗan takarar Magajin Gari a shekarar 2011 ==
A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Alioto-Pier ta shigar da ƙara a matsayin 'yar takarar magajin garin San Francisco.  A zaɓen watan Nuwamba, ta zo ta tara a cikin 'yan takara 16. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=San Francisco Department of Elections |title=November 8, 2011 Consolidated Municipal Election - Mayor |url=https://www.sfelections.org/results/20111108/data/mayor.html |access-date=November 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ɗan takara a Hukumar Daidaito ta Jihar California, Gundumar 2 ==
A ranar 10 ga Maris, 2022, Alioto-Pier ya shigar da ƙara a matsayin ɗan takarar Hukumar Daidaito ta Jihar California, Gundumar 2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California State Board of Equalization election, 2022 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/California_State_Board_of_Equalization_election,_2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9933" sha1="fpls5m30n667dmad6iljoiznsga5uch" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Michela Alioto-Pier''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1968) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma mai ƙananan kasuwanci wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da San Francisco daga 2004 zuwa 2011. 'Yar Democrat ce, ta wakilci Gundumar 2, wacce ta ƙunshi unguwannin Marina da Pacific Heights . Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta San Francisco . [[Gavin Newsom]] ne ya naɗa ta a Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa bayan an zaɓe ta magajin gari, a 2003. Tsohon magajin gari Willie Brown ne ya naɗa Newsom da kansa a wannan kujera.

Kakan Alioto-Pier na uba shine tsohon magajin garin San Francisco Joseph Alioto, kuma kakan mahaifiyarta shine Michael J. Driscoll Sr., tsohon kwamishinan tashar jiragen ruwa na San Francisco kuma tsohon mai kula da harkokin San Francisco. Ita 'yar'uwar [[Angela Alioto]] ce, tsohuwar shugabar kwamitin kula da harkokin San Francisco. Ita ce 'yar'uwar dangin Alioto ta baya-bayan nan da ta riƙe mukami a zaɓen siyasa a San Francisco.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
A shekarar 1981, tana da shekaru goma sha uku, Alioto-Pier ta shanye tun daga kugunta zuwa ƙasa lokacin da ta faɗi daga kan wani lif a yankin Tafkin Tahoe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 29, 1981 |title=The son of former San Francisco mayor Joseph L... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/07/29/The-son-of-former-San-Francisco-mayor-Joseph-L/4892365227200 |access-date=November 5, 2020 |website=UPI Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya naɗa ta a kwamitin ba da shawara na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Shugaban Ƙasa kan Nakasassu .  Daga baya Alioto-Pier ta sami digiri a fannin ilimin ɗan adam daga UCLA . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Farkon aikin siyasa ==
Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiya ga Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Al Gore, Alioto-Pier ta yi takararta ta farko a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamnati tana da shekaru 28 a shekarar 1996, inda ta fafata da ɗan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar Republican Frank Riggs a gundumar majalisa ta farko ta California, wadda ta haɗa da gundumomin Napa, Mendocino, da Humboldt, inda ta haɗu a bakin teku har zuwa kan iyakar [[Oregon]] . Ta lashe zaɓen 'yan Democrat, amma ta sha kaye a babban zaɓen. Ana yaba mata da yin yaƙin neman zaɓe mai ƙarfi duk da rashin nasara.  A lokacin, ta tsaya takara da sunan Michela Alioto.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta sha kaye a wannan zaɓen, Alioto-Pier ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1998 amma ta janye daga takarar don girmama ɗan takararta na jam'iyyar Democrat (kuma wanda ya yi nasara a ƙarshe) Mike Thompson . Madadin haka, ta tsaya takarar Sakataren Harkokin Waje na California kuma ta lashe zaɓen Democrat amma daga ƙarshe ta sha kaye a hannun Bill Jones na jam'iyyar Republican. Ta sake tsayawa takarar Sakataren Harkokin Waje a shekarar 2002, amma ta sha kaye a zaɓen Democrat ga Kevin Shelley na San Francisco, wanda mahaifinsa ya wuce kakan Alioto-Pier a matsayin magajin garin birnin.

== Hukumar Kula da San Francisco ==
A watan Janairun 2004, Magajin [[Gavin Newsom]] ya naɗa Alioto-Pier a matsayin tsohon kujerarsa a Gundumar 2 a Hukumar Kula da Gundumar San Francisco . Duk da cewa ba a tsara zaɓen gundumomi masu adadi daidai ba sai a shekarar 2006, an gudanar da zaɓen da ba na shekara ba ga Gundumar 2 saboda Alioto-Pier an naɗa ta mai kula da gunduma. Ta tsaya takarar kujerar a zaɓen Nuwamba 2004 kuma ta yi nasara, kuma a shekarar 2006 ta tsaya takara na cikakken wa'adi kuma ta yi nasara cikin sauƙi.

A matsayinta na mai kula da cocin, Alioto-Pier ta himmatu wajen kiyaye Cocin St. Brigid, wanda a da aka tsara rushe shi. Wani babban abin da Alioto-Pier ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne shirye-shiryen girgizar kasa, musamman ma ga gundumarta wadda girgizar kasa ta Loma Prieta ta 1989 ta afkawa.  Alioto-Pier ta bayyana cewa: &quot;A matsayina na wakilin gundumar wata al'umma da ta afkawa a Loma Prieta, alhakina ne in tabbatar da cewa idan wani abu makamancin haka ya sake faruwa, mun san abin da muke yi.&quot; 

A watan Mayun 2004, ta gabatar da wani tsari na keɓe haraji ga kamfanonin fasahar kere-kere a fannin fasahar kere-kere a ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar fasahar kere-kere a San Francisco wanda daga baya aka amince da shi ta hannun cikakken kwamitin kula da harkokin fasaha.  {{As of|2019}}  San Francisco tana da kamfanonin likitanci sama da 250. 

A matsayinta na mai matsakaicin ra'ayi a San Francisco, Alioto-Pier ta fuskanci suka daga 'yan ci gaba na San Francisco saboda rashin samun ingantaccen tarihin halarta da kuma rashin kyakkyawar alaƙar da ke tsakanin mazabu.  Wani muhimmin tushen sukar shi ne game da tarihin halartar Alioto-Pier yayin da take haihuwar ɗanta na uku, wanda shine karo na farko da aka zaɓi wani jami'i a San Francisco. Alioto-Pier ya mayar da martani ta hanyar zartar da manufar hutun iyali ga zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai a San Francisco. 

A shekara ta 2007 an sanar da cewa asibitin St. Luke's, wani asibiti da ke kula da al'ummomin da ba su da galihu, za a rufe shi ga marasa lafiya masu tsanani da waɗanda ba su da galihu kuma za a yi aiki a matsayin wurin kula da marasa lafiya kawai. A watan Janairun 2008, an sanar da cewa Alioto-Pier zai jagoranci kwamitin masu ruwa da tsaki don ceton St. Luke's. &quot;Kula da sake gina St. Luke's da kuma haɓaka shi zuwa asibiti mai daraja ta farko ga Gundumar Mission da kuma sashen Kudu maso Gabashin San Francisco shine babban burina.&quot;  Dangane da shawarwarin kwamitin, a watan Satumba na 2008, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta California Pacific (mai mallakar St. Luke's) ta sanar da soke shawararsu, tana mai cewa za a sake gina St. Luke's don ci gaba da yi wa al'ummomin da suka dogara da shi hidima. 

A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2009, Phillip Matier da Andrew Ross, marubutan siyasa ''na San Francisco Chronicle,'' sun ba da labarin sanarwar Alioto-Pier na kwamishinan inshora na jihar .
{{Blockquote|Alioto-Pier, the granddaughter of former Mayor Joe Alioto and a protégée of former Vice President Al Gore, calls it &quot;the most personal venture I've ever undertaken.&quot; Having been in a wheelchair since a skiing accident at age 13, she says, &quot;I've easily had more personal experience with insurance companies than any of the other candidates.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Matier |first=Phillip |date=July 20, 2009 |title=Alioto-Pier to run for insurance commissioner |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Alioto-Pier-to-run-for-insurance-commissioner-3291618.php |work=SF Gate}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Daga baya Alioto-Pier ya bar takarar kwamishinan inshora saboda raunin da ya samu a ƙafa. 

=== Kalubalen sake zaɓe a shekarar 2010 ===
 
A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2010, Alioto-Pier ta gabatar da takardu don yin rijista a matsayin 'yar takarar sake tsayawa takara a Gundumar Biyu ta Hukumar Kula da Masu Kula da Gundumar San Francisco. Daraktan Sashen Zaɓe na San Francisco, John Arntz, ya fitar da wata wasiƙa a ranar da ya sanar da cewa ba ta cancanci sake tsayawa takara a matsayin mai kula da Gundumar Biyu ba saboda hukuncin da aka yanke a shekarar 2008 game da iyakokin wa'adi da Lauyan Birnin Dennis Herrera ya bayar. Arntz ya rubuta, &quot;Saboda haka, Ma'aikatar Zaɓe ba za ta iya lissafa ku a matsayin ɗan takarar wannan ofishin a zaɓen ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2010 ko duk wani kayan zaɓe na wannan zaɓen ba.&quot; Da ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Masu Kula da Gundumar na tsawon shekaru bakwai lokacin da wa'adinta ya ƙare a watan Janairun 2011. Masu kula da gundumar an iyakance su ga yin wa'adi biyu na shekaru huɗu.

Dokar da ta tanadi iyakokin wa'adi ta birni ta kasance batun muhawara. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa dokar ta ce duk wanda ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru ɗaya da rabi na tsawon wa'adi huɗu (shekaru shida) za a ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ya yi aiki na tsawon wa'adi biyu, don haka ba zai cancanci sake neman zaɓe ba. Wasu kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa dokar ta fi zurfi kuma dole ne a naɗa mutum ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru biyu kafin ta zama cikakken wa'adi. An naɗa Alioto-Pier don yin aiki na shekara ɗaya, ya yi takara na tsawon shekaru biyu, sannan ya sake tsayawa takara na tsawon shekaru huɗu. A cewar wannan ra'ayi, tambayar ita ce ko za a iya haɗa shekarar da ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da harkokin gwamnati da kuma shekaru biyu da ta rage a kan aikinta ko a'a.

Alioto-Pier ta ƙalubalanci hukuncin da Ma'aikatar Zaɓe ta yanke a Kotun Koli kuma ta yi nasara. A martanin da ta mayar, Herrera ta ɗaukaka ƙara kan wannan shawarar ta kuma soke nasarar Alioto-Pier, wanda hakan ya tilasta mata fita daga zaɓen 2010 na Mai Kula da Gundumar 2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Arntz v. Superior Court|vol=114|reporter=3d 561|opinion=|pinpoint=|court=Cal. Rptr.|date=2010|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2288288/arntz-v-superior-court/|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ɗan takarar Magajin Gari a shekarar 2011 ==
A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Alioto-Pier ta shigar da ƙara a matsayin 'yar takarar magajin garin San Francisco.  A zaɓen watan Nuwamba, ta zo ta tara a cikin 'yan takara 16. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=San Francisco Department of Elections |title=November 8, 2011 Consolidated Municipal Election - Mayor |url=https://www.sfelections.org/results/20111108/data/mayor.html |access-date=November 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ɗan takara a Hukumar Daidaito ta Jihar California, Gundumar 2 ==
A ranar 10 ga Maris, 2022, Alioto-Pier ya shigar da ƙara a matsayin ɗan takarar Hukumar Daidaito ta Jihar California, Gundumar 2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California State Board of Equalization election, 2022 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/California_State_Board_of_Equalization_election,_2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>fpls5m30n667dmad6iljoiznsga5uch</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yvette Alexander</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816777</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:25:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344663576|Yvette Alexander]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816777</origin>
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      <text bytes="3458" sha1="24v9g08ajb655euyz5wgz9msvyx947u" xml:space="preserve">'''Yvette M. Alexander''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1961,  a [[Washington, D.C.|Gundumar Columbia]]  ) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce ta Democrat a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC.]] Ta wakilci Ward 7 a Majalisar Gundumar Columbia daga 2007 zuwa 2017.

== Ilimi ==
Alexander yana da digirin farko a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga [[Jami'ar Howard]],  kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Trinity .

== Aikin siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2007, Alexander ta lashe zaɓen musamman don maye gurbin mai ba ta shawara kan harkokin siyasa Vincent C. Gray . Gray ta wakilci Ward 7 kafin ya zama shugaban kansila a watan Janairu. Ta sami kashi 34 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un, inda ta doke wasu 'yan takara 17 ('yan Democrat 14 da kuma 'yan ƙasa 4).  

Ta fuskanci zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat don sake zaɓe a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2008. Manyan abokan hamayya a wannan zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat sune John Campbell da Robin Hammond Marlin. &lt;ref name=&quot;2008primary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics |author-link=District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics |date=2008-07-17 |title=List of Candidates for the September 9, 2008 Congressional and Council Primary Election |url=http://dcboee.org/nws/news_frame.asp?filename=pn_146.pdf&amp;mid=5&amp;yid=2008&amp;type=News%20Releases&amp;hl=t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716191058/http://www.dcboee.org/nws/news_frame.asp?filename=pn_146.pdf&amp;mid=5&amp;yid=2008&amp;type=News%20Releases&amp;hl=t &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date=2008-07-16 |access-date=2008-07-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babu wani mutum da ya shigar da ƙara don ya bayyana a zaɓen jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] ko Statehood-Green . &lt;ref name=&quot;2008primary&quot; /&gt; Alexander ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari.

Alexander ta yi kira ga sauran wakilan jihohi da su nemi 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a a DC a taron Democrat na 2004 da aka yi a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]] . Ta kasance babbar wakiliyar Obama (kodayake ba ta yi alƙawarin yin hakan ba a hukumance) a taron Democrat na 2008, kodayake ta goyi bayan [[Barack Obama]] kafin [[Hillary Clinton]] ta amince da takarar. 

Bayan ta rasa kujerarta ta kansila a shekarar 2017, Alexander ta fara aikin ba da shawara kan harkokin kiwon lafiya. 

== Matsayin siyasa ==
Alexander yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar DC biyu da suka ƙi auren jinsi ɗaya lokacin da Majalisar Gundumar Columbia ta kaɗa ƙuri'a a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2009. 

Alexander ya yi adawa da Dokar Mutuwar DC da Dokar Dignity wadda za ta ba marasa lafiya marasa lafiya damar kawo ƙarshen wahalar da suke sha. 

Alexander ta himmatu a fafutukar ganin an maye gurbin hasken wutar lantarkin da ke DC yadda ya kamata. Ta dage cewa hukumar gwamnati mai alhakin, DCRA, ta yi amfani da kulawarta don sa kasuwancin ya gyara alamar daga &quot;Shop na Aski na Jima'i&quot; zuwa &quot;Shop na Aski na Unisex&quot;.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Alexander [[Cocin katolika|Katolika ne]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zimmerman |first=Mark |title=At centennial Mass for Holy Redeemer Parish in D.C., cardinal says Advent, like church's milestone, is a special time of grace |url=https://www.cathstan.org/faith/at-centennial-mass-for-holy-redeemer-parish-in-d-c-cardinal-says-advent-like-church-s-milestone-is-a-special-time-of-grace |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Catholic Standard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]</text>
      <sha1>24v9g08ajb655euyz5wgz9msvyx947u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816778</id>
      <parentid>816777</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:26:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816778</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3476" sha1="dt8fcx19kz31gjphur4cqzqi2bacayd" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Yvette M. Alexander''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1961,  a [[Washington, D.C.|Gundumar Columbia]]  ) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce ta Democrat a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC.]] Ta wakilci Ward 7 a Majalisar Gundumar Columbia daga 2007 zuwa 2017.

== Ilimi ==
Alexander yana da digirin farko a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga [[Jami'ar Howard]],  kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Trinity .

== Aikin siyasa ==
A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2007, Alexander ta lashe zaɓen musamman don maye gurbin mai ba ta shawara kan harkokin siyasa Vincent C. Gray . Gray ta wakilci Ward 7 kafin ya zama shugaban kansila a watan Janairu. Ta sami kashi 34 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un, inda ta doke wasu 'yan takara 17 ('yan Democrat 14 da kuma 'yan ƙasa 4).  

Ta fuskanci zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat don sake zaɓe a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2008. Manyan abokan hamayya a wannan zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat sune John Campbell da Robin Hammond Marlin. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;2008primary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics |author-link=District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics |date=2008-07-17 |title=List of Candidates for the September 9, 2008 Congressional and Council Primary Election |url=http://dcboee.org/nws/news_frame.asp?filename=pn_146.pdf&amp;mid=5&amp;yid=2008&amp;type=News%20Releases&amp;hl=t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716191058/http://www.dcboee.org/nws/news_frame.asp?filename=pn_146.pdf&amp;mid=5&amp;yid=2008&amp;type=News%20Releases&amp;hl=t &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date=2008-07-16 |access-date=2008-07-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babu wani mutum da ya shigar da ƙara don ya bayyana a zaɓen jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] ko Statehood-Green . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;2008primary&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Alexander ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani da na gama gari.

Alexander ta yi kira ga sauran wakilan jihohi da su nemi 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a a DC a taron Democrat na 2004 da aka yi a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]] . Ta kasance babbar wakiliyar Obama (kodayake ba ta yi alƙawarin yin hakan ba a hukumance) a taron Democrat na 2008, kodayake ta goyi bayan [[Barack Obama]] kafin [[Hillary Clinton]] ta amince da takarar. 

Bayan ta rasa kujerarta ta kansila a shekarar 2017, Alexander ta fara aikin ba da shawara kan harkokin kiwon lafiya. 

== Matsayin siyasa ==
Alexander yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar DC biyu da suka ƙi auren jinsi ɗaya lokacin da Majalisar Gundumar Columbia ta kaɗa ƙuri'a a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2009. 

Alexander ya yi adawa da Dokar Mutuwar DC da Dokar Dignity wadda za ta ba marasa lafiya marasa lafiya damar kawo ƙarshen wahalar da suke sha. 

Alexander ta himmatu a fafutukar ganin an maye gurbin hasken wutar lantarkin da ke DC yadda ya kamata. Ta dage cewa hukumar gwamnati mai alhakin, DCRA, ta yi amfani da kulawarta don sa kasuwancin ya gyara alamar daga &quot;Shop na Aski na Jima'i&quot; zuwa &quot;Shop na Aski na Unisex&quot;.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Alexander [[Cocin katolika|Katolika ne]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zimmerman |first=Mark |title=At centennial Mass for Holy Redeemer Parish in D.C., cardinal says Advent, like church's milestone, is a special time of grace |url=https://www.cathstan.org/faith/at-centennial-mass-for-holy-redeemer-parish-in-d-c-cardinal-says-advent-like-church-s-milestone-is-a-special-time-of-grace |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Catholic Standard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]</text>
      <sha1>dt8fcx19kz31gjphur4cqzqi2bacayd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dorathy M. Allen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816779</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:28:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325931269|Dorathy M. Allen]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3381" sha1="5o7t6o56169vuvwop0zwzqoqjkfs0re" xml:space="preserve">
'''Dorathy Allen''' (née '''McDonald''' ) (Maris 10, 1910 &amp;#x2013; Mayu 12, 1990) editan jarida ce ta Amurka kuma mai buga littattafai, kuma 'yar siyasa ta Jam'iyyar Democrat . Ana tunawa da Allen a matsayin mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas . Allen ta wakilci Gundumar 26 wanda ya hada da gundumomin Monroe, Lee, Arkansas, da Phillips. Zabenta na farko a Majalisar Dattawa shine zabe na musamman a shekarar 1964 don maye gurbin kujerar da mijinta, Sanata Tom Allen ya bari. Ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba a shekarun 1966 da 1970.  A lokacin da take kan mulki, ita ce mace daya tilo a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas. 

== Iyali da rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Dorathy McDonald, 'yar Jack da Dora (Barnes) McDonald, a Helena da ke gundumar Phillips, Arkansas a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1910. 

Dorathy ta auri Tom Allen a watan Mayu na shekarar 1941, kuma ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Brinkley da ke gundumar Monroe, Arkansas . Iyalan Allens ba su da 'ya'ya. Tom ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1963. 

== Aikin jarida ==
Dorathy ta fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin editan al'umma na ''Helena World'' . Daga baya ta yi aiki a ''Eastern Arkansas Record'' a sassan labarai da talla.  Bayan aurenta da Allens, ta buga jaridar ''Citizen'' a Brinkley, ''Monroe County Sun'' da ke Clarendon, Arkansas, da kuma ''Woodruff County Democrat'' a Cotton Plant, Arkansas . &lt;ref name=&quot;The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1974, gobara ta lalata bene na biyu na ''Citizen'' . 

== Hidimar jama'a ==
Kafin a zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dattawan Jiha, Dorathy ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin al'umma da dama kuma tana da rawar jagoranci a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi da dama. Ta kasance a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gwamna kan Matsalar Hankali, kuma tsohuwar shugabar Ƙungiyar Asibitin Arkansas. Ta kasance memba mai hayar kuma shugabar farko ta Brinkley Business and Professional Women's Club, kuma tsohuwar shugabar Arkansas Press Women. Bayan Dorathy ta bar Majalisar Dattawa, ta ci gaba da aiki a ƙungiyoyin al'umma a duk tsawon rayuwarta. 

== Miss Arkansas Pageant ==
Kafin shekarar 1945, ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta East Arkansas Young Businessmen's Club ce ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Miss Arkansas . A shekarar 1944, Dorathy ta jagoranci gasar Miss Arkansas ga Miss America Pageant a Atlantic City inda ta ga kurakurai a gasar Arkansas wanda zai hana 'yar takarar gida shiga gasar cikin nasara a matakin ƙasa. Bayan dawowarta Arkansas, Dorathy ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Miss Arkansas. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 1944, an zaɓi Tom Allen a Majalisar Wakilai ta Arkansas . Daga baya aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas, inda ya riƙe kujerar har zuwa mutuwarsa. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1964, Dorathy Allen ta tsaya takara kuma aka zaɓe ta don cike gurbin kujerar Majalisar Dattawan Arkansas da ya buɗe kafin mutuwarsa. An sake zaɓe ta a shekarar 1966 da 1970 ba tare da wata hamayya ba. Dorathy ta yi aiki a majalisar dattawan jihar har zuwa Janairu 1975. Ba ta sake tsayawa takara ba bayan sake zaɓen da aka yi ya canza iyakokin gundumar majalisar dattawa. An yi wa Dorathy aiki a matsayin magatakardar majalisar dattawa daga 1975 zuwa 1976.

== Mutuwa ==
Allen ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1990. 

== Duba kuma ==

* United States portal
* Lurleen Wallace

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]]</text>
      <sha1>5o7t6o56169vuvwop0zwzqoqjkfs0re</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816780</id>
      <parentid>816779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:29:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3392" sha1="81q3nr75py67t4w4tanm0rrjg6odi3d" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Dorathy Allen''' (née '''McDonald''' ) (Maris 10, 1910 &amp;#x2013; Mayu 12, 1990) editan jarida ce ta Amurka kuma mai buga littattafai, kuma 'yar siyasa ta Jam'iyyar Democrat . Ana tunawa da Allen a matsayin mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas . Allen ta wakilci Gundumar 26 wanda ya hada da gundumomin Monroe, Lee, Arkansas, da Phillips. Zabenta na farko a Majalisar Dattawa shine zabe na musamman a shekarar 1964 don maye gurbin kujerar da mijinta, Sanata Tom Allen ya bari. Ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba a shekarun 1966 da 1970.  A lokacin da take kan mulki, ita ce mace daya tilo a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas. 

== Iyali da rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Dorathy McDonald, 'yar Jack da Dora (Barnes) McDonald, a Helena da ke gundumar Phillips, Arkansas a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1910. 

Dorathy ta auri Tom Allen a watan Mayu na shekarar 1941, kuma ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Brinkley da ke gundumar Monroe, Arkansas . Iyalan Allens ba su da 'ya'ya. Tom ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1963. 

== Aikin jarida ==
Dorathy ta fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin editan al'umma na ''Helena World'' . Daga baya ta yi aiki a ''Eastern Arkansas Record'' a sassan labarai da talla.  Bayan aurenta da Allens, ta buga jaridar ''Citizen'' a Brinkley, ''Monroe County Sun'' da ke Clarendon, Arkansas, da kuma ''Woodruff County Democrat'' a Cotton Plant, Arkansas . &lt;ref name=&quot;The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1974, gobara ta lalata bene na biyu na ''Citizen'' . 

== Hidimar jama'a ==
Kafin a zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dattawan Jiha, Dorathy ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin al'umma da dama kuma tana da rawar jagoranci a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi da dama. Ta kasance a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gwamna kan Matsalar Hankali, kuma tsohuwar shugabar Ƙungiyar Asibitin Arkansas. Ta kasance memba mai hayar kuma shugabar farko ta Brinkley Business and Professional Women's Club, kuma tsohuwar shugabar Arkansas Press Women. Bayan Dorathy ta bar Majalisar Dattawa, ta ci gaba da aiki a ƙungiyoyin al'umma a duk tsawon rayuwarta. 

== Miss Arkansas Pageant ==
Kafin shekarar 1945, ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta East Arkansas Young Businessmen's Club ce ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Miss Arkansas . A shekarar 1944, Dorathy ta jagoranci gasar Miss Arkansas ga Miss America Pageant a Atlantic City inda ta ga kurakurai a gasar Arkansas wanda zai hana 'yar takarar gida shiga gasar cikin nasara a matakin ƙasa. Bayan dawowarta Arkansas, Dorathy ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Miss Arkansas. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 1944, an zaɓi Tom Allen a Majalisar Wakilai ta Arkansas . Daga baya aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas, inda ya riƙe kujerar har zuwa mutuwarsa. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1964, Dorathy Allen ta tsaya takara kuma aka zaɓe ta don cike gurbin kujerar Majalisar Dattawan Arkansas da ya buɗe kafin mutuwarsa. An sake zaɓe ta a shekarar 1966 da 1970 ba tare da wata hamayya ba. Dorathy ta yi aiki a majalisar dattawan jihar har zuwa Janairu 1975. Ba ta sake tsayawa takara ba bayan sake zaɓen da aka yi ya canza iyakokin gundumar majalisar dattawa. An yi wa Dorathy aiki a matsayin magatakardar majalisar dattawa daga 1975 zuwa 1976.

== Mutuwa ==
Allen ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1990. 

== Duba kuma ==

* United States portal
* Lurleen Wallace

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]]</text>
      <sha1>81q3nr75py67t4w4tanm0rrjg6odi3d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816783</id>
      <parentid>816780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:33:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816783</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3781" sha1="jwgeya2nmfvoh0lcmjdbtuuffvmwgqi" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Dorathy Allen''' (née '''McDonald''' ) (Maris 10, 1910 &amp;#x2013; Mayu 12, 1990) editan jarida ce ta Amurka kuma mai buga littattafai, kuma 'yar siyasa ta Jam'iyyar Democrat . Ana tunawa da Allen a matsayin mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas . Allen ta wakilci Gundumar 26 wanda ya hada da gundumomin Monroe, Lee, Arkansas, da Phillips. Zabenta na farko a Majalisar Dattawa shine zabe na musamman a shekarar 1964 don maye gurbin kujerar da mijinta, Sanata Tom Allen ya bari. Ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba a shekarun 1966 da 1970.  A lokacin da take kan mulki, ita ce mace daya tilo a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture/Modern Era&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Ben|title=The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture|publisher=Central Arkansas Library System|date=15 July 2009|chapter=Modern Era, 1968 through the Present|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&amp;entryID=405|accessdate=31 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali da rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Dorathy McDonald, 'yar Jack da Dora (Barnes) McDonald, a Helena da ke gundumar Phillips, Arkansas a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1910. 

Dorathy ta auri Tom Allen a watan Mayu na shekarar 1941, kuma ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Brinkley da ke gundumar Monroe, Arkansas . Iyalan Allens ba su da 'ya'ya. Tom ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1963. 

== Aikin jarida ==
Dorathy ta fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin editan al'umma na ''Helena World'' . Daga baya ta yi aiki a ''Eastern Arkansas Record'' a sassan labarai da talla.  Bayan aurenta da Allens, ta buga jaridar ''Citizen'' a Brinkley, ''Monroe County Sun'' da ke Clarendon, Arkansas, da kuma ''Woodruff County Democrat'' a Cotton Plant, Arkansas . &lt;ref name=&quot;The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1974, gobara ta lalata bene na biyu na ''Citizen'' . 

== Hidimar jama'a ==
Kafin a zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dattawan Jiha, Dorathy ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin al'umma da dama kuma tana da rawar jagoranci a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi da dama. Ta kasance a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gwamna kan Matsalar Hankali, kuma tsohuwar shugabar Ƙungiyar Asibitin Arkansas. Ta kasance memba mai hayar kuma shugabar farko ta Brinkley Business and Professional Women's Club, kuma tsohuwar shugabar Arkansas Press Women. Bayan Dorathy ta bar Majalisar Dattawa, ta ci gaba da aiki a ƙungiyoyin al'umma a duk tsawon rayuwarta. 

== Miss Arkansas Pageant ==
Kafin shekarar 1945, ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta East Arkansas Young Businessmen's Club ce ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Miss Arkansas . A shekarar 1944, Dorathy ta jagoranci gasar Miss Arkansas ga Miss America Pageant a Atlantic City inda ta ga kurakurai a gasar Arkansas wanda zai hana 'yar takarar gida shiga gasar cikin nasara a matakin ƙasa. Bayan dawowarta Arkansas, Dorathy ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Miss Arkansas. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 1944, an zaɓi Tom Allen a Majalisar Wakilai ta Arkansas . Daga baya aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas, inda ya riƙe kujerar har zuwa mutuwarsa. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1964, Dorathy Allen ta tsaya takara kuma aka zaɓe ta don cike gurbin kujerar Majalisar Dattawan Arkansas da ya buɗe kafin mutuwarsa. An sake zaɓe ta a shekarar 1966 da 1970 ba tare da wata hamayya ba. Dorathy ta yi aiki a majalisar dattawan jihar har zuwa Janairu 1975. Ba ta sake tsayawa takara ba bayan sake zaɓen da aka yi ya canza iyakokin gundumar majalisar dattawa. An yi wa Dorathy aiki a matsayin magatakardar majalisar dattawa daga 1975 zuwa 1976.

== Mutuwa ==
Allen ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1990. 

== Duba kuma ==

* United States portal
* Lurleen Wallace

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]]</text>
      <sha1>jwgeya2nmfvoh0lcmjdbtuuffvmwgqi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816784</id>
      <parentid>816783</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:34:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816784</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4155" sha1="rmr9qbo57zya7ezsno3zfpocxa5wz5a" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Dorathy Allen''' (née '''McDonald''' ) (Maris 10, 1910 &amp;#x2013; Mayu 12, 1990) editan jarida ce ta Amurka kuma mai buga littattafai, kuma 'yar siyasa ta Jam'iyyar Democrat . Ana tunawa da Allen a matsayin mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas . Allen ta wakilci Gundumar 26 wanda ya hada da gundumomin Monroe, Lee, Arkansas, da Phillips. Zabenta na farko a Majalisar Dattawa shine zabe na musamman a shekarar 1964 don maye gurbin kujerar da mijinta, Sanata Tom Allen ya bari. Ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba a shekarun 1966 da 1970.  ref name=&quot;The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Lindsley Armstrong|title=The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture|publisher=Central Arkansas Library System|date=29 October 2009|chapter=Dorathy N. McDonald Allen|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4674|accessdate=31 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;A lokacin da take kan mulki, ita ce mace daya tilo a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture/Modern Era&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Ben|title=The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture|publisher=Central Arkansas Library System|date=15 July 2009|chapter=Modern Era, 1968 through the Present|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&amp;entryID=405|accessdate=31 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali da rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Dorathy McDonald, 'yar Jack da Dora (Barnes) McDonald, a Helena da ke gundumar Phillips, Arkansas a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1910. 

Dorathy ta auri Tom Allen a watan Mayu na shekarar 1941, kuma ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Brinkley da ke gundumar Monroe, Arkansas . Iyalan Allens ba su da 'ya'ya. Tom ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1963. 

== Aikin jarida ==
Dorathy ta fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin editan al'umma na ''Helena World'' . Daga baya ta yi aiki a ''Eastern Arkansas Record'' a sassan labarai da talla.  Bayan aurenta da Allens, ta buga jaridar ''Citizen'' a Brinkley, ''Monroe County Sun'' da ke Clarendon, Arkansas, da kuma ''Woodruff County Democrat'' a Cotton Plant, Arkansas . &lt;ref name=&quot;The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1974, gobara ta lalata bene na biyu na ''Citizen'' . 

== Hidimar jama'a ==
Kafin a zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dattawan Jiha, Dorathy ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin al'umma da dama kuma tana da rawar jagoranci a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi da dama. Ta kasance a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gwamna kan Matsalar Hankali, kuma tsohuwar shugabar Ƙungiyar Asibitin Arkansas. Ta kasance memba mai hayar kuma shugabar farko ta Brinkley Business and Professional Women's Club, kuma tsohuwar shugabar Arkansas Press Women. Bayan Dorathy ta bar Majalisar Dattawa, ta ci gaba da aiki a ƙungiyoyin al'umma a duk tsawon rayuwarta. 

== Miss Arkansas Pageant ==
Kafin shekarar 1945, ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta East Arkansas Young Businessmen's Club ce ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Miss Arkansas . A shekarar 1944, Dorathy ta jagoranci gasar Miss Arkansas ga Miss America Pageant a Atlantic City inda ta ga kurakurai a gasar Arkansas wanda zai hana 'yar takarar gida shiga gasar cikin nasara a matakin ƙasa. Bayan dawowarta Arkansas, Dorathy ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Miss Arkansas. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 1944, an zaɓi Tom Allen a Majalisar Wakilai ta Arkansas . Daga baya aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas, inda ya riƙe kujerar har zuwa mutuwarsa. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1964, Dorathy Allen ta tsaya takara kuma aka zaɓe ta don cike gurbin kujerar Majalisar Dattawan Arkansas da ya buɗe kafin mutuwarsa. An sake zaɓe ta a shekarar 1966 da 1970 ba tare da wata hamayya ba. Dorathy ta yi aiki a majalisar dattawan jihar har zuwa Janairu 1975. Ba ta sake tsayawa takara ba bayan sake zaɓen da aka yi ya canza iyakokin gundumar majalisar dattawa. An yi wa Dorathy aiki a matsayin magatakardar majalisar dattawa daga 1975 zuwa 1976.

== Mutuwa ==
Allen ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1990. 

== Duba kuma ==

* United States portal
* Lurleen Wallace

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]]</text>
      <sha1>rmr9qbo57zya7ezsno3zfpocxa5wz5a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816785</id>
      <parentid>816784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:35:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816785</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4157" sha1="hz16i33965t47z1awl31gdnl53w331b" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Dorathy Allen''' (née '''McDonald''' ) (Maris 10, 1910 &amp;#x2013; Mayu 12, 1990) editan jarida ce ta Amurka kuma mai buga littattafai, kuma 'yar siyasa ta Jam'iyyar Democrat . Ana tunawa da Allen a matsayin mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas . Allen ta wakilci Gundumar 26 wanda ya hada da gundumomin Monroe, Lee, Arkansas, da Phillips. Zabenta na farko a Majalisar Dattawa shine zabe na musamman a shekarar 1964 don maye gurbin kujerar da mijinta, Sanata Tom Allen ya bari. Ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba a shekarun 1966 da 1970.  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Lindsley Armstrong|title=The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture|publisher=Central Arkansas Library System|date=29 October 2009|chapter=Dorathy N. McDonald Allen|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4674|accessdate=31 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;A lokacin da take kan mulki, ita ce mace daya tilo a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture/Modern Era&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Ben|title=The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture|publisher=Central Arkansas Library System|date=15 July 2009|chapter=Modern Era, 1968 through the Present|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&amp;entryID=405|accessdate=31 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali da rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Dorathy McDonald, 'yar Jack da Dora (Barnes) McDonald, a Helena da ke gundumar Phillips, Arkansas a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1910. 

Dorathy ta auri Tom Allen a watan Mayu na shekarar 1941, kuma ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Brinkley da ke gundumar Monroe, Arkansas . Iyalan Allens ba su da 'ya'ya. Tom ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1963. 

== Aikin jarida ==
Dorathy ta fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin editan al'umma na ''Helena World'' . Daga baya ta yi aiki a ''Eastern Arkansas Record'' a sassan labarai da talla.  Bayan aurenta da Allens, ta buga jaridar ''Citizen'' a Brinkley, ''Monroe County Sun'' da ke Clarendon, Arkansas, da kuma ''Woodruff County Democrat'' a Cotton Plant, Arkansas . &lt;ref name=&quot;The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History &amp; Culture&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1974, gobara ta lalata bene na biyu na ''Citizen'' . 

== Hidimar jama'a ==
Kafin a zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dattawan Jiha, Dorathy ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin al'umma da dama kuma tana da rawar jagoranci a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi da dama. Ta kasance a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gwamna kan Matsalar Hankali, kuma tsohuwar shugabar Ƙungiyar Asibitin Arkansas. Ta kasance memba mai hayar kuma shugabar farko ta Brinkley Business and Professional Women's Club, kuma tsohuwar shugabar Arkansas Press Women. Bayan Dorathy ta bar Majalisar Dattawa, ta ci gaba da aiki a ƙungiyoyin al'umma a duk tsawon rayuwarta. 

== Miss Arkansas Pageant ==
Kafin shekarar 1945, ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta East Arkansas Young Businessmen's Club ce ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Miss Arkansas . A shekarar 1944, Dorathy ta jagoranci gasar Miss Arkansas ga Miss America Pageant a Atlantic City inda ta ga kurakurai a gasar Arkansas wanda zai hana 'yar takarar gida shiga gasar cikin nasara a matakin ƙasa. Bayan dawowarta Arkansas, Dorathy ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Miss Arkansas. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 1944, an zaɓi Tom Allen a Majalisar Wakilai ta Arkansas . Daga baya aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Arkansas, inda ya riƙe kujerar har zuwa mutuwarsa. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1964, Dorathy Allen ta tsaya takara kuma aka zaɓe ta don cike gurbin kujerar Majalisar Dattawan Arkansas da ya buɗe kafin mutuwarsa. An sake zaɓe ta a shekarar 1966 da 1970 ba tare da wata hamayya ba. Dorathy ta yi aiki a majalisar dattawan jihar har zuwa Janairu 1975. Ba ta sake tsayawa takara ba bayan sake zaɓen da aka yi ya canza iyakokin gundumar majalisar dattawa. An yi wa Dorathy aiki a matsayin magatakardar majalisar dattawa daga 1975 zuwa 1976.

== Mutuwa ==
Allen ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1990. 

== Duba kuma ==

* United States portal
* Lurleen Wallace

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]]</text>
      <sha1>hz16i33965t47z1awl31gdnl53w331b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary Mugyenyi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>816781</id>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:31:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342213390|Mary Mugyenyi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>816781</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2998" sha1="qa3cvg8dl0k9u3wnht5gzk6wopv0bj7" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Mugyenyi''' 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Uganda, kuma wakiliya a majalisar dokokin yankin gabashin Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EALA commences in Kampala, inducts MPs |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1469567/eala-commences-kampala-inducts-mps |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce a gundumar Nyabushozi a gundumar Kiruhura. Ita ce matar tsohon darektan bankin Uganda [[Joshua Mugyenyi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Dalhousie, Kanada, da kuma digiri na farko a fannin siyasa da gudanarwa daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]]. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda|Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda,]] kuma malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Makerere. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministar noma. Ita ce kwararriyar da ke goyon bayan '''Ƙauyen Al'adu na Nshenyi''', wani shiri na yawon buɗe ido na al'umma da ke gundumar Ntungamo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html &quot;Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi&quot;]. ''Watchdog Uganda''. 3 January 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 June&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ita mutum ce ta musamman wacce ta yi imanin cewa kuɗi yana kawo cikas ga ci gaban siyasar Gabashin Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=EALA RACE: Mary Mugyenyi Fears Bribery Could Cost Uganda Competent Representatives |url=https://chimpreports.com/eala-race-mary-mugyenyi-fears-bribery-could-cost-uganda-competent-representatives/ |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2013, ita da ma'aikatan Makerere sun karrama marigayi mijinta kuma tsohon malamin siyasa Joshua Baitwa Mugyenyi a [[Jami'ar Makerere]] tare da Ephraim Kamuntu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Makerere honours Dr Joshua Mugyenyi {{!}} News@CHUSS |url=https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203082336/https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=chuss.mak.ac.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3011" sha1="evh8yojg982ofhqtbl5uig0gjzr28z9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Mary Mugyenyi''' 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Uganda, kuma wakiliya a majalisar dokokin yankin gabashin Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EALA commences in Kampala, inducts MPs |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1469567/eala-commences-kampala-inducts-mps |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce a gundumar Nyabushozi a gundumar Kiruhura. Ita ce matar tsohon darektan bankin Uganda [[Joshua Mugyenyi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Dalhousie, Kanada, da kuma digiri na farko a fannin siyasa da gudanarwa daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]]. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda|Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda,]] kuma malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Makerere. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministar noma. Ita ce kwararriyar da ke goyon bayan '''Ƙauyen Al'adu na Nshenyi''', wani shiri na yawon buɗe ido na al'umma da ke gundumar Ntungamo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html &quot;Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi&quot;]. ''Watchdog Uganda''. 3 January 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 June&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ita mutum ce ta musamman wacce ta yi imanin cewa kuɗi yana kawo cikas ga ci gaban siyasar Gabashin Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=EALA RACE: Mary Mugyenyi Fears Bribery Could Cost Uganda Competent Representatives |url=https://chimpreports.com/eala-race-mary-mugyenyi-fears-bribery-could-cost-uganda-competent-representatives/ |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2013, ita da ma'aikatan Makerere sun karrama marigayi mijinta kuma tsohon malamin siyasa Joshua Baitwa Mugyenyi a [[Jami'ar Makerere]] tare da Ephraim Kamuntu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Makerere honours Dr Joshua Mugyenyi {{!}} News@CHUSS |url=https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203082336/https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=chuss.mak.ac.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336271102|Diane Allen]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Diane B. Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1948) 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar jarida a talabijin. 'Yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]] ce, ta wakilci gundumar dokoki ta 7 a Majalisar Dokokin New Jersey daga 1996 zuwa 1998 da kuma Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey daga 1998 zuwa 2018.  Allen ita ce mai tsawatarwa a rinjayen majalisar dattawa daga 1998 zuwa 2001, mataimakiyar shugabar taron jam'iyyar Republican daga 2002 zuwa 2003, kuma daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar tsiraru. A shekarar 2002, ta kasance 'yar takarar da ba ta yi nasara ba a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, inda ta zo ta biyu a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican.

Allen ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna a shekarar 2021 bayan da Jack Ciattarelli ta sanar da cewa ta amince ta shiga takararsa.  Ma'auratan sun sha kaye a babban zaɓen ga Phil Murphy da Sheila Oliver, 'yan Democrat masu ci a yanzu. 

== Rayuwar farko ==
Allen ya girma a Moorestown, New Jersey kuma ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin mai kula da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Moorestown a shekarar 1966.  

A shekarar 1969, an naɗa Allen a matsayin Miss Burlington County . 

Allen ya sami digirin farko a fannin fasaha a fannin falsafa daga Jami'ar Bucknell . 

== Aikin watsa labarai ==
Allen ta fara aikin watsa labaranta a shekarar 1970 tare da WJJZ, wani gidan rediyo na AM da ke Mount Holly, New Jersey .  Ta yi aiki a New Jersey Network kafin ta shiga wani kamfanin ABC a Chicago. &lt;ref name=&quot;ltgov&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1976, Allen ta dawo gida don yin rahoto kan harkokin siyasar New Jersey a KYW-TV, reshen [[NBC]] (wanda a yanzu [[CBS|ake kira CBS]] ) a Philadelphia.  A shekarar 1985, ta jagoranci muhawarar gwamna a New Jersey tsakanin Gwamna Thomas Kean da Peter Shapiro . Ta bar cibiyar sadarwa a shekarar 1988 kuma daga baya ta yi nasara a karar da aka shigar a kan CBS saboda nuna wariya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ltgov&quot; /&gt; 

A shekarar 1989, ta shiga WCAU, wani kamfanin hada magunguna na lokacin CBS (wanda yanzu ake kira NBC) a Philadelphia, kuma ta ci gaba da zama a wurin har zuwa 1994. 

A shekara ta 2000, Allen ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shirye na CN8 yayin da wata mai gabatar da shirye-shirye ke hutu. Wannan ya haifar da suka daga Shugaban 'Yan tsiraru na Majalisar Dattawa Richard Codey, wanda ya soki ta saboda gudanar da ayyukanta a matsayin mai rike da mukami yayin da take ba da rahoto kan siyasa. 

Allen ita ce shugabar kamfanin samar da labarai na VidComm, Inc., wanda ta kafa bayan kammala aikinta na watsa labarai.  

=== Accolades ===
A lokacin aikinta, Allen ta lashe kyaututtuka takwas na Daytime Emmy Awards .  Kungiyar Masu Fasahohin Watsa Labarai ta Philadelphia ta sanya Allen cikin jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Hall of Fame' a shekarar 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;BroadcastPioneers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia - Diane Allen |url=http://www.broadcastpioneers.com/dianeallen.html |access-date=October 27, 2015 |publisher=Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Allen ta fara neman mukamin zaɓe ne a shekarun 1970 lokacin da ta tsaya takarar Hukumar Ilimi ta Makarantun Jama'a na Moorestown Township . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2010 |title=Back from surgery for oral cancer, Diane Allen still has a lot to say |url=http://www.nj.com/insidejersey/index.ssf/2010/08/back_from_surgery_for_oral_can.html |access-date=March 1, 2011 |website=Inside Jersey |quote=Allen grew up in Moorestown, a Burlington County town that was established as a Quaker enclave in the 1600s. Born to an engineer father and homemaker mother, Allen remembers stuffing envelopes as a kid for Republican candidates. Her foray into politics came in the early 1970s, when she ran for the Moorestown school board.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Majalisar Dokokin New Jersey ===

==== Zaɓen 1995 ====
Shugaban jam'iyyar Republican na gundumar Burlington, Glenn Paulsen, ne ya ɗauki Allen aiki a harkokin siyasa na jiha, wanda ya nemi ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokoki a shekarar 1995 don kafa kamfen ɗin neman zaɓe na Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha a shekarar 1997.  A babban zaɓen 1995, an zaɓi Allen da abokin takararsa na jam'iyyar Republican Carmine DeSopo a kan shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat Steven M. Petrillo da abokin takararsa, sabon shiga Joseph P. Dugan. &lt;ref name=&quot;1995Results&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 4, 1995 |title=General Returns for the Office of General Assembly for Election Held November 7, 1995 |url=http://www.njelections.org/election-results/1995-general-election-results-general-assembly.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062932/http://www.njelections.org/election-results/1995-general-election-results-general-assembly.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=October 27, 2015 |publisher=[[Secretary of State of New Jersey]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dala miliyan 1.1 da aka kashe a zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta 1995 ya sanya ta zama ta farko a New Jersey da ta haura darajar kashe kuɗi ta dala miliyan 1.  

=== Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey ===

==== Zaɓe ====
A shekarar 1997, Allen ta sanar da yakin neman zabenta na Sanata kamar yadda aka zata.  Jam'iyyar Democrat mai ci yanzu, Jack Casey, ta sanar a makare cewa ba za ta sake tsayawa takara ba, saboda matsalolin lafiya; &lt;ref name=&quot;ltgov&quot; /&gt; Allen ya kayar da dan takarar Democrat Robert P. Broderick da kashi 54% na kuri'un.  

Duk da cewa gundumarta ta kasance mai goyon bayan jam'iyyar Democrat—a tsawon shekaru ashirin da ta shafe tana mulki, gundumarta ba ta taɓa zaɓar ɗaya daga cikin mataimakanta na jam'iyyar Republican zuwa Majalisar ba—Allen ta ci gaba da lashe zaɓe ba tare da wata matsala ba. 

A shekara ta 2001, Allen ya kayar da Louis Gallagher, mai tsaron gidan Amurka na rundunar sojojin ruwa, da kashi 54% na kuri'un da aka kada. An kira Gallagher don yin aiki a ƙarshen tseren bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, kuma Allen ya yi muhawara da matarsa.  

A shekara ta 2003, Allen ya kayar da Diane F. Gabriel da kashi 60% na kuri'un da aka kada. 

A shekara ta 2007, Allen ya kayar da Rich Dennison na Florence da kashi 56% na kuri'un da aka kada.   

A shekarar 2011, Allen ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa Carol Lokan-Moore da kashi 90% na kuri'un da aka kada kuma ya lashe zaben gama gari da Gail Cook da kashi 57%. 

A shekarar 2013, Allen ya kayar da Gary Catrambone da kashi 60% na kuri'un da aka kada. &lt;ref name=&quot;Results2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2013 |title=Official List Candidates for State Senate For GENERAL ELECTION 11/05/2015 Election |url=http://www.njelections.org/2013-results/2013-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704151019/http://www.njelections.org/2013-results/2013-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf |archive-date=July 4, 2015 |access-date=July 3, 2015 |publisher=[[Secretary of State of New Jersey]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Zamanin aiki ====
A tsawon aikinta a Majalisar Dattawa, Allen ta kasance mai fafutukar tabbatar da tsauraran matakan wariya da kuma takaita cin zarafin wurin aiki. A shekararta ta ƙarshe a ofis, Allen ta yi aiki don kawar da dokar daidaiton albashi da Gwamna Chris Christie ya yi. Watanni uku bayan ta bar ofis, sabon gwamna Phil Murphy ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Daidaiton Albashi ta Diane B. Allen, wadda ya ce, &quot;ta tabbatar da gadon Allen a matsayin ɗan majalisa wanda ya yi aiki a duk faɗin jiharmu don yin abubuwan da suka dace.&quot; 

Baya ga aikinta kan daidaiton mata, Allen ta rubuta shirin rangwame na NJSAVER  da kuma ɗaukar nauyin dokoki da ke taimaka wa tsofaffi wajen ninka farashin rangwamen gidaje.

A watan Nuwamba na 2013, an zaɓi Allen a matsayin Shugabar Gidauniyar Mata Masu Dokoki ta Ƙasa . Ƙungiyar tana wakiltar 'yan majalisar dokoki mata kusan 1800 a Amurka, kuma tana goyon bayan zaɓaɓɓun mata daga dukkan matakan shugabanci. 

Bayan ya bar ofis, Allen ya kafa kwamitin siyasa wanda ya sadaukar da kansa don ƙarfafa mata su yi takarar mukamai na gwamnati ba tare da nuna wariya ba. 

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2002 ===
 
A shekara ta 2002, Allen ya yi takarar neman kayar da Sanata Robert Torricelli na jam'iyyar Democrat a Amurka. A farkon takarar, wanda aka fi so shi ne Jim Treffinger, wanda ya tsaya takara a shekara ta 2000. Duk da haka, Treffinger ya yi murabus a karkashin wani yanayi na da'a bayan da FBI ta kai samame ofishinsa na Newark. Shugabannin jam'iyyar sun hade bayan Doug Forrester, wani hamshakin dan kasuwa mai dimbin dukiya wanda ya yi alkawarin daukar nauyin yakin neman zabensa da kansa. 

A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani, [[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]] ta goyi bayan Allen.  Ta fuskanci suka daga 'yan jam'iyyar Republican saboda imaninta na Quaker da kuma zaman lafiya, wanda ya saɓa wa yanayin ƙasa bayan harin 11 ga Satumba. &lt;ref name=&quot;ltgov&quot; /&gt;

Allen ta zo ta biyu bayan Forrester, wanda ya lashe zaben fidda gwani da kashi 44.6% na kuri'un da aka kada yayin da Allen ta zo ta uku da kashi 36.9%. &lt;ref name=&quot;2002Results&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2002 |title=Official List Candidates for US Senate For June 2002 Primary Election |url=http://www.njelections.org/election-results/2002pri-elect-senate-candidate-tally.pdf |access-date=October 27, 2015 |publisher=Secretary of State of New Jersey}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe dukkan gundumomi a South Jersey banda Gloucester, gidan Sanata John J. Matheussen, wanda ya zo na uku a matsayin wanda ya zo na uku, da kuma Ocean .  Forrester ya sha kaye a babban zaben ga Frank Lautenberg, wanda ya shiga takarar bayan Torricelli ya janye saboda damuwar ɗabi'a da rashin kyawun zaɓe.

=== Wasu ofisoshi ===
Sanata Allen ya yi aiki a matsayin wakili a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican a shekarun 1996, 2000, da kuma a shekarun 2004 da 2012.

A shekarar 2008, Allen ta kasance cikin 'yan takarar da suka fi samun nasara a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka.   Duk da haka, ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2007 cewa ba za ta tsaya takarar kujerar ba, tana mai cewa ba ta da goyon bayan jam'iyyar Republican a gundumar Burlington . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.phillyburbs.com/pb-dyn/news/112-11292007-1448567.html Allen says she won't run for Congress]{{Dead link|date=December 2016}}, ''[[Burlington County Times]]'', November 29, 2007 {{Dead link|date=June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2009, Allen ya kasance babban ɗan takara da ya shiga takarar Chris Christie a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin mataimakin gwamna. Daga ƙarshe Christie ta zaɓi Sheriff Kim Guadagno na gundumar Monmouth .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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'''Diane B. Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1948) 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar jarida a talabijin. 'Yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]] ce, ta wakilci gundumar dokoki ta 7 a Majalisar Dokokin New Jersey daga 1996 zuwa 1998 da kuma Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey daga 1998 zuwa 2018.  Allen ita ce mai tsawatarwa a rinjayen majalisar dattawa daga 1998 zuwa 2001, mataimakiyar shugabar taron jam'iyyar Republican daga 2002 zuwa 2003, kuma daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar tsiraru. A shekarar 2002, ta kasance 'yar takarar da ba ta yi nasara ba a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, inda ta zo ta biyu a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican.

Allen ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna a shekarar 2021 bayan da Jack Ciattarelli ta sanar da cewa ta amince ta shiga takararsa.  Ma'auratan sun sha kaye a babban zaɓen ga Phil Murphy da Sheila Oliver, 'yan Democrat masu ci a yanzu. 

== Rayuwar farko ==
Allen ya girma a Moorestown, New Jersey kuma ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin mai kula da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Moorestown a shekarar 1966.  

A shekarar 1969, an naɗa Allen a matsayin Miss Burlington County . 

Allen ya sami digirin farko a fannin fasaha a fannin falsafa daga Jami'ar Bucknell . 

== Aikin watsa labarai ==
Allen ta fara aikin watsa labaranta a shekarar 1970 tare da WJJZ, wani gidan rediyo na AM da ke Mount Holly, New Jersey .  Ta yi aiki a New Jersey Network kafin ta shiga wani kamfanin ABC a Chicago. &lt;ref name=&quot;ltgov&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1976, Allen ta dawo gida don yin rahoto kan harkokin siyasar New Jersey a KYW-TV, reshen [[NBC]] (wanda a yanzu [[CBS|ake kira CBS]] ) a Philadelphia.  A shekarar 1985, ta jagoranci muhawarar gwamna a New Jersey tsakanin Gwamna Thomas Kean da Peter Shapiro . Ta bar cibiyar sadarwa a shekarar 1988 kuma daga baya ta yi nasara a karar da aka shigar a kan CBS saboda nuna wariya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ltgov&quot; /&gt; 

A shekarar 1989, ta shiga WCAU, wani kamfanin hada magunguna na lokacin CBS (wanda yanzu ake kira NBC) a Philadelphia, kuma ta ci gaba da zama a wurin har zuwa 1994. 

A shekara ta 2000, Allen ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shirye na CN8 yayin da wata mai gabatar da shirye-shirye ke hutu. Wannan ya haifar da suka daga Shugaban 'Yan tsiraru na Majalisar Dattawa Richard Codey, wanda ya soki ta saboda gudanar da ayyukanta a matsayin mai rike da mukami yayin da take ba da rahoto kan siyasa. 

Allen ita ce shugabar kamfanin samar da labarai na VidComm, Inc., wanda ta kafa bayan kammala aikinta na watsa labarai.  

=== Accolades ===
A lokacin aikinta, Allen ta lashe kyaututtuka takwas na Daytime Emmy Awards .  Kungiyar Masu Fasahohin Watsa Labarai ta Philadelphia ta sanya Allen cikin jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Hall of Fame' a shekarar 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;BroadcastPioneers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia - Diane Allen |url=http://www.broadcastpioneers.com/dianeallen.html |access-date=October 27, 2015 |publisher=Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Allen ta fara neman mukamin zaɓe ne a shekarun 1970 lokacin da ta tsaya takarar Hukumar Ilimi ta Makarantun Jama'a na Moorestown Township . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2010 |title=Back from surgery for oral cancer, Diane Allen still has a lot to say |url=http://www.nj.com/insidejersey/index.ssf/2010/08/back_from_surgery_for_oral_can.html |access-date=March 1, 2011 |website=Inside Jersey |quote=Allen grew up in Moorestown, a Burlington County town that was established as a Quaker enclave in the 1600s. Born to an engineer father and homemaker mother, Allen remembers stuffing envelopes as a kid for Republican candidates. Her foray into politics came in the early 1970s, when she ran for the Moorestown school board.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Majalisar Dokokin New Jersey ===

==== Zaɓen 1995 ====
Shugaban jam'iyyar Republican na gundumar Burlington, Glenn Paulsen, ne ya ɗauki Allen aiki a harkokin siyasa na jiha, wanda ya nemi ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokoki a shekarar 1995 don kafa kamfen ɗin neman zaɓe na Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha a shekarar 1997.  A babban zaɓen 1995, an zaɓi Allen da abokin takararsa na jam'iyyar Republican Carmine DeSopo a kan shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat Steven M. Petrillo da abokin takararsa, sabon shiga Joseph P. Dugan. &lt;ref name=&quot;1995Results&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 4, 1995 |title=General Returns for the Office of General Assembly for Election Held November 7, 1995 |url=http://www.njelections.org/election-results/1995-general-election-results-general-assembly.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062932/http://www.njelections.org/election-results/1995-general-election-results-general-assembly.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=October 27, 2015 |publisher=[[Secretary of State of New Jersey]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dala miliyan 1.1 da aka kashe a zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta 1995 ya sanya ta zama ta farko a New Jersey da ta haura darajar kashe kuɗi ta dala miliyan 1.  

=== Majalisar Dattawan New Jersey ===

==== Zaɓe ====
A shekarar 1997, Allen ta sanar da yakin neman zabenta na Sanata kamar yadda aka zata.  Jam'iyyar Democrat mai ci yanzu, Jack Casey, ta sanar a makare cewa ba za ta sake tsayawa takara ba, saboda matsalolin lafiya; &lt;ref name=&quot;ltgov&quot; /&gt; Allen ya kayar da dan takarar Democrat Robert P. Broderick da kashi 54% na kuri'un.  

Duk da cewa gundumarta ta kasance mai goyon bayan jam'iyyar Democrat—a tsawon shekaru ashirin da ta shafe tana mulki, gundumarta ba ta taɓa zaɓar ɗaya daga cikin mataimakanta na jam'iyyar Republican zuwa Majalisar ba—Allen ta ci gaba da lashe zaɓe ba tare da wata matsala ba. 

A shekara ta 2001, Allen ya kayar da Louis Gallagher, mai tsaron gidan Amurka na rundunar sojojin ruwa, da kashi 54% na kuri'un da aka kada. An kira Gallagher don yin aiki a ƙarshen tseren bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, kuma Allen ya yi muhawara da matarsa.  

A shekara ta 2003, Allen ya kayar da Diane F. Gabriel da kashi 60% na kuri'un da aka kada. 

A shekara ta 2007, Allen ya kayar da Rich Dennison na Florence da kashi 56% na kuri'un da aka kada.   

A shekarar 2011, Allen ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa Carol Lokan-Moore da kashi 90% na kuri'un da aka kada kuma ya lashe zaben gama gari da Gail Cook da kashi 57%. 

A shekarar 2013, Allen ya kayar da Gary Catrambone da kashi 60% na kuri'un da aka kada. &lt;ref name=&quot;Results2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2013 |title=Official List Candidates for State Senate For GENERAL ELECTION 11/05/2015 Election |url=http://www.njelections.org/2013-results/2013-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704151019/http://www.njelections.org/2013-results/2013-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf |archive-date=July 4, 2015 |access-date=July 3, 2015 |publisher=[[Secretary of State of New Jersey]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Zamanin aiki ====
A tsawon aikinta a Majalisar Dattawa, Allen ta kasance mai fafutukar tabbatar da tsauraran matakan wariya da kuma takaita cin zarafin wurin aiki. A shekararta ta ƙarshe a ofis, Allen ta yi aiki don kawar da dokar daidaiton albashi da Gwamna Chris Christie ya yi. Watanni uku bayan ta bar ofis, sabon gwamna Phil Murphy ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Daidaiton Albashi ta Diane B. Allen, wadda ya ce, &quot;ta tabbatar da gadon Allen a matsayin ɗan majalisa wanda ya yi aiki a duk faɗin jiharmu don yin abubuwan da suka dace.&quot; 

Baya ga aikinta kan daidaiton mata, Allen ta rubuta shirin rangwame na NJSAVER  da kuma ɗaukar nauyin dokoki da ke taimaka wa tsofaffi wajen ninka farashin rangwamen gidaje.

A watan Nuwamba na 2013, an zaɓi Allen a matsayin Shugabar Gidauniyar Mata Masu Dokoki ta Ƙasa . Ƙungiyar tana wakiltar 'yan majalisar dokoki mata kusan 1800 a Amurka, kuma tana goyon bayan zaɓaɓɓun mata daga dukkan matakan shugabanci. 

Bayan ya bar ofis, Allen ya kafa kwamitin siyasa wanda ya sadaukar da kansa don ƙarfafa mata su yi takarar mukamai na gwamnati ba tare da nuna wariya ba. 

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2002 ===
 
A shekara ta 2002, Allen ya yi takarar neman kayar da Sanata Robert Torricelli na jam'iyyar Democrat a Amurka. A farkon takarar, wanda aka fi so shi ne Jim Treffinger, wanda ya tsaya takara a shekara ta 2000. Duk da haka, Treffinger ya yi murabus a karkashin wani yanayi na da'a bayan da FBI ta kai samame ofishinsa na Newark. Shugabannin jam'iyyar sun hade bayan Doug Forrester, wani hamshakin dan kasuwa mai dimbin dukiya wanda ya yi alkawarin daukar nauyin yakin neman zabensa da kansa. 

A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani, [[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]] ta goyi bayan Allen.  Ta fuskanci suka daga 'yan jam'iyyar Republican saboda imaninta na Quaker da kuma zaman lafiya, wanda ya saɓa wa yanayin ƙasa bayan harin 11 ga Satumba. &lt;ref name=&quot;ltgov&quot; /&gt;

Allen ta zo ta biyu bayan Forrester, wanda ya lashe zaben fidda gwani da kashi 44.6% na kuri'un da aka kada yayin da Allen ta zo ta uku da kashi 36.9%. &lt;ref name=&quot;2002Results&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2002 |title=Official List Candidates for US Senate For June 2002 Primary Election |url=http://www.njelections.org/election-results/2002pri-elect-senate-candidate-tally.pdf |access-date=October 27, 2015 |publisher=Secretary of State of New Jersey}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe dukkan gundumomi a South Jersey banda Gloucester, gidan Sanata John J. Matheussen, wanda ya zo na uku a matsayin wanda ya zo na uku, da kuma Ocean .  Forrester ya sha kaye a babban zaben ga Frank Lautenberg, wanda ya shiga takarar bayan Torricelli ya janye saboda damuwar ɗabi'a da rashin kyawun zaɓe.

=== Wasu ofisoshi ===
Sanata Allen ya yi aiki a matsayin wakili a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican a shekarun 1996, 2000, da kuma a shekarun 2004 da 2012.

A shekarar 2008, Allen ta kasance cikin 'yan takarar da suka fi samun nasara a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka.   Duk da haka, ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2007 cewa ba za ta tsaya takarar kujerar ba, tana mai cewa ba ta da goyon bayan jam'iyyar Republican a gundumar Burlington . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.phillyburbs.com/pb-dyn/news/112-11292007-1448567.html Allen says she won't run for Congress]{{Dead link|date=December 2016}}, ''[[Burlington County Times]]'', November 29, 2007 {{Dead link|date=June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2009, Allen ya kasance babban ɗan takara da ya shiga takarar Chris Christie a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin mataimakin gwamna. Daga ƙarshe Christie ta zaɓi Sheriff Kim Guadagno na gundumar Monmouth .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Gertrude Nakabira</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340914035|Gertrude Nakabira]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Gertrude Nakabira Lubega''' (1962 – 19 Janairu 2020) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta gundumar Lwengo daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2016. Kafin zaɓenta, ta shafe shekaru da dama tana aiki a fannin ilimi, inda ta kai ga zama Jami'ar Ilimi ta gundumar Sembabule.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Gertrude Nakabira Lubega a shekarar 1962.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta kuma mai ba da shawara kan ilimi, wacce ta shafe shekaru talatin da biyar a tsohuwar sana'arta.  A shekarar 2005, ta zama Jami'ar Ilimi ta Gundumar Sembabule, ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot; /&gt;

A babban zaɓen ƙasar Uganda na shekarar 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar takarar National Resistance Movement' ga kujerar wakilcin mata da Lwengo ta ware mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-03-29 |title=LIST OF ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT |url=http://www.ec.or.ug/sites/Elec_results/Elected%20MPs%202011%20General%20Elections.pdf |access-date=2023-10-21 |page=3 |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, a lokacin bikin cika shekaru ashirin da biyar da aurenta a Majalisar Garin Kinoni, gundumar Rwampara, Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya yaba da &quot;jajircewarta ga ci gaba da kawar da talauci a mazaɓarta.&quot; 

A babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2016, ta bar kujerar wakilcin mata da aka ware don yin kamfen don takarar kujerar gundumar Bukoto ta Kudu.   Duk da haka, a lokacin yakin neman zaɓenta, ta fuskanci zarge-zargen zamba na takardun shaidar karatu, gami da rashin daidaito tsakanin ranar da aka ayyana ta kammala karatun firamare da ranar haihuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bindhe 2015&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshe, ta sha kaye a hannun Muyanja Mbabaali ta kuma bar Majalisar Dokoki. 

Bayan shekaru da rashin lafiya, an kwantar da ita a Asibitin Nsambya, inda ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2020, tana da shekaru 57.   Daga baya aka binne ta a Kibengo, Gundumar Sembabule, a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu. &lt;ref name=&quot;monitor 20200122&quot; /&gt;

Gertrude tana zaune a Lwengo  kuma tana da babbar 'yar'uwa mai suna Irene Nakabira.  Ta auri Emmanuel Lubega a shekarar 1988. 

== Manazarta ==
Mary MugyenyiGertrude NakabiraMary MugyenyiGertrude NakabiraAnnet Katusiime Mugisha
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
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'''Gertrude Nakabira Lubega''' (1962 – 19 Janairu 2020) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta gundumar Lwengo daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2016. Kafin zaɓenta, ta shafe shekaru da dama tana aiki a fannin ilimi, inda ta kai ga zama Jami'ar Ilimi ta gundumar Sembabule.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Gertrude Nakabira Lubega a shekarar 1962.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta kuma mai ba da shawara kan ilimi, wacce ta shafe shekaru talatin da biyar a tsohuwar sana'arta.  A shekarar 2005, ta zama Jami'ar Ilimi ta Gundumar Sembabule, ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot; /&gt;

A babban zaɓen ƙasar Uganda na shekarar 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar takarar National Resistance Movement' ga kujerar wakilcin mata da Lwengo ta ware mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-03-29 |title=LIST OF ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT |url=http://www.ec.or.ug/sites/Elec_results/Elected%20MPs%202011%20General%20Elections.pdf |access-date=2023-10-21 |page=3 |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, a lokacin bikin cika shekaru ashirin da biyar da aurenta a Majalisar Garin Kinoni, gundumar Rwampara, Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya yaba da &quot;jajircewarta ga ci gaba da kawar da talauci a mazaɓarta.&quot; 

A babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2016, ta bar kujerar wakilcin mata da aka ware don yin kamfen don takarar kujerar gundumar Bukoto ta Kudu.   Duk da haka, a lokacin yakin neman zaɓenta, ta fuskanci zarge-zargen zamba na takardun shaidar karatu, gami da rashin daidaito tsakanin ranar da aka ayyana ta kammala karatun firamare da ranar haihuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bindhe 2015&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshe, ta sha kaye a hannun Muyanja Mbabaali ta kuma bar Majalisar Dokoki. 

Bayan shekaru da rashin lafiya, an kwantar da ita a Asibitin Nsambya, inda ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2020, tana da shekaru 57.   Daga baya aka binne ta a Kibengo, Gundumar Sembabule, a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu. &lt;ref name=&quot;monitor 20200122&quot; /&gt;

Gertrude tana zaune a Lwengo  kuma tana da babbar 'yar'uwa mai suna Irene Nakabira.  Ta auri Emmanuel Lubega a shekarar 1988. 

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
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'''Gertrude Nakabira Lubega''' (1962 – 19 Janairu 2020) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta gundumar Lwengo daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2016. Kafin zaɓenta, ta shafe shekaru da dama tana aiki a fannin ilimi, inda ta kai ga zama Jami'ar Ilimi ta gundumar Sembabule.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Gertrude Nakabira Lubega a shekarar 1962.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta kuma mai ba da shawara kan ilimi, wacce ta shafe shekaru talatin da biyar a tsohuwar sana'arta.  A shekarar 2005, ta zama Jami'ar Ilimi ta Gundumar Sembabule, ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot; /&gt;

A babban zaɓen ƙasar Uganda na shekarar 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar takarar National Resistance Movement' ga kujerar wakilcin mata da Lwengo ta ware mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-03-29 |title=LIST OF ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT |url=http://www.ec.or.ug/sites/Elec_results/Elected%20MPs%202011%20General%20Elections.pdf |access-date=2023-10-21 |page=3 |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, a lokacin bikin cika shekaru ashirin da biyar da aurenta a Majalisar Garin Kinoni, gundumar Rwampara, Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya yaba da &quot;jajircewarta ga ci gaba da kawar da talauci a mazaɓarta.&quot; 

A babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2016, ta bar kujerar wakilcin mata da aka ware don yin kamfen don takarar kujerar gundumar Bukoto ta Kudu.   Duk da haka, a lokacin yakin neman zaɓenta, ta fuskanci zarge-zargen zamba na takardun shaidar karatu, gami da rashin daidaito tsakanin ranar da aka ayyana ta kammala karatun firamare da ranar haihuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bindhe 2015&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshe, ta sha kaye a hannun Muyanja Mbabaali ta kuma bar Majalisar Dokoki. 

Bayan shekaru da rashin lafiya, an kwantar da ita a Asibitin Nsambya, inda ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2020, tana da shekaru 57.   Daga baya aka binne ta a Kibengo, Gundumar Sembabule, a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu. &lt;ref name=&quot;monitor 20200122&quot; /&gt;

Gertrude tana zaune a Lwengo  kuma tana da babbar 'yar'uwa mai suna Irene Nakabira.  Ta auri Emmanuel Lubega a shekarar 1988. 

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
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'''Gertrude Nakabira Lubega''' (1962 – 19 Janairu 2020) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta gundumar Lwengo daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2016. Kafin zaɓenta, ta shafe shekaru da dama tana aiki a fannin ilimi, inda ta kai ga zama Jami'ar Ilimi ta gundumar Sembabule.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Gertrude Nakabira Lubega a shekarar 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bindhe 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bindhe |first=Edward |date=2015-01-21 |title=MP Nakabira Accused of Holding Forged Academic Papers |work=[[Uganda Radio Network]] |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/mp-nakabira-accused-of-holding-forged-academic-papers |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta kuma mai ba da shawara kan ilimi, wacce ta shafe shekaru talatin da biyar a tsohuwar sana'arta.&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-01-19 |title=Former Lwengo woman MP Gertrude Nakabira succumbs to cancer |language=en |work=[[Daily Monitor]] |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/former-lwengo-woman-mp-gertrude-nakabira-succumbs-to-cancer-1870520 |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2005, ta zama Jami'ar Ilimi ta Gundumar Sembabule, ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot; /&gt;

A babban zaɓen ƙasar Uganda na shekarar 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar takarar National Resistance Movement' ga kujerar wakilcin mata da Lwengo ta ware mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-03-29 |title=LIST OF ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT |url=http://www.ec.or.ug/sites/Elec_results/Elected%20MPs%202011%20General%20Elections.pdf |access-date=2023-10-21 |page=3 |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, a lokacin bikin cika shekaru ashirin da biyar da aurenta a Majalisar Garin Kinoni, gundumar Rwampara, Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya yaba da &quot;jajircewarta ga ci gaba da kawar da talauci a mazaɓarta.&quot; 

A babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2016, ta bar kujerar wakilcin mata da aka ware don yin kamfen don takarar kujerar gundumar Bukoto ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ssejjoba |first=Eddie |date=2015-07-20 |title=Judith Babirye, Nabakooba pick nomination forms |language=en |work=[[New Vision]] |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1330723/judith-babirye-nabakooba-pick-nomination-forms |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bindhe 2015&quot;/&gt;   Duk da haka, a lokacin yakin neman zaɓenta, ta fuskanci zarge-zargen zamba na takardun shaidar karatu, gami da rashin daidaito tsakanin ranar da aka ayyana ta kammala karatun firamare da ranar haihuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bindhe 2015&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshe, ta sha kaye a hannun Muyanja Mbabaali ta kuma bar Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugandaradionetwork&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ssekweyama |first=Ezekiel |date=2020-01-19 |title=Former Lwengo Woman MP Gertrude Nakabira Dead |work=[[Uganda Radio Network]] |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/former-lwengo-woman-mp-gertrude-nakabira-dead |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan shekaru da rashin lafiya, an kwantar da ita a Asibitin Nsambya, inda ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2020, tana da shekaru 57.&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor 20200122&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-07-19 |title=Former Lwengo Woman MP Nakabira laid to rest |language=en |work=[[Daily Monitor]] |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/former-lwengo-woman-mp-nakabira-laid-to-rest-1871168 |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Daga baya aka binne ta a Kibengo, Gundumar Sembabule, a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu. &lt;ref name=&quot;monitor 20200122&quot; /&gt;

Gertrude tana zaune a Lwengo  kuma tana da babbar 'yar'uwa mai suna Irene Nakabira.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugandaradionetwork&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ssekweyama |first=Ezekiel |date=2020-01-19 |title=Former Lwengo Woman MP Gertrude Nakabira Dead |work=[[Uganda Radio Network]] |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/former-lwengo-woman-mp-gertrude-nakabira-dead |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta auri Emmanuel Lubega a shekarar 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Vision&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-12-01 |title=Respect families, says Museveni |language=en |work=[[New Vision]] |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1335203/respect-families-museveni |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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{{Databox}}

'''Gertrude Nakabira Lubega''' (1962 – 19 Janairu 2020) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Uganda, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta gundumar Lwengo daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2016. Kafin zaɓenta, ta shafe shekaru da dama tana aiki a fannin ilimi, inda ta kai ga zama Jami'ar Ilimi ta gundumar Sembabule.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Gertrude Nakabira Lubega a shekarar 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bindhe 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bindhe |first=Edward |date=2015-01-21 |title=MP Nakabira Accused of Holding Forged Academic Papers |work=[[Uganda Radio Network]] |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/mp-nakabira-accused-of-holding-forged-academic-papers |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta kuma mai ba da shawara kan ilimi, wacce ta shafe shekaru talatin da biyar a tsohuwar sana'arta.&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-01-19 |title=Former Lwengo woman MP Gertrude Nakabira succumbs to cancer |language=en |work=[[Daily Monitor]] |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/former-lwengo-woman-mp-gertrude-nakabira-succumbs-to-cancer-1870520 |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2005, ta zama Jami'ar Ilimi ta Gundumar Sembabule, ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot; /&gt;

A babban zaɓen ƙasar Uganda na shekarar 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar takarar National Resistance Movement' ga kujerar wakilcin mata da Lwengo ta ware mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-03-29 |title=LIST OF ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT |url=http://www.ec.or.ug/sites/Elec_results/Elected%20MPs%202011%20General%20Elections.pdf |access-date=2023-10-21 |page=3 |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, a lokacin bikin cika shekaru ashirin da biyar da aurenta a Majalisar Garin Kinoni, gundumar Rwampara, Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya yaba da &quot;jajircewarta ga ci gaba da kawar da talauci a mazaɓarta.&quot; 

A babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2016, ta bar kujerar wakilcin mata da aka ware don yin kamfen don takarar kujerar gundumar Bukoto ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ssejjoba |first=Eddie |date=2015-07-20 |title=Judith Babirye, Nabakooba pick nomination forms |language=en |work=[[New Vision]] |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1330723/judith-babirye-nabakooba-pick-nomination-forms |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bindhe 2015&quot;/&gt;   Duk da haka, a lokacin yakin neman zaɓenta, ta fuskanci zarge-zargen zamba na takardun shaidar karatu, gami da rashin daidaito tsakanin ranar da aka ayyana ta kammala karatun firamare da ranar haihuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bindhe 2015&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshe, ta sha kaye a hannun Muyanja Mbabaali ta kuma bar Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugandaradionetwork&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ssekweyama |first=Ezekiel |date=2020-01-19 |title=Former Lwengo Woman MP Gertrude Nakabira Dead |work=[[Uganda Radio Network]] |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/former-lwengo-woman-mp-gertrude-nakabira-dead |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan shekaru da rashin lafiya, an kwantar da ita a Asibitin Nsambya, inda ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2020, tana da shekaru 57.&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor 20200122&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-07-19 |title=Former Lwengo Woman MP Nakabira laid to rest |language=en |work=[[Daily Monitor]] |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/former-lwengo-woman-mp-nakabira-laid-to-rest-1871168 |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Daga baya aka binne ta a Kibengo, Gundumar Sembabule, a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu. &lt;ref name=&quot;monitor 20200122&quot; /&gt;

Gertrude tana zaune a Lwengo  kuma tana da babbar 'yar'uwa mai suna Irene Nakabira.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugandaradionetwork&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ssekweyama |first=Ezekiel |date=2020-01-19 |title=Former Lwengo Woman MP Gertrude Nakabira Dead |work=[[Uganda Radio Network]] |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/former-lwengo-woman-mp-gertrude-nakabira-dead |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta auri Emmanuel Lubega a shekarar 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Vision&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-12-01 |title=Respect families, says Museveni |language=en |work=[[New Vision]] |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1335203/respect-families-museveni |access-date=2023-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>0vi2slr9bwqgn4p0pkqwyoygv4hvyat</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Julia McGehee Alexander</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327597904|Julia McGehee Alexander]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6800" sha1="hz81rru70o0f85yf46ei87ytu7msvg1" xml:space="preserve">Julia McGehee Alexander (Janairu 14, 1876 - Fabrairu 23, 1957) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka, lauya, kuma masanin tarihi. Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta sami lasisin aikin lauya a North Carolina kuma mace ta biyu da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta North Carolina .

== Rayuwar farko, iyali, da ilimi ==
An haifi Alexander a Enderly, gonar iyalinta kusa da [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte, North Carolina]], a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1876, ga Sydenham B. Alexander da Pauline Violet Nicholson. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fito daga dangin Scotland-Irish . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Mahaifinta jami'in rundunar sojojin Confederate ne wanda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin sanata na jiha da kuma ɗan majalisar dokokin Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Alexander jikan William Alexander Graham ne, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan North Carolina da kuma Sakataren Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alexander, Sydenham Benoni {{!}} NCpedia |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-sydenham-benoni |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=www.ncpedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar mahaifinta, tana da alaƙa ta nesa da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Adlai Stevenson I da Sanata John Sharp Williams . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALEXANDER, Sydenham Benoni - Biographical Information |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000102 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |website=bioguide.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta halarci Kwalejin Mary Baldwin kuma ta yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar North Carolina . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDudley1979&quot;&gt;Dudley, Harold J. (1979). [https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee &quot;Alexander, Julia McGehee&quot;]. ''[[NCPedia]]''. [[Raleigh|Raleigh, North Carolina]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar Michigan da Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Columbia . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A shekara ta 1914, an shigar da Alexander a matsayin lauya a North Carolina, kuma a shekara ta 1919, an zaɓe ta shugabar farko ta ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa da mata ƙwararru ta North Carolina. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDudley1979&quot;&gt;Dudley, Harold J. (1979). [https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee &quot;Alexander, Julia McGehee&quot;]. ''[[NCPedia]]''. [[Raleigh|Raleigh, North Carolina]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mace ta biyu a North Carolina da ta sami lasisin lauya kuma ita ce mace ta farko a jihar da ta shiga aikin lauya mai zaman kanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Ita ce kuma mace ta farko da ta fara aiki a matsayin lauya a Charlotte. &lt;ref name=&quot;cmlibrary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Celebrate Women's History Month with Charlotte Mecklenburg Library |url=https://www.cmlibrary.org/blog/celebrate-womens-history-month-charlotte-mecklenburg-library |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[Charlotte Mecklenburg Library]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1925, an zaɓi Alexander a Majalisar Wakilai ta North Carolina, inda ta zama mace ta biyu da ta zauna a majalisar, bayan Lillian Exum Clement . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDudley1979&quot;&gt;Dudley, Harold J. (1979). [https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee &quot;Alexander, Julia McGehee&quot;]. ''[[NCPedia]]''. [[Raleigh|Raleigh, North Carolina]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta yi aiki a majalisar har zuwa 1927. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Mecklenburg da ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt;

Alexander ta kasance mai himma a cikin ayyukan tarihi kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar farko ta Babi na Mecklenburg na ' Ya'yan Juyin Juya Halin Amurka da kuma shugabar Sashe na Stonewall Jackson na Ƙungiyar 'Ya'yan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDudley1979&quot;&gt;Dudley, Harold J. (1979). [https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee &quot;Alexander, Julia McGehee&quot;]. ''[[NCPedia]]''. [[Raleigh|Raleigh, North Carolina]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance memba mai rijista na Hornet's Nest, Post 9 na Ƙungiyar Taimakon Sojojin Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin tarihin gundumar Mecklenburg, tana taimakawa wajen gina Gidan Tarihi na Mint, ta rubuta ''Charlotte a cikin Hoto da Prose'', ''A Short History of Mecklenburg County'', da ''Mothers of Great Men'', kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Hukumar George Washington Bi-Centennial ta Charlotte. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Ita ce kuma shugabar kafa Charlotte Humane Society. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Alexander ɗan coci ne a Cocin Presbyterian na Farko na Charlotte . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDudley1979&quot;&gt;Dudley, Harold J. (1979). [https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee &quot;Alexander, Julia McGehee&quot;]. ''[[NCPedia]]''. [[Raleigh|Raleigh, North Carolina]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1957]]</text>
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Julia McGehee Alexander (Janairu 14, 1876 - Fabrairu 23, 1957) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka, lauya, kuma masanin tarihi. Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta sami lasisin aikin lauya a North Carolina kuma mace ta biyu da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta North Carolina .

== Rayuwar farko, iyali, da ilimi ==
An haifi Alexander a Enderly, gonar iyalinta kusa da [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte, North Carolina]], a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1876, ga Sydenham B. Alexander da Pauline Violet Nicholson. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fito daga dangin Scotland-Irish . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Mahaifinta jami'in rundunar sojojin Confederate ne wanda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin sanata na jiha da kuma ɗan majalisar dokokin Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Alexander jikan William Alexander Graham ne, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan North Carolina da kuma Sakataren Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alexander, Sydenham Benoni {{!}} NCpedia |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-sydenham-benoni |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=www.ncpedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar mahaifinta, tana da alaƙa ta nesa da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Adlai Stevenson I da Sanata John Sharp Williams . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ALEXANDER, Sydenham Benoni - Biographical Information |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000102 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |website=bioguide.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta halarci Kwalejin Mary Baldwin kuma ta yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar North Carolina . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDudley1979&quot;&gt;Dudley, Harold J. (1979). [https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee &quot;Alexander, Julia McGehee&quot;]. ''[[NCPedia]]''. [[Raleigh|Raleigh, North Carolina]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar Michigan da Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Columbia . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A shekara ta 1914, an shigar da Alexander a matsayin lauya a North Carolina, kuma a shekara ta 1919, an zaɓe ta shugabar farko ta ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa da mata ƙwararru ta North Carolina. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDudley1979&quot;&gt;Dudley, Harold J. (1979). [https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee &quot;Alexander, Julia McGehee&quot;]. ''[[NCPedia]]''. [[Raleigh|Raleigh, North Carolina]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mace ta biyu a North Carolina da ta sami lasisin lauya kuma ita ce mace ta farko a jihar da ta shiga aikin lauya mai zaman kanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Ita ce kuma mace ta farko da ta fara aiki a matsayin lauya a Charlotte. &lt;ref name=&quot;cmlibrary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Celebrate Women's History Month with Charlotte Mecklenburg Library |url=https://www.cmlibrary.org/blog/celebrate-womens-history-month-charlotte-mecklenburg-library |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[Charlotte Mecklenburg Library]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1925, an zaɓi Alexander a Majalisar Wakilai ta North Carolina, inda ta zama mace ta biyu da ta zauna a majalisar, bayan Lillian Exum Clement . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDudley1979&quot;&gt;Dudley, Harold J. (1979). [https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee &quot;Alexander, Julia McGehee&quot;]. ''[[NCPedia]]''. [[Raleigh|Raleigh, North Carolina]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta yi aiki a majalisar har zuwa 1927. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Mecklenburg da ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt;

Alexander ta kasance mai himma a cikin ayyukan tarihi kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar farko ta Babi na Mecklenburg na ' Ya'yan Juyin Juya Halin Amurka da kuma shugabar Sashe na Stonewall Jackson na Ƙungiyar 'Ya'yan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDudley1979&quot;&gt;Dudley, Harold J. (1979). [https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee &quot;Alexander, Julia McGehee&quot;]. ''[[NCPedia]]''. [[Raleigh|Raleigh, North Carolina]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance memba mai rijista na Hornet's Nest, Post 9 na Ƙungiyar Taimakon Sojojin Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Alexander ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin tarihin gundumar Mecklenburg, tana taimakawa wajen gina Gidan Tarihi na Mint, ta rubuta ''Charlotte a cikin Hoto da Prose'', ''A Short History of Mecklenburg County'', da ''Mothers of Great Men'', kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Hukumar George Washington Bi-Centennial ta Charlotte. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt; Ita ce kuma shugabar kafa Charlotte Humane Society. &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Alexander ɗan coci ne a Cocin Presbyterian na Farko na Charlotte . &lt;ref name=&quot;ncpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Harold J. |date=1979 |title=Alexander, Julia McGehee |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=[[NCPedia]] |publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDudley1979&quot;&gt;Dudley, Harold J. (1979). [https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/alexander-julia-mcgehee &quot;Alexander, Julia McGehee&quot;]. ''[[NCPedia]]''. [[Raleigh|Raleigh, North Carolina]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1957]]</text>
      <sha1>sfbkvx692ic2f3ng26zyn71tdivprkc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Frances Alexander (ƴar siyasa)</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343757844|Frances Alexander (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4336" sha1="fhub8xoir54vy0tcozzadwcpx3h1kgs" xml:space="preserve">'''Frances Alexander''' (née '''Flynn''' ) ƴar siyasa ce daga Beverly, Massachusetts .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Frances Alexander a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1919, a Salem, Massachusetts, ga Edward da Nora Flynn.   Ta girma a Danvers, Massachusetts, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Holten a shekarar 1937.  A shekarar 1942 ta auri Albert Alexander, injiniya daga Beverly, Massachusetts. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Beverly a shekarar 1946. Alexanders suna da 'ya'ya huɗu kafin su sake su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Honoring Long Public Service&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot; /&gt;

Alexander ta yi aiki lokaci-lokaci a matsayin sakatare na General Electric na tsawon shekaru da dama, sannan ta yi aiki a ɗaya daga cikin masana'antun kamfanin a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Bayan yaƙin, ta yi aiki a Makarantar Nursery ta Humpty Dumpty da ke Beverly, daga baya kuma ta kafa makarantarta, ita ma a Beverly. Makarantar Mrs. Alexander ta kasance a bene na farko na gidanta, amma shekaru biyu bayan kafa ta, Alexander ta mayar da wurin kula da yara da ke ƙaruwa zuwa wani babban gida da aka yi watsi da shi wanda ke kallon Beverly Harbor.  Alexander ta ci gaba da zama mamallakin Makarantar Mrs. Alexander har sai da ta sayar da ita a shekarar 2004 ga wani tsohon mataimakiya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 1969, Alexander ta kasance cikin ƙoƙarin kawo makarantar yara ta firamare zuwa makarantun birnin. Daga baya a wannan shekarar aka zaɓe ta a Kwamitin Makarantar Beverly.  Alexander ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kwamitin har zuwa 1976 lokacin da ta zama memba na Hukumar Aldannin Beverly.  Ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kwamitin tsawon shekaru shida. A shekarar 1977 da 1979 ta hau kan gaba a zaɓen kuma sakamakon haka ta zama Shugabar Hukumar Aldannin. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1981, Alexander ta ƙalubalanci Magajin Gari Peter Fortunato mai ci ba tare da nasara ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Honoring Long Public Service&quot; /&gt;  Ita ce kaɗai mace 'yar takarar Magajin Gari a Massachusetts a wannan shekarar. 

A shekarar 1982, an zaɓi Alexander a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts . A lokacin da take aiki a Majalisar, Alexander ta yi aiki don kafa Cibiyar Babba ta Beverly, gina Gadar Tunawa da Tsohon Soja tsakanin Beverly da Salem, da kuma zartar da dokokin cin zarafin gida. A matsayinta na memba na Kwamitin Kasuwanci, ta yi aiki kan dokokin ƙananan kasuwanci. Bayan mutane 15 sun mutu a gobarar gidan zama na Beverly, Alexander ta rubuta kudirin da ke buƙatar tsarin feshin ruwa a gidajen kwana waɗanda ke ɗauke da mutane shida ko fiye. Kudirin ya amince da shi a shekarar 1986.  Alexander kuma ta yi aiki ba tare da nasara ba don gina sabuwar harabar Kwalejin Al'umma ta North Shore a Beverly.  A shekarar 1990, an ɗauki Alexander a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake ganin za su iya kayar da su, duk da haka, takarar da ke tsakaninta da sabon ɗan Republican James R. Henry ta yi kusa bayan da Henry ya yi maganganu marasa kyau game da iliminsa da ƙwarewarsa.  Henry ya kayar da Alexander da kuri'u 8,535 (51.6%) zuwa 8,009 (48.4%). &lt;ref name=&quot;PD43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=James R. Henry (R) |url=http://electionstats.state.ma.us/candidates/view/James-R-Henry/ |website=PD43+ |publisher=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander ta yi imanin cewa jinkirin aikin gadar na iya taimakawa wajen kayar da ita.

== Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa ==
Daga 1992 zuwa 2003, Alexander ta kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu a Kwalejin Endicott . A wannan matsayin ta taimaka wajen kula da faɗaɗa kwalejin daga makarantar 'yan mata ta shekara biyu wacce ke da ɗalibai 400 zuwa jami'a mai shekaru huɗu wacce ɗalibai sama da 2,000 ke halarta. Ta kuma yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na North Shore Music Theatre, Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, Beverly Preschool, Girdler House, da kuma North Shore Chamber of Commerce.

A shekara ta 2004, ta sayar da gidanta a Beverly sannan ta koma Brooksby Village, wani rukunin gidaje na tsofaffi a Peabody, Massachusetts .  A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2010, Alexander ya mutu a Asibitin Beverly sakamakon bugun zuciya. 

== Duba kuma ==

* 1985-1986 Majalisar Dokokin Massachusetts
* 1987-1988 Majalisar Dokokin Massachusetts

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]]</text>
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        <id>15405</id>
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      <text bytes="4369" sha1="p4m3bxp0plcdllu7tfwvk32pt3vitjo" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Frances Alexander''' (née '''Flynn''' ) ƴar siyasa ce daga Beverly, Massachusetts .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Frances Alexander a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1919, a Salem, Massachusetts, ga Edward da Nora Flynn.   Ta girma a Danvers, Massachusetts, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Holten a shekarar 1937.  A shekarar 1942 ta auri Albert Alexander, injiniya daga Beverly, Massachusetts. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Beverly a shekarar 1946. Alexanders suna da 'ya'ya huɗu kafin su sake su. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Honoring Long Public Service&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Obituary&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

Alexander ta yi aiki lokaci-lokaci a matsayin sakatare na General Electric na tsawon shekaru da dama, sannan ta yi aiki a ɗaya daga cikin masana'antun kamfanin a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Bayan yaƙin, ta yi aiki a Makarantar Nursery ta Humpty Dumpty da ke Beverly, daga baya kuma ta kafa makarantarta, ita ma a Beverly. Makarantar Mrs. Alexander ta kasance a bene na farko na gidanta, amma shekaru biyu bayan kafa ta, Alexander ta mayar da wurin kula da yara da ke ƙaruwa zuwa wani babban gida da aka yi watsi da shi wanda ke kallon Beverly Harbor.  Alexander ta ci gaba da zama mamallakin Makarantar Mrs. Alexander har sai da ta sayar da ita a shekarar 2004 ga wani tsohon mataimakiya.  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Obituary&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 1969, Alexander ta kasance cikin ƙoƙarin kawo makarantar yara ta firamare zuwa makarantun birnin. Daga baya a wannan shekarar aka zaɓe ta a Kwamitin Makarantar Beverly.  Alexander ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kwamitin har zuwa 1976 lokacin da ta zama memba na Hukumar Aldannin Beverly.  Ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kwamitin tsawon shekaru shida. A shekarar 1977 da 1979 ta hau kan gaba a zaɓen kuma sakamakon haka ta zama Shugabar Hukumar Aldannin. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1981, Alexander ta ƙalubalanci Magajin Gari Peter Fortunato mai ci ba tare da nasara ba. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Honoring Long Public Service&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;  Ita ce kaɗai mace 'yar takarar Magajin Gari a Massachusetts a wannan shekarar. 

A shekarar 1982, an zaɓi Alexander a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts . A lokacin da take aiki a Majalisar, Alexander ta yi aiki don kafa Cibiyar Babba ta Beverly, gina Gadar Tunawa da Tsohon Soja tsakanin Beverly da Salem, da kuma zartar da dokokin cin zarafin gida. A matsayinta na memba na Kwamitin Kasuwanci, ta yi aiki kan dokokin ƙananan kasuwanci. Bayan mutane 15 sun mutu a gobarar gidan zama na Beverly, Alexander ta rubuta kudirin da ke buƙatar tsarin feshin ruwa a gidajen kwana waɗanda ke ɗauke da mutane shida ko fiye. Kudirin ya amince da shi a shekarar 1986.  Alexander kuma ta yi aiki ba tare da nasara ba don gina sabuwar harabar Kwalejin Al'umma ta North Shore a Beverly.  A shekarar 1990, an ɗauki Alexander a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake ganin za su iya kayar da su, duk da haka, takarar da ke tsakaninta da sabon ɗan Republican James R. Henry ta yi kusa bayan da Henry ya yi maganganu marasa kyau game da iliminsa da ƙwarewarsa.  Henry ya kayar da Alexander da kuri'u 8,535 (51.6%) zuwa 8,009 (48.4%). &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;PD43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=James R. Henry (R) |url=http://electionstats.state.ma.us/candidates/view/James-R-Henry/ |website=PD43+ |publisher=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander ta yi imanin cewa jinkirin aikin gadar na iya taimakawa wajen kayar da ita.

== Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa ==
Daga 1992 zuwa 2003, Alexander ta kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu a Kwalejin Endicott . A wannan matsayin ta taimaka wajen kula da faɗaɗa kwalejin daga makarantar 'yan mata ta shekara biyu wacce ke da ɗalibai 400 zuwa jami'a mai shekaru huɗu wacce ɗalibai sama da 2,000 ke halarta. Ta kuma yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na North Shore Music Theatre, Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, Beverly Preschool, Girdler House, da kuma North Shore Chamber of Commerce.

A shekara ta 2004, ta sayar da gidanta a Beverly sannan ta koma Brooksby Village, wani rukunin gidaje na tsofaffi a Peabody, Massachusetts .  A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2010, Alexander ya mutu a Asibitin Beverly sakamakon bugun zuciya. 

== Duba kuma ==

* 1985-1986 Majalisar Dokokin Massachusetts
* 1987-1988 Majalisar Dokokin Massachusetts

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]]</text>
      <sha1>p4m3bxp0plcdllu7tfwvk32pt3vitjo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Doris Allen (ƴar siyasa)</title>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299023907|Doris Allen (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4942" sha1="eyqxd71e8vlbrc2fj0nlka6h1petx13" xml:space="preserve">'''Doris Jean Allen''' (26 ga Mayu, 1936 - 22 ga Satumba, 1999) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka daga California. Allen ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin California daga 1982 zuwa 1995, tana wakiltar wani ɓangare na Orange County, kuma a matsayinta na kakakin wannan hukuma daga 5 ga Yuni zuwa 14 ga Satumba, 1995, kafin a dawo da ita daga mukaminta. Allen ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a wannan ofishin.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Allen a birnin Kansas, Missouri kuma ya girma a Cypress, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=1995-06-06 |title=The Assembly's New Speaker: Hometown Happy for 'What's Her Name' : Reaction: Some of the folks in Cypress have trouble placing Doris Allen, but they appreciate her success in becoming California Assembly's first female Speaker. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-06-06-mn-10015-story.html |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kafin ta shiga siyasa, Allen ta mallaki shagon sayar da hasken gida mai nasara. A matsayinta na ’yar wasan kwaikwayo mai son shiga harkar fim, ta taka rawa a cikin waƙar &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwGA&quot;&gt;Mame&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a cikin shirye-shiryen Westminster Community Theater da Sebastian's West a farkon shekarun 1970.

=== Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ===
A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1982, Allen ya lashe zaben kuma ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California na gundumar 71. Allen ya kayar da Chester B. Wray da kashi 51.6% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2, 1982 |title=November 2, 1982 General Election |url=http://www.joincalifornia.com/election/1982-11-02 |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=joincalifornia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Doris Allen |url=http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/2368 |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=joincalifornia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana zaune a Huntington Beach,  Ta tattara wani tarihi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tare da kulawa ta musamman ga kare muhalli ga gundumar bakin teku ta. 'Yan Republican sun sami rinjayen kuri'a ɗaya a Majalisar bayan zaɓen 1994, wanda hakan ya yi barazana ga shugabancin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Willie Brown na tsawon shekaru 15. Da farko, Brown ya shawo kan ɗan Republican mai matsakaicin ra'ayi ya koma mai zaman kansa Paul Horcher don ya ci gaba da mulki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JoinCalifornia - Doris Allen |url=http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/2368 |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=www.joincalifornia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tunatarwa ====
A halin yanzu, Allen yana takara a wani zaɓe na musamman na Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California . Duk da haka, shugabannin jam'iyyar Republican sun goyi bayan ɗan majalisar Ross Johnson, wanda ya ƙaura zuwa gundumar don tsayawa takara. Allen ya sha kaye a zaɓen. Lokacin da aka kira Horcher daga ofis aka maye gurbinsa da ɗan jam'iyyar Republican mai aminci, Kakakin Majalisa Brown ya shawo kan Allen mai fushi ya kaɗa ƙuri'a tare da 'yan Democrat kuma ya zama kakakin majalisar da kansa. Duk da haka, Brown ya ci gaba da jagorantar majalisar dokoki a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat.

Sauya shekar Allen ya fusata abokan aikinta na jam'iyyar Republican, karkashin jagorancin Curt Pringle, da kuma 'yan jam'iyyar Republican, wadanda a watan Nuwamba na 1995 suka dawo da ita daga mukaminta. Kafin a cire ta, Allen ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na kakakin majalisar dokoki kuma Brian Setencich ya gaje shi. Duk da haka, lokacin da Brown ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a Majalisar Dokokin Jiha don a rantsar da shi a matsayin magajin garin [[San Francisco]], Setencich ya sha kaye a wannan kuri'ar, wanda hakan ya mayar da rinjayen 'yan Republican suka zabi Pringle a matsayin Kakakin majalisar a watan Janairun 1996. Setencich da kansa ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican a watan Yuni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Doris Allen recall, California (1995) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Doris_Allen_recall,_California_(1995) |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan da ta tuna da shi, Allen daga ƙarshe ta ƙaura daga California, duk da cewa ta yi tayin ƙarshe na neman kujerarta ta baya a shekarar 1998.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1999, Allen ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a Colorado Springs . Allen yana da shekaru 63. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 23, 1999 |title=Doris Allen, First Female Speaker, Dies : Obituary: O.C. political pioneer was a GOP pariah in final years. Cancer claims her at 63. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-sep-23-mn-13424-story.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501165637/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-sep-23-mn-13424-story.html |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2021 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}()&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen mata masu magana da yawun 'yan majalisa a Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]]</text>
      <sha1>eyqxd71e8vlbrc2fj0nlka6h1petx13</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>816803</id>
      <parentid>816802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-03-31T11:51:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Sani Mustapha</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>816803</origin>
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      <text bytes="4954" sha1="r7grh63sujgpkya8k3f4aqn8kje74kw" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Doris Jean Allen''' (26 ga Mayu, 1936 - 22 ga Satumba, 1999) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka daga California. Allen ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin California daga 1982 zuwa 1995, tana wakiltar wani ɓangare na Orange County, kuma a matsayinta na kakakin wannan hukuma daga 5 ga Yuni zuwa 14 ga Satumba, 1995, kafin a dawo da ita daga mukaminta. Allen ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a wannan ofishin.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Allen a birnin Kansas, Missouri kuma ya girma a Cypress, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=1995-06-06 |title=The Assembly's New Speaker: Hometown Happy for 'What's Her Name' : Reaction: Some of the folks in Cypress have trouble placing Doris Allen, but they appreciate her success in becoming California Assembly's first female Speaker. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-06-06-mn-10015-story.html |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kafin ta shiga siyasa, Allen ta mallaki shagon sayar da hasken gida mai nasara. A matsayinta na ’yar wasan kwaikwayo mai son shiga harkar fim, ta taka rawa a cikin waƙar &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwGA&quot;&gt;Mame&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a cikin shirye-shiryen Westminster Community Theater da Sebastian's West a farkon shekarun 1970.

=== Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ===
A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1982, Allen ya lashe zaben kuma ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California na gundumar 71. Allen ya kayar da Chester B. Wray da kashi 51.6% na ƙuri'un. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2, 1982 |title=November 2, 1982 General Election |url=http://www.joincalifornia.com/election/1982-11-02 |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=joincalifornia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Doris Allen |url=http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/2368 |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=joincalifornia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana zaune a Huntington Beach,  Ta tattara wani tarihi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tare da kulawa ta musamman ga kare muhalli ga gundumar bakin teku ta. 'Yan Republican sun sami rinjayen kuri'a ɗaya a Majalisar bayan zaɓen 1994, wanda hakan ya yi barazana ga shugabancin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Willie Brown na tsawon shekaru 15. Da farko, Brown ya shawo kan ɗan Republican mai matsakaicin ra'ayi ya koma mai zaman kansa Paul Horcher don ya ci gaba da mulki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JoinCalifornia - Doris Allen |url=http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/2368 |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=www.joincalifornia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tunatarwa ====
A halin yanzu, Allen yana takara a wani zaɓe na musamman na Majalisar Dattawan Jihar California . Duk da haka, shugabannin jam'iyyar Republican sun goyi bayan ɗan majalisar Ross Johnson, wanda ya ƙaura zuwa gundumar don tsayawa takara. Allen ya sha kaye a zaɓen. Lokacin da aka kira Horcher daga ofis aka maye gurbinsa da ɗan jam'iyyar Republican mai aminci, Kakakin Majalisa Brown ya shawo kan Allen mai fushi ya kaɗa ƙuri'a tare da 'yan Democrat kuma ya zama kakakin majalisar da kansa. Duk da haka, Brown ya ci gaba da jagorantar majalisar dokoki a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat.

Sauya shekar Allen ya fusata abokan aikinta na jam'iyyar Republican, karkashin jagorancin Curt Pringle, da kuma 'yan jam'iyyar Republican, wadanda a watan Nuwamba na 1995 suka dawo da ita daga mukaminta. Kafin a cire ta, Allen ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na kakakin majalisar dokoki kuma Brian Setencich ya gaje shi. Duk da haka, lokacin da Brown ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a Majalisar Dokokin Jiha don a rantsar da shi a matsayin magajin garin [[San Francisco]], Setencich ya sha kaye a wannan kuri'ar, wanda hakan ya mayar da rinjayen 'yan Republican suka zabi Pringle a matsayin Kakakin majalisar a watan Janairun 1996. Setencich da kansa ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican a watan Yuni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Doris Allen recall, California (1995) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Doris_Allen_recall,_California_(1995) |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan da ta tuna da shi, Allen daga ƙarshe ta ƙaura daga California, duk da cewa ta yi tayin ƙarshe na neman kujerarta ta baya a shekarar 1998.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1999, Allen ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a Colorado Springs . Allen yana da shekaru 63. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 23, 1999 |title=Doris Allen, First Female Speaker, Dies : Obituary: O.C. political pioneer was a GOP pariah in final years. Cancer claims her at 63. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-sep-23-mn-13424-story.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501165637/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-sep-23-mn-13424-story.html |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2021 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}()&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen mata masu magana da yawun 'yan majalisa a Amurka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ethel D. Allen</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345802690|Ethel D. Allen]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ethel D. Allen''' (8 ga Mayu, 1929 - 16 ga Disamba, 1981)  ɗan siyasa ne [[Afirkawan Amurka|ɗan asalin Afirka]] kuma likita daga [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Pennsylvania a ƙarƙashin gwamna Dick Thornburgh na tsawon watanni 10, tsakanin Janairu da Oktoba 1979. Kafin ya yi aiki a majalisar ministocin jihar, Allen ya kasance memba na Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia daga 1972 zuwa 1979, yana wakiltar Gundumomin 5 da At-Large.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Allen a [[Philadelphia]] kuma iyayenta Baptist ne suka rene ta. Duk da haka, ta halarci makarantar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], ta koma Katolika har tsawon rayuwarta. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Matan Katolika ta JW Hallahan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allen, Ethel D. 1929–1981 {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/allen-ethel-d-1929-1981 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Jihar West Virginia, inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin sinadarai da ilmin halitta tare da ƙaramin digiri a fannin lissafi, sannan ta sami digirin digirgir na Osteopathy daga Kwalejin Philadelphia ta Magungunan Osteopathic a 1963. Yayin da iyayenta ke da himma a harkokin siyasar Democrat, Allen daga ƙarshe ta zama mai sa kai na jam'iyyar Republican, tana aiki a kamfen daban-daban, ciki har da na Dwight Eisenhower a 1952. Da barkwanci za ta kwatanta kanta a matsayin &quot;BFR&quot; – mace 'yar Republican baƙar fata, wata halitta mai ban mamaki kamar giwa baƙar fata kuma mai wayo.&quot;

A matsayinta na &quot;mai aikin ghetto,&quot; Allen ta yi aiki a cikin mawuyacin hali kuma galibi mai haɗari a wasu unguwannin mafi talauci a Philadelphia. A wani lokaci, an jarabce ta da yin ƙarya a gida kuma ta sami kanta a matsayin mai fashi. Mutane huɗu sun kewaye ta, suna fatan samun ƙwayoyi daga jakar lafiyarta, amma ta tsere lafiya bayan ta riƙe bindigarta ta kuma aika da 'yan fashin da ke son su gudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIHprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Ethel D. Allen |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117191727/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |archive-date=November 17, 2004 |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Changing The Face of Medicine |publisher=The U.S. National Library at the National Institutes of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Majalisar Birni ===
Allen ta yanke shawarar cewa hanya mafi kyau da za ta bi don yaƙar laifin da ta gani a matsayinta na likita ita ce ta ƙara shiga harkokin siyasa. A shekarar 1971, ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia . A wannan shekarar, bayan da ta samu gagarumin rinjaye a muhawarar da aka yi, ta kayar da ɗan Majalisar Democrat mai ci Thomas McIntosh a Gundumar Biyar. Da zaɓenta, ta zama mace 'yar asalin Amurka ta farko da ta yi aiki a majalisar birni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin mulkinta, Allen ta ɗauki nauyin dokoki waɗanda suka haifar da ƙirƙirar Hukumar Matasa ta Philadelphia don taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin ƙungiyoyin 'yan daba na birni. &lt;ref name=&quot;PCOM Digest 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Women in Medicine: A Legacy of Achievement |url=http://www.pcom.edu/Alumni_Relations___Development/DIGEST_Online/digest_2008_no1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065829/http://www.pcom.edu/Alumni_Relations___Development/DIGEST_Online/digest_2008_no1.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |website=PCOM Digest |publisher=Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1975, Allen ta yanke shawarar sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar, amma a wannan karon ta tsaya takarar ɗaya daga cikin kujerun Majalisar. Ta lashe ɗaya daga cikin kujeru biyu da aka tanada wa waɗanda ba 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat masu rinjaye ba, inda ta karɓi kujerar da Tom Foglietta ya bari, wanda shi ne ɗan takarar jam'iyyar na Magajin Gari a zaɓen shekarar. A lokacin da take Majalisar, an san Allen a matsayin ɗan siyasa mai tsauri, mai magana da yawun jama'a, wanda sau da yawa yake fafatawa da Magajin Gari Frank Rizzo da Shugaban Majalisar George Schwartz . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da martabarta ta ƙaru, haka nan ma kasancewarta a ƙasa ta ƙaru. A Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1976, Allen ta yi jawabi na biyu don nuna goyon bayanta ga naɗin Shugaba Gerald Ford . &lt;ref name=&quot;NIHprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Ethel D. Allen |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117191727/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |archive-date=November 17, 2004 |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Changing The Face of Medicine |publisher=The U.S. National Library at the National Institutes of Health}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20041117191727/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html &quot;Dr. Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Changing The Face of Medicine''. The U.S. National Library at the National Institutes of Health. Archived from [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html the original] on November 17, 2004&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sakataren Jiha ===
A watan Janairun 1979, Gwamna Dick Thornburgh mai jiran gado ya naɗa Allen a matsayin Sakataren Commonwealth .  An ruwaito cewa Allen ta shaida wa shugabannin jam'iyyar Republican na birnin cewa za ta ƙi tayin Thornburgh idan suka tabbatar mata cewa za ta sami wata hanya mara cikawa zuwa ga takarar jam'iyyar a zaɓen Magajin Gari na wannan shekarar; lokacin da ba ta sami irin waɗannan tabbacin ba, ta amince da tayin Thornburgh. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, majalisar ministocin Thornburgh ta fuskanci rudani sakamakon murabus da dama. Jami'ai biyu &amp;#x2013; Sakataren Lafiya da Sakataren Kwadago &amp;#x2013; sun yi murabus saboda rashin jin daɗi a gwamnati da kuma rashin iya aiki yadda ya kamata da abokan aikinsu. Sakamakon ƙarin bincike da aka yi wa majalisar ministocinsa, Thornburgh ta gana da Allen don tattauna zarge-zargen rashin zuwa aiki da rashin da'a da aka yi mata. An ruwaito cewa Allen ba ta halarci ofishinta na Harrisburg fiye da rabin kwanaki 40 a farkon wannan shekarar ba, kuma an yi zargin ta sami kyaututtukan girmamawa don jawabai da ma'aikatan jihar suka shirya. A nata ɓangaren, Allen ta yi ikirarin cewa rashin zuwanta ya zama dole don gudanar da ayyukanta yadda ya kamata, kuma ta yi amfani da ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kawai don taimakawa wajen rubuta jawabai biyu waɗanda ta sami jimillar dala $1,000. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan jawabai, sun nuna ƙaramin kashi ne kawai na adadin jawabai da ta yi tun lokacin da ta hau mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Thornburgh ta nemi Allen ta yi murabus, kuma lokacin da ta ƙi yin hakan, ya kore ta.  Shekaru biyu da suka gabata, Gwamna Milton Shapp ya kori C. Delores Tucker, wanda shi ma yake aiki a matsayin Sakataren Commonwealth, saboda amfani da ma'aikatan gwamnati don taimakawa wajen shirya jawabai waɗanda aka karɓi kuɗi. 

== Rayuwa daga baya da gado ==
Korar Allen ta kawo babban martani ga Thornburgh daga al'ummar Baƙar fata da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a daban-daban. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa an riƙe Allen a wani matsayi daban saboda launin fatarta, jinsi, ko duka biyun; wasu kuma sun yi zargin cewa ayyukan Gwamnan sun kasance na siyasa.

Korarta daga majalisar ministocin Thornburgh ya kawo ƙarshen aikinta na siyasa. Za ta yi aiki na tsawon fiye da shekara ɗaya a matsayin likitan gundumar makarantar Philadelphia tare da alhakin gudanarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Donald Sr. |title=Allen, Ethel D. |url=http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/print/opr/t0001/e1255?image_size=inline |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=African American National Biography |publisher=The Oxford African American Studies Center}}{{Dead link}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1981, ta mutu sakamakon matsalolin da suka taso sakamakon tiyatar zuciya ta double-bypass.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Allen bai taɓa yin aure ba kuma bai haifi 'ya'ya ba, &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot; /&gt; gadonta a matsayin shugabar da ta fi shahara ya tsira daga gare ta. Sau da yawa tana ƙarfafa 'yan Afirka da mata su nemi mukaman siyasa; hakika, ƙawarta [[Augusta Clark]] daga baya za ta zama mace 'yar Afirka ta biyu da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia, daga ƙarshe ta zama Mai tsawatarwa ga 'yan Democrat. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Donald Sr. |title=Allen, Ethel D. |url=http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/print/opr/t0001/e1255?image_size=inline |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=African American National Biography |publisher=The Oxford African American Studies Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFScott&quot;&gt;Scott, Donald Sr. [http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/print/opr/t0001/e1255?image_size=inline &quot;Allen, Ethel D.&quot;] ''African American National Biography''. The Oxford African American Studies Center&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;{{Dead link|date=August 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}
[[Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2019]]
[[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]]
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|&lt;span title=&quot; Dead link tagged August 2019&quot;&gt;permanent dead link&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;   A shekarar 1982, Gundumar Makaranta ta Philadelphia ta canza sunan Makarantar Firamare ta Lehigh zuwa [[Dr. Ethel D. Allen School|Makarantar Dr. Ethel D. Allen]], don girmama Dr. Allen. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1981]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>15405</id>
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'''Ethel D. Allen''' (8 ga Mayu, 1929 - 16 ga Disamba, 1981)  ɗan siyasa ne [[Afirkawan Amurka|ɗan asalin Afirka]] kuma likita daga [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Pennsylvania a ƙarƙashin gwamna Dick Thornburgh na tsawon watanni 10, tsakanin Janairu da Oktoba 1979. Kafin ya yi aiki a majalisar ministocin jihar, Allen ya kasance memba na Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia daga 1972 zuwa 1979, yana wakiltar Gundumomin 5 da At-Large.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Allen a [[Philadelphia]] kuma iyayenta Baptist ne suka rene ta. Duk da haka, ta halarci makarantar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], ta koma Katolika har tsawon rayuwarta. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Matan Katolika ta JW Hallahan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allen, Ethel D. 1929–1981 {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/allen-ethel-d-1929-1981 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Jihar West Virginia, inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin sinadarai da ilmin halitta tare da ƙaramin digiri a fannin lissafi, sannan ta sami digirin digirgir na Osteopathy daga Kwalejin Philadelphia ta Magungunan Osteopathic a 1963. Yayin da iyayenta ke da himma a harkokin siyasar Democrat, Allen daga ƙarshe ta zama mai sa kai na jam'iyyar Republican, tana aiki a kamfen daban-daban, ciki har da na Dwight Eisenhower a 1952. Da barkwanci za ta kwatanta kanta a matsayin &quot;BFR&quot; – mace 'yar Republican baƙar fata, wata halitta mai ban mamaki kamar giwa baƙar fata kuma mai wayo.&quot;

A matsayinta na &quot;mai aikin ghetto,&quot; Allen ta yi aiki a cikin mawuyacin hali kuma galibi mai haɗari a wasu unguwannin mafi talauci a Philadelphia. A wani lokaci, an jarabce ta da yin ƙarya a gida kuma ta sami kanta a matsayin mai fashi. Mutane huɗu sun kewaye ta, suna fatan samun ƙwayoyi daga jakar lafiyarta, amma ta tsere lafiya bayan ta riƙe bindigarta ta kuma aika da 'yan fashin da ke son su gudu. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;NIHprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Ethel D. Allen |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117191727/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |archive-date=November 17, 2004 |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Changing The Face of Medicine |publisher=The U.S. National Library at the National Institutes of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Majalisar Birni ===
Allen ta yanke shawarar cewa hanya mafi kyau da za ta bi don yaƙar laifin da ta gani a matsayinta na likita ita ce ta ƙara shiga harkokin siyasa. A shekarar 1971, ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia . A wannan shekarar, bayan da ta samu gagarumin rinjaye a muhawarar da aka yi, ta kayar da ɗan Majalisar Democrat mai ci Thomas McIntosh a Gundumar Biyar. Da zaɓenta, ta zama mace 'yar asalin Amurka ta farko da ta yi aiki a majalisar birni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin mulkinta, Allen ta ɗauki nauyin dokoki waɗanda suka haifar da ƙirƙirar Hukumar Matasa ta Philadelphia don taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin ƙungiyoyin 'yan daba na birni. &lt;ref name=&quot;PCOM Digest 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Women in Medicine: A Legacy of Achievement |url=http://www.pcom.edu/Alumni_Relations___Development/DIGEST_Online/digest_2008_no1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065829/http://www.pcom.edu/Alumni_Relations___Development/DIGEST_Online/digest_2008_no1.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |website=PCOM Digest |publisher=Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1975, Allen ta yanke shawarar sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar, amma a wannan karon ta tsaya takarar ɗaya daga cikin kujerun Majalisar. Ta lashe ɗaya daga cikin kujeru biyu da aka tanada wa waɗanda ba 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat masu rinjaye ba, inda ta karɓi kujerar da Tom Foglietta ya bari, wanda shi ne ɗan takarar jam'iyyar na Magajin Gari a zaɓen shekarar. A lokacin da take Majalisar, an san Allen a matsayin ɗan siyasa mai tsauri, mai magana da yawun jama'a, wanda sau da yawa yake fafatawa da Magajin Gari Frank Rizzo da Shugaban Majalisar George Schwartz . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da martabarta ta ƙaru, haka nan ma kasancewarta a ƙasa ta ƙaru. A Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1976, Allen ta yi jawabi na biyu don nuna goyon bayanta ga naɗin Shugaba Gerald Ford . &lt;ref name=&quot;NIHprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Ethel D. Allen |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117191727/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |archive-date=November 17, 2004 |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Changing The Face of Medicine |publisher=The U.S. National Library at the National Institutes of Health}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20041117191727/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html &quot;Dr. Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Changing The Face of Medicine''. The U.S. National Library at the National Institutes of Health. Archived from [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html the original] on November 17, 2004&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sakataren Jiha ===
A watan Janairun 1979, Gwamna Dick Thornburgh mai jiran gado ya naɗa Allen a matsayin Sakataren Commonwealth .  An ruwaito cewa Allen ta shaida wa shugabannin jam'iyyar Republican na birnin cewa za ta ƙi tayin Thornburgh idan suka tabbatar mata cewa za ta sami wata hanya mara cikawa zuwa ga takarar jam'iyyar a zaɓen Magajin Gari na wannan shekarar; lokacin da ba ta sami irin waɗannan tabbacin ba, ta amince da tayin Thornburgh. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, majalisar ministocin Thornburgh ta fuskanci rudani sakamakon murabus da dama. Jami'ai biyu &amp;#x2013; Sakataren Lafiya da Sakataren Kwadago &amp;#x2013; sun yi murabus saboda rashin jin daɗi a gwamnati da kuma rashin iya aiki yadda ya kamata da abokan aikinsu. Sakamakon ƙarin bincike da aka yi wa majalisar ministocinsa, Thornburgh ta gana da Allen don tattauna zarge-zargen rashin zuwa aiki da rashin da'a da aka yi mata. An ruwaito cewa Allen ba ta halarci ofishinta na Harrisburg fiye da rabin kwanaki 40 a farkon wannan shekarar ba, kuma an yi zargin ta sami kyaututtukan girmamawa don jawabai da ma'aikatan jihar suka shirya. A nata ɓangaren, Allen ta yi ikirarin cewa rashin zuwanta ya zama dole don gudanar da ayyukanta yadda ya kamata, kuma ta yi amfani da ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kawai don taimakawa wajen rubuta jawabai biyu waɗanda ta sami jimillar dala $1,000. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan jawabai, sun nuna ƙaramin kashi ne kawai na adadin jawabai da ta yi tun lokacin da ta hau mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Thornburgh ta nemi Allen ta yi murabus, kuma lokacin da ta ƙi yin hakan, ya kore ta.  Shekaru biyu da suka gabata, Gwamna Milton Shapp ya kori C. Delores Tucker, wanda shi ma yake aiki a matsayin Sakataren Commonwealth, saboda amfani da ma'aikatan gwamnati don taimakawa wajen shirya jawabai waɗanda aka karɓi kuɗi. 

== Rayuwa daga baya da gado ==
Korar Allen ta kawo babban martani ga Thornburgh daga al'ummar Baƙar fata da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a daban-daban. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa an riƙe Allen a wani matsayi daban saboda launin fatarta, jinsi, ko duka biyun; wasu kuma sun yi zargin cewa ayyukan Gwamnan sun kasance na siyasa.

Korarta daga majalisar ministocin Thornburgh ya kawo ƙarshen aikinta na siyasa. Za ta yi aiki na tsawon fiye da shekara ɗaya a matsayin likitan gundumar makarantar Philadelphia tare da alhakin gudanarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Donald Sr. |title=Allen, Ethel D. |url=http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/print/opr/t0001/e1255?image_size=inline |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=African American National Biography |publisher=The Oxford African American Studies Center}}{{Dead link}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1981, ta mutu sakamakon matsalolin da suka taso sakamakon tiyatar zuciya ta double-bypass.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Allen bai taɓa yin aure ba kuma bai haifi 'ya'ya ba, &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot; /&gt; gadonta a matsayin shugabar da ta fi shahara ya tsira daga gare ta. Sau da yawa tana ƙarfafa 'yan Afirka da mata su nemi mukaman siyasa; hakika, ƙawarta [[Augusta Clark]] daga baya za ta zama mace 'yar Afirka ta biyu da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia, daga ƙarshe ta zama Mai tsawatarwa ga 'yan Democrat. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Donald Sr. |title=Allen, Ethel D. |url=http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/print/opr/t0001/e1255?image_size=inline |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=African American National Biography |publisher=The Oxford African American Studies Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFScott&quot;&gt;Scott, Donald Sr. [http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/print/opr/t0001/e1255?image_size=inline &quot;Allen, Ethel D.&quot;] ''African American National Biography''. The Oxford African American Studies Center&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;{{Dead link|date=August 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}
[[Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2019]]
[[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]]
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|&lt;span title=&quot; Dead link tagged August 2019&quot;&gt;permanent dead link&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;   A shekarar 1982, Gundumar Makaranta ta Philadelphia ta canza sunan Makarantar Firamare ta Lehigh zuwa [[Dr. Ethel D. Allen School|Makarantar Dr. Ethel D. Allen]], don girmama Dr. Allen. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1981]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ethel D. Allen''' (8 ga Mayu, 1929 - 16 ga Disamba, 1981)  ɗan siyasa ne [[Afirkawan Amurka|ɗan asalin Afirka]] kuma likita daga [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Pennsylvania a ƙarƙashin gwamna Dick Thornburgh na tsawon watanni 10, tsakanin Janairu da Oktoba 1979. Kafin ya yi aiki a majalisar ministocin jihar, Allen ya kasance memba na Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia daga 1972 zuwa 1979, yana wakiltar Gundumomin 5 da At-Large.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Allen a [[Philadelphia]] kuma iyayenta Baptist ne suka rene ta. Duk da haka, ta halarci makarantar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], ta koma Katolika har tsawon rayuwarta. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Matan Katolika ta JW Hallahan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allen, Ethel D. 1929–1981 {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/allen-ethel-d-1929-1981 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Jihar West Virginia, inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin sinadarai da ilmin halitta tare da ƙaramin digiri a fannin lissafi, sannan ta sami digirin digirgir na Osteopathy daga Kwalejin Philadelphia ta Magungunan Osteopathic a 1963. Yayin da iyayenta ke da himma a harkokin siyasar Democrat, Allen daga ƙarshe ta zama mai sa kai na jam'iyyar Republican, tana aiki a kamfen daban-daban, ciki har da na Dwight Eisenhower a 1952. Da barkwanci za ta kwatanta kanta a matsayin &quot;BFR&quot; – mace 'yar Republican baƙar fata, wata halitta mai ban mamaki kamar giwa baƙar fata kuma mai wayo.&quot;

A matsayinta na &quot;mai aikin ghetto,&quot; Allen ta yi aiki a cikin mawuyacin hali kuma galibi mai haɗari a wasu unguwannin mafi talauci a Philadelphia. A wani lokaci, an jarabce ta da yin ƙarya a gida kuma ta sami kanta a matsayin mai fashi. Mutane huɗu sun kewaye ta, suna fatan samun ƙwayoyi daga jakar lafiyarta, amma ta tsere lafiya bayan ta riƙe bindigarta ta kuma aika da 'yan fashin da ke son su gudu. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;NIHprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Ethel D. Allen |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117191727/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |archive-date=November 17, 2004 |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Changing The Face of Medicine |publisher=The U.S. National Library at the National Institutes of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Majalisar Birni ===
Allen ta yanke shawarar cewa hanya mafi kyau da za ta bi don yaƙar laifin da ta gani a matsayinta na likita ita ce ta ƙara shiga harkokin siyasa. A shekarar 1971, ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia . A wannan shekarar, bayan da ta samu gagarumin rinjaye a muhawarar da aka yi, ta kayar da ɗan Majalisar Democrat mai ci Thomas McIntosh a Gundumar Biyar. Da zaɓenta, ta zama mace 'yar asalin Amurka ta farko da ta yi aiki a majalisar birni. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin mulkinta, Allen ta ɗauki nauyin dokoki waɗanda suka haifar da ƙirƙirar Hukumar Matasa ta Philadelphia don taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin ƙungiyoyin 'yan daba na birni. &lt;ref name=&quot;PCOM Digest 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Women in Medicine: A Legacy of Achievement |url=http://www.pcom.edu/Alumni_Relations___Development/DIGEST_Online/digest_2008_no1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065829/http://www.pcom.edu/Alumni_Relations___Development/DIGEST_Online/digest_2008_no1.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |website=PCOM Digest |publisher=Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1975, Allen ta yanke shawarar sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar, amma a wannan karon ta tsaya takarar ɗaya daga cikin kujerun Majalisar. Ta lashe ɗaya daga cikin kujeru biyu da aka tanada wa waɗanda ba 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat masu rinjaye ba, inda ta karɓi kujerar da Tom Foglietta ya bari, wanda shi ne ɗan takarar jam'iyyar na Magajin Gari a zaɓen shekarar. A lokacin da take Majalisar, an san Allen a matsayin ɗan siyasa mai tsauri, mai magana da yawun jama'a, wanda sau da yawa yake fafatawa da Magajin Gari Frank Rizzo da Shugaban Majalisar George Schwartz . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da martabarta ta ƙaru, haka nan ma kasancewarta a ƙasa ta ƙaru. A Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1976, Allen ta yi jawabi na biyu don nuna goyon bayanta ga naɗin Shugaba Gerald Ford . &lt;ref name=&quot;NIHprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Ethel D. Allen |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117191727/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html |archive-date=November 17, 2004 |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Changing The Face of Medicine |publisher=The U.S. National Library at the National Institutes of Health}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20041117191727/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html &quot;Dr. Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Changing The Face of Medicine''. The U.S. National Library at the National Institutes of Health. Archived from [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_6.html the original] on November 17, 2004&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sakataren Jiha ===
A watan Janairun 1979, Gwamna Dick Thornburgh mai jiran gado ya naɗa Allen a matsayin Sakataren Commonwealth .  An ruwaito cewa Allen ta shaida wa shugabannin jam'iyyar Republican na birnin cewa za ta ƙi tayin Thornburgh idan suka tabbatar mata cewa za ta sami wata hanya mara cikawa zuwa ga takarar jam'iyyar a zaɓen Magajin Gari na wannan shekarar; lokacin da ba ta sami irin waɗannan tabbacin ba, ta amince da tayin Thornburgh. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, majalisar ministocin Thornburgh ta fuskanci rudani sakamakon murabus da dama. Jami'ai biyu &amp;#x2013; Sakataren Lafiya da Sakataren Kwadago &amp;#x2013; sun yi murabus saboda rashin jin daɗi a gwamnati da kuma rashin iya aiki yadda ya kamata da abokan aikinsu. Sakamakon ƙarin bincike da aka yi wa majalisar ministocinsa, Thornburgh ta gana da Allen don tattauna zarge-zargen rashin zuwa aiki da rashin da'a da aka yi mata. An ruwaito cewa Allen ba ta halarci ofishinta na Harrisburg fiye da rabin kwanaki 40 a farkon wannan shekarar ba, kuma an yi zargin ta sami kyaututtukan girmamawa don jawabai da ma'aikatan jihar suka shirya. A nata ɓangaren, Allen ta yi ikirarin cewa rashin zuwanta ya zama dole don gudanar da ayyukanta yadda ya kamata, kuma ta yi amfani da ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kawai don taimakawa wajen rubuta jawabai biyu waɗanda ta sami jimillar dala $1,000. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan jawabai, sun nuna ƙaramin kashi ne kawai na adadin jawabai da ta yi tun lokacin da ta hau mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Thornburgh ta nemi Allen ta yi murabus, kuma lokacin da ta ƙi yin hakan, ya kore ta.  Shekaru biyu da suka gabata, Gwamna Milton Shapp ya kori C. Delores Tucker, wanda shi ma yake aiki a matsayin Sakataren Commonwealth, saboda amfani da ma'aikatan gwamnati don taimakawa wajen shirya jawabai waɗanda aka karɓi kuɗi. 

== Rayuwa daga baya da gado ==
Korar Allen ta kawo babban martani ga Thornburgh daga al'ummar Baƙar fata da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a daban-daban. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa an riƙe Allen a wani matsayi daban saboda launin fatarta, jinsi, ko duka biyun; wasu kuma sun yi zargin cewa ayyukan Gwamnan sun kasance na siyasa.

Korarta daga majalisar ministocin Thornburgh ya kawo ƙarshen aikinta na siyasa. Za ta yi aiki na tsawon fiye da shekara ɗaya a matsayin likitan gundumar makarantar Philadelphia tare da alhakin gudanarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Donald Sr. |title=Allen, Ethel D. |url=http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/print/opr/t0001/e1255?image_size=inline |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=African American National Biography |publisher=The Oxford African American Studies Center}}{{Dead link}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1981, ta mutu sakamakon matsalolin da suka taso sakamakon tiyatar zuciya ta double-bypass.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethel D. Allen |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=Biographies |publisher=Answers.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/ethel-d-allen &quot;Ethel D. Allen&quot;]. ''Biographies''. Answers.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Allen bai taɓa yin aure ba kuma bai haifi 'ya'ya ba, &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot; /&gt; gadonta a matsayin shugabar da ta fi shahara ya tsira daga gare ta. Sau da yawa tana ƙarfafa 'yan Afirka da mata su nemi mukaman siyasa; hakika, ƙawarta [[Augusta Clark]] daga baya za ta zama mace 'yar Afirka ta biyu da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia, daga ƙarshe ta zama Mai tsawatarwa ga 'yan Democrat. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Donald Sr. |title=Allen, Ethel D. |url=http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/print/opr/t0001/e1255?image_size=inline |access-date=February 15, 2012 |website=African American National Biography |publisher=The Oxford African American Studies Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFScott&quot;&gt;Scott, Donald Sr. [http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/print/opr/t0001/e1255?image_size=inline &quot;Allen, Ethel D.&quot;] ''African American National Biography''. The Oxford African American Studies Center&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;{{Dead link|date=August 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}
[[Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2019]]
[[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]]
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|&lt;span title=&quot; Dead link tagged August 2019&quot;&gt;permanent dead link&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;   A shekarar 1982, Gundumar Makaranta ta Philadelphia ta canza sunan Makarantar Firamare ta Lehigh zuwa [[Dr. Ethel D. Allen School|Makarantar Dr. Ethel D. Allen]], don girmama Dr. Allen. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1981]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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