Tattaunawar user:Ammarpad

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      <text bytes="34693" sha1="p8j22uzsbu11qu1okocysvm7appk6kq" xml:space="preserve">== Barka da zuwa ==

Hi,

Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia.

Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived.

Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!),

--[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC)
:Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]].
:Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC)
::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
:::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
:Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC)

== Help ==

I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)

==Translation of three sentences==

Dear Ammarpad,

I hope this finds you well.

[[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)

We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)
*@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)
:Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC)

== Facebook page ==

Dear Ammar,

Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia]

Thanks a lot,
Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC)
:Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC)

== Neman Admin ==

Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]]
:[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]].
:::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== [[AuwalAzare]] ==

This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== Auwal Azare ==

Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== help ==

Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles.
It's hard to me. 
[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt; .......&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (&lt;ref&gt;misali&lt;/ref&gt;). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== Databox ==

Hi Ammar,

Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this!

By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles).

I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the &quot;labels&quot; system.

Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC)
:You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and  do the appropriate thing. By the way, I  am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC)

== Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki  ==

I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of &quot;Abubakar A Gwanki&quot;  why is being deleted?  Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC)
:{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC)

== Translation request ==
Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)
:Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)
::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)

== Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif ==

Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. 
:Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC)

== Godiya  ==

Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode
:{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC)

aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune

Lamba: 08160956607
Gari: kano Nigeria

== [[Kira]] ==

Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC)
:Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC)

== David oyedepo ==

Wanene crista

== WAM 2018 ==

Salam Ammarpad,  Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode.  [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC)

== Hausa Wikimedians User Group ==

Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC)
:Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC)

Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks
[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC)
:Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
:Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC)
::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC)

== Moustapha ==

Hakananna sai nayi nazari

== I-mel  ==

Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. 
Na gode.  [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC)

narda

== Gyara ==

Barka da rana!
Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
:{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa &quot;Babban shafi&quot; da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)

== gidanhaki ==

Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki

Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa

Assalam

== Kwankwaso,s wife ==

Kwankwaso,s wife

== Various requests ==
Hello, Could you please:
*Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes.
*Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]].
*Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): 
**[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]].

Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC)

== Alijos A Shehu ==

Sunan DUNiYA

== Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa ==

Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia
:{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina &lt;code&gt;ammar@wikimedia.org.ng&lt;/code&gt;. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC)

== Muhamadu ==

Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL

== yusuf ==

Ibrahim

== sa idu musa ==

riji yan gwamgwam jido  dawakin  kudu  kano

== sa idu  musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu  IP ==

Yayi daidai kobaiyiba  awayar mindakai

== 88465702 ==

Kaka ari

== layisantara ==

lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura  sunwajan gari shadam bu

== Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai  ==

Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna

== babani ==

112202

== Translation ==

I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks.

== ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state ==

barkanku DA 
fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization

 wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire

== Neman taimako ==

Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode.

Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC)
:Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC)

Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC)

== Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi  ==

Facebook 
Wkslm lafiya kalau

== 0852 ==

Aa

== Aliyu iliyasu dangada ==

Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi 
misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin 
muna jinjina maka matuka very good,
[[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC)
:Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC)

== ismail ==

Labaran duniya

== Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun ==

Barkan muda warhaka!
:Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC)

== na kirkira mukala ==

Ya zan sanya reference
::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC)

== From ==

Ghy

== J k musa yaro ==

Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira

Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka

Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa

== mansir isah ==

unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state

Crawle

== aminuidris0808811 ==

aminuiris

== Auwal dalladi kargi ==

An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000

== Databox ==

Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

:@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta &lt;nowiki&gt;{{databox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

==Neman shawara==
Masha Allah

Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad.

Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka.

A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame.
Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

:Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka.
:Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia.
:Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

&lt;u&gt;ja layi&lt;/u&gt; COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC)

== Jami u lawal ==

Allah yajikan zulaihatu

== Databox ==

Barka da safe, Ammar,

Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add &quot;databox&quot; to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC)
:Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&amp;modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC)

== Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf ==

Kaura ne katsina

SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG  RUGGAR MONDE AR

== Abia ==

Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune

== ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA ==

ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA

== FUNAKAA ==

FUNAKAA

agaskiya inada tambaya

to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki

== Gaisuwa ==

Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC)

:Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC)

== Usman abubakar  ==

Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita

== ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar ==

Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== maganin daji ==

maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Ali musa  ==

An haife shi

Chida ga watan Oktoba

1986 cikin@

gari gidan kube @

dake jahar maradi 

[[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Rigar kusa ==

&quot;Rigar kusa&quot; kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state.
Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne.
Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu.
Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury.

== Ghana Boy 055 ==


Chapiou


@ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)

== ALIYO ==

BORNO

== Namespaces ==

Hi!

You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&amp;diff=213527&amp;oldid=181184 emptied] the page &quot;Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma&quot; some time ago.

There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&amp;oldid=181178#Namespaces

You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good?

Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

:I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

== Shehu gibirima  ==

Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC)

== Salisu garba ==

Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot

== Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru ==

Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)

== ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA ==

KADUNA

== Bbca ==

A

== HAUSA RIGAR SILKE ==

DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC)

== shaaibu ==

JIGAWA

== SHEHU USMANU ==

GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA

== AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia ==

Hello brother,

I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country.

I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. 
:I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email.  [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== 7 ==

uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29458-90|&amp;#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Taba nono na mace

== Lawan abdulhamid ==

Lawan abdulhamid kano

MIYzansa

== Nakasa yin rijista  ==

Nakasa yin rajista miyasane

== SLM ==

SLM

== Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa ==

 08142754552

Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA  taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-11554-74|&amp;#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji ==


suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji 

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-11940-32|&amp;#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Dodik ==

imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12770-62|&amp;#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Fulani daneji ==

danejawa

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|&amp;#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Tarihin fulani daneji ==

danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|&amp;#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== NURA FADA MUHAMMED ==

assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku

== inason zuwa gambiya  ==

neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-13669-78|&amp;#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Nazifi ==

yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-13801-80|&amp;#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Usmanisah01234@gmail.com  ==

Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14055-73|&amp;#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== AISHA ABDULLAHI ==

assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa

== Abdul Aziz  ==

Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14413-94|&amp;#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== YAHAYA MUSA  ==

6/3/2026

Ni atemakeni bandasanaa

== Isah Abubakar ==

￼kaduna steste nigeria

￼inaneman temaku kudi 


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14783-76|&amp;#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Help ==

Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah ==

Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14911-34|&amp;#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== INASONASHIGA ==

WALLAHI

== Alkasim  ==

alkasim  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|&amp;#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Alkasim  ==

alkasim  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|&amp;#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15494-30|&amp;#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Auwalu mansur gaya  ==

A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata

== Block review ==

Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block.

The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block.
:I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Jimi boi gk ==

Washer boi

== (Ibrahim bako) ==

Bissimillahi rahamani rahim

== Zanshuga ==

masha Allah  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-17709-67|&amp;#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-17806-26|&amp;#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== I need to edit  ==

yusuf bin shaik  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-18422-17|&amp;#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Dari daya ==

Litafi dari daya

== Gali ==

Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu

== ALI ISA JC NAWA ==

CHAM

== Sai anjima ==


sai anjima 

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19045-00|&amp;#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== xxwxx ==

pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19636-09|&amp;#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Masaudu  ==

Ina son koyon NAHAWU 


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20180-81|&amp;#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Ina bukatar taimakonku ==

Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20156-98|&amp;#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Menene amfanin na'a na'a. ==

Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20503-90|&amp;#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>p8j22uzsbu11qu1okocysvm7appk6kq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sha'ir</title>
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        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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[[File:Hordeum vulgare-1.jpg|thumb|gonar sha'ir]]
[[File:Hordeum vulgare coeleste.jpg|thumb|kwallon sha'ir]]
'''Sha'ir''' (''shà’ír'') (''Hordeum vulgare'') [[siril]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Siril]]</text>
      <sha1>jde4eu9p18ejlg8wg88wn4vjkqcibfk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sakata</title>
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[[File:Baobab Leaves (Kukah).jpg|thumb|#WPWP HWUG]]
[[Fayil:Dioscorea ¿ alata ? (7987828286).jpg|thumb|Ganyen sakata]]
'''Sakata''' (''sàkàtáá'') (''Dioscorea alata'') [[shuka]] ne ko kuma tsiro.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Dioscorea alata L. (52456587265).jpg|Dioscorea alata L.
Dioscorea alata - Purple yam tuber - Mindanao, Philippines.jpg
Dioscorea alata - leaf and vine stems - Mindanao, Philippines.jpg|Dioscorea alata - leaf and vine stems - Mindanao, Philippines
Dioscorea alata.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Duba kuma==
*[[Rogo]]

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
{{Stub}}

[[Category:Shuka]]</text>
      <sha1>bphk5ylxpc77h8f1jbpvi7w3ch4f948</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Samberu</title>
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'''Samberu''' (''sàmbèèrúú'') (''Erythrophleum africanum'') [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Shuka]]</text>
      <sha1>067gxfml6du0yfl101v2ckljk7s32ox</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Shirinya</title>
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'''Shirinya''' (''Ficus ingens''&lt;ref&gt;'''(Turanci)''' [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Ficus.html Ficus] a yanar gizon plantnames.unimelb.edu.au.&lt;/ref&gt; ko ''Ficus iteophylla''&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;) [[shuka]] ne. {{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shuka]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruth Perry</title>
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[[File:Katy Perry - Hello Katy Tour 2009.jpg|thumb|hoton kery]]
[[Fayil:Katy Perry - Hello Katy Tour 2009.jpg|thumb|perry]]
[[Fayil:Illinois- PERRY County, Enumeration District 54, Sheet No. 13A - DPLA - c78d4956151d5fbfe2e269e83455e07d.jpg|thumb|Takadda akan perry]]
'''Ruth Sando Fahnbulleh Perry''' an haife ta 16 ga Yulin shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da tara 1939 - ta mutu Janairu 8, 2017 yar siyasace yar kasar Liberiya. Ta kasance shugabar rikice-rikice ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta [[Laberiya|Liberiya]] daga 3 Satumba 1996 har zuwa 2 ga Agustan shekarar 1997, bayan yakin basasar Liberiya na Farko . &lt;ref name=&quot;jenda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Jenda Journal'', &quot;African Women Premier Ministers&quot; |url=http://www.jendajournal.com/issue9/african_premier_ministers.htm |access-date=2020-05-13 |archive-date=2010-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606072220/http://www.jendajournal.com/issue9/african_premier_ministers.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ƙoƙarin zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin shekara ta 1990 da 1995 don kawo ƙarshen yakin basasa a Laberiya, ƙoƙarin ya yi nasara. Majalisar wucin gadi ta kunshi shugaban farar hula, harma da membobin bangarorin da ke faɗa: Charles Taylor, United United Movement for Liberia for Democracy-K Alhaji Kromah, shugaban kwamitin wanzar da zaman lafiya na Liberiya George Boley, da wasu yan kasa guda biyu. 
[[File:PerryatSupremeCourt.JPG|thumb|Ruth Perry]]
An san Perry da kasancewa mace ta farko a matsayin shugabar Liberiya kuma ta Afirka gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;jenda&quot;/&gt; Laberiya kuma tana da bambanci na zaɓen Ellen Johnson Sirleaf a matsayin mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin shugabar Afirka a wannan zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;jenda2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Jenda Journal'', &quot;African Women Premier Ministers&quot; |url=http://www.jendajournal.com/issue9/african_premier_ministers.htm |access-date=2020-05-13 |archive-date=2010-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606072220/http://www.jendajournal.com/issue9/african_premier_ministers.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Farkon rayuwa ==
Perry an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Yulin shekarar 1939, a cikin wani yanki na Grand Cape Mount County, Liberia, 'yar Marjon da AlHaji Semila Fahnbulleh. Ita [[Musulmi|musulma]] ce ta kabilan Vai . Lokacin yana yaro, Perry ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar Sande, wata makarantar gargajiya da al'umma ta asiri don mata, kuma sun halarci azuzuwan yau da kullun. Daga baya kuma iyayenta suka yi rajistarta a makarantar Roman Katolika ta 'yan mata a [[Monrovia|Monrovia wacce]] missionaryan mishan ke aiki. Perry ta kammala karatunta a kwalejin malamai na jami’ar Liberiya . Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin makarantar firamare a Grand Cape Mount County.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;Brennan, Carol (2006). ''Contemporary Black Biography''. {{ISBN|9780787679224}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ta auri McDonald Perry, alkali kuma dan majalisar dokoki kuma suna da 'ya'ya bakwai. Bayan 'ya'yanta sun girma, Perry ta yi aiki a ofishin Monrovia na Chase Manhattan Bank a 1971 kuma ya koyar a makarantar Sande a matsayin dattijo.&lt;ref name=&quot;skard&quot;&gt;Skard, Torild (2014) &quot;Ruth Perry&quot; in ''Women of Power – Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press, {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimesnewinterim&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=New Interim Leader Is Chosen for Liberia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/19/world/new-interim-leader-is-chosen-for-liberia.html|accessdate=January 10, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=August 19, 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blog.silive.com/memories_column/2011/09/the_world_leaders_who_walked_among_us.html|title=The World Leaders Who Walked Among Us|first=Thomas|last=Matteo|newspaper=Staten Island Advance|date=18 September 2011|accessdate=28 February 2019}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bu.edu/aparc/presidents/index.html BU | APARC | About the Center&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920185157/http://www.bu.edu/aparc/presidents/index.html|date=2006-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Death of Matriach: Ruth Perry, Former Liberian Leader Dies At 77|url=http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/news/2983-death-of-a-matriach-ruth-perry-former-liberian-leader-is-dies-at-77|accessdate=January 10, 2017|work=[[FrontPage Africa]]|date=January 9, 2017|archive-date=January 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108200209/http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/news/2983-death-of-a-matriach-ruth-perry-former-liberian-leader-is-dies-at-77|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Aikin siyasa ==
[[File:Wedding of Theodore Roosevelt Lattin (1901-1980) and Bertha Christina Nelson (1905-1980) on June 16, 1929 in the Bronx, New York City, image 2.jpg|thumb|Ruth Perry]]
Lokacin da mijinta ya shiga cikin siyasa, Ruth Perry ta shiga cikin yakin neman zaɓe kuma ta yi ƙoƙarin sa masa kujerin mulki. ita ma su zabe shi. Bayan mijinta ya mutu, ƙungiyar ta nemi Ruth ta tsaya a matsayin dattijai na gundumar gidansu. A shekarar 1985, Perry ya samu kujera a majalisar dattijan Liberiya a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Unity Party .  Saboda mayar da martani game da zaben shugaban kasa Samuel Doe bayan kiran zabuka, masu rike da mukamai na ofishin jam'iyyar da sauran manyan 'yan siyasa masu adawa da siyasa sun kauracewa majalisar dattawa cikin zanga-zangar, suna masu cewa gwamnatin kasar ba ta bisa doka ba. Perry bai shiga cikin kauracewa gasar ba kuma ya zama dan majalisar da ke adawa da shi a Majalisar.  &quot;Ba za ku iya warware matsalolin ta hanyar nisanta kansu ba,&quot; in ji ta.  Ta yi aiki har zuwa 1989. Bayan haka, Perry ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancin ciniki kuma ya zama mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin farar hula kamar Women Initiative a Laberiya, Women in Action for Goodwill da ofungiyar Socialungiyar Ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda ke neman kawo ƙarshen yaƙin basasa na Laberiya mai tasowa.  

=== Shugabancin rikon kwarya na Kasar: 1996–97 ===
A ranar 17 ga Agustan shekarar 1996, bayan shafe shekaru 17 na rikici da shekaru 7 na rikici, wakilan Kungiyar Hadin Kan tattalin arzikin kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) sun sasanta tsagaita wuta tsakanin bangarorin da ke fada a Laberiya tare da sanar da cewa Perry zai maye gurbin Wilton Sankawulo a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar na Jiha a cikin gwamnatin wucin gadi. A gwargwadon rahoto cewa dukkanin bangarorin yaƙi huɗu na rikicin Laberiya sun amince da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Perry a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya,  bayan dawowarta daga ɗan taƙaitaccen hijira zuwa Staten Island, New York .  

== Rayuwar ta daga baya da  mutuwa ==
Bayan sauka, Perry ya koma tsakanin Laberiya da Amurka. A shekara ta 2004, ta kasance ''shugabar Mataimakin Shugaban Afirka a Cibiyar adana kayan'' tarihin Afirka da Cibiyar Bincike a Jami'ar Boston .  Perry ya mutu a Janairu 8, 2017 yana da shekara 77.  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Wilton G. S. Sankawulo|Wilton Sankawulo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Liberia|Chairman of the Council of State of Liberia]]|years=1996–1997}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)|Charles Taylor]]|as=President of Liberia}}
{{s-end}}
Ruth Perry</text>
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    <title>Kayan abinci na Ghana</title>
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[[File:Ghanaian_fruit_pineapple_and_taro_leaves_(masterclass_dish).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghanaian_fruit_pineapple_and_taro_leaves_(masterclass_dish).jpg|right|thumb|233x233px|Abarba ta 'ya'yan itaciyar Ghana da ganyen taruwa (kayan masarautar Ghana)]]
[[File:LocationGhana.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationGhana.svg|thumb|Wurin Ghana]]
'''Kayan abinci na kasar Ghana''' shine na mutanen ƙasar Ghana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/kasuwanci/20240529-kasuwar-kayan-abincin-da-ake-samarwa-a-dakunan-kimiyya-na-sake-samu-karbuwa&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. An shirya manyan kayan abinci na kasar Ghana a kusa da ingantaccen abinci, wanda kuma ake amfani da miya ko kuma miya wacce ke ɗauke da tushen sinadarai. Babban sinadarin mafi yawancin miya dai shine tumatirin-gwangwani, ko za'a iya amfani da sabon [[tumatir]]. A sakamakon haka, kusan dukkanin kayan miyan Ghana da na suya suna ja ko kalan lemu a cikin su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alpern |first=Stanley B. |date=January 1992 |title=The European Introduction of Crops into West Africa in Precolonial Times |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/european-introduction-of-crops-into-west-africa-in-precolonial-times/95809ADC3EF8E2E3FE4E4D997AD6CE20 |journal=History in Africa |language=en |volume=19 |pages=13–43 |doi=10.2307/3171994 |issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Babban abincin yau da kullun ==
[[File:Ghanaian_Banku_cuisine_dish_food.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghanaian_Banku_cuisine_dish_food.jpg|right|thumb|&lt;center&gt;Banku irin na kasar Ghana&lt;/center&gt;]]
Abincin yau da kullun a kudancin kasar Ghana sun hada da rogo da ayaba. A bangaren arewa, manyan abincin da ake ci sun hada da gero da dawa. Doya, masara da wake ana amfani da su a duk ƙasar Ghana a matsayin abincin yau da kullun. Dankali mai zaki da koko ma suna da muhimmanci a cikin abincin Ghana da abinci. Tare da kuma shigowar duniya gaba ɗaya, hatsi kamar su shinkafa da alkama, an ƙara saka su cikin kayan abinci na ƙasar Ghana. Abincin da ke ƙasa yana wakiltar jita-jita na kasar Ghana waɗanda aka yi su daga waɗannan abinci mai ƙima.

=== Abincin da aka yi da masara ===

* Akple, abincin gargajiya ne na Ewe, ana yin shi ne da garin masara kuma ana iya cin sa da miyar barkono, jar miya ko kowace irin miya. Yawanci ana amfani dashi da miyar kubewa ,okra ''(fetridetsi)'' ko kayan marmari ''(abɔbitadi)'' .Akl ba a shirya shi daidai da &quot;Banku&quot;. Wani muhimmin abin rarrabewa tsakanin kayayyakin biyu shine &quot;Banku&quot; yana buƙatar amfani da wani abu mai ruwa wanda aka riga aka tsara shi wanda ake kira &quot;-kaɗan-Fermented Masara-Rogo dunkulewar kullu&quot;, dafa shi zuwa taushi mai taushi na &quot;Masarar-Rogo Kullu AFLATA&quot;, yana bi zuwa mai daɗin &quot;Banku&quot; mai laushi tare da ƙarin girke-girke, da  &quot;-kaɗan-Fermented Masara-Rogo dunkulewar kullu&quot; ba 'kayan sa hannu bane' na kowane nau'i na samfurin &quot;Akple&quot;. Bayani daidai da na gaskiya shine kamar haka;
* Abincin Banku, tare da dukkanin ire-irensa masu ban sha'awa shine Ga Dangme (ko Ga) - kabila na Babban yankin Accra, a matsayin 'yar karkacewa daga aiwatar da shirin Ga-Kenkey, yana bukatar wani magudi daban na' 'AFLATA' gauraye da garin rogo, amma sabanin Ga-Kenkey baya bukatar amfani da kwaryar masara. Daya daga cikin Manyan-kabilu GaDangme (ko Ga) -Kabila an ba su kyauta ta ainihin girke-girke na 'abincin banku' kodayake ana iya yin jayayya a tsakanin Manyan-kabilu. Wani lokaci ana amfani da furen masara kawai amma a yankuna da yawa ana dafa ƙullun rogo tare da garin masar mai yisti.
* Ana dafa ''Mmore'' dafaffun masarar dawa ba tare da rogo ba, an shirya shi kamar banku tsakanin mutanen Akan.
* ''Kenkey/[Komi]/ Dokonu'' - kulluwar masara mai ƙanshi, a nannade cikin masarar da ta samo asali daga Ga waɗanda ke kiranta ''komi'' ko Ga kenkey. Wani nau'in da ya samo asali daga mutanen Fanti shine Fante Dokono ko Fanti Kenkey wacce aka lullubeta da ganyen plantain wanda yake bashi wani irin yanayi, dandano da launi daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da Ga kenkey. Dukansu an tafasa su tsawon lokaci zuwa madaidaitan kwallaye.
* Tuo Zaafi - gero, dawa ko masara wacce ta samo asali daga Arewacin Ghana.
* Fonfom - abincin masara da ya shahara a kudu maso yammacin Ghana.

=== Abincin da aka yi da shinkafa ===

* Waakye - kwanon shinkafa da wake mai kalar purple-brown. Launin ya fito ne daga ganye ɗan asalin ƙasa wanda aka fi sani da sorghum bicolor. Wannan abincin na gefen yana da kamanceceniya da Yammacin [[Indiya]] da wake. An dafa shinkafar kuma an tafasa ta da ganyen 'yan asali, kwakwa da bugun jini kamar su ido mai baƙi ko wake.
* Omo Tuo/Kwallan Shinkafa - mashed shinkafa mai sanko ana yawan ci da miyar Ghana.
* Shinkafa ta gari - dafaffiyar shinkafa tana tare da yawancin nau'ikan jan stew.
* Jollof - shinkafa da aka dafa a cikin wani stew wanda ya ƙunshi kayan marmari, tumatir, kayan ƙamshi, da naman da aka dafa shi tare. Wannan abincin ya samo asali ne daga tradersan kasuwar Djolof daga Senegal waɗanda suka zauna a Zongos kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka. An daidaita shi don dandano na ƙasar Ghana, yawanci ana cinsa da akuya, [[rago]], kaza ko naman sa wanda aka dafa, gasashe ko gasa.
* Fried rice - soyayyen shinkafa irin ta kasar China wacce ta dace da dandanon kasar Ghana.
* ''Angwa moo'' - Hakanan ana kiransa &quot;shinkafar mai&quot;. Wannan ba kamar soyayyen shinkafa bane wanda kuke dafa shinkafar kafin a soya. Ana dafa shinkafar da aka shafa da farko ta soya man, sannan a ƙara ruwa bayan albasar ta yi fari. Wannan zai ba shinkafar wani kamshi na daban. Ana dafa shinkafa a cikin ruwan mai-mai, don bawa shinkafar mai ta ji idan an shirya ta. Za'a iya dafa shi da kayan lambu ko naman daɗa, don ƙarawa dandano. Ana amfani da shi galibi tare da barkono na ƙasa, tare da ko sarƙaƙen mai, ko soyayyen ƙwai waɗanda ke haɓaka shi.
* Ngwo moo (Shinkafar dabino) - Ya zama madadin shinkafar mai. Wannan kawai ana dafa shi da man dabino, maimakon man girki. Ana dandano dandano ne da nau'in dabinon da aka yi amfani da shi.

=== Abincin da aka yi da rogo ===

* Kokonte ko Abete - daga busasshen garin rogo wanda aka busar da shi galibi ana aiki tare da Miyan Gyada, wanda ya ƙunshi jan nama iri-iri kamar su tudu, rago da kifin kifi mai hayaki.
* Fufuo - ya buga rogo da ayaba ko kuma ya buga doya da ayaba, ko kuma yaji cocoyam/taro. Wannan abincin na kowane lokaci ana tare shi da ɗayan nau'ikan kayan miya na Ghana.
* Gari - anyi daga rogo. Sau da yawa ana aiki tare da &quot;Red Red&quot; - kifi da wake-wake-wake-wake ko Shito da kifi.
* Attiéké ko Akyeke - an yi shi daga rogo kuma sananne ne tsakanin mutanen Ahanta, Nzema da masu magana da Akan na ƙasar Ivory Coast.
* Plakali - wanda aka yi daga rogo kuma sananne ne tsakanin mutanen Ahanta, Nzema da masu magana da Akan na ƙasar Ivory Coast.

=== Abincin da aka yi da wake ===
Karkatawa ga sitaci da hadin stew sune &quot;Red Red&quot; da &quot;tubaani&quot;. Waɗannan sune tushen farko akan furotin na kayan lambu (wake). &quot;Red Red&quot; sanannen wake ne da wake na Ghana da ake dafawa tare da soyayyen ɗanyen bishiyar itacen kuma galibi ana tare shi da gari, kifi da ƙwaya. Yana samun sunan shi daga man dabino wanda yake shayar da wake da kuma launin lemu mai haske na soyayyen ɗanyen ayaba. Tubaani shine dafaffen biredin wake, wanda kuma ake kira moimoi a Najeriya.

=== Abincin da aka yi da doya ===

* ''Ampesie'' - dafaffun doya. Hakanan za'a iya yin sa da ayaba, koko, dankali, dawa ko rogo. Ana cin wannan abincin gefen tare da naman kifi wanda ya kunshi tumatir, mai da kayan yaji.
* ''Yam fufuo -'' fufuo da aka yi da doya maimakon garin rogo ko ayaba ko koko, wannan dunƙulen naman a gargajiyance ana cin shi da kowane irin miyar Ghana. Sananne ne a Arewacin da kudu maso gabashin Ghana.
* ''Mpotompoto'' (doya casserole ko porridge) - yanyanka na yam da aka dafa shi da ruwa mai yawa da kuma barkono mai ɗumi, albasa, tumatir, gishiri da ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Ana cinsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar Ghana amma ba kamar sauran jita-jita ba.

== Miya da suya ==
Yawancin abinci na ƙasar Ghana ana amfani da su ne da miya, Mako (wani ɗanɗano mai ƙanshi wanda aka yi da ɗanyen ja da koren barkono, albasa da tumatir da barkono. Gwanar kasar Ghana da miyar ta gari suna da wayewa sosai, tare da amfani da sassauƙan kayan masarufi, nau'ikan ɗanɗano, kayan ƙanshi da laushi.

Kayan lambu kamar su dabino, gyada, ganyen koko, ayoyo, alayyaho, naman kaza, okra, qwai na lambu, tumatir da nau'ikan nau'ikan marmari sune manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin kayan miya da na stew na ƙasar ta Ghana kuma a yanayin ɗari-ɗari, na iya ninkawa a matsayin babban sinadarin furotin.

Naman sa, naman alade, naman akuya, naman rago, kaza, turkey mai hayaki, tattaka, busassun katantanwa, da soyayyen kifi sune tushen tushen sunadarai a cikin kayan miyan Ghana da miya, wani lokacin sukan hada nama iri daban-daban kuma wani lokaci kifi a cikin miya daya. Miyan ana amfani da shi azaman babban hanya maimakon farawa. Hakanan abu ne na yau da kullun a sami nama mai hayaki, kifi da abincin teku a cikin kayan miyan Ghana da miyar taushe.
[[File:Koobi.jpeg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koobi.jpeg|right|thumb|230x230px|&lt;center&gt;Koobi busassun tilapia ce da aka gishiri&lt;/center&gt;]]
Sun hada da kaguwa, jatan lande, periwinkles, dorinar ruwa, katantanwa, gurnani, agwagwa, kayan alatu, da alawar alade. Har ila yau, kawa.

Nama, namomin kaza da abincin kifi na iya shan kyafaffen, gishiri ko busasshe don inganta dandano da kiyayewa. Kifi mai gishiri ana amfani dashi sosai don dandana kuzarin kifin. Ana amfani da kayan ƙamshi irin su thyme, tafarnuwa, albasa, ginger, barkono, curry, basil, nutmeg, sumbala, ''Tetrapleura tetraptera'' (prekese) da ganyen bay ana yin amfani da su cikin nishaɗi don cin abinci mai ɗanɗano da keɓaɓɓe wanda ya bambanta abincin Ghana.

Man dabino, man kwakwa, shea butter, man kernel da man gyada sune mahimmancin man Ghana da ake amfani da shi wajen dafa abinci ko soya kuma wani lokaci ba za a sauya shi a wasu jita-jita na Ghana ba. Misali, amfani da dabino a cikin stero na okro, ''eto'', ''fante fante'', [[Red red|red red,]] egusi stew da ''mpihu / mpotompoto'' (kwatankwacin Poi). Man kwakwa, man dabino da man ja da shea sun rasa farin jinin su a girki a Ghana saboda gabatar da ingantaccen mai da kuma tallata labarai marasa kyau na Ghana da aka yi niyya akan wadancan man. Yanzu ana amfani dasu galibi a cikin gidajen gargajiya kaɗan, don yin sabulu da kuma ta hanyar kasuwanci (abincin titi) masu siyar da abinci a matsayin mai  maimakon mai daɗaɗa mai.

Miyan Ghana na yau da kullum sune miyar gyada, miyar (tumatir), ''kontomire'' (ganyen tarugu) miya, miyar dabino, miyar ayoyo da miyar okra.

Gwanon tumatir na Gana ko kayan miya shi ne wanda ake yawan amfani dashi da shinkafa ko waƙar. Sauran stews na kayan lambu ana yinsu ne da kontomire, kwai na lambu, egusi ('ya'yan kabewa), alayyaho, okra, da dai sauransu.

== Abincin karin kumallo ==
Yawancin iri iren abincin da aka ambata a sama ana ba da su ne a lokacin cin abincin rana da abincin dare a cikin kasar Gana ta zamani. Koyaya, waɗanda ke yin aikin hannu da yawancin mazaunan birane har yanzu suna cin waɗannan abincin don karin kumallo kuma galibi za su siya daga tituna.

A manyan biranen kasar Ghana, yawancin masu aiki suna shan 'ya'yan itace, shayi, abin sha na cakulan, hatsi, hatsin shinkafa (wanda ake kira ruwan shinkafa a cikin gida) ''kooko'' (garin masara mai dahuwa) da ''koose/akara'' ko ''maasa''. Sauran abincin karin kumallo sun hada da grits, ''tombrown'' (gasasshen masara porridge), da gero porridge.

Gurasa muhimmin abu ne a cikin karin kumallo na ƙasar Ghana da kuma abincin da aka toya. Burodin Ghanan, wanda aka san shi da kyau, ana yin shi da garin alkama,, kuma wani lokacin ana ƙara garin rogo don inganta yanayin. Akwai manyan burodi guda hudu a cikin Ghana. Burodi ne na shayi (kama da buhunan burodi), burodin sikari (wanda shine burodi mai daɗi), biredin (cikakkiyar alkama), da kuma biredin burodi. Gurasar hatsi, burodin oat, da burodin malt suma galibi ne.

== Abincin mai zaki ==
[[File:Ghanaian_Delicacy-_Etor.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghanaian_Delicacy-_Etor.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Etor sanannen abinci ne a kudancin Ghana, wanda aka shirya shi da ayaba da/ko kuma dafaffun dawa a nika shi, kuma a gauraya shi da man dabino. Ana amfani da gyada (gyaɗa) da ƙwai don ƙawata tasa.]]
Akwai abinci mai dadi na gida da yawa waɗanda aka ware saboda ƙarancin buƙatarsu da tsari mai tsawo. Abinci kasar Ghana masu dadi (ko kayan ƙanshi) na iya zama soyayyen, gyada, dafa shi, gasa shi, gasa shi ko kuma dafa shi.

Soyayyen abinci mai zaki sun hada da 'ya'yan itace da yaji ayaba ''(kelewele)'' wani lokacin ana amfani da gyada. Koose anyi daga wake da aka huce (da dan tagwayen Acarajé ko akara da aka yi daga wake wanda ba a share shi ba), ''maasa'', ''pinkaaso'', da ''bofrot/Puff-puff'' (wanda aka yi da garin alkama); kuli-kuli, ''dzowey'' da nkate cake (wanda aka yi shi da gyada); ''kaklo'' da ''tatale'' (cikakkun faranti); ''kube cake'' da ''kube toffee'' (wanda aka yi da kwakwa); ''bankye krakro'', biskit din gari, da ''krakye ayuosu'' (wanda aka yi daga rogo); madara mai sanƙara, tofi, tainanyen ayaba (ko soyayyen plantain) da ''wagashi'' (soyayyen cuku na manomi) su ne soyayyun kayan abinci na 'yan ƙasar Ghana (kayan kamshi).

Kebab mashaya ne na gari kuma ana iya yin sa daga naman shanu, akuya, naman alade, garin soya, tsiran alade da kaza. Sauran gasasshen abinci mai daɗin ci sun haɗa da gasasshen ayaba, masara, doya da koko.

Steamed sabo masara, Yakeyake, Kafa, Akyeke, tubani, moimoi (cake din wake), emo dokonu (biredin shinkafa) da esikyire dokonu (zakikin kenkey) duk misalai ne na tataccen dafaffun abinci yayin da keɓaɓɓen burodi, (plantain cake), da nama. kek irin na Jamaican patties da empanadas ana dafa su ne da ɗanɗano. ''Aprapransa'', eto (mashed doya) da madarar atadwe (ruwan madarar aya) wasu abinci ne masu ɗanɗano. Soyayyar Gari abar so ce ta zamani. Cakuda gari ne (busasshe, gasasshen rogo), sukari, gyada (gyada) da madara.

== Abubuwan sha ==
[[File:Ghanaian_Beverages_and_Drinks_in_Ghana_Store.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghanaian_Beverages_and_Drinks_in_Ghana_Store.jpg|right|thumb|&lt;center&gt;Abin sha na Ghana a wani shagon saukakawa a Ghana&lt;/center&gt;]]
A Kudancin kasar Ghana, ruwan giya kamar su ''asaana'' (wanda aka yi da masara mai kauri) sun zama ruwan dare. A gefen Tafkin Volta da kuma a kudancin Ghana, ana iya samun ruwan inabin da aka ɗebo daga itaciyar dabinon, amma yana saurin yin ɗumi bayan haka kuma ana amfani da shi ne don kawar da akpeteshie (gin na gari). Bugu da kari, ana iya yin abin sha daga kenkey kuma a sanyaya shi a cikin abin da ke Ghana wanda ake kira ''iced kenkey''. A arewacin Ghana, bisaab/zobo, ''toose'' da ''lamujee'' (abin sha mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano) su ne abubuwan sha da ba na giya ba yayin da ''pitoo'' (giyar da ake yin garin gero da ita) abin sha ne na giya.

A cikin biranen ƙasar Ghana, abubuwan sha zasu iya haɗawa da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, abubuwan sha na koko, ruwan kwakwa sabo, yogurt, ice cream, abubuwan sha mai ƙamshi, abubuwan sha na malt da madarar waken soya. Bugu da kari, daskararrun na kasar Ghana suna samar da giya daga koko, malt, rake, ganyen magani na gida da kuma gandun daji. Sun hada da masu ɗaci, giya, busasshen gins, giya, da kuma abubuwan sha.

== Abincin titi a Ghana ==
Abincin titi ya shahara sosai a ƙauyuka da biranen kasar Ghana. Yawancin iyalai na kasar  Ghana suna cin abinci aƙalla sau uku a mako ,daga masu sayar da abinci a titi, waɗanda za a iya sayan kowane irin abinci daga gare su, gami da mahimman abinci irin su kenkey, ja ja da waakye. Sauran abinci mai daɗi irin su kebab, dafaffun masara, boflot (bo-float) da gasasshen ayaba ana sayar dasu galibi daga masu siyar da abinci akan titi.

== Abincin gama gari na Ghana ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot; style=&quot;line-height:130%&quot;&gt;
File:Grilled tilapia with banku.jpg|Banku da gasashen kifin tilapia
File:Ghanaian Red-Red with Fish.jpg| &quot;Red-Red&quot;: waken wake da kifin da soyayyen plantain  
File:Ghanaian Beans, plantain (non-sweet banana) and chicken.jpg| Wake, agada, da kaza  
File:Shrimps and fried fingerlings also known as One Man Thousand in Ghana.jpg|&quot;One Man Thousand&quot;: dafa shrimp da soyayyen sardine Tanganyika
File:Ghanaian Roast Goat cuisine dish food.jpg|Gasashen akuya
File:Charcoal Roasted Ripe Plantain.jpg|Dan kasar Ghana &quot;Kɔkɔ a y'atoto&quot; (laƙabi: Kofi Broke Man) gawakin gasasshen gawayi
File:Banku ne mako.jpg|Ghana &quot;Banku Ne Mako&quot; (banku da barkono-tumatir miya)
File:Kokonte.jpg|Salon Ghana na konkonte
File:Ghanaian Fufuo in light (tomato) soup with goat.jpg|Fufu na Ghana da miyar dabino tare da akuya
File:Beans.jpg|Wake irin na Ghana tare da soyayyen ayaba da garri
File:Fufu and Light Soup with meat.jpg|Fufuo da miyar tumatir mai sauƙi da nama
File:Fried yam.jpg|Soyayyen yam da kaza mai yaji da kpakpo shito (kasa koren barkono)
File:Jollof.jpg|Shinkafa Jollof tare da coleslaw da naman kaza
File:Kenkey.jpg|Kenkey tare da soyayyen kifi da barkono barkono
File:Yam and garden egg stew.jpg|Dafaffun doya da plantain, da kwai na lambu (eggplant) stew da kaza
File:Okro stew.jpg|Okra stew tare da kaguwa
File:Akan Ghanaian style Spicy Sauce.jpg|Salon kayan kamshi na Ghana
File:Akan Ghanaian style Spicy Grilled Kebab.jpg|Salon gwanayen kayan yaji mai ƙamshi
File:Waakye 2.jpg|Waakye (shinkafa da wake) anyi aiki dasu da spaghetti da dafaffun kwai
File:Grinded Red Pepper.jpg|Jajayen barkono na ƙasa, kayan cin abinci na ƙasar Ghana, galibi kayan talla ne na banku da kenkey
File:Ghanaian pepper and taro leaves (masterclass dish).jpg|Tubaani
File:Ghanaian traditional cuisine. Northern Ghana.jpg|Tubaani a nade cikin Thaumatococcus daniellii
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Sefi Atta</title>
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[[File:Sefi_Atta_2021.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Sefi Atta]]
'''Sefi Atta''' (an haife ta ne a watan Janairun  shekarar 1964) ita ce ta lashe kyauta marubuciya ce Ba'amurken Najeriyar, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubuciyan allo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.abc.net.au/tv/qanda/txt/s3570412.htm Sefi Atta – Short bio] – Q&amp;A (panellist) – Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 27 August 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; An fassara littattafanta zuwa yarurruka da yawa, rediyon [[BBC Hausa|BBC]] ya watsa su, kuma an buga wasannin kwaikwayo a ƙasashen duniya. Kyautar da ta samu sun haɗa da na 2006 ''Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa'' da kuma 2009 Noma ''Award for Publishing in Africa''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://myriadeditions.com/creator/sefi-atta/ &quot;Sefi Atta&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806234111/https://myriadeditions.com/creator/sefi-atta/ |date=2020-08-06 }}, [[Myriad Editions]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Janine, [http://jacana.bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/08/22/new-acclaimed-noma-award-winner-sefi-attas-latest-novel-a-bit-of-difference/ &quot;New: Acclaimed NOMA Award Winner Sefi Atta’s Latest Novel, A Bit of Difference&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823113220/http://jacana.bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/08/22/new-acclaimed-noma-award-winner-sefi-attas-latest-novel-a-bit-of-difference/ |date=2015-08-23 }}, ''Times Books LIVE'', 22 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Sefi Atta a [[Legas|Legas,]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], a cikin Janairu 1964, ga dangin 'ya'ya biyar. Mahaifinta Abdul-Aziz Atta shi ne Sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayya kuma Shugaban Ma’aikatan Gwamnati har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1972, kuma mahaifiyarta Iyabo Atta ce ta yi rainon ta.

Ta halarci Queen's College, [[Legas]], da Makarantar Millfield a [[Ingila]]. A shekarar 1985, ta kammala karatun ta na digiri na farko a jami’ar B.A. digiri daga Jami'ar Birmingham. Ta cancanci a matsayin akawun haya a Ingila da kuma CPA a Amurka, inda ta yi ƙaura a 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;[https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/atta-sefi-1964 &quot;Atta, Sefi 1964–&quot;], Encyclopedia.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami MFA daga Jami'ar Antioch a 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia2&quot;&gt;[https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/atta-sefi-1964 &quot;Atta, Sefi 1964–&quot;], Encyclopedia.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana auren Gboyega Ransome-Kuti, wani likita, kuma dan Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, kuma suna da diya guda, Temi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia3&quot;&gt;[https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/atta-sefi-1964 &quot;Atta, Sefi 1964–&quot;], Encyclopedia.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin samar da kayan abinci na Atta da ke Legas Atta Girl na tallafawa ''Care to Read'', shirin da ta kirkiro don samun kudade ga halastattun kungiyoyin agaji ta hanyar karatun karatu.
[[Fayil:Sefi Atta 2021.jpg|thumb|Sefi Atta]]
A yanzu tana raba lokacinta tsakanin Najeriya, Ingila da Amurka.

== Rubutawa ==
Atta ta kammala karatun shirye-shiryen kirkirar rubutu a Jami'ar Antioch a Los Angeles. Gajerun labaran ta sun bayyana a cikin mujallolin adabi kamar ''The Los Angeles Review'', ''Mississippi Review'' da ''World Literature Today''. Labarinta a kan Lagos da Najeriya sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe kamar su ''Time'' and ''Libération''. An fassara littattafanta zuwa yare da yawa. Littafinta na farko, ''Everything Good Will Come'', ya lashe ''Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa.''

'''Labari'''

* 2005: ''Everything Good Will Come'', Interlink Books, 

* 2010: ''Swallow'', Interlink Books,

* 2013: ''A Bit of Difference'', Interlink Books, 
* 2019: ''The Bead Collector'', Interlink Books, 

Takaitattun labarai

* 2010: ''News from Home'', Interlink Books,

Littattafan yara

* 2018: ''Drama Queen'', Mango Books, Nigeria,

Kunna tarin

* 2019: ''Sefi Atta; Selected Plays'', Interlink Books,

'''Wasannin farko'''

* 2005: ''The Engagement'', MUSON Centre, Legas

* 2011: ''The Cost of Living'', Lagos Heritage Festival

* 2011: ''Hagel auf Zamfara'', Theatre Krefeld, Jamus
* 2012: ''The Naming Ceremony'', New World Nigeria, Theatre Royal Stratford East, London

* 2012: ''An Ordinary Legacy'', The MUSON Festival, MUSON Centre, Legas
* 2014: ''Last Stand'', Terra Kulture, Legas
* 2018: ''Renovation'', The Jos Festival of Theatre
* 2019: ''The Death Road'', The Jos Festival of Theatre

Wasan radiyo

* 2002: ''The Engagement'', BBC Radio
* 2004: ''Makinwa's Miracle'', BBC Radio
* 2007: ''A Free Day'', BBC Radio

'''Nunin allo'''

* 2009: ''Leaving on Your Mind'', wasan kusa da na karshe ga American Zoetrope Screenplay Competition
* 2019: ''Valid'', karshe ga WeScreenPlay Diverse Voices Lab
* 2019: ''Valid'', karshe ga American Zoetrope Screenplay Competition

== Zaɓaɓɓun kyaututtuka da yabo ==

* 2002: Macmillan Writers Prize For Africa, jerin sunayen&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=50 Books By African Women That Everyone Should Read|url=https://whatsonafrica.org/50-books-by-african-women-that-everyone-should-read/|last=Fatunla|first=Dele Meiji|date=2014-06-30|website=Whats On Africa|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002: BBC African Performance, Kyauta ta 2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Previous Judges|url=http://caineprize.com/previous-judges|website=The Caine Prize for African Writing|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002: Zoetrope Short Fiction Contest, Kyauta ta 3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Atta, Sefi - Peter Hammer Verlag|url=https://www.peter-hammer-verlag.de/autoren-details/sefi_atta/|website=www.peter-hammer-verlag.de|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807033822/https://www.peter-hammer-verlag.de/autoren-details/sefi_atta/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2003: Red Hen Press Short Story Award, Kyauta ta 1

* 2003: ''Glimmer Train''′s Very Short Fiction Award, na karshe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sefi Atta makes children’s literature debut|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/sefi-atta-makes-childrens-literature-debut/|date=2018-10-12|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2004: [[BBC Hausa|BBC]] African Performance, Kyauta ta 2

* 2005: PEN International David TK Wong Prize, Kyauta ta 1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sefi Atta|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/133292.Sefi_Atta|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2006: Caine Prize for African Writing,  jerin sunayen&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Two Nigerians shortlisted for 2019 Caine Prize - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/artsbooks/331046-two-nigerians-shortlisted-for-2019-caine-prize.html|last=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2019-05-22|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2006: Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Authors|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/authors/|website=AfricanWriter.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=2020-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515101315/https://www.africanwriter.com/authors/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: Noma Award for Publishing in Africa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sefi Atta, Author Info, Published Books, Bio, Photo, Video, and More|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Sefi+Atta|website=AALBC.com, the African American Literature Book Club|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Marubuci Ziyarci'''

* 2006: Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi
* 2008: Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma
* 2010: Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon

Atta ta kasance a cikin juri na 2010 ''Neustadt International Prize for Literature,''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ou.edu/worldlit/2009-Neustadt-jury-nominees.pdf Jury &amp; candidates for 2010 Neustadt Prize] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524020323/http://www.ou.edu/worldlit/2009-Neustadt-jury-nominees.pdf |date=2009-05-24 }}, announced March 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma alkali ne na 2019 ''Caine Prize for African Writing''.

Nazari mai mahimmanci game da ayyukanta, ''Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illustates African Culture and Tradition,'' editan Farfesa Walter P. Collins, III, wanda Cambria Press ta buga a 2015.

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.sefiatta.com/ Sefi Atta's website]

== Nassoshi ==

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[[Fayil:Semira Adamu.jpg|thumb|Hoton samira adamu]]
'''Semira Adamu''' An haife ta a alif dari Tara da saba'in da takwas (1978–ta mutu a alif dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998), ‘yar shekara 20 mai neman mafaka daga [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] wacce‘ yan sanda Beljium biyu suka shake ta har lahira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/belgium-semira-adamus-case-opportunity-further-review-expulsion-procedures|title=Belgium: Semira Adamu's case an opportunity to further review expulsion procedures|website=www.amnesty.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; wadanda suka yi kokarin kwantar mata da hankali yayin kokarinsu na korar. Ta fara gudu ne daga Najeriya saboda auren dole.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3097188.stm|title=Belgian police tried over asylum death|date=September 10, 2003|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga watan  disamba na shekara ta 2003, 'yan sanda huɗu suka ɗauki alhakin wannan lamarin a shari'ar da ta biyo baya. An umarci kasar ta Beljium da ta biya diyya ga dangin ta .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.statewatch.org/news/2003/dec/09semira-adamu.htm|title=Statewatch News online: Five police officers on trial over the death of Semira Adamu in 1998|website=www.statewatch.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.irr.org.uk/cgi-bin/news/open.pl?id=5907 Four police officers convicted] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927234402/https://www.irr.org.uk/cgi-bin/news/open.pl?id=5907|date=2011-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutuwar Adamu ta haifar da babbar muhawara a Belgium kuma ta kai ga rahoton Etienne Vermeersch game da al'adar korar. A watan Satumba na shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998 Louis Tobback, Ministan Cikin Gida na Beljium, ya yi murabus bayan guguwar zanga-zangar jama'a game da mutuwar Adamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/refugee-death-minister-quits-1200588.html|title=Refugee death minister quits|last=Butler|first=Katherine|date=26 September 1998|work=Independent|access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/showpage.cfm?section=qrva&amp;language=nl&amp;cfm=qrvaXml.cfm?legislat=49&amp;dossierID=49-B159-05-0888-1997199824499.xml Imu'amala a cikin majalisar dokokin Belgium game da auren dole a matsayin dalilin bayar da mafaka dangane da wannan shari'ar]
* [http://indymedia.be/en/node/4172 Hotuna daga tattakin tunawa da mutane]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Manazarta  ==</text>
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    <title>Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya</title>
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[[File:Nigerian Army headquarters building.jpg|thumb|hedkwatar Rundunar sojin Najeriya]]
[[File:US Navy 100308-N-7948C-091 U. S. Navy Capt. Cindy Thebaud, second from right, commander of Africa Partnership Station (APS) West, tours the Nigerian Naval Dock Yard with Nigerian navy Capt. Dan Agundi.jpg|thumb|sojojin ruwan Najeriya tareda takwarorinsu na waje]]
[[File:NAF 102 - One of the War Planes used during the Biafran War in Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jirgin saman yaƙin sojojin lanjeriya]]
[[File:Sam Ethman Airforce Base, Lagos.jpg|thumb|wani barikin sojan saaman Najeriya a legas]]
[[File:IMG-20150724-WA0018.jpg|thumb|sojojin Najeriya suna tirenin]]
[[File:21st Chief of Army Staff (Nigerian Army).jpg|thumb|Marigayi Tsohon shugaban rundunar sojojin Najeriya Leu Gen Ibrahim Attahiru]]
[[File:2 and 3 Divs Nigerian Army - Camp Zairo, 207.png|thumb|sojojin Najeriya na shirin zuwa fagen daga]]
[[File:Nigerian Army - Sambisa Forest, 2017.png|thumb|bataliyan sojojin Najeriya a wani camp a sambisa]]
[[File:Badge of the Nigerian Navy.svg|thumb|logon sojojin ruwa Najeriya]]
[[Fayil:2022 Army DSSC graduation.jpg|thumb|Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya]]
Sojojin '''Najeriya''' su ne sojojin tarayyar kasar [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Asalinta ya ta'allaka ne da gundumar [[:en:Royal_West_African_Frontier_Force|Royal West African Frontier Force]]  wacce ta zama Najeriya lokacin da aka ba da 'yanci a shekara ta 1960. A shekarar 1956 da kasar [[:en:Nigeria_Regiment|Nigeria Regiment]] na [[:en:Royal_West_African_Frontier_Force|Royal West African Frontier Force]] (RWAFF) aka sake masa suna da  kasar Nigerian Military Forces, RWAFF, kuma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1958 da mulkin mallakan gwamnatin Nijeriya ya hau kan daga Birtaniya [[:en:War_Office|War Office]] iko da Nigerian Military Forces tasa mu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ng0140)|title=Library of Congress Country Studies, Nigeria|author=|date=|website=loc.gov|accessdate=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Tun daga lokacin da aka kirkiro sojojin Najeriya suka yi [[:en:Civil_war|civil war]] – da [[:en:Nigerian_Civil_War|conflict with Biafra]] a shekarar 1967 - shekarar 1970 - kuma sun tura sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya kasashen waje tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma a matsayin kashin bayan Kungiyar [[:en:Economic_Community_of_West_African_States|Economic Community of West African States]] ([https://www.ecowas.int/ ECOWAS]) Cease-fire Kungiya ta [[:en:Economic_Community_of_West_African_States_Monitoring_Group|Monitoring Group]] (ECOMOG) a [[Laberiya]] da [[Saliyo]] . Hakanan ta ƙwace mulki sau biyu a gida ( 1966 &amp;amp;amp; 1983 ). 

Bayan yakin basasa, an fadada yawan sojoji, kusan 250,000 a shekarar 1977, sun cinye yawancin albarkatun Najeriya a karkashin mulkin soja domin samun koma baya. hakan ya fadada a cikin soja a lokacin yakin basasa hakan na kunshene da data kasance soja ya riƙe Nijeriya. jama'a dauki kansu a tsarin mulki soja . A yayin hakan, ya taka rawar gani wajen karfafa matsayin soja na farko-tsakanin-daidai a tsakanin al'ummar Najeriya, da kuma raguwar tasirin soja. [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], wanda a shekarar 1999 ya zama Shugaban kasa, ya nuna bacin ransa a jawabinsa na farko a waccan shekarar: '. . . An Rasa Kwarewar ma sana ... zuciyata tana jini don ganin lalacewa cikin kwarewar sojoji. ' &lt;ref&gt;Obasanjo, quoted in Herbert M. Howe, Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States, Lynne Rienner, Boulder/London, 2001, p.54. Obasanjo has also been accused of misuse of his personal position for profit.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cibiyoyin horarwa a kasar Najeriya sun hada da shahararren jami'in da ya shiga [[Jami'ar Tsaron Nijeriya|makarantar horar]] da sojoji ta [[Kaduna (birni)|Najeriya da ke Kaduna]], da Kwamandan Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma'aikata, Jaji, da Kwalejin Yaƙin Kasa da [[Abuja|ke garin Abuja]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndc.gov.ng/college/History.htm|title=Archived copy|access-date=2009-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215203327/https://www.ndc.gov.ng/college/History.htm|archive-date=2011-02-15|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Contractan kwangilar soja na Amurka dan kwangilar Sojan Sama da Kayan Kasuwanci ya kasance daga kusan 1999-2000 ya ba da shawara kan alaƙar soja da soja ga sojojin. &lt;ref&gt;http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/dec/11/0097.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525041943/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/dec/11/0097.html|date=2022-05-25}}, accessed October 2009 and Peter Singer, 'Corporate Warriors,' [[Cornell University Press]], Ithaca and London, 2003, p.131-2. {{ISBN|0-8014-4114-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsayayyar doka ==
Matsayin rundunar sojojin ƙasa ya kafu a cikin Tsarin Mulkin ta. Kare mutuncin yanki ta da sauran manyan bukatun kasa shine babban jigon a wannan matsayin. Sashe na 217-220 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin kasar Nijeriya na shekarar 1999 ya yi jawabi ga Sojojin kasar Najeriya:

* (1) Za a sami rundunonin sojan Tarayya wadanda za su kunshi sojojan kasa, da sojan ruwa, da sojan sama, da sauran bangarorin rundunonin sojojin tarayyar kamar yadda dokar kasa ta kafa wato [[:en:National_Assembly_(Nigeria)|National Assembly]] .
* (2) Tarayya za ta kasance, a karkashin Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da aka sanya a madadin hakan, ta wadata da kuma kula da dakaru kamar yadda ake ganin ya wadatar kuma ya yi tasiri saboda -
* (a) kare Najeriya daga ta'addancin waje;
* (b) kiyaye mutuncin yankinta da kiyaye iyakokinta daga keta doka a kan kasa, da teku, ko ta sama;
* (c) Dakushe tawaya da kuma yin aiki da taimakon hukumomin farar hula don dawo da tsari yayin da Shugaban kasa ya kira shi yin hakan amma bisa wasu sharudda kamar yadda Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta tanadar.
* (d) Aikata wasu ayyukan wadanda dokar kasa ta gindaya.
* (3) kungiyar sojoji da sauran rukunin rundunonin soja na Tarayyar za su nuna halin tarayyar Najeriya.

== Sojojin kasa ==
Sojojin Najeriya (NA) reshen ƙasa ne na Sojojin Najeriya kuma mafi girma a cikin sojojin. Manyan tsare-tsare sun hada da Runduna ta 1, Runduna ta biyu, Runduna ta 3 masu sulke, runduna ta 81, rukuni na 82, da kuma sabbin masu kafa 8, 7 da 6, Raba.

== Sojojin Ruwa ==
Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya (NN) reshen teku ne na Sojojin Najeriya. Tsarin rundunar sojojin ruwan Najeriya a yau ya kunshi Hedikwatar Sojan Ruwa a Abuja, kwamandoji uku masu aiki tare da hedkwatarsu a jihar [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]], [[Kalaba|Calabar]], da [[Bayelsa]] . Hedikwatar kwamandan horarwa suna cikin Lagos, babban birnin kasuwancin Najeriya, amma tare da wuraren horo sun bazu a duk fadin Najeriya. Akwai sansanonin aiki guda biyar, sansanonin aiki biyar na gaba (tare da wasu biyu nan ba da dadewa ba), da mashigai biyu da ke Lagos da [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] da jiragen ruwa biyu da ke Legas da Calabar.

== Sojan Sama ==
[[File:Roundel_of_Nigeria.svg|right|thumb|150x150px| Zagayen sojojin saman Najeriya]]
An kafa rundunar Sojan Sama ta Najeriya a watan Janairun 1964 tare da taimakon taimakon fasaha daga Yammacin Jamus . Sojojin sama sun fara rayuwa ne a matsayin masu jigilar kayayyaki tare da horarwa ta sama kasashen Canada, Habasha da Pakistan . Sojojin sama ba su sami damar fada ba har sai da Tarayyar Soviet ta gabatar da wasu jirage masu lamba MiG-17 a 1966.

A cikin 2007 Sojan Sama suna da ƙarfin 10,000.  suna da jirgin shawagi da jigila, mai bada horo, mai saukar ungulu, da jirgin yaƙi. shekarar 2020, yawan ma'aikatan Sojan Sama ya karu zuwa 18,000. 

Sojojin saman suna daukar Nauyin Air Force Military School, Jos, Nigeria, da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sojan Sama wato. Air Force Institute of Technology.

Har ila yau, Nijeriya ta bi manufofin  da jirgin yaƙi. shekarar 2020, yawan ma'aikatan Sojan Sama ya karu zuwa 18,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VNAzQEACAAJ&amp;q=IISS+2020|title=The Military Balance 2020|date=14 February 2020|publisher=Routledge, Chapman &amp; Hall, Incorporated|pages=494|isbn=9780367466398|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sojojin saman suna daukar Nauyin [[:en:Air_Force_Military_School,_Jos,_Nigeria|Air Force Military School, Jos, Nigeria]], da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sojan Sama wato. [[:en:Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology|Air Force Institute of Technology]].

Har ila yau, Nijeriya ta bi manufofin bunƙasa horo a cikin gida da ƙwarewan samar da sojojin. Nijeriya  ci gaba da tsaurara manufofin tana faɗaɗa hanyoyin ciga ban sojoji daga ƙasashe daban-daban.

== Sauran abubuwa ==
Akwai Rundunar Hadin Gwiwa a yankin Neja Delta da aka ayyana &quot;Maido da&quot; Wannan tawaga ce ta hadin gwiwa wacce ta kunshi Sojoji, Sojojin ruwa, da Sojan Sama don yakar ta'addanci a yankin Neja Delta. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nigerianewsworld.com/news/jtf-operations-increased-oil-production-output-to-2-million-barrel-per-day/|title=JTF operations increased oil production output to 2 million barrel per day|publisher=Nigerianewsworld|accessdate=14 September 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; JTF HQ yana a [[Yenagoa]] .

== Sojojin Najeriya a kasashen waje ==
A watan Disambar 1983, sabon mulkin Manjo Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari ya]] ba da sanarwar cewa Nijeriya ba za ta iya sake daukar nauyin wani mai fafutukar adawa da mulkin mallaka a Afirka ba. Membobin kungiyar [[:en:English-speaking_world|Anglophone]] [[:en:ECOWAS|ECOWAS]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ta kafa [[:en:Ecomog|ECOMOG]], wanda Sojojin Najeriya suka mamaye a 1990 don tsoma baki a [[:en:First_Liberian_Civil_War|civil war in Liberia]]. Sojojin kasar sun nuna karfin su na tattarawa, girke su, da kuma tallafawa dakaru masu girman brigedi domin tallafawa ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a [[Laberiya]] . A baya an aika da kananan sojoji a kan tura [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|UN]] da ECOWAS a tsohuwar [[:en:Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], da [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]], da [[Saliyo|Saliyo.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unprof_b.htm|title=Former Yugoslavia: UNPROFOR|last=|first=|date=31 August 1996|website=Department of Public Information, United Nations|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/1999/294|title=United Nations Official Document|website=www.un.org|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/5-previous-west-african-military-interventions-111050770.html|title=The 5 previous West African military interventions|website=www.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128212144/https://www.yahoo.com/news/5-previous-west-african-military-interventions-111050770.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan koyarwar gami da katsalandan din sojan Afirka da Najeriya wani lokaci ana kiranta [[:en:Pax_Nigeriana|Pax Nigeriana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Adebajo, Adekeye.|title=Liberia's Civil War : Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa.|date=2007|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-112-5|oclc=1027486570}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan bayanan manufofin bai hana Najeriya tsaya waba a karkashin Janaral [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a 1990 da [[Sani Abacha]] a 1997 daga tura sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na ECOMOG karkashin inuwar ECOWAS zuwa Laberiya kuma daga baya Saliyo lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke a wadannan kasashen. Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a watan Agustan na shekara ta 2003 ya sake tura sojojin Najeriya cikin Laberiya, bisa roƙon [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da su ba da lokaci na wucin gadi har sai Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Laberiya wato [[:en:United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia|United Nations Mission in Liberia]]  (UNMIL) ya iso. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://unmil.unmissions.org/military-0|title=Military|date=2015-09-02|website=UNMIL|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05|archive-date=2020-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825223204/https://unmil.unmissions.org/military-0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya [[:en:Charles_G._Taylor|Charles Taylor]] ya samu sauka daga mulki kuma akai raki yarsa zuwa Najeriya.

A watan Oktoba 2004, sojojin Najeriya suka sake turawa zuwa [[:en:Darfur|Darfur]], wadda take Sudan don jagorantar rundunar Tarayyar Afirka don dakatar da kisan kare dangin  Darfur. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ebegbulem|first=Joseph C|date=2011-07-01|title=Nigeria and conflict resolution in Africa: The Darfur experience|journal=Civilizar|volume=11|issue=21|pages=69|doi=10.22518/16578953.34|issn=1657-8953|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nijeriya ta ba da gudummawar sojoji / ‘yan sanda sama da 20,000 ga wasu ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun 1960. Rundunar [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|'yan sanda ta Najeriya]] da sojoji sun shiga cikin:

* [[:en:UNIPOM|UNIPOM]] - [[Indiya]] da [[Pakistan]], 1965 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unipomfacts.html|title=UNITED NATIONS INDIA-PAKISTAN OBSERVATION MISSION (UNIPOM) - Facts and Figures|website=peacekeeping.un.org|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:en:UNIFIL|UNIFIL]] - [[Lebanon]], 1978 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://unifil.unmissions.org/unifil-troop-contributing-countries|title=UNIFIL Troop-Contributing Countries|date=2016-03-14|website=UNIFIL|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:en:UNIIMOG|UNIIMOG]] - [[Iran]] da [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], 1988 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/uniimogbackgr.html|title=UNITED NATIONS IRAN-IRAQ MILITARY OBSERVER GROUP (UNIIMOG) - Background (Full text)|website=peacekeeping.un.org|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:en:United_Nations_Protection_Force|UNPROFOR]] - Tsohuwar [[:en:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], 1998 &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unprof_b.htm|title=Former Yugoslavia: UNPROFOR|last=|first=|date=31 August 1996|website=Department of Public Information, United Nations|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:en:United_Nations_Mission_of_Support_to_East_Timor|UNMISET]] - [[Timor-Leste|East Timor]], 1999 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unmiset/facts.html|title=UNMISET: United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor - Facts and Figures|website=peacekeeping.un.org|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:en:MONUC|MONUC]] - [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], 2004 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/monuc/facts.shtml|title=MONUC Facts and Figures - United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|website=peacekeeping.un.org|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jami'an Nijeriya sun yi aiki a matsayin Manyan hafsoshin tsaro a wasu kasashen, inda Birgediya Janar [[:en:Maxwell_Khobe|Maxwell Khobe]] ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hafsun Sojojin Saliyo a 1998 - 1999, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/monuc/facts.shtml|title=MONUC Facts and Figures - United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|website=peacekeeping.un.org|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma jami'an Nijeriya da ke aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'an Kwamandan Sojojin Liberia daga aƙalla 2007.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090225210058/http://www.dhmlnigeria.com/LIST%20OF%20MILITARY%20HEALTH%20CARE%20FACILITIES%20UNDER%20DHML.pdf Jerin Cibiyoyin Kula da Kiwan Lafiya A Underarƙashin DHML] - don wurare naúrar
* [http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui49.htm Matsayi Na soja Na Rundunar] Sojojin [http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui49.htm Najeriya] Matsayi Na Sojojin Najeriya

== Kara karantawa ==

* Idang, Gordon J. &quot;Siyasar Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Najeriya: Tabbatarwa da Sake Yarjejeniyar Tsaron Anglo da Najeriya.&quot; Nazarin Afirka 13, a'a. 2 (1970): 227-251.
* Robin Luckham, Sojojin Najeriya; nazarin zamantakewar al'umma na iko &amp; tawaye 1960-67, Cambridge [Eng. ] Jami'ar Press, 1971.
* NJ Miners, 'The Nigerian Army 1956-66,' Methuen and Co. Ltd, London, 1971
* Jimi Peters, 'Sojojin Najeriya da Jiha,' 1997, 
* kungiyar Ilimin Sojojin Nijeriya da Makaranta, [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1474957M/History_of_the_Nigerian_Army_1863-1992 Tarihin Sojojin Nijeriya 1863–1992], Abuja, 1992

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==
[http://defenceinfo.mil.ng/profile-of-the-chief-of-defence-staff/ Ma’aikatan Tsaron Najeriya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526111037/https://defenceinfo.mil.ng/profile-of-the-chief-of-defence-staff/ |date=2022-05-26 }}

[https://army.mil.ng/ Sojojin Najeriya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204041558/https://army.mil.ng/ |date=2020-12-04 }}

[http://www.navy.mil.ng/ Sojojin Ruwan Najeriya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119092410/https://www.navy.mil.ng/ |date=2022-01-19 }}

[https://airforce.mil.ng/ Sojojin Sama na Najeriya]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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'''Solange Yijika fitacciyar 'yar''' fim ce ta [[Kamaru]]   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mobile.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Top-Cameroonian-actress-Solange-Yijika-is-back-Photos-354613 |title=Top Cameroonian actress, Solange Yijika, is back (Photos) |publisher=CamerounWeb |date=January 22, 2016 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019141108/https://mobile.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Top-Cameroonian-actress-Solange-Yijika-is-back-Photos-354613 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/component/content/article/191-solange-yijika-a-step-forward.html |title=Solange Yijika: A Step Forward |last=Kanjo |first=Ernest |date=September 19, 2009 |publisher=Tip Top Stars}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mobile.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Meet-5-most-talented-young-Cameroonian-actresses-344962 |title=Meet 5 most talented young Cameroonian actresses |date=November 20, 2015 |publisher=CamerounWeb |access-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019144924/https://mobile.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Meet-5-most-talented-young-Cameroonian-actresses-344962 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.tvovermind.com/casting-behold-dreamers-movie/ |title=Casting a &quot;Behold the Dreamers&quot; Movie |last=Aiden |first=Mason |publisher=TVOM}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dc-comm.com/cameroonian-movie-industry-brenda-shey-the-mother-hen/ |title=INDUSTRY; BRENDA SHEY, THE &quot;MOTHER HEN&quot; |last=Musoro |first=Darlene |date=June 29, 2015 |publisher=DC Communications |access-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121213001/http://www.dc-comm.com/cameroonian-movie-industry-brenda-shey-the-mother-hen/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; also much present in the Nigerian theatre&lt;ref name=So/&gt; and [[film producer]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://10times.com/atlanta-film-festival/visitors |title=Atlanta Film Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ta kasance a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Nijeriya  da furodusan fim , kuma ta kasance mai fafutuka ga mata da yara hakkoki.&lt;ref name=Fr&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://lefilmcamerounais.com/2016/04/26/5actwn-solange-yijika-actrice/ |title=#5ACTWN : SOLANGE YIJIKA – ACTRICE |date=April 26, 2016 |website=Le Film Camerounais}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ita ce 'yar wasan da aka fi sani a cikin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya]] kuma babbar jigo a bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Kamaru (CAMIFF).&lt;ref name=Ach/&gt;

== Rayuwa da ilimi ==
Yijika ta fito ce daga Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru.  Ta kammala karatu a [[Jami'ar Yaoundé II]], Soa, Kamaru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ocamer.org/north-west-elite-call-for-resumption-of-schools/ |title=North West Elite Call For Resumption Of Schools |date=April 20, 2020 |publisher=Ocamer |access-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126033852/https://ocamer.org/north-west-elite-call-for-resumption-of-schools/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Yijika ta kasance muhimmiyar fuska a masana'antar Fina-Finan [[Kamaru]] tun farkon bayyanar ta kusan shekara ta 2005. A cikin kamfe guda biyu na yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro a Kamaru wanda Global Fund for the fight against Malaria, Tuberculosis and Aids ''(Global ta tallafawa don yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro, tarin fuka da cutar kanjamau),'' an yi amfani da ita a matsayin ta na mai kwalliya a cikin fastocin.  Ta kuma kasance mai fafutukar tabbatar da adalci ga mata da yara a duniya. Ta kasance jakadiya ce a karo na 1 na Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Duniya (CAMIFF) a shekarar 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/05/blood-or-wine.html |title=Blood or Wine |date=May 5, 2013 |publisher=Nollywood REinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/entertainment/903-movies/457-actress-in-new-movie.html |title=Most desired Cameroonian actress in new movie |last=Kanjo |first=Ernest |date=February 15, 2012 |publisher=Tip Top Stars}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yijika ta kasance a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Kamaru a yawancin shirye-shirye da yawansu suka kai 20 kuma tana mai karɓar yabo da yawa ne da suka haɗa da AMAA da NAFCA.&lt;ref name=Long/&gt;

Ta yi fice a cikin &quot; ''Gwajegwaje na Sha'awa'' &quot; TV Series na 2006, wanda aka nuna a CRTV, inda ta taka rawar &quot;Diana&quot;. Daga baya ta kasance a cikin 2008 a cikin &quot; ''Mark of the Absolute'' &quot;, fim ɗin da Asaba Ferdinand ya shirya kuma ya shirya. Na gaba shi ne &quot; ''Land of Shadows'' &quot; na 2009, fim ɗin da Agbor Gilbert Ebot ya shirya kuma Zack Orji da Neba Lawrence suka shirya. Fim din ya kuma fito da Jim Iyke . A waccan shekarar, ita ma ta sake fitowa a fim din &quot; ''Great Pain'' &quot; wanda Neba Lawrence ya bayar da umarni, sannan daga baya, har yanzu a wannan shekarar ta fito a cikin &quot; ''Royal Destiny'' &quot;, wani fim din Kamaru wanda ya hada da Emeka Ike da [[Tonto Dikeh]], 'yan wasan Nollywood biyu. . Ita, a shekarar 2012 da aka fito a cikin &quot; ''Masifa ta Masarauta'' &quot;, fim din da Neba Lawrence ya bayar da umarni, wanda furodusan fim din Amurka mai suna Mairo Sanda da kuma [[Afirka ta Kudu]] mai suna Fred Keyanti suka shirya tare - wadanda suka yaba da kwarewar 'yar wasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cameroonpostline.com/anglophonecelebsshineat/ |title=Anglophone Celebs Shine at |last=Nkeih |first=Precious Meshi |publisher=Cameroon Postpone |date=May 8, 2012 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081123/https://cameroonpostline.com/anglophonecelebsshineat/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Fr/&gt;&lt;ref name=Long/&gt;

Har yanzu a shekarar 2012, an saka ta a fim din Nollywood, &quot; ''Jini ko Wine'' &quot;, wanda Henry Neba Awantoh da Jim Iyke suka shirya kuma Neba Lawrence ya ba da umarnin, wanda [[Ruth Kadiri|Ruth Kadiri ta rubuta]] . 

A cikin 2013, ta kasance yar takarar don SONNAH Awards. 

Ta fito a fim din, &quot; ''Decoded'' &quot;, wanda [[Brenda Elung|Brenda Elung ta shirya]] - ita ma 'yar fim ce kuma Akim Macaulay da Enah Johnscott suka ba da umarni a 2013, inda ta yi aiki tare da' yan wasan [[Ghana]] da Kamaru kamar Van Vicker, Jeffery Epule da Desmond Wyte. 

Ta kasance daya daga cikin masu jagoranci a tattaunawar a 2016 na bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Afirka, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 8 ga Yuli a Cibiyar Taro ta Duniya, [[Abuja]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] tare da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya kuma dan siyasa.  

A fim din 2017, &quot; ''Bayyanar da Jaruntaka don Warkarwa'' &quot;, wanda Musing Derick Tening ya bayar da umarni kuma Tessy Eseme ta shirya, ta yi rawar &quot; ''Jazmine Juma'' &quot;.  An fara fim din a Landan.  

An gabatar da ita ce don samun lambar yabo a karo na 2 na lambar yabo ta CAMIFF , wanda aka gudanar tsakanin Afrilu 24-29, 2017 a Buea, [[Kamaru]] tare da wasu 'yan wasan Camerwood da Nollywood suma an tsayar.  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar nauyin CAMIFF 2018 tare da Nollywood Ramsey Nouah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cameroonpostline.com/anglophonecelebsshineat/ |title=Anglophone Celebs Shine at |last=Nkeih |first=Precious Meshi |publisher=Cameroon Postpone |date=May 8, 2012 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081123/https://cameroonpostline.com/anglophonecelebsshineat/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Fr/&gt;&lt;ref name=Long/&gt;

== Fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Shekara
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Fim
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Matsayi
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Bayanan kula
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''Bayyana ƙarfin hali don warkarwa'' 
|
|
|
|-
| 2017 -
| ''Samba''
|
| Jerin talabijan
|  
|-
| 2013
| ''An dasa shi'' 
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2012
| ''Jini ko Giya'' 
|
|
|
|-
| ''Masifa da Masarauta'' 
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2009
| ''Destaddara ta Sarauta'' 
|
|
|
|-
| ''Babban zafi'' 
|
|
|
|-
| ''Kasar Inuwa'' 
|
|
|
|-
| 2008
| ''Alamar Cikakke'' 
|
|
|
|-
| 2006 -
| ''Gwajin Sha'awa''
| Diana
| jerin talabijan
|
|}

== Kyautuka ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Taron
! Kyauta
! Mai karɓa
! Sakamakon
|-
| 2017
| CAMIFF 
|
||{{nominated}}
|-
| 2013
| Kyaututtukan SONNAH 
|
||{{nominated}}
|}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kamaru

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm9053132/bio Tarihin Solange Yijika] akan [[IMDb]]
* Yijika Solange  
* Solange Yijika Official  
* [https://www.bebeakinboade.com/2013/10/meet-top-cameroonian-actress-solange.html Haɗu da Fitacciyar 'Yar Wasan Kamaru, Solange Yijika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027140819/https://www.bebeakinboade.com/2013/10/meet-top-cameroonian-actress-solange.html |date=2020-10-27 }} a kan Mashahurin Buzz
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jinin Haida</title>
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'''Jinin Haida'''((حيض)) to muna farawa da sunan [[Allah]] mai
Rahma mai Jinkai, tsira da amincin
Allah su kara tabbata ga fiyayyan halittar, Allah
Annabin tsira [[Annabi Muhammad]], da Iyalan
shi da Sahabban shi baki daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.web.darulfikr.com/read_article/94|date=10 July 2016|accessdate=10 August 2021|publisher=Darurfikr.com|last=Basheer Ridwan|first=Muḥammad|title=ALAMOMIN ƊAUKEWAR JININ HAILA !}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://m.facebook.com/SheikhJafar.Org/posts/924760954314729&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan
haka ga wasu daga
abinda ya shafi hukunce-hukuncen
jinin al'ada wanda ake kira Jinin haida, yana da matukar muhimmanci
sanin hukunce-hukuncen jinin al'ada,
muhimmancin ba wai ya tsaya ga mata bane
kadai a'a har da maza, domin abubuwa da
yawa na ibada da na zamantakewa suna
da alaka da jinin al'ada, misali mai jinin
al'ada bata sallah ko [[azumi]] ko dawafi,
wannan bangaran ibada kenan amma ta
bangaren zamantakewa mai jinin al'ada ba'a
sakinta idan Kuma aka yi sakin to ya tabbatar, ba kuma a saduwa da ita, sannan
ga yadda Allah ya sanya idda da jinin
al'ada, ta yadda idan aka saki mace sai ta
ga tsarki uku (al'ada uku) kafin aka ce ta
kammala iddah sannan ai maganar sabon
aure, to idan tana al'ada bayan kowadanne
watanni shida kenan sai bayan shekara daya da rabi za'a fara maganar aure, shi
ya sa muka ce sanin hukunce-hukuncen
wannan jinin ba wai ya rataya ga mata
bane kadai har da maza.&lt;ref&gt;https://m.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=363012365086682&amp;id=100212108033377&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-53734261|date=16 August 2020|accessdate= 10 August 2021|publisher=bbc hausa|title=Jinin Haila: Abubuwan da suka kamata ki sani kan al'ada da daukar ciki}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Masana sun kayyade cewa lafiyayyen jinin al'ada yakan shafe kwanaki huɗu (4) zuwa kwanaki bakwai (7) yana zuba sannan ya dauke, idan ya dauke yakan shafe kwanaki ashirin da daya (21) zuwa kwanaki talatin da biyar (35) kamin kuma ya sake [https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2023/01/rikicewar-alada-jinin-haila-da-kuma.html?m=1].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2023/01/rikicewar-alada-jinin-haila-da-kuma.html?m=1&lt;/ref&gt;

==Menene Jinin Al'ada==
Jinin al'ada jini ne da
yake fita da karan kansa daga gaban
macan da a al'adance zata iya daukar ciki
ba tare da ya wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyarba.
Wannan shi ake nufi da jinin al'ada, da
aka ce 'jinine da yake fita da kansa' kenan
idan ya zamana ba da kansa ya fita ba
kamar ace cinnaka ya cije ta a gaba ko
[[kunama]] sai jinin ya balle mata to wannan
bai zama jinin al'adaba.
Da aka ce 'Ta gaba' kenan idan ya fita
ta dubura ko ta hanci wannan bai zama
jinin al'adaba. Da aka ce wacce a
al'adance zata iya daukar ciki kenan idan
ya fita daga wacce a al'adance ba zata iya
daukar ciki ba sabo da yarinta ko girma to
wannan shi ma bai zama jinin al'ada ba.
Amma da aka ce 'Ba tare da ya wuce
kwanaki goma sha biyar ba, kenan idan ya
wuce kwanaki sha biyar (15) to bai zamo kuma
jinin al'adaba.
Wadannan nau'uka da akace basu zama
jinin al'ada ba kenan hukuncin jinin al'ada bai
hau kansu ba za su yi sallah domin jinin
ciwo ne sai a nemi magani, Allah ya
sawwake.

==Mafi Karancin sa==
Malamai sun karawa juna
sani kan mafi karancin jinin al'ada, mafi
karancinsa shi ne dugo guda ɗaya kenan idan
ya ɗiga sannan ya ɗauke, shi kenan ta yi
al'ada kuma ta dauke.

==Mafi Yawansa==
Mafi yawan kwanakin jinin
al'ada shi ne kwanaki goma sha-biyar kenan
idan ya wuce haka to bai zama jinin
al'ada ba muddin ba ciki take da shiba. Mata Dangane da Al'ada: anan mun sani
mata suna da halaye biyar musamman idan
muka yi la'akari da shekarunsu domin auna
jinin da ya zo na al'adane ko bana al'ada
ba ne, kamar haka:
#'''''Kasa da shekara tara''''' Idan jinin ya
zo wa yarinyar da take kasa da shekara
tara to malamai sun tabbatar da wannan
ba jinin al'ada ba ne, jinin ciwo ne sai a nemi
magani.
#'''''Tara Zuwa Sama''''' Idan ya zamana jinin ya
zo ne ga wacce ta cika shekara tara
zuwa zamanta budurwa, to a irin wannan
lokaci sai a tambayi kwararrun mata da
likita domin a fayyace jinin na al'adane ko
na ciwo. Kada mu sha'afa yanayin abinci da
kuma yanayin zafi da sanyi da hutu da
wahala suna tasiri.
#'''''Budurci Zuwa Sheka 50''''' Idan jinin ya
zo daga lokacin da ta zama budurwa zuwa
shekaru hamsin (50) kai tsaye malamai sun
tabbatar da cewa wannan jinin na al'adane.
#'''''Daga 50 - 69''''' Idan jini ya zo wa mace
a tsakanin wadannan shekaru wato daga
shekara hamsin zuwa sittin da tara
(50-69) to malamai suka ce za'a tambayi
kwararrun mata da likitoci domin sanin
wannan jinin na ciwone ko na al'ada.
#'''''Daga 70''''' Idan jini ya zo bayan mace ta
cika shekara saba'in (70) zuwa sama to
malamai suka ce wannan kai tsaye ba jinin
al'ada bane.
Ashe tantance shekarun haihuwa ba
karamin abu bane domin tuni [[musulunci]] ya
gina hukunce-hukunce a kansu, kuma ana
gini ne a kan tsarin kalandar musulunci,
wadannan bayanai na karkasuwar mata har
zuwa gida biyar kamar yadda ya gabata
haka malam Adawi ya kawo a cikin
littafinsa 'Hashiyatul Adawi', Allah ya ji
kansa da gafara.
Ina daɗa jaddada cewa yanayin [[abinci]] da
da abin sha da sanyi ko yanayin zafi suna
tasiri matuka, dukkan abinda ba'a fahimta ba dangane da yana yin zuwan
jinin ko daukewarsa yarinyace ko babba to
kamata ya yi ayi tambaya cikin gaggawa
lura da yadda muka yi bayai da cewa
yana da alaka da hukunce-hukunce, kina yin
jinkiri sai salloli su kubuce miki, kuma
wannan yana nuna cewa mace da aka saka
zata iya kammala idda akasa da watanni
uku.
Idan yarinya ta ga jinin kuma jinin ya
zama shi ne zuwansa na farko sannan ya
tabbata cewa jinin al'adane to ta sani ta
balaga, dukkanin hukunce-hukuncen
musulunci sun hau kanta, idan ta yi salatin
Annabi za'a rubuta mata lada idan kuma ta
bari samari suna jagwalgwalata ita za'a
rubutawa zunubi, ba wanda yace wai sai ta
yi aure sannan za'a fara yi mata rubutu,
kenan har azumi sai ta ranka wanda ta
sha.

==Tabbatuwar Jinin Al'ada==
Shifa abin da ya
shafi jinin al'ada al'amari ne da Allah
maɗaukakin sarki ya yi bayaninsa a cikin
[[Alkur'ani]] mai girma, Allah yana cewa:
''Kuma suna tambayarka dangane da
al'ada, Kace: Shidinnan cutane, ku nisanci
(saduwa da) mata a lokacin al'ada, kada
ku kusance su har sai sun yi tsarki (Jinin
ya dauke) idan suka tsarkaka (suka yi
wanka) to ku je musu ta inda Allah ya
umarceku, Lalle Allah yana son masu
yawan tuba kuma yana son masu
tsarkaka''. Bakara, ayata: 222.
Haka kuma ma'aikin Allah –Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi- yace;
(Wannan) Wani abu ne da Allah ya dorawa
mata 'ya'yan Adam''. Ashe ba shaci-fadin
da ake cewa ba ne ai sanadiyyar da yasa
mata suke al'ada shi ne wannan ganyan
bishiyar da Nana Hawwa'u ta ci a gidan
aljanna, amma Annabi Adam mala'ikane ya
rike masa makoshi (makogaro) sai ya
amayar da abin shi ya sa maza basa yi.
Wannan labarin bashi da kanshin gaskiya
domin ayoyin Alkur'ani sun tabbatar da
Annabi Adam ya ci itaciyar.
Shi fa jinin al'ada kada amanta jini ne da
yake fitowa daga can cikin mahaifa a
lokuta sanannu, Allah madaukakin Sarki ya
haliccishi domin ya zama abinci ga yaro a
lokacin da yake cikin mahaifiyarsa domin
inda zai yi tarayya da mahaifiiyar ta shi a
abincin da take ci to da karfinta ya ragu
sosai,sa Allah ya sanya shi ya zama abinci
gareshi,shi ya sa da kyar ka ga mace
tana da juna biyu (ciki) kuma tana al'ada.
Idan kuma ta haihu sai Allah ya zamar da
shi nono jaririn yana sha amatsayin abinci,shi yasa kadan ake samun matan da
suke shayarwa kuma suna al'ada. Idan ya
zamana mace bata da juna biyu (ciki) kuma
bata shayarwa sai ya kasance ba inda zai
je to shi ne sai ya taru a mahaifarta,shi ne
mafi yawancin lokuta yake fita a kowanne
wata cikin kwanuka shida ko bakwai, ya kan
karu ko ya ragu akan hakan kamar yadda
bayanai za su zo da izinin Allah-
gwargadon yadda Allah ya tsara halittarsa.
[[File:A 'free-bleeding' girl from the Netherlands.jpg|thumb|wannan yadda jinin al'ada yake kwarara kenan daga jikin wata baturiya]].

==Karkasuwar Mata==
Mawallafin littafin
Akhadari ya kasa mata zuwa kashi uku
dangane da jinin al'ada, kashi na farko;
ita ce wacce ta fara, kashi na biyu kuma;
wacce ta saba, sannan sai kashi na uku;
mai juna-biyu (wato mai ciki), ga bayanansu
kamar haka: 
[[File:Menstrual art menstruation art with blood 6.jpg|thumb|digon Jinin al'ada]]
#'''''Wacce Ta Fara''''' Ita wacce ta fara
al'ada ya zama yinta na yanzu shi ne ganin
al'adarta na farko a rayuwarta, to abin da yake kanta zata zuba ido ne ta ga kwanaki
nawa zai dauka kafin ya yanke, ta yadda ba
zai wuce kwanaki sha-biyar ba, idan ko ya
wuce sha-biyar to abinda ya doru akan
kwanaki sha-biyar bai zama al'ada ba, kenan
mafi yawan kwanakin da zata saurara sune
kwanaki sha-biyar, amma zai iya daukewa
kafin hakan, abin nufi in ya wuce to ya
zama (Istihadha) cuta sai a nemi magani,
anan nake cewa iyaye su kara sa ido a kan
'ya'yayansu mata su dungu tuntubarsu suna
fahimtar da su tun kafin lokacin ya yi
domin kada lokaci ya yi yarinya ta ga jini
ta fashe da kuka, ko makamantan haka,
wata babbar mace ce amma bata san
menene jinin al'ada ba ita dai kawai ta ce
tana ganin jini a wani lokaci bayan wasu
kwanaki kuma sai ta daina ganinshi.  
#'''''Wacce Ta Saba'''' Abinda ake nufi da
wacce ta saba ita ce wacce ta gabatar da
al'ada sau uku a adadin kwanaki guda,
misali wacce ta yi al'adar farko a kwanaki
biyar, da ta sake yi sai ya yi mata kwanaki
biyar da ta yi na uku shi ma kwanaki biyar,
to wannan sai muce sunanta wacce ta
saba domin ta saba akan kwanaki sanannu. Amma idan ta yi al'adar karo na farko
kwanaki uku karo na biyu kuma kwanaki
biyar karo na uku kwanaki shida to ba za'a
kira wannan wacce ta saba ba, domin ba
ta da tsayayyun kwanaki.&lt;ref&gt;https://sunnahmedianigeria.wordpress.com/2015/04/01/9795999/&lt;/ref&gt;
Ita wacce ta saba wato wacce take da
sanannun kwanakin al'ada to wadannan
kwanakin su ne kwanakin al'adarta, idan
kwanakin suka cika al'adar kuma ta dauke
sai ta yi wanka ta ci gaba da gudanar da
ibada da kuma sauran mu'amaloli na zamantakewar ma'aurata, amma idan kwanakin suka cika
al'adar kuma bata daukeba sai ta kara
kwanaki uku, haka zata dinga kara kwanaki
uku har kwanaki shabiyar su cika, misali
idan al'adarta kwanaki biyarne sai kuma
jinin bai daukeba a kwanaki biyar din ba sai ta
kara kwanaki uku na sauraron daukewar
sun zama takwas kenan, idan ya dauke
shi kenan sai wanka, idan kuma bai dauke
ba sai ta kara uku akan wadancan
takwasdin sun zama sha-daya idan bai
daukeba sai ta kara uku sun zama sha hudu idan bai daukeba sai ta kara kwana
daya, ya zama goma sha-biyar kenan, sai
ta yi wankan kammala al'ada ko ya dauke
ko bai daukeba domin kwanakin al'ada
makurarsu shi ne kwana goma sha-biyar
kuma sun cika, abin da ya ci gaba da zuwa
ba sunan shi jinin al'ada ba sunanshi jinin cuta
(Istihadha) sai a nemi magani, dukkanin wadancan kare-karen kwanaki
da aka yi inda ace bayan ta Kara kwana
uku na saurare sai ya dauke a kwana na
daya cinkin ukun shi kenan sai ta yi
wankan tsarki.
Mu sani kamar yadda bayani ya gabata
shi jinin al'ada bai wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyar ga wacce ta fara da wacce ta saba.
#'''''Mai Juna-biyu (Mai ciki)''''' Galibin mata
masu juna biyu basa al'ada, sabo da haka
da zarar mace tana da juna biyu (ciki) sai
kuma ta ga al'ada to kada ta yi sakaci
wurin tuntubar likita .
Idan al'ada ta zowa mace mai junabiyu to
idan cikin ya kai watanni uku zuwa biyar zata
iya yin al'ada ta kwanaki sha-biyar zuwa
ashirin, idan kuma cikin ya kai watanni
shida to al'adar zata iya daukar kwanaki
ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar, kada a
sha'afa wurin tuntubar likita idan ana da
juna biyu kuma aka ga jini.
Tanbihi Na Daya: Idan mace jini yana
mata wasa wato ya zo yau gobe sai kuma
ya dauke bayan kwanaki uku sai kuma ya
dawo to abinda zata yi anan shi ne, ta
tsaya ta yi karatun ta natsu, sai ta lissafa
kwanakin da jinin ya zo sune kwanakin
al'ada sai kuma ta ware kwanakin da jinin
bai zoba sune kwanakin tsarki domin da
hakane zata cika kwanakinta na al'ada,
misali kwanaki tara; sai ya zo a rana ta
farko da ta biyu sai bai zoba a rana ta uku
da ta hudu sai ya zo rana ta biyar amma
bai zo ba a ta shida da ta bakwai sai ya
zo a ta takwas da ta tara. To anan sai
muce ta yi al'adar kwana biyar a cikin
kwanaki goma, wannan matar ita ake kira
(Al-Mulaffiqa) alarabcin mata masu al'ada.
Idan ya zama an sami tazarar kwanaki
takwas ko sha-biyar tsakanin daukewarsa
da dawowarsa to na biyun zai zama sabon
jini ne kenan, ba na da ne ya dawo ba.
Alamar Daukewar Jinin Al'ada: idan jinin
al'ada ya dauke akwai alama da shara'a ta
sanya domin ya zama shi ne manuniya akan
cewar al'adarki ta dauke, wadannan alamu
sun kasu gida biyu kuma kowacce tana cin
gashin kantane, sune kamar haka:
#'''''Bushewar Gaba''''': Abinda ake nufi anan
shine mace ta shigar da kyalle ko auduga
cikin gabanta ta fito da shi busasshe ba
wani jini a tare da shi, to da zarar ta ga
haka to ta tabbata al'adarta ta dauke.
#'''''Farar Kumfa''''': wannan wani ruwane fari
mai laushi da yake zuwa karshan al'ada,
idan mace ta ga irin haka a karshan
al'adarta to ta sani ta kammala.
Wadannan alamomi su suke nuna
daukewar al'adar mace, idan mace bata
taba ganin al'adaba sai a wannan karon sai
ta fara ganin bushewar gaba to kai-tsaye
ta samu tsarki ba sai ta jira farar kumfa ba,
amma idan wacce ta saba gani ce sai ta ga
bushewar gaba to malamai sukace zata
zata dan saurara kadan domin jirar faran
kumfa, amma jinkirin ba zai kai ga fitar
zababban lokacin sallah ba.
A dunkule dai kowanne daya daga cikin
wadannan abubuwa guda biyu yana nuna
samuwar tsarki ba lalle sai sun hadu
alokaci guda ba, da zarar alamar ganin
tsarki ta tabbata sai ta yi wankan tsarki
domin ta ci gaba da ibada, domin idan
bata yi wankaba ko da jinin ya dauke
mijinta ba zai sadu da ita ba kuma ba zata
yi sallah ba, da dai sauransu.
Idan mace ta ga ruwa fatsi-fatsi ko
diddiga-diddiga bayan daukewar jinin
al'ada to kada ta damu ta ci gaba da
harkokinta na ibada, dama matsalar idan ta
ganshi a farkon jini ne, amma idan a
karshen jini ne to wannan ba komai, Ummu
Atiyyah medakin ma'aikin Allah (Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi) tace:
((Mun kasance bama lissafa (Ruwa) fatsi-
fatsi da diddiga-diddiga bayan tsarki da
cewa wani abu ne)). Abu Daud Hadisi Na:
307, Nasa'i, Hadisi Na: 368, Ibnu Majah
Hadisi Na: 647, Darimi Hadisi Na: 865.
Mace ta dinga duba samun tsarkinta a
lokacin da zata kwanta bacci da kuma
lokacin sallar asuba, amma ba a ce ta tashi
cikin dareba domin ta duba.
Idan mai al'ada ko mai biki (jinin haihuwa)
ta ga tsarki kafin rana ta fadi to sallar
azahar da la'asar sun hau kanta, hakanan
kuma idan ta ga tsarki kafin hudowar alfiji
to tabbas za ta yi sallar magariba da lisha.
Abubuwan Da Basu Halatta Ga Mai-
al'adaba:
Anan za'a lissafa abubuwan da basu
halatta mai al'ada ta yi su ba ko ayi mata
ba, wadannan abubuwane guda goma:


1. '''''Sallah''''': Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
sallaba farilla ko nafila, idan kuma tayi ta yi
ba'akarba ba sannan kuma ta yi laifi,
sannan bayan ta kammala al'adar ba zata
rama sallolinba.


2. '''''Saki''''': Baya halatta matar da take
al'ada a saketa, wannan ya sabawa
karantarwar musulunci, saboda haka koda
yana son ya saketa to ya bari sai ta
kammala al'ada kafin ya sadu da ita sai ya
saketa, kuma dai idan ya saketa tana jinin
al'adar to sakin ya yi amma za'a tilasta shi
ya mayar da ita idan sakin bai kai ukuba.


3. '''''Dawafi''''': Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
dawafin Ka'abah, amma zata yi sauran
dukkan abinda maniyyaci yake yi, kamar
tsaiwar Arafah da kwanan mina dana
muzdalifa da jifa da Labbaika, da daidai
sauransu.


4. '''''Zama A Masallaci''''': mai al'adah ba zata
zauna a cikin masallaciba, domin sauraron
karatu ko karantarwa ko taro da dai
sauransu.


5. '''''Azumi''''': Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
azumi na farilla ko na nafila, idan ta yi kuma
bai yiba, saboda haka zata lissafa azumin
da ta sha bayan watan ya wuce sai ta
ramasu. Ba'a ajiye azumi domin tsammanin
gobe al'ada zata zo, amma dazaran ta zo
to dazaran ba azumi, dazaran bata zoba to
dazaran akwai azumi, ko da kin ji tafiyar
jinin ajiki amma bai fitoba to biki fara
al'adaba, sai ya fitane za'a fara lissafi.


6. '''''Daukaa Alkur'ani''''': mai al'ada bata dauka Alqur'ani
kasantuwarsa littafi mai tsarki sannan kuma
ita bata da tsarki, amma wannan baya
hana idan ta ganshi zai fadi ta daukeshi ta
gyara masa wuri.


7. '''''Karatun Alkur'ani''''': mai al'ada bata
karanta Alkur'ani, dudda cewa wadansu
malamai suna ganin ya halatta ta
karantashi da ka domin kada ta manta
sabanin dauka.


8. '''''Saduwa''''': Bai halattaba saduwa da
mace tana al'ada, idan ta ki yadda da
mijinta ya sadu da ita domin tana al'ada
ba za'ace ta sabawa Allah ba asalima ta yi
biyayyane ga reshi, bai halatta a sadu da
mace tana al'adaba har sai al'adar ta
dauke kuma ta yi wankan tsarki, kenan
koda al'adar ta dauke amma batayi
wankaba to bai halatta a sadu da itaba. Ya
halatta miji ya taba duk inda yake so a
jikin matarsa alokacin da take al'ada bayan
ta yi kunzugu inbanda daga cikbiyarta
zugwiwarta wannan kan bai halattaba har
sai jinin ya dauke kuma tayi wanka,
hakanan itama ya halatta ta taba ko ina a
jikinsa duk da tana al'ada.


9. '''''Tabbatar Da Rashin Tsarki''''': Al'ada
tana tabbatar da wacce take da ita bata
da tsarki.


10. '''''Wajabta Wanka''''': Al'ada tana wajabta
wanka, wato dukkan matar da ta yi al'ada
kuma al'adar ta dauke to wankan tsarki ya
wajaba akanta. Daga wadannan bayanan da
suka gabata ya bayyana a fili cewa lalle
jinin al'ada bakaramin hukunce-hukunce
yake da shi ba, kuma lalle idan aka kyalleshi
yadda ake sakaci tsakanin maza da mata
akan abinda ya shafi wannan al'amari to
lalle abin yanada ban tsoro. 

Allah ya datar damu yasa mu dace. Allah shine mafi sanin masu sani.

==Manazarta==
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[[File:HONDA_ASIMO.jpg|right|thumb| Honda ASIMO mutum-mutumi]]
[[File:Sophia at the AI for Good Global Summit 2018 (27254369347) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Sophia (sakako)|Sophia]] saƙaƙuwa mai jawabi kuma mai zane ƴar ƙasar [[Saudiyya]] itace saƙaƙo na farko da ta fara samun  shaidar zama ƴar wata ƙasa.]]

'''Saƙaƙo,''' ko Mutum-mutumi inji ne wanda zai iya motsawa kuma, ya yi wasu ayyuka.

Butun-butumi na aiki da kwamfuta da lantarki. Mutane na iya sarrafa su kai tsaye. Wataƙila an tsara su don su yi kama da mutane, a cikin yanayin halayen su na iya ba da shawarar hankali ko [[tunani]] amma ba su da ji. Yawancin saƙaƙo suna yin takamaiman aiki, kuma ba koyaushe suke zama kamar mutane ba. Suna iya zuwa ta siffofi da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/flexible-bio-inspired-machines-are-the-future-of-engineering/ ''Flexible, bio-inspired machines are the future of engineering; flexible, one-piece machines could soon make today's assemblages of rigid parts look like antiques''] May 1, 2014 issue [[Scientific American]]&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin almara, duk da haka, mutummutumi galibi suna kama da mutane, kuma suna da rayukansu. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.technologymarketing.com/bw/magazine/current/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003541524 Brandweek: even robot suicide is no laughing matter]&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai [[Littafi|littattafai da yawa]], fina-finai, da wasannin bidiyo tare da mutummutumi a cikinsu. Ishaku Asimov 's ''I, Robot'' shine watakila mafi shahara.

== Tarihi ==
Mutane suna sha'awar yin injunan ƙera don yi mana aiki na dogon lokaci. Amma ana ɗaukan lokaci da kuɗi don ƙirƙirar inji ɗaya kawai, don haka dabarun farko ba a gina su ba. Leonardo da Vinci ya ƙera wani inji mai kama da mutum a cikin 1464. Zai sarrafa ta da igiyoyi da ƙafafu. Sauran injiniyoyi da masu mafarki sun zana maza masu kanikanci. A cikin 1920, Karel Čapek ya rubuta labari game da su, kuma ya yi amfani da kalma daga Czech wanda ke da alaƙa da 'aiki': robot. 

Mutum-mutumi da akayi nasarar sarrafawa a ƙarni na 20 yayi kama da mutane. George Devol ne ya fara yin waɗannan, na ƙarshe, a cikin 1954, da hannu ɗaya. Janar Motors ya saye shi a cikin 1960. Shekarar da ta gabata, ta fara aiki a wata masana'anta a cikin [[New Jersey]], tana ɗagawa tana kuma ɗorawa ƙaramin ƙarfe wanda ya yi zafi da mutane ba za su taɓa shi ba.  Injiniyoyin na iya tsara shi, kuma su sake tsara shi idan ya zama dole.

== Mutum-mutumin zamani ==
[[File:Industrieroboter.jpg|thumb| Mutum-mutumin na Masana'antu, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen walda]]
Mutum-mutumin suna da amfani da yawa. Masana'antu da yawa suna amfani da mutummutumi don yin aiki tuƙuru da sauri kuma ba tare da kurakurai da yawa ba. Ba su yi kama da mutane ba, saboda an sa su su yi abubuwa. Waɗannan su ne injunan inji na 'masana'antu'. Wasu mutummutumi suna ganowa da kawar da bama-bamai. Idan wani ya yi kuskure, mutum-mutumi ya lalace ko ya lalace, wanda ya fi a kashe mutum. Hakanan akwai mutummutumi wanda yake taimakawa a gida, don tsaftacewa ko gudanar da mashin lawn, misali. Irin waɗannan mutum-mutumin dole ne su koya game da yankin aiki.

Wasu kaɗan daga mutum-mutumin suna yin tiyata a wasu sassa a cikin jikin ɗan adam inda hannun ɗan adam bazai iya shiga ba. &lt;ref&gt;[http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/07/28/robotic-surgery-for-prostate-cancer-may-offer-no-benefits-over-regular-surgery/?_r=0 New York Times]&lt;/ref&gt;

Planet rovers sune mutummutumi don binciko taurari masu nisa. Domin yakan ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya aika siginar rediyo daga Duniya zuwa wata duniyar, su mutum-mutumin suna yin mafi yawan aikinsu su kadai, ba tare da umarni daga Duniya ba.

Mutane har yanzu suna tunanin mutummutumi kamar suna da sura kamar mutum-ƙafafu biyu, hannu biyu, da kai. ASIMO wani mutum-mutumi ne wanda yake taimaka wa masana kimiyya sanin yadda ake tsarawa da kuma tsara abubuwa. Zai iya tafiya, wanda ba shi da sauƙi don shiryawa.

== Ra'ayoyin gabas da yamma ==

=== Tunani na gabas akan mutummutumi ===
Kusan rabin mutum-mutumi a duniya suna [[Asiya]], 32% a [[Turai]], da 16% a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]], 1% a Australasia da 1% a [[Afirka]] .  30% na dukkan mutummutumi a duniya suna cikin [[Japan]] . &lt;ref&gt;Reporting by Watanabe, Hiroaki; Writing and additional reporting by Negishi, Mayumi; Editing by Norton, Jerry;[https://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUST32811820071202 Japan's robots slug it out to be world champ]; Reuters; 2007-12-02; retrieved on 2007-01-01&lt;/ref&gt; Japan na da mafi yawan mutummutumi na kowace ƙasa a duniya, kuma ita ce jagora a masana'antar fasahar mutum-mutumi ta duniya. &lt;ref&gt;Lewis, Leo; [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1620558.ece The robots are running riot! Quick, bring out the red tape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511171525/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1620558.ece |date=2008-05-11 }}; TimesOnline; 2007-04-06; retrieved on 2007-01-02&lt;/ref&gt; Haƙiƙa an ce Japan babban birni ne na duniya. 

A Japan da [[Koriya ta Kudu]], ra'ayoyin mutummutumi na nan gaba sun kasance masu kyau. Kyakkyawan karɓar mutummutumi a can na iya zama wani ɓangare saboda sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya, 'Astroboy'. Ƙasar Sin ta bayyana ra'ayoyi game da fasahar ƙere-ƙere waɗanda suka yi kama da na Japan da Koriya ta Kudu, amma China na bayan Amurka da Turai a ci gaban mutumtaka. Ra'ayin Gabas ta Tsakiya shine cewa mutummutumi ya zama daidai da mutane. Suna jin mutummutumi zai iya kula da tsofaffi, ya koyar da yara, ko ya zama mataimaka. Shahararren ra'ayi game da Gabashin Asiya shi ne cewa zai yi kyau mutummutumi ya zama mafi shahara da ci gaba. Wannan ra'ayin ya saba wa ra'ayin Yammacin duniya.

&quot;Wannan ita ce buɗe wani zamani da ɗan Adam da mutum-mutumi za su iya rayuwa tare,&quot; in ji kamfanin Jits na kasar Japan Mitsubishi game da daya daga cikin mutum-mutumin da ke kama da mutane a Japan. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4196052.stm Domestic robot to debut in Japan ]; BBC News; 2005-08-30; retrieved on 2007-01-02&lt;/ref&gt; Ma’aikatar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa ta Koriya ta Kudu ta yi hasashen cewa kowane gidan Koriya ta Kudu zai mallaki mutum-mutumi kafin shekarar 2015 zuwa 2020.

=== Tunanin yamma game da mutummutumi ===
[[File:Robot_pistolero.jpg|thumb| Dan bindigar Robot]]
Ƙunungiyoyin Yammacin sun fi fuskantar adawa, ko ma tsoron ci gaban mutum-mutumi. Finafinan almara na kimiyya da sauran labarai galibi suna nuna su a matsayin 'yan tawaye masu haɗari ga bil'adama.

Yammacin duniya suna ɗaukar mutummutumi a matsayin 'barazana' ga rayuwar mutane, wanda hakan ya samo asali ne saboda tasirin addini na addinan Ibrahimiyya, wanda ƙirƙirar injuna waɗanda zasu iya yin tunani kansu zasu kusan wasa da [[Allah]] .  &lt;ref&gt;Yang, Jeff; [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2005/08/25/apop.DTL ASIAN POP Robot Nation Why Japan, and not America, is likely to be the world's first cyborg society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102064729/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2005/08/25/apop.DTL |date=2008-01-02 }}; SFGate; 2005-08-25; retrieved on 2007-01-02&lt;/ref&gt; Babu shakka, waɗannan iyakokin basu bayyana ba, amma akwai gagarumin bambanci tsakanin aƙidun biyu.

== Dokokin Mutum-mutumi ==
Marubuci Isaac Asimov ya ba da labarai da yawa game da mutum-mutumin da ke da dokoki uku na mutum-mutumi don kiyaye lafiyar mutane daga gare su.

# Roba ba zai iya cutar da ɗan adam ba ko kuma, ta hanyar rashin aiki, ƙyale ɗan adam ya zo ya cutar da shi.
# Dole ne mutum-mutum-mutumi yayi biyayya ga umarnin da dan adam ya bashi, saidai inda irin wannan umarnin zai sabawa Dokar Farko.
# Dole ne mutum-mutumi ya kiyaye wanzuwar sa matukar dai irin wannan kariyar bata yi karo da ta farko ko ta biyu ba.

Ba a amfani da waɗannan a rayuwa ta ainihi lokacin da ya ƙirƙira su. Koyaya, a cikin duniyar yau mutummutumi ya fi rikitarwa, kuma wata rana ana iya buƙatar ƙa'idodi na ainihi, kamar na dokoki uku na Isaac Asimov.


Koriya ta Kudu ita ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ke da dokoki game da mutum-mutumi. &lt;ref name=&quot;SKrobot&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6425927.stm Robotic age poses ethical dilemma]; BBC News; 2007-03-07; retrieved on 2007-01-02;&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Boris_Johnson_and_ASIMO_20170720.jpg|Boris Johnson tare da Saƙago mai suna ASIMO
File:Robot_icon.svg|Tambarin Saƙago
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Sauran yanar gizo ==

; Ƙungiyoyin bincike
:

* [http://www.ieee-ras.org IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS)] da [http://wiki.ieee-ras.org wiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223091023/http://wiki.ieee-ras.org/ |date=2013-12-23 }} Archived   .
* [http://www.ifrr.org Gidauniyar International of Robotics Research (IFRR)]
* {{Curlie|Computers/Robotics/|Robotics}}  
* http://robots.net - Labaran yau da kullun game da mutummutumi, robotics, da AI
* [http://robotics.megagiant.com/history.html Takaitaccen tarihin kayan]  Archived 
* [http://www.communistrobot.com/robots.php A giant jerin aka sani mutummutumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925031426/http://www.communistrobot.com/robots.php |date=2013-09-25 }} Archived  
* [http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/robot_worldbook.html NASA da mutummutumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118042631/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/robot_worldbook.html |date=2008-01-18 }}
* [http://robotics.nasa.gov NASA Robotics Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720092710/https://robotics.nasa.gov/ |date=2019-07-20 }}
* [http://www.ifr.org Federationungiyar ofasa ta Duniya ta Robotics]
* [http://www.yellowzeppelin.info/Robots/worried_9211.html Shin ya kamata mu damu da tashin mutummutumi?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204021818/http://www.yellowzeppelin.info/Robots/worried_9211.html |date=2008-02-04 }} Archived  
* [http://lis.epfl.ch/podcast Podcast 'Talking Robots' - hirarraki tare da manyan ƙwararrun masana a cikin Robotics da Artificial Intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203011735/http://lis.epfl.ch/podcast |date=2011-12-03 }} Archived  
* [http://pozor.corps.free.fr/robots/index.html Frenchaunar roban faransanci na Faransa]
* [http://www.elegantdirectory.com/articles/introduction-to-robotics.html Gabatarwa ga Robotics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115083804/http://www.elegantdirectory.com/articles/introduction-to-robotics.html |date=2008-01-15 }} Archived  
* [http://www.humansunitedagainstrobots.com HUAR]
* [http://www.robotworldnews.com Labaran Duniya na Robot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307124953/http://robotworldnews.com/ |date=2018-03-07 }}
* [http://www.personalrobotics.nl Labaran Robot, koyarwar mutum-mutumi, bidiyon bidiyo na mutum-mutumi da kuma akwatin hira]{{Dead link|date=December 2020}}
* [http://www.robotyka.com Labaran Robot, ka'idar Robotik]
* [http://www.robotonline.net/en/list/robots/ List of mutummutumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123153049/http://www.robotonline.net/en/list/robots/ |date=2011-01-23 }} Archived  

; Encyclopaedias

* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063935/robot Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [[citizendium:Robotics|Robotics]] -Citizendium
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]

==Manazarta==

== Summary ==

Dangantaka da tunanin ''mutum-mutumi'' shine a fannin ilimin halitta na roba, wanda ke nazarin abubuwan da yanayin su ya fi kama da abubuwa masu rai fiye da injina.

== Summary ==

Kalmar ''robot'' na iya nufin duk mutum-mutumi na zahiri da kuma jami'an software na kama-da-wane, amma galibi ana kiran na ƙarshe da bots . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=Telecom glossary &quot;bot&quot; |url=https://glossary.atis.org/search-results/?search=bot |publisher=Alliance for Telecommunications Solutions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangantaka da tunanin ''mutum-mutumi'' shine fannin ilimin halitta na roba, wanda ke nazarin abubuwan da yanayin su ya fi kama da abubuwa masu rai fiye da injina.

== Ci gaban kirkire-kirkire da abubuwan da ke faruwa ==

{{External media|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVlhMGQgDkY Atlas, The Next Generation]}}Fasahohi daban-daban sun bullo don bunkasa kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa da mutum-mutumi. Wata hanyar ita ce ci gaba na mutum-mutumi, wanda ke bin sauye-sauye da ci gaba a cikin mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya a cikin yankunan warware matsalolin da sauran ayyuka.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rundunar Sojan Chadi</title>
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      <text bytes="7856" sha1="ogfplyl5d2vn4ymctryy45si64rob9w" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:JCS Mike Mullen tours Combined Joint Operations, Afghanistan.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Chadian Army pick-up in Diffa.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Flintlock 2017 closing ceremony in Chad 170316-A-CJ298-005.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Army Reserve surgeon performs surgery in Chad hospital 160617-A-ZP772-647.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg  |thumb|Coat of Arms]]
[[Fayil:DSC 0061 2 (6266382032).jpg|thumb|yayinda wani sojan bai da lafiya]]
'''Rundunar Sojan Chadi''' ( {{Lang-ar|الجيش الوطني التشادي}}   ''Al-Jaish al-Watani at-Tshadi'', {{Lang-fr|Armée nationale tchadienne}} ) ya ƙunshi Jami'an tsaro biyar da na Tsaro waɗanda aka jera a cikin Mataki na 185 na kundin tsarin mulkin Chadi wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2018. Waɗannan su ne Sojojin ƙasa ((gami da roundasa, da Sojan Sama ), Jandarma ta ƙasa )) an sanda na ƙasa,, asa da Nan Makiyaya (GNNT) da 'Yan Sanda na Shari'a. Mataki na 188 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya fayyace cewa Tsaron ƙasa shine alhakin Sojoji, Jendarmerie da GNNT, yayin da kiyaye tsarin jama'a da tsaro suke da alhakin 'yan sanda, Jandarman da GNNT.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nako|first=Madjiasra|last2=Ramadane|first2=Mahamat|date=April 21, 2021|title=Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-deby/chad-in-turmoil-after-deby-death-as-rebels-opposition-challenge-military-idUSKBN2C818G|url-status=live|access-date=21 April 2021|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 April 2021|title=Explainer-Who are the rebels threatening to take Chad's capital?|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-chad-security-rebels-idUSKBN2C8231|access-date=21 April 2021|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[File:Chadian_Eland_Mk7.jpg|left|thumb| Chadian Eland Mk7 motar sulke.]]
[[Fayil:Military Medical Symposium held during Flintlock 2017 170301-A-CK226-009.jpg|thumb|sojoijin suna lakca]]
Daga samun 'yanci har zuwa lokacin shugabancin Félix Malloum a shekarun(1975-77), an san sojojin ƙasa na hukuma da sojojin Chadi (Forces Armées Tchadiennes - FAT).  Wanda ya ƙunshi galibin sojoji daga Kudancin Chadi, FAT ya samo asali ne daga rundunar da Faransa ta dauka kuma tana da al'adun soja wadanda suka samo asali tun lokacin yakin duniya na 1  FAT ta rasa matsayinta na rundunar kasa ta doka lokacin da mulkin farar hula da na soja ya wargaje a shekarar 1979  Kodayake ya kasance rukunin sojoji na musamman na shekaru da yawa, a ƙarshe an rage FAT zuwa matsayin rundunar sojojin yanki mai wakiltar kudu.

Bayan Habré ya karfafa ikonsa kuma ya ɗare kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1982, rundunarsa mai nasara, Sojojin Arewa (Forces Armées du Nord — FAN), sun zama cibiyar sabuwar rundunar sojojin ƙasa.  An kafa rundunar a hukumance a watan Janairun shekara ta 1983, lokacin da aka haɗa wasu rundunonin da ke goyon bayan Habré tare da sauya musu suna zuwa Sojojin Chadi (Forces Armées Nationales Tchadiennes — FANT).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chadian armed forces, CSIS, 2006 |url=http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/050323_memilbaldefine%5B1%5D.pdf |access-date=2021-06-09 |archive-date=2005-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029095517/https://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/050323_memilbaldefine&amp;#91;1&amp;#93;.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|
[[File:Trigger_time_at_Flintlock_20_(50111204252).jpg  |thumb| Wasu sojojin kasar na Atasaye]] 
Sojojin Chadi sun mamaye mambobi na [[Mutanen Toubou|kabilun Toubou]], Zaghawa, [[Mutanen Kanembu|Kanembou]], Hadjerai, da na Massa a lokacin shugabancin [[Hissène Habré]] . Daga baya shugaban [[Cadi|Chadi]] [[Idriss Déby|Idriss Déby ya]] yi tawaye ya gudu zuwa [[Sudan]], tare da sojoji da yawa na Zaghawa da Hadjerai a shekarar 1989.

Sojojin Chadi sun kai kimanin 36,000 a ƙarshen mulkin Habré, amma sun kumbura zuwa kimanin 50,000 a farkon zamanin mulkin Déby. Tare da [[Faransa|goyon bayan Faransa]], an fara sake tsara rundunar sojoji a farkon shekarar 1991 tare da nufin rage yawansu da sanya jinsinsu ya zama mai nuna ƙasar gaba ɗaya. Babu ɗayan waɗannan burin da aka cimma, kuma har yanzu sojoji suna ƙarƙashin ikon Zaghawa.

A shekara ta 2004, gwamnati ta gano cewa da yawa daga cikin sojojin da take biyansu babu su kuma kusan sojoji 19,000 ne kawai ke cikin rundunar, sabanin 24,000 da aka yi imani da su a baya. Yunkurin da gwamnati ke yi wa wannan dabi'a ana tsammanin ya kasance wani dalili ne na gazawar tawayen sojoji a watan Mayu shekarar 2004.

Rikicin yanzu, wanda sojojin Chadi ke ciki, shi ne yakin basasa kan 'yan tawayen da ke samun goyon bayan Sudan. Chadi ta sami nasarar shawo kan ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye, amma kwanan nan, tare da wasu asara (duba yakin N'Djamena (2008) ). The sojojin amfani da manyan bindigogi da kuma tsarin tankuna, amma da-sanye take maharan sun yiwuwa gudanar ya hallaka sama da 20 na Chadi ta 60 T-55 tankuna, kuma tabbas harbe saukar da wani Mi-24 Hind gunship, wanda bamai maƙiyi matsayi kusa da kan iyaka da [[Sudan]] .  A watan Nuwamba shekarar 2006 [[Libya|Libya ta]] ba Chadi da jiragen Aermacchi SF.260W guda huɗu. Ana amfani da su don bugun wuraren abokan gaba ta Sojan Sama na Chadi, amma ɗayan ya tayar da shi ta hanyar 'yan tawaye.  Yayin yakin karshe na [[Ndjamena|N'Djamena an yi amfani da]] bindigogi da tankokin yaƙi yadda ya kamata, wanda ke tura sojojin sa kai dauke da makamai daga fadar Shugaban kasa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080916071739/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008-02/2008-02-03-voa4.cfm Chadian Army Helicopters, Tanks Battle Rebels Besieging Presidential Palace]&lt;/ref&gt; Yakin ya shafi manyan matakan jagoranci, kamar yadda aka kashe Daoud Soumain, Shugaban Ma’aikata . &lt;ref&gt;[[Radio Netherlands Worldwide]]: [https://archive.today/20080208040019/http://www.radionetherlands.nl/news/international/5627058/Chad-rebels-kill-army-chief-of-staff Chad rebels kill army chief of staff]&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2020 mayakan kungiyar masu ikirarin jihadi ta [[Boko Haram|Boko Haram suka]] yi wa sansanin sojojin Chadi kwanton-bauna. Sojojin sun rasa masu yi wa kasa hidima 92 a rana guda. Game da hakan, Shugaba Déby ya ƙaddamar da wani aiki da aka yiwa lakabi da &quot;Fushi na Boma&quot;.  A cewar kungiyar ta'addanci ta Kanada St-Pierre, yawancin aiyukan waje da karuwar rashin tsaro a kasashen makwabta sun daɗe da fadada karfin sojojin na Chadi. 

Bayan rasuwar Shugaba Idriss Déby a ranar 19 ga watab Afrilu shekarar 2021 a fada da ‘yan tawayen FACT [[Mahamat Déby Itno|, an naɗa dansa Janar Mahamat Idriss Déby]] shugaban riƙon ƙwarya kuma shugaban sojojin.  

== Kasafin Kuɗi ==
CIA World Factbook ta ƙiyasta kasafin kuɗin soja na Chadi ya kai kashi 4.2% na GDP kamar na 2006. [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032225/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/ |date=2021-01-26 }} . Idan aka ba da GDP na wancan lokacin (dala biliyan 7.095) na ƙasar, an kiyasta kashe kuɗin soja kusan dala miliyan 300. Wannan kiyasin duk da haka ya fai bayan karshen [[Yaƙin Basasar Chadi (2005–2010)|yakin basasa a Chadi (2005-2010)]] zuwa 2.0%  kamar yadda [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin Duniya ya]] kiyasta a shekarar 2011. Babu sauran ƙididdigar kwanan nan.

== Ƙaddamarwar waje ==

* Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* wadanda ba na MDD ba

Chadi ta halarci aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya karkashin ikon kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a makwabciyarta [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] don kokarin sasanta rikicin na baya-bayan nan, amma ta zabi ficewa bayan an zargi dakarunta da yin harbi a kasuwa, ba tare da wani dalili ba, in ji BBC. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Tarihin Chadi]]
[[Category:Mutanen Afirka]]
[[Category:Sojoji]]
[[Category:Sojojin Chadi]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>21908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817912</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci</comment>
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      <text bytes="11693" sha1="82fmjdnbl30com1ftq5hcjllyzo88vt" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
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|[[User:Zjewelheart|Zjewelheart]]
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|Asabar, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Manualbadeditfix|Manualbadeditfix]]
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|[[User:ItinerantScribbler|ItinerantScribbler]]
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|[[Special:Contributions/Audullo|Gudummuwa]]
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|[[User:Dan Almajir|Dan Almajir]]
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|Lahadi, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Songpon123|Songpon123]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Songpon123|Gudummuwa]]
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|[[User:Musa bayanwuya|Musa bayanwuya]]
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|[[Special:Contributions/Firatshn45|Gudummuwa]]
|Lahadi, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Shad.sakr|Shad.sakr]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Shad.sakr|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[Special:Contributions/Hiheyhoyo|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Historiesman|Historiesman]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Historiesman|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Nuhu100|Nuhu100]]
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|[[User:Mustapha Kabir Dan Iggi|Mustapha Kabir Dan Iggi]]
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|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Walrasiad|Walrasiad]]
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|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Deddy Kuncir Supriadi|Deddy Kuncir Supriadi]]
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|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:DasLabra|DasLabra]]
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|Litinin, 30 ga Mayu 2026
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  <page>
    <title>Gidauniyar RINJ</title>
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{{Infobox organization|name=Rape Is No Joke (RINJ)|type=RINJ is a private, international association of humanitarians including nurses, midwives, medics, EMS workers, doctors, lawyers and investigators.|product=Health Care, Advocacy for Women's Rights|revenue=|owner=Non-Profit self-owned|dissolved=}}
[[Fayil:FESTIVALI NDËRKOMBËTAR I MUZIKTARËVE TË RINJ DAM (8).JPG|thumb|yan wasan rinj]]
'''Gidauniyar RINJ''' ('''RINJ''') ta Kanada ce da aka kafa na kiwon lafiya ba riba ba-kungiyar mata masu zaman kansu wadanda aka lissafa tare da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a matsayin kungiyoyi masu zaman kan su (NGO) tare da &quot;manufa yayin tallafawa da kula da lafiya. wadanda suka tsira, su kuma tattara cikakkun bayanai kan bangarorin da ke rikici da juna wadanda ake zargi da aikatawa ko kuma suke da alhakin aikata fyade ko wasu nau'ikan cin zarafin mata.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Canadian Federal Corporation Information - 822445-5&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;UN CSO Civil Society Network&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kauracewa ==
'''Matan Kungiyar RINJ''' sun yi kamfen mai karfi don karfafa membobinsu da jama'a gaba daya don kaurace wa kungiyoyi RINJ ta ce inganta cinzarafida tashin hankali na jima'i. &lt;ref&gt;Sherwell, Philip (October 17, 2011). &quot;Facebook Refuses to shut Rape Page run by Schoolboy&quot;. The Age (Australia). No. October 17, 2011. The Age. Retrieved 24 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kauracewar sun haɗa''' a watan Fabrairu na shekarata 2017 ga waƙa 'Babu Fa'ida' akan &quot;Na Yanke Shawara&quot; Kundin Rap na &quot; [[Eminem|Slim Shady]] &quot; (Marshall Bruce Mathers (aka [[Eminem]] )) da Sean Michael Anderson ( Big Sean ) wanda RINJ ya kira &quot;masu fyade&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cyber anarchists blamed for unleashing a series of Facebook 'rape pages'&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

''Lokacin da masu fashin baki irin su Eminem da Big Sean suka karfafa aikata manyan laifuka (Rubutu a cikin 'Babu Fa'ida' don fyaden Ann Coulter  ) su da kansu sun aikata laifi wanda ba za a iya zargi a cikin Amurka ba kuma ana iya kama shi.''  &lt;ref&gt;Osmond, Jane (Nov 5, 2011). &quot;Victory: Facebook rape page is – finally – taken down&quot;. Retrieved 23 February 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Daga cikin masu kauracewa mugunta / fyade da ke tallata &quot;masu laifi&quot;''' da RINJ ta gano akwai masu tallata Facebook da ake zargi suna gudanar da tallace-tallace a shafukan yanar gizo na Facebook na inganta fyade ( &quot;shafukan fyade&quot; )  RINJ ta hada karfi da sauran kungiyoyi kamar &quot;Ra'ayoyin Mata akan Labarai&quot;  don shirya kauracewa kamfen na masu tallata Facebook wadanda ke gudanar da tallace-tallace a [[Fezbuk|shafukan Facebook na]] fyade .
&lt;ref&gt;RINJ vs Kyle Sandilands&quot;. Torrents of Scorn. 4 December 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''Matan Gidauniyar RINJ sun bukaci kauracewa masu watsa labarai''' kamar Kyle Sandilands  a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] wanda aka ba da rahoton cewa ta auka wa wata 'yar jarida tana yin kalamai marasa daɗi game da ƙirjinta kuma suna barazanar &quot;farautar ta&quot;. RINJ kuma ya bi bayan Bill Cosby kuma ta nemi kauracewa wasan kwaikwayonsa a Kanada suna zanga-zanga a waje a cikin Janairun na shekarata 2015 tare da alamun &quot;Fyade Ba No Joke&quot;  bayan da yawaitar zarge-zargen fyade da Cosby ya zama sananne a cikin shekarar 2014.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Protesters shout at fans as Bill Cosby hits the stage&quot;. CBS News. Associated Press. January 7, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsaron Ma'aikatan Gidan Mata Masu Hijira ==
A watan Afrilun shekarata 2018, Gidauniyar RINJ ta nemi Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta sanya takunkumi a kan kasar Kuwait saboda abin da ta ce cin zarafin mata ta hanyar lalata da ake yi wa 'yan mata' yan asalin kasar Philippines 'yan cirani a Kuwait.
&lt;ref&gt;Duterte asks Filipinos to come Home&quot;. Arab Times. April 30, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Al Sowilo, Nallein. &quot;Chairman YSDS&quot;. Yezidi Post. Retrieved 5 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Laifin Fyade a Yankunan da ake Yaki ==
Gidauniyar RINJ tana aiki da asibitocin kula da lafiya / dakunan fyade a ciki da kuma kusa da shiyyoyin yaki  don amfani da kulawarta, tattara shaidu kan shaidu da kuma ladabi kan rahotannin cin zarafin mata a wuraren da ake fama da rikici  inda ake kula da marassa lafiyar cin zarafin mata  da an tattara hujjoji game da masu fyaden da nufin gurfanar da su. &quot;Gidauniyar RINJ ta yi bayani kan rashin hukunta masu laifi da kuma gano wadanda suka aikata fyade a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai da yake-yake. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;Blackburn, Yasmina. &quot;Rape in Conflict Is a War Crime, No Matter How You Spin It&quot;. Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 February 2017&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;European Parliament resolution on the situation in Northern Iraq/Mosul&quot;. The European Parliament. Retrieved 23 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Al Sowilo, Nallein. &quot;Chairman YSDS&quot;. Yezidi Post. Retrieved 5 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Hart, Larry. &quot;The Heroes of Mosul&quot;. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 23 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; ,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;YSDS helps to bring medical camp to treat Yezidi rape survivors in ...&quot; Yezidi Post. YezidiPost. &lt;/ref&gt;

== kngiyoyin na Gargadi Waɗanda Aka Saki Masu Laifin Jima'i ==
Kungiyar tana taimaka wa al'ummomi wajen gano sabbin masu laifin yin lalata da su.
,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Keith Theodore Constantin, 35&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rahoto game da Bayyana Barazana ga Mata da Yara ==
RINJ ta ba da rahoton masu aikata muggan tashe-tashen hankula zuwa [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC)]] kuma a kwanan nan an ambato ta a matsayin &quot;suna kira ga kasashen duniya da su tuhumi Shugaban [[Filipin|Philippines]] Rodrigo Duterte da aikata kisan gillar da ba na shari'a ba wanda ya kunshi laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama&quot;.  kuma ya ƙalubalanci masu gudanarwar ya ce sun ba da gudummawa ga fataucin yara ta hanyar lalata a yankunan yaƙi. &lt;ref&gt;Singh, A. &quot;Duterte's war on drugs triggers global outcry&quot;. Asia Pacific Post. Retrieved 23 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Nations, United. &quot;Social and Economic Council&quot; (PDF). CSONet. UN. Retrieved 29 April 2017&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Letter, United Nations. &quot;Economic and Social Council&quot; (PDF). RINJ Documents. Office for ECOSOC Support and Coordination Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations. Retrieved 29 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Eventsi, Canadian Events (21 June 2017). &quot;Don't Buy a Kid, End Child Sex Trade: 5th annual&lt;/ref&gt;
a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2017, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a zamanta na yau da kullun na shekarata 2017 ya ba da shawarar Gidauniyar RINJ (Kanada) don Matsayi na Musamman na Tattaunawa ga Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki.  Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki (ECOSOC) a taronta na Gudanarwa da gudanarwa a ranar 19 ga Afrilun shekarata2017 sun amince da shawarar da Kwamitin kan Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) ya bayar na ba da shawarwari na musamman ga Gidauniyar RINJ. 
&lt;ref&gt;Yazidi Leaders Want Proof 'Jewish Schindler' Saved 128 Women and Children From the Islamic State - VICE News&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
A ranar 21 ga Yuni na shekarata 2017, RINJ ta ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekara-shekara karo na biyar  don samar da ƙaruwa ga ci gaba da yaƙin neman kawar da bautar Jima'i dn so a yawon buɗe ido na jima'i na Yara .&lt;ref&gt;Canada, Wireservice (21 June 2017). &quot;RINJ 5th Annual Campaign Against Child Slavery - Don't Buy A Kid&quot;. No. WireService.ca (06/21/2017). Wireservice Canada. Retrieved 22 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Mosul, Matan Iraki
* [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC)]]
* Halittar ICC
* Al'adar fyade
* Sukar da Facebook - Shafukan Fyade
* Bayan fadan da aka yiwa wadanda aka yiwa fyade
* Hare-hare kan ma'aikatan jin kai
* GlobalMedic
* Studentsaliban Nursing Ba tare da Iyaka ba
* Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin taimakon jin kai da ci gaba
* Cika
* Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici
* 2018 Kuwait – Rikicin diflomasiyyar Philippines

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|http://rinj.org/}}
* [http://rinj.press/ RINJ Labaran Yanar Gizo]
* [http://rapeisnojoke.org RINJ Bayanin Taimakon Gaggawa]

== Manazarta ==
 
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[category:Kauracewa]]
[[category:Laifin fyade]]</text>
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  <page>
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[[File:Hiccaway_cup.jpg  |thumb|Hiccaway cup ]] 
[[File:Hiccup_histogram.svg  |thumb|Hiccup histogram. ]] 
'''Sakuwa''' ([[Turanci]]: ''hiccups'')&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2014. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf Ce Medical terminology and diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717175738/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
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[[File:Meningitis_-_Lumbar_puncture.jpg  |thumb| Meningitis - Lumbar puncture.]]
[[File:Meningococcal_meningitis_A,C,Y,W-135_Vaccine.jpg  |thumb|Meningococcal meningitis A,C,Y,W-135 Vaccine. ]]
[[Fayil:Meningitis criptocócica diseminada.png|thumb|Cutar sankarau]]
'''Sanƙarau''' ko '''Sanƙaru'''&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2013. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Mwaghavul%20diseases.pdf Mwaghavul disease names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717181922/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Mwaghavul%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Turanci]]: ''meningitis'')&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2014. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf Ce Medical terminology and diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717175738/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt; wata cuta ce wacce take rike gabobin dan adam kamar su Kafa, hannu, wuya. Ita cutar anfi saninta a Kasashen [[Afirka|Afirk]] musamman Kasar [[Najeria]], [[Niger]], [[Cameroon|Cameron]], [[Ghana]]. Cutar tafi samuwa a lokuta na yanayin zafi. Daya daga cikin cutukan da  ba kasafai ake samun maganin su ba sannan an rasa al'umma masu yawa sanayar cutar. Cutar takan taba meninges (wato

shinfidu da suka rufe kwakwalwar Dan Adam). 

Cutar na faruwa ne ta sanadiyyar shigar kwayoyin cikin kwakwalwa Koko ruwan dake cikin kwawalwa(Cerebspinal fluid).

kwayoyin cututuka dake kawo cutar sune kamar haka 

1.Nesseria meningidis 

2.Haem￼

==Manazarta==
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[[Category:Kiwon lafiya]]

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[[File:Physical_diagnosis_(1912)_(14770093041).jpg  |thumb|Gwajin Zahiri akan cutar (1912) ]] 
[[File:Hyper-reactive_malarial_splenomegaly_(gross_splenomegaly_marked_on_the_patient_skin)_2015.png  |thumb| Hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly (gross splenomegaly marked on the patient skin) 2015]] 
'''Sifa''' ([[Turanci]]: ''enlarged spleen'')&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2014. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf Ce Medical terminology and diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717175738/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
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==Manazarta==
&lt;references/&gt;

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'''Runfu''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
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==Manazarta==
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'''Sa furfura''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Crotalaria microcarpa-NMNH-13303849.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Sa furfura]]
==Manazarta==
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[[File:Grewia_tenax_(Forssk.)Fiori.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Shiɓoli]]
'''Shiɓoli''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:A_hand-book_to_the_flora_of_Ceylon_(Plate_XVIII)_(6430638363).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Shiɓoli]]
==Manazarta==
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'''Rumana''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
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==Manazarta==
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[[Fayil:Ipomoeacoptica.jpg|thumb|sauya dubu]]
'''Sawu dubu''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ipomoea coptica.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Sawu dubu]]
==Manazarta==
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'''Sha sha tau''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
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'''Rumbagada''' [[shuka]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Sami Yusuf</title>
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[[File:Sami_Yusuf.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Sami Yusuf]]
[[Fayil:Ahmed Salim with Sami Yusuf in Sharjah.jpg|thumb]]
'''Sami Yusuf''' (An haifeshi a ranar  21 ga watan Yulin shekarar alif 1980) ne wani [[Iran]] -born [[Birtaniya]] [[Musulmi]] ne kuma marubucin wakoki sannan kuma mai rerawa Multi-instrumentalist, mawaki, rikodin m, da kuma agaji na Azerbaijani lõkacin saukarsa.   Yusuf ya samu hankalin duniya tare da fitar da ''faifan sa na farko, Al-Mu`allim'', a shekara ta 2003.  Yanzu tare da sayar da kundin album sama da guda miliyan 34,   yana yin wasanni a wurare a duniya. Yawancin manyan kafafen yada labarai, ciki har da BBC, [[CNN]], Reuters, da sauransu sun rufe aikinsa da farin jini.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141213104252/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2msUKnDb1oo&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en] &lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda na shekarar 2020, Yusuf ya saki 8 [[Albom|studio albums]], 5 [[Albom|live albums]], 1 tari album, kuma mahara maras aure a ko'ina ya aiki. Galibin kundin studio ɗin sa Andante Records ne suka fitar da su, tare da na farko na Farkawa.  

Bayan Ingilishi na asali, Sami ya yi [[Larabci|yaren Larabci]], Azerbaijani, [[Farisawa|Farisanci]], [[Turkanci|Baturke]], da [[Urdu]], wani lokacin a cikin aiki ɗaya, kamar yadda ya faru da bugunsa, ''Hasbi Rabbi.'' An yiwa aikinsa alama ta hanyar haɗa salo daban -daban na kiɗa, gami da abubuwa daga Sufi, jama'a, da kiɗan Rock. Ya yi amfani da salon sa na harsuna da yawa da yawa don magance matsalolin zamantakewa, na ruhaniya, da na jin kai. Dangane da jin daɗinsa, a cikin shekara ta 2014, an nada Yusuf a matsayin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Jakadan Majalisar]] Globalinkin Duniya na Shirin Abinci na Duniya.

== Rayuwar farko ==
[[Fayil:Ahmed Salim with Sami Yusuf in Sharjah.jpg|thumb|Sami Yusuf]]
An haifi Sami Yusuf a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1980 a [[Tehran]] ga iyayen Azerbaijan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Edemariam&quot; /&gt;  Kakanninsa sun fito ne daga [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], wanda suka bar wa [[Iran]] lokacin da Bolsheviks suka kama ta bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Farko]] . Kuma iyayensa sun isa Ealing, West London, kuma a farkon shekarun 1980, bayan [[Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci|juyin juya halin Musulunci a Iran]] .  Tun yana ƙarami, Yusuf ya nuna sha’awar waƙa.  Ya sha bamban da nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗan da ake samu a garin Ealing da ke Yammacin London, yana dulmiyar da kansa musamman a cikin kiɗan gargajiya na Yammacin Turai da kiɗan Gabas ta Tsakiya.  Ya koya da piano da goge, kazalika da gargajiya kida ciki har da oud, Setar, kuma tonbak .  Lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, Yusufu ya sami farfaɗo da ruhaniya wanda ya sa ya zama &quot;musulmin da ya fi himma&quot;.  A cikin shekara ta 2003, kodayake yana la'akari da neman aikin doka, ya samar kuma ya fitar da kundi na farko.  Nan da nan ya zama nasara ta duniya kuma ya ƙaddamar da ƙwararren mawaƙin Yusuf. &lt;ref name=&quot;Holy rock star: The voice of Islam&quot; /&gt; Yusuf ya karanci kida a matsayin ɗalibin kida a babbar makarantar Royal Academy, haka kuma a Jami'ar Salford da ke arewa maso yammacin Ingila. &lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin kiɗa ==
[[Fayil:Sami Yusuf.jpg|thumb|Sami Yusuf]]
''Spiritique shine sunan da Yusuf ya ba wa salo na kiɗansa'' na musamman wanda ke haɗa abubuwan sauti na Yammacin da Gabas. Babban jigon kalmomin Yusuf yana ɗaya daga cikin ruhaniya mai haɗawa.   Kundinsa na farko, Al-Mu'allim, cikin [[Turanci]] tare da wasu [[Larabci|kalmomin Larabci]], ya zama babban nasara musamman a duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya.  Umma ta biyo ta, kuma tare da siyar da kundin album ɗin ya kai miliyan 10 da sauri.   Yusuf ya yi wasanni a nahiyoyi biyar. Wakokin kide -kide nasa - gami da wadanda aka yi a Babban Majami'ar Shrine a [[Los Angeles]], Wembley Arena a [[Landan|London]],  da Velodrome a [[Cape Town]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] - an sayar da su.  Mutane dubu 250,000 ne suka zo don jin yadda ya yi wasan a dandalin Taksim da ke [[Istanbul]] .    ''Lokaci ya'' kira Yusuf &quot;Babban Tauraron Rock na Musulunci&quot;,  yayin da ''The Guardian'' ya rubuta game da shi, &quot;Babban Babban Tauraruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya ɗan Burtaniya ne&quot;. 

== Kundaye ==

=== 2003 - 2014 ===
A shekarar ta 2003, Yusuf ya fitar da ''faifan sa na farko, Al-Mu`allim'', wani faifan da ya shirya, ya rubuta, ya kuma yi.  Waƙar ''fasalinta, Al-Mu'allim'', ya zama abin shahara a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, yana kan gaba a cikin Masar da Turkiyya na makwanni goma sha biyu a jere, yana sayar da miliyoyin kwafi a duk duniya kuma ya isa ga masu sauraro daban-daban.   An yi amfani da waƙar ƙarshe na kundi, ''Addu'a'', a cikin fim ɗin da aka zaɓi lambar yabo ta Golden-Globe, ''The Kite Runner'' .  

Yusuf ya samu karbuwa a duniya baki daya bayan fitar da kundi na biyu, ''My Ummah'', a shekara ta 2005.  Kundin, ta amfani da sautin Gabas da Yamma, ya yi amfani da kayan kiɗa iri-iri. An yi la'akari da kundin fa'ida, ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan huɗu a duniya  kuma matasa sun karɓe shi sosai, waɗanda suka yi daidai da jigogin waƙoƙin Yusuf.  
[[Fayil:Sami Yusuf.jpg|thumb|Sami Yusuf]]
''Duk Inda kuke'', kundi na uku na hukuma na Yusuf, an sake shi a cikin Maris shekara ta 2010. ''Rolling Stone ya'' kira album ɗin &quot;wanda aka samar da kyau&quot;.  Da fitowar ta, Yusuf ya yi marhabin da abin da ya kira &quot;sabon babin&quot; a cikin sana'arsa da waƙa.  

An fitar da kundi na hudu na Yusuf, ''Salaam'', a watan Disambar shekara ta 2012.  A cikin watanni huɗu da ƙaddamar da shi ya sami matsayin platinum a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma ya kasance mafi kyawun kundin siyarwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka.    Kundin ya kunshi wakar “Ji Kira”, wanda Yusuf ya shirya don jawo hankali ga halin da mutanen da bala’o’i ke addabar su. &lt;ref name=&quot;todayszaman.com&quot; /&gt;   

=== 2014 - ''Cibiyar'' ===
''An fito da Cibiyar'' a cikin shekara ta 2014 kuma tarin waƙoƙi guda 13 ne wanda Yusuf ke fatan masu sauraronsa za su sami wahayi don neman cibiyoyin ruhaniya daban -daban.   Sabon sauti ne wanda ke da tasirin al'adu iri -iri, yana amfani da na gargajiya har da na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, da waƙoƙin Turai, kayan kida, da waƙoƙi. 

=== 2015 - ''Wakokin Hanya'' ===
Kundin kundi na shida na Yusuf, ''Waƙoƙin Hanyar'', an sake shi a cikin Janairu shekara ta 2015. Duk wakokin na shahararren masanin falsafa Seyyed Hossein Nasr ne kuma daga litattafan wakokinsa ne, ''Waƙoƙin Hanya'' da ''Tattakin Rayuwa'' . Sai dai waƙoƙi biyu cikin Farisanci da Larabci, waƙoƙin suna cikin Turanci.   

=== 2016 - ''Baraka'' ===
 
''Barakah'', kundi na bakwai na Yusuf, an sake shi a watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2016 ta Andante Records.  Sakamakon bincike mai zurfi ne kan kiɗan gargajiya da waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundin. Yusuf ya ce wannan martani ne na kiɗansa ga karuwar hargitsi da hayaniyar duniyar yau, kuma burinsa shine waɗannan waƙoƙin da waƙoƙin su ba da taga a cikin sararin zaman lafiya da jituwa.   Waƙar &quot;Mast Qalandar&quot; daga ''Barakah ta'' kai #1 akan sigogin Kiɗan Duniya akan iTunes da BBC Music.     

A cewar Yusuf, sabon kundin yana da niyyar &quot;mayar da martani ga karuwar tsattsauran ra'ayi a duniyarmu tare da yin kira da a dawo cikin jituwa da daidaituwa.&quot; 

=== 2018 - ''SAMi'' (EP) ===
Yusuf ya fito da sabon EP ''SAMi'' a matsayin wani aiki na gefe ta wannan kwararren mai fasaha wanda ya taso daga sha'awar sa na kaɗe -kaɗe na Burtaniya. 

Tarin waƙar, tare da sautinta masu sauƙaƙe da waƙoƙin waƙoƙi kai tsaye, sun gano Yusuf yana bincika sautin yamma wanda ke fitowa daga ƙuruciyarsa yana girma a London. 

''SAMi'' ya sayar sosai kuma ya hau kan wasu sigogi na iTunes tun lokacin da aka fitar da shi, kuma Yusuf ya ce yana godiya kuma yana ɗan mamakin yadda ba a kushe shi da yanayin kasuwancin aikin ba. 

=== 2020 - Azerbaijan: Kasancewa maras lokaci ===
&quot;Azerbaijan: Kasancewar Ba da Lokaci&quot; shine odyssey na kiɗa ta hanyar kyawawan kayan fasaha da al'adu. Sami Yusuf ne ya shirya, ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni don bukin buɗe taro na 43 na Kwamitin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a Baku ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2019.

== Sanannen yawon shakatawa da wasannin kide -kide ==
Yin wasa a Farum Arena, Denmark, Grugahalle a Jamus, da De Doelen a Netherlands, Yusuf ya gabatar da faifan sa mai zuwa, ''Duk inda kuke'' . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.samiyusufofficial.com/main/timeline/ All tours and concert details listed in the SYO Timeline]. &lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a [[Azerbaijan]] a karon farko a 2006, a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2015 (14-15 ga watan  Maris), da 22 ga Maris 2017 a Fadar Heydar Aliyev da ke [[Baku]], mutane 250,000 sun halarci wasan kwaikwayon da ya yi a dandalin Taksim da ke [[Istanbul]] don ganin Yusuf ya yi a shekara ta 2013.  Yusuf ya taka leda a nahiyoyi hudu, inda ya shirya wuraren shakatawa kamar Wembley Arena a London, Shrine Auditorium a Los Angeles da The Velodrome a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. Yana yin waka da Turanci, Larabci, Baturke, Farisanci, Azerbaijani, Malay da Urdu kuma yana goyan bayan nau'ikan kayan gargajiya da na kabilu. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.samiyusufofficial.com/tour/ Sami Yusuf Tour and concert List ]. &lt;/ref&gt; Yusuf ya kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo a [[Washington DC]] . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.strathmore.org/EVENTSTICKETS/calendar/view.asp?id=10995 Sami Yusuf in DC]. &lt;/ref&gt;

Yusuf yayi wasan farko a Dubai a watan Disambar shekara ta  2016. Ya fara gabatar da waƙar &quot;ɗaukaka&quot;, wanda waƙar Mai Martaba [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Shaikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa kuma Firayim Minista na UAE kuma Sarkin Dubai. 

== Aikin agaji ==
Tun farkon sana'arsa, Yusuf ya shiga ayyukan jin kai ta hanyar yin kide -kide na fa'ida, sakin waƙoƙin sadaka, da yin aiki a madadin ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki don rage wahala da talauci.  Dangane da ambaliyar ruwan Pakistan a shekara tas 2010 wanda ya yi barna a cikin kasar kuma ya shafi rayuka guda miliyan 20 a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2010, cikin hanzari ya saki wata sadaka mai taken &quot;Ji Kiran ku&quot;, wanda aka yi cikin Ingilishi da Urdu, don tara kuɗi ga 'yan Pakistan da suka yi hijira. a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyar agaji ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Save the Children . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11168106 BBC: Singer Sami Yusuf Donating Music Profits to Pakistan]. 2 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;[http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2010/09/09/barnett.pakistan.aid.singer.cnn?iref=allsearch Muslim Rock Star Helps Flood Victims]. &lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2014, an nada shi &quot;Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Duniya&quot; don Shirin Abinci na Duniya. 

== Rayuwar mutum ==
Sami ya bayyana cewa ya rungumi addinin [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] yayin girma. Sami ya yi magana game da asalinsa a matsayin “mai banbanci” kuma ya kawo wannan a matsayin shaida ga “halin haɗe mutane”.  

Sami Yusuf yayi aure a {{Circa|2005}} . Matar tasa 'yar asalin Jamus ce kuma ta musulunta kafin ta hadu da Yusuf. 

== Ra'ayin addini da siyasa ==
Sami Yusuf ya sami karbuwa sosai a duk fadin duniyar musulmi saboda wakokinsa na ruhaniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Amma masu zane -zane kamar shi da [[Maher Zain]] sun fuskanci adawa daga Musulmai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya waɗanda ke ganin kida ba ta halatta.  A shekara ta 2006, Yvonne Ridley, 'yar jaridar Burtaniya kuma wacce ta musulunta, ta rubuta labari mai cike da hamayya ga abin da ta ɗauka a matsayin al'adar pop da ke wulakanta Musulunci. Ta yi la'akari da kasancewar Sami a bayyane na kasa ba shi da komai game da rikice -rikicen da ke faruwa a yankin Islama wanda Biritaniya ke shiga ciki, kamar yakin Iraki . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  A martaninsa, Sami ya rubuta budaddiyar wasika yana tattaunawa mai zurfi kan matsayinsa kan kiɗa da masana'antar fasahar zamani gabaɗaya daga [[Fiƙihu|mahangar fikihu ta Musulunci]] da ta zamantakewa.   Masu sharhi da dama sun yaba da martanin.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A cikin hirar da ta gabata, Yusuf ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan siyasa gaba ɗaya.  Daga baya a cikin shekara ta 2017, ya rubuta budaddiyar wasika yana sukar haramcin Musulmin Trump . Da yake ambaton shahararren waƙar Da farko sun zo , Yusuf ya jaddada haɗin kai tsakanin Turawan Yamma da na Musulmai tare da adawa da Trumpism. 

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
A cikin shekara ta  2009, an ba Yusuf lambar yabo ta Doctor of Letters don karrama “gudummuwar da ta bayar a fagen waka” ta Jami'ar Roehampton, London.   Silatech ta nada shi a matsayin Jakadansu na Duniya na farko a cikin wannan shekarar, daga baya ya shiga Ahmad Al Shugairi a matsayi daya. 

An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin babban mawaƙin Musulmi a Burtaniya, Yusuf yana fitowa kowace shekara tun daga shekara ta 2010 a cikin jerin &quot;Musulmai 500 Mafi Shakara ta Duniya&quot;.  

A cikin shekara ta  2014, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada shi Jakadan Duniya kan Yunwa, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2015 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada shi a matsayin &quot;Jakadan Elite&quot; don Makon Addinin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  

A cikin shekara ta  2016, Yusufu ya karɓi lambar yabo ta yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen inganta saƙon zaman lafiya da haƙuri a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin samar da zaman lafiya na duniya [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.]] 

A cikin shekara ta  2019, Yusuf ya karɓi difloma na girmamawa daga Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Azerbaijan saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen haɓaka kiɗan da al'adun Azerbaijan.     

=== A cikin kafofin watsa labarai ===

* &quot;Babban Tauraron Dutsen Musulunci&quot; - ''Mujallar Time'' (2006)
* &quot;Babban tauraro a Gabas ta Tsakiya&quot; - ''The Guardian'' (2006) &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/apr/27/1 The biggest star in the Middle East is a Brit]. &lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Sarkin Pop na Musulunci&quot; - Al Jazeera (2007)  &lt;ref name=&quot;yt1&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dws-be02S94 Riz Khan – Sami Yusuf: King of Islamic Pop – 1 Oct 07]. &lt;/ref&gt;
* IOL Star na 2009 (2009) 
* Shahararrun Burtaniya 30 na BBC (2009) &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8189249.stm 30 more famous Britons you've probably never heard of]. &lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken hoto ==

=== Albums ɗin Studio ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Album
! Shekara
|-
| ''Al-Mu`allim''
| 2003
|-
| ''Umma ta''
| 2005
|-
| ''Duk Inda Kuke''
| 2010
|-
| ''Salaam''
| 2012
|-
| ''Cibiyar''
| 2014
|-
| ''Wakokin Hanyar, Vol. 1''
| 2015
|-
| ''Baraka''
| 2016
|-
| ''SAMi (EP)''
| 2018
|}

=== Albums masu rai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Album
! Shekara
|-
| ''Rayuwa A Katar Amphitheater''
| 2015
|-
| ''Rayuwa a cikin Concert 2015''
| 2015
|-
| ''Rayuwa a London 2016''
| 2016
|-
| ''Rayuwa a Opera na Dubai''
| 2016
|-
| ''Rayuwa a cikin Waƙa - EP''
| 2019
|-
| ''Rayuwa a cikin sabon Delhi - EP''
| 2019
|-
| ''Azerbaijan: Kasancewar Ba da Lokaci (Rayuwa a Baku)''
| 2019
|-
| ''Rayuwa a Bikin Fes na Kiɗa Mai Tsarki na Duniya''
| 2019
|-
| ''Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo''
| 2020
|}

=== Albums na tattarawa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Album
! Shekara
|-
| ''Kundin Sapiential, Vol. 1''
| 2020
|-
| ''Ya Masoya: Kiɗa daga Duniyar Gaibi''
| 2020
|}

=== Marasa aure ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Album
! Shekara
|-
| ''Alkawuran Manta''
| Disamba 2011
|-
| ''Tushen''
| Aug 2011
|-
| ''Fata ta tsira''
| Afrilu 2014
|-
| ''Mast Qalandar ft.'' ''Rahat Fateh Ali Khan''
| Afrilu 2016
|-
| ''Mawlana''
| Janairu 2018
|-
| ''Al Faqar''
| Mayu 2018
|-
| ''Ya Hayyu Ya Qayyum ft.'' ''[[Abida Parveen]]''
| Feb 2019
|-
| ''Khorasan (kayan aiki)''
| Afrilu 2019
|-
| ''Mantawa (Kayan aiki)''
| Afrilu 2019
|-
| ''Haske akan haske ft.'' ''AR Rahman''
| Nuwamba 2019
|-
| ''Sunaye 99''
| Mayu 2020
|-
| ''Ft daya.'' ''Cappella Amsterdam, Amsterdam Andalusian Orchestra''
| Yuni 2020
|}

== Manazarta ==
 

== Hanyoyin waje ==

* [http://www.samiyusufofficial.com Shafin Yanar Gizo na Sami Yusuf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604144236/https://samiyusufofficial.com/ |date=2021-06-04 }}
* [http://facebook.com/samiyusuf Facebook Sami Yusuf]
* [http://instagram.com/samiyusuf Instagram Sami Yusuf]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yusuf, Sami}}
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    <title>A Promising Africa</title>
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A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa.

== Tarihi ==
An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, a gidan fina-finai na fim a garin Legas, an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku.[1][2] A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa.[3]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Sevidzem Ernestine Leikeki</title>
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'''Sevidzem Ernestine Leikeki''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1985) ita yar gwagwarmayar sauyin yanayi ce daga Kamaru kuma a shekarar 202, an bata lambar yabo a matsayin mata 100, na BBC, saboda &quot;matan da ke haifar da canji mai dorewa&quot;. Ita ce mai fafutukar sauyi da jinsi daga yankin Arewa-maso-Yamma na Kamaru, kuma ita ce ta kafa kungiyar kare hakkin jinsi da muhalli ta Kamaru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=Sevidzem Ernestine Leikeki is Women Empowerment and Environment Officer of Cameroon Gender and Environment, a non profit devoted to caring for nature while promoting the rights of women.|url=https://www.worldpulse.com/community/users/leikeki/posts/93235|access-date=2021-12-07|website=World Pulse|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209094548/https://www.worldpulse.com/community/users/leikeki/posts/93235|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki don dakatar da fataucin yara, a cikin 2010, a Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=Sevidzem Ernestine Leikeki is Women Empowerment and Environment Officer of Cameroon Gender and Environment, a non profit devoted to caring for nature while promoting the rights of women.|url=https://www.worldpulse.com/community/users/leikeki/posts/93235|access-date=2021-12-07|website=World Pulse|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209094548/https://www.worldpulse.com/community/users/leikeki/posts/93235|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Jam'iyyun Canjin Yanayi a matsayin Glasgow, 2021, COP26,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CAMGEW|url=https://www.camgew.org/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-12-09|archive-date=2017-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512044442/https://www.camgew.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi na Jinsi don mafita, a cikin 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-10|title=Congratulations! Here are the 2019 Gender Just Climate Solutions award winners|url=https://www.wecf.org/congratulations-here-are-the-2019-gender-just-climate-solutions-award-winners/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=WECF|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a cikin 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-09|title=Gender Just Climate Solutions Scale Fund: 2021 Pilot Winners|url=https://wedo.org/gender-just-climate-solutions-scale-fund-2021-pilot-winners/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=WEDO|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aiki. ==
An haife Leikeki a shekarar 1985, kuma tana da ‘ya’ya hudu. Al'ummarta tana cikin gandun daji da filin noma wanda ke samar da itace, amma yana fama da talauci. Ta kasance mai fafutuka da ke aiki don tabbatar da daidaiton jinsi a cikin kare muhalli da karfafawa 'yan mata da mata. An baiwa Leikeki digirin farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Yaounde II.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=Sevidzem Ernestine Leikeki is Women Empowerment and Environment Officer of Cameroon Gender and Environment, a non profit devoted to caring for nature while promoting the rights of women.|url=https://www.worldpulse.com/community/users/leikeki/posts/93235|access-date=2021-12-07|website=World Pulse|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209094548/https://www.worldpulse.com/community/users/leikeki/posts/93235|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leikeki ita mace ce mai sauyin yanayi da jinsi, tana shiga cikin ayyukan yanayi da ke haifar da fa'idodi da dama na tattalin arziki da kuma ilimin muhalli. Wannan ya haɗa da dashen itace, ilimi game da hakar ƙudan zuma da yin ruwan inabi na zuma, da kuma abubuwan wanke-wanke da magarya daga ƙudan zuma. Ta ce &quot;Zuma tana daidai da kudin shiga, daidai aikin yi, daidai da daidaiton jinsi, daidai da kiyayewa&quot;. Tana aiki don ƙarfafa 'yan mata da mata don ba da damar ci gaba mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ernestine Leikeki Sevidzem: A &quot;forest generation&quot; living in harmony with nature|url=https://ted2srt.org/talks/ernestine_leikeki_sevidzem_a_forest_generation_living_in_harmony_with_nature|access-date=2021-12-07|website=ted2srt.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207120909/https://ted2srt.org/talks/ernestine_leikeki_sevidzem_a_forest_generation_living_in_harmony_with_nature|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Empower Women - Profile|url=https://www.empowerwomen.org/en/community/people/65276bb5-c3f6-4737-9e9a-d832004fed81/sevidzem-ernestine-leikeki|access-date=2021-12-07|website=EmpowerWomen|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COP poster winner|url=https://www.wecf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Cop25-Poster-Winner-and-WGC-A0-27.11.-5.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kungiyarta ta dasa itatuwa 86,000, domin rage yanayi, da kuma samar da ilimin muhalli. Aikinta na da nufin bayar da shawarwari ga zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da muhalli na mata da 'yan mata, da kuma inganta muryoyin mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-09|title=Gender Just Climate Solutions Scale Fund: 2021 Pilot Winners|url=https://wedo.org/gender-just-climate-solutions-scale-fund-2021-pilot-winners/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=WEDO|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta Kamaru Gender and Environment Watch (CAMGEW), kungiyarta, ta kuma taimaka wa mata su guje wa tashin hankalin gida, kuma ta taimaka wa mata 800.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-10|title=Congratulations! Here are the 2019 Gender Just Climate Solutions award winners|url=https://www.wecf.org/congratulations-here-are-the-2019-gender-just-climate-solutions-award-winners/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=WECF|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai jarida. ==
Leikeki ta ba da magana ta TED a cikin 2010, akan &quot;Ƙarshen daji&quot;, yana rayuwa cikin jituwa da yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sevidzem|first=Ernestine Leikeki|title=Ernestine Leikeki Sevidzem {{!}} Speaker {{!}} TED|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/ernestine_leikeki_sevidzem|access-date=2021-12-07|website=www.ted.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mai magana a Global Landscapes Forum,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sevidzem Ernestine Leikeki|url=https://events.globallandscapesforum.org/speaker/sevidzem-ernestine-leikeki/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Global Landscapes Forum Events|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance a cikin kafofin watsa labarai don ayyukanta na muhalli da sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-16|title=Color for Conscience!|url=https://patch.com/california/san-francisco/color-conscience|access-date=2021-12-07|website=San Francisco, CA Patch|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-12-07|title=BBC 100 Women 2021: Who is on the list this year?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-59514598|access-date=2021-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo. ==

* 2021 – BBC Mata 100.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* 2021 – Wanda ya ci nasarar Maganganun Halittun Jini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-09|title=Gender Just Climate Solutions Scale Fund: 2021 Pilot Winners|url=https://wedo.org/gender-just-climate-solutions-scale-fund-2021-pilot-winners/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=WEDO|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019 - Wanda ya ci nasarar Maganganun Halittun Jini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-10|title=Congratulations! Here are the 2019 Gender Just Climate Solutions award winners|url=https://www.wecf.org/congratulations-here-are-the-2019-gender-just-climate-solutions-award-winners/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=WECF|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta. ==
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'''Yaki na iya yin illa sosai ga muhalli''', kuma Kashe-kashen rayuka da fada da juna sukan sanya bukatun aiki a gaban [[Biophysical environment|matsalolin muhalli]] na tsawon lokacin yakin. An tsara wasu dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa don iyakance wannan [[Muhalli mai zurfi|cutarwar muhalli]]. 

Yaki da ayyukan sojoji suna da tasirin illa ga muhalli. Makamai, motsin sojoji, nakiyoyin ƙasa, ƙirƙira da lalata gine-gine, lalata dazuzzuka ta hanyar  amfani da sojoji gabaɗaya, guba daga tushen ruwa, harbin dabbobi don yin aiki, cinye nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari saboda rashin bege da sauransu, wasu ne kawai daga cikin misalan yadda ayyukan sojoji na yaƙi da lokacin zaman lafiya (kamar horo, ginin tushe, da safarar makamai) ke cutar da muhalli. Ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci  da guba rijiya  misalai ne na gargajiya na irin wannan tasirin. Misalai na baya-bayan nan sun hada da zubar da mai da wutar da Iraki ta yi a Kuwait 1990/1991, da karancin amfani da Uraniyom a Kosovo 1999, iskar gas da ake amfani da su a Afghanistan tun a shekarar 2101.

Daga mahangar shari'a, kare muhalli a lokutan yaƙi da ayyukan soja ana magana da su a wani bangare ta dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma samun ƙarin tushe a fannonin doka kamar dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya, dokokin yaƙi, dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin gida na kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa. Sai dai wannan labarin ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan [[muhalli]] kuma da zaran kasashen biyu ke fafatawa da shi, lamarin ya zama wani abin da ya shafi kasashen duniya. Don haka, dokokin muhalli na kasa da kasa da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke aiwatarwa shine abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a nan. Dokar tashe-tashen hankula ba ta da kyau sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan dokokin duniya. Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne kadai ke da iko da hurumin tsara ci gabansa da aiwatar da shi, ko kuma sanya ido kan yadda ake kiyaye shi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;EarthTrends: Feature - Armed Conflict, Refugees, and the Environment&quot;. March 8, 2006. Archived from the original on 8 March 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tushen dokoki ==

=== Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma doka mai sauki/laushi ===
Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da takaddun doka masu sauki sun yi magana game da kare muhalli a lokutan rikici na makamai da ayyukan soja. Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya (ILC) ta tsara Dokar Laifin bisa kan Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Dan Adam (1954). &lt;ref&gt;[https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/7_3_1954.pdf Code of Offences Against the Peace and Security of Mankind]&lt;/ref&gt;

“Dole ne a kiyaye dan Adam da muhallinsa daga illar makamin nukiliya da sauran hanyoyin lalata jama’a. Dole ne jihohi su yi ƙoƙari don cimma yarjejeniya cikin gaggawa, a cikin sassan duniya da suka dace, game da kawar da kuma lalata su gaba ɗaya Ƙa'ida ta 26  [[wikisource:Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment|sanarwar Stockholm 1972]]  Babi na 11 na Rahoton Brundtland: Aminci, Tsaro, Ci gaba, da Muhalli. Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya ta shekarar 1982 &quot;Za a kiyaye yanayi daga lalacewa ta hanyar yaƙi ko wasu ayyukan maƙiya.&quot;

“Yaki a zahiri yana lalata ci gaba mai dorewa. Don haka kasashe za su mutunta dokokin kasa da kasa da ke ba da kariya ga muhalli a lokutan rikice-rikicen makamai da kuma hada kai wajen ci gabanta, kamar yadda ya dace&quot; Ka'ida ta 24 [[wikisource:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development|1992 Sanarwar Rio]] → sakin layi na 39.6 na Ajanda 21: &quot;Ya kuma kamata a yi la'akari da matakan da suka dace da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa don magancewa, a lokutan rikice-rikice na makamai, lalata muhalli yayi yawa wanda ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ba a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa&quot;.

Kudirin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai lamba 47/37 (1992) ya tanadi:  gina muhalli, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma  ba’a aiwatar da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, a fili ya saba wa dokokin duniya da ake da su.&quot;

=== Dokar yarjejeniya ===
[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da dama, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta hudu, Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta 1972 da Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli ta 1977 suna da tanadi don iyakance tasirin muhalli na yaƙi ko ayyukan soja.

Iraki ta kasance abin dogaro a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa don lalacewar muhalli da lalata albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon  mamayewa na Kuwait ba bisa ka'ida ba:[https://undocs.org/S/RES/687(1991) Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuduri na 687 (1991)].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A/RES/47/37 - E - UN General Assembly Resolution 47/37 (1992)&quot;. ''undocs.org''.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Lalacewar yanayi, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma ana aiwatar da ita ba kawai ba, ya saba wa dokokin kasa da kasa da ake da su.&quot; [https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/47/37 Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 47/37 (1992)].

==== A Shekarar 1977 Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli ====
Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli, yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke hana sojoji ko wasu amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, mai dorewa ko mai tsanani. Yarjejeniyar ta haramta yakin yanayi, wanda shine amfani da dabarun gyara yanayi don dalilai na haifar da lalacewa. Wannan yerjejeniyar tana aiki kuma an amince da ita (karɓar da ita a matsayin ɗaure) ta hanyar jagorancin ikon soja. Yarjejeniyar tana da iyakance-iyakance kawai. Ya haramtawa ɓangarorin shiga cikin 'soja ko duk wani amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, dogon lokaci ko mummunan tasiri a matsayin hanyar  lalacewa ko rauni ga kowace ƙungiya ← Agent Orange amfani a Vietnam.

==== Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace ====

* 1925 Geneva Gas Protocol
* 1949 Geneva Yarjejeniyar ta hudu art. 53 (4) ← Dokokin Hague art. 23(g): haramcin lalacewa ta hanyar mamaye iko sai cikakkiyar buƙatun soji
* 1972 Yarjejeniyar Makamai Na Halittu
* Yarjejeniyar 1980 akan Wasu Makamai na Al'ada da ka'idoji guda 5: Protocol III (makamai masu ƙonewa) kimiyar Zane. 2 (4) (rufin daji da [[shuka]]); 2003 Protocol V (clearance of explosive remnants) ← 1997 Anti-Personnel Mines Convention ([[Ottawa]] Treaty) ; → 2008 Yarjejeniya kan Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi
* 1972 Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya
* 1993 Yarjejeniyar Makamai Masu Guba  Ba rufe maganin herbicides ko tasiri akan flora ba.

== Aiwatar da doka ==

=== Dokokin kasa da kasa na yaki da rikice-rikicen makami da dokokin kare muhalli gaba daya ===
Mafarin farawa shine cewa yanayin yanayi abu ne na farar hula a karkashin dokar jin kai ta duniya. Sai dai in ba haka ba, mazauna da mayaƙan suna &quot;ƙarƙashin kariya da tsarin ka'idodin dokokin al'ummai, saboda sun samo asali ne daga amfani da aka kafa tsakanin al'ummomi masu wayewa, daga dokokin bil'adama da kuma ra'ayin jama'a&quot;: ' Martens Sashe '( Preamble, 1907 Hague Convention 4 mutunta Dokoki da Kwastam na Yaƙi akan Ƙasa). Art. 22 ta iyakance haƙƙin mayaƙan yin amfani da hanyoyin cutar da abokan gaba.

Fasaha. 35 (3) (haramcin hanyoyin) da 55 (ayyukan kulawa) na 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar i zuwa Yarjejeniyar Geneva (fadi amma ba yarda da duniya ba) suna ba da ƙarin kariya ga muhalli. &quot;A haɗe, waɗannan tanade-tanaden sun ƙunshi babban wajibi don '''kare''' yanayin yanayi daga lalacewa, '''dogon lokaci ''da kuma'' mummunar lalacewar muhalli'''  '''haramcin hanyoyi''' da hanyoyin yaki waɗanda aka yi niyya, ko kuma ana iya sa ran, don haifar da irin wannan lalacewa; da kuma haramcin kai hare-hare a kan mahalli ta hanyar '''ramuwar gayya''' para 31, ''Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ kan Makaman Nukiliya'' 1996; duba kuma aikace-aikacen ICJ ''Yugoslavia v UK'' 1999, ''DR Congo da Rwanda'' 2002.

&quot;Uganda, ta hanyar ayyukan kwasar ganima, wawashewa da kuma amfani da albarkatun kasa na Kongo da sojojin Uganda suka aikata a cikin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwongo, da kuma rashin cika nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta a matsayinta na mamaya a gundumar Ituri. hana ayyukan wawashewa, wawashewa da almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa na Kongo, keta hakkin da ake bin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa&quot;: [https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/116 Hukuncin ICJ ''DR Congo da Uganda (Ayyukan Armed Akan Yankin Kongo)'' 2005].

“Ayyuka ko na’urorin da ke dauke da dakaru masu hadari, wato madatsun ruwa, dake da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na nukiliya, ba za a mayar da su abin kai hari ba, ko da kuwa wadannan abubuwa ne na sojojii, idan irin wannan harin na iya haifar da sakin dakarun da ke da hatsari da kuma asara mai tsanani a tsakanin su. farar hula, art. 15 na shekarar 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniya ta 2 (rikicin makami na duniya, wanda ba a yarda da shi ba fiye da AP I); makamancin haka art. 56(1) na shekarar 1977 Ƙarin Ƙa'idar I don rikice-rikice na makamai na duniya.

“Da gangancin kaddamar da hari da sanin cewa irin wannan harin zai haifar da hasarar rayuka ko jikkata ga farar hula ko lahani ga farar hula ko kuma yaduwa, na dogon lokaci da kuma mummunar illa ga muhallin da zai wuce gona da iri a fili dangane da siminti kuma kai tsaye gabaɗayan fa'idar soji da ake tsammani&quot; laifi ne na yaƙi, kasancewar &quot;mummunan keta dokoki da al'adun da ake aiwatarwa a cikin rikice-rikicen makami na ƙasa da ƙasa, a cikin tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa&quot; art. 8 (2) (b) (iv) Dokar Rome ta Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya.

A taƙaice: “Ƙa'idodin gama gari kan gudanar da yaƙi sun shafi yanayin yanayi: A. Ba wani ɓangare na yanayin da za a iya kai hari ba, sai dai idan manufar soja ce. B. An haramta lalata kowane yanki na yanayin yanayi, sai dai idan an buƙata ta hanyar larura ta soja. C. Kaddamar da wani hari a kan manufar soji wanda ana iya sa ran zai haifar da lahani ga muhalli wanda zai wuce gona da iri dangane da siminti da fa'idar soja kai tsaye da ake tsammani an haramta&quot; ICRC [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule43 Customary IHL Rule 43] (Aikace-aikacen Babban Ka'idoji akan Gudanar da Yaki ga Muhallin Halitta). Wasu jihohi [https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780198728504.001.0001/law-9780198728504-chapter-8 sun dage] irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin (gami da. Ƙarin Protocol I) kawai ya shafi makamai na al'ada kuma ba su shafi [[makaman nukiliya]] ba. Duba kuma Dokoki [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule44 44 (saboda la'akari)] da [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule45 45 (lalacewa mai tsanani)].

Ka'idojin daftarin ILC game '''da kare muhalli dangane da rikice-rikicen makamai''' : Wakiliya ta musamman Marie G. Jacobsson ta yi la'akari daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2015 wajibai kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan rikicin makami da kuma gabatar da daftarin ''jus 5 a cikin ka'idodin bello'' (daidaitacce, bambanci, taka tsantsan, kiyayewa). babu ramuwa, yankunan kariya) da sauransu. Mai ba da rahoto na musamman Marja Lehto ya ci gaba a cikin shekarar 2018 tare da wasu [https://undocs.org/A/CN.4/720 daftarin ka'idoji guda 21 da] suka shafi dukkan matakai 3 da kuma sana'a. Ya zuwa tsakiyar shekarata 2019, wasu [https://undocs.org/A/CN.4/L.937 ka'idoji 28] (ciki har da 'yan wasan da ba na jiha ba) kwamitin da aka zayyana ya amince da shi na ɗan lokaci tare da sassa masu zuwa: Gabatarwa - Ka'idodin aikace-aikacen gabaɗaya - Ka'idodin da suka dace yayin rikicin makami - Ka'idodin da suka dace a yanayin ma'aikata  Ka’idojin da ake amfani da su bayan rikicin makami.

=== Dokokin muhalli na duniya a lokacin yaƙi da rikice-rikicen makamai ===
Wasu yarjejeniyoyin muhalli sun bayyana tanadi game da sojoji da rikice-rikice; Wasu suna buƙatar dogara ga ''rebus sic stantibus'' (art. 62 VCLT) don fassarawa a lokacin yaƙi → [https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/aeact/aeact.html 2011 ILC Draft Articles on the Effects of Armed Conflict on Treaties] : Muhalli yarjejeniyoyin ci gaba sai dai idan an bayyana wani tanadi.

==== Yakin makamin kare dangi (Thermonuclear war) ====
Ra'ayi mai ba da shawara na Kotun Duniya kan Halaccin Barazana ko Amfani da Makaman Nukiliya ya ɗauki yanayi a matsayin ƙaramin batu game da halaccin yakin makamin nuclear amma ba ta ga an haramta duk wani yaƙin makamin nuclear ba.

&quot;Kotu ba ta yi la'akari da cewa yarjejeniyar da ake magana a kai na da nufin hana wata kasa yin amfani da 'yancinta na kare kai a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa saboda wajibcinta na kare muhalli. Duk da haka kuma, dole ne jihohi su yi la'akari da yanayin muhalli yayin da suke tantance abin da ya dace da kuma daidai da abin da ya dace wajen neman halaltattun manufofin soji. Mutunta yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke zuwa tantance ko wani aiki ya dace da ka'idodin larura da daidaituwa  para 30, [https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/95/095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf ''Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ akan Makaman Nukiliya'' 1996] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807081532/https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/95/095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2020-08-07 }}.

== Ƙungiyoyi ==
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da haƙƙin muhalli ana iya yin kira a lokacin rikicin makami don taimakawa wajen sasantawa ko magance barnar da rikicin makami ya haifar, misali. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya, da [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Red]] Cross￼￼.  Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma nuna damuwa game da muhalli a shawarwari kan rikice-rikice na baya-bayan nan, alal misali, a lokacin yakin Gulf na shekarar 1991. UNEP da IMO suma sun shiga cikin wannan rikici, suna ƙoƙarin magance mafi munin illolin muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guidelines on protection of natural environment in armed conflict&quot;. ''International Committee of the Red Cross''. September 21, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==


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'''Haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka''' ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (NLRB), wacce ke tsara ƙungiyar .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}} Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata tana tsara yanayin aminci da lafiyar da ya dace ga ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; A cewar masana masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka, duk da ka'idojin tarayya ta hanyar OSHA da sa ido kan masana'antu, ma'aikata a masana'antar samar da nama ba su da ƙarancin hukuma da ƙarancin kariya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot; /&gt;  Ma'aikata a cikin masana'antu suna yin ayyuka masu wuyar gaske a cikin yanayi masu haɗari, kuma suna cikin haɗari mai mahimmanci don cutar da jiki da ta hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;  Baya ga yawan raunin da ake samu, ma'aikata na cikin haɗarin rasa ayyukansu lokacin da suka ji rauni ko don ƙoƙarin tsarawa da yin ciniki tare. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Yawancin bincike na masana'antar sun gano ma'aikatan baƙi - &quot;yawan kaso na yawan ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; - musamman a cikin haɗarin rashin samun cikakkiyar kariya ta haƙƙin aikinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;

== Halayen masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka ==
A cikin masana'antar samar da nama, an ayyana &quot;cin nama&quot; a matsayin &quot;dukkan samar da kayan nama ciki har da sarrafa dabbobi.&quot;  Wannan ya haɗa da samar da naman sa, naman alade, kaji, da kifi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot; /&gt; Iyakar masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka tana da girma; tana yanka da sarrafa dabbobi sama da biliyan 10 a kowace shekara. 
[[File:Slaughterhouse_cattle_bodies.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Gawar shanu a wurin yanka]]
Tun daga 2004, kamfanoni huɗu suna sarrafa masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka da gaske. Rushewa, kamfanoni sun gudanar da 81% na samar da naman sa, 59% na samar da naman alade da 50% na kasuwar kaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot;/&gt; A cikin masana'antar kiwon kaji, Tyson da Perdue suna sarrafa kowane mataki na samar da kaji, daga kiwon kajin zuwa jigilar nama zuwa shagunan kayan abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Worrall|first1=Michael S.|title=Meatpacking Safety: Is OSHA Enforcement Adequate?|journal=Drake Journal of Agricultural Law|volume=9|url=http://students.law.drake.edu/aglawjournal/docs/agVol09No2-Worrall.pdf|access-date=10 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163555/http://students.law.drake.edu/aglawjournal/docs/agVol09No2-Worrall.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;American Meat&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Slaughterhouse Nightmares&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1 = Dillard|first1 = Jennifer|title = Slaughterhouse Nightmares: Psychological Harm Suffered by Slaughterhouse Employees and the Possibility of Redress through Legal Reform|journal = Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy|date = Summer 2008|volume = 15|issue = 391}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;American Meat&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=Polly|last2=Lawrence|first2=Robert S.|title=American Meat: A Threat to Your Health and the Environment|journal=Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics|date=2013|volume=4|issue=1|url=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1083&amp;context=yjhple|access-date=10 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402165821/http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1083&amp;context=yjhple|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da alama adadin dabbobin da aka yanka a masana'antar noman nama na karuwa. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an yanka kusan dabbobin kasa biliyan 10.2 da kuma kiwon su don abinci a Amurka.  A cewar [http://farmusa.org/statistics11.html rahoton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513193110/http://farmusa.org/statistics11.html |date=2016-05-13 }} da Farm Animal Rights Movement, bisa bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA), waɗannan lambobi sun nuna karuwar 1.7% daga bayanan shekara ta 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;Farm USA.org&quot; /&gt; An sami karuwar 0.9% a yawan jama'ar Amurka tsakanin shekara ta 2009 da shekara ta 2010, &quot;ma'ana dabbobi [yanka] kowane mutum ya karu kadan&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Farm USA.org&quot; /&gt; da 0.8%.

=== Kididdigar alƙaluma na Meatpacker ===
Yayin da aikin noma na Amurka ya dogara da ma'aikatan ƙaura a ƙarnin da ya gabata, dubban baƙi, galibi daga [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], da [[Salvador|El Salvador]], yanzu suna tafiya arewa don yin aiki a wuraren yanka da masana'antar sarrafa nama.  A cewar wani bincike a cikin ''Drake Journal of Agricultural Law,'' &quot;mafi yawan ma'aikatan da suke yin nama matalauta ne, da yawa baƙi ne da ke gwagwarmayar rayuwa, kuma yawancin yanzu suna aiki a yankunan karkara.&quot;  A cikin shekara ta 1998, Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice da Bayar da Halittu ta [http://www.gao.gov/assets/230/225424.pdf ƙiyasta] cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ma'aikatan tattara nama a [[Nebraska]] da [[Iowa]] baƙi ne ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fast Food Nation&quot; /&gt; USDA ta buga irin waɗannan lambobi, tana ƙididdige adadin ma'aikatan sarrafa nama na Hispanic sun tashi daga ƙasa da 10% a cikin 1980 zuwa kusan 30% a cikin shekara ta 2000.  Rashin haƙƙin ma’aikatan da ba su da takardun aiki ya sa jama’a ba za su iya ganin su ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot; /&gt; Bugu da kari, bin [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|hukuncin Kotun Koli]] na 2002 a ''Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v.'' ''Hukumar Kula da Kwadago ta Kasa''&lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot; /&gt;

Adadin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yakan yi yawa sosai.  Ɗaya daga cikin kamfani, ConAgra Red Meat, ya ba da rahoton adadin canjin shekara 100% a cikin 1990s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Animals, Immigrants&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Nibert|first=David|editor-last=Sorenson|editor-first=John|title=Critical Animal Studies: Thinking the Unthinkable|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press Inc.|date=2014|pages=3–17|chapter=Chapter 1: Animals, Immigrants, and Profits: Slaughterhouses and the Political Economy of Oppression}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fast Food Nation&quot; /&gt; Irin wannan yawan canjin kuɗi yana sa ya zama da wahala ga ma'aikata su haɗu kuma, saboda haka, mafi sauƙi ga masana'antu don sarrafa ma'aikatanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fast Food Nation&quot; /&gt;

Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma’aikata ya bayar da rahoton cewa, a shekarar 2000, mutane 148,100 ne suka yi aikin hada-hadar nama kuma sama da 250,000 sun yi aikin sarrafa kaji.  Duk da bunkasuwar masana'antar noman nama, albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yana raguwa cikin sauri.  A tarihi dai albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka ya fi matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. Wannan yanayin ya koma baya a cikin 1983 lokacin da albashin ma'aikata ya faɗi ƙasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. A shekara ta 2002, albashin mayankan ya kai kashi 24% kasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'antu. A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikata, a cikin 2006, matsakaicin albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka shine $10.43 a kowace awa wanda ke fitowa zuwa $21,690 a shekara.

== Haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata a masana'antu ==

=== Mahallin tarihi ===
[[File:The maze of livestock pens and walkways at Chicago's stockyards, ca. 1947 - NARA - 541823 (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Gundumar nama ta Chicago: Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a shekara ta 1947]]
A cikin ƙarni na 19, gefen kudu na [[Chicago]] ya zama babban gidan mahauta na Amurka.  Don gujewa biyan ƙarin albashi ga ƙwararrun ma'aikata, manyan wuraren yanka a Chicago sun kafa tsarin layin taro; tsarin samar da yawa ya kawar da buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Animals, Immigrants&quot; /&gt;

Asalin mayankan sun kasance bakin haure na Irish, Jamusanci, da asalin Scandinavia.  A cikin mahauta, sun yi aiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Ba wai kawai an buƙaci su yanka da kuma wargaza dabbobi masu yawan gaske a kowace rana ba, amma suna fuskantar rashin kyawun yanayi, gami da ɗigon gurɓataccen ruwa, sharar ruwa da najasa a saman benaye, da rashin haske, dakunan sanyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Animals, Immigrants&quot; /&gt; Dukansu raunuka da rashin lafiya sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin ma'aikata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Animals, Immigrants&quot; /&gt; Bugu da kari, yawancin ma'aikata suna zama a cikin unguwannin marasa galihu da ke kusa da mayankan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Animals, Immigrants&quot; /&gt;

A farkon shekara ta 1880, ma'aikata sun yi ƙoƙarin tsarawa, suna kira don ƙarin albashi da ingantaccen yanayin aiki.  Dangane da mayar da martani, masu gidan yanka sun yi amfani da bambance-bambancen kabilanci don kula da su: &quot;sun dauki 'yan sanda masu rauni, Serbs, Croatians, Slovaks, da sauran 'yan gudun hijira na Kudancin da Gabashin Turai a matsayin ma'aikata.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Animals, Immigrants&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da ma'aikatan farar fata suka sami damar shiryawa tare da shiga yajin aikin a 1894, masu gidajen yanka a maimakon haka sun fara daukar ma'aikatan Amurkawa 'yan Afirka don karya yajin aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Animals, Immigrants&quot; /&gt;

Upton Sinclair 's polemical novel 1906 ''The Jungle'' ya bayyana zargin cin zarafi na masana'antar samar da nama, kuma ya kasance wani abu a cikin zartar da Dokar Abinci da Magunguna ta Tsabta (1906) da Dokar Kula da Nama ta Tarayya (1906).  Koyaya, wakilan Ofishin Masana'antar Dabbobi ta Tarayya sun ba wa Majalisa rahoto cewa littafin Sinclair bai yi daidai ba ta wasu bayanai dalla-dalla, &quot;da gangan yaudara ne da karya&quot;, sannan kuma ya tsunduma cikin &quot;karkatar gaskiya da gangan&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Hearings Before the Committee on Agriculture... on the So-called &quot;Beveridge Amendment&quot; to the Agricultural Appropriation Bill, U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Agriculture, 1906, pp. 346–50, 59th Congress, 1st Session.&lt;/ref&gt; Jama'ar Amurka &quot;ba su mai da hankali sosai ga ... yanayin aiki na cin zarafi da kulawa&quot; wani lokaci ana fuskantar ma'aikata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Ya ɗauki babban haɗin kai ta sabuwar Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Masana'antu (CIO) da aka kafa da kuma tasirin Dokar Harkokin Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (1935) don inganta yanayin aiki ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa shekara ta 1970, an inganta albashi da yanayin ma'aikatan dakon nama.  A cewar wani rahoto na Human Rights Watch, &quot;manyan kwangilolin da suka shafi masana'antu sun haɓaka albashi da matakan tsaro.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Koyaya, ma'auni sun fara raguwa a cikin shekara ta 1980s yayin da kamfanoni suka fara ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara kuma wasu kamfanoni sun zama &quot;masu ƙarfi na masana'antu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Iowa Beef Processors (IBP) musamman ya canza tsarin samar da nama ta yadda, a kowane mataki, ma'aikata suna da rashin tunani, maimaita motsi don kammala &quot;a cikin abin da masana'antu ke kira tsarin rarraba-layi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; IBP da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun kara saurin layin da rage albashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;

Ko da kamfanoni sun zaɓi ba za su ƙaura ba, kamfanoni da yawa suna rufe tsire-tsire su kawai, sun bar ma'aikatansu da suka kafa da tsare-tsaren su tafi, kuma sun sake buɗewa tare da ma'aikatan da ba na tarayya ba, masu hijira.  Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata sun yi tsayayya da yunƙurin da ma'aikatan suka yi na haɗa kai a cikin tsire-tsire da aka ƙaura ko aka sake buɗewa; tarihin kwanan nan na rufewar tsire-tsire ya ba wa ma'aikata barazana ga ingantaccen tabbaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Rahoton [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] kan yanayin nama da kaji ya tabbatar da cewa &quot;yayin da karni na ashirin ya koma na ashirin da daya, &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;

=== Yanayin aiki na masana'antu ===
Yanayin wurin aiki sun sanya tara nama aiki mai haɗari sosai.    Matsakaicin motsi yana sanya damuwa mai tsanani akan hannayen ma'aikata, wuyan hannu, hannaye, kafadu da baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, layukan tarwatsa suna tafiya da sauri sosai; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Fast Food Nation&quot; /&gt; a cewar dan jarida mai bincike Eric Schlosser, &quot;daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tabbatar da raunin raunin da ya faru a gidan yanka a yau shine saurin layin rarraba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Fast Food Nation&quot; /&gt;

Da sauri layi yana motsawa, mafi wahalar da ma'aikaci ya ci gaba kuma yana haɓaka damar rauni.  Don daidaita saurin layukan tarwatsawa a yau, tsoffin tsire-tsire masu tattara nama a Chicago za su sarrafa kimanin shanu guda 50 a sa'a guda. Sabbin tsire-tsire a cikin shekara ta 1980s zasu sarrafa kimanin shanu 175 a sa'a guda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fast Food Nation&quot; /&gt; A yau, a cikin 2018s, wasu tsire-tsire suna sarrafa shanu guda 400 a cikin awa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fast Food Nation&quot; /&gt; Ba wai kawai layukan tarwatsawa suna tafiya cikin sauri ba, har ma ma'aikata sun ba da rahoton matsin lamba daga masu kula da su don ci gaba da tafiya a kan layin.  A cewar kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, ka'idojin tarayya na saurin rarraba layin yana la'akari da abubuwa biyu kawai: guje wa lalata nama da kaji, da kuma hana amfanin [[shuka]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;

A cikin littafinsa ''Fast Food Nation'', Schlosser kuma ya tabbatar da cewa an matsa wa ma'aikata don kada su ba da rahoton raunin da ya faru.  Saboda alawus na manajoji da masu [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] ana danganta su da yawan raunin da ake samu a shukar su, masu kula da mahauta ba su da kwarin gwiwa don ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fast Food Nation&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Slaughterhouse.jpg|right|thumb|270x270px| Ma'aikaci da Shanu a wurin yanka]]
Sauran haɗarin da ke tattare da rauni na zuwa daga wuraren da ma'aikata ke yanke naman da nau'ikan ayyukan da suke yi.  Tazarar da ke tsakanin ma'aikata, da kuma tsayin layin tarwatsawa da saman aikin, iri ɗaya ne - duk da bambance-bambancen nau'ikan jikin ma'aikaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Ga wasu ma'aikata, wannan yana tilasta musu yin ƙarin ƙoƙari don kammala aikin da aka ba su kuma yana haifar da ƙarin haɗarin rauni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, duk da haɓaka injina ta atomatik a cikin mahauta, yawancin ayyukan sun haɗa da ɗaga nauyi, kora, da juya dabbobi, sassan dabbobi, ko kayan aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;

Ko da yake an ba wa ma’aikatan yanka kayan kariya, yanayin da ba makawa na wuraren aikin na nufin ma’aikata suna fuskantar “jini, maiko, najasar dabbobi, ingesta (abinci daga tsarin narkewar dabbar), da sauran lahani daga dabbobin da suke yanka.” 

=== 2020 COVID-19 annoba ===
Dubi Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan masana'antar nama a Amurka .

=== Amsar masana'antu ===
Ƙungiyoyi masu goyon bayan masana'antu, irin su Cibiyar Harkokin Nama ta Amirka (AMI), sun nuna cewa yawan raunin da ma'aikata ke samu a wuraren sarrafa nama ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.  A cewar [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/25/business/25cnd-meat.html?_r=0 wani labarin na 2005] a cikin ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', &quot;masana'antar [nama] ta kuma tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin tattara kaya ba su keta dokokin da ke ba ma'aikata damar haɗin gwiwa ba kuma ba su kula da ma'aikata da tsanani saboda matsayin su na shige da fice.&quot;  Labarin ya ambato Patrick Boyle - shugaban Cibiyar Nama ta Amurka - yayi watsi da [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/usa0105/usa0105.pdf rahoton Human Rights Watch na 2005] da cewa &quot;cike da karya da da'awar da ba ta da tushe.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Wakilan kamfanonin sarrafa kayayyakin sun kuma mayar da martani kan zargin take hakkin ma'aikata.  Wani mai magana da yawun Tyson Foods ya ce, &quot;mun ji takaicin sakamakon da rahoton [Human Rights Watch] ya yi na yaudara, amma ba mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da dangantakar da marubucin ya yi da kungiyoyin kwadago.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mataimakin shugaban Smithfield, Dennis Treacy, shima ya soki rahoton, yana mai zarginsa da bayar da rahoto kan cin zarafi daga shekaru goma da suka gabata maimakon yanayin kwanan nan da kuma dacewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da saurin sarrafa kaji a shukar su, jami'in Tyson Foods ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa saurin layinsu ya dace da dokokin tarayya.  A cewar jami'ai, &quot;gudun layin ya bambanta dangane da nau'in samfurin,&quot; kuma USDA ce ke tsara shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Yayin da ma'auni na tarihi ya kasance a hankali, ya karu tare da sarrafa kansa wanda jami'an Tyson suka ce yana haifar da &quot;ƙananan aikin hannu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;

== Tasiri ga ma'aikata ==
Masana'antar samar da nama na ɗaukar dubban ma'aikata masu ƙarancin albashi waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin fuskantar haɗarin jiki da na tunani. 

=== Na zahiri ===
Bukatar nama mai mahimmanci ya sanya kaso mai yawa ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka.  Aikin yana da wuyar jiki kuma yana da wahala, bisa ga maimaita motsi.   Ma'aikatan tattara nama na iya buƙatar yanke kowane daƙiƙa biyu zuwa uku: wannan yana fitowa zuwa kusan yanke dubu goma a cikin awanni takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;Slaughterhouse Nightmares&quot; /&gt; Baya ga yin aiki da wukake, ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sukan yi ta ɗagawa akai-akai da motsa abubuwa masu nauyi yayin motsi kuma suna fuskantar injuna masu haɗari. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot; /&gt; Wani ma'aikaci a Excel (rashin nama na Cargill Meat Solutions ) ya ba da rahoton ɗaga buhunan nama mai nauyin kilo arba'in a kowane daƙiƙa uku, &lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot; /&gt; yayin da wasu asusun daga ma'aikatan nama ke nuna cewa wasu ayyukan da suka haɗa da jujjuya duk wani hog. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Wani manajan shuka na yankan alade ya ci gaba da yin rikodi yayin gwajin aikin ma'aikata na rashin adalci yana mai cewa, &quot;akwai nauyi mai yawa da kuma maimaita aiki.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon haka, bisa ga [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163555/http://students.law.drake.edu/aglawjournal/docs/agVol09No2-Worrall.pdf bayanan] da ''Drake Journal of Agricultural Law'' ya buga, kusan 25% na ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sun ji rauni ko kuma suna rashin lafiya kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Slaughterhouse Nightmares&quot; /&gt; Bayanan raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki a Iowa ya nuna matsakaicin raunin 9.8 kowace shekara a kowane rukuni na ɗaruruwan ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci; akwai matsakaicin rauni ko cututtuka 51 a cikin ɗari ma'aikatan tattara nama kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meatpacking Safety&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Slaughterhouse Nightmares&quot; /&gt; . 

Yayin da nau'ikan raunin da ya faru sun bambanta, lacerations sun fi yawa.  Ma'aikata sukan yi bazata ko dai kansu ko kuma abokan aikin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fast Food Nation&quot; /&gt; Sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ma'aikata masu tasowa na tendonitis, cututtuka masu tarawa, ramin carpal, matsalolin baya da kafada, da &quot;matsalar yatsa&quot; - yanayin da yatsa ya daskare a wuri mai lanƙwasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fast Food Nation&quot; /&gt;  Bugu da kari, wukake maras kyau ko sawa suna sanya ƙarin matsin lamba akan tendons, gidajen abinci, da jijiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fast Food Nation&quot; /&gt;

Wani &quot;haɗari na gama gari da tushen rauni&quot; shine jigon benaye na tsire-tsire masu samar da nama.  Wani ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya wanda ke hidimar ma'aikatan masana'antar kiwon kaji a Arewa maso yammacin Arkansas [https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/usa0105.pdf ya shaida wa Human Rights Watch].&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;

=== Ilimin halin dan Adam ===
Mayanka na yau da kullun suna tafiya cikin sauri.  Ana samar da kayan aiki da sauri kuma baya bada lokaci don tabbatar da dabbobin ba su sha wahala ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Slaughterhouse Nightmares&quot; /&gt; A cewar wani bincike na 2008 a cikin ''Jarida na Georgetown a kan Dokar Talauci da Manufofin'', dabbobi masu raɗaɗi da ta'addanci suna shiga cikin lokutan su na ƙarshe suna haifar da &quot;yanayin aiki wanda ya dace da matsalolin tunani.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Slaughterhouse Nightmares&quot; /&gt; Wani binciken da Rachel McNair (2002) ya yi ya nuna cewa ma'aikatan gidan yanka na iya zama masu saurin kamuwa da damuwa mai raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi, kuma halin da suke ciki ya cancanci yin nazari sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Slaughterhouse Nightmares&quot; /&gt; Perpetration-induced traumatic stress (PITS) wani nau'i ne na rashin lafiya na damuwa (PTSD) wanda lalacewa ta hanyar tunani ya taso &quot;daga yanayin da zai zama mai ban tsoro idan wani ya kasance wanda aka azabtar, amma yanayin da mutum ya kasance mai shiga tsakani.&quot; . &lt;ref name=&quot;Slaughterhouse Nightmares&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Slaughterhouse Nightmares&quot; /&gt;

Dangane da binciken shekara ta 2008 a cikin ''Jarida na Georgetown akan Doka da Manufofin Talauci,'' akwai isassun shaidun anecdotal na ma'aikatan gidan yanka da ke nuna alamun PITS. Na farko, binciken ya tabbatar da cin zarafi wanda shine halayen PITS ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin ma'aikatan gidan yanka.  Na biyu, ya ba da rahoton rahotannin da ma'aikatan suka ba da labarin mafarki mai ban tsoro game da aikin yanka. &quot;Virgil Butler, ma'aikacin mayanka na dogon lokaci.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Slaughterhouse Nightmares&quot; /&gt;

== Kariyar siyasa ==

=== Matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ===
[[File:Swine_inspection_USDA.jpg|right|thumb|398x398px| Jami'in USDA yana duba samar da naman alade]]
Akwai kariyar haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa na ƙasa da ƙasa don wurin aiki. Yarjejeniya ''[[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam]]'' da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ' ''Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu'' duka sun yi kira ga adalci da aminci yanayin aiki.  A cikin shekara ta 1981, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta rubuta Yarjejeniyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata mai lamba 155, wacce ke kira ga manufofin kasa waɗanda ke rage haɗarin yanayin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Sauran bangarorin ka'idojin aminci na wurin aiki na ILO suna kiyaye ka'idodin diyya na ma'aikata idan aka samu rauni; ILO ta yi kira ga kariyar doka da ka'idoji waɗanda ke ba da cikakkiyar kulawar likita da gyarawa ga ma'aikatan nakasassu ko suka ji rauni yayin da suke kan aiki, da kuma biyan diyya na lokacin da aka kashe saboda raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;

A cewar wani binciken da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch ta]] yi, &quot;ka'idar kare haƙƙin bil'adama don kare lafiyar wuraren aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kan ka'idar cewa ma'aikata suna da hakkin yin aiki a cikin yanayin da ya dace ba tare da tsinkaya ba, hanawa, haɗari mai tsanani.&quot;  Duk da yake irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba sa buƙatar ƙasashe su kawar da duk wani haɗari - babba ko ƙanana - ma'aikata suna da 'yancin sanin cewa idan sun je aiki kuma suka kammala ayyukansu, &quot;za su iya barin wurin aiki a ƙarshen rana. tare da rayuwa da gaɓoɓinsa. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;
[[File:US-OSHA-Logo.svg|right|thumb| Tambarin hukumar OSHA]]
Dokokin kare wuraren aiki na Amurka gaba ɗaya sun dace da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago na duniya.  Dokar Tsaro da Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata ta shekara ta 1970 ta kafa Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (OSHA), wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka wacce ta tsara da kuma ba da izini ga ƙa'idodin ƙasa don amincin wurin aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Dokar ta ba OSHA iko masu mahimmanci da yawa ciki har da ikon bincika wuraren aiki don rashin bin doka, zartar da hukunci don cin zarafi na aminci, da cire haɗari ko lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Lokacin yanke hukunci, hukumar tana da hankali sosai: OSHA tana la'akari da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da biyayyar mai aiki a baya tare da ƙa'idodin aminci, girman, imani mai kyau, da tsananin cin zarafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt; Ma'auni na OSHA sun shafi duk ma'aikata, sun haɗa da waɗanda ba su da takardun shaida ko ba ƴan ƙasa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blood, Sweat and Fear&quot; /&gt;

An sami ƙarin martanin majalisa na baya-bayan nan game da damuwar masu neman aiki.  A cikin shekara ta 2000, tsohon Gwamnan Nebraska Michael Johanns (wanda daga baya ya zama Sakataren Aikin Noma na Amurka) ya ba da &quot; [http://www.dol.nebraska.gov/center.cfm?PRICAT=2&amp;SUBCAT=5K&amp;ACTION=bor Bill of Rights Ma'aikatan Masana'antar Meatpacking na Nebraska] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150428175451/http://www.dol.nebraska.gov/center.cfm?PRICAT=2&amp;SUBCAT=5K&amp;ACTION=bor |date=2015-04-28 }} ,&quot; wanda ya amince da haƙƙin ma'aikaci don tsarawa, aiki a cikin yanayi mai aminci da samun damar fa'idodin jihohi da tarayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin 2001, Majalisa ta soke wasu ka'idodin ergonomics na OSHA waɗanda gwamnatin Clinton ta amince da su. Shugaba Bush ya rattaba hannu kan sokewar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan masana'antar nama a Amurka


== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]]
[[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]]
[[Category:Naman daji]]
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[[File:Uptown21NovPacmanNBATrashfurniture.jpg  |thumb|Sharar gefen Hanya ]]
[[File:FEMA_-_22161_-_Photograph_by_Marvin_Nauman_taken_on_01-26-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg  |thumb|Bolar Amurika ]] 
[[File:Generation_of_Products_in_US_Solid_Waste,_1960-2014.jpg|thumb| Rukunin ƙaƙƙarfan sharar da aka samar a cikin Amurka, 1960 zuwa 2014]]
A matsayin al'umma, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurkawa]] suna samar da [[Shara|sharar gida]] fiye da kowace al'umma a duniya, bisa hukuma tare da {{Convert|4.4|lbs}} na [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida]] (MSW) kowane mutum kowace rana, &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140312164437/http://www.epa.gov:80/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_msw_fs.pdf EPA Fact Sheet, 2012] &lt;/ref&gt; tare da wani binciken da aka kiyasta {{Convert|7.1|lbs}} a kowace rana. &lt;ref&gt;Humes, E. (2012) Garbology: Our dirty love affair with trash. Avery, 264 pp.&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi kusan 55 cikin 100 na wannan sharar ana bayar da ita ne a matsayin sharar gida, yayin da sauran kashi arba'in da biyar na sharar gida a cikin 'rabobin sharar Amurka' sun fito ne daga masana'antu, tallace-tallace, da [[kasuwanci]] a cikin [[Arziƙi|tattalin arzikin Amurka]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045805/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/05/29/idUS108659+29-May-2008+PRN20080529 Reuters] March 2008, Cashing in on Climate Change, ''IBISWorld''&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da bayanan mallakar da aka fitar ga jama'a, an saka sunan [[Nevada]] a matsayin &quot;Mafi ɓarnar Jiha&quot; na Amurka na shekaru 2005-2010; Inda kowane mazaunin ya jefar da fiye da fam 14 na abubuwan daba a sake sarrafa su ba, ba a sake amfani da su ba, galibi suna ƙarewa zuwa wuraren sharar ƙasa da incinerators a kowace rana, fam takwas sama da matsakaicin jifa na yau da kullun na jihar. Jihohin “Wasteful” [[Michigan]], [[New Mexico]], [[Wisconsin]] da [[Oregon]] da kuma [[Washington (jiha)|Washington suma]] sun mamaye jerin shekaru 5. 

== Ma'anoni ==
Ana iya bayyana sharar gida dabam a cikin dokoki da ƙa'idodin gwamnatin tarayya ko jihohi ɗaya. Take 40 na kundin dokokin tarayya da ke kula da kare muhalli ya ƙunshi aƙalla ma'anoni daban-daban na sharar gida huɗu a sashe na 60.111b, 61.341, 191.12 da 704.83. Ma'anar ma'anar na iya yin amfani da su gabaɗaya zuwa ga [[Daskararre|ƙarfi]], ruwa, da sifofin gaseous ko ƙila su keɓance ga ɗaya ko juzu'i da aka gano ta sifa mai ƙima kamar guba ko aikin rediyo&lt;ref&gt;https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/media-60223642.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp;amp_js_v=a9&amp;usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&amp;aoh=17536423301978&amp;referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Fmedia-60223642&lt;/ref&gt; . Kuma Yin watsi da, fitarwa, ko zubarwa (sabanin tallace-tallace ) sau da yawa buƙatu ne don ganowa azaman sharar gida, kodayake ana iya haɗa kayan da aka adana ko sake fa'ida a cikin wasu ma'anoni; kuma waɗannan ma'anoni na iya rage zaɓuɓɓukan sake yin amfani da su.  Ƙididdigar ƙididdige sharar na iya zama da wahala idan kayan sharar an narke da gangan a cikin hanyar sarrafawa ko zubar da su (kamar shafe sharar tsafta da ruwa mai tsafta yayin aikin zubar da bayan gida . ) Dilution na iya cire abu daga ma'anar sharar gida ta hanyar rage yawan abubuwan da ke ƙasa da ƙayyadadden ma'anar guba ko kofa na aikin rediyo.

== Sharar gida ==
Sharar gida ta zama matsala mai girma a Amurka. A kowace shekara, kusan sama da tan miliyan 3.2 na sharar lantarki ana sakawa a cikin wuraren sharar gida na Amurka. Babban yanki na wannan sharar lantarki shine kwamfutoci, na'urori, da talabijin. Sama da kwamfutoci miliyan 100, na'urorin saka idanu, da talabijin ana zubar da su kowace shekara a cikin Amurka  Ko da yake akwai ɗimbin sharar lantarki a Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta gano cewa a cikin shekarar 2009 kusan kusan kashi 25% na duk sharar lantarki. ana sake yin fa'ida a Amurka. Kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na karafa da ake samu a matsugunan shara na Amurka sun fito ne daga na'urorin lantarki.  Kashe duk wannan sharar lantarki yana da illa ga muhalli, da kuma tattalin arzikin duniya.

=== Tasirin muhalli ===
Sharar gida ta zama matsala mai tsanani ga zaman lafiyar muhalli a ƙasar Amurka. A tsawon shekaru, gwamnati ta kara shiga cikin wannan batu. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a Ofishin Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka na Rahoton Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗo na shekarata 2009, bayan an siya da amfani da samfuran lantarki, an raba su gida biyu. Ana tattara rukuni ɗaya na kayan lantarki don sake amfani da su, yayin da ɗayan kuma zubarwa ne. Bayan haka, samfuran da ake zubarwa galibi ana saka su a cikin [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren sharar ƙasa]], kuma sauran na'urorin lantarki waɗanda aka tattara don sake amfani da su ana sabunta su, sake amfani da su, ko amfani da su don kayan aiki.  Hans Tammemagi, marubucin ''The Waste Crisis'', yayi magana game da mummunan tasirin da sharar gida ke da shi a kan muhalli. Kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na duk sharar da ake samu a Amurka ana kona shi, yayin da sauran kuma ake saka shi a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Wannan ya bar kusan kashi 80% na sharar da ake cinyewa a Amurka ana sanyawa cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa. Daga cikin wannan kashi 80% na sharar gida, yawancin wannan sharar gida ne na lantarki.

Daga fitilun fitilu zuwa batura na gida na kowa, kowane yanki na lantarki da aka samu a cikin wuraren shara yana dauke da wani nau'in karfe. Daya daga cikin karafa da aka fi amfani da su wajen sharar lantarki shine gubar.  Ana Kuma samun gubar a yawancin batura, a cikin nau'in gubar-acid, kuma ana samunta a cikin CRTs (cathode ray tube). Kuma Ana amfani da waɗannan bututu da farko a cikin allon talabijin, da kuma na'urorin kwamfuta. Tun da yawancin talabijin, na'urorin kula da kwamfuta, da batura suna sanya su a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa wanda ke nufin cewa yawancin wuraren da aka kwashe suna da adadin gubar dalma a cikinsu, wanda ke da haɗari ga yanayin gida. Wannan shi ne saboda gubar, kamar mafi yawan abubuwa masu haɗari sosai waɗanda ke cikin rumbun ƙasa, na iya shiga cikin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa.  Kasancewa da babban matakin gubar na iya haifar da al'amuran kiwon lafiya daban-daban kamar su cutar jini da kwakwalwa, suma, da kuma a lokuta masu tsanani har ma da mutuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;EMPA&quot; /&gt; gubar ba ita ce kawai ƙarfe mai haɗari ba a cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa na Amurka. Misali, mercury, beryllium, da chromium wasu nau’in karafa ne da ke cikin matsugunan shara namu wadanda ke da matukar hadari ga muhalli, da kuma lafiyar dan Adam.

=== Ciniki ===
Maimaitawar ba shine kawai batun da ke tattare da illolin lantarki ba. Har ila yau, tattalin arziki da cinikayyar albarkatun kasa na taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tattalin arziki na sharar lantarki. Kuma A cikin mujallar yanar gizo ''Chemosphere'', Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer da Michael L. Clement sun yi iƙirarin a cikin labarinsu, &quot;Leaded Electronic Waste is a Material Material for Lead-contaminated Jewelry&quot; cewa yawancin sharar lantarki, wanda aka samar a Amurka. Ana [[Kasuwancin shara a duniya|fitar]] da shi zuwa ƙasashen Asiya da yawa, kuma musamman ƙasar [[Sin|China]], don dawo da kayan aiki .  Wannan shi ne saboda tattalin arzikin kasar Sin yana karuwa cikin sauri, kuma sun haifar da bukatar albarkatun kasa, wadanda ke fitowa daga sharar lantarki da ƙasar Amurka ke samarwa. 

Bayan an aika da shi zuwa kasar Sin, ana cire sharar lantarki daga sassa a cikin kananan tarurruka na kasar Sin.  Saboda yawancin sharar lantarki suna da abubuwa masu haɗari, musamman ma karafa masu haɗari, wannan yana haifar da yanayin aiki mai haɗari ga mutanen da ke aiki a kan cire kayan lantarki don kayan gyara. &lt;ref name=&quot;WC&quot; /&gt; Kasar Sin ba ta da ka'idojin muhalli masu tsauri, don haka sharar lantarki da aka shigo da ita daga Amurka, wanda ba a cire shi don kayan gyara ba, yana ƙarewa a cikin manyan juji a yankunan jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;WC&quot; /&gt; Wannan yana haifar da yanayi mai matukar haɗari ga mutanen da ke zaune kusa da waɗannan juji. Sannan Kuma  An sami lokuta daban-daban da mutane, da farko yara, sun kamu da rashin lafiya, ko ma sun mutu saboda fallasa duk wani abu mai haɗari da aka samu a cikin sharar gida a China. &lt;ref name=&quot;WC&quot; /&gt; Babban dalilin da ya sa Amurka ke sayar da mafi yawan sharar ta na lantarki zuwa wasu kasashe don girbi albarkatun kasa shi ne matsalar muhalli. Littafin, ''Lantarki Waste: EPA Yana Bukatar Yafi Sarrafa Harm Mummunan Fitar da Amurka ta hanyar Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa da Ƙa'idar Ƙarfafa'', na John B. Stephenson, ya  Kuma tattauna batutuwan muhalli da tattalin arziki na sharar lantarki a Amurka. A cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, gwamnatin Amurka ta amince da batun muhalli da matsugunan shara ke haifarwa,  sannan kuma ta kasance tana ƙirƙiro hani kan sharar ƙasar Amurka.  Ko da yake wannan na iya haifar da ƙarin kwanciyar hankali a cikin ƙasar Amurka, ya zama babban batun muhalli da lafiya a cikin ƙasashen da ake jigilar dattin lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;WC&quot; /&gt;

== Duba wasu abubuwan ==

* Sharar gida mai haɗari a Amurka
* Sake amfani da su a Amurka
* San Francisco Dole ne Sake yin amfani da Dokokin Taki
* Sharar gida

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

== Manazarta  ==

* [http://www.epa.gov/waste/ Sharar gida] a EPA
* [http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/ Municipal Solid Sharar gida] a EPA
* [https://www.trashdb.com/ Database Tarin Sharan Amurka]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | Trashdb.com</text>
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    <title>Adalcin Muhalli</title>
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[[Fayil:African enviroment.jpg|thumb|haka wasu yanayin tsarin '''Muhallinsu yake''']]
'''Adalcin Muhalli,''' wani yunƙuri ne na zamantakewa dan magance fallasa rashin adalci na al'ummomin matalauta da marasa galihu ga illolin da ke tattare da hakar albarkatu, sharar fage, da sauran amfanin ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schlosberg&quot; /&gt; Motsin ya haifar da ɗaruruwan karatu waɗanda ke kafa wannan tsarin rashin daidaituwar bayyanar da cutarwar muhalli, da kuma babban ɗimbin  ɗabi'a na wallafe-wallafen ilimin zamantakewa wanda ya haɗa da ka'idodin yanayi da adalci, dokokin muhalli da manufofin dorewa, da ilimin kimiyyar siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schlosberg&quot;&gt;Schlosberg, David. (2007) ''Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and Nature''. Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Miller|first=G. Tyler, Jr.|title=Environmental Science: Working With the Earth |edition=9th |date=2003 |publisher=Brooks/Cole |location=Pacific Grove, California |isbn=0-534-42039-7 |page=G5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yunkurin adalci na muhalli ya fara ne a cikin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin 1980s kuma [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Amurka]] ta yi tasiri sosai.

Tunanin asali na adalci na muhalli a cikin 1980s ya mayar da hankali kan cutarwa ga wasu wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙasashe masu arziki kamar Amurka. Daga baya aka faɗaɗa ƙungiyar don yin la'akari da jinsi gaba ɗaya, wariyar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa, da rashin daidaito tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu rauni. Yayin da yunkurin ya samu wasu nasarori a kasashe masu tasowa da masu wadata, an mayar da nauyin muhalli zuwa Kudancin Duniya. Yunƙurin tabbatar da adalci a muhalli ya zama mafi girma a duniya, tare da wasu manufofinsa yanzu [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta]] bayyana .

== Ma'anarsa ==
Masana ƙa'idar siyasa galibi sun ayyana adalcin muhalli a matsayin ''daidaitaccen rarraba kasa da fa'idojin muhalli'' .  Sauran masana ilimin tunani sun yi ƙoƙari su wuce wannan ma'anar don gano hanyoyin da ke haifar da rarraba kasa da fa'idodi marasa daidaituwa. Waɗannan faɗoɗin ma'anoni suna nuna ''gaskiya da ma'ana shiga'' cikin yanke shawara; ''amincewa da zalunci'' ''da bambanci'' a cikin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa; da kuma ''karfin'' da jama'a ke da shi na mayar da kayayyakin zamantakewar al'umma zuwa al'umma mai ci gaba a matsayin karin ma'auni na al'umma mai adalci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schlosberg&quot;&gt;Schlosberg, David. (2007) ''Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and Nature''. Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schlosberg|first=David|title=Moral and Political Reasoning in Environmental Practice|work=The Justice of Environmental Justice|publisher=The MIT Press|year=2002|isbn=0262621649|editor-last=Light|editor-first=Andrew|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=79|editor-last2=De-Shalit|editor-first2=Avner}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta bayyana adalcin muhalli da: &lt;blockquote&gt;daidaitaccen kulawa da shigar da ma'ana na duk mutane ba tare da la'akari da launin fata, launi, asalin ƙasa, ko samun kuɗin shiga ba, dangane da haɓakawa, aiwatarwa, da aiwatar da dokokin muhalli, ƙa'idodi, da manufofi.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Tarihi da iyaka ==
Farkon motsin adalci na muhalli ana danganta shi da zanga-zangar 1982 North Carolina PCB a Warren County, NC.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Martinez-Alier|first=Joan|date=2014|title=Between activism and science: grassroots concepts for sustainability coined by Environmental Justice Organizations|url=https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/56698/IDL-56698.pdf?sequence=2|journal=Journal of Political Ecology|volume=21|pages=19–60|doi=10.2458/v21i1.21124}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Perez|first=Alejandro Colsa|date=2015|title=Evolution of the environmental justice movement: activism, formalization and differentiation|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105002/pdf|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=10|issue=10|page=105002|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105002|bibcode=2015ERL....10j5002C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zubar da gurbatacciyar ƙasa ta PCB a cikin al'ummar Baƙar fata na Afton ya haifar da gagarumar zanga-zanga, kuma an kama sama da mutane 500. Wannan ya haifar da binciken da ke nuna cewa kabilanci shine mafi mahimmancin al'amari don hasashen sanya wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari a cikin Amurka,  kuma an tsara adalcin muhalli a matsayin wariyar launin fata . Waɗannan karatun sun biyo bayan ƙin yarda da kuma ƙararraki game da zubar da shara masu haɗari a cikin matalauta, baki ɗaya, al'ummomi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;Cole, Luke and Sheila R. Foster. (2001) From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙara soki lamirin [[Gudanar da muhalli|ƙungiyoyin muhalli na yau]] da kullun saboda manyan ƴan mazaɓar arziƙin farar fata, suna mai da hankali kan kiyayewa, da rashin magance waɗannan matsalolin daidaiton zamantakewa.  

A cikin shekarun 1970s da 80s, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin muhalli sun haɓaka ƙa'idodin muhalli waɗanda suka ƙaru farashin zubar da shara masu haɗari a cikin Amurka da sauran ƙasashe masu arzikin masana'antu. Fitar da sharar fage daga waɗannan ƙasashe zuwa Kudancin Duniya ya ƙaru a shekarun 1980 da 1990.  A duniya baki ɗaya, zubar da shara mai guba, da rabon kasa, da hakar albarkatu na haifar da take hakkin bil'adama da kuma kafa tushe na yunkurin tabbatar da kare muhalli na duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Haɗin kai na kasa da kasa game da adalcin muhalli ya fara ne da Babban Taron Shugabancin Muhalli na Jama'a na Farko a 1991. An gudanar da wannan taron ne a birnin Washington, DC, kuma ya samu halartar wakilai sama da 650 daga kowace jiha ta Amurka, Mexico, Chile, da sauran ƙasashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;Cole, Luke and Sheila R. Foster. (2001) From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;  Wakilai sun amince da ka'idoji 17 na adalci na muhalli wadanda aka yada a taron kolin Duniya na 1992 a Rio. Ƙa'ida ta 10 na sanarwar Rio game da Muhalli da Ci gaba ta bayyana cewa mutane za su sami damar samun bayanai game da al'amuran muhalli, shiga cikin yanke shawara, da samun damar yin adalci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Britton-Purdy|first=Jedediah|date=December 7, 2016|title=Environmentalism Was Once a Social-Justice Movement|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/12/how-the-environmental-movement-can-recover-its-soul/509831/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Environmental elitism&quot;/&gt;

Kafin taron ƙoli na jagoranci a 1991, fagagen fafutukar tabbatar da shari'ar muhalli sun yi magana da farko game da maganin guba da cutarwa ga wasu wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙasashe masu arziki; A yayin taron, an fadada shi zuwa ga lafiyar jama'a, kare lafiyar ma'aikata, amfani da filaye, sufuri, da dai sauransu.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Daga baya aka fadada wannan yunkuri don la'akari da jinsi gaba daya, rashin adalci na duniya, da rashin daidaito tsakanin kungiyoyi marasa galihu.  Adalci na muhalli ya zama motsi mai fa'ida a duniya, kuma ya bada gudummawar ra'ayoyi da yawa ga ilimin kimiyyar siyasa waɗanda aka ɗauka ko aka tsara su a cikin adabin ilimi. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun haɗa da bashi na muhalli, wariyar launin fata, adalcin yanayi, ikon mallakar abinci, lissafin kamfanoni, ecocide, yankunan sadaukarwa, muhalli na matalauta, da sauransu. 

Adalci na muhalli yana ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa fa'idar dokar [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|kare haƙƙin ɗan adam]] wacce a baya ta gaza kula da dangantakar da ke tsakanin muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam.  Yawancin yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam ba su da tanadin muhalli a sarari. Ƙoƙarin haɗa kariyar muhalli tare da dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da daidaita haƙƙin ɗan adam [[Hakki zuwa lafiyayyen muhalli|zuwa yanayi mai kyau]] . Haɗa kariyar muhalli cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam yana da matsala, musamman a yanayin adalci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Malamai irin su Kyle Powys Whyte da Dina Gilio-Whitaker sun tsawaita jawaban shari'ar muhalli dangane da ƴan asali da kuma ' yan mulkin mallaka . Gilio-Whitaker ya yi nuni da cewa adalcin rarraba yana ɗaukar haƙƙin haƙƙin jari-hujja na ƙasar wanda bai dace da ra'ayin ƴan asalin duniya ba.  Whyte yayi magana game da adalcin muhalli dangane da sauye-sauyen bala'i da mulkin mallaka ya kawo wa muhallin da ƴan asalin ƙasar suka dogara da su tsawon shekaru aru-aru don ci gaba da rayuwa da kuma asalinsu.

== Wariya na muhalli ==
Ƙungiyar adalci ta muhalli na neman magance wariyar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da zubar da shara masu haɗari, hakar albarkatu, rabon ƙasa, da sauran ayyuka.  Wannan wariyar muhalli yana haifar da asarar al'adu da tattalin arziƙi na tushen ƙasa,  tashin hankali na makamai (musamman ga mata da ƴan asalin ƙasa),  da kuma lalata muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diamond: A Struggle for Environmental Justice in Louisiana's Chemical Corridor|last=Lerner|first=Steve|publisher=The MIT Press|year=2005|location=Cambridge, MA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai rarrabuwa da yawa waɗanda rarraba nauyin mahalli na rashin adalci zai iya faɗi. A cikin Amurka, launin fata shine mafi mahimmancin ƙayyadaddun rashin adalci na muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Colquette|first1=Kelly Michelle|last2=Robertson|first2=Elizabeth A Henry|date=1991|title=Environmental Racism: The Causes, Consequences, and Commendations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43291103|journal=Tulane Environmental Law Journal|volume=5|issue=1|pages=153–207|jstor=43291103|via=JSTOR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Skelton|first1=Renee|last2=Miller|first2=Vernice|date=March 17, 2016|title=The Environmental Justice Movement|url=http://www.nrdc.org/ej/history/hej.asp|access-date=April 23, 2011|website=[[National Resource Defense Council]]|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101417/http://www.nrdc.org/ej/history/hej.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu ƙasashe, talauci ko ƙabilanci ([[Indiya]]) sune mahimman bayanai.  Har ila yau, alaƙar ƙabilanci yana da mahimmanci a wasu ƙasashe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Masana harkokin shari'a na muhalli Laura Pulido da David Pellow sun yi iƙirarin cewa amincewa da wariyar launin fata a matsayin wani abu da ya samo asali daga tushen tsarin jari-hujja na launin fata yana da mahimmanci ga motsi, tare da fifikon farar fata yana ci gaba da tsara dangantakar ɗan adam da yanayi da aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pulido|first1=Laura|last2=De Lara|first2=Juan|date=March 2018|title=Reimagining 'justice' in environmental justice: Radical ecologies, decolonial thought, and the Black Radical Tradition|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2514848618770363|journal=Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space|language=en|volume=1|issue=1–2|pages=76–98|doi=10.1177/2514848618770363|issn=2514-8486|s2cid=149765978}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pellow|first1=David|last2=Vazin|first2=Jasmine|date=19 July 2019|title=The Intersection of Race, Immigration Status, and Environmental Justice|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=11|issue=14|pages=3942|doi=10.3390/su11143942|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pulido|first=Laura|date=2017-08-01|title=Geographies of race and ethnicity II: Environmental racism, racial capitalism and state-sanctioned violence|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132516646495|journal=Progress in Human Geography|language=en|volume=41|issue=4|pages=524–533|doi=10.1177/0309132516646495|s2cid=147792869|issn=0309-1325}}&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Sharar gida mai haɗari ===
Yayin da ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli suka kara samun nasara a kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar Amurka, an karkata nauyin samar da kayayyaki a duniya zuwa Kudancin Duniya inda tsauraran dokoki na iya sa zubar da shara cikin sauki. Fitar da datti daga Amurka ya karu a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990.   Yawancin ƙasashen da abin ya shafa ba su da isasshen tsarin zubar da wannan sharar, kuma ba a sanar da al'ummomin da abin ya shafa game da hadurran da ake fuskanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pellow, 2007&quot;&gt;[[David Naguib Pellow|Pellow, David Naguib]]. 2007. ''Resisting Global Toxics''. The MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Lamarin zubar da sharar  ya kasance babban misali na al'amurran da suka shafi shari'ar muhalli da suka taso daga motsi na kasa da kasa na sharar guba. Ƴan kwangilar da ke zubar da toka daga wuraren tona shara a birnin [[Philadelphia]] na jihar Pennsylvania ba bisa ka'ida ba sun zubar da sharar a gabar tekun Haiti bayan wasu kasashe da dama sun ki karbar sharar. Bayan fiye da shekaru goma na muhawara, an mayar da sharar gida a Pennsylvania. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pellow, 2007&quot;&gt;[[David Naguib Pellow|Pellow, David Naguib]]. 2007. ''Resisting Global Toxics''. The MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.&lt;/ref&gt; Lamarin ya ba da gudummawa wajen ƙirƙirar Yarjejeniyar Basel da ke tsara zirga-zirgar sharar guba a duniya. 

=== Kasadar Kasa ===
Ƙasashe a Kudancin Duniya suna ɗaukar nauyin muhalli na abubuwan da ake samarwa a duniya da kuma tsadar cin abinci fiye da kima a cikin al'ummomin Yammacin Turai. Wannan nauyi ya ta'azzara ta hanyar sauye-sauyen amfani da filaye wanda ke kawar da filaye da yawa daga iyali da noman rayuwa zuwa saka hannun jari na kasa da kasa da yawa a hasashen filaye, noma, [[hakar ma'adinai]], ko kiyayewa.  An haifar da kwace filaye a Kudancin Duniya ta hanyar akidar neoliberal da bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin shari'a, farashin filaye, da ayyukan ka'idoji waɗanda ke sa ƙasashe a Kudancin Duniya suka yi sha'awar saka hannun jari na waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan ƙasa suna jefa rayuwar ƴan asalin cikin haɗari da ci gaba da ayyukan zamantakewa, al'adu da na ruhaniya. Juriya ga rabon ƙasa ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan zamantakewa kuma yana da wahala ta hanyar rashin daidaito da rashi na zamantakewar da aka rigaya; al'ummomin da abin ya shafa galibi suna kokawa don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullun.

=== Cire albarkatun ===
Ɗaruruwan bincike sun nuna cewa al&lt;nowiki&gt;'ummomin da aka ware suna fuskantar nauyi daidai gwargwado sakamakon illar muhalli na haƙar albarkatu.  Al'ummomin da ke kusa da albarkatun kasa masu kima na yawanci suna fama da '' la'anar albarkatu '' inda suke ɗaukar tsadar muhalli na hakowa yayin da ɗan gajeren bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin da masana'&lt;/nowiki&gt;antu ke haifarwa yana haifar da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da kuma talauci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Bambancin wutar lantarki tsakanin masana'antun hakar da kuma al'ummomin da abin ya shafa suna haifar da rashin adalci a cikin tsari wanda al'ummomin yankin ba za su iya shiga cikin ma'ana cikin yanke shawara da za su daidaita rayuwarsu ba.

Har ila yau, bincike ya nuna cewa hakar ma'adanai masu mahimmanci na iya haɗawa da tashin hankali a cikin al'ummomin da ke daukar nauyin aikin hakar ma'adinai.  Gwamnatin Kanada ta gano cewa hakar albarkatu yana haifar da bata da kuma kashe mata ƴan asalin a cikin al'ummomin da ma'adanai da ayyukan more rayuwa kamar bututun mai ya shafa.  Hakanan ana iya haɗa man fetur da haƙar katako da tashin hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

== Matsalolin farko ga ƴan tsiraru ==
Lokacin da kishin muhalli ya fara shahara a farkon karni na 20, abin da aka fi mayar da hankali shi ne kariyar daji da kiyaye namun daji. Waɗannan manufofin sun nuna muradun farkon ƙungiyoyin, musamman masu goyon bayan farare na tsakiya da na manya, gami da ta hanyar kiyayewa da kariya ta hanyar ruwan tabarau wanda ya kasa yaba aikin ƙarni na al'ummomin ƴan asalin waɗanda suka rayu ba tare da haifar da nau'ikan lalacewar muhalli ba. wadannan 'yan mulkin mallaka na &quot;masu muhalli&quot; yanzu sun nemi ragewa. Ayyukan ƙungiyoyin muhalli da yawa na yau da kullun suna nuna waɗannan ƙa'idodin farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sandler, R. 2007 pp. 27-55&quot;&gt;Sandler, R., &amp; Phaedra, P. (2007). Environmental justice and environmentalism. (pp. 27-55).&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu tsiraru masu karamin ƙarfi da yawa suna jin sun ware ko kuma sun yi mummunan tasiri daga yunkurin, wanda aka misalta ta Wasikar Kungiyar Kudu maso Yamma ta Organising Project (SWOP) zuwa rukunin 10, wata wasika da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli na gida suka aika zuwa ga manyan kungiyoyin kare muhalli.  Wasiƙar ta yi nuni da cewa ƙungiyoyin muhalli sun damu sosai game da tsaftacewa da kiyaye yanayi wanda ya yi watsi da mummunan tasirin da yin hakan ya haifar da al'ummomin da ke kusa, wato ƙarancin haɓaka ayyukan yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sandler, R. 2007 pp. 27-55&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar NIMBY ta mayar da amfanin gonakin da ba a so a cikin gida (LULUs) daga unguwannin masu matsakaicin ra'ayi zuwa al'ummomi marasa galihu masu yawan 'yan tsiraru. Don haka, al'ummomi masu rauni waɗanda ke da ƙarancin damar siyasa galibi suna fuskantar ɓata mai haɗari da guba.  Wannan ya haifar da ƙa'idar PIBBY, ko aƙalla PIMBY (Place-in-minorities'-backyard), kamar yadda ƙungiyar United Church of Christ's binciken ke tallafawa a cikin 1987. 

Sakamakon haka, wasu tsiraru sun kalli motsin muhalli a matsayin masu kishin ƙasa. Ilimin muhalli ya bayyana kansa a cikin nau'i uku daban-daban:

# ''Abun tsarawa''&amp;nbsp;– Masana muhalli sun fito ne daga matsakaita da babba.
# ''Akida''&amp;nbsp;– Sauye-sauyen na amfanar magoya bayan kungiyar amma suna sanya farashi kan wadanda ba su shiga ba.
# ''Tasiri''&amp;nbsp;– Sauye-sauyen na da “tasirin zamantakewar koma baya”. Suna amfana da masu muhalli ba tare da misaltuwa ba kuma suna cutar da yawan jama'a. 

Magoya bayan ci gaban tattalin arziki sun yi amfani da rashin kulawar da masana muhalli ke yi wa tsiraru. Sun shawo kan shugabannin tsirarun da ke neman inganta al'ummominsu cewa fa'idodin tattalin arziki na masana'antu da karuwar ayyukan yi sun cancanci haɗarin kiwon lafiya. A haƙiƙa, duka 'yan siyasa da 'yan kasuwa sun ma yi barazanar rasa ayyukan yi idan al'ummomi ba su yarda da masana'antu da wurare masu haɗari ba. Ko da yake a yawancin lokuta mazauna yankin ba su sami waɗannan fa'idodin ba, ana amfani da hujjar don rage juriya a cikin al'ummomi tare da guje wa kashe kuɗin da ake amfani da su don tsaftace gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da ƙirƙirar yanayin wuraren aiki. 

=== Shingayen tsada ===
Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun abubuwan da ke hana tsiraru shiga harkokin shari'a a muhalli shi ne tsadar farko na kokarin sauya tsarin da hana kamfanoni zubar da shara masu guba da sauran gurbacewar muhalli a wuraren da 'yan tsiraru ke zaune a cikinsu. Akwai manyan kuɗaɗen shari'a da ke cikin yaƙi don tabbatar da adalcin muhalli da ƙoƙarin zubar da wariyar launin fata.  Misali, a Burtaniya, akwai ka'ida da mai da'awar zai iya biyan kudaden abokan hamayyarsa, wanda ke kara tsananta duk wata matsala ta tsadar kayayyaki, musamman ma kungiyoyin tsirarun masu ƙaramin ƙarfi; Har ila yau, hanya daya tilo da kungiyoyin kare muhalli za su dora wa kamfanoni alhakin gurbatar muhalli da kuma karya duk wata matsala ta bayar da lasisi kan zubar da shara ita ce su kai karar gwamnati kan rashin aiwatar da dokoki. Wannan zai haifar da haramcin kuɗaɗen doka waɗanda galibi ba za su iya biya ba.  Ana iya ganin wannan ta gaskiyar cewa daga cikin shari'o'in nazarin shari'a 210 tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2009, 56% ba su ci gaba ba saboda farashi. 

== Cin Halaye ==
Ganin yadda al'ummominsu ke fama da rashin daidaituwa ta hanyar lalata muhalli da kuma hana yin amfani da ƙungiyoyin da ke da'awar gyara wannan, ƙungiyoyi da yawa ta kuma ga al'ummomin wariyar launin fata da ƙungiyoyi masu karamin karfi sun fara kafawa a cikin shekarun 1970 da 80 don magance rashin adalci na muhalli. Ayyukansu ya zo tare don zama ƙashin bayan ƙungiyar adalci ta muhalli na zamani, waɗanda aka rubuta ƙa'idodin jagororinsu musamman a lokacin taron shugabannin Muhalli na Farko na Ƙasa na Farko a 1991.  Mahalarta wannan taron sun kafa wasu ƙa'idodi guda 17 na adalci na muhalli. 

== Gudunmawar Ƙungiyar Adalci ta Haihuwa ==
Yawancin masu shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Adalci ta Haihuwa suna ganin gwagwarmayarsu tana da alaƙa da waɗanda ke tabbatar da adalcin muhalli, kuma akasin haka. Loretta Ross ta bayyana tsarin adalci na haihuwa kamar yadda yake magana &quot;ikon kowace mace ta tantance makomarta ta haihuwa&quot; kuma ta yi jayayya cewa wannan yana da alaƙa &quot;kai tsaye ga yanayin da ke cikin al'ummarta - kuma waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba batun zaɓi ne kawai na mutum ba da samun damar shiga. .&quot;  Irin waɗannan yanayi sun haɗa da waɗanda ke tsakiyar shari'ar muhalli-ciki har da wurin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da gurɓatar abinci, iska, da hanyoyin ruwa. Ungozoma Mohawk Katsi Cook ta taimaka wajen kwatanta alaƙa guda ɗaya tsakanin adalcin haihuwa da muhalli lokacin da ta yi bayani, &quot;a ƙirjin mata yana gudana dangantakar waɗannan tsararraki ga al'umma da kuma duniyar halitta. Ta haka ƙasa ita ce mahaifiyarmu, in ji kaka. Ta haka mu a matsayinmu na mata ne kasa.”  Cook ya kafa aikin Madarar Uwar a cikin shekarun 1980 don magance gurɓataccen gurɓatawar jikin mata ta hanyar fallasa kifaye da ruwa da wani rukunin General Motors Superfund ya gurɓata. Dangane da yadda gurbacewar yanayi ke yin illa ga matan Akwesasne da ƴaƴansu ta hanyar haihuwa da kuma shayar da jarirai, wannan Aikin ya kawo gaba daya daga cikin manyan matsuguni tsakanin adalcin haihuwa da muhalli. 

== Ƙungiyoyin da abin ya shafa ==
Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da abin ya shafa na Adalci na Muhalli, wadanda ke cikin matsanancin talauci da kungiyoyin tsirarun kabilanci sun fi dacewa da cutar da rashin adalcin muhalli. Talakawa suna lissafin sama da kashi 20% na tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam daga fitar da iska mai guba na masana'antu, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 12.9% na yawan jama'a a duk faɗin ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Racial/Ethnic Inequality in Environmental-Hazard Exposure in Metropolitan Los Angeles Manuel Pastor, Jr.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan baya lissafin rashin adalcin da aka samu a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin tsiraru guda ɗaya. Wasu nazarin da ke gwada ƙididdiga don tasirin ƙabilanci da ƙabilanci, yayin da suke sarrafa samun kuɗin shiga da sauran dalilai, suna ba da ra'ayi na ƙabilanci a cikin fallasa wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a duk nau'ikan samun kuɗin shiga. 

Jihohi na iya ganin sanya wurare masu guba kusa da ƙauyuka marasa galihu a matsayin fifiko daga hangen nesa na Amfanin Kuɗi (CBA). CBA na iya fifita sanya wani wuri mai guba kusa da birnin matalauta 20,000 fiye da kusa da birnin masu arziki 5,000. &lt;ref&gt;Sandler, R., &amp; Phaedra, P. (2007). Environmental justice and environmentalism. (pp. 57-83).&lt;/ref&gt; Terry Bossert na Range Resources rahotanni sun bayyana cewa da gangan ya kan gano ayyukansa a unguwannin matalauta maimakon wuraren masu arziki da mazauna ke da karin kudade don kalubalantar ayyukansa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://powersource.post-gazette.com/powersource/latest-oil-and-gas/2016/04/18/Executive-s-remark-about-shale-gas-well-sites-prompts-sharp-criticism-calls-for-review/stories/201604180027 Range Resources exec's well-site remarks drawing sharp criticism: Does Range avoid rich neighborhoods?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029172954/http://powersource.post-gazette.com/powersource/latest-oil-and-gas/2016/04/18/Executive-s-remark-about-shale-gas-well-sites-prompts-sharp-criticism-calls-for-review/stories/201604180027 |date=2017-10-29 }}—''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'' (April 18, 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; Lantarkin Matatar Matatar Gabashin Bay ta Arewacin California misali ne na rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da alaƙa da kabilanci da samun kuɗi da kusanci ga wurare masu guba. 

=== Mata ===
Tasirin sauyin yanayi yana da tasirin da bai dace ba ga mata da ƴan mata.  Mata suna fuskantar haɗari mafi girma da kuma nauyi mafi girma na sauyin yanayi, saboda sauyin yanayi ba ya bambanta tsakanin jinsi. Matsanancin yanayi yana da alaƙa da auren wuri, fataucin jima'i, tashin hankalin gida, ƙaura, asarar kuɗi, rashin abinci, ƙarancin ruwa, da matsalolin lafiya.   A cikin 2020, guguwar Eta da Iota sun yi ɓarna a jihohin tsakiyar Amurka.  Da yawa sun rasa matsugunansu amma mata ne aka fi shafa. Hakazalika, a Indiya, fari ya sa mata suka fi fuskantar rauni idan aka kwatanta da maza. 

An yi iƙirarin cewa al'amuran adalci na muhalli gabaɗaya sun fi shafar mata a cikin al'ummomi fiye da yadda suke shafar maza. Mata kuma sukan zama jagorori a ƙungiyoyin fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a muhalli. Don haka, yana girma ya zama babban al'amari na mata.  A karkashin tsarin mata na adalci na muhalli, ana kallon al'amuran muhalli da sauyin yanayi ta hanyar ruwan tabarau wanda ke tabbatar da cewa kabilanci, fifikon farar fata, wariyar launin fata, da jari-hujja sune masu ba da gudummawa ga tasirin da sauyin yanayi ke yi ga mata.  Irin wannan bincike ga adalcin muhalli yana ba da shawarar dabarun da ke magance tushen rashin daidaito, canza dangantakar iko, da tallafawa ƴancin mata. 

=== Amurkawa ===
Amurke da yawa na Adalci na Muhalli ya shafe Ba-Amurkawa. Wani sanannen misali shine yankin &quot; Cancer Alley &quot; na Louisiana. Wannan yanki mai nisan mil 85 na [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]] tsakanin Baton Rouge da New Orleans gida ne ga kamfanoni 125 waɗanda ke samar da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na samfuran sinadaran petrochemical da aka ƙera a Amurka. Hukumar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Amurka ta yanke shawarar cewa, al'ummar Afirka-Amurka sun kamu da cutar Cancer Alley ba daidai ba, sakamakon tsarin ba da izinin jihar Louisiana a halin yanzu da na gida don wurare masu haɗari, da kuma ƙarancin matsayinsu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi da ƙarancin tasirin siyasa. . &lt;ref name=&quot;Shrader-Frechette 2002&quot;&gt;Shrader-Frechette. 2002. ''Environmental Justice Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy''. Oxford University Press: New York, NY&lt;/ref&gt; Wani abin da ya faru na rashin adalci na muhalli na dogon lokaci ya faru a cikin &quot;West Grove&quot; na Miami, Florida. Daga 1925 zuwa 1970, matalautan da suka fi yawa, mazauna Afirka ta Yamma mazauna yankin &quot;West Grove&quot; sun jimre da mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da hayaki mai guba da kuma fitar da sharar guba daga babban injin incineter mai suna Old Smokey.  Duk da amincewar hukuma a matsayin ɓarna ga jama'a, an faɗaɗa aikin incinerator a cikin 1961. Sai da kewayen, yankunan fararen fata galibi suka fara fuskantar mummunan tasiri daga Tsohon Smokey cewa yakin shari'a ya fara rufe gidan wuta.

=== Ƙungiyoyin Ƴan Asalin Ƙasa ===
Ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin galibi suna fama da rashin adalci na muhalli. Ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun fuskanci cin zarafi da suka shafi hakar uranium a yammacin Amurka. Churchrock, New Mexico, a yankin Navajo gida ne ga mafi dadewa ci gaba da hakar ma'adanai uranium a kowace ƙasar Navajo. Daga 1954 zuwa 1968, ƙabilar ta ba da hayar fili ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ba su sami izini daga dangin Navajo ba ko ba da rahoton duk wani sakamako na ayyukansu. Ba wai kawai masu haƙar ma’adinan sun rage ƙarancin ruwa ba, har ma sun gurɓata abin da ya rage na ruwan Navajo da uranium. Kerr-McGee da United Nuclear Corporation, manyan kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai biyu, sun yi iƙirarin cewa dokar hana gurɓacewar ruwa ta Tarayya ba ta shafe su ba, kuma ta kiyaye cewa ƙasar Amirka ta asali ba ta ƙarƙashin kariyar muhalli. Kotuna ba su tilasta musu bin ƙa'idojin ruwa mai tsabta na Amurka ba har sai 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shrader-Frechette 2002&quot;&gt;Shrader-Frechette. 2002. ''Environmental Justice Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy''. Oxford University Press: New York, NY&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yankin Latino ===
Babban misali na rashin adalci na muhalli tsakanin Latinos shine bayyanar da maganin kashe kwari da ma'aikatan gona ke fuskanta. Bayan DDT da sauran chlorinated hydrocarbon magungunan kashe qwari a Amurka a cikin 1972, manoma sun fara amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari na organophosphate mai guba kamar parathion . Yawancin ma'aikatan gona a Amurka suna aiki a matsayin baƙi ba tare da izini ba, kuma sakamakon rashin lafiyarsu na siyasa, ba sa iya yin zanga-zangar adawa da kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari a kai a kai ko kuma amfana daga kariyar dokokin Tarayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shrader-Frechette 2002&quot;&gt;Shrader-Frechette. 2002. ''Environmental Justice Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy''. Oxford University Press: New York, NY&lt;/ref&gt; Fitar da magungunan kashe ƙwari a masana'antar auduga kuma yana shafar manoma a Indiya da Uzbekistan. An dakatar da shi a ko'ina cikin sauran sassan duniya saboda barazanar da ke tattare da lafiyar dan adam da muhalli, Endosulfan wani sinadari ne mai guba, wanda ba za a iya lamunce amfani da shi ba a yawancin kasashe masu tasowa da ake amfani da su. Endosulfan, kamar DDT, wani organochlorine ne kuma yana dawwama a cikin muhalli tun bayan kashe kwari da aka yi niyya, yana barin gado mai mutuwa ga mutane da namun daji. 

Mazauna garuruwan da ke kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico kuma abin ya shafa. Maquiladoras tsire-tsire ne na haɗakarwa da Amurka, Jafananci, da sauran ƙasashen waje ke sarrafawa, waɗanda ke kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. Maquiladoras suna amfani da arha arha na Mexiko don haɗa abubuwan da aka shigo da su da albarkatun ƙasa, sannan su kwashe samfuran da aka gama zuwa Amurka. Yawancin sharar ta ƙare har ana zubar da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin magudanar ruwa, ramuka, ko cikin hamada. Tare da Lower Rio Grande Valley, maquiladoras suna zubar da sharar gida mai guba a cikin kogin wanda kashi 95 na mazauna ke samun ruwan sha. A cikin garuruwan kan iyaka na Brownsville, Texas, da Matamoros, Mexico, adadin anencephaly (jariran da aka haifa ba tare da kwakwalwa ba) ya ninka sau huɗu matsakaicin ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;bullard&quot;&gt;Bullard, Robert D. &quot;Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism and Its Impact on Public Policy Decision Making.&quot; N. pag. Web. &lt;http://www.unc.edu/courses/2005spring/epid/278/001/Bullard2000JSocIssues.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192109/http://www.unc.edu/courses/2005spring/epid/278/001/Bullard2000JSocIssues.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyana Tasirin Lafiya ==
Al'ummomin masu adalci na muhalli suna fuskantar rashin daidaito ga gurɓatar sinadarai, rage ingancin iska, gurɓataccen tushen ruwa, da raguwar lafiya gaba ɗaya.  Rashin yarda da canje-canjen manufofin da ke kewaye da abubuwan da ke tasiri ga lafiyar waɗannan al'ummomi suna haifar da raguwa a cikin muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam.  Ana iya gano al'ummomin adalci na muhalli ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar: &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;

* bakin kofa - yankunan yanki
* al'umma dangane da ganewa
* yawan nauyi

Duk da yake akwai hanyoyi da yawa don gano al'ummomin adalci na muhalli, bayyanar muhalli gama gari a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin adalcin muhalli sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska da haɗarin gurɓataccen ruwa.  Saboda yawancin al'ummomin adalci na muhalli kasancewar suna da matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci na zamantakewa, yawancin membobin al'ummomin suna aiki a cikin cunkoson ayyuka tare da fallasa masu haɗari kamar ɗakunan ajiya da ma'adinai.  Babban hanyoyin fallasa su ne ta hanyar numfashi, sha, da sha. Lokacin da ma'aikata suka bar wurin aiki, mai yiwuwa su ɗauki sinadarai tare da su a kan tufafi, takalma, fata, da gashin kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Tafiya na waɗannan sinadarai na iya isa gidajensu kuma su ƙara yin tasiri ga iyalansu, gami da yara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; An bayyana yaran waɗannan al'ummomi a matsayin al'umma ta musamman da aka fallasa saboda yadda suke sarrafa gurɓataccen abu daban-daban fiye da manya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Idan aka kwatanta da yara a wasu al'ummomi, yara a cikin al'ummomin adalci na muhalli na iya fuskantar babban matakin gurɓatawa a duk tsawon rayuwarsu, farawa daga mahaifa (ta hanyar mahaifa), jarirai (ta hanyar nono), ƙuruciyar ƙuruciya da kuma bayan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Saboda ƙaruwar bayyanarwa suna cikin haɗari mafi girma ga mummunan tasirin lafiya kamar yanayin numfashi, yanayin gastrointestinal, da yanayin tunani.

Sanya wuraren ɓarke da ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi (CAFOs) a wasu daga cikin waɗannan yankuna kuma manyan masu ba da gudummawa ne ga illolin lafiya da membobin waɗannan al'ummomin ke fuskanta.  CAFOs kuma suna fitar da hayaki mai cutarwa a cikin iska (ammoniya, mahaɗan ƙwayoyin halitta masu canzawa, endotoxins, da sauransu) suna rage girman ingancin iska. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Hakanan za su iya gurɓata ƙasa da wuraren ruwa na kusa. Wuraren da ke tarwatsewa na iya fitar da hayaki mai guba, musamman methane, wanda kuma ke lalata iska da gurɓata ruwa. 

A ma'aunin duniya, bunƙasar da aka samu cikin sauri a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan kuma ta kasance babban fallasa ga haɗarin muhalli a cikin al'ummomin adalci na muhalli saboda saurin kera da zubar da kayayyaki masu yawa.  95% na samar da tufafi yana faruwa ne a cikin ƙananan ƙasashe ko matsakaicin kuɗin shiga inda ma'aikata ba su da wadata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; Haɗarin sana'a kamar rashin samun iska na iya haifar da haɗari na numfashi ciki har da barbashi na iska da ƙurar auduga. &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; Rinyen rini na iya haifar da haɗari idan ba a kula da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi don yin rini ba kafin a shiga cikin tsarin ruwa na gida wanda ke haifar da sakin abubuwa masu guba da ƙananan karafa a cikin ruwan da mazauna ke amfani da su da kuma dabbobi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;

[[Canjin yanayi]] da adalcin yanayi su ma sun kasance wani ɓangare yayin tattaunawa game da adalcin muhalli da kuma babban tasirin da yake da shi ga al'ummomin adalcin muhalli.  Gurbacewar iska da gurbacewar ruwa abubuwa biyu ne ke haifar da sauyin yanayi wanda zai iya haifar da illa kamar tsananin zafi, karuwar hazo, da hawan teku. &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;  Saboda haka, al'ummomi sun fi fuskantar matsalolin da suka haɗa da ambaliyar ruwa da fari da ke haifar da ƙarancin abinci da kuma karuwar kamuwa da cututtuka, da abinci, da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;  An yi hasashen cewa sauyin yanayi zai fi yin tasiri ga masu rauni. &lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan na yanzu ==
A cikin 2019, Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta gudanar da taron Shugaban kasa na Farko kan Adalci na Muhalli. 

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sandy Beach, Alberta</title>
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'''Sandy Beach''' ƙauyen bazara ne a cikin Alberta, Kanada. Tana kan tafkin Sandy, arewa maso yamma daga [[Edmonton]] tare da Babbar Hanya 642.

== Alkaluma ==
A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a a shekara ta 2021 da Kididdiga Kanada ta gudanar, ƙauyen bazara na Sandy Beach yana da yawan jama'a 278 da ke zaune a cikin 139 daga cikin jimlar gidaje 258 masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. 0% daga yawan jama'arta a shekara  ta 2016 na 278. Tare da yanki na ƙasa na 2.41 km2, tana da yawan yawan jama'a 115.4/km a cikin shekara ta 2021.&lt;ref name=2021census&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&amp;geocode=A000248 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities) | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | accessdate=February 9, 2022 | archive-date=February 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209200828/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&amp;geocode=A000248 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2016 da Kididdiga Kanada ta gudanar, ƙauyen bazara na Sandy Beach yana da yawan jama'a 278 da ke zaune a cikin 126 daga cikin 264 na gidaje masu zaman kansu. 24.7% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 223. Tare da yanki na ƙasa na {{Convert|2.4|km2|sqmi}}. tana da yawan yawan jama'a 115.8/km a cikin shekara ta 2016.&lt;ref name=2016censusABmunis&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&amp;T=302&amp;SR=1&amp;S=86&amp;O=A&amp;RPP=9999&amp;PR=48 | title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Alberta) | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 8, 2017 | accessdate=February 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* Jerin al'ummomi a Alberta
* Jerin ƙauyukan bazara a Alberta
* Jerin ƙauyukan shakatawa a cikin Saskatchewan

==Manazarta ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* {{Official website}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ste. Anne Island</title>
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      <text bytes="3463" sha1="jx604i74g0n8vv3q6q8i5ouic8c4whs" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tsibirin Sainte Anne,'''shine mafi girma (2.27&amp;nbsp;km²) na tsibiran takwas a cikin wurin shakatawa na kasa,na Ste Anne Marine na [[Seychelles]] . Waɗannan,tsibiran wani yanki ne na gundumar Mont Fleuri na Seychelles. Yana da 4&amp;nbsp;kilomita daga gabar gabashin Mahé kuma yana da ciyayi masu yawan gaske. Mafi girman tsayi akan Sainte Anne shine {{Convert|246|m|ft}} .

Bafaranshe mai binciken Lazare Picault ya fara gano tsibirin a shekara ta ,, a ranar Saint Anne, kuma an kafa matsugunin Faransa na farko a Seychelles a nan cikin 1770. A farkon karni na 20, Kamfanin Whaling na St. Abbs ya ci,gaba da kula da tashar whaling a takaice a tsibirin, wanda har yanzu ana iya samun kango.

A cikin 2002, ''Beachcomber Sainte Anne Resort &amp;amp;amp; Spa'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official site |url=http://www.beachcomber-hotels.com/hotel/sainte-anne-resort-spa |access-date=2022-11-24 |archive-date=2017-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120015637/https://www.beachcomber-hotels.com/hotel/sainte-anne-resort-spa |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da ƙauyuka na alfarma 87, an buɗe a kudu maso yamma.

Ƙauyen Sainte Anne yana kusa da otal ɗin. Ya ƙunshi wuraren shakatawa,kantin nutse, da gidajen abinci. Wasu ma'aikatan otal da sauran ma'aikata suna zaune a ƙauyen, wanda ke da mutane 40; wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan otal suna yin balaguron yau da kullun daga Victoria.

== Yawon shakatawa ==
A yau, babban masana'antar tsibirin shine yawon shakatawa. Yana da manyan rairayin bakin teku guda 6:

* Grande Anse, dake kudu maso yamma, inda hotel ''Beachcomber Sainte Anne Resort &amp; spa'' ke halarta.
* Anse Royale, inda kunkuru na teku ke sanya ƙwai daga ƙarshen Nuwamba zuwa Fabrairu.
* Anse Tortues.
* Anse Cimitiere
* Anse Manon (da ƙafa kawai).
* Anse Kabot

== Gidan hoton hoto ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;
File:Sainte Anne Seychelles.jpg|Tsibirin Sainte Anne kamar yadda aka gani daga [[Mahé Island|tsibirin Mahe]]
File:Seychelles 030.JPG|St. Anne tsibiran daga Mahe
File:Anne Marine NP aerial Seychelles.jpg|Anne Marine NP iska Seychelles
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;div aria-label=&quot;Portals&quot; class=&quot;noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright&quot; role=&quot;navigation&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span&gt;[[File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg|link=|alt=map|class=noviewer|28x28px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/img&gt; &lt;span&gt;[[Portal:Africa|Afirka portal]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

* [http://www.cerf-resort.com/sainteanne.html Sainte Anne - Seychelles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208180720/http://www.cerf-resort.com/sainteanne.html |date=2020-02-08 }}
* [http://www.seychelles.travel/en/discover/the-islands/inner-islands/28-discover/the-islands/2912-ste-anne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124163818/http://www.seychelles.travel/en/discover/the-islands/inner-islands/28-discover/the-islands/2912-ste-anne |date=2022-11-24 }}
* [https://www.expertafrica.com/seychelles/mahe-island/reference-map Mahe Map 2015]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160413215345/http://www.virtualseychelles.sc/index.php/culture/2013-08-21-09-23-55/seychelles-archipelago-part-ii Bayani kan tsibirin]
* [http://gridnairobi.unep.org/chm/eafdocuments/Seychelles/SEYmpa_report_1-09.pdf Sainte Anne da za a haɓaka don biyan kuɗi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413130315/http://gridnairobi.unep.org/chm/eafdocuments/Seychelles/SEYmpa_report_1-09.pdf |date=2014-04-13 }}


[[Category:Ste anne island]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Santo Mangano</title>
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'''Santo Mangano''' (an haife shi 28 ga Agusta 1951)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.coni.it/it/attivita-istituzionali/onorificenze/home/scheda-persona/schedaatleta.html?cognome=MANGANO&amp;nome=SANTO&amp;id=104292|title=Santo Mangano - Scheda persona|website=coni.it|access-date=10 September 2021}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; tsohon ɗan wasan nakasassu ɗan Italiya ne kuma a gaban mai wasan keken hannu wanda ya ci lambobin yabo takwas a wasannin nakasassu na bazara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://db.ipc-services.org/sdms/hira/web/multi-medallists/type/PG/npc/ITA|title=All-Time Paralympic Summer Games Multi-Medallists - Country Italy|website=db.ipc-services.org|access-date=10 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907054531/https://db.ipc-services.org/sdms/hira/web/multi-medallists/type/PG/npc/ITA|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya auri mai kula da keken hannu Mariella Bertini, ita ma, kamar shi, ta lashe lambobin yabo na nakasassu guda takwas tsakanin Seoul 1988 da Atlanta 1996.

== Nasarorin da ya samu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=60% style=&quot;font-size:100%; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
!Shekara !!Gasa !!Wuri !!Daraja !!Lamarin
|-
|colspan=5 bgcolor=palegreen|Wasan keken hannu a wasannin nakasassu na bazara
|-
|rowspan=1|1984
|rowspan=1 align=left|Wasan keken hannu a wasannin nakasassu na bazara ta 1984 
|rowspan=1 align=left|Birtaniya, Stoke Mandeville
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Foil mutum daya 1B
|-
|colspan=5 bgcolor=moccasin|Yin harbi a wasannin nakasassu na bazara
|-
|rowspan=3|1988
|rowspan=3 align=left|Yin harbi a wasannin nakasassu na bazara ta 1988 
|rowspan=3 align=left|Koriya, Seoul
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Bindigar iska 2 matsayi tare da taimakon 1A-1C 
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Bindigar iska tana durƙusa tare da taimakon 1A-1C
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Bindigar iska tana da ƙarfi tare da taimakon 1A-1C
|-
|rowspan=1|1992
|rowspan=1 align=left|Wasan keken hannu a wasannin nakasassu na bazara ta 1992 
|rowspan=1 align=left|Spain, Barcelona
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Hadaddiyar bindigar iska na 3×40 SH4
|-
|rowspan=3|1996
|rowspan=3 align=left|Wasan keken hannu a wasannin nakasassu na bazara ta 1996
|rowspan=3 align=left|Amurka, Atlanta
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|Hadaddiyar bindigar iska tana tsaye na SH2
|-
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Hadaddiyar bindigar iska na 3×40 SH2
|-
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Hadaddiyar bindigar iska mai karfin SH2
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Greta Thunberg</title>
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[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg 4.jpg|thumb|greta thunberg]]
[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg, March 2020 (cropped).jpg|thumb|greta thunberg]]
'''Greta Thunberg''' (an haife ta ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2003) ƴar gwagwarmaya ce ta [[Sweden]]. An san ta da aikinta na yaki da sauyin yanayi, sanannen misali na gwagwarmayar matasa. Ta fara zanga-zangar ne a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2018, a wajen majalisar dokokin Sweden a [[Stockholm]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/01/swedish-15-year-old-cutting-class-to-fight-the-climate-crisis|title=The Swedish 15-year-old who's cutting class to fight the climate crisis|date=1 September 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba 2018, ta halarci taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi. A cikin wata mai zuwa, ta ba da jawabi kan taron tattalin arzikin duniya a Davos.

Ta samu kyaututtuka da dama. Ƴan majalisar Norway uku sun zabe ta don kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/climate-activist-greta-thunberg-nobel-peace-prize_n_5c8a4ab8e4b0fbd7662145a4|title=16-Year-Old Climate Activist Greta Thunberg Nominated For Nobel Peace Prize|date=14 March 2019|newspaper=[[Huffington Post]]|access-date=22 March 2019|author-last=Vaglanos|author-first=Alanna}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ranar 15 ga Maris 2019, kusan mutane 1,400,000 a duniya, galibi dalibai, sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da sauyin yanayi.  A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2019, an yi wata babbar zanga-zanga ta biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2019/03/16/over-1-million-students-across-the-world-join-global-climate-strike/|title=Over 1 million students across the world join Global Climate Strike|date=16 March 2019|newspaper=Peoples Dispatch|access-date=22 March 2019|author-last=Shabeer|author-first=Muhammed}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg 7.jpg|thumb|Greta Thunberg]]
A cikin Disamba 2019, ''Mujallar Time'' mai suna Thunberg Person of the Year 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/time-person-of-the-year-2019-greta-thunberg-named-annual-person-of-year-today-2019-12-11/|title=Greta Thunberg is Time's 2019 Person of the Year|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Greta Thunberg a ranar 3 ga Janairu 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sympatico.ca/actualites/decouvertes/a-15-ans-elle-remet-les-dirigeants-mondiaux-a-leur-place-1.8622552|title=À 15 ans, elle remet les dirigeants mondiaux à leur place!|date=13 December 2018|access-date=3 January 2019|publisher=Sympatico|language=fr|author-last=Lobbe|author-first=Anne-Marie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce babbar 'yar Malena Ernman, mawaƙin opera kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Svante Thunberg.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goodman&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2018/12/11/meet_the_15_year_old_swedish|title=School Strike for Climate: Meet 15-Year-Old Activist Greta Thunberg, Who Inspired a Global Movement|website=Democracy Now!}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakanta shine jarumi kuma darekta Olof Thunberg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://heavy.com/news/2018/12/greta-thunberg/|title=Greta Thunberg: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|author-last=Santiago|author-first=Ellyn|date=14 December 2018|website=Heavy.com|access-date=5 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg 6.jpg|thumb|Greta Thunberg]]
A jawabin TEDx a watan Nuwamba 2018, Thunberg ta bayyana cewa ta fara jin labarin sauyin yanayi tana da shekaru takwas, amma ta ƙasa fahimtar dalilin da yasa ake yin kadan game da hakan.  Sa’ad da take shekara 11, ta yi baƙin ciki kuma ta daina magana. Daga baya, an gano ta da ciwon Asperger, cuta mai raɗaɗi (OCD), da kuma maye gurbi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thunberg_20181212&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAmmUIEsN9A|title=School strike for climate – save the world by changing the rules|date=12 December 2018|publisher=TED|author-link=Greta Thunberg|location=Stockholm|time=1:46|access-date=29 January 2019|quote=I was diagnosed with Asperger's syndrom, OCD, and selective mutism. That basically means I only speak when I think it's necessary. Now is one of those moments… I think that in many ways, we autistic are the normal ones, and the rest of the people are pretty strange, especially when it comes to the sustainability crisis, where everyone keeps saying that climate change is an existential threat and the most important issue of all and yet they just carry on like before.|author-first=Greta|author-last=Thunberg|work=TEDxStockholm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kara da cewa zaɓin mutism yana nufin cewa tana magana ne kawai lokacin da ta bukaci hakan kuma &quot;yanzu yana daya daga cikin wadannan lokutan&quot;. Ta kara da cewa &quot;spectrum&quot; yana da fa'ida &quot;domin kusan komai baki ne ko fari&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Thunberg_20181212&quot; /&gt; Ta ce: &quot;Ina jin kamar zan mutu a ciki idan ban yi zanga-zanga ba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/01/swedish-15-year-old-cutting-class-to-fight-the-climate-crisis|title=The Swedish 15-year-old who's cutting class to fight the climate crisis|date=1 September 2018|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=12 May 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|author-last=Crouch|author-first=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta mika takarda a wajen majalisar dokokin kasar Sweden tare da cewa &quot;Ina yin haka ne saboda ku manya kuna shirki kan makomara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mahaifinta ba ya son cewa ta daina makaranta amma ya ce: “Muna girmama cewa tana son tsayawa. Za ta iya ko dai ta zauna a gida ta yi rashin jin daɗi da gaske, ko kuma ta yi zanga-zanga, ta yi farin ciki.”  Don rage sawun carbon ɗin danginta, ta dage ta zama mai cin ganyayyaki kuma ta daina tashi sama.  Ta ce ta jawo hankalin iyayenta da su daina cin nama ta hanyar ganin sun yi laifi. &quot;Na ci gaba da gaya musu cewa suna sace mana makomarmu.&quot;  Mahaifiyarta ta bar aikinta na duniya a matsayin mawaƙin opera.x
[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg in Stockholm (cropped5).jpg|thumb|Greta Thunberg]]
Thunberg ta ce malamanta sun rabu a ra'ayinsu game da ajin da ta bata don yin zanga-zangar. Ta ce: &quot;A matsayin mutane suna tunanin abin da nake yi yana da kyau, amma a matsayina na malamai sun ce in daina.&quot;  Wani malamin da ke tallafa mata ya ce: “Greta mai tayar da hankali ce, ba ta sauraron manya. Amma muna tafiya cikin sauri don bala'i, kuma a cikin wannan yanayin kawai abin da ya dace shine rashin hankali.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg urges MEPs to show climate leadership (49618310531) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Greta Thunberg]]
A cikin Mayu 2019 Penguin, gidan buga littattafai na Biritaniya, ta buga ''Babu Wanda Yayi Karami Don Yin Bambanci'', wanda tarin jawabanta ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/315/315787/no-one-is-too-small-to-make-a-difference/9780141991740.html|title=No One Is Too Small to Make a Difference|author-last=Thunberg|author-first=Greta|author-link=Greta Thunberg|publisher=[[Penguin]]|access-date=2020-01-29|archive-date=2019-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922073349/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/315/315787/no-one-is-too-small-to-make-a-difference/9780141991740.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Penguin ya buga ''Scenes daga Zuciya'', labarin dangin Thunberg, a cikin Agusta 2018. Duk abin da aka samu daga waɗannan littattafan za a ba da gudummawa ga sadaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Send us your questions for climate activist|date=24 May 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|author-link=Greta Thunberg|author-first=Greta|author-last=Thunberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan watan, mai zane Jody Thomas ya zana hoton Thunberg a bango a [[Bristol]] . Yana nuna kasan rabin fuskarta kamar ƙarƙashin ruwan teku mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-bristol-48471558/huge-greta-thunberg-mural-painted-on-bristol-wall|title=Giant Greta mural painted in Bristol|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2022 ta buga [[The Climate Book|Littafin Yanayi]] .

== Nassoshi ==
{{reflist}}

== Sauran gidajen yanar gizo ==

* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[category:Haifaffun 2003]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg 4.jpg|thumb|greta thunberg]]
[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg, March 2020 (cropped).jpg|thumb|greta thunberg]]
'''Greta Thunberg''' (an haife ta ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2003) ƴar gwagwarmaya ce ta [[Sweden]]. An san ta da aikinta na yaƙi da sauyin yanayi, sanannen misali na gwagwarmayar matasa. Ta fara zanga-zangar ne a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2018, a wajen majalisar dokokin Sweden a [[Stockholm]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/01/swedish-15-year-old-cutting-class-to-fight-the-climate-crisis|title=The Swedish 15-year-old who's cutting class to fight the climate crisis|date=1 September 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba 2018, ta halarci taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi. A cikin wata mai zuwa, ta ba da jawabi kan taron tattalin arzikin duniya a Davos.

Ta samu kyaututtuka da dama. Ƴan majalisar Norway uku sun zabe ta don kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/climate-activist-greta-thunberg-nobel-peace-prize_n_5c8a4ab8e4b0fbd7662145a4|title=16-Year-Old Climate Activist Greta Thunberg Nominated For Nobel Peace Prize|date=14 March 2019|newspaper=[[Huffington Post]]|access-date=22 March 2019|author-last=Vaglanos|author-first=Alanna}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ranar 15 ga Maris 2019, kusan mutane 1,400,000 a duniya, galibi dalibai, sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da sauyin yanayi.  A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2019, an yi wata babbar zanga-zanga ta biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2019/03/16/over-1-million-students-across-the-world-join-global-climate-strike/|title=Over 1 million students across the world join Global Climate Strike|date=16 March 2019|newspaper=Peoples Dispatch|access-date=22 March 2019|author-last=Shabeer|author-first=Muhammed}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg 7.jpg|thumb|Greta Thunberg]]
A cikin Disamba 2019, ''Mujallar Time'' mai suna Thunberg Person of the Year 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/time-person-of-the-year-2019-greta-thunberg-named-annual-person-of-year-today-2019-12-11/|title=Greta Thunberg is Time's 2019 Person of the Year|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Greta Thunberg a ranar 3 ga Janairu 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sympatico.ca/actualites/decouvertes/a-15-ans-elle-remet-les-dirigeants-mondiaux-a-leur-place-1.8622552|title=À 15 ans, elle remet les dirigeants mondiaux à leur place!|date=13 December 2018|access-date=3 January 2019|publisher=Sympatico|language=fr|author-last=Lobbe|author-first=Anne-Marie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce babbar 'yar Malena Ernman, mawaƙin opera kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Svante Thunberg.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goodman&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2018/12/11/meet_the_15_year_old_swedish|title=School Strike for Climate: Meet 15-Year-Old Activist Greta Thunberg, Who Inspired a Global Movement|website=Democracy Now!}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakanta shine jarumi kuma darekta Olof Thunberg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://heavy.com/news/2018/12/greta-thunberg/|title=Greta Thunberg: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|author-last=Santiago|author-first=Ellyn|date=14 December 2018|website=Heavy.com|access-date=5 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg 6.jpg|thumb|Greta Thunberg]]
A jawabin TEDx a watan Nuwamba 2018, Thunberg ta bayyana cewa ta fara jin labarin sauyin yanayi tana da shekaru takwas, amma ta ƙasa fahimtar dalilin da yasa ake yin kadan game da hakan.  Sa’ad da take shekara 11, ta yi baƙin ciki kuma ta daina magana. Daga baya, an gano ta da ciwon Asperger, cuta mai raɗaɗi (OCD), da kuma maye gurbi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thunberg_20181212&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAmmUIEsN9A|title=School strike for climate – save the world by changing the rules|date=12 December 2018|publisher=TED|author-link=Greta Thunberg|location=Stockholm|time=1:46|access-date=29 January 2019|quote=I was diagnosed with Asperger's syndrom, OCD, and selective mutism. That basically means I only speak when I think it's necessary. Now is one of those moments… I think that in many ways, we autistic are the normal ones, and the rest of the people are pretty strange, especially when it comes to the sustainability crisis, where everyone keeps saying that climate change is an existential threat and the most important issue of all and yet they just carry on like before.|author-first=Greta|author-last=Thunberg|work=TEDxStockholm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kara da cewa zaɓin mutism yana nufin cewa tana magana ne kawai lokacin da ta bukaci hakan kuma &quot;yanzu yana daya daga cikin wadannan lokutan&quot;. Ta kara da cewa &quot;spectrum&quot; yana da fa'ida &quot;domin kusan komai baki ne ko fari&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Thunberg_20181212&quot; /&gt; Ta ce: &quot;Ina jin kamar zan mutu a ciki idan ban yi zanga-zanga ba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/01/swedish-15-year-old-cutting-class-to-fight-the-climate-crisis|title=The Swedish 15-year-old who's cutting class to fight the climate crisis|date=1 September 2018|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=12 May 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|author-last=Crouch|author-first=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta mika takarda a wajen majalisar dokokin kasar Sweden tare da cewa &quot;Ina yin haka ne saboda ku manya kuna shirki kan makomara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mahaifinta ba ya son cewa ta daina makaranta amma ya ce: “Muna girmama cewa tana son tsayawa. Za ta iya ko dai ta zauna a gida ta yi rashin jin daɗi da gaske, ko kuma ta yi zanga-zanga, ta yi farin ciki.”  Don rage sawun carbon ɗin danginta, ta dage ta zama mai cin ganyayyaki kuma ta daina tashi sama.  Ta ce ta jawo hankalin iyayenta da su daina cin nama ta hanyar ganin sun yi laifi. &quot;Na ci gaba da gaya musu cewa suna sace mana makomarmu.&quot;  Mahaifiyarta ta bar aikinta na duniya a matsayin mawaƙin opera.x
[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg in Stockholm (cropped5).jpg|thumb|Greta Thunberg]]
Thunberg ta ce malamanta sun rabu a ra'ayinsu game da ajin da ta bata don yin zanga-zangar. Ta ce: &quot;A matsayin mutane suna tunanin abin da nake yi yana da kyau, amma a matsayina na malamai sun ce in daina.&quot;  Wani malamin da ke tallafa mata ya ce: “Greta mai tayar da hankali ce, ba ta sauraron manya. Amma muna tafiya cikin sauri don bala'i, kuma a cikin wannan yanayin kawai abin da ya dace shine rashin hankali.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
[[Fayil:Greta Thunberg urges MEPs to show climate leadership (49618310531) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Greta Thunberg]]
A cikin Mayu 2019 Penguin, gidan buga littattafai na Biritaniya, ta buga ''Babu Wanda Yayi Karami Don Yin Bambanci'', wanda tarin jawabanta ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/315/315787/no-one-is-too-small-to-make-a-difference/9780141991740.html|title=No One Is Too Small to Make a Difference|author-last=Thunberg|author-first=Greta|author-link=Greta Thunberg|publisher=[[Penguin]]|access-date=2020-01-29|archive-date=2019-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922073349/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/315/315787/no-one-is-too-small-to-make-a-difference/9780141991740.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Penguin ya buga ''Scenes daga Zuciya'', labarin dangin Thunberg, a cikin Agusta 2018. Duk abin da aka samu daga waɗannan littattafan za a ba da gudummawa ga sadaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Send us your questions for climate activist|date=24 May 2019|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|author-link=Greta Thunberg|author-first=Greta|author-last=Thunberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan watan, mai zane Jody Thomas ya zana hoton Thunberg a bango a [[Bristol]] . Yana nuna kasan rabin fuskarta kamar ƙarƙashin ruwan teku mai tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-bristol-48471558/huge-greta-thunberg-mural-painted-on-bristol-wall|title=Giant Greta mural painted in Bristol|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2022 ta buga [[The Climate Book|Littafin Yanayi]] .

== Nassoshi ==
{{reflist}}

== Sauran gidajen yanar gizo ==

* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[category:Haifaffun 2003]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sojojin Rasha</title>
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[[Fayil:Culture Centre of the Russian Armed Forces in MSK.jpg|thumb|Makarantar sojin Rasha]]
[[Fayil:NBC Protection Troops of the Russian Armed Forces in Serbia 03.jpg|thumb|sojojin Rasha]]
[[Fayil:Middle emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (27.01.1997-present).svg|thumb|Sojojin Rasha]]
'''Sojojin Tarayyar Rasha''' ( {{Lang-ru|Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции}}, {{Transl|ru|Vooruzhonnije Síly Rossíyskoj Federátsii}} ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sojojin Rasha''', sojojin [[Rasha]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;International Institute for Strategic Studies (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 191. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-85743-988-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da ma'aikata masu aiki, su ne sojoji na biyar mafi girma a duniya, tare da akalla ma'aikata miliyan biyu.   Bangaren su ya kunshi sojojin kasa da na ruwa da na sararin samaniya da kuma wasu makamai masu zaman kansu guda uku: Dakarun roka masu amfani da dabarun yaki da sojojin sama da na musamman na ayyuka.

A cikin shekarar 2021, Rasha tana da kashe-kashen soja na biyar a duniya, inda ta ware kasafin kusan US$65.9 billion ga sojoji.  Sojojin Rasha suna kula da mafi girman tarin makaman nukiliya a duniya,  kuma sun mallaki jirgin ruwa na biyu mafi girma na makamai masu linzami na ballistic;  su ma ɗaya ne daga cikin sojojin ƙasa uku kaɗai (tare da na Amurka da China ) waɗanda ke kai hare-haren bama-bamai.  Tare da wasu keɓancewa, dokar Rasha ta ba da izinin aikin soja na shekara ɗaya ga duk 'yan ƙasa maza masu shekaru 18-27, kodayake ba a tura sojoji da aka yi wa aiki a wajen Rasha.  &lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;Central Intelligence Agency, [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ The World Fact Book: Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ |date=2021-01-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da karfin da kasar Rasha ta dauka na karfin soji, kamar yadda aka rubuta a kimantawa daban-daban, an lura da kasawa a fagen fama da kasar ta fuskar dabara da ma'auni na aiki. A cewar rahotanni da yawa, cin hanci da rashawa da ya barke a cikin Rundunar Sojin Rasha ya yi tasiri sosai kan ikon Rasha na aiwatar da aiki mai ƙarfi yadda ya kamata.    Tsakanin [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayewar Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine]], gazawar kayan aiki mai tsanani sun yi tasiri sosai kan aikin sojojin Rasha, yayin da sassan sabis daban-daban suka yi ƙoƙari don daidaitawa da aiki tare. Ci gaba da gazawa ne ya sa yunƙurin yaƙin Rasha ya fuskanci koma baya mai yawa tun lokacin da aka fara mamayewa; Sojojin Rasha sun sami asarar ci gaba a yankunan da aka mamaye/mallake, da barna mai yawa da almubazzaranci da kayan aikinsu, da kuma yawan asarar rayuka.&lt;ref&gt;Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (26 April 2021). &quot;Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020&quot; (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 24 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;    Masu bincike daga Kamfanin RAND sun lura cewa Rasha na ci gaba da kokawa da ƙwarewar soja. 

Jami'in Tsaro na Rasha, rundunar sojojin Rasha ta samar da wani bangare na hidimar tsaron kasar da ke karkashin tsaron gida na tarayya, kariya ta kasar nan, kariya ta kasar nan Sabis, Sabis na Leken Asiri na Waje, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Gaggawa.
{{Stub}} 

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Sani Sha'aban</title>
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'''Sani Mohammed Sha'aban''' An haife shi a ranar huɗu 4 ga watan Agustan,a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da takwas 1958} Miladiyya.a [[Zariya]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]] ya kasance ɗan siyasa ne kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya taɓa zama ɗan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilan Najeriya]] daga watan Mayun ta shekarar dubu biyu da ukku 2003 zuwa Mayun dubu da bakwai 2007 mai wakiltar Zariya.&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/200703200538.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rigima ==
An same Sani Shaaban da laifin cin amana a kotun shari'a ta Zariya kuma an kwace dukiyoyinsa saboda bashi. An kwace kadarori kamar haka: No48 Yusuf Road Off Hadijiya Road Bomfai a Kano State, Mazari Ltd kusa da hanyar Kano-Kaduna da takardar mallaka KD 6246 a Zariya, Kaduna State, wurin da ake kira Tulips kusa da babbar hanyar MTD a GRA Zariya Kaduna State, filin gini da gine-gine a Circular Road, GRA Zariya da takardar mallaka KD11226, da kuma filin gini da gine-gine da ke bayan babban gidan Sani Shaaban kusa da makarantar Therbow Schools a GRA Zariya da takardar mallaka 3964 a matsayin jingina don yarjejeniyar lamuni. Yarjejeniyar lamunin an sanya hannu a kai a shekarar 2018 tsakanin Hon. Sani Shaaban da Alhaji Umar Farouq Abdullahi don ceton Shaaban daga wata matsala da ya samu a Dubai a shekarar, wadda ta kai ga daure shi. An ba shi jimillar $1.0 miliyan da Naira miliyan 11.2 a matsayin bashi ba tare da riba ba. Shaaban ya biya $290,762 daga bashin $1.0 miliyan, amma daga baya ya ki biyan sauran.

A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2012, an yanke hukunci a kan kamfanin Shenshui Construction Company Ltd na Sani Shaaban a Babbar Kotun Jihar Kano a shari'ar No K/296/2009 a madadin Intercontinental Bank Plc. Hukumar Ruwa ta Jihar Kano ta bayyana cewa kamfaninsa, Shenshui Construction Company Limited, ya sanya hannu don shigo da kuma dasa bututun ƙarfe na ductile guda 3,750 na 1000mm da 400mm, wanda ya kai ga kamfanin ya karbi bashin daga Intercontinental Bank.

Haka zalika, wani hukunci na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya a kan kara mai lamba CA/K/170/2013 tsakanin Kamfanin Mallakar Kadarori na Najeriya (AMCON), kamfaninsa da kansa ya kara tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke wa Shaaban ta hannun mai shari’a Uludotun A. Adefope Okojie da wasu alkalan biyu. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2019, Kotun Koli a shari'ar No SC.1012/2018 karkashin Olabode Rhodes-Vivour da wasu alkalan hudu na Kotun Koli sun ba da hukuncin da ya tabbatar da hukuncin Kotun Daukaka Kara da Babbar Kotun Jihar Kano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-02-19|title=court confiscates ex rep shaabans property over 709238 debt|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/court-confiscates-ex-rep-shabans-property-over-709238-debt/|access-date=2024-02-19|website=thenationonlineng.net|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-02-25|title=court found Shaaban guilty over breach|url=https://www.dailystruggle.ng/2024/02/court-found-shaaban-guilty-over-breach.html/|access-date=2024-02-25|website=dailystruggle.ng|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadu-Suka |first=Maryam |date=February 15, 2024 |title=Sharia court confiscates Sha’aban’s property over debt - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/sharia-court-confiscates-shaabans-property-over-debt/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=dailytrust.com/ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Isaiah |date=2024-02-15 |title=Shari'a Court Confiscates Former Lawmaker’s Property Over Debt |url=https://leadership.ng/sharia-court-confiscates-former-lawmakers-property-over-debt/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shibayan |first=Dyepkazah |date=2024-07-31 |title=Properties of ex-rep to be auctioned as Sharia court declines appeal |url=https://www.thecable.ng/properties-of-ex-rep-to-be-auctioned-as-sharia-court-declines-appeal/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=TheCable |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Habib |first=Moh Bello |date=2024-02-15 |title=Court confiscates Kaduna ADP guber candidate’s property over debt |url=https://blueprint.ng/court-confiscates-kaduna-adp-guber-candidates-property-over-debt/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716003822/http://www.sanishaaban.com/about.shtml Game da Sani Sha'aban]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1958]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sakatariyar Audu Bako</title>
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'''Sakatariyar Audu Bako''' wani katafaren ofishin gwamnati ne da ke tsakiyar [[Kano (birni)|birnin Kano]] babban birnin [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] . An sanya wa rukunin sunan sunan [[Audu Bako|Alhaji Muhammadu Audu Bako]], fitaccen dan siyasa kuma jigo a yankin wanda ya taba rike mukamin ministan harkokin cikin gida a jamhuriya ta farko ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministry For Local Government, Audu Bako Secretariat - WorldPlaces |url=https://nigeria.worldplaces.me/view-place/79908160-ministry-for-local-government-audu-bako-secretariat.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=nigeria.worldplaces.me |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fawehinmi |first=Gani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qts-AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Audu+Bako+Secretariat%22+-wikipedia |title=Courts' System in Nigeria: A Guide (1992) |date=1992 |publisher=Lagos |isbn=978-978-2325-60-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Danyaro |first=Mohammed M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpMHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Audu+Bako+Secretariat%22+-wikipedia |title=Kano State: 30 Years of Statehood |date=1998 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakatariyar dai wata babbar cibiya ce ta harkokin gudanarwa a jihar Kano, inda take dauke da wasu [[Gwamnatin Jihar Kano|hukumomi da ma’aikatun gwamnati]] da ke da alhakin gudanar da mulki da ci gaban jihar. Wadanda suka hada da ma’aikatar kudi ta jihar Kano, ma’aikatar shari’a ta jihar Kano, ma’aikatar tsare-tsare da kasafin kudi ta jihar Kano, ofishin shugaban ma’aikata na jiha, da ofishin akanta janar na jiha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministry For Local Government, Audu Bako Secretariat - WorldPlaces |url=https://nigeria.worldplaces.me/view-place/79908160-ministry-for-local-government-audu-bako-secretariat.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=nigeria.worldplaces.me |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fawehinmi |first=Gani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qts-AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Audu+Bako+Secretariat%22+-wikipedia |title=Courts' System in Nigeria: A Guide (1992) |date=1992 |publisher=Lagos |isbn=978-978-2325-60-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Danyaro |first=Mohammed M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpMHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Audu+Bako+Secretariat%22+-wikipedia |title=Kano State: 30 Years of Statehood |date=1998 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakatariyar Audu Bako dai tana nan ne a tsakiyar tsakiyar birnin Kano, inda ta ke samun sauki ga jama’a, jami’an gwamnati, da masu ziyara baki daya. Hadaddiyar ginin gini ne mai shimfidar wurare da yawa tare da zane-zanen gine-gine na zamani da kayan aiki wadanda suka dace da ka'idojin kasa da kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Audu Bako Secretariat |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/audu-bako-secretariat |website=Africa Biz Imfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da wannan sakatariyar ke da shi shi ne kasancewarta a tsakiya, wanda ke baiwa jami’an gwamnati damar hada kai da juna cikin sauki, wanda hakan ke haifar da ingantacciyar hidima da inganci ga al’ummar Jihar Kano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Audu Bako Secretariat ,Kano - Postal code - 700011 Postal Code {{!}} Post Code {{!}} Zip Code List |url=https://nigeriapostal.com/postcode/NG-Kano/700011 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=nigeriapostal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of State Ministries in Kano, Nigeria - Finelib.com |url=https://www.finelib.com/cities/kano/government/state-ministries |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=www.finelib.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=TIMES |first=STALLION |date=2023-12-07 |title=Kano HOS, Permanent Secretaries, Directors Embark on Sanitation Exercise |url=https://stalliontimes.com/2023/12/07/kano-hos-permanent-secretaries-directors-embark-on-sanitation-exercise/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Stallion Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215184459/https://stalliontimes.com/2023/12/07/kano-hos-permanent-secretaries-directors-embark-on-sanitation-exercise/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Nassoshi ==

[[Category:Jihar Kano]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rwanda Franc</title>
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[[File:RwandaBurundiP5-100Francs-600915-donatedth_f.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Rwanda Burundi P5-100 Francs]]
'''Faran Rwandan''' ( alama : '''FRw''', &lt;ref name=&quot;NBRcc&quot;&gt;National Bank of Rwanda. &quot;[http://www.bnr.rw/index.php?id=113 Currency characteristics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221112816/http://www.bnr.rw/index.php?id=113 |date=2017-02-21 }}.&quot; Accessed 2017-02-20.&lt;/ref&gt; da yiwuwar RF &lt;ref&gt;University of British Columbia: Saunders School of Business. &quot;[http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/currency_table.html Currencies of the World].&quot; Accessed 2011-02-25.&lt;/ref&gt; ko R₣; &lt;ref&gt;Lonely Planet. &quot;[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda Rwanda].&quot; Accessed 2011-02-25.&lt;/ref&gt; ISO 4217 : '''RWF''' ) kudin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ne. An raba shi zuwa santimita 100. 

== Tarihi ==
Faran ya zama kudin Ruwanda a shekara ta 1916, lokacin da Belgium ta mamaye mulkin mallaka na Jamus a baya, kuma [[Congo Franc|Franc na Belgian Kongo]] ya maye gurbin [[Rupin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka|Rupi na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus]] . Rwanda ta yi amfani da kudin Belgian Kongo har zuwa 1960, lokacin da aka fara amfani da kudin [[Ruanda-Urundi franc|Rwanda da Burundi Franc]] . Kasar Ruwanda ta fara fitar da nata na franc ne a shekarar 1964, shekaru biyu bayan samun 'yancin kai.

Akwai wani tsari na gabatar da kudin bai-daya, sabon Shilling na Gabashin Afrika, ga kasashe biyar na kungiyar Gabashin Afrika . Yayin da aka fara shirin faruwa a ƙarshen 2012,  har zuwa Maris 2023, har yanzu ba a ƙaddamar da kuɗin gama gari ba.

== Tsabar kudi ==
A cikin 1964, an gabatar da tsabar kudi don 1, 5 da 10 francs, tare da 1 da 10 francs a cikin cupronickel da francs 5 a cikin tagulla. A cikin 1969, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin franc 1 na aluminum, sannan a cikin 1970 ta biyo baya  2 francs kuma a cikin aluminum. An bayar da ragin tsabar jan karfe-nickel 10 franc a cikin 1974.
[[Fayil:Stamp of Rwanda - 1964 - Colnect 338425 - Map of Rwanda and Woman at Water Pum.jpeg|thumb|Rwanda Franc]]
Brass 20 da 50 francs an gabatar da su a cikin 1977. An fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudin franc 1 zuwa 50 a cikin 2004 (kwanatin 2003) kuma an gabatar da sabon tsabar bimetallic na franc 100 a cikin 2008 (kwanatin 2007)

* 1 franc - 98% aluminum, 2% magnesium
* 5 francs - Bronze
* 10 francs - Bronze
* 20 francs - Nickel - plated [[karfe]]
* 50 francs - Nickel-plated karfe
* 100 francs - Nickel-plated karfe zobe da Copper-plated karfe cibiyar

== Bayanan banki ==
A cikin 1964, an ƙirƙiri bayanin kula na wucin gadi don amfani a Rwanda ta hanyar sanya hannu (Franc 20 zuwa 100) ko embossing (500 da 1,000 francs) Ruwanda-Burundi bayanin kula masu ɗauke da ainihin kwanakinsu da sa hannunsu.  Wadannan sun biyo bayan batutuwa na yau da kullun don adadin adadin kwanan watan 1964 zuwa 1976.

An maye gurbin 20 da 50 da tsabar kudi a cikin 1977, tare da bayanan franc 5,000 da aka gabatar a cikin 1978. An ƙaddamar da takardar kuɗin faranc 2,000 na farko na ƙasar a tsakiyar Disamba 2007. A cikin 2008 bankin ya maye gurbin bayanan franc 100 tare da tsabar bimetallic, kuma ya soke matsayin takardar shaidar doka ta bayanin kula a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2009. A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2013, Babban Bankin Ruwanda ya ba da wani sabon tsari na franc 500 wanda ke nuna shanu a gaba da ɗalibai masu kwamfutocin XO (daga Laptop ɗaya ga kowane yaro ) a baya.  A watan Disamba na 2014, Babban Bankin Ruwanda ya ba da takardar kuɗi 2,000 da 5,000 tare da gyaran fuska na tsaro tare da cire bayanin Faransanci akan bayanin kula.  A watan Oktoba na 2015, Babban Bankin Ruwanda ya ba da takardar kuɗi na franc 1000 da aka gyara tare da ingantattun fasalulluka na tsaro da kuma cire bayanin Faransanci akan bayanin kula. &lt;ref&gt;[http://banknotenews.com/files/facadcf38e0051c5bdb8cdd3625cbf53-3663.php Rwanda new 1,000-franc note (B140) confirmed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118090703/http://www.banknotenews.com/files/facadcf38e0051c5bdb8cdd3625cbf53-3663.php |date=2015-11-18 }} BanknoteNews.com. November 15, 2015. Retrieved on 2015-11-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Babban Bankin Ruwanda ya ba da sanarwar sabbin francs 500 da farancs 1,000 za a gabatar da su a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2019. Waɗannan takardun kuɗi za su sami sabbin fasalulluka na tsaro da ingantacciyar inganci don rage lalacewa. Zane na gaban bayanin kula na franc 500 gaba ɗaya sabo ne, kuma an canza launin gaba ɗaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa don taimakawa bambance shi daga bayanin kula na franc 1,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=CentralBankRw|title=PRESS RELEASE: @CentralBankRw releases new series of FRW 500 and FRW 1000 banknotes.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Bayanan banki na Franc Rwandan (fitilar yanzu) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bnr.rw/index.php?id=208 |title=2009 series |access-date=2023-05-27 |archive-date=2014-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223200948/http://www.bnr.rw/index.php?id=208 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Hoto
! Daraja
! Banda
! Juya baya
|-
|-
| [http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/RWA/RWA0038.htm]
| 500 francs ( ''Amafaranga Magana Atanu'' )
| Daliban da ke karatu tare da kwamfutocin XO
| Shanu
|-
| [http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/RWA/RWAW2019-0500.htm]
| 500 francs ( ''Amafaranga Magana Atanu'' )
| Daliban da ke karatu tare da kwamfutocin XO
| Tsarin Canopy; Muregeya suspension gadar
|-
| [http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/RWA/RWA0039.htm]
| 1000 francs ( ''Amafaranga Igihumbi'' )
| [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Ethnographic (Rwanda)|National Museum of Rwanda]], Butare
| Golden biri, Volcanoes National Park
|-
| [http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/RWA/RWA0040.htm]
| 2000 francs ( ''Amafaranga Ibihumbi Bibiri'' )
| Tashin tauraron dan adam da hasumiya ta rediyo
| Kofi wake
|-
| [http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/RWA/RWA0041.htm]
| 5000 francs ( ''Amafaranga Ibihumbi Bitanu'' )
| Gorillas a cikin National Park Volcanoes
| Kwanduna
|-
|}

== Farashin musayar tarihi ==
Franc Rwandan a dalar Amurka: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda |date=2021-01-09 }}

* 262.20 (1995)
* 393.44 (2000)
* 610 (2005)
* 570 (2010)
* 689 (2014)
* 760 (2016)
* 947 (2020)

== Nassoshi ==

[[Category:Kudi]]
[[Category:Kudade]]
[[Category:Kuɗi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jaguar Mark V</title>
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[[File:Jaguar Mark V 3½-litre Drophead (1951) (48853371563).jpg|Jaguar_Mark_V_3½-litre_Drophead_(1951)_(48853371563)|right|300px]]
[[File:Jaguar Mark V drophead coupé - Charleroi 2019 - 05.jpg|Jaguar_Mark_V_drophead_coupé_-_Charleroi_2019_-_05|right|300px]]

[[File:Jaguar Mark V drophead coupé - Charleroi 2019 - 08.jpg|Jaguar_Mark_V_drophead_coupé_-_Charleroi_2019_-_08|right|300px]]

[[File:Jaguar Mark V (9120353252).jpg|Jaguar_Mark_V_(9120353252)|right|300px]]
[[File:Jaguar Mark V (9118116853).jpg|Jaguar_Mark_V_(9118116853)|right|300px]]
'''Jaguar Mark V''' ( ''lafazi 5'' ) mota ce ta alfarma da Jaguar Cars Ltd na Coventry ta gina a Ingila daga 1948 zuwa 1951. Ya kasance a matsayin Saloon kofa huɗu (sedan) da mai iya canzawa mai kofa biyu da aka sani da Drop Head Coupé, duka nau'ikan wurin zama manya biyar. Shi ne Jaguar na farko tare da dakatarwar gaba mai zaman kanta, na farko tare da birki na hydraulic, na farko tare da spats (siket ɗin fender), na farko da aka tsara musamman don samarwa a cikin saitunan Dama da Hagu na Drive, na farko tare da ƙafafun cibiyar diski, na farko tare da ƙaramin faffadan 16&quot; Tayoyin balan-balan, wanda za a fara ba da shi tare da rufaffiyar fitilun kai da kuma sigina masu walƙiya don muhimmiyar kasuwar Amurka, da kuma samfurin ƙarshe don amfani da injin turad &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_Mark_V#cite_note-4&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_Mark_V#cite_note-5&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_Mark_V#cite_note-6&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_Mark_V#cite_note-7&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An gabatar da Mark V ga masu rarrabawa da manema labarai a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1948 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1948 a Nunin Mota na London a daidai lokacin da sanarwar XK120, tare da abin da ya raba tsaye. XK120, kodayake ba a shirye don samarwa ba, shine tauraruwar wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, Mark V ya sayar da XK120 da yawa ta kusan motoci 5,000 a kowace shekara idan aka kwatanta da motoci 2,000 a kowace shekara don XK120. An gina motoci uku a ƙarshen 1948 kuma samar da saloon ya yi nisa sosai a masana'antar da ke kan titin Swallow a Holbrook Lane a gundumar Foleshill na Coventry a watan Maris 1949, kodayake DHC ta yi jinkiri na wasu watanni, kuma an gina motocin na ƙarshe a tsakiyar tsakiyar. 1951. 

== Siffofin ==
Yayin da XK120 ke da sabon injin XK -camshaft na sama, Mark V ya riƙe layin 1946-48 ciki har da na'ura mai ɗaukar nauyi-6 2½L da injunan 3½L, yanzu tun 1946 wanda Jaguar ya samar, wanda kamfanin ya saya daga Standard Kamfanin Motoci kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] da akwatin gear mai sauri guda hudu wanda Jaguar da Kamfanin Moss Gear na [[Birmingham]] suka samar. Ba a samu watsawa ta atomatik ba a wannan lokacin. Ba a bayar da ingin 1½L da aka yi amfani da shi a samfuran da suka gabata ba a cikin Mark V. Fitar da wutar lantarki da ake da'awar a cikin wannan aikace-aikacen shine {{Convert|102|bhp}}  don 2664 cc Mark V da {{Convert|125|bhp}} don ƙarin mashahurin 3485 cc ɗan uwanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jaguar Cars, Ltd&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jaguar|first1=Cars Ltd|title=Jaguar Service Manual for Mark V 2-1/2 and 3-1/2 Litre Models|date=1949|publisher=Jaguar Cars, Ltd.|location=Coventry, England|page=A4|edition=first}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Firam ɗin chassis sabo ne tare da sassan akwatin zurfi da ƙetare takalmin gyaran kafa don ingantacciyar tauri a cikin sarrafawa da kusurwa, da dakatarwar gaba mai zaman kanta ta kasusuwan buri biyu da [[Torsion bars|sanduna]], tsarin da Jaguar zai yi amfani da shi don yawancin abubuwan hawa na gaba. Yana da kayan walda da maƙallan da aka tanadar don birki na Hannun Dama da Hannun Dama da haɗin haɗin gwiwa, don haka za'a iya haɗa chassis cikin kowane tsari. Hakanan yana da birki na hydraulic, waɗanda suka zama dole tare da dakatarwa mai zaman kanta, kuma wanda Jaguar ya yi jinkirin ɗauka idan aka kwatanta da sauran masana'antun, da kuma duk jikin ƙarfe da aka matse akan salon, kodayake DHC har yanzu tana da katako a cikin kofofin. Wani sabon fasalin shi ne cewa baya na chassis ya mamaye [[gatari]] na baya don samar da mafi girman motsi don ingantacciyar ta'aziyya, yayin da a kan samfuran da suka gabata an yi watsi da shi. 

Salon motar ya biyo bayan layukan SS-Jaguar na prewar tare da grille chrome madaidaiciya kuma akwai mascot mai tsalle-tsalle na Jaguar a matsayin zaɓi. ''Motar ta Autocar'' ta kira shi mai arziki duk da haka tare da kamanni mara kyau, a cikin fayyace tsaka-tsaki tsakanin tsofaffi da sababbi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Autocar1949&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai keɓantaccen alama na yanayin zamani na Bentley a cikin salon gasa na gaba. 

Tayoyin sun kasance {{Convert|16|in|mm}} nau'in diski-karfe, mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da {{Convert|18|in|mm}} ƙafafun MK IV. Daga gefe, taɓawar salo na musamman akan saloon ya kasance &quot;ƙulla&quot; lanƙwasa a gindin taga kwata na baya yana bin bayanin martabar gilashin gefe, fasalin da ke kan samfuran da yawa na gaba. Matsalolin baya sun kasance daidai. Akwai kuma juzu'in coupé drophead.


Ga Burtaniya da galibin kasuwannin ketare, an yi amfani da fitilun fitilar 7.7 inci Lucas PF770, tare da jujjuyawar masu safarar safa. Don muhimmiyar kasuwar Amurka, an yi amfani da fitilolin mota 7&quot; da aka rufe, tare da sigina masu walƙiya da aka haɗa a cikin fitilun gefen gaba da na'urar fitilun wutsiya a madadin masu safara.  

Ana samun Mark V mai launin fenti guda 12, a hade daban-daban mai launuka 7, amma masana'antar ba ta ba da magani mai sautin biyu ba, kuma ba ta bayar da farar tayoyin bango ba. Motoci biyu da masana'antar ta yi masu nau'i-nau'i biyu, da kuma wasu 32 masu launi daban-daban na musamman, saboda dalilai da ba a sani ba. Wasu ƙila dillalan Amurka sun yi musu fenti mai launi biyu kafin ko bayan siyar da su, da kuma tayoyin farar bango.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Samson Baidoo</title>
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{{Infobox football biography|name=Samson Baidoo|image=FC Red Bull Salzburg gegen FC Blau-Weiß Linz (2025-04-06 Österreichische Bundesliga) 11.jpg|caption=Baidoo with [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] in 2025|full_name=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|2004|3|31|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Graz]], Austria|height=1.86 m&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/en/squad/samson-baidoo |title=Samson Baidoo |publisher=FC Red Bull Salzburg |access-date=30 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;|position=[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]|currentclub=[[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]]|clubnumber=6|youthyears1=2012–2013|youthclubs1=Post SV Graz|youthyears2=2013–2018|youthclubs2=[[Grazer AK]]|youthyears3=2018|youthclubs3=[[FC Liefering]]|youthyears4=2018–2021|youthclubs4=[[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]]|years1=2021–2022|clubs1=[[FC Liefering]]|caps1=46|goals1=1|years2=2022–|clubs2=[[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]]|caps2=50|goals2=2|nationalyears1=2019|nationalteam1=[[Austria national under-15 football team|Austria U15]]|nationalcaps1=9|nationalgoals1=0|nationalyears2=2019|nationalteam2=[[Austria national under-16 football team|Austria U16]]|nationalcaps2=6|nationalgoals2=0|nationalyears3=2020|nationalteam3=[[Austria national under-17 football team|Austria U17]]|nationalcaps3=1|nationalgoals3=0|nationalyears4=2021|nationalteam4=[[Austria national under-18 football team|Austria U18]]|nationalcaps4=7|nationalgoals4=1|nationalyears5=2023–|nationalteam5=[[Austria national football team|Austria]]|nationalcaps5=1|nationalgoals5=0|club-update=24 May 2025|nationalteam-update=13 October 2023}}

'''Samson Baidoo''' (an haife shi 31 Maris 2004) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Austriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bundesliga ta ƙasar Austriya Red Bull Salzburg da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Austria .

An haife shi a ƙasar Ostiriya, Baidoo ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana ne; ya wakilci tsohuwar ƙasar a matakin matasa na duniya  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Samson Baidoo: Meet the Ghanaian defender with similarities to Upamecano &amp; Rüdiger |url=https://sportsworldghana.com/samson-baidoo-meet-the-ghanaian-defender-with-similarities-to-upamecano-rudiger/ |access-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-date=October 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014075817/https://sportsworldghana.com/samson-baidoo-meet-the-ghanaian-defender-with-similarities-to-upamecano-rudiger/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2023, ya karɓi kiransa na farko zuwa babban ƙungiyar Ostiriya don wasannin cancantar shiga gasar UEFA Euro 2024 da Belgium da Azerbaijan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=Nationalteam-Kader mit einigen Rückkehrern |url=https://www.oefb.at/oefb/News/Nationalteam-Kader-BEL-AZE/ |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=[[Austrian Football Association|ÖFB]] |language=de-AT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar sana'a ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Notelist}}

; Bayanan kula
{{Updated|match played 13 October 2023}}

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
{{Updated|match played 26 June 2025.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|samson-baidoo/651894}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Fitowa da burin ta tawagar ƙasa da shekara
! Tawagar kasa
! Shekara
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Austria
| 2023
| 1
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimlar
! 1
! 0
|}

== Girmamawa ==
'''Red Bull Salzburg'''

* Bundesliga ta Austria : 2022-23

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/en/squad/samson-baidoo Bayanan martaba] a gidan yanar gizon FC Red Bull Salzburg
* {{UEFA player}}    
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Samuele Spalluto</title>
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'''Samuele Spalluto''' (an haifeshi ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar Serie C Group C Monopoli&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eurosport.com/football/samuele-spalluto_prs629753/person.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=165168&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.transfermarkt.com/samuele-spalluto/profil/spieler/499830&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.besoccer.com/player/samuele-spalluto-692825{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
{{Stub}}

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[category:Haifaffun 2001]]
[[category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Seth Accra Jaja</title>
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'''Seth Accra Jaja''' Farfesa ne a fannin Kimiyyar Gudanarwa kuma fitaccen malamin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Seth Accra Jaja|date=1995-07-01|title=Socio‐Organisation Existentialism and the African Organisation‐Man: A Theoretical Formulation|journal=International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy|volume=15|issue=7|pages=22–41|doi=10.1108/eb013218|issn=0144-333X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com.pk/citations?user=SupkTdoAAAAJ&amp;hl=en|title=Professor Seth Accra Jaja - Google Scholar Citations|website=scholar.google.com.pk|access-date=2017-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CuQgxBCBtq4C&amp;dq=seth+accra+jaja&amp;pg=PA322|title=Ibss: Economics: 1995|date=March 1997|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415152150|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gabriel|first1=Justin Mgbechi Odinioha|last2=Jaja|first2=Seth Accra|date=2014|title=Executives' Conscientiousness and Effective Keystone Vulnerability Management: An Empirical Survey|url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/rss/jnljms/v4i10p4.html|journal=International Journal of Management Sciences|volume=4|issue=10|pages=445–454}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ifeanyi|first1=Madumere|last2=Jaja|first2=Seth Accra|date=2015-11-05|title=Human Capital Development and Organizational Dynamics: The Role of the Accountant|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=2686461}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ijmsbr.com/category/volume-4-issue-2-2/|title=VOLUME 4, ISSUE 2 {{!}} International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research|website=www.ijmsbr.com|language=English|access-date=2017-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;    [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin]] tarayyar Najeriya ta naɗa shi mataimakin shugaban jami’ar tarayya na biyu dake Otuoke a jihar Bayelsa a shekarar 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fuotuoke.edu.ng/news/2016-03/fuo-gets-new-leadership|title=FUO Gets New Leadership. {{!}} Federal University Otuoke|website=www.fuotuoke.edu.ng|access-date=2017-11-29|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040912/http://www.fuotuoke.edu.ng/news/2016-03/fuo-gets-new-leadership|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nuc.edu.ng/nigerian-univerisities/federal-univeristies/|title=Federal Universities {{!}} National Universities Commission|website=nuc.edu.ng|language=en-CA|access-date=2017-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriaschool.com.ng/fg-appointments-new-vc/|title=FG Approves Appointments of New VCs For 13 Federal Universities|website=www.nigeriaschool.com.ng|language=English|access-date=2017-11-29|date=2016-02-14|archive-date=2017-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724101103/https://www.nigeriaschool.com.ng/fg-appointments-new-vc/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;    ya gaji [[Bolaji Aluko]].

Ya kasance jami’in karbar katin zaɓe na hukumar zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa (INEC) a jihar Delta a babban zaɓen 2019. a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web  |date=2019-03-11 |title=INEC declares Okowa winner of Delta governorship election |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/breaking-inec-declares-okowa-winner-of-delta-governorship-election/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[category:Maluman Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Koke</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Infobox football biography
| name = Koke
| full_name = Jorge Resurrección Merodio
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|1|8}}
| birth_place = Madrid, Spain
| position = Midfielder
| currentclub = Atlético Madrid
| clubnumber = 6
| youthyears1 = 2000–2008
| youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid
| years1 = 2009–
| clubs1 = Atlético Madrid
| caps1 = 400+
| goals1 = 40+
| nationalyears1 = 2008
| nationalteam1 = Spain U16
| nationalyears2 = 2008–2009
| nationalteam2 = Spain U17
| nationalyears3 = 2010
| nationalteam3 = Spain U18
| nationalyears4 = 2010–2011
| nationalteam4 = Spain U19
| nationalyears5 = 2011–2013
| nationalteam5 = Spain U21
| nationalyears6 = 2013–
| nationalteam6 = Spain
}}
'''Jorge Resurrección Merodio''' (an haife shi 8 Janairu 1992), wanda aka fi sani da '''Koke''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid]] a gasar [[La Liga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Koke Profile|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/en/players/koke|publisher=Atlético Madrid}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Koke a birnin Madrid na ƙasar Spain, kuma tun yana ƙarami ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta [[Atlético Madrid]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Koke Biography|url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/koke|publisher=La Liga}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taso ne a tsarin horo na kulob ɗin wanda aka sani da samar da matasa masu hazaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Atlético Youth Academy|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/en/academy|publisher=Atlético Madrid}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Kulob ==
Koke ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid]] wasa a shekarar 2009 yana ɗan shekara 17.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Koke makes senior debut|url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/atletico.html|publisher=Marca}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga wannan lokaci ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsakiyar fili, inda ya taka rawa wajen lashe gasar [[La Liga]] a kakar 2013–14.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Atlético win La Liga 2013-14|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/27470663|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ya kuma taimaka wa kulob ɗin wajen lashe [[Copa del Rey]] da kuma [[UEFA Europa League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Europa League honours|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/history/|publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, Koke ya zama kyaftin na ƙungiyar bayan tafiyar wasu manyan 'yan wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Koke named captain|url=https://www.reuters.com/football/|publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Koke ya wakilci ƙasar Spain a matakan matasa daban-daban kafin ya fara buga wa babbar tawagar ƙasa wasa a shekarar 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Spain National Team Profile|url=https://www.rfef.es/en/selecciones/jugadores/koke|publisher=RFEF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya halarci gasar [[FIFA World Cup]] ta 2014 da kuma [[UEFA Euro 2016]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Spain World Cup Squad 2014|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/2014brazil|publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Salon Wasa ==
An san Koke da iya sarrafa ƙwallo, bayar da taimakon kwallaye (assists), da kuma hangen nesa a tsakiyar fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Koke Style of Play|url=https://www.whoscored.com/Players/|publisher=WhoScored}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakan taka rawar gani a matsayin ɗan tsakiya mai kai hari ko kuma mai kare baya gwargwadon tsarin wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Koke tactical role|url=https://www.goal.com/en|publisher=Goal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Nasarori ==
=== Atlético Madrid ===
* [[La Liga]]: 2013–14, 2020–21&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Liga Champions|url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/laliga-santander/history|publisher=La Liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Copa del Rey]]: 2012–13&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Copa del Rey Winners|url=https://www.rfef.es/|publisher=RFEF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[UEFA Europa League]]: 2011–12, 2017–18&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Europa League History|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/history/|publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spanish footballers]]
[[Category:Atlético Madrid players]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sarah Knox Taylor</title>
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[[Fayil:Sarah Knox Taylor age 16.jpg|thumb|Sarah Knox Taylor]]
'''Sarah Knox &quot;Knoxie&quot; Taylor Davis'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-0246-7&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Maris]] 6, 1814 - [[Satumba]] 15, 1835), 'yar shugaban [[Amurka]] na 12 Zachary Taylor ce kuma wani ɓangare na sanannen Iyalin Lee. Ta sadu da shugaban Confederate na gaba Jefferson Davis (1808-1889) , lokacin da take zaune tare da mahaifinta da iyalinta a Fort Crawford a lokacin Black Hawk War a 1832.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.la-cemeteries.com/Notables/Others/Davis,SarahKnox/Davis,SarahKnox.shtml |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-17 |archive-date=2013-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111035036/http://www.la-cemeteries.com/Notables/Others/Davis,SarahKnox/Davis,SarahKnox.shtml |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{Stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Soul Boy</title>
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'''''Soul Boy'''''  fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Kenya|Dan Kenya]] na 2010, wanda Billy Kahora ya rubuta kuma Hawa Essuman ya ba da umarni. Ya ci gaba a karkashin jagorancin darektan Jamus da furodusa Tom Tykwer a Kibera, daya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke cikin nahiyar Afirka, a tsakiyar [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]].  din  sami gabatarwa biyar a 2011 Africa Movie Academy Awards.

Fim din ya samo asali ne a wani bita ga matasa masu sha'awar fina-finai daga Nairobi, wanda darektan Jamus Tom Tykwer ya jagoranta.

== Labarin fim ==
Nairobi, Kenya Abila mai shekaru 14 yana zaune tare da iyayensa a Kibera, daya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke gabashin Afirka. Wata safiya matashi ya gano mahaifinsa ba shi da lafiya kuma yana da hauka. Wani ya sace ransa, ya yi wa mahaifin murmushi. Abila ya firgita kuma ya rikice amma yana so ya taimaka wa mahaifinsa kuma ya tafi neman maganin da ya dace. Tare da goyon bayan budurwarsa Shiku, ya fara tafiya mai ban sha'awa wanda ya kai shi kai ga zuciyar microcosm wanda shine garinsu.

== Ƴan wasa ==

* Samson Odhiambo
* Leila Dayan Opou
* Krysteen Savane
* Frank Kimani
* Yowaab Ogolla
* Lucy Gachanja
* Katherine Damaris
* Kevin Onyango Omondi
* Calvin Shikuku Odhiambo
* Nordeen Abdulghani

== Kyaututtuka ==

* Kyautar Veto - Afrika Filmfestival Leuven, [[Beljik|Belgium]]
* Signis Award - Zanzibar International Film Festival 
* Kyautar Kungiyar Masu Fim ta Poland - Ale Kino!  Bikin Fim na Matasa na Duniya, Poznań, [[Poland]]
* kyawun gajeren fim - Kalasha Awards, Nairobi, Kenya [1]
*  kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo: Samson Odhiambo - Kalasha Awards, Nairobi, Kenya [1]
*  kyawun Mawallafi: Billy Kahora - Kalasha Awards, Nairobi, Kenya [1]
* kyawun Actor: Samson Odhiambo - Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya [1]
* Mafi kyawun Fim  Gabashin Afirka - Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya [1]
* Bayani na Musamman &quot;Passeurs d'images&quot; kyautar - Festival Ciné Junior (Ciné Junior film festival for Kids), [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]]
* Kyautar Matasa - Bikin Ciné Junior, Paris, Faransa
* Kyautar Fiction mafi kyau ta 2011 - Bikin Fim na Ruhaniya na Turai, Paris, Faransa
* Fim mafi Kyawun [[:de:Kirchliches Filmfestival Recklinghausen|daga]] ta 2011 - Kirchliches Filmfestival Recklinghausen (de), Jamus [1]
* mafi kyau: Ephantus Ng'ethe Gitungo - Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka [1]

== Bukukuwan ==

=== Jamus ===

: 2010: Bikin Fim na Duniya na Berlin (Berlinale)  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.berlinale.de/de/archiv/jahresarchive/2010/02_programm_2010/02_Filmdatenblatt_2010_20105906.php Berlinale Generation 2010: Soul Boy]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kasashen Duniya ===

; 2010
: 2010: Bikin Fim na Gothenburg &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gothenburg Film Festival: Soul Boy |url=http://www.giff.se/publik/festivalen/studio-draken/reportage-soul-boy.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728153739/http://www.giff.se/publik/festivalen/studio-draken/reportage-soul-boy.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
: : Bikin Fim na Duniya na Rotterdam [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrikafilmfestival.be/ Afrika Filmfestival 2010 in Leuven, Belgium: Soul Boy]&lt;/ref&gt;: Afrika-Filmfestival [1]
: Bikin Fim &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.edfilmfest.org.uk Edinburgh International Film Festival: Soul Boy]&lt;/ref&gt; Duniya na 2010 na Edinburgh [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Durban International Film Festival: Soul Boy |url=http://www.ukzn.ac.za/cca/Durban_International_Film_Festival.htm |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2010-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701140301/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/cca/Durban_International_Film_Festival.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Durban International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Durban]] na 2010 [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sydney Film Festival: Soul Boy |url=http://tix.sff.org.au/session2.asp?sn=Soul+Boy |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2010-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522115246/http://tix.sff.org.au/session2.asp?sn=Soul+Boy |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Bikin Fim na Sydney na 2010 [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://cinemafrica.se/sv/aktuella-filmvisningar/168-cinemafrica-co-hotel-hellsten-under-stockholms-foersta-kulturnatt Cinemafrica Stockholm: Soul Boy]&lt;/ref&gt; Cinemafrica Stockholm [1]
: 2010 Nairobi, Kenya Farko
: Tarihin bikin fi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African FF Tarifa |url=http://www.fcat.es/FCAT_en/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2012-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304015101/http://www.fcat.es/FCAT_en/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;-finai na Afirka na 2010 [1]
: Bikin Fim &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sydney Film Festival: Soul Boy |url=http://tix.sff.org.au/session2.asp?sn=Soul+Boy |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2010-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522115246/http://tix.sff.org.au/session2.asp?sn=Soul+Boy |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sydney na 2010 [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201007190419.html Khouribga Maroc: Soul Boy]&lt;/ref&gt; Bikin Fim na Afirka na Khouribga [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.siyff.com Seoul Intl Youth FF]&lt;/ref&gt; Int Seoul Youth Film Festival [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Montreal World FF |url=http://www.ffm-montreal.org/liste_reg_ang.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2010-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819122402/http://www.ffm-montreal.org/liste_reg_ang.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Montreal World Film Festival [1]
: 2010 Cinemas &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cine-afrique.ch/un-transport-en-commun---soul-boy-fr102.html Cinemas D'Afrique: Soul Boy]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Afirka [1]
: Bikin Fim &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cambridge Film Festival: Soul Boy |url=http://www.cambridgefilmfestival.org.uk/films/2010/soul-boy/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2011-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524051553/http://www.cambridgefilmfestival.org.uk/films/2010/soul-boy/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cambridge na 2010 [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Montreal Intl Black Film Festival |url=http://www.montrealblackfilm.com/festival2010_en.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222041956/http://www.montrealblackfilm.com/festival2010_en.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Montreal Intl Black Film Festival [1]
: Fim &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Films From the South Oslo: Soul Boy |url=http://www.filmfrasor.no/filmbase/2010/soul-boy |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031202429/http://www.filmfrasor.no/filmbase/2010/soul-boy |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 2010 Daga Kudancin OSLO [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://hamptonsfilmfest.org/ Hamptons Intl Film Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; Hamptons Intl Film Festival [1]
: Bikin Fim &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wff.pl/ Warsaw Film Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; Warsaw na 2010 [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.carlowafricanfilmfestival.com/ |title=Carlow African Film Festival: Soul Boy |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2020-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805190220/https://carlowafricanfilmfestival.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Carlow African Film Festival [1]
: Bikin Fim &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.discoveryfilmfestival.org.uk/ |title=Discovery Film Festival |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031202618/http://www.discoveryfilmfestival.org.uk/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike na 2010 [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cicff.org/ Chicago Intl Children's Film Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; Chicago Intl Fim Festival [1]
: Bikin Fim &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carthage Film Festival |url=http://www.jccarthage.org/index_eng.php |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721194554/http://www.jccarthage.org/index_eng.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Carthage na 2010 [1]
: 2010 African Diaspora Film Festival &lt;ref&gt;[http://nyadiff.org/ African Diaspora Film Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; [1]
: Bikin Fim &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Palm Springs IFF: Soul Boy |url=http://www.psfilmfest.org/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=22375&amp;FID=43 |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2012-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311075019/http://www.psfilmfest.org/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=22375&amp;FID=43 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Palm Springs na 2010 [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sandiegoblackfilmfestival.com/ San Diego Black Film Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; San Diego Black Film Festival [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adelaide Film Festival: Soul Boy |url=http://tix.adelaidefilmfestival.org/session3.asp?sn=Soul+Boy |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2012-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320154712/http://tix.adelaidefilmfestival.org/session3.asp?sn=Soul+Boy |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adelaide Film Festival [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FESPACO |url=http://www.fespaco-bf.net/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2020-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821192905/https://www.fespaco-bf.net/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; FESPACO, Burkina Faso [1]
: 2010 Tsuntsaye Eye View FF&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Birds Eye View Film Festival: Soul Boy |url=http://www.birds-eye-view.co.uk/3213/developing-countries/soul-boy.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2012-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110211514/http://www.birds-eye-view.co.uk/3213/developing-countries/soul-boy.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.febiofest.cz/cs/ FEBIOFEST]&lt;/ref&gt; FEBIOFEST [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toronto IFF for children: Soul Boy |url=http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/sprockets/2011/201102010041738 |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2011-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412130719/http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/sprockets/2011/201102010041738 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Toronto IFF don yara [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.reelworld.ca/ ReelWorld Film Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; ReelWorld Film Festival [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ecrans-noirs.org/ |title=Ecrans Noirs |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2017-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422233749/http://ecrans-noirs.org/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Black Screen - Kamaru [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hillywood.org/ Rwanda Film Festival]&lt;/ref&gt;Bikin Fim na Rwanda na 2010 [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ziff.or.tz/films/soul-boy Zanzibar Film Festival: Soul Boy]&lt;/ref&gt; Zanzibar Film Festival, Tanzania [1]
: Bikin Fim na Duniya na Zimbabwe na 2010
: 2010 Bikin Fim &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya International Film Festival |url=http://www.kifftrust.org/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621035432/http://www.kifftrust.org/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasa da Kasa na Kenya [1]
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amakula.com/ Amakula Kampala International FilmFestival]&lt;/ref&gt; Amakula Kampala International FilmFestival, Uganda [1]
: Bikin Fim &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethiopianfilminitiative.org/directories/film-festivals-ethiopia/115-the-4th-ethiopian-international-film-festival- |title=Ethiopia Film Festival |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031203049/http://www.ethiopianfilminitiative.org/directories/film-festivals-ethiopia/115-the-4th-ethiopian-international-film-festival- |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Habasha na 2010 [1]
: 2010 Bikin Fim na Dakar, Senegal
: &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.festival-ouidah.org/Partenaires.htm Quintessence]&lt;/ref&gt; Quintessence, Benin [1]

; 2011

* Cinema Le Bretagne (Faransa) &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cinema-le-bretagne.org Cinema Le Bretagne]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Plein &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pleinlabobine.com Plein La Bobine]&lt;/ref&gt; Bobine (Faransa) [1]
* Bikin Fim &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.addisfilmfestival.org/ |title=Addis Film Festival |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2019-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508072029/https://addisfilmfestival.org/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Addis (Ethiopia) [1]
* Chennai Women &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.inkocentre.org Chennai Women In Films Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; Films Festival (India) [1]
* Bikin Iyali &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fiuggifamilyfestival.org Fiuggi Family Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; Fiuggi (Italiya) [1]
* &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.salaam.dk Salaam Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; Salaam (Denmark) [1]
* Bikin Fim &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.biff.com.au Cine Sparks Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; Sparks (Australia) [1]

== Karɓuwa ==

=== Amsa mai mahimmanci ===
Andrew Onyango da ke sake dubawa don [[KenyaBuzz]] ya yi mamakin yadda duniya ta fim din take, ya kara da cewa amfani da rubutun Swahili ya karfafa tasirin fim din: &quot;Masu sauraron yaren Swahili (musamman wadanda ke fuskantar yaren da ake amfani da shi) suna jin ƙwarewar ganewa. Babu wani abu kamar jin shi da farko saboda fassarar ta rasa wasu tasirin kalmomin&quot; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|4}}
[[Category:Fim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Seydou Boro</title>
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[[Fayil:Seydou Boro (programmaboekje).pdf|thumb|Seydou Boro]]
'''Seydou Boro''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1968 a [[Ouagadougou]]) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Burkinabé, mai rawa, kuma mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo. Ya taka rawar gani a fim din 1995 wanda Dani Kouyate ya jagoranta ''[[Keita! l'Héritage du griot (fim)|Keita!]]''! ''[[Keita! l'Héritage du griot (fim)|Gādon Griot]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Keïta! l'Héritage du griot|url=http://www.dani-kouyate.com/fr/keita.php|website=dani-kouyate.com|access-date=July 7, 2014|archive-date=July 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714113130/http://www.dani-kouyate.com/fr/keita.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

* ''Horon'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' (Label Bleu, 2016) 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|0097157}}
* [http://seydouboro.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225122618/http://seydouboro.com/ |date=2024-02-25 }}
* Seydou Borofaifai aDiscogs
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1968]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sahara International Film Festival</title>
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      <text bytes="9150" sha1="ahowz5pdddn67saerq3gi9y30yxnhrp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Veronica_Forque_en_el_Sáhara_libre.jpg|thumb| 'Yar wasan Spain Verónica Forqué a bikin bugu na 2007.]]
'''Bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Sahara''' wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''FiSahara''' wani taron shekara-shekara ne da ake gudanarwa a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Sahrawi da ke kudu maso yammacin ƙasar [[Aljeriya]] kusa da kan iyaka da [[yammacin Sahara]]. Shi ne bikin fina-finai ɗaya tilo a duniya da ake gudanarwa a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.&lt;ref name=&quot;official&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://fisahara.es/ |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=fisahara.es |title=FiSahara, International Film Festival, Festival international de Cine |language=es |publisher= }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ElMundoFiSahara08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |journal=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/04/17/solidaridad/1208429499.html |title=Con la presencia di Javier Bardem. Comienza 'Fisahara 2008', el único festival de cine en un campo de refugiados |date=18 April 2008 |publisher=Mundinteractivos, S.A. |language=es |access-date=22 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Bikin na farko ya kasance babban ɓangare ne wanda darektan fina-finan Peruvian [[Javier Corcuera]] ya shirya. 

Shekaru uku na farko, an gudanar da FiSahara a madadinsa a cikin Wilaya na Smara, Wilaya na [[Ausserd]], da Wilaya na [[Laayoune|El Aaiún]]. Tun daga shekarar 2007, ana gudanar da bikin a Wilaya na Dajla. [[Polisario Front|Ƙungiyar Polisario]] ta goyi bayan taron, &lt;ref name=&quot;Roape Article&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last6=Paul Laverty|url-status=175-180}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma an shirya shi kuma masu ba da tallafi daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]], tsohuwar mulkin mallaka a Yammacin Sahara. Bikin ya jawo hankalin goyon baya daga masu shahararrun fina-finai na Sipaniya, ciki har da Penélope Cruz, Javier Bardem, da Pedro Almodóvar. 

Shekaru uku na farko, an gudanar da FiSahara a madadinsa a cikin Wilaya na Smara, Wilaya na [[Ausserd]], da Wilaya na [[Laayoune|El Aaiún]]. Tun daga shekarar 2007, ana gudanar da bikin a Wilaya na Dajla. [[Polisario Front|Ƙungiyar Polisario]] ta goyi bayan taron, &lt;ref name=&quot;Roape Article&quot;/&gt; amma an shirya shi kuma masu ba da tallafi daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]], tsohuwar mulkin mallaka a Yammacin Sahara. Bikin ya jawo hankalin goyon baya daga masu shahararrun fina-finai na Sipaniya, ciki har da Penélope Cruz, Javier Bardem, da Pedro Almodóvar. 

Kamar mawaka irin su Muguruza,  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.radiochango.com/castellano/fotos/Festival-Internacional-de-Cine-del-Sahara-FiSa.html Festival Internacional de Cine del Sahara (FiSahara) 2009] Radiochango.com {{In lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manu Chao,  Macaco,  Iván Ferreiro, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/05/02/cultura/1272809387.html Ivan Ferreiro corona el desierto] El Mundo, 3 May 2010 {{In lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; El Chojin &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elchojin.net/2011/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=29:el-chjin-en-fisahara-2011&amp;catid=1:general&amp;Itemid=3 El Chojin en FISAHARA 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030608/http://www.elchojin.net/2011/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=29:el-chjin-en-fisahara-2011&amp;catid=1:general&amp;Itemid=3 |date=2016-03-04 }} Elchojin.net, 12 April 2011 {{In lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Tomasito &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.inzona.es/el-canijo-de-jerez-y-tomasito-en-el-festival-de-cine-del-sahara.html El Canijo de Jerez y Tomasito en el Festival de Cine del Sahara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504045336/http://www.inzona.es/el-canijo-de-jerez-y-tomasito-en-el-festival-de-cine-del-sahara.html |date=2012-05-04 }} Inzona.es, 1 May 2012 {{In lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin bikin.

FiSahara an ba da takardar kuɗi a matsayin wani shiri na kawo fim a matsayin nishadantarwa da al'adu ga dubban Sahrawis da ke zaune a cikin hamadar Aljeriya. Har ila yau, yana da nufin samar da nishaɗin al'adu da damar ilimi ga 'yan gudun hijirar.

A cikin shekarar 2010, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tagwaye tsakanin FiSahara da [[San Sebastian Human Rights Film Festival|bikin Fim na 'Yancin Dan Adam na San Sebastian]]. 

== White Camel winners ==
'''White Camel winners'''( {{Lang-ar|الجمل الأبيض}}) ita ce babbar kyauta ta bikin, wanda aka ba shi don mafi kyawun fim ta hanyar zaɓen 'yan kallo. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.festivalsahara.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=204%3Aactividades-paralelas-2&amp;catid=53%3Aprogramacion-fisahara-2011&amp;Itemid=60&amp;lang=en Additional festival events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401090052/http://www.festivalsahara.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=204%3Aactividades-paralelas-2&amp;catid=53%3Aprogramacion-fisahara-2011&amp;Itemid=60&amp;lang=en |date=2022-04-01 }} Festivalsahara.com&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙunshi farar [[raƙumi]] mace, wanda a al'adance ake ba da gudummawa ga dangin 'yan gudun hijirar da suka karbi bakuncin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ko daraktan fim ɗin da suka yi nasara a lokacin bikin. Waɗanda suka yi nasara sun karɓi kofi mai nuna farin rakumi da furen hamada.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kwanan wata
! Fim
! Dan kasa
! Darakta
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2003
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 20-23 Nuwamba
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Dajin Rayuwa''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Flag|Spain}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Spain}}
| Angel de la Cruz ne adam wata
|-
| Manolo Gomez
|-
| 2004
| Disamba (Ba a Gudanarwa)
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| 2005
| 3-6 Maris
| ''[[L'extraordinaire destin de Madame Brouette|Madame Brouette]]''
|{{Flag|Senegal}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Senegal}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|France}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|France}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Canada}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Canada}}
| [[Musa Sene Absa]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2006
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 5-9 Afrilu
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Labarin Rakumin Kuka''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Flag|Mongolia}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Mongolia}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Germany}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Germany}}
| Byambasuren Davaa
|-
| Luigi Farloni
|-
| 2007
| 10-15 Afrilu
| ''Azur &amp;amp;amp; Asmar: Neman Sarakuna''
|{{Flag|France}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|France}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Belgium}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Belgium}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Spain}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Italy}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Italy}}
| Michel Ocelot
|-
| 2008
| 17-20 Afrilu
| ''Duniya ce ta Kyauta...''
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| Ken Loach
|-
| 2009
| 5-10 ga Mayu
| ''Che: Kashi na 2''
|{{Flag|United States}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|United States}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Spain}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|France}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|France}}
| Steven Soderbergh
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2010
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 26 Afrilu-2 Mayu
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[The Problem (documentary)|Matsalar]]''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Flag|Spain}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Spain}}
| Jordi Ferrer
|-
| Pablo Vidal
|-
| 2011
| 2-8 ga Mayu
| ''Entrelobos''
|{{Flag|Spain}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Germany}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Germany}}
| Gerardo Olivares
|-
| 2012
| 1-6 ga Mayu
| ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Ya'yan Gizagizai: Mulkin Ƙarshe''
|{{Flag|Spain}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Spain}}
| Alvaro Longoria
|-
| 2013
| 8-13 Oktoba
| ''[[Mayibuye I|Maibuye I]]''
|{{Flag|South Africa}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|South Africa}}
| Milly Moabl
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2014
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Afrilu 29-4 ga Mayu
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''[[Legna: Habla el Verso Saharaui]]'' 
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Flag|Sahrawi Republic}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Sahrawi Republic}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Spain}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Spain}}
| Juan Robles
|-
| Bahia Awah
|-
| Juan Carlos Gimeno
|-
| 2015
| 28 Afrilu-3 Mayu
| ''Granito: Yadda ake ƙusa Dictator''
|{{Flag|United States}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|United States}}
| Pamela Yates
|-
| 2016
| 11-16 Oktoba
| ''Ladjouad''
|{{Flag|Sahrawi Republic}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Sahrawi Republic}}
| [[Brahim Chegaf]]
|-
| 2022
| 11-16 Oktoba 
| ''Wanibik, mutanen da ke zaune a gaban ƙasarsu'' 
|{{Flag|Algeria}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Algeria}}
| [[Rabeh Slimani]]
|}

== Baƙin Ƙasashe ==
A cikin wasu shekaru, bikin ya zaɓi ƙasar da za ta kasance baƙo a taron. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ana nuna fina-finai daga ƙasar baƙi, kuma abubuwan da suka danganci suna faruwa tare da sauran ayyukan a cikin bikin.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Ƙasar Baƙi
|-
| 2006
|&lt;/img&gt; Kuba &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.somosjovenes.cu/arte/semana2/cinesaha.htm Cuba: país invitado en el III Festival Internacional de Cine del Sahara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529120954/http://www.somosjovenes.cu/arte/semana2/cinesaha.htm |date=2019-05-29 }} Somosjovenes.cu {{In lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| 2009
|&lt;/img&gt; Aljeriya &lt;ref&gt;[http://fisahara.blogspot.com.es/2009/06/arranca-fisahara-09.html Arranca FiSahara 09] FiSahara.blogspot.com.es, 23 March 2009 {{In lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| 2010
|&lt;/img&gt; Afirka ta Kudu  
|-
| 2011
|&lt;/img&gt; Venezuela  
|-
| 2012
|{{MEX}}&lt;/img&gt;{{MEX}}  
|-
| 2013
|&lt;/img&gt; Amurka 
|-
| 2014
|&lt;/img&gt; Afirka ta Kudu &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sadr-emb-au.net/south-africa-guest-of-honor-of-fisahara-2014-and-nelson-mandela-honored-in-the-occasion/ South Africa guest of honor of FiSahara 2014 and Nelson Mandela honored in the occasion] SADR Permanent Mission in Ethiopia and African Union, 9 April 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2023
|{{ESP}}&lt;/img&gt;{{ESP}} 
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Sebastopol Cinema</title>
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'''Sebastopol Cinema''' (Amharic: Shebastopol Sinema) gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne a [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]] kusa da Gidan Abinci na Gargajiya na Hol-Zee kuma kusa da Hall 1, a gundumar Arada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jedlowski |first=Alessandro |date=2015 |title=Screening Ethiopia: A preliminary study of the history and contemporary developments of film production in Ethiopia |url=https://www.academia.edu/7242782/Screening_Ethiopia_A_preliminary_study_of_the_history_and_contemporary_developments_of_film_production_in_Ethiopia |journal=Journal of African Cinemas |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=169 |issn=1754-9221}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kamfanin Sebastopol Entertainment PLC na,  mai shirya fina-finai Theodros Teshome ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Led by the Market |url=https://ethiopianbusinessreview.net/led-by-the-market/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Theodros Teshome Kebede |url=https://www.ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=447:theodros-teshome-kebede&amp;catid=36:ethiopian-filmmakers&amp;Itemid=85 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.ethiopianfilminitiative.org |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307230410/https://www.ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=447:theodros-teshome-kebede&amp;catid=36:ethiopian-filmmakers&amp;Itemid=85 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;   Sebastopol yana da fuska uku da zartarwa da fina-finan Habasha. Hakanan gidan [[Addis International Film Festival]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=5th Addis International Film Festival Concludes with Dismal Performance |url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/2956/5th-Addis-International-Film-Festival-Concludes-with-Dismal-Performance |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.ezega.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Multistorey Complex ==
A watan Yunin shekarar 2013, Sebastopol Entertainment PLC ya gina hasumiya mai hawa biyu da mai hawa huɗu akan filin murabba'in murabba'in 948 ya yi hayar [[Birr Habasha|ETB]] 7,000,000. Chartered Structural Consulting Engineers PLC ne ya zayyana ma'auni da 310,000 ETB. Ginin ya ci kuɗi har naira miliyan 50. Hasumiya ta farko tana da allon fina-finai 10, biyar daga cikinsu akwai mutane 250, yayin da mafi girma na ɗaukar masu kallon sinima 1,000. Fuskokin guda huɗu da suka rage za su sami kujeru tsakanin mutane 400 zuwa 600.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fortune |first=Addis |title=Sebastopol Looking to Build City’s Biggest Cinema Complex |url=https://addisfortune.net/articles/sebastopol-looking-tobuildcitys-biggest-cinema-complex/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=addisfortune.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Sara Gadalla Gubara</title>
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[[Fayil:Sara Gubara ca. 1980.jpg|thumb|Sara Gadalla Gubara]]
[[Fayil:Sara Gubara in 1963.jpg|thumb|Sara Gadalla Gubara]]
'''Sara Gadallah Gubara Al-Faki Ibrahim''' (Arabic  ; an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Afrilu shekara ta 1956) 'yar wasan ruwa ce ta Sudan kuma darektan fim. Ita ce mace ta farko ta Sudan da ta shiga gasar yin iyo ta kasa da kasa, kamar tseren yin iyo na Capri International a Italiya, kuma mace ta farko da ta yi iyo a Channel Channel zuwa Faransa, duk da cewa ta kamu da cutar shan inna tun tana yarinya. Bugu da ƙari ga aikinta na tsawon rayuwarta a matsayin 'yar wasa, ta zama sananniya a matsayin mace mai shirya fina-finai a ƙasarsu, ta fara taimaka wa mahaifinta, [[Gadalla Gubara]], kuma daga baya ta jagoranci fina-fakka nata.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sara Gadalla a Helat Hamd, Khartoum Bahri, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu shekara ta 1956. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rouba.Abuamu |title=سارة جاد الله.. &quot;أفضل إنسانة في الدنيا&quot; وبطلة سباحة |trans-title=Sarah Gadalla... &quot;the best person in the world&quot; and a swimming champion |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%22%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%22-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Alaraby.co.uk/ |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta, Gadalla Gubara, ya kasance mai ɗaukar hoto na Sudan, mai shirya fina-finai, darektan kuma mai daukar hoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2015 |title=معرض(حياتي و السينما ) عن حياة و أعمال السينمائي جاد الله جبارة {{!}} صحيفة ريبورتاج الالكترونية |trans-title=Exhibition (My Life and Cinema) about the life and works of filmmaker Gadallah Jabara {{!}} Electronic Reportage Newspaper |url=https://www.reportagesd.net/?p=2731 |access-date=4 February 2023 |language=ar |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204011903/https://www.reportagesd.net/?p=2731 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da take da shekaru biyu, ta kamu da cutar shan inna, wanda ya haifar da ƙafarta ta hagu ta lalace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=كيف تغلبت فتاة من السودان على شلل الأطفال لتصبح بطلة دولية في السباحة |trans-title=How a girl from Sudan overcame polio to become an international swimming champion |url=https://www.unicef.org/sudan/ar/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B5 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=von Schroeder |first=Katharina |date=27 August 2015 |title=Studio Gad: the value of visual memory |url=http://worldpolicy.org/2015/08/27/studio-gad-the-value-of-visual-memory/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153327/http://worldpolicy.org/2015/08/27/studio-gad-the-value-of-visual-memory/ |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=worldpolicy.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar umarnin likitan su, mahaifinta ya gabatar da ita ga yin iyo don taimakawa wajen rage nakasa ta dindindin da ƙarfafa halinta. [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=سارة جاد الله المرأة التي صنعت المستحيل |trans-title=Sarah Gadalla, the woman who made the impossible possible |url=https://www.sudanjournal.com/%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%8a-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%b9%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%8a/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Sudan Journal |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Ta halarci makarantar firamare a makarantar Helat Hamd School for Girls sannan kuma makarantar Amirya Intermediate School for Girls a Khartoum Bahri. Ta halarci Makarantar 'yan mata ta Abu Bakr Sorour a Omdurman da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata. 

== Ayyukan yin iyo ==
[[File:Sara_Gubara_ca._1975.jpg|thumb|Gubara, {{Circa|1972}}]]
A lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida, Sara ta zama ƙwararren mai iyo kuma ta shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a gajeren lokaci. Mahaifinta ya shiga cikin kulawa da ƙarfafa aikinta na wasanni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=مختار |first=الخرطوم ــ علوية |title=سارة جاد الله.. &quot;أفضل إنسانة في الدنيا&quot; وبطلة سباحة |trans-title=Sara Gadalla.. &quot;the best person in the world&quot; and a swimming champion |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/0aea2dc3-25c5-43bf-beec-61be46af30c5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308025302/http://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/0aea2dc3-25c5-43bf-beec-61be46af30c5 |archive-date=8 March 2015 |access-date=14 March 2019 |website=alaraby |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga kulob din wasanni na Al-Kawkab a Khartoum Bahri don yin iyo kuma Bayoumi Mohammed Salem ne ya horar da ita, wanda ya taimaka wajen bunkasa ƙwarewarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=السبَّاحة سارة جاد الله ل (تقاسيم): (ظن مراكبية أبو روف أنني &quot;جنّيَّة&quot;) |trans-title=Swimmer Sara Gadalla told (Taqasim): (Abu Rouf's boatman thought I was a &quot;fairy&quot;) |url=https://www.sudaress.com/alintibaha/7084 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=سودارس}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta horar da ita a [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da kuma gidan wanka na House of Culture, wanda ke kusa da [[Fadar shugaban Ƙasa, Khartoum|Fadar Jamhuriyar Republican]] a Khartoum. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ta shiga gasar zakarun gajeren zango ta Jamhuriyar kuma, a shekara ta 1968, ta wakilci Sudan a cikin ƙungiyar motsa jiki ta ƙasa da shekara 16 a [[Nairobi]] kuma ta lashe matsayi na uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 January 2015 |title=رائدات سودانيات : السباحة سارة جاد الله .. صور كميات |trans-title=Sudanese women pioneers: Swimming Sara Gadalla .. Quantitative photos |url=http://sudaneseonline.com/board/490/msg/%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%3a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d9%87-%2e%2e-%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%83%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-1449897144.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007210545/http://sudaneseonline.com/board/490/msg/رائدات-سودانيات-:-السباحة-سارة-جاد-الله-..-صور-كميات-1449897144.html |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=sudaneseonline.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gasar kasa ===
A shekara ta 1972, Sara ta shiga ƙungiyar yin iyo a Al-Hilal Club, [[Omdurman]], kuma ta fara shiga gasar nesa. Ta shiga cikin yawancin waɗannan tseren, inda maza da mata masu iyo suka yi gasa a lokaci guda. An lissafa kyautar ga masu nasara na farko, na biyu da na uku, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=أصبحت أيقونة للمرأة التي هزمت وتحدّت الصعاب سارة جاد الله.. السّبّاحة التي كادت أن تبتلع كيجاب!! – صحيفة الصيحة |trans-title=Sara Gadalla, the swimmer who almost swallowed Kijab!! – Al-Sayha newspaper |url=https://www.assayha.net/103857/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, wasanta sun haɗa da tseren Jabal Awliya (kilomita 50), ɗaya daga cikin tseren da ya fi tsayi, wanda ya fara daga madatsar ruwan Jabal Awlia a kan Blue Nile kuma ya ƙare a Ginin TV a Omdurman. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=سارة جاد الله المولودة في حلة حمد بتاريخ 23-4-1956 |trans-title=Sara Gadalla, born in Hillat Hamad on 4/23/1956 |url=https://forum.kooora.com/?t=24791823 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=forum.kooora.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; A can, ta zo ta uku bayan masu iyo Abd al-Majid Sultan Kigab da Salim.[2] A cikin tseren Atbara (kilomita 30), ta zo ta huɗu gabaɗaya a matsayin mace ta farko da ta yi iyo, kuma daga Wad Madani zuwa Um-Sunat (kilomiti 30), ta zama ta biyu ga Kigab.[1] A cikin tseren daga Wad Nemari zuwa [[Dongola]] (30 km), wanda aka gudanar a lokacin bukukuwan Independence, ta zo a matsayi na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=بكباش |first=سليمان |last2=Perishable |date=17 June 2021 |title=الرياضة النسائية السودانية، تاريخ من الصراع السياسي |trans-title=Sudanese women's sports, a history of political conflict |url=https://tajasport.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=TajaSport |language=en-US |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204011915/https://tajasport.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sara kuma ta fito fili a cikin salon da ya fi wuya na yin iyo, bugun jini, wanda ke buƙatar sassauci da ƙarfin jiki, inda ta kuma yi fice kuma ta sami rikodin. Rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta a cikin sunanta sune bugun malam buɗe ido na mita 50, yin iyo na mita 100, da kuma mita 100 da 200 na baya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

=== Gasar kasa da kasa ===
[[File:Sara_Gubara,_Beijing_1975.jpg|thumb|Sara Gubara a Beijing a 1975, na biyu daga dama]]
A duniya, Sara ta wakilci Sudan a gasa daban-daban a Kenya, Burtaniya da China, inda ta lashe lambar zinare, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mahalarta Sudan na farko a gasar yin iyo ta duniya. Koyaya, ta yi la'akari da tseren Maratona del Golfo Capri-Napoli na 1974 (kilomita 36) a Italiya mafi mahimmancin shiga kasashen waje, inda ta lashe matsayi na biyu a matakin masu son, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;The German review of a screening of ''Viva Sara!'' in Berlin in 2015 called this film &quot;one of the most beautiful film moments of the year.&quot; – It described the story like this: &quot;Sara, handicapped by polio, had taken part in the Capri-Naples swimming marathon as a young woman. 35 kilometres in the open sea. A good decade later, her proud father wanted to share this with 'Viva Sara'. As an incentive and hope for girls in Sudan, anything can be done.&quot; {{Cite web |last=Klingler |first=Nino |date=31 December 2015 |title=Die schönsten Retrospektivenmomente: Jahresrückblick (3) |url=https://www.critic.de/special/die-schoensten-retrospektivenmomente-jahresrueckblick-3-3983/ |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=critic.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;  da 23 (daga cikin 25) a cikin rukunin masu sana'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maratona del Golfo Capri-Napoli results – 1974 {{!}} LongSwims Database |url=https://longswims.com/events/maratona-del-golfo-capri-napoli/1974/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=longswims.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1975, ta wakilci Sudan a wasannin Beijing kuma ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin gajeren zango.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ta sake shiga cikin tseren ruwan gishiri na Capri-[[Napoli|Naples]] a shekara ta 1977 amma ta zo ta ƙarshe a cikin rukunin ƙwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maratona del Golfo Capri-Napoli results – 1977 {{!}} LongSwims Database |url=https://longswims.com/events/maratona-del-golfo-capri-napoli/1977/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=longswims.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yin ritaya daga wasanni ===
Sara ta yi ritaya tare da lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa sama da 35 kuma ita ce mace ta farko ta Sudan da ta yi iyo a Channel Channel zuwa Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=سارة جاد الله |trans-title=Sara Gadalla |url=https://arabwomensport.org/%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d9%87/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Arab Women Sport |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don rawar da ta taka a wasan motsa jiki na Sudan, Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Duniya a shekara ta 2008 ya ba ta takardar shaidar godiya, kuma an kuma girmama ta a cikin ƙasa  da kuma duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=بمناسبة اليوم العالمي للمرأة وزيرالشباب والرياضه يكرم سارة جادالله |trans-title=On the occasion of International Women's Day, the Minister of Youth and Sports honors Sara Gadalla |url=https://sudanalyoum.com/%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=sudanalyoum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2022 |title=سارة جاد الله: التكريم فخر لنا والجامعة العربية للملتقى تؤكد وحدة العرب |trans-title=Sara Gadalla: The honor is our pride, and the Arab League of the Forum confirms the unity of the Arabs |url=https://alahdonline.net/%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%81%d8%ae%d8%b1-%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a9/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=العهد أونلاين |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ملتقى رياضة المرأة يكرم السودانية سارة جاد الله |trans-title=Women's Sports Forum honors Sudanese Sara Gadalla |url=https://www.sahafahh.net/news12958111.html |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=www.sahafahh.net |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da kari, Sara malami ne na duniya wanda aka amince da shi a fannin motsa jiki, mai tsaron rai da kuma mai kula da wasanni. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban sakataren kungiyar yin iyo ta Sudan. Bugu da ƙari, ita memba ce ta Kwamitin Mata na Gida da Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Sudan. 

== Ayyukansa a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai ==
Biye da sawun mahaifinta a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai, Sara Gadalla ta fara shiga Kwalejin Fine and Applied Art (Khartoum), amma ba ta kammala karatunta a can ba. Maimakon haka, ta tafi karatun fina-finai a [[Cairo Higher Institute of Cinema|Cibiyar Nazarin Fim ta Alkahira]] a Misira kuma ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 1984 daga Sashen Animation a matsayin daya daga cikin matan Sudan na farko. Sara an dauke ta daya daga cikin daraktocin fina-finai na mata na farko da ba a saba gani ba kuma ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga tarihin fina-fakka a Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Gadalla, My story |url=https://kushsudan.org/pf/my-story/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=Kushsudan.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2019 |title=جادالله جبارة.. فنان سوداني شغفته السينما |trans-title=Gadalla Gubara..a Sudanese artist who was passionate about cinema |url=https://www.albayan.ae/paths/books/2009-10-24-1.483989 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221212219/https://www.albayan.ae/paths/books/2009-10-24-1.483989 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=البيان}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yin aiki tare da mahaifinta ===
[[File:Viva_Sara.jpg|thumb|Sara da [[Gadalla Gubara]] a cikin shirin su '''Viva Sar''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' (1984) ]]
A shekara ta 1984, Gadalla Gubara ta yi wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna 'Viva Sara', wanda ke ba da labarin Sara, wanda, duk da nakasa ta jiki, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau na Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Taken fim din, 'Viva Sara', ya fito ne daga waƙoƙin goyon bayan masu kallo lokacin da Sara ta shiga cikin tseren Capri-Naples na 1974. [1] Har ila yau, taron ya yi wahayi zuwa fim din 1994, Sarahsarà  na darektan Italiyanci Renzo Martinelli. [it]

Bayan mahaifinta ya rasa idanunsa yana da shekaru 80, Sara ta taimaka masa da ayyukan fim dinsa na baya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; gami da karɓar littafin Faransanci Les Misérables (2006) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch Les misérables {{!}} MoMA Virtual Cinema Streaming {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/7134 |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bidoun |title=The Omega Man: Gadalla Gubara and the half-life of Sudanese cinema |url=https://www.bidoun.org/articles/the-omega-man |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=Bidoun |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da tarihin kansa &quot;My life and the cinema. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |date=2016 |title=African Women and the Documentary: Storytelling, Visualizing History, from the Personal to the Political |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.8.1.0223 |journal=Black Camera |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=223–239 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.8.1.0223 |issn=1536-3155 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.8.1.0223 |s2cid=157593132}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2004 &quot;The Lover of Light&quot; kwatanci ne ga lalacewar idanun Gadalla Gubara da sha'awarsa na amfani da fim don wayar da kan jama'a. Ta shiga tare da wannan da wasu fina-finai biyu a bikin fina-fukkuna na Kampala na 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;

Bayan rushewar &quot;Studio Gad&quot; na mahaifinta ta gwamnatin Sudan a shekara ta 2008 bayan yakin shari'a na shekaru takwas kan mallakar ƙasa, Sara ta yi aiki don adana gadon fim din mahaifinta, wanda ya rubuta tarihin Sudan, ta hanyar neman dijital da adana fina-finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ب |first=الخرطوم-أ ف |title=ابنة المخرج السوداني جاد الله جباره تسعى لحفظ أرثه السينمائي |trans-title=The daughter of the Sudanese director, Gadalla Gubara, seeks to preserve his cinematic legacy |url=http://www.alwasatnews.com/news/1142003.html |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=صحيفة الوسط البحرينية |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt; Tsakanin shekara ta 2014 zuwa shekara ta 2016, babban bangare na fina-finai na mahaifinta ya samo asali ne  {{Interlanguage link|Arsenal Institute for Film and Video Art|de|Institut für Film und Videokunst}} a [[Berlin]], Jamus, kuma an sake nuna su ga masu sauraro a Sudan da kuma kasashen waje.[de]&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arsenal: the film holdings of Gadalla Gubara (2013, 2016) |url=https://www.arsenal-berlin.de/en/living-archive/projects/the-film-holdings-of-gadalla-gubara-2013-2016.html |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=Arsenal – Institut für Film und Videokunst e.V. |language=en-UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Studio Gad Archive – The heritage of the Sudanese filmmaker Gadalla Gubara |url=http://studiogadarchive.com/ |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=Studio Gad archive |language= |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203114043/http://studiogadarchive.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sauran shirye-shirye ===
A shekara ta 1985, Sara Gadalla ta yi aiki a gidan talabijin na Sudan bayan kammala karatunta daga Cibiyar Nazarin Fim kuma tana kula da sashen raye-raye. Ta kammala kimanin fina-finai uku ko hudu a cikin hanyar gargajiya ta zane da hannu. A shekara ta 1989, ta koma [[Saudi Arebiya|Masarautar Saudi Arabia]] bayan ta auri likita, inda ta jagoranci tallace-tallace da fina-finai. Bayan shekaru goma sha biyu, ta koma Sudan kuma ta kafa ɗakinta na Belissar Art Production, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto, darekta, da kuma edita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2018 |title=رائدات سودانيات : السباحة سارة جاد الله |trans-title=Sudanese women pioneers: Swimming Sara Gadalla |url=http://sudaneseonline.com/board/490/msg/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-:-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-..-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-1449897144.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007210545/http://sudaneseonline.com/board/490/msg/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-:-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-..-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-1449897144.html |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=SudaneseOnline}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Ta ci gaba da kammala wani fim mai rai na ''Fatima Al-Samha'', sanannen labari na Sudan wanda daga baya ya zama batun wani fim mai raye-raye na Mai Elgizouli, mai shirya fina-finai na Sudan na ƙarni na gaba.

Bayan haka, Sara Gadalla ta daina samar da fina-finai masu rai saboda tsadar kudi mai yawa kuma ta ci gaba da fina-fukki. Ta shiga cikin bukukuwa da yawa a Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Zanzibar. Musamman, Sara Gadalla ta yi shirye-shirye da gajeren fina-finai da yawa game da halin da mata ke ciki a Sudan da kuma al'adun al'umma masu cutarwa da aka yi musu, gami da yankan mata, wanda ta sadaukar da fina-fakkaatu takwas. Wadannan fina-finai an yi su ne don ilimantar da mutanen Sudan, musamman wadanda ke zaune a yankuna masu nisa, game da haɗarin wannan mummunar al'ada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=بدر |first=دعاء |date=28 January 2022 |title=سارة جاد الله: التكريم فخر لنا ورعاية الجامعة العربية للملتقي تؤكد وحدة العرب |trans-title=Sara Gadalla: The honor is our pride, and the Arab League's sponsorship of the forum confirms the unity of the Arabs |url=https://tatweeg.news/السباحة-السودانية-سارة-جاد-الله/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=تتويج نيوز |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika, tana aiki a kan fim game da matan Sudan a duk fannonin siyasa, fasaha da wasanni, tare da mai da hankali kan mutane masu gabatarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 October 2016 |title=سارة جاد الله جبارة... قصة سينمائية وبطلة دولية منحت للمرأة السودانية مجدها |trans-title=Sara Gadalla is mighty...a cinematic story and an international heroine who gave glory to Sudanese women |url=https://www.france24.com/ar/20161030-%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103142352/http://www.france24.com/ar/20161030-%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |website=France24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar fina-finai na baya na mahaifinta game da wannan batu, Song of [[Khartoum]], ta yi fina-fukkuna da yawa game da biranen Sudan, kamar ɗaya game da Khartoom. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=وكالات |first=بي بي سي- |title=سارة جاد الله ... بطلة دولية منحت المرأة السودانية مجدها |trans-title=Sarah Gadallah... an international heroine who gave glory to Sudanese women |url=https://www.hdhod.com/سارة-جاد-الله-بطلة-دولية-منحت-المرأة-السودانية-مجدها_a70725.html |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=الهدهد: صحيفة اليكترونية عربية بخمس لغات عالمية |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A shekara ta 1989, Sara ta auri Bla Abu Snena, kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku, Sami, Khalid da Samahir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Lipton-mug-tea.jpg|thumb|shayi ]]
[[Fayil:Tea in action.jpg|thumb|shayi da madara]]
Bubble tea (also known as pearl milk tea, bubble milk tea, tapioca milk tea, boba tea, or boba; , ) is a tea-based drink that originated in Taiwan in the early 1980s. Taiwanese immigrants brought it to the United States in the 1990s, initially in California through regions including Los Angeles County, but the drink has also spread to other countries where there is a large East Asian diaspora population.

Shafin shayi galibi ya kunshi shayi tare da Kwallon tapioca (&quot;boba&quot; ko &quot;perls&quot;), amma ana iya yin shi tare da wasu abubuwan rufewa, kamar su jelly na ciyawa, [[Alobera (aloe vera)|aloe vera]], ja bean, da popping boba. Yana da nau'o'i da dandano da yawa, amma nau'o-nau'i biyu da suka fi shahara sune shayi na madara mai baƙar fata da shayi mai laushi (&quot;lu'u-lu'u&quot; don ƙwallon tapioca a kasa).

== Bayyanawa ==
[[File:A_paper_straw_for_bubble_tea_and_the_popular_straw.jpg|thumb|Tattalin takarda don shayi mai kumfa idan aka kwatanta da itacen filastik na yau da kullun]]
shayi mai kumfa ya fada cikin nau'o'i biyu: shayi ba tare da madara ba da shayi na madara. Dukkanin nau'ikan sun zo tare da baki na baƙar fata, kore, ko shayi na Oolong a matsayin tushe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Jiayi |date=2020 |title=What Makes Bubble Tea Popular ? Interaction between Chinese and British Tea Culture |url=https://francis-press.com/papers/3231 |url-status=live |journal=The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology |language=en |volume=2 |issue=16 |pages=97–102 |doi=10.25236/FSST.2020.021614 |doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926155214/https://francis-press.com/papers/3231 |archive-date=26 September 2021}}
[[Rukuni:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024]]&lt;/ref&gt; shayi na madara yawanci sun haɗa da madara ce madara, amma kuma suna iya amfani da madara mai laushi, madarar almond, madarar foda, ko madarar kwakwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Yongzhong |last2=Lu |first2=Yikuan |last3=Xie |first3=Guie |date=2022-02-15 |title=Bubble tea consumption and its association with mental health symptoms: An observational cross-sectional study on Chinese young adults |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016503272101380X |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |language=en |volume=299 |pages=620–627 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.061 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=34942229 |s2cid=245416664}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The oldest known bubble tea drink consisted of a mixture of hot Taiwanese black tea, tapioca pearls ({{Lang-zh}}), condensed milk, and syrup (Chinese: 糖漿; pinyin: táng jiāng) or honey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zhang |first=Jenny G. |date=2019-11-05 |title=How Bubble Tea Became a Complicated Symbol of Asian-American Identity |url=https://www.eater.com/2019/11/5/20942192/bubble-tea-boba-asian-american-diaspora |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213202724/https://www.eater.com/2019/11/5/20942192/bubble-tea-boba-asian-american-diaspora |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=Eater |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nowadays, bubble tea is most commonly served cold.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The tapioca pearls that give bubble tea its name were originally made from the starch of the [[Rogo|cassava]], a tropical shrub known for its starchy roots which was introduced to Taiwan from [[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]] during Japanese colonial rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Encisco |first=V. Elizabeth |last2=Zhu |first2=Feilin A. |date=7 October 2004 |title=Whose Boba Is Best? |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/10/7/whose-boba-is-best-the-new/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611201115/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/10/7/whose-boba-is-best-the-new/ |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=30 April 2018 |website=The Harvard Crimson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Larger pearls (Chinese: 波霸/黑珍珠; pinyin: bō bà/hēi zhēn zhū) quickly replaced these.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Maggie Hiufu |date=30 April 2020 |title=The Rise of Bubble Tea, One of Taiwan's Most Beloved Beverages |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/taiwan-bubble-tea-origins/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331215526/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/taiwan-bubble-tea-origins/index.html |archive-date=31 March 2021 |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau, akwai wasu gidajen cin abinci da ke ƙwarewa a cikin samar da shayi. Duk da yake wasu gidajen cin abinci na iya ba da shayi a cikin gilashi, yawancin shagunan shayi na Taiwan suna ba da abin sha a cikin kofin filastik kuma suna amfani da na'ura don rufe saman kofin tare da cellophane na filastik mai zafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tsai |first=Yueh-Ju |last2=Carvajal |first2=Carolina Forero |last3=Flores |first3=Nicolas Moltedo |last4=Lin |first4=Tsan-Shiun |last5=Yang |first5=Johnson Chia-Shen |last6=Chiang |first6=Yuan-Cheng |last7=Lin |first7=Pao-Yuan |date=2019 |title=Reconstruction of Pediatric Hand Injuries Caused by Automatic Cup-Sealing Machines in Taiwan |journal=Journal of International Medical Research |language=en |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=5855–5866 |doi=10.1177/0300060519874540 |pmc=6862881 |pmid=31558087}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyar tana ba da damar girgiza shayi a cikin kofin ba da kyauta kuma ya sa ya zubar har sai mutum ya shirya ya sha shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nguyen-Okwu |first=Leslie |date=2019-03-16 |title=Boba Explained: A Sipper's Guide to Taiwan's Signature Drink |url=https://www.eater.com/21551108/boba-milk-bubble-tea-explained-how-to-order |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416144212/https://www.eater.com/21551108/boba-milk-bubble-tea-explained-how-to-order |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=Eater |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai a soke cellophane tare da babban kara, wanda yanzu ake kira boba straw, wanda ya fi girma fiye da ruwan sha na yau da kullun don ba da damar abubuwan da aka rufe su su wuce.

Saboda shahararsa, shayi mai kumfa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga nau'ikan shayi mai ɗanɗano iri-iri, kamar su ice cream mai kumfa da sukari mai kumfa. An kiyasta girman kasuwar shayi a dala biliyan 2.4 a shekarar 2022 kuma ana sa ran zai kai dala biliyan 4.3 a ƙarshen shekara ta 2027.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhandalkar |first=Shankar |title=Bubble Tea Market Expected to Reach $4.3 Billion by 2027 |url=https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/press-release/bubble-tea-market.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124125010/https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/press-release/bubble-tea-market.html |archive-date=24 January 2022 |access-date=2020-11-15 |website=Allied Market Research}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bubble Tea Market Share, Size, Growth, Analysis Report 2022-2027 |url=https://www.imarcgroup.com/bubble-tea-market |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.imarcgroup.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin manyan sarkar shayi na duniya sun hada da Chatime, CoCo Fresh Tea &amp;amp;amp; Juice da Gong Cha.

=== Bambance-bambance ===

==== Abin sha ====
Shafin shayi ya zo a cikin bambance-bambance da yawa waɗanda yawanci sun haɗa da shayi baƙar fata, shayi mai kore, shayi mai laushi, kuma wani lokacin farin shayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yip |first=Lynnett |date=2020-01-01 |title=How Boba, or Bubble Tea, Went Global |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/leisure/article/3044028/how-bubble-tea-or-boba-went-global-and-who-first-thought |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502175038/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/leisure/article/3044028/how-bubble-tea-or-boba-went-global-and-who-first-thought |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bambancin, yuenyeung, (Sinanci, mai suna bayan Duck na Mandarin) ya samo asali ne a [[Hong Kong]] kuma ya ƙunshi shayi, kofi, da madara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Sauran nau'ikan abin sha sun haɗa da abin sha na shayi. Wadannan bambance-bambance galibi ana haɗa su ta amfani da ice cream, ko kuma smoothies ne waɗanda ke dauke da shayi da 'ya'yan itace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; An kuma samar da sandunan ice cream na Boba.

Akwai sanannun dandano na shayi, kamar [[Gwaza|taro]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taro Bubble Tea: What is it &amp; How Does it Taste? — Sharetea - Best Bubble Tea Brand |url=https://www.1992sharetea.com/news/what-is-taro-bubble-tea |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Sharetea}}&lt;/ref&gt; mango, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mango Bubble Tea |url=https://www.mango.org/recipes/mango-bubble-tea/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Mango.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kofi, da [[Attagara|kwakwa]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Coconut Milk Tea And How To Make It? – Tea Backyard |url=https://teabackyard.com/coconut-milk-tea/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Tea Backyard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke da ɗanɗano kamar syrup ko foda suna ƙayyade ɗanɗano kuma yawanci launi na shayi, yayin da wasu sinadaran kamar shayi, madara da boba sune tushen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Bubble Tea? Learn About the Different Flavors |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/different-flavors-of-bubble-tea-766444 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114145729/https://www.thespruceeats.com/different-flavors-of-bubble-tea-766444 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Toppings ====
[[File:Tapioca,_aka_boba.jpg|thumb|Tapioca (boba) ]]
Lu'ulu'u na Tapioca (boba) sune sinadaran da aka fi sani, kodayake akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da su don yin ƙwayoyin da aka samu a cikin shayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Lu'ulu'u sun bambanta da launi bisa ga sinadaran da aka gauraya da tapioca. Yawancin lu'ulu'u baƙi ne daga launin ruwan kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-21 |title=How to Make Tapioca Pearls (Boba Balls) with Perfect Texture For Milk Tea |url=https://www.honestfoodtalks.com/how-to-make-tapioca-pearls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425122026/https://www.honestfoodtalks.com/how-to-make-tapioca-pearls/ |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=Honest Food Talks |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Manazarta==
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Towards Quality Assurance of Technical and Vocational Education and Training.pdf|thumb|Taro kan samu ingantacen ilimi]]
'''Rashin daidaito a ilimi''' shine rarraba albarkatun ilimi, gami da amma ba'a iyakance shi ga kuɗaɗen makaranta ba, ƙwararrun malamai, littattafai, da fasaha, ga al'ummomin da aka ware a cikin al'umma. Wadannan al'ummomin suna da karancin tarihi kuma suna da zalunci. Mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware galibi ana hana su shiga makarantu da ke da isasshen albarkatu. Rashin daidaito yana haifar da manyan bambance-bambance a cikin nasarar ilimi ko ingancin waɗannan mutane kuma a ƙarshe yana hana motsi na zamantakewa da [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arziki.]] Rashin daidaito a cikin ilimi ya kasu kashi daban-daban: rashin daidaito na yanki, rashin daidaito ta hanyar jima'i, rashin daidaituwa ta hanyar zamantakewar al'umma, rashin daidaitattun ta hanyar samun kudin shiga na iyaye, rashin daidaiton ta hanyar aikin iyaye, da sauransu da yyawa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/kimiya-da-fasa/&lt;/ref&gt;

Auna ingancin ilimi ya bambanta da ƙasa har ma da larduna / jihohi a cikin ƙasar&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/kimiya-da-fasa/&lt;/ref&gt;. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da maki, ƙididdigar gwajin GPA, wasu ƙididdigas, ƙididdiga na ƙwarewar kwaleji, da ƙididdigan kammala kwaleji don auna nasarar ilimi da abin da mutum zai iya cimma. Waɗannan su ne ma'auni na iyawar aikin ilimi na mutum. Lokacin ƙayyade abin da ya kamata a auna dangane da nasarar ilimi na mutum, malamai da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa GPA, ƙididdigar gwaji, da sauran matakan ikon yin aiki ba su ne kawai kayan aiki masu amfani wajen ƙayyade inganci ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot;&gt;Williams, Belinda, ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=B4Aw038aah4C Closing the Achievement Gap: A Vision for Changing Beliefs and Practices]. 2nd ed. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2003.&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga aikin ilimi, cimma burin ilmantarwa, samun ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa, gamsuwa, juriya, da aikin bayan kwaleji ya kamata a auna su kuma a lissafa su yayin ƙayyade nasarar ilimi na mutane. Masana suna jayayya cewa nasarar ilimi shine kawai sakamakon kai tsaye na cimma burin ilmantarwa da samun ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar da ake so. Don auna ingancin ilimi daidai, yana da mahimmanci a raba nasarorin ilimi saboda yana kama ikon aikin ɗalibi kawai kuma ba lallai ba ne su koyi ko ikon yin amfani da abin da suka koya yadda ya kamata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=York, Rankin, &amp; Gibson |first=Travis T., Susan &amp; Charles |year=2015 |title=Defining and Measuring Academic Success |journal=Practical Assessment, Research &amp; Evaluation |volume=20 |issue=5, March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin rashin daidaito na ilimi ana danganta su da bambancin tattalin arziki wanda sau da yawa yakan fada tare da layin launin fata, kuma yawancin tattaunawar zamani game da daidaito na ilmantarwa ya haɗu da su biyu, yana nuna yadda ba za a iya raba su da wurin zama ba kuma, kwanan nan, harshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee and Orfield&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Chungmei |last2=Gary Orfield |author-link2=Gary Orfield |year=2005 |title=Why Segregation Matters: Poverty and Educational Inequality |journal=The Civil Rights Project |series=Harvard University |pages=1–47}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, akwai matsayi ko babban rukuni na mutane waɗanda ke amfana fiye da ƙungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru ko ƙananan tsarin a wannan yanki, kamar tare da tsarin rarrabe na Indiya misali. A cikin wani binciken game da rashin daidaito na ilimi a Indiya, marubutan, Majumbar, Manadi, da Jos Mooij sun bayyana cewa &quot;ƙwarewar zamantakewa tana shafar tsarin ilimi, hanyoyin ilimi da sakamakon ilimi&quot; (Majumdar, Manabi da Jos Mooyj). &lt;ref&gt;Majumdar, Manabi, and Jos Mooij. &quot;Education and Inequality in India: A Classroom View. Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series.&quot; Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, 1 Jan. 2011. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=eric&amp;AN=ED523241&amp;site=ehost-live&amp;scope=site&lt;/ref&gt; Wani lokaci kabilanci, addini da kabilanci na iya yanke shawarar makomar yaro da damar da ke cikin ilimi da ci gaba. Ga 'yan mata da suka riga sun rasa, samun makaranta ne kawai ga manyan ɗalibai ko yawancin mutane a wurare daban-daban kamar Kudancin Asiya na iya rinjayar tsarin zuwa abinci ga wani nau'in mutum, barin kowa a waje. Wannan shi ne yanayin kungiyoyi da yawa a Kudancin Asiya. A cikin wata kasida game da rashin daidaito na ilimi da kungiyoyin mutane ke shafar, kungiyar Action Education ta yi iƙirarin cewa &quot;an haife shi a cikin ƙungiyar ƙabilu ko ƙungiyar ƙabilanci na iya shafar damar yaro na kasancewa a makaranta da abin da suke koya yayin da suke can&quot; (Action Education). Muna ganin karin albarkatun da ake yi ne kawai ga wasu 'yan mata, galibi wadanda ke magana da harshen garin. Sabanin haka, an bar 'yan mata da yawa daga yankunan karkara a Kudancin Asiya don haka ba su da hannu a makaranta. Rashin daidaito na ilimi tsakanin daliban fararen fata da daliban 'yan tsiraru suna ci gaba da ci gaba da rashin daidaito na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot;/&gt; Wani babban abu shine rashin kwanciyar hankali na gidaje, wanda aka nuna don kara yawan cin zarafi, rauni, magana, da jinkirin ci gaba, wanda ke haifar da raguwar nasarorin ilimi. Tare da rashin kwanciyar hankali na gidaje, rashin tsaro na abinci yana da alaƙa da raguwar nasarorin ilimi, musamman a lissafi da karatu. Rashin aji da iyakantaccen kayan ilmantarwa yana da mummunar tasiri ga tsarin ilmantarwa ga yara. A sassa da yawa na duniya, tsofaffin litattafai da aka yi amfani da su galibi ɗalibai shida ko fiye ne a lokaci guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rueckert |first=Phineas |date=August 13, 2019 |title=10 Barriers to Education That Children Living in Poverty Face |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/10-barriers-to-education-around-the-world-2/ |access-date=March 4, 2024 |website=Global Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;


A duk faɗin duniya, an ci gaba da ƙoƙari na sake fasalin ilimi a kowane mataki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haycock |first=Kafi |year=2001 |title=Closing the Achievement Gap |journal=Helping All Students Achieve |volume=58 |pages=6–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da dalilai daban-daban waɗanda ke da tushe mai zurfi a cikin tarihi, al'umma, da al'adu, wannan rashin daidaito yana da wuyar kawarwa. Kodayake yana da wahala, ilimi yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban al'umma. Yana inganta &quot;yan ƙasa, ainihi, daidaito na dama da haɗin zamantakewa, haɗin zamantakewa. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shrivastava |first=Meenal |last2=Shrivastava |first2=Sanjiv |date=June 2014 |title=Political economy of higher education: comparing South Africa to trends in the world |journal=Higher Education |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=809–822 |doi=10.1007/s10734-013-9709-6 |s2cid=143772365}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin daidaito na ilimi na duniya a bayyane yake a cikin rikice-rikicen ilmantarwa mai gudana, inda sama da kashi 91% na yara a duk faɗin duniya suka shiga makarantar firamare; duk da haka, yawancin su ba sa koyo. Binciken Bankin Duniya ya gano cewa &quot;kashi 53 cikin dari na yara a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kuɗi ba za su iya karantawa da fahimtar labarin mai sauƙi ba a ƙarshen makarantar firamare. &quot;  Sanar da rashin daidaito na ilimi na duniya ya haifar da karɓar Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 4 wanda ke inganta ilimi mai ɗorewa da daidaito ga kowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Learning Poverty |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/learning-poverty |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715200017/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/learning-poverty |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin &quot;Civil Rights Project&quot; na Harvard, Lee da Orfield sun gano asalin iyali a matsayin mafi mahimmancin tasiri a cikin nasarar ɗalibai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee and Orfield&quot;/&gt; Akwai alaƙa tsakanin nasarar ilimi na iyaye tare da nasarar ilimi na yaransu. Kashi 11% ne kawai na yara daga kasa na biyar ke samun digiri na kwaleji, yayin da kashi 80% na saman na biyar ke sami daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haskins and Kemple&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haskins |first=Ron |last2=James Kemple |year=2009 |title=A New Goal for America's High Schools: College Preparation for All |journal=The Future of Children |volume=19 |pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗe da albarkatu, ɗaliban fararen suna da iyaye masu ilimi fiye da ɗalibai daga iyalai marasa rinjaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gamoran&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gamoran |first=Adam |year=2001 |title=American Schooling and Educational Inequality: A Forecast for the 21st Century |journal=Sociology of Education |volume=74 |pages=135–153 |doi=10.2307/2673258 |jstor=2673258 |s2cid=55336675}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana fassara zuwa rayuwar gida wacce ta fi tallafawa nasarar ilimi. Wannan sau da yawa yana haifar da su karɓar ƙarin taimako a gida, samun ƙarin littattafai a gidansu, halartar ƙarin ɗakunan karatu, da shiga cikin tattaunawa mai zurfi.[3] Yara, sa'an nan, suna shiga makaranta a matakai daban-daban. Dalibai matalauta suna baya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar magana, ƙamus, lissafi, da nasarar karatu kuma suna da ƙarin matsalolin halayyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenstone&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Greenstone |first=Michael |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Improving Student Outcomes: Restoring America's Education Potential |journal=The Hamilton Project |series=Strategy Paper |pages=1–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana haifar da sanya su a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban waɗanda ke bin diddigin su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farkas&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Farkas |first=George |year=2006 |title=How Educational Inequality Develops |journal=National Poverty Center |series=Working Paper Series |pages=1–50}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan darussan kusan koyaushe suna buƙatar ƙasa daga ɗaliban su, suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar da ke da yanayin rashin motsawar ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haycock&quot;/&gt; Wadannan darussan galibi ba a ɗaure su ba kuma malaman da ba su da ƙwarewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot;/&gt;

Har ila yau, asalin iyali yana rinjayar ilimin al'adu da fahimta. Ilimin aji na tsakiya game da ka'idoji da al'adu yana bawa ɗalibai da wannan asalin damar kewaya tsarin makaranta da kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gamoran&quot;/&gt; Iyaye daga wannan aji da sama suma suna da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a waɗanda suka fi amfani fiye da waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan aji. Wadannan haɗi na iya taimaka wa ɗalibai su sami damar shiga makarantu masu kyau, ayyuka, da sauransu.[1] Bugu da ƙari, yara daga iyalai masu talauci, waɗanda galibi 'yan tsiraru ne, sun fito ne daga iyalai waɗanda ba su amince da cibiyoyin ba.[1] Tarihin Amurka na wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci ya haifar da abin da aka fahimta da / ko kuma akwai a kan damar da yawancin matalauta da 'yan tsiraru suka samu. Wannan rufin yana lalata wahayi na ilimi da ci gaban.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gamoran&quot; /&gt;

Kwanan nan &lt;/link&gt; da ƙaruwar baƙin haure na Latino ya haifar da wani babban al'amari na rashin daidaiton ilimi. Kamar yadda ƙarin ɗalibai ke fitowa daga iyalai waɗanda ba a jin Ingilishi a gida, galibi suna kokawa don shawo kan shingen harshe kuma suna koyon darussa kawai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lee and Orfield&quot;/&gt; Yawancin lokaci suna rashin taimako a gida saboda yawanci iyaye ba su fahimci aikin da ke cikin Turanci ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Farkas&quot;/&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya nuna watanni na rani a matsayin lokaci mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban ilimi na yara. Dalibai daga iyalai marasa galihu suna fuskantar asarar ƙwarewa a lokacin hutun bazara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenstone&quot;/&gt; Dalibai daga ƙananan zamantakewar al'umma sun zo ba tare da daidaituwa ba daga gidajen iyaye guda da unguwanni masu haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haycock&quot;/&gt; 15% na yara fararen fata suna girma a gidajen iyaye guda kuma 10% na yara na Asiya ne. Kashi 27% na Latinos sun girma ne a cikin gidajen iyaye guda kuma kashi 54% na yara 'yan Afirka ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farkas&quot;/&gt; Ƙananan albarkatu, ƙarancin kulawar iyaye, da ƙarin damuwa duk suna tasiri ga aikin yara a makaranta.
[[Fayil:Theoretical_model_of_mediating_mechanisms_between_social_background_and_learning_outcomes_by_Max_Nachbauer.jpg|thumb|440x440px|Misali na ka'idoji na hanyoyin sulhu tsakanin asalin zamantakewa da sakamakon ilmantarwa &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nachbauer |first=Max |year=2024 |title=How schools affect equity in education: Teaching factors and extended day programs associated with average achievement and socioeconomic achievement gaps |journal=[[Studies in Educational Evaluation]] |volume=82 |pages=2 |doi=10.1016/j.stueduc.2024.101367 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Abubuwa masu yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga fitowar gibin nasarorin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Hadin gwiwar bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa an tsara su a cikin tsarin matsakaici tsakanin asalin zamantakewa da sakamakon ilmantarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nachbauer |first=Max |year=2024 |title=How schools affect equity in education: Teaching factors and extended day programs associated with average achievement and socioeconomic achievement gaps |journal=[[Studies in Educational Evaluation]] |volume=82 |pages=2 |doi=10.1016/j.stueduc.2024.101367 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali ya bayyana tsarin matsakaici na matakai da yawa. Iyalan da ke da fa'ida a cikin al'umma suna da wadataccen tattalin arziki, na sirri, da kuma albarkatun zamantakewa fiye da iyalai marasa galihu. Bambance-bambance a cikin albarkatun iyali suna haifar da bambance-bambancen yanayin ilmantarwa da yara ke fuskanta. Yara da ke da al'amuran zamantakewa daban-daban suna fuskantar yanayin ilmantarwa na gida daban-daban, suna halartar wurare daban-daban na yara, makarantu, wuraren da suka shafi makaranta, da wuraren shakatawa, kuma suna da ƙungiyoyin tsara daban-daban. Saboda wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin ilmantarwa, yara da ke da al'amuran zamantakewa daban-daban suna gudanar da ayyukan ilmantarwa daban-ара kuma suna haɓaka buƙatun ilmantarwa iri-iri.

== Jinsi ==
A duk faɗin duniya, nasarar ilimi ta bambanta da [[jinsi]]. Daidaitaccen dangantakar ta bambanta a cikin al'adu da na ƙasa. 
[[Fayil:Classroom_at_a_seconday_school_in_Pendembu_Sierra_Leone.jpg|250x250px]]

=== Rashin amfani da mata ===
Matsalolin da ke hana ikon mata na karɓar ilimi mai inganci sun haɗa da halayen gargajiya game da Matsayin jinsi, talauci, warewar ƙasa, tashin hankali na jinsi, auren farko da ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO girls&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=Women and Girls Education |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/women-and-girls-education |access-date=4 November 2014 |website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; A duk faɗin duniya, an kiyasta cewa akwai 'yan mata miliyan 7 fiye da maza daga makaranta. Wannan &quot;rashin 'yan mata&quot; yana mai da hankali ne a kasashe da yawa ciki har da [[Somaliya]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Togo]], [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]. A Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, 'yan mata sun fi yawa biyu zuwa ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Learning Outcomes Africa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ekine |first=Adefunke |last2=Samati |first2=Madalo |last3=Walker |first3=Judith-Ann |title=Improving Learning Opportunities and Outcomes for Girls in Africa |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2013/12/improving%20learning%20outcomes%20girls%20africa/WalkerEkineSamatiweb.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035541/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2013/12/improving%20learning%20outcomes%20girls%20africa/WalkerEkineSamatiweb.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=Brookings Institution}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin jinsi na kudu maso gabashin Asiya yana da zurfi cikin tarihi kuma yana shafar duk fannoni na rayuwar matasa mata a nan gaba. Matsayin jinsi na gargajiya da aka sanya a kan 'yan mata yana haifar da faduwar mata daga makaranta da kuma yanayin tsofaffin mata marasa ilimi a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. A cikin wata mujallar game da matan al'ummar Devanga a Indiya, Pooja Haridarshan ta ce &quot;70%  mata a Kudancin Asiya sun yi aure tun suna ƙanana, wanda ya haɗa da haihuwa da ƙarancin yanke shawara a cikin tsarin iyali na gargajiya, yana kara inganta matsayinsu na &quot;marasa amfani&quot; a cikin al'umma&quot; (Haridarshan).[of]&lt;ref&gt;Haridarshan, Pooja. &quot;Voices of Women within the Devanga Community, Bangalore, India.&quot; Education Sciences, vol. 11, Jan. 2021. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=eric&amp;AN=EJ1314616&amp;site=ehost-live&amp;scope=site&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran matan su yi aure da matasa, su haifi su kuma su haifi yara, ba su bar wani wuri ba don samun ilimi, suna ƙarfafa 'yan mata su bi sawun su. Amma abin tsoro shi ne cewa mata marasa ilimi na iya zama matalauta saboda rashin albarkatunsu. Wannan yanayi ne mara adalci inda akwai bambanci tsakanin nasarar ilimi na maza da nasarar ilimin mata. A nan ne tunaninmu ya sami mafita. A cikin wata kasida game da lafiyar yara a Kudancin Asiya, marubutan Jativa Ximena da Michelle Mills sun bayyana cewa &quot;a cikin al'ummomi da al'ummomin da aka ƙuntata motsi na 'yan mata, ana buƙatar samar da ƙarin dama ga' yan mata don ci gaba da ilimi da horar da ƙwarewa&quot; (Ximena da Mills).&lt;ref&gt;Játiva, Ximena, and Michelle Mills. &quot;What Does SEA-PLM 2019 Tell Us about Child Well-Being and Learning in Six Southeast Asian Countries?&quot; UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, 1 Jan. 2022. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=eric&amp;AN=ED624436&amp;site=ehost-live&amp;scope=site&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsayin jinsi na zamantakewa yana shafar damar mata zuwa ilimi. Misali, a [[Najeriya]], ana haɗa yara cikin takamaiman matsayin jinsi da zaran iyayensu sun san jinsi. Maza ne jinsi da aka fi so kuma ana ƙarfafa su shiga cikin kwamfuta da ilmantarwa na kimiyya yayin da mata ke koyon ƙwarewar gida. Wadannan matsayi na jinsi suna da tushe mai zurfi a cikin jihar, duk da haka, tare da karuwar ilimin yamma a cikin Najeriya, an sami karuwar ikon mata na samun ilimi daidai. Har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a canza, duk da haka. Najeriya har yanzu tana buƙatar manufofi da ke ƙarfafa samun ilimi ga maza da mata bisa ga cancanta, maimakon jinsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gender Equality in Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Okonkowo |first=Ejike |date=Dec 2013 |title=Attitude towards Gender Equality in South-eastern Nigerian Culture: Impact of Gender and Level of Education |journal=Gender &amp; Behavior |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=5579–5585}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nuna mata suna cikin haɗarin kai musu hari a akalla kasashe 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;Girls Edu Brookings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Winthrop |first=Rebecca |last2=McGivney |first2=Eileen |date=22 September 2014 |title=Girls' Education Hotspots: A look at the Data |url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/education-plus-development/posts/2014/09/22-girls-education-winthrop |access-date=3 November 2014 |website=Brookings Institution}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hare-haren na iya faruwa saboda mutane a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ba su yi imani da cewa ya kamata mata su sami ilimi ba. Hare-haren sun hada da satar mutane, bama-bamai, azabtarwa, fyade, da kisan kai. A [[Somaliya]], an sace 'yan mata. A [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, da daliban [[Libya]] an bayar da rahoton cewa an yi musu fyade kuma an tsananta musu.[1] A [[Pakistan]] da Afghanistan, an jefa bam a makarantu da bas kuma kashe su.[1] Aure na farko yana shafar ikon mata na samun ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Child marriage |url=https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;Rashin da ke raba maza da mata a kasuwar aiki ya kasance mai yawa a kasashe da yawa, ko a Arewa ko Kudu. Tare da ƙananan canji tsakanin yawancin ƙasashe, mata suna da ƙarancin aiki, ba su da aiki, ana biyan su ƙasa, kuma suna da ƙananan ayyuka. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Geeta |title=Gender inequality in education and employment |url=http://yesweb.org/summit/sessions/op.inequality.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031035046/http://www.yesweb.org/summit/sessions/op.inequality.doc |archive-date=31 October 2008 |access-date=5 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; suna fama da nuna bambanci sau biyu. Na farko don kasancewa matasa, a cikin mawuyacin lokaci na canji tsakanin horo da rayuwa, a cikin rukunin shekaru wanda ke da yawa suna da alhakin su zama marasa aiki ko tsofaffi suna da yawa don nuna musu 'ƙarin' yankanci sosai don nuna musu' yankan mata masu ƙwarewa ga masu ƙwarewar suna da yawa' yanci, suna da yawa, suna da ƙwarewa a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙwarewa da yawa don samun ƙwarewa, suna da ake buƙata don nuna musu.

A farkon maki, yara maza da mata suna yin daidai a lissafi da kimiyya, amma yara maza suna samun mafi girma a kan ƙididdigar lissafi mai zurfi kamar jarrabawar shiga kwalejin SAT. Har ila yau, 'yan mata ba su da damar shiga cikin tattaunawar aji kuma suna iya yin shiru a cikin aji.[1] Wasu sun yi imanin cewa mata suna da hanyar tunani da koyo daban daga maza. Belenky da abokan aiki (1986) sun gudanar da bincike wanda ya sami rashin daidaituwa tsakanin irin ilimin da ke jan hankalin mata da irin ilimin da ake koyarwa a yawancin cibiyoyin ilimi.[1] Wani mai bincike, Gilligan (1982), ya gano cewa ilimin da ke jan hankalin mata yana kula, haɗin kai, da kuma kula da bukatun wasu, yayin da maza suka sami rabuwa da son kai.[1] Mata sun fi dogara da filin, ko kuma rukuni fiye da maza, wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa za su iya fuskantar matsaloli a makarantun da ke koyarwa da farko ta amfani da yanayin ilmantarwa na mutum.[1] Kamar yadda Teresa Rees ta gano, bambancin mata a fannonin lissafi da kimiyya za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar rashin kulawa da aka ba da batun jinsi a kimiyya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rees |first=Teresa |date=2001 |title=Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Science in the European Union: The 'ETAN Report' |journal=Gender and Education |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=243–260 |doi=10.1080/09540250120063544 |issn=0954-0253 |s2cid=145405873}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da bambance-bambance na jinsi a cikin aikin ilimi, Buchmann, DiPrete, da McDaniel sun yi iƙirarin cewa nasarorin da aka samu a kan jinsi a kan Gwaje-gwaje masu daidaituwa sun nuna ci gaba da &quot;ƙaruwar namiji a cikin ƙididdigar lissafi da ƙaruwar mace a cikin ƙimar karatu yayin da suke tafiya ta makaranta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Buchmann |first=Claudia |last2=DiPrete |first2=Thomas A. |last3=McDaniel |first3=Anne |date=2008 |title=Gender Inequalities in Education |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=319–337 |doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134719 |issn=0360-0572}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ceci, Williams da Barnett binciken game da ƙarancin wakilcin mata a kimiyya ya ƙarfafa wannan da'awar ta hanyar cewa mata suna fuskantar &quot;tsarin barazanar aiki [wanda] ke hana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya&quot; kuma a sakamakon haka suna karɓar ƙananan maki a cikin daidaitattun ko gwajin lissafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ceci |first=Stephen J. |last2=Williams |first2=Wendy M. |last3=Barnett |first3=Susan M. |date=2009 |title=Women's underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=218–261 |doi=10.1037/a0014412 |issn=1939-1455 |pmid=19254079}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Buchmann, DiPrete da McDaniel sun yi iƙirarin cewa raguwar matsayi na jinsi na gargajiya, tare da canje-canje masu kyau a kasuwar ma'aikata waɗanda yanzu ke ba mata damar samun &quot;mafi kyawun matsayi a bangarorin sana'a&quot; na iya zama dalilin karuwar ilimi na mata.

=== Rashin amfani na maza ===
[[Fayil:Guinea_schoolgirls.jpg|thumb|280x280px|'Yan mata a makaranta a [[Gini|Guinea]]]]
A cikin ƙasashe 51, 'yan mata suna yin rajista a mafi girma fiye da maza. Musamman a Latin Amurka, bambancin an danganta shi da shahararren ƙungiyoyi da tashin hankali da ke jan hankalin matasa maza. Kungiyoyin suna jan hankalin maza, suna janye hankalinsu daga makaranta kuma suna sa su fita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Girls Edu Brookings&quot;/&gt;

A wasu ƙasashe, makarantar sakandare ta mata da karatun digiri sun fi na maza. A Amurka, alal misali, an ba da digiri na digiri na 33% ga mata fiye da maza a cikin 2010-2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCES&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digest of Education Statistics, 2012 |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d12/tables/dt12_310.asp |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rata an yi hasashen zai karu zuwa 37% daga 2021-2022 kuma ya fi 50% ga masters da digiri na tarayya. Yawan barin maza ya karu a cikin shekaru a duk kabilun, musamman a cikin [[Afirkawan Amurka|'Yan Afirka na Afirka]]. Sun wuce yawan mutanen da suka bar makarantar sakandare da kwaleji fiye da kowane kabilanci na launin fata a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. Yawancin binciken sun gano cewa maza ne da farko &quot;sun kasance a baya&quot; a cikin ilimi saboda yawan karatun digiri, ƙananan gwajin gwaji, da kuma rashin nasara. Sun gano cewa yayin da maza ke tsufa, da farko daga shekaru 9 zuwa 17, ba za a iya lakafta su &quot;masu ƙwarewa&quot; a karatu da lissafi fiye da 'yan mata.

Gabaɗaya, maza sun isa makarantar sakandare da ba su da shiri kuma sun shirya don makaranta fiye da mata. Wannan yana haifar da rata wanda ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa a tsawon lokaci zuwa makarantar sakandare da sakandare. A cikin ƙasa, akwai yara maza 113 a aji na 9 ga kowane 'yan mata 100, kuma daga cikin mazajen Afirka na Amurka, akwai yara yara maza 123 ga kowane' yan mata 100. Jihohi sun gano cewa aji na 9 ya zama daya daga cikin manyan shekarun da aka sauke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitmire &amp; Bailey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitmire |first=Richard |last2=Bailey |first2=Susan |date=15 January 2010 |title=Gender Gap |url=http://educationnext.org/gender-gap/ |website=Education Next}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whitmire da Bailey sun ci gaba da binciken su kuma sun kalli yiwuwar duk wani canjin bambancin jinsi lokacin da maza da mata suka fuskanci shawarar yiwuwar zuwa kwaleji. Mata sun fi dacewa su je kwaleji kuma su sami digiri na farko fiye da maza. Daga 1971 zuwa kimanin 1981, mata sun kasance marasa sa'a kuma suna da ƙananan rahotanni na digiri na farko. Koyaya, tun daga shekara ta 1981, maza sun kasance cikin matsala mafi girma, kuma rata tsakanin maza da mata tana ci gaba da ƙaruwa.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitmire &amp; Bailey&quot; /&gt;

Yara maza suna iya zama masu horo fiye da 'yan mata, kuma suna iya rarraba su a matsayin masu nakasa. Maza masu launin fata, musamman mazajen Afirka na Amurka, suna fuskantar manyan ayyukan horo da dakatarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2012, daya daga cikin maza biyar na Afirka ya sami dakatarwar makaranta.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Civil Rights Data Collection(CRDC) |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/crdc-2012-data-summary.pdf |access-date=2 April 2015 |website=Office for Civil Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Asiya, ana sa ran maza su zama babban mai ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga iyali. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna zuwa aiki bayan sun zama manya a jiki, wanda ke nufin a cikin shekaru 15 zuwa 17. Wannan shine shekarun da ya kamata su sami karatun sakandare.

Maza suna samun maki mafi muni fiye da mata ba tare da la'akari da shekara ko ƙasar da aka bincika a yawancin batutuwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;Daniel Voyer and Susan D. Voyer &quot;Gender Differences in Scholastic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis.&quot; Psychological Bulletin © 2014 American Psychological Association 2014, Vol. 140, No. 4, 1174–1204 0033-2909/14/$12.00 https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036620. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/bul-a0036620.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Amurka mata sun fi samun digiri na farko fiye da maza da shekaru 29.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women more likely than men to have earned a bachelor's degree by age 29 : The Economics Daily: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2016/women-more-likely-than-men-to-have-earned-a-bachelors-degree-by-age-29.htm |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.bls.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daliban mata sun kammala karatun sakandare a mafi girma fiye da daliban maza. A Amurka a shekara ta 2003, kashi 72 cikin dari na daliban mata sun kammala karatu, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 65 cikin dari na ɗaliban maza. Rashin jinsi a cikin karatun digiri yana da girma musamman ga ɗaliban 'yan tsiraru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-24 |title=Leaving Boys Behind: Public High School Graduation Rates |url=https://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/leaving-boys-behind-public-high-school-graduation-rates-5829.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Manhattan Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maza ba su da wakilci a tsakanin ɗaliban digiri da waɗanda suka sami nasarar kammala digiri da digiri na digiri a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Mark |date=2017-09-28 |title=Women Earned Majority of Doctoral Degrees in 2016 for 8th Straight Year and Outnumber Men in Grad School 135 to 100 |url=https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/women-earned-majority-of-doctoral-degrees-in-2016-for-8th-straight-year-and-outnumber-men-in-grad-school-135-to-100/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=American Enterprise Institute - AEI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalilan da aka gabatar sun haɗa da yara maza da ke da ƙwarewar sarrafa kansu fiye da 'yan mata kuma suna da hankali ga ingancin makaranta da yanayin gida fiye da' yan mata.&lt;ref&gt;GNAULATI, ENRICO. &quot;Why Girls Tend to Get Better Grades Than Boys Do.&quot; The Atlantic. 18 September 2014. https://archive.today/20170328190455/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/09/why-girls-get-better-grades-than-boys-do/380318/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Guo, Jeff. &quot;The serious reason boys do worse than girls.&quot; The Washington Post. 28 January 2016. https://archive.today/20180722233207/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/28/the-serious-reason-boys-do-worse-than-girls/&lt;/ref&gt; Yara maza da ke ganin ilimi a matsayin mata kuma ba su da alamun maza masu ilimi na iya ba da gudummawa ga maza da ba za su iya kammala kwaleji ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Semuels |first=Alana |date=2017-11-27 |title=Poor Girls Are Leaving Their Brothers Behind |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/11/gender-education-gap/546677/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da shawarar cewa ɗaliban maza a Amurka sun yi mummunar gwaji a kan karatun karatu kuma suna karanta ƙasa da takwarorinsu na mata a wani ɓangare saboda maza sun fi aiki a jiki, sun fi tsattsauran ra'ayi, ba su da bin doka, kuma saboda karatun makaranta ba su dace da bukatun su ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is It with Boys and Reading? {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/reading-minds/201803/what-is-it-boys-and-reading |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ba da shawarar cewa nuna bambanci ga malami a cikin digiri na iya kaiwa har zuwa 21% na rashi na maza a cikin maki.&lt;ref&gt;Terrier, Camille. &quot;Boys Lag Behind: How Teachers' Gender Biases Affect Student Achievement.&quot; IZA Discussion Paper No. 10343, November 2016. Forschungsinstitut, zur Zukunft der Arbeit, Institute for the Study, of Labor. http://ftp.iza.org/dp10343.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken ya gano cewa rashin daidaito na maza a ilimi ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga rashin daidaito a cikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stoet |first=Gijsbert |last2=Geary |first2=David C. |year=2015 |title=Sex differences in academic achievement are not related to political, economic, or social equality |journal=Intelligence |volume=48 |pages=137–151 |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2014.11.006 |s2cid=143234406}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== A Amurka ===
A farkon karni na 18, an hana daliban Afirka da na Mexico zuwa makarantun da ke da fararen dalibai a yawancin jihohi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shari'ar kotu Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), inda aka yanke shawarar cewa an ba da izinin wuraren ilimi su raba ɗaliban fararen fata daga ɗaliban launi muddin an ɗauki wuraren ilimi daidai. Cibiyoyin ilimi ba su bi umarnin tarayya ba: wani binciken da ya shafi lokacin 1890 zuwa 1950 na kudaden da aka kashe a kowace dalibi a kan koyarwa ya gano cewa, a matsakaita, daliban fari sun sami kashi 17 zuwa 70 cikin dari na kudaden ilimi fiye da takwarorinsu na baki. Kalubale na farko na shari'ar tarayya na waɗannan tsarin ilimi marasa daidaito ya faru a California - Mendez v. Westminster a cikin 1947, sannan ''Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi'' a cikin 1954. Shawarwarin da aka yanke a cikin Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi ta haifar da rarrabe makarantu ta hanyar dokar tarayya, amma shekarun da suka gabata na ilimi mara kyau, rarrabe albashi na gida tsakanin fararen fata da mutane masu launin fata, da gibin dukiyar launin fata sun bar mutane masu launin rawaya a cikin rashin amfani. A cewar rahoton EdBuild daga 2019, gundumomin makarantar da ba fararen fata ba suna karɓar dala biliyan 23 ƙasa da gundumomin makaranta na fararen fata, duk da cewa suna ba da ɗalibai iri ɗaya. Gundumomin makaranta sun dogara sosai ga haraji na gida, don haka gundumomi a cikin al'ummomin fari, waɗanda ke da wadata, suna karɓar kuɗi da yawa ga kowane ɗalibi fiye da gundumomin da ba fararen ba: $ 13,908 ga kowane ɗalibai, idan aka kwatanta da $ 11,682 ga kowane ɗaliba, bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EdBuild {{!}} 23 Billion |url=http://edbuild.org/content/23-billion |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=edbuild.org |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327072406/https://edbuild.org/content/23-billion |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambance-bambancen basirar ilimi a cikin yara na jinsi daban-daban suna farawa tun suna kanana. A cewar kididdigar ci gaban ilimi na kasa, akwai sauran gibi &lt;/link&gt; yana nuna yara baƙi da Latino suna iya nuna ƙwarewar fahimi idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na Asiya da Fari. A cikin bayanan, kashi 89 cikin 100 na yaran Asiya da farar fata sun gabatar da ikon fahimtar rubutattu da kalmomi yayin da kashi 79 da 78 cikin ɗari na yaran Baƙar fata da Latino ne kawai suka iya fahimtar rubuce-rubuce da kalmomin magana yanayin zai ci gaba har zuwa shekaru 4-6. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewis-Mccoy |first=R. L'Heureux |title=Race and Education |journal=Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology |volume=2nd Edition |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana [waɗanda?] sun yi imanin cewa bambancin launin fata a cikin nasarorin ilimi sun fada ƙarƙashin manyan rukunoni uku: kwayar halitta, al'adu, da tsarin.  Misali, a cikin shekarun 1980 'yan tsiraru sun fuskanci wani al'adun al'adu da ake kira &quot;tsoron yin White&quot;; 'yan tsirarun da ba na Asiya ba za su guji kuma su yi wa waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewarsu ba waɗanda suka nuna basira fiye da wasu. An nuna shi a cikin jadawalin da ke kwatanta shahararrun mutane da matsakaicin maki tsakanin baƙi, Latinos, Whites, da Asians da aka gina bisa ga bayanai daga Nazarin Longitudinal na Lafiya na Matasa shahararren ɗaliban Asiya da White ya karu yayin da maki suka karu, don shahararren ɗalibin Black da Latino zai sauka yayin da maki za su tashi. Tseren da kabilanci za su ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rarraba ilimi ta hanyar tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Amurka, ta hanyar shirye-shiryen sanya bambancin kamar SEO da MLT, tallafi da canje-canje na zamantakewa da al'adu gibin ilimi ya rufe a hankali tsakanin Whites da wadanda ba 'yan tsiraru na Asiya ba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. 

A zamanin yau har yanzu ana fama da matsalar karatun ƴan asalin Afirka da ke fama da matsalar rashin kuɗi a yankunan makarantun baƙar fata. A cikin wani bincike da Gidauniyar Century ta yi, an gano cewa kashi takwas ne kawai na ɗaliban da ke makarantar da ke samun kuɗi mai kyau baƙar fata ne ko Latino amma sama da kashi 20 cikin ɗari na ɗalibai a gundumomin da ba su da kuɗi da kuma rashin aikin yi baƙar fata ne ko Latino. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Century Foundation |first=The |date=22 July 2020 |title=TCF Study Finds U.S. Schools Underfunded by Nearly $150 Billion Annually |url=https://tcf.org/content/about-tcf/tcf-study-finds-u-s-schools-underfunded-nearly-150-billion-annually/?agreed=1 |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=The Century Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin ƙaura ==
Rashin jituwa na baƙi ya bayyana cewa &quot;baƙi, waɗanda ba su da daidaito, na iya amfani da rashin amfaninsu a matsayin tushen motsawa&quot;. Wani binciken da aka yi a New York ya nuna cewa yara na zuriyar baƙi sun fi takwarorinsu na asali. Rashin jituwa ya bayyana cewa godiya ga yara baƙi yana ba su damar jin daɗin fa'idodin ilimi waɗanda ƙila ba a samu a wani lokaci ba. Wannan kuma, yana ba da damar ƙarin ƙoƙari da kyakkyawan sakamako daga waɗannan ɗalibai. Wannan kuma ya bayyana a cikin Nazarin Longitudinal na Ilimi na Kasa wanda ya nuna cewa yara baƙi galibi suna samun maki mafi girma a kan lissafi da gwajin kimiyya. An ruwaito cewa &quot;shaidar fa'idar baƙi ta fi karfi daga iyalai na baƙi na Asiya fiye da matasa daga Latin Amurka&quot;, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin daidaito a cikin kansa. Wannan na iya bambanta dangane da bambance-bambance tsakanin yanayin kafin da bayan ƙaura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crosnoe |first=Robert |last2=Turley |first2=Ruth N. López |date=2011 |title=K-12 Educational Outcomes of Immigrant Youth |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/future_of_children/v021/21.1.crosnoe.html |journal=The Future of Children |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=129–152 |doi=10.1353/foc.2011.0008 |issn=1550-1558 |pmc=5555844 |pmid=21465858}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2010, masu bincike daga Jami'ar Brown sun buga sakamakon su kan yadda yara baƙi ke bunƙasa a makaranta. Wasu daga cikin kammalawa sun kasance cewa yara baƙi na ƙarni na farko suna nuna ƙananan matakan aikata laifuka da mummunar hali fiye da ƙarni da suka wuce. Wannan yana nuna cewa yara Baƙo na ƙarni na farko galibi suna farawa a bayan yara da aka haifa a Amurka a makaranta, amma suna ci gaba da sauri kuma suna da ƙimar haɓaka ilmantarwa. A cikin Amurka, samun ƙarin takwarorinsu na baƙi ya bayyana don ƙara damar ɗaliban da aka haifa a Amurka na kammala makarantar sakandare. Ƙananan ƙwarewar ƙaura, musamman, yana da alaƙa da ƙarin shekaru na makaranta da ingantaccen aikin ilimi ta ɗalibai na ƙarni na uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Margarita Pivovarova and Jeanne M. |date=2019-10-03 |title=Are immigrant students disproportionately consuming educational resources? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2019/10/03/are-immigrant-students-disproportionately-consuming-educational-resources/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutane da yawa [kalmomin weasel] suna zaton cewa za a gabatar da isasshen ƙwarewar rayuwa ga yara baƙi don samun nasara.  Wannan ba koyaushe gaskiya ba ne saboda akwai abubuwa da yawa a rayuwa fiye da kawai shiga makarantar sakandare. Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Dalibai ta Duniya (ISSA) tana da burin taimaka wa ɗaliban da aka haifa a ƙasashen waje don samun nasara. Hanyar da suke yin hakan ta hanyar samar da shirye-shirye daban-daban guda biyu a cikin lokutan makaranta, wanda za'a iya daidaita shi don karɓar kowane makaranta da mutum. Ana kiran shirye-shiryen rubutun The Career Readiness Program da The College Readiness Programme. Marubucin Haowen Ge ya ambaci, &quot;Tun lokacin da suka fara a cikin 2019, shirye-shiryen biyu sun ci nasara sosai tare da kashi 90% na ɗaliban ISSA suna ci gaba da shirye-shirye na takaddun shaida, kwaleji da / ko horo. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ge |first=Haowen |date=2021-11-19 |title=ISSA Article |url=https://internationalstudentsvc.org/issa-article/issa-news/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=International Student Services Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda kawai waɗannan ɗalibai sun fara yin rajista a cikin tsarin ilimi ba yana nufin za su kasance a can ba. A cewar SOS Children's Villages, &quot;mutane miliyan 68 a duk duniya sun tsere daga gidajensu saboda rikici, tashin hankali ko bala'i. Yara suna da fiye da rabin wannan jimlar. Yara 'yan gudun hijira suna fuskantar haɗari da haɗari masu ban mamaki - gami da cututtuka, [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], tashin hankali, cin zarafin ma'aikata da fataucin mutane sun tsere gidajensu ne saboda manufofin adawa da baƙi, waɗanda ke karɓar haraji a tsarin makarantar ƙasa ta Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Refugee and migrant Crisis |url=https://www.sos-usa.org/https/www-sos-usa-org/our-impact/emergency-response/refugee-migrant-crisis?gclid=CjwKCAjw79iaBhAJEiwAPYwoCAdzOQ1JCbYDLrLT8D0MUvngZkgWhYNOuIybh_U0jUuABIokUF_vKBoC0eAQAvD_BwE |website=SOS Childrens Villages}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon binciken kasa ya nuna cewa &quot;kashi casa'in cikin dari na masu gudanarwa a cikin wannan binciken sun lura da matsalolin halayyar ko motsin rai a cikin ɗaliban baƙi. Kuma 1 cikin 4 ya ce yana da yawa. &quot;  Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa manufofin shige da fice a cikin Amurka suna da tasiri ga waɗannan yara baƙi a cikin tsarin iliminmu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Immigration Enforcement Policy and Its Impact on Teaching and Learning in the Nation's Schools — The Civil Rights Project at UCLA |url=https://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/immigration-immigrant-students/u.s.-immigration-enforcement-policy-and-its-impact-on-teaching-and-learning-in-the-nations-schools |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=civilrightsproject.ucla.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Immigrant Students: Our Kids, Our Future |url=https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/blog/immigrant-students-our-kids-our-future |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Learning Policy Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daliban Latino da shirye-shiryen koleji ==

=== Shige da fice na Latino ===
A Amurka, Latinos sune mafi yawan jama'a. Ya zuwa 1 ga Yulin 2016, Latinos sun kai kashi 17.8 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar Amurka, suna mai da su mafi yawan 'yan tsiraru. Mutanen daga Latin Amurka suna ƙaura zuwa Amurka saboda rashin iya samun kwanciyar hankali, ko kwanciyar hankali ne ko kuma 'yan gudun hijira. Ƙasarsu ko dai tana fama da matsalar tattalin arziki ko kuma tana cikin yaki. Amurka ta yi amfani da ƙaurawar baƙi na Latin Amurka. Tare da rashin amfani da matsayinsu na shari'a, kamfanonin Amurka suna daukar su aiki kuma suna biyan su albashi mai ƙarancin gaske. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, kashi 87% na maza marasa takardar shaidar da kashi 57% na mata marasa takardar sun kasance wani ɓangare na tattalin arzikin Amurka. Diaspora tana taka rawa a cikin Latinos da ke ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Diaspora shine warwatsewar kowane rukuni daga asalin ƙasarsu.

[[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] yana da adadi mai yawa na yawan Latino. Fiye da Latinos miliyan 2.4 suna zaune a Birnin New York, &lt;ref name=&quot;NYC Planning&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=NYC Population Facts |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/planning/data-maps/nyc-population/population-facts.page |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.nyc.gov }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; yawan Latino yawan su ne Puerto Ricans sannan Dominicans. Yawancin Latinos suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙididdigar akalla yara miliyan huɗu da aka haifa a Amurka da ke da iyaye ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradeck&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bradeck |first=K.M. |last2=Sibley |first2=E. |last3=Lykes |first3=M.B. |year=2016 |title=Authorized and Unauthorized Immigrant Parents: The Impact of Legal Vulnerability on Family Contexts |journal=Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=3–30 |doi=10.1177/0739986315621741 |s2cid=146214206}}&lt;/ref&gt;Yaran asalin baƙi sune mafi saurin girma a Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin yara huɗu ya fito ne daga iyalai baƙi.&lt;ref&gt;Hernandez, D.J, Denton, N.A., Macartney, S.E. (2008). Children in Immigrant Families: Looking to America's Future. Social Policy Report.&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin al'ummomin Latino an gina su ne a kan asalin baƙi wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'umma. Girman yara na iyaye baƙi ba ya ɓoyewa, a hanyar da al'umma da gwamnati ta yarda da shi. Misali, yawancin baƙi / baƙi ba za su iya shigar da haraji, yara da ke halartar kwaleji na iya ba da bayanan iyaye don samun taimakon kuɗi, iyaye (s) na iya cancanci taimakon gwamnati ta hanyar yaro, da dai sauransu. Duk da haka, rashin ilimi game da taimakon kudi na karatun sakandare yana ƙara rata ga yara Latino don hana samun ilimi mafi girma.

=== Ilimi ===
A Birnin New York, Magajin garin De Balsio ya aiwatar da 3-K for All, wanda kowane yaro zai iya halartar makarantar sakandare yana da shekaru uku, kyauta. Kodayake ilimin yara kyauta ne daga aji na K-12, yara da yawa tare da iyaye baƙi ba sa amfani da duk fa'idodin ilimin firamare. Yara da suka fito daga gidan da ke dauke da akalla iyaye baƙi guda ɗaya, ba su da damar halartar shirye-shiryen yara ko shirye-shirye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradeck&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirye-shiryen kwaleji ===
Shirye-shiryen samun damar kwaleji ga yara da aka haifa a Amurka daga iyaye baƙi waɗanda suka shafi al'ummomin Latino tsari ne mai rikitarwa. Farawar ƙaramin shekara ta hanyar babban shekara a makarantar sakandare ya ƙunshi shirye-shiryen bincike na kwaleji da tsarin aikace-aikace. Don taimakon gwamnati game da karatun koleji kamar Taimako na Kudi da Taps, iyaye ko bayanan sirri na mai kula suna buƙatar, wannan shine inda shakku da tsammanin ke ɓace. Yawancin iyaye / masu kula da baƙi ba su da mafi yawan cancantar da ake buƙata don aikace-aikacen. Manufar ita ce ta nuna yadda baƙi da 'ya'yansu da aka haifa a Amurka ke aiki a tsarin ilimi don samun ilimin koleji. Saboda yawan mutanen Latino, yawan ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na Latino ya karu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Snyder2012&quot;&gt;Snyder, T. D., &amp; Dillow, S. A. (2012). Digest of education statistics 2011 (NCES 2012-001). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
&lt;/ref&gt; Daliban Latino galibi ana wakiltar su a cikin shekaru biyu maimakon cibiyoyin shekaru huɗu.[1] Wannan na iya faruwa ne saboda dalilai biyu: rage farashin halartar ma'aikata na shekaru biyu ko kusanci da gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mattern |first=K. |last2=Wyatt |first2=J. |year=2009 |title=Student choice of college: How far do students go for an education? |journal=Journal of College Admission |volume=203 |pages=18–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;Matasa matasa da ke da sha'awar samun rikici na ilimi mafi girma tare da wasu iyakoki saboda bayanan iyaye / mai kula.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradeck&quot;/&gt;

Yara da yawa ba su da taimakon jama'a saboda rashin ƙwarewar Turanci na iyaye wanda ke da wuyar cika fom ko aikace-aikace ko kuma kawai saboda tsoron iyaye na ba da bayanan sirri wanda zai iya gano matsayinsu, wannan ra'ayi ya shafi Taimako na Dalibai na Tarayya. Taimako na Dalibai na Tarayya ya fito ne daga gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke taimaka wa dalibi ya biya kuɗin ilimi na kwaleji a cikin nau'o'i uku masu yuwuwa, tallafi, aiki-bincike, da rance. Ɗaya daga cikin matakai na aikace-aikacen Taimako na Tarayya yana buƙatar ɗaya ko duka iyaye / mai kula da bayanan sirri da kuma bayanan kuɗi. Wannan na iya iyakance ci gaba da aikace-aikacen saboda tsoron samar da bayanan sirri. Hanyoyin matasa da ke shiga kwaleji suna raguwa lokacin da ba a ba da bayanan sirri daga iyaye ba. Matasa da yawa tare da iyaye baƙi suna cikin ƙungiyar 'yan tsiraru inda samun kudin shiga bai isa ba don biyan kuɗin karatun koleji ko biyan rance tare da riba. Ma'anar kwaleji kamar yadda yake da tsada sosai ya sa ɗaliban Latino ba za su iya halartar makarantar shekaru huɗu ba ko ma halartar karatun sakandare. Kimanin kashi 50% na Latinos sun sami tallafin kuɗi a cikin 2003-2004, amma har yanzu su ne 'yan tsiraru waɗanda suka sami matsakaicin matsakaicin lambobin yabo na tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Excelencia&quot;&gt;Excelencia in Education. (2005). How Latino students pay for college. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED506050.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, ba a ba su rance ba.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;Excelencia&quot; /&gt;

=== Gwaje-gwaje masu daidaituwa ===
Baya ga karancin kudi, ana buƙatar gwaje-gwaje masu daidaituwa yayin neman zuwa cibiyar ilimi ta shekaru huɗu. A Amurka, gwaje-gwaje guda biyu da ake yawan ɗauka sune SATs da ACTs. Daliban Latino gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar jarrabawar, amma daga 2011 zuwa 2015, an sami karuwar kashi 50% a cikin yawan ɗaliban Latino da ke ɗaukar ACTs.&lt;ref&gt;ACT. (2015). The Condition of College &amp; Career Readiness 2015: Hispanic Students. Retrieved from http://www.act.org/content/dam/act/unsecured/documents/06-24-16-Subcon-Hispanic-Report.pdf
&lt;/ref&gt; Amma ga SATs, a cikin 2017, an gano kashi 24% na masu karɓar gwajin tare da Latino / Hispanic. Daga cikin wannan kashi, kashi 31 ne kawai suka hadu da ma'auni na shirye-shiryen kwaleji don ɓangarorin biyu na gwajin (ERW da Math). 

== Daliban 'yan asalin Amurka da ilimi mafi girma ==

=== Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki da wakilci ===
Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki wani muhimmin batu ne da daliban 'yan asalin Amurka ke fuskanta wanda ke tasiri ga matsayinsu a makarantun firamare da sakandare masu talauci da yankunan karkara, wanda ke haifar da yanayi mara kyau a gare su don samun damar ilimi mafi girma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Varma |first=Roli |date=2009-08-01 |title=Attracting Native Americans to computing |url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1536616.1536650 |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=52 |issue=8 |pages=137–140 |doi=10.1145/1536616.1536650 |issn=0001-0782 |s2cid=18342723}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rashin amfani ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar ƙarancin wakilcin ɗaliban 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a cikin shirye-shiryen basira da basira, tare da ƙarancin ƙididdigar ganewa idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na fari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Jaret |last2=Tay |first2=Juliana |last3=Maeda |first3=Yukiko |last4=Gentry |first4=Marcia |date=2018-01-17 |title=A Meta-Analysis of Gifted and Talented Identification Practices |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0016986217752107 |journal=Gifted Child Quarterly |language=en |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=147–174 |doi=10.1177/0016986217752107 |issn=0016-9862 |s2cid=85441654}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin bayanan da za a iya amfani da su akan ɗaliban 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a cikin shirye-shiryen basira kuma yana nuna ƙarancin wakilci na wannan yawan jama'a a cikin binciken ilimi.[2] An bincika wannan fitowar sosai ta hanyar bincike na tsara, tare da jaddada yaduwarta a cikin labaran ilimi daban-daban. Nazarin Smith et al.'s (2014) ya mayar da hankali kan wakilcin ɗaliban 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a cikin STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) horo. Binciken da suka yi ya gano wani sanannen rashin wakilci na waɗannan ɗalibai a cikin fannonin STEM, suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin fa'idodi na mutum da na al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Jessi L. |last2=Cech |first2=Erin |last3=Metz |first3=Anneke |last4=Huntoon |first4=Meghan |last5=Moyer |first5=Christina |date=July 2014 |title=Giving back or giving up: Native American student experiences in science and engineering. |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1547256139 |journal=Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=413–429 |doi=10.1037/a0036945 |issn=1939-0106 |pmid=25045952 |id={{ProQuest|1547256139}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ka'idodin al'adu, ainihi, da shirye-shiryen tallafi ===
Karin haske suna fitowa &lt;/link&gt; daga Smith et al.'s (2014) binciken, yana nuna ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙar da yawancin ɗaliban ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka ke riƙe da al'adun kabilanci da al'ummominsu, tare da babban darajarsu ga mahimmancin kayan aikin ilimi. Wannan binciken yana nuna cewa ɗaliban ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka suna baje kolin ƙwazo don amincewa da manufofin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaiku, yuwuwar kadara don tallafawa burinsu na ilimi da aiki.  Bugu da ƙari, an nuna shirye-shiryen tallafi na musamman don magance ƙalubalen da ɗalibai 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ke fuskanta. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna haɓaka asalin al'adu, ƙirƙirar ma'anar al'umma, da rage mummunan tasirin wariyar launin fata da waɗannan ɗalibai ke fuskanta. Ta hanyar haɓaka kasancewa tare da rage gibin nasara na launin fata/kabila, waɗannan tsare-tsare suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka nasarar karatun ɗaliban ƴan asalin Amurkawa a fagagen STEM. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Bayanan al'adu da juriya ta ilimi ===
Jackson et al. (2003) sun gudanar da wani bincike daban wanda ke bincika abubuwan da ke tasiri ga ci gaba da ilimi na ɗaliban kolejin 'yan asalin Amurka. Binciken da suka yi ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da amincewa da ita a cikin nasarar ilimi da juriya. Tabbaci da ƙwarewa sun fito ne a matsayin mahimman abubuwan da ke motsa ɗaliban 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke ƙoƙarin samun nasarar ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Aaron P. |last2=Smith |first2=Steven A |last3=Hill |first3=Curtis L |date=2003 |title=Academic Persistence Among Native American College Students |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/44580 |journal=Journal of College Student Development |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=548–565 |doi=10.1353/csd.2003.0039 |issn=1543-3382 |s2cid=145209414}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin karɓar al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka a cikin cibiyoyin ilimi da magance lokuta na wariyar launin fata, saboda waɗannan abubuwan suna tasiri sosai ga ci gaba da ɗalibai a ilimi mafi girma.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Tattaunawar da aka yi da daliban kolejin 'yan asalin Amurka masu nasara sun gano jigogi da suka shafi juriya a kwalejin, gami da magance wariyar launin fata da haɓaka' yancin kai da tabbatarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Rashin juriya na ilimi tsakanin ɗaliban 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka an danganta shi da gazawar kwalejoji don karɓar al'adun' yan asalin ƙasar Amirka.[1] Bugu da ƙari, an gano kwarewar mutum game da wariyar launin fata don yin mummunar tasiri ga ci gaba da ɗaliban 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a ilimi mafi girma.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Ilimi na farko rashin daidaito na launin fata ==
 
Rashin daidaito na launin fata yana shafar ɗalibai tun suna ƙanana. Ana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi na yara masu inganci, waɗanda aka sani da ECE, ga yara, don taimaka musu shiga makarantar sakandare tare da kyakkyawar fahimtar yadda za su yi nasara a duk makaranta. Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin ingancin ilimi, tare da kungiyoyin Black ko Hispanic da ake bayarwa da shirye-shiryen ilmantarwa marasa inganci fiye da kungiyoyin White wadanda ba na Hispanic ba a cikin makarantar sakandare. Wannan ya sa yara fararen fata su sami matakin ilimi mafi girma fiye da yara baƙar fata ko Hispanic. Yaran fararen fata sun fi shiga cikin shirye-shiryen ECE na matakin sama fiye da yara Black ko Hispanic, tare da ƙarshen kasancewa a cikin shirye-aikacen ilimi masu rahusa da ƙarancin tasiri. Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka ta ce &quot;Bincike ya nuna cewa idan aka kwatanta da ɗaliban fari, ɗaliban baƙar fata suna iya dakatar da su ko fitar da su, ba za a iya sanya su a cikin shirye-shiryen baiwa ba kuma suna ƙarƙashin ƙananan tsammanin daga malaman su. &quot;

A cikin 2001-2004, jihohi goma sha ɗaya sun gudanar da bincike kan gibin ingancin ilimi tsakanin kabilun a cikin shirye-shiryen ECE kuma sun gano cewa yara baƙi sun fi dacewa da halartar shirye-shirye masu inganci fiye da Whites. Binciken da aka yi game da yara baƙi da suka shiga makarantar sakandare a cikin 2016 ya gano cewa sun kasance a baya a lissafi da Ingilishi har zuwa watanni tara, idan aka kwatanta da yara White. Yaran da ke baya a makarantar sakandare ana sa ran su kasance a baya a duk lokacin da suke aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Krauss |first=Allison |last2=Barnett |first2=Steven |date=2020-06-01 |title=Access to High-Quality Early Education and Racial Equity |url=https://nieer.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Special-Report-Access-to-High-Quality-Early-Education-and-Racial-Equity.pdf |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=Nieer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken 2016 ya gano cewa har yanzu akwai rata tsakanin kabilun a cikin shirye-shiryen ECE.[1] &quot;Abin mamaki, ɗaliban 'yan tsiraru kusan rabin za a iya sanya su ga malamai masu inganci kuma sau biyu za a iya ba su ga waɗanda ba su da inganci. &quot;  Ya zuwa 2016, kashi 24% na yara fararen fata sun shiga cikin ilimi mai inganci, yayin da kashi 15% kawai na yara baƙar fata suka fada cikin wannan rukunin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darling-Hammond |first=Linda |date=2022-10-19 |title=Unequal Opportunity: Race and Education |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/unequal-opportunity-race-and-education/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar a shekarar 2016 sun tabbatar da cewa idan yara baƙar fata da Hispanic sun halarci ilimi mai inganci na shekara guda, gibin ilimi a Turanci, tsakanin su da yara fari, zai kusan ɓacewa, kuma saboda gibin a lissafi ya sauka zuwa kusan watanni biyar zuwa makarantar sakandare.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Ilimi na ƙauyuka da na cikin gari ==
Akwai manyan ma'auni na tsarin rashin daidaito a cikin tsarin ilimi na karkara da na cikin gari. Nazarin waɗannan bambance-bambance, musamman a cikin yankunan karkara, sabo ne kuma ya bambanta da nazarin rashin daidaito na ilimi wanda ke mai da hankali kan mutane a cikin tsarin ilimi.

Dalibai na karkara da na cikin gari a Amurka ba su da ilimi idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na kewayen. Abubuwan da ke rinjayar wannan rashin aiki sun haɗa da kudade, yanayin aji, da darussan da aka koyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Truscott 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Truscott |first=Diane M. |last2=Truscott |first2=Stephen D. |date=2005 |title=Differing Circumstances, Shared Challenges: Finding Common Ground between Urban and Rural Schools |journal=Phi Delta Kappan |language=en |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=123–130 |doi=10.1177/003172170508700208 |issn=0031-7217 |s2cid=144960548}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waxman 1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Waxman |first=Hersholt C. |last2=Huang |first2=Shwu-Yong L. |date=1997 |title=Classroom Instruction and Learning Environment Differences between Effective and Ineffective Urban Elementary Schools for African American Students |journal=Urban Education |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=7–44 |doi=10.1177/0042085997032001002 |issn=0042-0859 |s2cid=143911695}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daliban cikin gari da na karkara sun fi zama a cikin gidaje masu karamin karfi kuma suna halartar makarantu tare da karancin albarkatu idan aka kwatanta da daliban da ke kusa da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peng 1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peng |first=Samuel S. |last2=Wang |first2=Margaret C. |last3=Walberg |first3=Herbert J. |date=1992 |title=Demographic Disparities of Inner-City Eighth Graders |journal=Urban Education |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=441–459 |doi=10.1177/0042085992026004008 |issn=0042-0859 |s2cid=145304667}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roscigno |first=Vincent J. |last2=Crowle |first2=Martha L. |date=22 October 2009 |title=Rurality, Institutional Disadvantage, and Achievement/Attainment* |journal=Rural Sociology |language=en |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=268–292 |doi=10.1111/j.1549-0831.2001.tb00067.x |issn=0036-0112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roscigno 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roscigno |first=V. J. |last2=Tomaskovic-Devey |first2=D. |last3=Crowley |first3=M. |date=1 June 2006 |title=Education and the Inequalities of Place |journal=Social Forces |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=2121–2145 |doi=10.1353/sof.2006.0108 |issn=0037-7732 |s2cid=145658531 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun kuma nuna cewa suna da ra'ayi mara kyau game da ilimi wanda ya samo asali ne daga dabi'un da aka gudanar a cikin al'ummominsu da iyalai game da makaranta, aiki, da nasara.[3][2]&lt;ref name=&quot;Waxman 1997&quot; /&gt;

When compared to suburban students, rural and inner-city students face similar achievement issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Truscott 2005&quot;/&gt; Teacher-student interactions, the lessons taught, and knowledge about the surrounding community have shown to be important factors in helping offset the deficits faced in inner-city and urban schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;Truscott 2005&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waxman 1997&quot;/&gt; However, drop-out rates are still high within both communities, as a more substantial number of minority students, who often live in these areas, drop-out of high school.&lt;ref name=&quot;Truscott 2005&quot; /&gt; A study on inner-city, high school students showed that academic competency during freshman year has a positive impact on graduation rates, meaning that a students' early high school performance can be an indicator of how successful they will be in high school and if they will graduate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ripple |first=Carol H |last2=Luthar |first2=Suniya S |date=1 May 2000 |title=Academic Risk Among Inner-City Adolescents: The Role of Personal Attributes |journal=Journal of School Psychology |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=277–298 |doi=10.1016/S0022-4405(00)00032-7 |issn=0022-4405 |pmc=4023637 |pmid=24839305}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the correct knowledge and understanding of the issues faced by these students, the deficits they face can be overcome.

=== Ƙasar Ingila ===
Shaida daga binciken haihuwar Burtaniya ya nuna tasirin tasirin zamantakewar iyali akan samun ilimi na yara. Wadannan bambance-bambance sun fito ne tun suna yara, &lt;ref&gt;Sullivan, A., Ketende, S., &amp; Joshi, H. (2013). Social Class and Inequalities in Early Cognitive Scores. Sociology.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma suna ci gaba da girma a duk shekarun makaranta. &lt;ref&gt;Feinstein, L. (2003). Inequality in the early cognitive development of British children in the 1970 cohort. Economica, 70(277), 73–97.&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin ilimi a Burtaniya yana nunawa ta hanyar yawan karatun tsakanin jami'o'i masu zaman kansu da mafi yawan wadanda suka rasa. A cikin binciken da The Conversation ya yi, kashi 70% na mutanen da ke jami'a masu zaman kansu sun kammala karatu da 26 yayin da kashi 17% kawai na mafi ƙasƙanci sun kammala karatu ta 26. Wannan ra'ayi iri ɗaya ya shafi har ma da ƙuruciya. A cikin wannan binciken da The Conversation ya yi, yaran da suka cancanci cin abinci na makaranta kyauta wanda aka ba wa ɗaliban da ke da ƙarancin kuɗin shiga 15% an nuna cewa suna da kusan kashi 25% ƙasa da nasarorin da ake la'akari da su tushen ɗalibai a Burtaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tahir |first=Imran |date=18 August 2022 |title=The UK education system preserves inequality |url=https://theconversation.com/the-uk-education-system-preserves-inequality-new-report-188761#:~:text=Over%2070%25%20of%20private%20school,being%20more%20qualified%20as%20adults. |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamhuriyar Sudan ===
Birtaniya ce ta kafa tsarin ilimi na farko na Sudan a farkon rabin karni na 20. Gwamnatin Sudan ta amince da ilimi a matsayin haƙƙin kowane ɗan ƙasa kuma ta ba da tabbacin samun damar samun ilimi na asali kyauta, Tsarin ilimi na Jamhuriyar Sudan ya ƙunshi makarantar firamare, firamare da sakandare, Tsarin ilimi ya Sudan ya haɗa da makarantu sama da 3,646 da masu ba da ilimi na jama'a, masu zaman kansu, da na addini ke kula da makarantun. Koyaya, yaƙe-yaƙe na Sudan da rashin sani game da muhimmancin ilimi da rashin ci gaba duk suna taimakawa ga rashin ilimi na 'yan mata a Sudan.

In addition, cultural pressures and the traditional views of the role of women mean fewer girls attend and remain in school. The inability to pay fees even though school is free according to government policy is a major reason; some poor families cannot afford the stationery and clothes. The government cannot provide for all the students' needs because of the economic situation and poverty. However the government has raised their awareness of educating females, and they have created universities only for girls. The first one is Al Ahfad University for Women, located in Omdurman, created in 1907 by Sheikh Babikr Bedri. Now the percentage of educated females is increasing; the last survey{{When|date=October 2022}} estimates that 60.8% of females in Sudan can read and write.

=== Amurka ===
[[Fayil:Children_in_a_classroom.jpg|alt=Children in a classroom in the United States|right|thumb|Yara a cikin aji a Amurka]]

==== Matsalar harajin dukiya ====
A Amurka, ana tallafawa makarantu ta hanyar harajin dukiya na gida. Saboda wannan, mafi wadataccen unguwa, mafi girman kudade ga wannan gundumar makaranta. Kodayake wannan yanayin yana da kyau, matsalar ta fito ne lokacin da aka juya ma'auni. A cikin unguwanni da yawancin iyalai masu aiki da ƙananan ke zaune, dukiya ba ta da tsada, don haka harajin dukiya ya fi ƙasa da waɗanda ke cikin unguwannis masu arziki. Sakamakon haka, kudade ga gundumomin makaranta waɗanda aka sanya yara masu aiki da ƙananan ɗalibai sun fi ƙasa da kudade ga gundumar makaranta waɗanda aka ba da yara na iyalai masu arziki. Don haka, ɗalibai a makarantun masu aiki da ƙananan ɗalibai ba sa samun ingancin ilimi da samun damar samun albarkatu kamar yadda ɗalibai daga iyalai masu arziki suke yi. Gaskiyar halin da ake ciki ita ce rarraba albarkatun makarantu ya dogara ne akan matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na iyaye na dalibai. A sakamakon haka, tsarin ilimi na Amurka yana taimakawa sosai wajen fadada rata tsakanin masu arziki da matalauta. Wannan rata ya karu, maimakon raguwa, a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata saboda wani bangare na rashin motsi na zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Leonhardt, D. (2005), [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/24/national/class/EDUCATION-FINAL.html Class matters: The college dropout boom] ''The New York Times''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwatanta Duniya ===
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe, Amurka tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan masu kashe kuɗi akan ilimi kowane ɗalibi bayan Switzerland da Norway kawai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spellings&quot;&gt;Spellings, Margaret. &quot;10 Facts About K-12 Education Funding&quot;. ED.gov. June 2005. U.S. Department of Education. 28 November 2011 http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/10facts/index.html.&lt;/ref&gt; Kudin kashe wa ɗalibi ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan &lt;/link&gt; amma nasarar ilimi na dalibai ya kasance a tsaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Greenstone&quot;/&gt; Tsarin ilimi na Sweden ɗaya ne irin wannan tsarin da ke ƙoƙarin daidaita ɗalibai da kuma tabbatar da kowane yaro yana da daidai da damar koyo. Hanya ɗaya da Sweden ke cim ma waɗannan burin ita ce ta tabbatar da kowane yaro zai iya zuwa wurin kulawa da rana cikin araha. Daga cikin jimlar kuɗin kula da yara, iyaye ba su biya fiye da 18% na ɗansu ba; sauran kashi 82% na hukumomin gwamnati da na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] daban-daban ne ke biyan su. A cikin 2002, an ƙaddamar da tsarin &quot;mafi girman kuɗin&quot; a Sweden wanda ya nuna cewa farashin kula da yara bazai wuce kashi 3% na kudin shiga na yaro na farko ba, 2% na yaro na biyu, 1% na yaro na uku, kuma kyauta ga yaro na hudu a pre-school. 97.5% na yara masu shekaru 1-5 suna halartar waɗannan cibiyoyin kulawa na jama'a. Hakanan, sabuwar doka ta kasance kwanan nan &lt;/link&gt; ya gabatar da cewa, duk yara masu shekaru huɗu da biyar za su iya zuwa wurin kulawa da rana kyauta. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;Bjornberg, U. &amp; Dahlgren, L. Policy: The case of Sweden. University of York, United Kingdom. http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/spru/research/nordic/swedenpoli.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun da kusan dukkanin dalibai, ba tare da la'akari da irin yanayin zamantakewarsu ba, suna halartar cibiyoyin kula da yara iri ɗaya, daidaito tare da ci gaban ilimi yana farawa da wuri kuma a cikin jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, hutun iyaye ya ƙunshi hutun da aka biya watanni 12 (80% na albashi) yayin da aka ba da wata ɗaya kawai ga uba a cikin hanyar &quot;amfani da shi ko rasa shi&quot;. Wannan yana haifar da dama da iya zama a gida da kuma haɗin kai tare da ɗanka na shekara ta farko ta rayuwa. Saboda wannan iyawa, kasa da yara 200 a duk ƙasar Sweden da ba su kai shekara 1 ana sanya su a cikin kula da yara.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;Clawson, D. &amp; Gerstel, N. (2007). Caring for our young: Childcare in Europe and the United States. Ed. Ferguson, S.J. Shifting the center: Understanding contemporary families. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill: Boston, MA&lt;/ref&gt;

Rarraba a cikin tsarin ilimi ya kara raguwa ta hanyar samar da dukkan 'yan ƙasar Sweden da mazauna doka da zaɓi na zabar makarantar da suke son a sanya yaransu, ba tare da la'akari da wane unguwa suke zaune ba ko kuma wane harajin dukiya da suke biya. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Sweden ba wai kawai tana ba da 'yan ƙasa da ilimin kwaleji kyauta ba har ma da ainihin alawus na kowane wata don halartar makaranta da kwaleji.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;/&gt;

Tare, waɗannan gata suna ba da damar duk yaran Sweden su sami damar samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun iri ɗaya. Ana iya samun irin wannan tsarin a Faransa, inda cibiyoyin kula da yara na yau da kullun da aka sani da &quot;écoles maternelles&quot; ke yin rajista kusan 100% na yara na Faransa masu shekaru 3-5. A Denmark, yara daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru shida suna shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kula da yara waɗanda ke samuwa a kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na jimlar kuɗin, inda sauran ke rufewa da tallafin jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;Clawson, D. &amp; Gerstel, N. (2007). Caring for our young: Childcare in Europe and the United States. Ed. Ferguson, S.J. Shifting the center: Understanding contemporary families. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill: Boston, MA&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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'''Boissie Henry Mbha''' (an haife shi 31 ga Yulin shekarar 1952) [[alkali]] ne ɗan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] mai murabus wanda ya yi aiki a Kotun Ƙoli ta ɗaukaka ƙara daga Yuni 2014 zuwa Agusta 2022. Ya kuma kasance shugaban kotun zaɓe daga shekarar 2018 zuwa 2022, kuma ya yi aiki a kotun tsarin mulki na wani lokaci a shekarar 2016. Tsohon lauya, an naɗa shi a benci a watan Oktoban shekarar 2004 a matsayin alkali na Babban Kotun Gauteng Division .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Mbha a ranar 31 ga Yulin shekarar 1952 a [[Johannesburg]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbha, Boissie Henry |url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Supreme Court of Appeal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi karatun digiri a Makarantar Sakandare na Morris Isaacson a Soweto, wani gari a wajen [[Johannesburg]], kuma ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]], inda ya kammala BJuris a shekarar 1981. Bayan haka ya halarci [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]], inda ya kammala karatunsa a 1985 tare da LLB. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin lauya, Mbha ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Johannesburg, inda ya kammala difloma a fannin shari'a a 1996, difloma a aikin haraji a 1999, da LLM a haraji a 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbha, Boissie Henry |url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Supreme Court of Appeal}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry &quot;Mbha, Boissie Henry&quot;]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin shari'a ==
Bayan ya kammala LLB ɗinsa da labaran aikin, an shigar da Mbha a matsayin lauya na Kotun Ƙoli na Afirka ta Kudu a 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbha, Boissie Henry |url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Supreme Court of Appeal}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry &quot;Mbha, Boissie Henry&quot;]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a wani kamfanin lauyoyi a matsayin mataimaki na ƙwararrun shekaru da yawa kafin, a cikin shekarar 1990, ya kafa nasa kamfani mai suna BH Mbha Attorneys. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=JSC Interviews Judge Boissie Mbha |url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Judges Matter |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Oktoban shekarar 2003, an naɗa shi a matsayin alkali na riko a sashin Gauteng na babbar kotun Afirka ta Kudu ; a dai-dai wannan lokacin, ya kasance alkali na soja na rundunar kiyaye tsaron ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbha, Boissie Henry |url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Supreme Court of Appeal}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry &quot;Mbha, Boissie Henry&quot;]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=JSC Interviews Judge Boissie Mbha |url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Judges Matter |language=en-ZA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ &quot;JSC Interviews Judge Boissie Mbha&quot;]. ''Judges Matter''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Babban Kotun Gauteng: 2004-2014 ==
A cikin watan Yulin shekarar 2004, yayin da Mbha ke ci gaba da zama alkali na riko, shugaba Thabo Mbeki ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a nada shi na dindindin a kujerar babban kotun Johannesburg .  Ya hau mulki a watan Oktoban 2004 a karshen wa'adinsa na riko&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2004 |title=Mbeki appoints nine judges |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/mbeki-appoints-nine-judges-20040715 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbha, Boissie Henry |url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Supreme Court of Appeal}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry &quot;Mbha, Boissie Henry&quot;]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekaru goma da ya yi a Babbar Kotun, Mbha shi ne mataimakin shugaban kotun daukaka kara daga 2007 zuwa 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=JSC Interviews Judge Boissie Mbha |url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Judges Matter |language=en-ZA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ &quot;JSC Interviews Judge Boissie Mbha&quot;]. ''Judges Matter''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin alkali na riko a Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara tsakanin Oktoba 2012 da Mayu 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbha, Boissie Henry |url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Supreme Court of Appeal}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry &quot;Mbha, Boissie Henry&quot;]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara: 2014-2022 ==
A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2014, Mbha na cikin 'yan takara bakwai da Hukumar Sabis ta Shari'a ta tantance don yuwuwar daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli na dindindin. Ana kallon Mbha a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan takara kuma tattaunawarsa da hukumar ta ci gaba da gudana cikin kwanciyar hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 April 2014 |title=JSC recommends judges for Supreme Court of Appeal |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2014-04-09-jsc-recommends-judges-for-supreme-court-of-appeal/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan tambayoyin, hukumar ta ba da shawarar Mbha, Kevin Swain, da Dumisani Zondi don naɗa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=2014-04-09 |title=Is the Judicial Service Commission still a boys’ club? |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-04-10-analysis-is-the-judicial-service-commission-still-a-boys-club/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya amince da shawarar a wata mai zuwa, inda ya nada Mbha zuwa Kotun Koli ta ɗaukaka ƙara daga 1 Yuni 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2014 |title=Zuma appoints new judges |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-new-judges-20140530 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar ''Mail &amp; Guardian'', an dauke shi a matsayin &quot;mai daraja duk-rounder&quot; a cikin kotu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=A solid list of candidates line up for a ConCourt vacancy |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-31-00-a-solid-list-of-candidates-line-up-for-a-concourt-vacancy/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kotun Tsarin Mulki ===
Daga ranar 1 ga watan Agusta zuwa 15 ga watan Disamba 2016 an zabi Mbha a matsayin mai rikon mukamin alkali a kotun tsarin mulkin kasar Afirka ta Kudu, wanda shugaba Zuma ya nada domin cike kujerar mai shari'a Bess Nkabinde . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chabalala |first=Jeanette |date=15 July 2016 |title=Zuma appoints two acting ConCourt judges |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-two-acting-concourt-judges-20160715 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, Mbha ya rubuta hukuncin mafi rinjaye na kotun a ''birnin Cape Town da Aurecon'' da kuma a ''Laubscher NO v Duplan.'' Na ƙarshe, hukuncin da aka yanke game da gadon gado a cikin haɗin gwiwar jima'i na dindindin tsakanin mutanen da ba a yi aure ba, an soki su, ciki har da Pierre de Vos, a matsayin ƙaddamar da ra'ayi mai raɗaɗi game da auren jima'i da kuma magana ga ƙungiyoyin jima'i a matsayin &quot;aure&quot; a cikin alamun ambato. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=JSC Interviews Judge Boissie Mbha |url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Judges Matter |language=en-ZA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ &quot;JSC Interviews Judge Boissie Mbha&quot;]. ''Judges Matter''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=A solid list of candidates line up for a ConCourt vacancy |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-31-00-a-solid-list-of-candidates-line-up-for-a-concourt-vacancy/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-31-00-a-solid-list-of-candidates-line-up-for-a-concourt-vacancy/ &quot;A solid list of candidates line up for a ConCourt vacancy&quot;]. ''Mail &amp; Guardian''. 31 March 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Jim kaɗan bayan barin Kotun Tsarin Mulki, a cikin Maris ɗin shekarar 2017, Mbha na daya daga cikin 'yan takara biyar da aka zaba kuma aka yi hira da su don yiwuwar nadin kujerar Kotun Tsarin Mulki da Mai Shari'a Johann van der Westhuizen mai ritaya ya bar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=A solid list of candidates line up for a ConCourt vacancy |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-31-00-a-solid-list-of-candidates-line-up-for-a-concourt-vacancy/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-31-00-a-solid-list-of-candidates-line-up-for-a-concourt-vacancy/ &quot;A solid list of candidates line up for a ConCourt vacancy&quot;]. ''Mail &amp; Guardian''. 31 March 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chabalala |first=Jeanette |date=4 April 2017 |title=I am fascinated by the law - ConCourt judge candidate |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/i-am-fascinated-by-the-law-concourt-judge-candidate-20170404 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da ya yi hira da Hukumar Shari'a, an tambaye shi game da zargin launin fata tsakanin alkalai a Kotun Ƙoli kuma an yi masa tambayoyi &quot;mawuyaci&quot; game da rabuwa da iko, a lokacin da ya yi jayayya cewa kada alkalai su yi magana game da &quot;al'amuran zamantakewa na yau da kullum&quot;. &quot;a cikin taron jama'a da ba na shari'a ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2017 |title=Race tensions on the SCA ripped open |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-07-00-race-tensions-on-the-sca-ripped-open/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2017 |title=Racial tension, lack of collegiality rife at Supreme Court of Appeal, JSC hears |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-04-racial-tension-lack-of-collegiality-rife-at-supreme-court-of-appeal-jsc-hears/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan hirar, Mbha ne kawai daya daga cikin 'yan takara biyar da Hukumar Shari'a ba ta ba shugaban ƙasa shawarar da ya dace da daukaka zuwa Kotun Tsarin Mulki; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2017 |title=Four recommended for Constitutional Court post |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-04-05-four-recommended-for-constitutional-court-post/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nada Leona Theron a ƙarshe don cike gurbin.

=== Kotun zabe ===
A cikin watan Agustan 2018, Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta sanar da cewa Mbha ne kadai aka zaɓa don zama shugaban Kotun Zaɓen Afirka ta Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grobler |first=Riaan |date=2 August 2018 |title=JSC announces shortlist for judicial positions |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/jsc-announces-shortlist-for-judicial-positions-20180802 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wata tattaunawa da ya yi da hukumar kula da harkokin shari’a, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=JSC Interviews Judge Boissie Mbha |url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Judges Matter |language=en-ZA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ &quot;JSC Interviews Judge Boissie Mbha&quot;]. ''Judges Matter''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; an nada shi mukamin, wanda ya gudanar a babban zaɓen 2019 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-03-20 |title=Political tolerance applies to all South Africans: Mbha |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/political-tolerance-applies-to-all-south-africans-mbha/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=SABC News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ritaya ==
Mbha ya yi ritaya daga Kotun Koli da Kotun Zaɓe a watan Agustan 2022. Daga baya a wannan watan, ya kasance memba na babban tawagar sa ido, wanda kungiyar alkalai da shari'a ta Afirka ta ba da umarni kuma Chande Othman ya jagoranta, wanda ya je Kotun Koli ta Kenya da ke [[Nairobi|Nairobi, Kenya]] don kallon shari'ar da ke haifar da cece-kuce kan 2022 Zaben shugaban kasar Kenya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa Judges and Jurists Forum sends Observer Mission to monitor Kenya presidential election petition proceedings |url=https://africajurists.org/africa-judges-and-jurists-forum-sends-observer-mission-to-monitor-kenya-presidential-election-petition-proceedings/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Africa Jurists and Judges Forum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title=Odinga Says He Will Respect Jurists |url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/odinga-says-he-will-respect-jurists/6721018.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Shugaban Kotun Ƙoli Lex Mpati ya bayyana a matsayin &quot;nau'in mai son motsa jiki&quot;, Mbha ya yi tseren Marathon na Comrades sau shida kuma yana da baƙar bel a cikin karate . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=A solid list of candidates line up for a ConCourt vacancy |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-31-00-a-solid-list-of-candidates-line-up-for-a-concourt-vacancy/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-31-00-a-solid-list-of-candidates-line-up-for-a-concourt-vacancy/ &quot;A solid list of candidates line up for a ConCourt vacancy&quot;]. ''Mail &amp; Guardian''. 31 March 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na dalibi a 1975, ya kasance shugaban Jami'ar Fort Hare's All Sports Council, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbha, Boissie Henry |url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Supreme Court of Appeal}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry &quot;Mbha, Boissie Henry&quot;]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban Afirka na kungiyar dambe ta duniya daga 1995 zuwa 1998, a matsayin wakilin Afirka ta Kudu a ƙungiyar dambe ta duniya. daga 2002 zuwa 2003, kuma a matsayin memba na zartarwa kuma mai ba da shawara kan shari'a na Hukumar Kula da Dambe ta Afirka ta Kudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=JSC Interviews Judge Boissie Mbha |url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Judges Matter |language=en-ZA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ &quot;JSC Interviews Judge Boissie Mbha&quot;]. ''Judges Matter''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi ma memba ne kuma shugabar cocin Episcopal na [[Itofiya|Habasha]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbha, Boissie Henry |url=https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Supreme Court of Appeal}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry &quot;Mbha, Boissie Henry&quot;]. ''Supreme Court of Appeal''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a cikin 2016 ya sami lambar yabo ta Dignitas da aka baiwa tsofaffin ɗaliban Jami'ar Johannesburg. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 November 2016 |title=UJ honours iconic figures with 2016 Alumni Dignitas and Ellen Kuzwayo Council Award |url=https://news.uj.ac.za/news/uj-honours-iconic-figures-with-2016-alumni-dignitas-and-ellen-kuzwayo-council-award-2/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=University of Johannesburg News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana auren Nikiwe Mbha, wanda yake da yara uku tare da su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Maganar ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.supremecourtofappeal.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-appeal/25-judges/mbha-boissie-henry Boissie Henry Mbha] a Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara
* [https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2017-interviews/jsc-candidates/judge-boissie-mbha/ Alkalin BH Mbha] a Alkalai Matter
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAZmul99KkE Hira] da Jami'ar Johannesburg
* [https://gcbsa.co.za/jscdocs/2018%20September/Mbha%20-%20Electoral.pdf Binciken] Majalisar Lauyoyi
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]
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[[Fayil:1957 Mao Zedong on airplane.jpg|thumb|Shan taba a kasar Sin]]

'''Shan taba a kasar Sin''' ya zama ruwan dare, saboda [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] ita ce mafi yawan mabukaci da kuma samar da taba a duniya. {{As of|2022}}, akwai kusan masu shan sigari miliyan 300 na kasar Sin, kuma ana sayar da sigari biliyan 2.4 a can a kowace shekara, 46% na jimlar duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McLure |first=James |last2=Chan |first2=Jude |last3=Zou |first3=Manyun |last4=Giesen |first4=Christoph |date=13 September 2023 |title=How China became addicted to its tobacco monopoly |url=https://www.theexamination.org/articles/how-china-became-addicted-to-its-tobacco-monopoly |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=The Examination |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin Taba na Kasa na kasar Sin ta hanyar tallace-tallace shine mafi girman masana'antar kayayyakin taba a duniya kuma yana alfahari da mallakar kasar Sin, yana samar da kusan dala biliyan 213 a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin tsarin ''guanxi'' na kasar Sin, taba har yanzu kyauta ce mai karba a kowane lokaci, musamman a waje da birane.&lt;ref&gt;Zachary C. Rich, and Shuiyuan Xiao. &quot;Tobacco as a social currency: cigarette gifting and sharing in China.&quot; ''Nicotine &amp; Tobacco Research'' 14.3 (2012): 258-263. &lt;/ref&gt; Kula da taba sigari ya wanzu a matsayin haramtacciyar shan sigari, amma tilasta wa jama'a ba ta da yawa a waje da manyan biranen, kamar Shanghai da Beijing. Bugu da kari, a waje da manyan biranen kasar Sin, shan sigari ana daukarsa abin karba a ko'ina a kowane lokaci, koda kuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}Shan taba al'ada ce ta zamantakewa a cikin PRC, kuma ba da sigari a kowane hulda na zamantakewa alama ce ta girmamawa da abokantaka.

Kungiyar China kan Kula da taba sigari (中国控制吸烟协会 ) tana da hannu a kula da taba sigari ta hanyar mambobin bangaren sa kai, gami da kungiyoyin ilimi, zamantakewa da na jama'a, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chinese Association on Smoking Control |url=http://www.catcprc.org.cn/xiehuijianjie/enxiehuijianjie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924023931/http://www.catcprc.org.cn/xiehuijianjie/enxiehuijianjie.html |archive-date=2011-09-24 |access-date=2009-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda tilasta aiwatar da dokokin kula da taba da ke akwai ba ta da goyon bayan Gwamnatin kasar Sin. &lt;ref name=&quot;ChinaSmoke&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cheng Li |date=October 2012 |title=The Political Mapping of China's Tobacco Industry and Anti-Smoking Campaign |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/10/25%20china%20tobacco%20li/25%20china%20tobacco%20li.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=John L. Thornton China Center Monograph Series |publisher=Brookings Institution |issue=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524174933/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/10/25%20china%20tobacco%20li/25%20china%20tobacco%20li.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2013 |access-date=November 11, 2012 |quote=...the tobacco industry is one of the largest sources of tax revenue for the Chinese government. Over the past decade, the tobacco industry has consistently contributed 7-10 percent of total annual central government revenues...}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dokar kula da taba sigari ==
[[Fayil:No_smoking_symbol.svg|right|thumb|120x120px|Alamar da ba ta shan sigari ta duniya ana watsi da ita akai-akai a kasar Sin]]
A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2009, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta kasar Sin ta ba da shawarar hukuma don hana shan sigari gaba daya a duk ofisoshin kula da lafiya da wuraren kiwon lafiya a shekara ta 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;decision&quot;&gt;Middleton, J. [http://tobacco.cleartheair.org.hk/2009/05/23/from-2011-smoking-will-be-banned-completely-in-the-medical-and-healthcare-system/ From 2011, Smoking Will Be Banned Completely in the Medical and Healthcare System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602083429/http://tobacco.cleartheair.org.hk/2009/05/23/from-2011-smoking-will-be-banned-completely-in-the-medical-and-healthcare-system/ |date=2009-06-02 }}. Clear the Air. 23 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Kafa shirin na 20 ga Mayu ya wakilci muhimmiyar alama a cikin sadaukarwar kasar Sin ga kula da taba. Koyaya, saboda rikitarwa na gwamnatin kasar Sin da manufofin taba sigari (alal misali, yankuna da yawa sun dogara da kudaden shiga na harajin taba sigari a matsayin tushen samun kudin shiga),  akwai damuwa da yawa game da amfanin aiwatar da manufofin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;7cities&quot;&gt;Paddock, C. [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/176355.php China To Ban Smoking In 7 Cities: Pilot Project]. Medical News Today. 18 January 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga ma'auni na 20 ga Mayu, gwamnatocin lardin da na birni da yawa a kasar Sin sun kuma kafa manufofi don sarrafa yaduwa da tasirin lafiyar shan sigari a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.

=== Tasirin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin WHO kan Kula da Taba ===
A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2005, kasar Sin ta zama kasa ta 78 a duniya da ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin WHO kan Kula da Taba sigari (FCTC), yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka nufa don rage cututtukan da suka shafi taba sigari da mutuwa.&lt;ref&gt;Travis, K. [https://archive.today/20120709121415/http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/97/19/1404 China Ratifies International Tobacco Treaty]. ''Journal of the National Cancer Institute''. Oxford University Press. 2005, 97 (19): 1404.&lt;/ref&gt; A karkashin yanayin FCTC, ana bukatar kasar Sin ta haramta gaba daya &quot;tabawa da tallafawa a rediyo, talabijin, kafofin watsa labarai da Intanet a cikin shekaru biyar, &quot;  da kuma hana kamfanonin taba sigari daga tallafawa abubuwan da suka faru ko ayyukan duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051031151058/http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20050830.htm China joins the global war on smoking]. World Health Organization Regional Office of the West Pacific. 2005-2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tobjour&quot;&gt;[http://www.tobaccojournal.com/China_ratifies_FCTC.47216.0.html China Ratifies FCTC] ''Tobacco Journal International.'' World Tobacco. 29 Aug 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta yanke shawarar hana dukkan injunan sayar da taba,  da kuma shan taba a wuraren aiki na cikin gida, wuraren jama'a, da motocin sufuri na jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;tobjour&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;promote&quot;&gt;Miao, X.; Cong, W. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100323200435/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-03/10/c_13205579.htm Ahead of World Expo, China acts to promote smoking controls]. [[Xinhua]] News Agency. 10 March 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yaduwar matsalar shan sigari ta kasar Sin, tabbatar da FCTC a kasar Sin yana wakiltar muhimmiyar sadaukarwa ga kula da taba a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na duniya. A cewar Dokta Shigeru Omi, Darakta na Yammacin Yammacin Pacific, &quot;aikace Yarjejeniyar ba za ta kasance mai sauki ba, saboda shan sigari al'ada ce a kasar Sin ... amma Gwamnati ta bayyana jajircewarta na daukar mataki. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot; /&gt; A cikin hasken FCTC, damuwa game da hoton kasa da kasa, da goyon baya mai karfi daga 'yan kasa da hukumomin kiwon lafiya na cikin gida, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kara shiga cikin rigakafin taba da shirye-shiryen inganta lafiyar da suka shafi taba.

=== Rahoton Ma'aikatar Lafiya ===
Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta riga ta ci gaba da kasancewa da hannu sosai wajen sukar mummunan tasirin shan sigari da kuma kokarin rage yawan amfani da taba. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2007, Ma'aikatar ta fitar da wani rahoto (2007年中国控制 shan sigari rahoton - Rahoton Kula da Shan sigari na 2007 China) wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da matakan firgici na bayyanar hayaki na biyu (wanda ya shafi sama da 'yan kasar Sin miliyan 540), shawarwari don doka don rage lahani daga hayaki na baya, da kuma yiwuwar aiwatar da haramtacciyar taba na jama'a bisa ga bayanan zabe.&lt;ref name=&quot;ministry&quot;&gt;[http://tobaccofreecenter.org/press_release/2007/05/29/chinese_health_ministry_releases_landmark_anti_smoking_report Chinese Health Ministry Releases Landmark Anti-Smoking Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831063752/http://tobaccofreecenter.org/press_release/2007/05/29/chinese_health_ministry_releases_landmark_anti_smoking_report |date=2011-08-31 }}. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 29 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, rahoton ya amince da yarjejeniyar kimiyya ta duniya game da hayaki na biyu, yana ambaton binciken da yawa daga hukumomin kiwon lafiya na jama'a a wasu ƙasashe &lt;ref name=&quot;ministry&quot; /&gt; don tabbatar da cewa &quot;babu wani matakin aminci na bayyanar hayaki na hannu na biyu&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;ministry&quot; /&gt; cewa kayan aikin iska ba su da tasiri wajen rage lahani daga bayyanar hayakin hannu na biyu, kuma cewa mafi inganci na kariya ga jama'a game da shan sigari shine haramtacciyar doka ta shan sigari a wuraren jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;seven&quot;&gt;(Simplified Chinese)  [http://www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/wsb/pwsyw/200804/25920.htm 2007年中国控制吸烟报告发布] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133221/http://www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/wsb/pwsyw/200804/25920.htm |date=2012-02-29 }} Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da manufar da aka bayyana a bayyane na &quot;gina mahalli marar hayaki don jin daɗin rayuwa mai lafiya&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;ministry&quot; /&gt; rahoton ya sami goyon baya da yabo mai ƙarfi daga Kamfen don Yara marasa Taba, ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta kiwon lafiya ta Amurka da ke zaune a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]].&lt;ref name=&quot;seven&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, rahoton ya ba da shawarar yiwuwar samun nasara don aiwatar da cikakkiyar haramtacciyar shan sigari a cikin manyan birane guda bakwai bisa ga nuna goyon baya ga irin wadannan matakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ministry&quot;/&gt; Dangane da bincike na Kamfen don Yara marasa Taba sigari, bayanan zabe a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Lafiya sun bayyana:

&quot;Taimakon jama'a da yawa don aiwatar da wuraren jama'a marasa hayaki ... goyon baya ga haramcin shan sigari ya wuce goyon baya ga takunkumin shan sigari ... Daga cikin masu shan sigari, binciken ya gano cewa kashi 93.5% sun goyi bayan haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk makarantu, kashi 75.5% sun goyan bayan haramtaccen haramtacciyan haramtacciyu a asibitoci, kuma kashi 94.3% sun goyi bayar haramtacciin haramtacciyo a duk sufuri na jama'a. Daga cikin wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba, kashi 95.1% suna goyon bayan haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk makarantu, kashi 78.1% suna goyon baya ga haramtacciyan haramtacciyu a asibitoci kuma sama da kashi 93.8% suna goyon bayan hana haramtacciyyar haramtaccen sufuri na jama'a. Kimanin kashi 70.6% na wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba suna tallafawa wasu nau'ikan haramta shan sigari a mashaya da gidajen cin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;ministry&quot;/&gt;

=== haramtacciyar kasa ===
Kodayake har yanzu kasar Sin tana bayan kasashe da yawa wajen aiwatar da manufofin kula da taba, shirin Ma'aikatar Lafiya na 20 ga Mayu ya taimaka wajen kafa karin kula da taba sigari da kuma tsara ikon kiwon lafiyar jama'a a manyan matakan gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Walker, B. [http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?layout=rich_story&amp;doc_id=11334&amp;title=China+tobacco%3A+A+tough+habit+to+break&amp;channelid=4&amp;categoryid=30 China tobacco: A tough habit to break]. Global Technology Forum. 26 September 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Daga shekara ta 2009, an tsara ayyukan da Bloomberg Initiative ta tallafawa kuma Yang Tingzhong ya jagoranta a matsayin shirin farko don hana duk wani nau'in shan sigari a makarantun jami'a a kasar Sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yang T, Yang X, Lv Q, Zhao Q, Ke X |year=2009 |title=Special communication: China's first historic efforts to develop a tobacco control advocacy workforce via schools of public health |journal=Tob Control |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=422–4 |doi=10.1136/tc.2009.031815 |pmc=2745560 |pmid=19622521}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Sakamako&quot; na Ma'aikatar ta nemi a hukumance hukumomin karamar hukuma da su &quot;samar da hukumomin FCTC da ke jagorantar kananan kungiyoyi&quot;  don taimakawa tare da dabarun tilasta aiki na yanki, tare da bayyane burin cewa:&lt;ref name=&quot;decision&quot;/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;a shekara ta 2010, duk ofisoshin kula da lafiya, na soja da wadanda ba na soja ba, da kuma akalla kashi 50% na dukkan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da kiwon lafiya ya zama raka'a marasa hayaki, don haka burin haramta shan sigari a duk ofisoshi na kiwon lafiya le cibiyoyin lafiya da kiwo da kiwon lafiyar jiki za a iya cika su ta hanyar 2011. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;decision&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&quot;Sakamako&quot; kuma yana karfafa ofisoshin kula da lafiya su yi amfani da albarkatun kafofin watsa labarai da kuma yin amfani da manyan kamfen din talla kamar Ranar Babu Taba sigari ta Duniya don &quot;daidaita muhimmancin aiwatar da haramcin shan sigari a ofisoshin soja da na kiwon lafiya na farar hula da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;decision&quot;/&gt;

==== Ra'ayi na jama'a ====
Kamar yadda kuri'un da aka yi daga rahoton Ma'aikatar Lafiya na 2007 suka nuna, akwai amincewar jama'a game da haramtacciyar shan sigari tsakanin mazaunan birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;seven&quot;/&gt; Masana kiwon lafiya daban-daban, masu fafutuka, da kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a suna kallon kokarin da gwamnatin kasar Sin ke yi game da manufofin taba sigari a matsayin &quot;labari mai kyau ga ci gaban kula da shan sigari na kasar&quot;.  Har ila yau, akwai goyon baya mai kyau a cikin bangaren siyasa na wakilci; ana zargin, masu ba da shawara na siyasa na CPPCC sun kai ga kiran zaman majalisa ba tare da hayaki ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;promote&quot;/&gt;

Koyaya, yaduwar rashin kulawa da karbar ka'idodin shan sigari na iya zama mafi rinjaye a cikin yawancin jama'ar kasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da karancin rashin amincewar jama'a game da shan sigari - bisa ga [[International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project|Shirin Binciken Manufofin Kula da Taba na Duniya]] (ITC), &quot;kashi 59% na masu shan sigari suna tunanin cewa al'ummar kasar Sin ba su yarda da shan sigogi ba, kashi na hudu mafi kasashe 14 na ITC da aka bincika. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;itc&quot;/&gt;

==== Rashin jituwa da batutuwan da ba a warware su ba ====
Idan aka ba da rikitarwa da kuma nau'o'i daban-daban na ajanda na siyasa a kasar Sin, abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jama'a na gwamnati galibi suna rikici da abubuwan da suka dace da tattalin arziki. Saboda taba ya kasance muhimmiyar tushen hadarin kiwon lafiya da kudaden shiga ga hukumomin birni da na kasa, &lt;ref name=&quot;7cities&quot;/&gt; takamaiman manufofin kula da taba na kasar Sin a cikin mahallin daban-daban na iya cin amanar matsayi na rikice-rikice ko rashin daidaituwa. Misali, sau da yawa ana yin kebancewar gida ga haramtacciyar sigari a cikin gida ga kananan kasuwanni, musamman a cikin gidan cin abinci da masana'antun nishadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;thi1&quot;&gt;[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/china-relaxes-smoking-ban-in-beijing-restaurants_10037716.html China relaxes smoking ban in Beijing restaurants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220005250/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/china-relaxes-smoking-ban-in-beijing-restaurants_10037716.html |date=2020-02-20 }}. Thaindian News. 14 April 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Irin wannan tilasta bin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da ake zaton an bayyana su sosai a aikace na iya iyakance tasirin haramtacciyar shan sigari ta kasa. A aikace, sau da yawa ana iya cewa wasu ofisoshin gwamnati, makarantu, gidajen tarihi, wasu asibitoci, da wuraren wasanni ne kawai ke aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin wuraren da ba su da hayaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;still&quot;&gt;[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health1/60-percent-doctors-in-china-still-smoke_100354411.html 60 percent doctors in China still smoke] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221163726/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health1/60-percent-doctors-in-china-still-smoke_100354411.html |date=2020-02-21 }}. Thaindian News. 27 April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, tushen al'adu na shan sigari a kasar Sin ya gabatar da babbar shinge ga karbar da hadin gwiwar manufofin kula da shan sigari. A cewar Li Xinhua, gwani a kan tallace-tallace na sarrafa taba da ilimi a Ma'aikatar Lafiya, &quot;kimanin kashi 60 cikin dari na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da farfesa masu shan sigari ne [kuma ta haka ne a keta dokar da ke kira ga cikakken haramcin shan sigari na jama'a] ... Wasu daga cikinsu har ma da shan sigari da karfin zuciya a asibitoci ko makarantu. &quot;  Wannan matsala ce, ba tare da la'akari da wadannan masu sana'a suna ci gaba da shan sigogi ba, al'ada ba, ko &quot;rashin kulawa&quot; don sha'awar sha'awar taba sigari, har yanzu ana sa ran su &quot;suka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;still&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;still&quot; /&gt;

Har ila yau, aiwatar da manufofin kula da taba sigari na kasa har yanzu yana da yawa a yankunan karkara, inda Kamfanin Taba sigari na kasar Sin ke da yawancin tasirinsa a cikin samar da taba sigogi da talla.A matsayin martani ga shawarwarin FCTC don rage damar shiga da kuma samar da taba, Ma'aikatar Lafiya yanzu tana niyya ga manoma su bar gonar taba da kuma kokarin &quot;tabbatar da su cewa masana'antar taba za a iya maye gurbin ta da wasu masana'antun da suka fi lafiya, masu dorewa da riba&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;still&quot;/&gt;

Wani cikas mai yuwuwa shine masana'antar taba sigari ta kasar Sin ba ta cika cikakkiyar bin manufofi da aka ayyana a cikin kasa game da gabatar da alamun gargadi a kan kunshin sigari, wanda dole ne ya kasance a bayyane kuma ya rufe akalla kashi 30% na yankin da ake gani na kunshin.&lt;ref name=&quot;seven&quot;/&gt; Wu Yiqun, mataimakin darektan zartarwa tare da Cibiyar Bincike ta Tunanin Kula da Lafiya ta [[Beijing]], ta soki gwamnatin kula da masana'antar taba sigari ta kasar Sin saboda &quot;[rashin] kula da masu samar da taba sigari na kasar Sin&quot; a wannan bangare.&lt;ref name=&quot;promote&quot;/&gt;

Bugu da kari, [[International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project|Shirin Binciken Manufofin Kula da Taba na Duniya]] ya kawo batutuwan shan sigari masu zuwa a cikin rahoton 2009 da ya mayar da hankali ga China: &lt;ref name=&quot;itc&quot;/&gt;

* Baya ga &quot;matsi mai karfi na zamantakewa da aka sanya wa mazajen kasar Sin su sha sigari&quot;, ana sa ran cewa shan sigari na mata zai zama &quot;mafi karba a cikin al'umma yayin da masana'antar taba sigari ke kara yin niyya ga masu shan sigari mata&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;itc&quot;&gt;[http://itcconference.com/ITCWorkshopResources/ITCprojectCountryBrochures/ITCChina4pagerV120single.pdf ITC China Summary]. International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project. February 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar kula da taba sigari ta yanzu a kasar Sin ba ta magana a bayyane game da jinsi ko tushen zamantakewa don shan sigari.

* Dakatar da shan sigari &quot;ba a saba gani ba a kasar Sin, kuma yawancin masu shan sigari sun daina shan sigari saboda rashin lafiya mai tsanani. &quot; Lalle ne, &quot;sanin hadarin lafiyar shan sigari yana da karancin gaske a kasar Sin. Kashi 68% na masu shan sigami sun yi imanin cewa shan sigari suna haifar da ciwon huhu a cikin masu shan sigogi (idan aka kwatanta da sama da 90% a Kasashen Yamma) kuma kashi 54% sun yi imani cewa shan sigogi yana haifar da ci gaban huhu a cikin wadanda ba masu shan sigiri ba. Kashi. Kashi 37% kawai sun san cewa shan sigiri suna haifar da Cutar zuciya kuma kashi 17% ne kawai suna haifar da [[bugun jini]].&lt;ref name=&quot;itc&quot;/&gt;

Don kula da karfi, mai dorewa a cikin kula da taba, kasar Sin za ta bukaci mayar da hankali kan rawar da ilimin kiwon lafiya na jama'a ke takawa wajen hana shan taba da inganta kiwon lafiya.

* &quot;Taxation hanya ce mai inganci sosai don rage amfani da taba. Koyaya, 'yan shan sigari kadan (5%) a cikin Binciken ITC China sun ba da rahoton tunanin farashi a matsayin dalilin barin shan sigari - alamar cewa farashi ya yi kasa sosai. &quot;

Dokokin haraji na yanzu a cikin manufofin kula da taba na kasar Sin suna da iyaka, ba daidai ba, kuma suna da alaka da tsarin tsarin mallakar gida da kula da samar da taba da rarrabawa.

=== Kuntatawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki ===
A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Hukumar Rediyo, Fim da Talabijin ta Jiha, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta haramta wuraren shan sigari marasa kyau a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin. Sanarwar ta ce al'amuran shan sigari ba su dace da matsayin kasar game da kula da taba sigari ba, kuma suna yaudarar jama'a, musamman yara. Don haka yana hana wuraren sigari, mutane suna shan sigari a wuraren da ba su da hayaki, yara suna sayen sigari da shan sigari, da sauran wuraren shan sigari da ke da alaka da yara. Bayan an yi sanarwar, haramcin ya fara aiki nan da nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;smoking scenes&quot;&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-02/12/content_11996499.htm China moves to reduce smoking scenes on TV]. [[China Daily]]. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shirye-shiryen yanki da na birni ===

==== Shanghai ====
Dangane da shirye-shiryen da take yi don karbar bakuncin baje kolin duniya na 2010, birnin [[Shanghai]] kwanan nan ya kara karfin dokokin hana shan sigari. Majalisar Jama'ar Shanghai ta ba da dokar kula da shan sigari ta farko a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. Dokar ta haramta shan sigari a cikin nau'ikan wurare 12 na jama'a ciki har da shan sigari na cikin gida a makarantu, asibitoci, filayen wasanni, motocin sufuri na jama'ar jama'a da gidajen cin abinci na Intanet. Duk wanda aka kama yana shan sigari za a fara ba shi gargadi sannan ya fuskanci tarar yuan 50 zuwa 200 idan sun yi tsayayya. A cewar Li Zhongyang, mataimakin shugaban kwamitin inganta kiwon lafiya na Shanghai, an kafa haramcin shan sigari don kare lafiyar 'yan kasa da kuma inganta hoton Shanghai a matsayin birni mai duniya.

A cewar wani rahoto daga Cibiyar Binciken Labaran Jami'ar Fudan da Ra'ayoyin Jama'a, kashi 93.5% na mutane 509 da suka yi hira da su sun goyi bayan haramta shan sigari a duk wuraren baje kolin Shanghai 2010 kuma sun ji cewa bai kamata a ba da izinin shan sigari ba a cikin gidajen cin abinci ko cibiyoyin cin kasuwa kusa da yankin baje kolin.&lt;ref name=&quot;most&quot;&gt;[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6875993.html Most hope for smoke-free Shanghai Expo]. [[People's Daily]]. 22 January 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken da masana kiwon lafiya na jama'a daga Jami'ar Fudan suka yi wanda ya shafi baki 800 na otal da kusan masu tallafawa 4,000 da ma'aikatan gidajen cin abinci, shagunan da wuraren nishadi a Shanghai sun gano cewa kusan kashi 73 cikin dari na baƙi na otal sun ce Shanghai ya kamata ta karbi haramcin shan sigari a wuraren jama'a, kashi 84 cikin dari na masu cin abinci sun ba da rahoton fuskantar hayaki na biyu, kuma kashi 74 cikin dari na su sun yi fushi da hayaki da tallafawa sarrafa shan sigari.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.china.org.cn/environment/health_green_living/2009-02/27/content_17344027.htm Expert calls for complete smoking ban]. China.org.cn. 27 February 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake masu tambayoyin da yawa sun sami hayaki na biyu da kansa mai guba kuma yana da lahani ga lafiyar dan kasa, babban dalilin da ya sa aka ba da goyon baya ga haramcin shan sigari ya danganta da damuwar dan kasa game da hoton Shanghai. A cewar wani dan kasa wanda masana kiwon lafiya na jama'a daga Fudan suka yi hira, &quot;An haramta shan taba a wuraren jama'a a kasashe da yawa. Ya kamata mu yi haka, akalla a lokacin baje kolin, tunda taron duniya ne. Kuma ba shakka, saboda jama'a da za su ziyarci. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;most&quot; /&gt; Ga masu shirya baje kolin ahụ, akwai kuma batun munafunci idan ba su magance matsalar shan taba na China a matsayin wani bangare na &quot;Saalthy Expo&quot; ba.

Duk da goyon baya ga haramcin shan sigari na Shanghai, mutane da yawa suna jin shakku game da ainihin aiwatar da dokar. Mazaunan Shanghai sun nuna cewa duk da gaskiyar cewa yawancin kantin sayar da kayayyaki da duk tashoshin karkashin kasa da tashoshin jirgin karkashin kasa sun riga sun haramta shan sigari kafin wannan dokar, akwai karancin bin doka kuma mutane galibi suna shan sigari kai tsaye a gaban alamun NO SMOKING.&lt;ref&gt;Kurtenbach, E. [http://politics.gaeatimes.com/2010/03/02/shanghai-scrambles-to-implement-ban-on-smoking-in-indoor-public-places-ahead-of-world-expo-21504/ Shanghai scrambles to implement ban on smoking in indoor public places ahead of World Expo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501201528/http://politics.gaeatimes.com/2010/03/02/shanghai-scrambles-to-implement-ban-on-smoking-in-indoor-public-places-ahead-of-world-expo-21504/ |date=2020-05-01 }}. Taragana. 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Daya daga cikin damuwa da mazaunan Shanghai ke da shi game da haramcin shine rashin bayyanawa game da wanda zai yi tarar da kuma wanda zai ba da rahoton laifuffukan. Masana kiwon lafiya na jama'a sun yarda cewa zai zama da wahala a tilasta haramtacciyar doka tare da yawan masu shan sigari da ke Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;most&quot;/&gt;

Baya ga wuce haramcin shan sigari, 'yan majalisa na Shanghai sun tsara shafin yanar gizon &quot;Smoke Free Shanghai&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.smokefreeshanghai.org/process.asp 无烟上海] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306074043/http://www.smokefreeshanghai.org/process.asp |date=2012-03-06 }}. Smoke-Free Shanghai. Retrieved 29 April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; don wayar da kan jama'a game da shan sigari. Har ila yau, mafi mahimmancin matakin da aka dauka shi ne cewa masu shirya baje kolin sun ki bayar da gudummawar yuan miliyan 200 ($ 29.3 miliyan) daga Kamfanin Taba na Shanghai a shekarar da ta gabata don kula da matsayinsu na &quot;mai lafiya&quot;.

==== Beijing ====
Dangane da wucewar shirye-shiryen taba na kasa da kuma tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa don Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2008, gwamnatin birnin [[Beijing]] ta tsawaita haramcin shan sigari na jama'a a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2008 don hadawa da wuraren wasanni da duk wuraren cikin gida na ofisoshin gwamnati, tashoshin sufuri, makarantu da asibitoci.&lt;ref name=&quot;five&quot;&gt;Chen, J. [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-07/15/content_6845948.htm Smoking ban gains momentum]. China Daily. 15 July 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Harin yana da tasiri mai karfi, tare da sakamakon zabe da ke nuna cewa yawancin mazaunan kasar Sin (69% daga cikin masu amsawa sama da 10,000) &quot;ba wai kawai suna sane da haramcin shan sigari a Beijing ba, amma [95% na masu amsawa] suna fatan cewa hukumomi suna inganta matakin a duk fadin kasar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;five&quot; /&gt;

A cewar China Daily News: &lt;ref name=&quot;five&quot;/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt; &quot;Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa kashi 81.6 cikin dari na masu amsawa suna da sha'awar dakatar da shan sigari, ko kuma sun ji labarin dangin da abokai da ke la'akari da yin amfani da al'ada. 'Ina farin ciki da irin wannan karfafawa daga jama'a, zai taimaka wajen inganta doka don sarrafa amfani da taba,' [in ji] Jiang Yuan, mataimakin shugaban ofishin kula da taba a karkashin Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta kasar Sin&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;


Gwamnatin Beijing ta kuma karbi manufofin rinjaye, hade da tarar har zuwa yuan 5,000 ($ 730) don keta haramcin, a cikin kokari na kara karfafa 'yan kasa su rage shan sigari a fili.&lt;ref name=&quot;five&quot;/&gt;

Tasirin lafiyar jama'a kai tsaye na haramcin shan sigari na Beijing ya bayyana a fagen rigakafin wuta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90884/6408317.html Smoking ban helps reduce fires in Beijing]. People's Daily Online. 12 May 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar People's Daily,&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Hakkin shan sigari ya rage yawan gobarar da aka samu a cikin birni da sigari fiye da rabi ... A cikin makon farko na wannan watan, rundunar kashe gobara ta Beijing ta kashe gobarar da ta shafi sigari guda takwas, matsakaicin 1.14 a kowace rana ... Sabon matsakaicin yau da kullun [bayan dakatar da shan sigari] ya kasance kasa da rabin abin da aka ruwaito a cikin watanni hudu na farko na wannan shekara, lokacin da masu kashe gobarar birni suka kashe gobarar 325 da sigari suka haifar, ko 2.7 a kowace rana. &quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Lardin Guangdong ====
A cikin 2007, [[Guangzhou]] da Jiangmen sun zama birane biyu na farko na Guangdong don aiwatar da gwaji na haramtacciyar taba sigari a wasu wuraren jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newsgd.com/news/guangdong1/200704100038.htm Guangdong to launch stricter smoking ban at public places] 2007-04-10&lt;/ref&gt; Wuraren jama'a don hana shan sigari sun hada da gidajen cin abinci, wuraren nishadi, makarantu, manyan kantuna, da ofisoshin gwamnati. Koyaya, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, Majalisar Jama'a ta Guangzhou ta shirya don daga haramcin shan sigari a wuraren aiki, gami da ofisoshi, ɗakunan taro da dakunan taro.

==== Lardin Hubei ====
A shekara ta 2009, hukumomin Gongan County sun yi kokari su kara amfani da sigari da aka samar a cikin gida, ta hanyar bukatar cewa jami'an yankin su sha sigari har zuwa 23,000 na sigari na Hubei a kowace shekara. An yi niyyar wannan matakin ne don kawo kudaden shiga da ake bukata sosai ga kamfanonin cikin gida; hukumomin gundumar sun ba da kididdigar ga ofisoshin da ke karkashin ikonsa, wadanda kuma ana ci tarar su idan sun kasa cinye kididdigaren sigari da ake bukatu, ko kuma idan an same su suna siyan wasu nau'ikan samfuran taba. An sauya wannan shawarar bayan kukan jama'a da ɗaukar hoto ta manema labarai na duniya.

==== Sauran birane ====
Majalisar jama'ar [[Hangzhou]] ta amince da hana shan sigari a wuraren jama'a da wuraren aiki a farkon shekara ta 2010; ana iya hana shan sigami a wasu wurare kuma ana iya tarar masu keta doka har zuwa yuan 3000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=杭州控烟战：别处走过场 杭州则立法强力推行 |url=http://nf.nfdaily.cn/nfzm/content/2010-03/18/content_10233546.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301004202/http://nf.nfdaily.cn/nfzm/content/2010-03/18/content_10233546.htm |archive-date=2012-03-01 |access-date=2010-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yang Tingzhong daga Jami'ar Zhejiang ta gudanar da kamfen da aikin da Bloomberg Global Initiative ta tallafawa don hana shan sigari a makarantun jami'o'i a duk fadin kasar.

A cewar Medical News Today, manyan biranen lardin bakwai a kasar Sin suna daukar matakai don hana shan sigari a wuraren aiki da wuraren jama'a. Biranen bakwai sune [[Tianjin]], [[Chongqing]], Shenyang, [[Harbin]], Nanchang, Lanzhou da [[Shenzhen]]. Kodayake tuni akwai wasu haramtacciyar shan sigari a wurare a cikin wadannan biranen, jami'an gwamnati sun fahimci cewa yawan bin doka ba shi da yawa kuma suna shirin bayar da haramtacciya.

Za a gudanar da sabon haramcin a matsayin aikin gwaji a karkashin hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka ta kasar Sin (CDC) da Kungiyar Kasashen Duniya kan Cutar Tuberculosis da Cututtukan huhu (UNION). Da yake amsa zargi game da dokar da ba a aiwatar da ita ba, Wang Yu, darektan CDC na kasar Sin ya bayyana cewa &quot;Wannan aikin zai haifar da dokoki masu tsauri don tabbatar da wuraren jama'a da wuraren aiki da ba su da hayaki da kuma gano hanyar aiki mai yiwuwa da karfi don aiwatar da haramcin shan sigari&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2010 |title=China to Ban Smoking in 7 Cities: Pilot Project |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/176355.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shan taba tsakanin likitoci ==
Wani binciken da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2004 tsakanin likitocin kasar Sin 3,500 ya gano cewa kashi 23% masu shan sigari ne na yau da kullun. Akwai bambancin jinsi mai mahimmanci, tare da kashi 41% na likitocin maza da ke ba da rahoton cewa su masu shan sigari ne amma kashi 1% kawai na likitoci mata. Fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na masu shan sigari na yanzu sun sha sigari a gaban marasa lafiya kuma kusan duk sun sha sigami a lokacin canjin aikinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Jiang Y, Ong M K, Tong E K, et al. Chinese physicians and their smoking knowledge, attitudes and practices. Am Journal Prev Med 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

An gano likitocin maza suna shan taba fiye da kowane kwarewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Jiang Y, Ong M K, Tong E K, et al. Chinese physicians and their smoking knowledge, attitudes and practices. Am Journal Prev Med 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken da aka gudanar tsakanin likitocin kasar Sin maza 800 a shekara ta 2004 ya gano cewa kashi 45.2% masu shan sigari ne kuma kashi 42.5% sun sha sigari a gaban marasa lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Yao T, Ong M, Lee A, Jiang Y, Mao Z: Smoking knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and associated factors among Chinese male surgeons. World J Surg 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan shan sigari daga wadannan binciken masu zaman kansu sun fi kasa da wadanda jaridar kasar Sin ta ruwaito. Wani labarin da aka buga a shekara ta 2009 ya yi hira da wani majiya wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi 60% na likitocin maza na kasar Sin masu shan sigari ne, kashi mafi girma fiye da kowane likitocin kasar a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Dingding, Xin.  Smoke-free list extends to healthcare facilities.  China Daily.   http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2009-12/11/content_9161633.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

{{As of|2023}}, kusan fiye da kashi daya cikin uku na likitocin kasar Sin an kiyasta su masu shan sigari ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

=== Kwatanta da sauran al'ummomi ===
Yawan shan sigari tsakanin likitocin maza na kasar Sin suna kama da yawan jama'ar kasar, kodayake yawan likitoci gabadaya sun fi kasa. Likitocin kasar Sin suna da yawan shan sigari fiye da likitoci a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (3.3%) ko Ingila (6.8%). Suna da dan karami fiye da likitocin [[Japan]] (20.2%) kuma likitocin Jafananci suna da kananan bambancin jinsi tare da kashi 27% na maza da kashi 7% na likitocin mata suna shan sigari.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Jiang Y, Ong M K, Tong E K, et al. Chinese physicians and their smoking knowledge, attitudes and practices. Am Journal Prev Med 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dalilai da tasiri ===
Ana iya danganta yawan amfani da taba a tsakanin likitoci ga dalilai da yawa. A cikin Al'adun kasar Sin, shan sigari yana da alaka da asalin namiji a matsayin aikin zamantakewa wanda ake yi tsakanin maza don inganta jin dadin karba da 'yan uwantaka, wanda ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa likitocin maza na kasar Sin da yawa suka sha sigari fiye da mata. Likitoci musamman na iya amfani da taba sigari a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin yau da kullun da ke da alaka da sa'o'i masu tsawo da kuma wahalar huldar marasa lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;Kohrman, Matthew.  Smoking among Doctors: Governmentality, Embodiment, and the Diversion of Blame in Contemporary China. Medical Anthropology 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani likitan tiyata a Kunming (Lardin Yunnan) ya bayyana shan sigari a matsayin wani abu mai ban mamaki wanda yake wani bangare ne na al'adun likitancin kasar Sin kuma wanda ke inganta aikin aiki:&lt;blockquote&gt;Shan taba yana da babban bangare na zama likita a nan. Darakta na asibitinmu yana shan sigari. Sakataren jam'iyyar yana shan sigari. Shugaban sashen na yana shan sigari. Kuma duk lokacin da na shiga ofishin aiki, yawancin abokan aikina suna shan sigari. Kuma don gaya muku gaskiya, tare da irin wannan aikin da ke cike da matsin lamba, shan sigari yana da matukar taimako, a wasu lokuta yana da sauki, a wasu lokutan yana ba ni kuzari, a wasu lokacin yana taimaka mini in mai da hankali yayin da nake shirin yin tiyata mai rikitarwa ko fuskantar tarin takardu 10:30 da dare.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;Kohrman, Matthew.  Smoking among Doctors: Governmentality, Embodiment, and the Diversion of Blame in Contemporary China. Medical Anthropology 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Tasirin kula da marasa lafiya ===
An nuna halaye na likitan shan sigari yana rinjayar halinsa game da hadarin taba. Likitocin da ke shan taba ba su da damar gaskata cewa shan taba yana da mummunar tasiri ga lafiya idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ba su shan taba ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Jiang Y, Ong M K, Tong E K, et al. Chinese physicians and their smoking knowledge, attitudes and practices. Am Journal Prev Med 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Kananan masu shan sigari sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata likitoci su zama abin koyi ga marasa lafiya kuma ya kamata a hana shan sigari a cikin gida a asibitoci.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Yao T, Ong M, Lee A, Jiang Y, Mao Z: Smoking knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and associated factors among Chinese male surgeons. World J Surg 2009&lt;/ref&gt;Kusan dukkanin likitocin kasar Sin (95%) sun yi imanin cewa shan sigari yana haifar da ciwon huhu kuma mafi yawan cinsu  sun yi imani cewa shan sigari  yana haifar da cutar sankara ta huhu (89%), amma masu shan sigari na yanzu ba su da damar rike wadannan imani na kiwon lafiya fiye da wadanda ba su da sigari.

== Jima'i ==
A cewar [[Bankin Duniya]] a cikin 2020, kusan rabin maza a kasar Sin masu shan sigari ne, idan aka kwatanta da kasa da kashi 2% na mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 2010, shan sigari ya haifar da kusan mutuwar mutum miliyan 1 (840,000 maza, 130,000 mata) a kasar Sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet101015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zhengming Chen |display-authors=etal |date=10 October 2015 |title=Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies |url= |format=Abstract |journal=Lancet |language=en |volume=386 |issue=10002 |pages=1447–1456 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00340-2 |pmc=4691901 |pmid=26466050 |quote=In 2010, smoking caused about 1 million (840 000 male, 130 000 female) deaths in China.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar Sin ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan kasashe uku (tare da Indiya da [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]) a cikin jimlar yawan masu shan sigari maza, sun kai kashi 51.4% na masu shan sigami maza a duniya a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;WebMD China Smokers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Smoking causes 10% of deaths worldwide; even more in China |url=http://webmd.cn/en/smoking-10-percent-deaths/ |publisher=WebMD China |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502052142/http://webmd.cn/en/smoking-10-percent-deaths/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan kasashe uku (tare da Indiya da Amurka) a cikin jimlar yawan mata masu shan sigari, kodayake wadannan kasashe uku sun kai kashi 27.3% na mata masu shan taba a duniya, wanda ke nuna cewa annobar taba ba ta da hankali ga mata fiye da maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WebMD China Smokers&quot; /&gt;

== Al'adun shan sigari a kasar Sin ==
Baya ga samfurin nicotine, sigari a kasar Sin sun hada da ma'anoni daban-daban. A kasar Sin, adadin sayar da sigari a shekarar 2022 ya kai sigari biliyan 2.4. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Wannan adadi yana nufin cewa idan duk mutanen da ke cikin yawan mutane biliyan 1.4 masu shan sigari ne, mutum daya har yanzu yana shan sigari kusan 1800 a kowace shekara. Bayan irin wannan amfani da sigari, akwai alakar al'adu da ba za a iya musantawa ba tsakanin sigari da masu shan sigari na kasar Sin. Sigari na kasar Sin ba kawai don jin dadin kai ba ne, amma ana iya amfani da su don nuna girmamawa, karbar baki, har ma da alamar manya. Matasa na iya ba tsofaffi sigari a matsayin kyauta don nuna girmamawa; mutane na iya ba da sigari ga baƙi don nuna karimci; matasa suna ganin shan sigari a ranar nuna alamar balaga. Musamman ga mutanen da ke aiki a kasuwanci ko fasaha, masu shan sigari sun kasance babban bangare na yawan jama'a. Muddin mutane sun fara tattaunawa, sigari wajibi ne a gare su don sadarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Dan Wu, et al. &quot;Cigarette sharing and gifting in China: Patterns, associated factors, and behavioral outcomes.&quot; ''Tobacco Induced Diseases'' 20 (2022). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xiaozhao-Yang-2/publication/360420288_The_toxic_gift_reciprocity_and_social_capital_in_cigarette_exchange_in_China/links/627e91b0973bbb29cc7b6874/The-toxic-gift-reciprocity-and-social-capital-in-cigarette-exchange-in-China.pdf online] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Al'adun sigari a wurin aiki ===
Shan sigari yana da karfi ga aiki yadda ya kamata kuma mai shafawa ga ma'aikatan kasar Sin da yawa. A cikin binciken da aka yi niyya ga masu shan sigari a wuraren aiki, sama da kashi 80% daga cikinsu sun nuna cewa sun fara shan sigari bayan sun sami aikin su na farko. Lokacin da aka tambaye su dalilin da ya sa suka fara shan sigari, 64.4% daga cikinsu sun amsa cewa shan sigari na iya taimaka musu su saba da abokan aiki da ma'aikata da sauri, kuma 53.1% daga cikinsu sun ce shan sigari zai iya taimaka musu shakatawa daga aiki mai wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=3成人为工作学会抽烟，无忧精英网发布职场白领抽烟调查报告_受访者 |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/250271831_639111 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.sohu.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda yawancin ofisoshi a kasar Sin suna cikin manyan gine-ginen ofisoshi, masu shan sigari galibi suna gama sigari daya zuwa biyu a bayan gida ko a kan matakala cikin minti goma. Kodayake an ba da haramcin shan sigari na shekaru da yawa, babu isasshen wuraren shan sigari a cikin gine-ginen. Wannan kai tsaye yana haifar da lalacewa ga tsabtace ginin kuma yana kawo aiki mai nauyi ga ma'aikatan tsaftacewa don share sigari. 
[[Fayil:Huanghelou_1916_(Export_Version).jpg|thumb|Huanghelou 1916 (Fassarar fitarwa) ]]

=== Halin shan sigari a kasar Sin ===
Mutanen kasar Sin galibi suna da dokoki da yawa game da yanayin shan sigari. Lokacin shan sigari tare da dattawa ko shugabannin a wurin aiki, idan sun fitar da sigari kuma sun shirya su shan sigari, ya kamata ku fitar da ku da sauri ku ba su. Ya kamata sigari na ku zama irin wannan ko mafi girma fiye da nasu don nuna girmamawa. Shahararrun sigari na kasar Sin sun hada da Chunghwa, Huanghelou, da Liqun. Lokacin da akwai bambancin matsayi, ya kamata ku ba da sigari ga kowa a cikin tsari daga mutumin da ke da matsayi mafi girma zuwa mafi kaskanci. Koyaya, &quot;Mata na farko&quot; koyaushe shine doka ta farko ta shan sigari a kowane yanayi.

Lokacin shan sigari tare da wasu, kunna sigari na wasu hanya ce ta yin ladabi. Hanyar kunna sigari na wasu shine: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=职场&quot;烟&quot;文化_杂志论文_知识文库杂志 |url=https://www.zz-news.com/com/zswk/news/itemid-1014029.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.zz-news.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Dauki mai haske a hannun dama kuma mu matsa zuwa gaban dayan a wani nesa.
# Haskaka haske ta hanyar fuskantar dabino na hagu a ciki kuma yatsa yana budewa. Dukan dabino ya kamata a karkata zuwa waje a kan mai haske.
# Sa'an nan kuma a hankali matsa zuwa dayan har sai dayan ya sami amsa don tarawa don wuta. Idan dayan bai motsa ba, kunna sigari (wani lamari ne mai ban sha'awa na girman kai).
# Mutanen da ke karbar irin wannan ladabi ya kamata su dan daidaita wuyansu don kusantar wuta. A lokaci guda, hannun dama na mai karba ya kamata ya kasance sama da hannun hagu na mai bayarwa don nuna godiya. Don nuna karin girmamawa, mai karba na iya amfani da yatsan ma'ana a hankali ya taba hannun hagu na mai bayarwa.

== Shan taba a Hong Kong ==
An dakatar da shan sigari a wasu wuraren jama'a a [[Hong Kong|Yankin Gudanarwa na Musamman na Hong Kong]] daga 1 ga Janairun 2007 a karkashin Dokar shan sigari (Lafiya ta Jama'a)  ta gwamnati (Cap. 371), wanda aka fara aiwatar da shi a 1982 tare da gyare-gyare da yawa daga baya. Sabon gyare-gyare ya fadada haramcin shan sigari don hadawa da wuraren aiki na cikin gida, yawancin wuraren jama'a ciki har da gidajen cin abinci, gidajen cin abincin Intanet, dakunan wanka na jama'a, rairayin bakin teku da yawancin wuraren shakatawa na jama'awa. Wasu mashaya, dakunan karaoke, saunas da wuraren shakatawa na dare an cire su har zuwa 1 ga Yuli 2009. An dakatar da haramtacciyar shan sigari a cikin dakunan hawa, sufuri na jama'a, gidajen silima, dakunan kide-kide, tashar filin jirgin sama da masu hawa tsakanin 1982 da 1997. An haramtacciyar cibiyoyin cin kasuwa, shagunan sashen, manyan kantuna, bankunan da wuraren wasan kwaikwayo tun watan Yulin 1998.

Yawan shan sigari na yau da kullun a Hong Kong ya kai 11.8% (HK Department of Census and Statistics Household Thematic Survey 36) tare da kashi 25% na maza suna shan sigari yayin da a China kashi 63% na maza suna sha sigari.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2010}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Gwamnati ta ambaci, a lokacin da aka saki kasafin kudin a shekara ta 2009, cewa cikakken haramta shigo da taba da shan sigari yana yiwuwa. Koyaya, saboda raguwar shan sigari a cikin 'yan shekarun nan galibi saboda karuwar harajin taba, gwamnati a halin yanzu ba ta da karin shirye-shirye don sarrafa tallace-tallace na taba sai dai ta hanyar daidaita haraji.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2010}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Shan taba a Macau ==
 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Dokar shan sigari (Lafiya ta Jama'a) 
* Yin shayarwa a Betel a kasar Sin
* Lafiya a kasar Sin

== manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Barnett, Ross, Tingzhong Yang, da Xiaozhao Y. Yang, eds. Yanayin shan sigari a kasar Sin: Kalubale don Kula da Taba sigari (Springer Nature, 2021).
* Benedict, Carol. &quot;Tobacco, Cigarettes, and Women's Status in Modern China&quot;. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History (2021) online[https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-456?rskey=dou7El kan layi]

* [https://books.google.com/books?id=e7nNkB8R4GkC&amp;pg=PP1 kan layi] 
* Davey, Gareth, da Xiang Zhao . &quot;Sha da birni: labarin tafiya a Yuxi. &quot; Asia Pacific mujallar anthropology 22.1 (2021): 58-80.
* [Hasiya] &quot;Rayuwa mai laushi: Tsarkakewar iska, Jima'i, da Sigari a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin&quot;. ''Al'adun Jama'a'' 33.2 (2021): 161-191. [https://anthropology.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj9346/f/161kohrman1.pdf kan layi]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kungiyar Inshora ta Manoma</title>
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[[Fayil:Tractors in Potato Field.jpg|thumb|kayan noma]]
Rukunin Inshorar Manoma (Manoma na yau da kullun) ƙungiyar inshorar Amurka ce ta motoci, gidaje da ƙananan kasuwanci kuma tana ba da wasu samfuran inshora da sabis na kuɗi. Inshorar Manoma tana da wakilai sama da 48,000 na keɓantacce kuma masu zaman kansu da kusan ma'aikata 21,000. Manoma shine sunan kasuwanci na musayar ra'ayi guda uku, Manoma, Wuta, da Mota, kowannensu na karkashin kulawar Manoma Group, Inc. a matsayin lauyan gaskiya a madadin masu rike da manufofin su. Farmers Group, Inc. mallaki ne gabaɗaya mallakar Zurich Insurance Group na Switzerland.

== Tarihi ==

=== 1922 zuwa 2000 ===

; 1922

Abokan haɗin gwiwar manoma na gaba John C. Tyler da Thomas E. Leavey sun fara haduwa bayan Tyler ya koma California. Tyler da Leavey dukansu sun girma tare da ƙauyuka kuma sun yi imanin cewa manoma da makiyaya, waɗanda ke da tarihin tuki fiye da na birane, sun cancanci ƙananan kuɗin inshora. A cikin 1920s, manoma a duk faɗin Amurka sun kafa kamfanonin inshora na juna da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar don samun manufofin da ba su da tsada. Tyler, ɗan mai siyar da inshora ta South Dakotan, da Leavey, wanda ya taɓa yin aiki a Ofishin Lamuni na Farm na Tarayya da Ƙungiyar Lamuni ta Ƙasa, sun gane cewa waɗannan manoma, makiyaya, da sauran direbobin karkara sun kasance kasuwa da ba a kula da su ba kuma suna son ƙirƙirar. kamfanin inshora na kansu.

; 1927

Tyler da Leavey sun sami lamuni daga wanda ya kafa Bankin Amurka, wanda ya ba su damar fara kamfani.

; 1928

Tyler da Leavey sun buɗe kofofin zuwa sabon kamfaninsu, Farmers Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange, a cikin garin Los Angeles, California. Tyler ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba tare da Leavey a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Wani manajan tallace-tallace da sakatare sun kammala ƙungiyar ma'aikata huɗu.

Ranar 28 ga Maris, 1928, aka yi taron farko na majalisar gwamnoni. Bayan kwana biyu, Charles Brisco ya ba da inshora na 1925 Cadillac Phaeton kuma ya zama abokin ciniki na Manoma na farko.

; 1935

An ƙaddamar da Musanya Inshorar Motoci, sabon mai inshore mai ɗaukar nauyi, don ƙware kan inshorar manyan motoci.

; 1936

Musayar Inshorar Manoma ta kasance mai kan gaba a cikin kuɗin da aka samu don inshorar mota ta National Underwriter.

; 1937

Sabon ginin hedkwatar da zai gina Manoma Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange da Motar Inshorar Mota, wanda Walker &amp; Eisen ya tsara a cikin salon Moderne, yana buɗewa akan Wilshire Boulevard. Architects Claud Beelman &amp; Herman Spackler sun ƙara benaye 4 da filin lambun bene na bakwai don ma'aikata a cikin 1949.

; 1942

An ƙaddamar da Musanya Inshorar Wuta, mai insurer na uku, wanda ya ƙware a inshorar gida.

; 1950

Kamfanin Inshora na Tsakiyar-ƙarni ya zama reshen Canjin Inshorar Manoma. Baya ga inshorar inshorar da aka bayar ta asali na musayar uku, Tsakiyar-ƙarni ya ba da ɗaukar hoto don Inland marine, fashi, sata, layin sirri, gilashin faranti, zaɓaɓɓun shaidu, da masu iyo.

; 1953

Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na Sabuwar Duniya na Seattle ya samu ta Manoma.

; 1959

Manoma sun fara shiga shekara-shekara a Pasadena Rose Parade, tare da ƙaddamar da sa hannu a faretin faretin da al'amuran al'umma a duk faɗin ƙasar.

; 1973

John C. Tyler ya mutu yana da shekaru 86. Thomas E. Leavey, wanda ya saura co-kafa, ya dauki matsayi na Shugaba.

; 1978

Thomas E. Leavey ma aikacine amma ya yi ritaya.

; 1988

Bayan yakin kwace na tsawon watanni takwas, BATUS Inc., reshen Amurka na kungiyar hada-hadar kudi ta Burtaniya B.A.T. Industries Plc, ya samu Farmers Group, Inc. akan dala biliyan 5.2 kuma ya zama shi kadai mai hannun jarin hannun jarin kamfani miliyan 68.

; 1989, 1991, da 1994

Masifu da yawa, manyan bala'o'i sun haifar da kalubalen kuɗi ga Inshorar Manoma. Girgizar kasa ta San Francisco ta 1989, Wutar Oakland ta 1991, da 1994 Northridge, California, girgizar kasa sune manyan bala'o'i uku. An kiyasta cewa asarar da girgizar kasa ta Northridge ta yi kawai ta kai dala biliyan 1.3.

; 1998

A cikin Satumba 1998, Zurich Financial Services Group an ƙirƙira shi daga haɗin gwiwa tare da kasuwancin sabis na kuɗi na B.A.T. Masana'antu na dala Biliyan 18.6 ta hanyar tsarin riko da dual

=== 2000 zuwa yanzu ===

; 2000

A cikin Maris 2000, Musayar Manoma ta sami Babban Kamfanin Amurka (Ƙungiyar Inshorar Farko), babban marubucin gidajen da aka kera kuma fitaccen mai inshorar motocin nishaɗi, jiragen ruwa da sauran layukan sana'a.

A watan Agusta 2000, Manoma Financial Solutions sun yi rajista tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musanya ta Amurka a matsayin dillali-dilla. Ta hanyarsa, Manoma sun fara ba da asusun haɗin gwiwa da samfuran inshora masu canzawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BrokerCheck Report |url=http://brokercheck.finra.org/Support/ReportViewer.aspx?FirmCRD=103863 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117160825/http://brokercheck.finra.org/Support/ReportViewer.aspx?FirmCRD=103863 |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |access-date=November 24, 2008 |publisher=[[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Oktoba 2000, an sauƙaƙe tsarin Zurich kuma an haɗa shi ƙarƙashin kamfani ɗaya na Swiss. Allied Zurich da Zurich Allied hannun jari an maye gurbinsu da hannun jari na sabbin hada-hadar Kuɗi na Zurich tare da jeri na farko akan SWX Swiss Exchange (alamar alama: ZURN) da jeri na biyu a London. Zurich Financial Services Ana siyar da Rasitocin Depositary na Amurka (ADRs) akan musayar hannun jarin Amurka.

; 2005

A shekara ta 2005, bayan da guguwar Rita ta afkawa Beaumont, [[Texas]], ta bar ta ba tare da wutar lantarki ba, Inshorar Manoma ta kawo kusan masu gyara inshorar 300 don tantance lalacewar kadarori na waje don gaggauta aikin sake ginawa, ta ba da dala 100,000 ga cibiyar ayyukan gaggawa, da kuma megawatt guda biyu da ake bukata. masu samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;leadersmag&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=83–84}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; 2007

A cikin Yuli 2007, Musanya Manoma ya sami Bristol West Holdings, Inc., iyayen ƙungiyar masu inshorar ƙwararrun inshorar mota mara daidaito, wanda ke ba da inshora ga direbobi waɗanda bayanan tuƙi ko wasu matsalolin ke sa samun inshora da wahala.

A lokacin gobarar daji ta California a watan Oktoban 2007, Manoma na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan kamfanoni don kafa wuraren da za su taimaka wa abokan cinikinsu. Baya ga rubuta cak na farashin ƙaura, da'awar lalacewa, wurin kwana da abinci, kamfanin ya gudanar da tallace-tallace yana kira ga abokan cinikin su da su yi amfani da waɗannan wuraren. Kamfanin yanzu haka yana da motocin bas guda 2 da ke aiki a matsayin Cibiyoyin Umurnin Waya. Wannan cibiyar da'awar wayar hannu ta isa filin wasa na Qualcomm kwanaki biyu kacal bayan tashin gobarar.

; 2009

A cikin Afrilu 2009, Manoma sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su sami Inshorar Ƙarni na 21 daga AIG akan dala biliyan 1.9. Sayen ya sanya Manoma su zama haɗin gwiwa na uku mafi girma na layukan sirri a cikin Amurka Kaddarorin da aka samu sun haɗa da AIG [[Hawaii]].

; 2014

Dangane da karuwar yawan guguwa mai kisa tsakanin 2010 da 2013, Inshorar Manoma ta fara &quot;bincike samfurin da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] a fadin Amurka za su iya amfani da su don rage lokacin da ake bukata don farfadowar zama.&quot; Haɗin kai tare da SBP, ƙungiyar agajin bala'i da ta samo asali daga New Orleans, sakamakon shine littafin Playbook farfadowa da bala'i, tushen tushen kan layi. Tun farkon ƙirƙirar jagorar, an kawo AmeriCorps cikin ƙungiyar..&lt;ref name=&quot;DRPAC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Disaster Recovery Playbook |url=http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~dschang/f-01928390293a+drp+0192j3dk/ch-06.html |access-date=November 4, 2017 |website=www-cs-students.stanford.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; 2020

A cikin Disamba 2020, Manoma Musanya da Manoma Group, Inc. (FGI) sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su hada hannu da dukiyoyin MetLife da kasuwancin da suka yi asarar rayuka (MetLife Auto &amp; Home).

== Ayyuka ==
[[Fayil:Storm_Farmers_Insurance_Group_Agency_Northville_Michigan.JPG|right|thumb|225x225px|Hukumar Manoma a Northville, MichiganArewacin, Michigan]]

* '''Kasuwancin Manoma''', wanda ke da hedkwata a Los Angeles, CA, musayar musayar inshora ce guda uku (Manya Inshorar Inshorar Manoma, Musanya Inshorar Wuta da Musanya Inshorar Motoci) inda membobin ke musayar manufofin inshora da juna ta hanyar Manoma Group, Inc. (FGI) kamar yadda lauya-a-hakika. Musanya Manoma, kai tsaye ko ta hanyar rassansu da alaƙa, suna ba da inshorar masu gida, inshorar mota, inshorar kasuwanci, da sabis na kuɗi a duk faɗin Amurka. FGI tana ba da sabis na aiki ga musayar, wanda ake biya ta ta kudade daga masu riƙe manufofin, ƙididdiga a matsayin adadin kuɗi. Ana ba da sabis na daidaita da'awar da biyan da'awar, kwamitoci, da ƙima da harajin shiga ga musayar ta FGI bisa ga yarjejeniyar biyan kuɗi tsakanin FGI da kowane ɗayan masu riƙe manufofin musayar. Musayar juna ƙungiyoyi ne marasa haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ba su da halaye na shari'a, don haka ma'auratan ba su da masu mallaka (saɓanin masu inshorar juna waɗanda masu tsare-tsare suka mallaka). Don haka, Musayar Manoma ba ta mallaki FGI ba, kuma FGI ko iyayenta na ƙarshe, Zurich Financial Services Ltd., ba su mallaki musayar ba.
* Ƙungiyar Inshora ta Farko, mai hedkwata a Grand Rapids, Michigan, rukuni ne na kamfanoni waɗanda ke tabbatar da samfuran musamman kamar gidajen hannu, gidajen motoci, tirelolin balaguro da wuraren zama na musamman, babura, motocin kashe-kashe, jiragen ruwa da jirgin ruwa na sirri. An kafa ta ne a cikin 1952 kuma Musanya Manoma ta samo shi a cikin Maris 2000. Kamfanoni na farko sune rassan musanya na manoma.
* Ƙungiyar Inshora ta Bristol West ta zama wani ɓangare na Manoma a cikin Yuli 2007. A cikin 1973, ta fara ba da inshorar motar fasinja masu zaman kansu ga mazauna Florida kuma yanzu suna ba da abin alhaki da inshorar lalacewa ta jiki - yana mai da hankali kawai ga motocin fasinja masu zaman kansu - a duk faɗin Amurka. Kamfanonin Bristol West rassan ne na Musanya Manoma.
* Inshorar Ƙarni na 21, mai hedkwata a Wilmington, Delaware, ya zama wani ɓangare na Manoma a cikin Yuli 2009. Amfani da intanit da tashoshi na tallace-tallace na amsa kai tsaye, Ƙarni na 21st yana sayar da inshorar mota na sirri ga masu siye a ko'ina cikin Amurka. Kamfanonin Inshorar Ƙarni na 21 ƙungiyoyi ne na Musanya Manoma. 
* Manoma Sabuwar Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa ta Duniya ta fara ne a matsayin Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa ta Katolika a Spokane, Washington a cikin 1910. Daga baya waccan shekarar aka sake masa suna New World Life Insurance Company. A cikin 1953, Farmers Group, Inc. ya samu. A cikin 1954, an canza sunanta zuwa Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa ta Manoma na yanzu. Manoma Sabuwar Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa ta Duniya yanzu tana cikin yankin Seattle na Bellevue, Washington. Yana ba da inshorar rayuwa mai sassauƙa ta duniya, inshorar rayuwa na al'ada, inshorar rayuwa gabaɗaya da abubuwan ƙima. 
* Farmers New World Life Insurance Company wani reshe ne na Farmers Group, Inc. Farmers Financial Solutions, LLC. Musanya Manoma ne ya ƙirƙira a cikin 2000 don samar da samfuran kuɗi ga abokan ciniki
*

== Kayayyaki da ayyuka ==
A Kayayyakin manoma da ayyuka sun hada da:

* inshora na mota;
* inshorar gida, gami da masu gida, inshorar kwarkwata da masu haya, inshorar gida na wayar hannu da ƙera, inshorar gida na musamman, gami da mai gida da kaddarorin haya, gidajen yanayi, da gidajen hutu, da inshorar ambaliyar ruwa ta Shirin Inshorar Ruwa ta Ƙasa; 
* inshora babur; 
* inshorar rayuwa, gami da inshorar rayuwa, 
* gabaɗaya da na duniya; inshora na nishaɗi, kamar inshora na jiragen ruwa, ATVs, RVs, da tirelolin balaguro;
* inshorar kasuwanci don ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaita, kamar inshorar abin alhaki da kadarori, inshorar mota na kasuwanci da ma'aikata diyya ga masu gidaje da masu mallakar kasuwanci, ƴan kwangilar sana'a, ƙungiyoyin masu gida, shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, masu ba da sabis, ofisoshi, ƙungiyoyin addini, ilimi da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, otal-otal, otal-otal, gadaje &amp; karin kumallo, da sauran kasuwancin a cikin masana'antar hasken wuta, gidan abinci, tallace-tallace, da 
* sabis na motoci &amp; masana'antu; kuma sabis na kuɗi da samfura, kamar kuɗaɗen juna da madaidaitan annuities.

== Tallafawa ==

=== Filin Manoma ===
A cikin Fabrairu 2011, Manoma sun sanar da cewa sun amince da daukar nauyin filin wasan kwallon kafa a birnin Los Angeles. Wannan filin wasa zai kasance a cikin gari, kusa da Cibiyar Staples. An sanya hannu kan kwangilar na tsawon shekaru 30, kuma an kiyasta kudinta ya kai dala miliyan 700. Yarjejeniyar za ta fara ne da dala miliyan 20 a shekara ta farko, sannan daga bisani ta karu. An shirya yiwa filin wasan suna &quot;Filin Manoma&quot;. An soke aikin filin wasan bayan Kroenke Sports &amp; Entertainment sun sanar da nasu filin wasan da za a gina don zama gidan Los Angeles Rams da Los Angeles Chargers.

=== An bude inshorar manoma ===
Manoma sun zama masu daukar nauyin gasar Inshorar Manoma ta Bude PGA a Torrey Pines, CA a cikin 2010. Lamarin na tara miliyoyin ga kungiyoyin agaji na San Diego na gida kowace shekara. www.farmersinsuranceopen.com

=== NASCAR ===
Manoma sun kasance masu daukar nauyin No. 5 Chevrolet SS wanda Kasey Kahne ke jagoranta don Hendrick Motorsports a cikin jerin gasar cin kofin Monster Energy NASCAR daga kakar 2012 har zuwa karshen kakar 2017. Shekarar da ta gabata, Manoma sun ɗauki nauyin Mark Martin da ƴan shekaru kafin hakan, Travis Kvapil. Manoma ne suka fara gabatar da #hashtag akan motar tsere. Nasarar farko ta Kahne a lamba ta 5 ta kasance a Coca-Cola 600 na 2012 a Charlotte Motor Speedway. Manoma suna haɓaka dangantakarsu ta motsa jiki ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Racing Farmers. A ƙarshen lokacin 2017, Inshorar Manoma ta bar Hendrick-wasan motsa jiki da NASCAR. Haɗin ya haifar da nasara 6 a cikin shekaru 6 tare ciki har da Brickyard 400.

== Talla ==
Tallace-tallacen Talabijin na Rukunin Inshorar Manoma galibi suna kewaye ne a kusa da &quot;Jami'ar Manoma,&quot; cibiyar da farfesa Nathaniel Burke (J. K. Simmons) ke ilmantar da ma'aikatan Manoma game da da'awar inshora daban-daban da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba (sau da yawa sun shafi dabbobi masu lalata) kamfanin ya rufe..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2010 |title=University of Farmers Insurance |url=http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2010/university-of-farmers-insurance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724015958/http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2010/university-of-farmers-insurance |archive-date=July 24, 2017 |access-date=July 3, 2017 |website=The Inspiration Room}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin amincewa ==

=== Karin ga ma'aikatun inshora na jihar ===
A cikin 2006, Inshorar Manoma ta sami mafi girman adadin ƙararrakin zuwa sassan inshora na jihohi a Washington da Oregon. &lt;ref name=&quot;fortress.wa.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2006 Private Passenger Auto Insurance Company Complaints |url=https://fortress.wa.gov/oic/complaints/complaints.aspx?Type=PP&amp;Year=2006&amp;Name= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113232258/https://fortress.wa.gov/oic/complaints/complaints.aspx?Type=PP&amp;Year=2006&amp;Name= |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2007-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oregon Department of Consumer &amp; Business Services: Oregon State Auto Complaint Report |url=http://www.cbs.state.or.us/ins/publications/consumer/annual_complaintreports/2006/complaint_stats-2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128004330/http://www.cbs.state.or.us/ins/publications/consumer/annual_complaintreports/2006/complaint_stats-2006.pdf |archive-date=November 28, 2007 |access-date=2007-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shari'a ===

* A shekarar 2005, kamfanin ya ki biyan kudin wani hatsarin mota, saboda zargin wani direban ne ya haddasa hatsarin da gangan. Duk da ikirarin manoma, jihar Washington ta umarci kamfanin da ya biya kudin.
* A cikin Betty Jo Walker da Inshorar Manoma (2007), an ci tarar manoman dala miliyan 3 saboda rashin kare wasu magidanta masu iyaka daga wata da'awar sakaci. 
* A cikin Goddard v. Farmers Insurance (2008), an umurci manoma da su biya dala miliyan 2.5 don magance da'awar da rashin imani da kuma &quot;wasan dutse&quot; yayin tattaunawar sulhu. Asalin hukuncin diyya na dala miliyan 20. 
* A cikin Moeller v. Farmers Ins. Co. na Washington (2013), ana zargin kamfanin da gaza bin dokar jihar ta hanyar rashin biyan “raguwar kimar,” wato hasarar kimar da wasu motocin inshora suka yi ko da bayan an gyara su. An warware shari'ar da ake yi a matsayin wani abu da kamfanin ya biya wanda bai wuce dala miliyan 48.5 ba. Kamfanin ya musanta wani alhaki.
* A cikin 2015, Manoma sun fuskanci wani mataki mai tsauri daga na yanzu da tsoffin ma’aikatan da suka ce an rage musu albashi da hutu. An shigar da karar ne a karkashin Dokar Attorney General ta California ta wasu manyan wakilai hudu na kasuwanci wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa Manoma sun ƙirƙira su ba daidai ba a matsayin keɓe daga albashin kari lokacin da ake buƙatar su fiye da daidaitattun sa'o'i 8 a rana kuma don haka wani lokacin fiye da sa'o'i 40 a kowane mako. 
* Haka kuma a shekarar 2015, lauyoyin mata da dama da ke aiki a matsayin lauyan lauyoyi na cikin gida Manoma sun shigar da kara a gaban kotu inda suka ce an nuna musu wariya ta hanyar biyansu albashi kasa da lauyoyin maza a mukamai masu kama da juna da kuma mika musu su don samun damar talla. An daidaita matakin a watan Yunin 2016 ta wata yarjejeniya wacce ta ba da dala miliyan 4 ga membobin aji da kuma alkawarin da manoma suka yi na sauye-sauyen manufofin aikin yi da ke ci gaba. Wadannan za su hada da karin yawan lauyoyin mata a matakin karin albashi da kuma tsawon shekaru uku a lokacin da jami'in kamfani zai sa ido kan yadda aka bi yarjejeniyar, da ba da horo na banbance-banbance ga lauyoyinsa a cikin gida da kuma ba da rahoton ci gaba akai-akai ga hukumar. lauyoyin da suka wakilci mai kara a cikin aikin aji.
*

== Matsakaicin kuɗi ==

* A.M. Mafi kyawun Kamfanin 2008: A (Madalla)
* Moody's Investor Service 2008: A2 (mai kyau) 
* Standard and Poor's 2008: A (Stable)
*

== Tarihin sabis na abokin ciniki ==

* Indexididdigar gamsar da Abokan Ciniki ta Amurka ta 2006 da Jami'ar Michigan ta gudanar ta gano cewa gamsuwar abokin ciniki tare da Manoma yana daidai da matakin Dukiya da Masana'antar Rasa. Bugu da kari, matakin gamsuwar manoma ya kasance mafi inganci daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2006 a tsakanin kamfanonin da aka yi binciken.
* A cikin Maris 2006, Rahoton Masu amfani sun ɗauki Inshorar Manoma ɗaya daga cikin &quot;masu talauci&quot; a cikin kamfanonin inshora 27 dangane da biyan kuɗi (auto) a cikin kwanaki 30 ko ƙasa da haka.
* A cikin JD Powers 2007 Collision Repair Gamsuwa Nazarin, wanda ya rufe abokan ciniki binciken tsakanin 2001 da 2004, Manoma Insurance sun sami mafi ƙasƙanci yiwuwa ratings a duk hudu na binciken Categories: &quot;Gaba ɗaya Kwarewa,&quot; &quot;Claim Settlement,&quot; &quot;Da'awar Wakilci&quot; da &quot; Tsarin Da'awar da Tsari.&quot; Daga cikin kamfanoni 26 da aka bincika, an daure Manoma a matsayi na 20. 
* A cikin 2005, 2006, da 2007 Farmers Insurance Group sun sami lambar yabo ta J.D. Power don Kyautar Sabis na Abokin Ciniki na Cibiyar Kira. 
* A cikin 2008 Bristol West yana da rabon ƙarar 3.42 yayin da matsakaicin ƙasa ya kasance 1.0 bisa ga NAIC. [tabbacin kasa] 
* A cikin 2006, Inshorar Manoma ta sami mafi girman adadin ƙararrakin zuwa sassan inshora na jihohi a Washington da Oregon.
* &lt;ref name=&quot;fortress.wa.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2006 Private Passenger Auto Insurance Company Complaints |url=https://fortress.wa.gov/oic/complaints/complaints.aspx?Type=PP&amp;Year=2006&amp;Name= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113232258/https://fortress.wa.gov/oic/complaints/complaints.aspx?Type=PP&amp;Year=2006&amp;Name= |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2007-10-22}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170113232258/https://fortress.wa.gov/oic/complaints/complaints.aspx?Type=PP&amp;Year=2006&amp;Name= &quot;2006 Private Passenger Auto Insurance Company Complaints&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oregon Department of Consumer &amp; Business Services: Oregon State Auto Complaint Report |url=http://www.cbs.state.or.us/ins/publications/consumer/annual_complaintreports/2006/complaint_stats-2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128004330/http://www.cbs.state.or.us/ins/publications/consumer/annual_complaintreports/2006/complaint_stats-2006.pdf |archive-date=November 28, 2007 |access-date=2007-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2008 |title=Oregon Publishes Annual Insurance Complaint Statistics |url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/west/2008/06/24/91260.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821170329/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/west/2008/06/24/91260.htm |archive-date=August 21, 2008 |access-date=2008-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Satar mutane a jihar Neja watan Mayu 2021</title>
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A watan Mayun 2021, an sace yara da dama a Tegina, [[Neja|jihar Neja]], [[Najeriya]] daga makarantar kur'ani ta musulmi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=May 30, 2021 |title=Bandits kidnap 200 students in Niger |url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/05/30/bandits-kidnap-200-students-in-niger/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tension in Tegina, Niger State as bandits kidnap 200 Islamiyya students |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/299075/tension-in-tegina-niger-state-as-bandits-kidnap-200-islami.html |website=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2021 |title=Gunmen Abduct Several Students In Niger |url=https://www.radionigeriakaduna.gov.ng/blog/2021/05/30/several-students-abducted-by-gunmen-in-niger/ |access-date=February 1, 2025 |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219060410/https://www.radionigeriakaduna.gov.ng/blog/2021/05/30/several-students-abducted-by-gunmen-in-niger/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2021 |title=Gunmen abduct about 200 students in Niger state |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/05/30/gunmen-abduct-about-200-students-in-niger-state/ |website=P.M. News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2021 |title=200 Islamiyya students abducted in Niger state |url=https://lifestyle.ng/200-islamiyya-students-abducted-in-niger-state/ |access-date=February 1, 2025 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614161628/https://lifestyle.ng/200-islamiyya-students-abducted-in-niger-state/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdiga sun kasance daga 100 zuwa 200. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2021 |title=Bandits Threaten To Kill 156 Niger Islamic Schoolchildren If N200million Ransom Is Not Paid |url=https://www.tori.ng/news/171715/bandits-threaten-to-kill-156-niger-islamic-schoolc.html |website=Tori.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BREAKING: Bandits kidnap 200 students in Niger |url=https://www.nigerianeye.com/2021/05/breaking-bandits-kidnap-200-students-in.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sai da aka sako wasu daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa saboda karancin su da tafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2021 |title=Bandits demand N110m ransom for Tegina Islamiyya children |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2021/6/bandits-demand-n110m-ransom-for-tegina-islamiyya-children-2.html |website=Linda Ikeji's Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Happiness |first=Oluchi |date=May 31, 2021 |title=[News] Niger state abduction: 11 students released by the kidnappers because they are too young and couldn't walk |url=https://naija9icevibes.com/news-niger-state-abduction-11-students-released-by-the-kidnappers-because-they-are-too-young-and-couldnt-walk/ |access-date=February 1, 2025 |archive-date=February 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223025304/https://naija9icevibes.com/news-niger-state-abduction-11-students-released-by-the-kidnappers-because-they-are-too-young-and-couldnt-walk/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2021 |title=Nigeria: Kidnappers Free 11 Students 'Too Small to Walk' |url=https://www.arise.tv/nigeria-kidnappers-free-11-students-too-small-to-walk/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin iyayen sun mutu tun daga lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2021 |title=How two parents of abducted students died of heart attack —Niger teacher |url=https://punchng.com/how-two-parents-of-abducted-students-died-of-heart-attack-niger-teacher/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda ake zargin ‘yan fashin sun bukaci a biya su kudin fansa domin a sake su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bandits give deadline as they demand N110m ransom for Niger State Islamiyya pupils |url=http://dailytimes.ng/bandits-give-deadline-as-they-demand-n110m-ransom-for-niger-state-islamiyya-pupils |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211537/http://dailytimes.ng/bandits-give-deadline-as-they-demand-n110m-ransom-for-niger-state-islamiyya-pupils/ |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=19 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tegina pupils: Parents beg for money in Churches, Mosques as bandits reduce ransom |url=https://dailytrust.com/tegina-pupils-parents-beg-for-money-in-churches-mosques-as-bandits-reduce-ransom |website=Daily Trust |access-date=2025-02-01 |archive-date=2025-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222101914/https://dailytrust.com/tegina-pupils-parents-beg-for-money-in-churches-mosques-as-bandits-reduce-ransom/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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    <title>Sarah baartman</title>
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Sarah Baartman (Afrikaans: [ˈsɑːra ˈbɑːrtman]; c. 1789 - 29 Disamba 1815), kuma ta rubuta Sara, wani lokaci a cikin sifar Saartje (lafazin Afirka: [ˈsɑːrki]), ko Saartjie, da Bartman, Bartman, Kfreakhon, wanda aka nuna mace ce. jan hankali a Turai na ƙarni na 19 a ƙarƙashin sunan Hottentot Venus, sunan da daga baya aka danganta ga aƙalla wata mace da aka baje kolin. An baje kolin matan saboda nau'in jikinsu na steatopygic wanda ba a saba gani ba a Yammacin Turai wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin abin sha'awa a wancan lokacin, kuma ya zama abin sha'awar kimiyya da kuma hasashen batsa.


''La Belle Hottentote'', bugu na Baartman na Faransa na ƙarni na 19
Ana amfani da &quot;Venus&quot; wani lokaci don zayyana wakilcin jikin mace a fannin fasaha da ilimin al'adu, yana nufin allahn Romawa na soyayya da haihuwa. &quot;Hottentot&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Parkinson, Justin (7 January 2016). &quot;The significance of Sarah Baartman&quot;. BBC News Magazine.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rayuwa==
===Rayuwar farko a cikin Cape Colony===
An haifi Baartman ga dangin [Xhosa da Khoekhoe] a kusa da Camdeboo Dutch Cape Colony; mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a lokacin tana balaga. Ba a san sunan haihuwarta ba, &lt;ref&gt;Willis, Deborah. &quot;Black Venus 2010: They called her 'Hottentot.'&quot; Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010. Project Muse https://doc.lagout.org/Others/Temple.University.-.Black.Venus.pdf{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; amma wasu suna tunanin Ssehura, &lt;ref&gt;Qureshi, Sadiah (June 2004). &quot;Displaying Sara Baartman, the 'Venus Hottentot'&quot;. History of Science. 42 (136): 233–257. doi:10.1177/007327530404200204. S2CID 53611448. The woman ... is now called Sara Baartman. Unfortunately, no record of her original name exists and she is better known by her epithet, the Hottentot Venus', to her contemporaries, present-day historians, and political activists.&lt;/ref&gt; da ake zaton shine mafi kusa da sunanta. Saartjie ita ce siffar Saratu mai raguwa; a cikin Cape Dutch amfani da ɗan ƙaramin tsari wanda aka saba nuna saba, ƙauna ko raini. Sunanta kuma an rubuta sunan Bartman da Bartmann.&lt;ref&gt;Frith, Susan. &quot;Searching for Sara Baartman&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Crais, Clifton C.; Scully, Pamela (2009). Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: A ghost story and a biography. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13580-9.&lt;/ref&gt; 184  Ta kasance jaririya lokacin da mahaifiyarta ta rasu[6] kuma daga baya Bushmen ('yan Sanda) suka kashe mahaifinta yayin tukin shanu&lt;ref&gt;In her testimony to the Court of King's Bench via a Dutch interpreter Baartman said: 'Her father was a drover of cattle, and in going up the country was killed by the Bushmen.' The Times (London, England), 29 November 1810, p. 3: Law Report. Court of King's Bench&lt;/ref&gt; ]

Baartman ta shafe yarinta da shekarunta a gonakin Turai na Dutch. Ta shiga cikin bukukuwan balaga, kuma ta ajiye wani ɗan ƙaramin abin wuya na kunkuru, mai yiwuwa na mahaifiyarta, har zuwa mutuwarta a Faransa. A cikin 1790s, baƙar fata mai kyauta (nadi ga mutanen zuriyar bayi) ɗan kasuwa mai suna Peter Cesars (wanda kuma aka rubuta shi azaman Kaisar&lt;ref&gt;Upham, Mansell (13 August 2019). &quot;From the Venus Sickness to the Hottentot Venus: Saartje Baartman &amp; the 3 men in her life: Alexander Dunlop, Hendrik Caesar &amp; Jean Riaux&quot;. Muatze. Retrieved 18 November 2021. This article was published originally (in 2 parts) in the Quarterly Bulletin of the National Library of South Africa (QB), vol. 61, no. 1 (January–March 2007), pp. 9-22 &amp; vol. 61, no. 2 (April–June 2007), pp. 74-82.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mutuwa da bayanta==
Baartman ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Disamba 1815 a kusa da shekaru 26, &lt;ref&gt;Frith, Susan. &quot;Searching for Sara Baartman&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; na wata cuta mai kumburi da ba a tantance ba &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Royal Institute of France&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Cuvier ya gudanar da bincike amma ba a gano gawarwakin gawarwakin don bincikar dalilan mutuwar Baartman ba.&lt;ref&gt;Crais, Clifton C.; Scully, Pamela (2009). Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: A ghost story and a biography. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13580-9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin ilimin halittar Faransa Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville ya buga bayanin kula akan rarraba a cikin 1816, wanda Georges Cuvier ya sake bugawa a cikin Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle a 1817. Ban da yarenta na asali, ta yi magana da harshen Holland sosai, da Ingilishi da za a iya wucewa, da kuma faransanci. Ya kwatanta kafadunta da bayanta a matsayin “masu alheri”, hannaye “siriri”, hannaye da ƙafafu a matsayin “mai fara’a” da kuma “kyakkyawa”. Ya kara da cewa ta kware wajen buga garaya Bayahude,&lt;ref&gt;uvier refers to her instrument as a &quot;guimbarde&quot;, usually translated into English as &quot;jew's harp&quot;: a contemporary illustration however shows Baartman with a Khoi instrument, the goura.&lt;/ref&gt;
==Manazarta ==</text>
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Sayaka Osakabe (小酒部 さonke, Osakabe Sayaka, an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1977) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin mata ce ta Japan [1] kuma 'yar siyasa ce. An san ta da fadada kalmar: &quot;matahara&quot; (yana nufin aikin tayar da ma'aikata masu juna biyu da tilasta musu barin matsayinsu a aiki) da kuma wayar da kan jama'a a Japan cewa ayyukan matahara ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Ta kasance mai cin nasara a shekarar 2015 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta Mata ta Duniya ta Kyautar Ƙarfin Ƙarfin . [2] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, an zabi Osakabe a Majalisar Birnin Yokohama, wakiltar Aoba Ward.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Sayaka Osakabe a Japan a shekara ta 1977.  Tana aiki a matsayin editan mujallar, ta yi ciki. Maimakon amincewa da gajeren sa'o'in aiki, shugabanta ya yi ƙoƙari ya matsa mata ta bar aikinta. Bayan ta sha wahala sau biyu, Osakabe ta nemi izinin barin aiki idan ta sake yin ciki kuma an hana ta. Osakabe ta bar aikinta a ƙarƙashin tilastawa kuma ta ci gaba da shari'arta tare da kotun aiki. '''a''' watan Yunin, 2014, ta lashe shari'arta kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar tallafi da ake kira ''[https://&amp;#x3C;b&amp;#x20;id= Mat.org&quot; id=&quot;mwIA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Mata'''Hara''' Net]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', ta amfani da kalmomin Ingilishi &quot;maternity and harassment&quot; don ƙirƙirar sunan,  wanda yanzu ya zama kalmar doka. 

A cikin 2019 Taron Tattalin Arziƙi na Duniya ya sanya Japan ta 121 a duniya a dai-daito a wurin aiki &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grouard |first=Salomé |date=2020-07-24 |title=Au Japon, la stigmatisation des féministes |url=http://www.slate.fr/egalites/feminismes-asiatiques/episode-2-feminisme-post-metoo-japon-societe-patriarcale-pression-sociale-agressions-sexuelles-mere-travail |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Slate.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kididdigar aiki ta hukuma ta nuna daya daga cikin mata masu aiki guda hudu da suka fuskanci cin zarafin haihuwa.  Kodayake dokar Japan ta ba da tabbacin mata damar neman matsayi mai mahimmanci a lokacin daukar ciki kuma ta ba da izinin makonni 14 na hutun haihuwa ko [[Hutun iyaye]], ga ko dai iyaye, tare da haihuwa, mata da yawa sun kasa amfani da tabbahin saboda rashin tsaro na aiki. A cikin 2023 Taron Tattalin Arziƙi na Magana ya ba da rahoton cewa Japan ta fadi matsayi 9 a cikin bambancin jinsi zuwa 125th daga cikin kasashe 146, tare da shiga siyasa na mata da aka sanya a matsayi na 138. 

A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2014 mambobin ''Matahara'' sun halarci shari'a a Kotun Koli don tallafawa wata mace da ke fama da irin wannan yanayin. Ma'aikatar asibitin ta sauke matar a lokacin da take da ciki. Wani hukunci na kotun ya gano cewa &quot;a cikin ikon asibiti kan batutuwan ma'aikata ne don cire ta daga matsayinta na kulawa,&quot; amma Dokar Daidaitaccen Aiki ta Japan ta haramta sauyawa saboda ciki. A cikin wani hukunci mai mahimmanci da aka bayar a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2014, Kotun Koli ta Japan ta soke hukuncin kotun da aka yanke kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa saukewa ko wasu matakan azabtarwa bisa ga ciki sun saba wa Dokar Daidaitaccen Aiki.

Godiya ga ayyukan Osakabe da sadaukarwa, cin zarafin haihuwa ya kasance mai hukuntawa ta doka a Japan tun daga shekara ta 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Duk da yake Osakabe ta amince da lambar yabo a shekarar 2015 ta kawo kulawa da ake bukata ga batun cin zarafin haihuwa a Japan, ta san cewa akwai ƙarin aiki da za a yi. Bayan kafa Natural Rights Co., Ltd., kamfani da aka sadaukar don samar da bita, kayan ilimi, laccoci, da labarai game da matahara da sauran batutuwan zamantakewa, ta ji iyakancewar gwagwarmaya kuma ta yanke shawarar shiga fagen siyasa na gida. A wannan lokacin ita da mijinta sun sami albarka tare da yara 2, kuma ta yi kamfen don Majalisar Birnin Yokohama tare da goyon bayan mafi yawan Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023 an zabi Osakabe don wakiltar Aoba Ward na [[Yokohama|Birnin Yokohama]] - ita ce mahaifiyar farko ta yaro mai zuwa makaranta (未就学児) don zama zaɓaɓɓen jami'in.

Ba ta gamsu da jira cikin haƙuri don matsayi a cikin jam'iyyarta don tura canje-canje na manufofi ba, Osakabe ta ci gaba da tura iyakoki a cikin tsarin siyasar Japan ga mata, da iyaye. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, Osakabe ta gudanar da &quot;bincike na farko na 'yan majalisa na maza da mata da aka zaba kwanan nan da ke kiwon yara kafin makaranta, &quot; kuma ta gabatar da sakamakon ta kai tsaye ga jagorancin jam'iyya, musamman ga Firayim Minista Fumio Kishida, tare da canje-canjen manufofi da aka nema don inganta ikon' yan majalisa na gida don aiwatar da ayyukansu ba tare da sadaukar da lokacin da aka yi amfani da su wajen kiwon yara ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.mataharanet.org/ Gidan yanar gizon Matahara]
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  <page>
    <title>Shadiya Alimatou Assouman</title>
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'''Shadiya Alimatou Assouman''' 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar [[Benin|ƙasar Benin]]. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministar Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na yanzu a [[Benin]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Shadiya Assouman défend un budget de 4,37 milliards FCFA - 24 Heures au Bénin |url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?Shadiya-Assouman-defend-un-budget-de-4-37-milliards-FCFA |access-date=19 December 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda shugaban Benin na yanzu, [[Patrice Talon]] ya naɗa ta a farkon shekara ta 2021. Wa'adin ta ya fara ne a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gouvernement de la République du Bénin |url=https://www.gouv.bj/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Gouvernement de la République du Bénin |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Sapna Cheryan</title>
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'''Sapna Cheryan''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978) Masaniyar ilimin halayyar jama'a ce ta Amurka. Ita [[Farfesa|Cikakken farfesa]] ce a fannin ilimin halayyar jama'a a Sashen ilimin halayya a Jami'ar Washington .

== Early life and education ==
An haifi Cheryan ne ga mahaifiyar mai kula da taimakon kudi Leela Cheryan da kuma farfesa mai bincike [[Munir Cheryan]] a Chicago, Illinois .  Yayinda take girma, ta zama mai sha'awar batutuwa da ke kewaye da launin fata, jinsi, da daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;x&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sapna Cheryan |url=https://advance.washington.edu/women-faculty-uw/sapna-cheryan |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=advance.washington.edu |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621223158/https://advance.washington.edu/women-faculty-uw/sapna-cheryan |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da nazarin Amurka kafin ta shiga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] don PhD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2012 |title=Sapna Cheryan |url=https://www.ncwit.org/profile/sapna-cheryan |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=ncwit.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na dalibi mai digiri, ta fara lura da cewa yanayin aiki ko yanayin ilmantarwa na iya rinjayar zaɓin waɗanda suka shiga fagen kai tsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Ash |date=September 30, 2019 |title=UW researcher Sapna Cheryan breaks down the stereotype of male-dominated tech and how to change it for the better |url=http://www.dailyuw.com/science/article_194dd3f4-e32f-11e9-9e11-bf9b27d0e40a.html |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=dailyuw.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya kai ta ga bunkasa rubutunta mai taken Shirye-shiryen kasancewa: kare barazanar ainihi.''Shirye-shiryen kasancewa: kare asalin da ake barazana.''

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Stanford, Cheryan ta auri Giri Shivaram a shekara ta 2008.  Giri Shivaram likitan rediyo ne a asibitin yara na Seattle .

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan samun digirinta na PhD, Cheryan nan da nan ta shiga bangaren ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Washington (UW) tare da takamaiman mayar da hankali kan ra'ayoyin jinsi da nuna bambanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;x&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sapna Cheryan |url=https://advance.washington.edu/women-faculty-uw/sapna-cheryan |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=advance.washington.edu |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621223158/https://advance.washington.edu/women-faculty-uw/sapna-cheryan |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://advance.washington.edu/women-faculty-uw/sapna-cheryan &quot;Sapna Cheryan&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815113225/https://advance.washington.edu/women-faculty-uw/sapna-cheryan |date=2020-08-15 }}. ''advance.washington.edu''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 19,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Spring 2008 |title=New Faculty Faces |url=https://psych.uw.edu/newsletter/spring-2008/research/new-faculty-faces |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=psych.uw.edu }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kafa UW's Debunking Stereotypes Workshop tare da dalibai [[Amanda Tose]], [[Marissa Vichayapai]], da [[Lauren Hudson]] don ƙarfafa ƙarin mata su shiga fannonin Kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya, da lissafi (STEM).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Summer 2011 |title=Debunking Stereotypes Workshop |url=https://psych.uw.edu/newsletter/summer-2011/outreach/debunking-stereotypes-workshop |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=psych.uw.edu }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cheryan ta kuma jagoranci aikin bincike wanda ya yi amfani da kididdiga daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (NSF) don tabbatar da cewa mummunan ra'ayi na masana kimiyyar kwamfuta na iya haifar da karancin mata da suka shiga fagen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grossman |first=Lisa |date=December 15, 2009 |title=STEREOTYPES STEER WOMEN AWAY FROM COMPUTER SCIENCE |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/50804/title/Stereotypes_steer_women_away_from_computer_science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218165825/https://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/50804/title/Stereotypes_steer_women_away_from_computer_science |archive-date=December 18, 2009 |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=sciencenews.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon bincikenta, ta sami lambar yabo ta NSF ta Junior Faculty Career Award ta 2009 don &quot;bincike mai ban sha'awa, ilimi mai kyau da haɗin ilimi da bincike a cikin mahallin manufofin kungiyoyinsu. &quot;  Ta kuma sami Ƙungiyar Mata ta Jami'ar Amurka ta 2011 da ake kira Honoree saboda ƙoƙarin da ta yi na cimma daidaito ga mata a fannonin kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Winter 2009 |title=Faculty Accomplishments 2009 |url=https://psych.uw.edu/newsletter/winter-2009/research/faculty-accomplishments |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=psych.uw.edu }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=May 2011 |url=https://depts.washington.edu/sibl/awards-achievements/ |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=depts.washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin shekara ta 2012-13, Cheryan ta gudanar da karatu uku a New York a matsayin abokin Russell Sage Foundation. Aikin bincike ya mayar da hankali kan tasirin da ake yi wa 'yan adawa da Amurka a kan kungiyoyin baƙi a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sapna Cheryan |url=https://www.russellsage.org/visiting-scholars/sapna-cheryan |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=russellsage.com |publisher=[[Russell Sage Foundation]] |archive-date=June 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620165427/https://www.russellsage.org/visiting-scholars/sapna-cheryan |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi nazarin mummunan tasirin da namiji mai ban sha'awa da aka nuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ke da shi a kan mata da ke shiga fannonin STEM. Cheryan da abokan aikinta na bincike sun gudanar da karatu biyu game da yawan mata masu karatun digiri da ke halartar UW da Jami'ar Stanford; da farko suna tambayar su su bayyana manyan kimiyyar kwamfuta kuma na biyu suna tambayar su karanta labarin jarida. A ƙarshen binciken, Cheryan ya kammala cewa mata sun fi maza rinjayar ra'ayoyi marasa kyau da ke kewaye da filayen STEM.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Doree |date=June 25, 2013 |title=More women pick computer science if media nix outdated 'nerd' stereotype |url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2013/06/25/more-women-pick-computer-science-if-media-nix-outdated-nerd-stereotype/ |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara mai zuwa, tsohon shugaban kasar [[Barack Obama]] ya gayyaci Cheryan zuwa [[White House|Fadar White House]] bayan an yanke shawarar kirkirar &quot;kyautar ƙirar ajiyar kimiyya ta kwamfuta&quot; don girmama ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=Dr. Sapna Cheryan Invited to the White House |url=https://psych.uw.edu/newsletter/winter-2016/faculty-focus/dr-sapna-cheryan-invited-to-the-white-house |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=psych.uw.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Cheryan ta ci gaba da bincikenta game da ra'ayoyin ta hanyar komawa Stanford don gudanar da wani binciken, a wannan lokacin yana mai da hankali kan namiji da ake ganin maza. Ta yi amfani da bayanan karya don ƙaddara ga mahalarta maza, waɗanda ke matse na'urar hannu, cewa suna da matsakaici ko rauni fiye da takwarorinsu na mata. Ta biyo bayan gwajin ta ta hanyar yin tambayoyi game da kiwon lafiya da jiki, a lokacin da ta lura da maza sau da yawa suna wuce gona da iri don su zama namiji. Bayan ta fahimci wannan, ta gudanar da binciken rukuni na biyu na maza inda dalibai za su amsa gwajin namiji tare da tambayoyin zabi da yawa game da abubuwan da masu amfani da halayen mutum. Wadanda suka ci ƙarancin ƙira a gwajin, kodayake duk sakamakon sun kasance bazuwar, sun ji buƙatar biyan kuɗi ta hanyar zaɓar ƙarin samfuran masu amfani da maza a matsayin diyya ga lokacin su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bach |first=Deborah |date=June 22, 2015 |title=Manning up: Men may overcompensate when their masculinity is threatened |url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/06/22/manning-up-men-may-overcompensate-when-their-masculinity-is-threatened/ |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma jagoranci binciken da aka mayar da hankali ga mata inda ta nemi daliban digiri na farko su yi hulɗa tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo maza da mata waɗanda suka yi kamar su manyan masana kimiyyar kwamfuta ne. Rabin mahalarta sun yi hulɗa tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka dace da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun' yan kimiyya waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin jin daɗin abubuwan shaƙatawa, yayin da sauran suka yi hulɗa da' yan wasan kwaikwayo da suka yi ado kuma suna aiki kamar &quot;ɗaliban kwaleji na yau da kullun&quot;. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa mata sun fi rinjayar ra'ayoyi a kimiyyar kwamfuta fiye da jinsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Guzman |first=Monica |date=February 16, 2015 |title=Study: Here's how to beat the stereotypes that keep women out of computer science |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2015/study-heres-beat-stereotypes-keep-women-computer-science/ |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=geekwire.com |publisher=Geek Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bach |first=Debroah |date=February 11, 2015 |title=How to interest girls in computer science and engineering? Shift the stereotypes |url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/02/11/how-to-interest-girls-in-computer-science-and-engineering-shift-the-stereotypes/ |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekaru 2016-17, Cheryan ta ci gaba da gudanar da karatu daban-daban kan yadda ra'ayoyi ke janye 'yan mata kai tsaye don neman aiki a STEM. Cheryan da abokan aikinta sun gano cewa al'adun STEM da rashin ƙarfafawa ga mata su mai da hankali kan lissafi da kimiyya sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da bambancin jinsi a fannonin STEM. Ta kuma jagoranci wani binciken da ake kira Gay Asian Americans Are Seen as More American Than Asian Americans Who Are Presumed Straight, wanda ya gano cewa Amurkawa sun ga 'yan asalin Asiya na iya magana da Turanci sosai fiye da waɗanda ba a bayyana ainihin jima'i ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eckart |first=Kim |date=June 27, 2019 |title=LGBTQ Asian Americans seen as more 'American' |url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2019/06/27/lgbtq-asian-americans-seen-as-more-american/ |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cheryan kuma ta sami matsayi na baƙi a cikin sadarwa a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a cikin Kimiyya ta Halin a Jami'ar Stanford a lokacin shekara ta ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sapna Cheryan |url=https://casbs.stanford.edu/people/sapna-cheryan |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=casbs.stanford.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sudermann |first=Hannelore |date=March 2, 2017 |title=Newsprint: Forbes 30 Under 30, White House awards, predicting sickness |url=https://magazine.washington.edu/newsprint-forbes-30-under-30-white-house-awards-predicting-sickness/ |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=magazine.washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A sakamakon bincikenta game da jinsi, STEM, da kuma ra'ayoyin Matel, Mattel ta kusanci Cheryan a cikin bazara na 2018 don ba da shawara game da sabbin 'yan tsana na Barbie. An nada ta a cikin mutum 12 na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Duniya ta Barbie don &quot;taimaka da sanar da kuma inganta shirye-shiryen alamar Barbie&quot;. A lokacin rani na 2019, an inganta Cheryan daga Mataimakin farfesa zuwa Cikakken farfesa na ilimin halayyar jama'a a Sashen Psychology.

== Bayani ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
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    <title>S3fa</title>
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'''Sefadzi Abena Amesu''' (an haife ta 17 ga Mayu 1995) wacce aka fi sani da sunanta '''S3fa''' mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciyar waƙa ’yar Ghana. Ita mawaƙin afro-pop ce kuma mawaƙin afrobeats. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Somuah-Annan |first=Grace |date=26 April 2022 |title=Focused on selling my music abroad – S3fa |url=https://3news.com/focused-on-selling-my-music-abroad-s3fa/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=3NEWS.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Somuah-Annan |first=Grace |date=21 January 2022 |title='In all the frustrations, I kept on working' – Sefa |url=https://3news.com/in-all-the-frustrations-i-kept-on-working-sefa/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=3NEWS.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; S3fa ta lashe lambar yabo ta Afrobeats Song na shekara a lokacin lambar yabo ta Vodafone Ghana Music Awards 2022 tare da waƙarta mai suna, E Choke. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sefa wins first VGMA award on her birthday |url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/69544/sefa-wins-first-vgma-award-on-her-birthday.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
S3fa ya fito ne daga garin Afefe a [[yankin Volta]], Ghana. Mahaifinta Ewe ne kuma ya fito daga Afif yayin da mahaifiyarta Dagara ce wacce ta fito daga [[Yankin Upper East|Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya]] . Ita ce ta biyu cikin ‘yan’uwa hudu. S3fa ta halarci babbar makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Ola a Ho, yankin Volta a cikin 2014, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2020 |title=From singing at Piano Bar to mainstream success – The story of S3fa |url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/artistes/featured-artiste/2020/06/02/from-singing-at-piano-bar-to-mainstream-success-the-story-of-s3fa/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Ghana Music |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ta wuce [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Accra]], inda ta kammala karatun difloma a cikin siye da samarwa a 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2019 |title=Am Happy At D-Black's Black Avenue Muzik– Sefa |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/am-happy-at-d-blacks-black-avenue-muzik-sefa/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kiɗa ==
S3fa ya fara ne a matsayin mawaƙi yana yin kida kai tsaye a mashaya, mashaya da abubuwan da suka faru a Accra . A cikin 2017, Black Avenue Muzik ta sanya hannu bayan D-Black, Babban Daraktan rikodin rikodin ya kai mata ta hanyar dandalin sada zumunta na Instagram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta saki nata na farko Marry me featuring Jupiter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A cikin Mayu 2018, ta saki waƙarta ta biyu mai suna Shuga tare da duo DopeNation na kiɗa a cikin Mayu 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A cikin Nuwamba 2020, ta fitar da kundi nata na farko ''Girma'' . Kundin ya kasance kundi guda goma sha biyu da aka bibiya wanda ya kunshi EL, Camidoh, [[Fameye]], [[Sista Afia]], [[Wendy Shay]], Bisa Kdei, Medikal da mawakin Najeriya Praiz .

A ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2021, ta fito da guda ɗaya mai suna E Choke, wanda ke nuna Mista Drew . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nartey |first=Laud |date=10 March 2022 |title=#BreakTheBias: 5 women in music breaking the bias |url=https://3news.com/breakthebias-5-women-in-music-breaking-the-bias/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=3NEWS.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waƙar ta zama sananne saboda kuma saboda bidiyon kiɗan raye-rayen ta wanda ya zama abin yabo da ƙalubalen kiɗa akan [[TikTok]] da Instagram. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 May 2021 |title=Ghana's S3fa on Going Global &amp; Giving The People What They Want Through Afrobeats » Hype Off Life |url=https://hypeofflife.com/s3fa-interview/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Hype Off Life |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Albert |date=23 March 2022 |title=&quot;You're living under a rock if you have not heard my hit song Echoke&quot; – S3fa |url=https://www.ghpage.com/youre-living-under-a-rock-if-you-have-not-heard-my-hit-song-echoke-s3fa/224650/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=GhPage |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da waƙarta E Choke, ta lashe kyautar waƙar Afrobeats na shekara a lokacin 2022 Vodafone Ghana Music Awards wanda ya faɗi kwatsam a ranar haihuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

A cikin Oktoba 2024, ta sanar da cewa ta bar alamar Black Avenue Muzik, mallakar D-Black . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=I no longer work with D-Black - Sefa - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/i-no-longer-work-with-d-black-sefa/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Waƙoƙi ==

=== Albums da mixtapes ===

* ''Growth'' (2020) 

=== Zaɓaɓɓun marasa aure ===

* ''Marry me ft. Jupiter'' (2017)
* ''Shuga (2018)''
* ''Echoke ft. Mr Drew (2021)''
* ''Fever ft. [[Sarkodie]] &amp; DJ Tira (2021)''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* ''Soft life (2022)''
* All Over feat Camidoh (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=Single: All Over by Sefa feat. Camidoh {{!}} Ghana Music |url=https://ghanamusic.com/audio/singles-audio/2024/10/17/single-all-over-by-sefa-feat-camidoh/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106164523/https://ghanamusic.com/audio/singles-audio/2024/10/17/single-all-over-by-sefa-feat-camidoh/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da zaɓe ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Ceremony
!Award
!Nominated work
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2020
|3Music Awards
|Breakthrough Act of the Year
|Herself
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=3Music Awards Ghana 2020: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/3music-awards-ghana-2020-all-nominees |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Music in Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |2022
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |3Music Awards
|Afrobeats/Afropop Song of the Year
|Echoke ft. Mr Drew
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2022 |title=3Music Awards 2022: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/3music-awards-2022-all-nominees |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Music in Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Afrobeats/ Afropop Artist of the Year
|Herself
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Collaboration of the Year
|Echoke ft. Mr Drew
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Digital Act of the Year
|Herself
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Song of the Year
|Echoke ft. Mr Drew
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Viral Song of the Year
|Echoke ft. Mr Drew
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Woman of the Year
|Herself
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Vodafone Ghana Music Awards
|Best Afrobeat Song
|Echoke ft. Mr Drew
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=Sefa bags maiden VGMA win on birthday; dazzles patrons with epic performance |url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/2022/05/11/sefa-bags-maiden-vgma-win-on-birthday-dazzles-patrons-with-epic-performance/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Ghana Music |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Collaboration of the Year
|Echoke ft. Mr Drew
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2022 |title=Vodafone Ghana Music Awards 2022: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/vodafone-ghana-music-awards-2022-all-nominees |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Music in Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Segbefia |first=Sedem |date=26 March 2022 |title=2022 VGMA nominees announced |url=https://thebftonline.com/2022/03/26/2022-vgma-nominees-announced/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Afrobeats/Afropop Artiste
|Herself
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best New Artiste
|Herself
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Vodafone Most Popular Song
|Echoke ft. Mr Drew
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2023
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Basadi in Music Awards
|Mosadi In Music In Africa Award
|Herself
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scheepers |first=Xanet |date=2023-08-13 |title=Nadia Nakai, Kelly Khumalo wins big at the second annual Basadi in Music Awards |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/nadia-nakai-kelly-khumalo-wins-basadi-in-music-awards/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Here's what went down at the second annual Basadi in Music Awards |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2023-08-13-heres-what-went-down-at-the-second-annual-basadi-in-music-awards/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-12 |title=Basadi in Music Awards 2023: All the winners |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/basadi-music-awards-2023-all-winners |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|Dance Artist of the Year
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&quot;Vibration&quot;
|{{Nom}} 
|
|-
|Ghana Music Awards UK
|Best Collaboration of the Year
|{{Pending}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=Ghana Music Awards UK 2024: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/ghana-music-awards-uk-2024-all-nominees |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Music in Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Magana ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.instagram.com/s3fa_gh/?hl=en S3fa na Instagram]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Sheila Mwine Kabaije''' (an haife ta a ranar ashirin da shidda 26 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta1968), malama ce kuma 'yar majalisa, [[Uganda|'yar ƙasar Uganda]], wacce ke aiki a matsayin zaɓaɓɓiyar wakiliyar mata a gundumar Kiruhura a Majalisar Dokoki ta 10 na Uganda (2016 zuwa 2021). Ita mamba ce a jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement mai mulki.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |date=2016 |title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Sheila Mwine Kabaije |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=88 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Sheila Mwine ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Buganda Road, a cikin birnin [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda. A shekarar 1982 ta samu gurbin shiga [[Makarantar Sakandare ta Gayaza|makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza]], babbar makarantar tsakiya da sakandare ta dukkan 'yan mata a gundumar Wakiso.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |date=2016 |title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Sheila Mwine Kabaije |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=88 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ta yi karatu a can don karatunta na O-Level da A-Level, ta kammala a shekarar 1988 tare da Diploma a fannin Sakandare.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

Ta halarci ''Cibiyar Ilimin Malamai ta wancan lokacin, Kyambogo'', wanda a shekarar 2021 wani ɓangare ne na [[Jami'ar Kyambogo|Jami'ar Kymbogo]], inda ta kammala karatun Diploma a Sakandare a shekarar 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |date=2016 |title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Sheila Mwine Kabaije |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=88 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ta ci gaba da karatunta a [[Jami'ar Makerere]], babbar jami'ar jama'a a [[Uganda]], inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimi, a shekarar 1996. Digiri nata na Master of Education Organisation, Tsare-tsare da Gudanarwa, Jami'ar Karatu ce ta ba da kyautar, a cikin shekarar 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

== Aiki a matsayin malama ==
Sheila Mwine ta fara aiki a matsayin malama a ''Makarantar ’Yan mata ta Kinoni'', a cikin Mbarara City tsakanin shekarun 1991 zuwa 1994. Daga baya an mayar da ita zuwa makarantar ’yan mata ta Bishop Kivengere, Muyebe a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar makarantar a tsakanin shekarun 1997 zuwa 2001 bayan ta zama babbar malamar makaranta a tsakanin shekarun 2001 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |date=2016 |title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Sheila Mwine Kabaije |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=88 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Daga nan kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jami’ar ilimi ta gundumar Kiruhura daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |date=2016 |title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Sheila Mwine Kabaije |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=88 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFParliament_of_Uganda2016&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (2016). [https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=88 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Sheila Mwine Kabaije&quot;]. Kampala: [[Parliament of Uganda]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki a matsayin 'yar siyasa ==
Ta yi nasarar tsayawa takarar kujerar mazaɓar mata ta gundumar Kiruhura, a lokacin zaɓen shekara 2016. A majalisar dokokin Uganda ta 10, ita mamba ce a kwamitin ilimi da wasanni da kuma na kwamitoci da hukumomin jihohi da kuma kamfanoni na jihohi. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.ec.or.ug/sites/default/files/docs/Gazette%20List%20Elected%20MPs%202016.pdf Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda da aka zaba a 2016]
* [https://kampalapost.com/content/special-report-over-100-mps-who-have-not-spoken-2017-named Rahoto Na Musamman: Sama da 'Yan Majalisu 100 Da Basu Yi Magana A Shekarar 2017 Sunan Suna]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Zuwa 3 Ga Janairu 2019.
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]
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    <title>Sarah Kagingo</title>
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{{databox}}


'''Sarah Kagingo''' babbar 'yar kasuwanci ce [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|ta kasar Uganda]] kuma [[Strategic communications professional|ƙwararriya a fannin dabarun sadarwa]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2017 |title=Sarah Kagingo to stand for EALA MP on NRM ticket |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/2017/01/30/sarah-kagingo-to-stand-for-eala-mp-on-nrm-ticket/ |access-date=April 13, 2025 |archive-date=October 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021230416/https://matookerepublic.com/2017/01/30/sarah-kagingo-to-stand-for-eala-mp-on-nrm-ticket/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=JAVIRA SSEBWAMI &amp;#124; PML Daily Staff |date=August 3, 2021 |title=BREAKING! Kagingo, Sabiti, Kitatta join Parliament's Press team |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2021/08/breaking-kagingo-sabiti-kitata-join-parliaments-press-team.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=Sarah Kagingo: how she became a person of interest |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/sarah-kagingo-how-she-became-a-person-of-interest-1590768 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar gudanarwa a [[Private Sector Foundation Uganda|gidauniyar masu zaman kansu ta Uganda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Sarah Kagingo appointed Speaker Oulanyah's press secretary |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2021/08/04/sarah-kagingo-appointed-speaker-oulanyahs-press-secretary/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Independent |first=The |date=August 3, 2021 |title=Sarah Kagingo, Sabiti join Parliament communications |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/sarah-kagingo-sabiti-join-parliament-communications/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce shugabar gudanarwa ta SoftPower Communications. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarah Kagingo named Principal Press Secretary to Speaker of Parliament – edge.ug |url=https://edge.ug/index.php/2021/08/03/sarah-kagingo-named-principal-press-secretary-to-speaker-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808140850/https://edge.ug/index.php/2021/08/03/sarah-kagingo-named-principal-press-secretary-to-speaker-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2021-08-08 |access-date=2022-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Spy |date=2021-08-04 |title=Museveni's Former Communications Assistant Sarah Kagingo, NBS' Sabiti &amp; Kitata Scoop Fat Jobs In Oulanyah Led 11th Parliament |url=https://www.spyuganda.com/musevenis-former-communications-assistant-sarah-kagingo-nbs-sabiti-kitata-scoop-fat-jobs-in-oulanyah-led-11th-parliament/ |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=The Spy |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da asalin ilimi ==
Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Holy Sacrament Kimaanya a Masaka, Kwalejin Trinity Nabbingo ta UCE inda ta yi fice, sannan ta shiga Mt St Mary's College Namagunga a UACE a fannin Physics, Chemistry da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profiles of EALA contestants |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18587:profiles-of-eala-contestants |website=The Observer - Uganda |access-date=2025-04-13 |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021230400/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18587:profiles-of-eala-contestants |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta samu digirin digirgir a fannin Laburare da Kimiyyar Watsa Labarai daga [[Jami'ar Makerere|Jami’ar Makerere]] kuma ta ci gaba da yin sana’a a fannin hulda da jama’a a Chartered Institute of Public Relations, United Kingdom. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Aiki ==
A cikin shekarar 1997, an zabi Kagingo a matsayin shugabar Guild na [[Jami'ar Makerere|Jami’ar Makerere]] 1997 – 1998 ta zama ‘yar takara ta biyu a matsayin mace da ta lashe shugabancin kungiyar tun lokacin da aka kafa [[Jami'ar Makerere|jami’ar Makerere]] a shekarar 1922. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2017 |title=Seven things that make Sarah Kagingo stand out in the EALA race |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12235/seven-things-that-make-sarah-kagingo-stand-out-in-the-eala-race.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a manyan kungiyoyi &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; A cikin shekarar 2013, an nada Kagingo a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban Kasa na Musamman da Sadarwa (2011-2014.). &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt; Ita ce Manajin Darakta na Sadarwar SoftPower kuma wacce  ta kafa kuma Shugaba na SoftPower News, gidan yanar gizon labarai na kan layi da ke [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;softpower.ug&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarah Kagingo Elected President of Uganda's Public Relations Body – SoftPower News |url=https://www.softpower.ug/sarah-kagingo-elected-president-of-ugandas-public-relations-body/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 2021, an nada Kagingo a matsayin sabuwar Babbar Sakataren Yada Labarai na Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kiggundu |first=Edris |title=How Sarah Kagingo got her State House job back |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/36324-how-kagingo-got-back-to-state-house |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2022-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215180545/https://observer.ug/news-headlines/36324-how-kagingo-got-back-to-state-house |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jagorancin Hukuma ===
A cikin shekarar 2019, an zaɓi Kagingo a matsayin Darakta na Sashin Sabis na Ƙwararru a Gidauniyar Sana'a mai zaman kanta [[Uganda]] (PSFU), ƙungiyar koli ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na [[Uganda]]. Tuni dai aka zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar gudanarwar, inda ta yi matukar tasiri cikin kankanin lokaci.

== Sauran la'akari ==
Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Hukumar Hulda da Jama'a ta [[Uganda]] (2018-2020). &lt;ref name=&quot;softpower.ug&quot;/&gt; Kagingo tana aiki a matsayin memba na hukumar a Gidauniyar Masu Zaman Kansu Uganda (PSFU), memba na Exco na Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai ta Ƙasa (NAB, Uganda Women Entrepreneurs (UWEAL), da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Media Media (UMWA) &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fate of Alakada</title>
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Fate of ''Alakada'': The Party Planner  wanda aka fi sani da Fate of alakada fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na Shekarar 2020 wanda Moshood Yakubu Olawale da Ozioma Ogbaji suka rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]], Mercy Eke da [[Broda Shaggi]] a cikin manyan matsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wannan shi ne fim na biyar a cikin ikon mallakar Alakada kuma shi ne kuma ci gaba da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 Alakada Reloaded .  Fim din ya dogara ne akan yin ba'a game da karya a kafofin sada zumunta da al'adun gargajiya na Najeriya na yanzu. Fim ɗin ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 2020 dai-dai da [[Ranar 'Yancin Kai ta (Najeriya)|Ranar Independence ta Najeriya]] kuma ya buɗe ga sake dubawa mai kyau. Har ila yau, ya zama nasarar ofishin jakadancin kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma na shekarar 2020. 

== Bayani game da shi ==
Yetunde, wata mace mai rikitarwa kuma ta fito ne daga asali mai sauƙi, ta shiga cikin aikin ƙirƙira labarun game da matsayinta na kudi da zamantakewa ta hanyar [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] don dacewa da crème de la crème . 

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Yetunde
* [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Kas
* Mercy Eke a matsayin kanta
* [[MC Lively|MC Rayuwa]]
* [[Stephanie Coker]]
* Mabel Makun a matsayin kanta
* [[Odunlade Adekola]]
* [[Alex Asogwa]] a matsayin kanta
* [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Ochuko
* [[Toyin Lawani]]
* [[Abiri Oluwabusayo]] a matsayin Jane
* [[Davido]]
* Peruzzi

== Fitarwa ==
Mai shirya fina-finai kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Toyin Abraham ta sanar da shirinta game da yin wani ci gaba ga ''Alakada'' Reloaded (2017) a cikin wani sakon [[Instagram]] a ranar 28 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2019. &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwxw=&quot;&quot;&gt;Alakada reloaded'&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;access-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2020-12-22&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;newspaper&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot&lt;/nowiki&gt;;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Pulse Nigeria]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;language&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;en-US&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQk\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt26\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQo\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQs\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Toyin Abraham announces a sequel to 'Alakada reloaded'\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-7&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Fate_of_Alakada#cite_note-7 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; An kuma yi masa ba'a don zama fim na huɗu a cikin jerin fina-finai na Alakada bayan Alakada (2009), ''Alakada 2'' (2013) da Alakada Reloaded (2017).  Babban daukar hoto na fim din ya fara ne a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2019. 

Mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Najeriya [[Stephanie Coker]], karo na 4 na Big Brother Naija wanda ya lashe Mercy Eke da mai tsara kayan ado da ɗan kasuwa [[Toyin Lawani]] duk sun fara yin fim din su ta hanyar wannan fim ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Toyin Lawani makes Nollywood debut in 'Fate of Alakada' |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/01/23/toyin-lawani-makes-nollywood-debut-in-fate-of-alakada/ |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shahararren mai tasiri na Instagram [[Broda Shaggi]] ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din. An bayyana hoton fim din na farko a watan Fabrairun 2020.

== Saki ==
Da farko ya kamata a saki fim din a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2020 amma an jinkirta fitowar zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2020 saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] da ta haifar da kulle-kulle. An fitar da fim din a cikin iyakantaccen damar zama a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] tare da kashi 33% kawai da aka ware don aiki da kashi 50% a wasu jihohi ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Najeriya]].

Ya fara yawo a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 5 ga Maris 2021.

== Ofishin akwatin ==
Fim din ya tara sama da miliyan 28 a cikin kwanaki hudu kawai duk da ƙuntataccen damar zama saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=2020-10-09 |title=Nigeria: Fate of Alakada Offers Hope At Box Office |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202010090391.html |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya samu kudade 17,396,200 a cikin kwanaki tara na farko bayan an sake shi. Ya tara sama da miliyan 30 a farkon karshen mako kuma masu sukar fim sun nuna shi a matsayin babban abin da ke faruwa yayin da suke la'akari da [[COVID-19 a Najeriya|Rashin tabbas na COVID-19]] kuma ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finai na Najeriya da suka tara miliyan 20 a farkon karshen karshen mako a cikin Cinema na Najeriya. Har ila yau, ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a cikin karshen mako na budewa bayan kullewar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Tarin ofishin jakadancin karshe na fim din ya tsaya a 112,149,600 kuma ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a shekarar 2020. Fim din ya kuma zama [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Fim na 14 mafi girma na Najeriya a kowane lokaci]].

== Rikici ==
An soki 'yar fim din Toyin Abraham sosai kuma an zarge ta da ita a kafofin sada zumunta don inganta fim din ta hanyar [[Twitter]] a watan Oktoba 2020 a cikin zanga-zangar End SARS a duk fadin kasar. An kuma soki ta saboda rashin shiga cikin motsi kuma a maimakon haka an gan ta tana inganta fim din. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

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Fate of ''Alakada'': The Party Planner  wanda aka fi sani da Fate of alakada fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na Shekarar 2020 wanda Moshood Yakubu Olawale da Ozioma Ogbaji suka rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]], Mercy Eke da [[Broda Shaggi]] a cikin manyan matsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wannan shi ne fim na biyar a cikin ikon mallakar Alakada kuma shi ne kuma ci gaba da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 Alakada Reloaded .  Fim din ya dogara ne akan yin ba'a game da karya a kafofin sada zumunta da al'adun gargajiya na Najeriya na yanzu. Fim ɗin ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 2020 dai-dai da [[Ranar 'Yancin Kai ta (Najeriya)|Ranar Independence ta Najeriya]] kuma ya buɗe ga sake dubawa mai kyau. Har ila yau, ya zama nasarar ofishin jakadancin kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma na shekarar 2020. 

== Bayani game da shi ==
Yetunde, wata mace mai rikitarwa kuma ta fito ne daga asali mai sauƙi, ta shiga cikin aikin ƙirƙira labarun game da matsayinta na kudi da zamantakewa ta hanyar [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] don dacewa da crème de la crème . 

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Yetunde
* [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Kas
* Mercy Eke a matsayin kanta
* [[MC Lively|MC Rayuwa]]
* [[Stephanie Coker]]
* Mabel Makun a matsayin kanta
* [[Odunlade Adekola]]
* [[Alex Asogwa]] a matsayin kanta
* [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Ochuko
* [[Toyin Lawani]]
* [[Abiri Oluwabusayo]] a matsayin Jane
* [[Davido]]
* Peruzzi

== Fitarwa ==
Mai shirya fina-finai kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Toyin Abraham ta sanar da shirinta game da yin wani ci gaba ga ''Alakada'' Reloaded (2017) a cikin wani sakon [[Instagram]] a ranar 28 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2019. &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwxw=&quot;&quot;&gt;Alakada reloaded'&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;access-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2020-12-22&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;newspaper&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot&lt;/nowiki&gt;;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Pulse Nigeria]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;language&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;en-US&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQk\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt26\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQo\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQs\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Toyin Abraham announces a sequel to 'Alakada reloaded'\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-7&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Fate_of_Alakada#cite_note-7 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; An kuma yi masa ba'a don zama fim na huɗu a cikin jerin fina-finai na Alakada bayan Alakada (2009), ''Alakada 2'' (2013) da Alakada Reloaded (2017).  Babban daukar hoto na fim din ya fara ne a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2019. 

Mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Najeriya [[Stephanie Coker]], karo na 4 na Big Brother Naija wanda ya lashe Mercy Eke da mai tsara kayan ado da ɗan kasuwa [[Toyin Lawani]] duk sun fara yin fim din su ta hanyar wannan fim ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Toyin Lawani makes Nollywood debut in 'Fate of Alakada' |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/01/23/toyin-lawani-makes-nollywood-debut-in-fate-of-alakada/ |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shahararren mai tasiri na Instagram [[Broda Shaggi]] ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din. An bayyana hoton fim din na farko a watan Fabrairun 2020.

== Saki ==
Da farko ya kamata a saki fim din a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2020 amma an jinkirta fitowar zuwa 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 2020 saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] da ta haifar da kulle-kulle. An fitar da fim din a cikin iyakantaccen damar zama a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] tare da kashi 33% kawai da aka ware don aiki da kashi 50% a wasu jihohi ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Najeriya]].

Ya fara yawo a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 5 ga Maris 2021.

== Ofishin akwatin ==
Fim din ya tara sama da miliyan 28 a cikin kwanaki hudu kawai duk da ƙuntataccen damar zama saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=2020-10-09 |title=Nigeria: Fate of Alakada Offers Hope At Box Office |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202010090391.html |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya samu kudade 17,396,200 a cikin kwanaki tara na farko bayan an sake shi. Ya tara sama da miliyan 30 a farkon karshen mako kuma masu sukar fim sun nuna shi a matsayin babban abin da ke faruwa yayin da suke la'akari da [[COVID-19 a Najeriya|Rashin tabbas na COVID-19]] kuma ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finai na Najeriya da suka tara miliyan 20 a farkon karshen karshen mako a cikin Cinema na Najeriya. Har ila yau, ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a cikin karshen mako na budewa bayan kullewar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Tarin ofishin jakadancin karshe na fim din ya tsaya a 112,149,600 kuma ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a shekarar 2020. Fim din ya kuma zama [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Fim na 14 mafi girma na Najeriya a kowane lokaci]].

== Rikici ==
An soki 'yar fim din Toyin Abraham sosai kuma an zarge ta da ita a kafofin sada zumunta don inganta fim din ta hanyar [[Twitter]] a watan Oktoba 2020 a cikin zanga-zangar End SARS a duk fadin kasar. An kuma soki ta saboda rashin shiga cikin motsi kuma a maimakon haka an gan ta tana inganta fim din. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

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Fate of ''Alakada'': The Party Planner  wanda aka fi sani da Fate of alakada fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na Shekarar 2020 wanda Moshood Yakubu Olawale da Ozioma Ogbaji suka rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]], Mercy Eke da [[Broda Shaggi]] a cikin manyan matsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wannan shi ne fim na biyar a cikin ikon mallakar Alakada kuma shi ne kuma ci gaba da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 Alakada Reloaded .  Fim din ya dogara ne akan yin ba'a game da karya a kafofin sada zumunta da al'adun gargajiya na Najeriya na yanzu. Fim ɗin ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 2020 dai-dai da [[Ranar 'Yancin Kai ta (Najeriya)|Ranar Independence ta Najeriya]] kuma ya buɗe ga sake dubawa mai kyau. Har ila yau, ya zama nasarar ofishin jakadancin kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma na shekarar 2020. 

== Bayani game da shi ==
Yetunde, wata mace mai rikitarwa kuma ta fito ne daga asali mai sauƙi, ta shiga cikin aikin ƙirƙira labarun game da matsayinta na kudi da zamantakewa ta hanyar [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] don dacewa da crème de la crème . 

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Yetunde
* [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Kas
* Mercy Eke a matsayin kanta
* [[MC Lively|MC Rayuwa]]
* [[Stephanie Coker]]
* Mabel Makun a matsayin kanta
* [[Odunlade Adekola]]
* [[Alex Asogwa]] a matsayin kanta
* [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Ochuko
* [[Toyin Lawani]]
* [[Abiri Oluwabusayo]] a matsayin Jane
* [[Davido]]
* Peruzzi

== Fitarwa ==
Mai shirya fina-finai kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Toyin Abraham ta sanar da shirinta game da yin wani ci gaba ga ''Alakada'' Reloaded (2017) a cikin wani sakon [[Instagram]] a ranar 28 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2019. &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwxw=&quot;&quot;&gt;Alakada reloaded'&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;access-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2020-12-22&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;newspaper&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot&lt;/nowiki&gt;;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Pulse Nigeria]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;language&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;en-US&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQk\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt26\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQo\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQs\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Toyin Abraham announces a sequel to 'Alakada reloaded'\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-7&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Fate_of_Alakada#cite_note-7 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; An kuma yi masa ba'a don zama fim na huɗu a cikin jerin fina-finai na Alakada bayan Alakada (2009), ''Alakada 2'' (2013) da Alakada Reloaded (2017).  Babban daukar hoto na fim din ya fara ne a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2019. 

Mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Najeriya [[Stephanie Coker]], karo na 4 na Big Brother Naija wanda ya lashe Mercy Eke da mai tsara kayan ado da ɗan kasuwa [[Toyin Lawani]] duk sun fara yin fim din su ta hanyar wannan fim ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Toyin Lawani makes Nollywood debut in 'Fate of Alakada' |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/01/23/toyin-lawani-makes-nollywood-debut-in-fate-of-alakada/ |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shahararren mai tasiri na Instagram [[Broda Shaggi]] ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din. An bayyana hoton fim din na farko a watan Fabrairun 2020.

== Saki ==
Da farko ya kamata a saki fim din a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2020 amma an jinkirta fitowar zuwa 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 2020 saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] da ta haifar da kulle-kulle. An fitar da fim din a cikin iyakantaccen damar zama a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] tare da kashi 33% kawai da aka ware don aiki da kashi 50% a wasu jihohi ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Najeriya]].

Ya fara yawo a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 5 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2021.

== Ofishin akwatin ==
Fim din ya tara sama da miliyan 28 a cikin kwanaki hudu kawai duk da ƙuntataccen damar zama saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=2020-10-09 |title=Nigeria: Fate of Alakada Offers Hope At Box Office |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202010090391.html |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya samu kudade 17,396,200 a cikin kwanaki tara na farko bayan an sake shi. Ya tara sama da miliyan 30 a farkon karshen mako kuma masu sukar fim sun nuna shi a matsayin babban abin da ke faruwa yayin da suke la'akari da [[COVID-19 a Najeriya|Rashin tabbas na COVID-19]] kuma ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finai na Najeriya da suka tara miliyan 20 a farkon karshen karshen mako a cikin Cinema na Najeriya. Har ila yau, ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a cikin karshen mako na budewa bayan kullewar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Tarin ofishin jakadancin karshe na fim din ya tsaya a 112,149,600 kuma ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a shekarar 2020. Fim din ya kuma zama [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Fim na 14 mafi girma na Najeriya a kowane lokaci]].

== Rikici ==
An soki 'yar fim din Toyin Abraham sosai kuma an zarge ta da ita a kafofin sada zumunta don inganta fim din ta hanyar [[Twitter]] a watan Oktoba 2020 a cikin zanga-zangar End SARS a duk fadin kasar. An kuma soki ta saboda rashin shiga cikin motsi kuma a maimakon haka an gan ta tana inganta fim din. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt11829884}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>817784</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Mahuta</username>
        <id>11340</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6202" sha1="7z5i5sxadaxu9li62l3imeaxyx6kv5e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Fate of ''Alakada'': The Party Planner  wanda aka fi sani da Fate of alakada fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na Shekarar 2020 wanda Moshood Yakubu Olawale da Ozioma Ogbaji suka rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]], Mercy Eke da [[Broda Shaggi]] a cikin manyan matsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wannan shi ne fim na biyar a cikin ikon mallakar Alakada kuma shi ne kuma ci gaba da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 Alakada Reloaded .  Fim din ya dogara ne akan yin ba'a game da karya a kafofin sada zumunta da al'adun gargajiya na Najeriya na yanzu. Fim ɗin ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 2020 dai-dai da [[Ranar 'Yancin Kai ta (Najeriya)|Ranar Independence ta Najeriya]] kuma ya buɗe ga sake dubawa mai kyau. Har ila yau, ya zama nasarar ofishin jakadancin kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma na shekarar 2020. 

== Bayani game da shi ==
Yetunde, wata mace mai rikitarwa kuma ta fito ne daga asali mai sauƙi, ta shiga cikin aikin ƙirƙira labarun game da matsayinta na kudi da zamantakewa ta hanyar [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] don dacewa da crème de la crème . 

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Yetunde
* [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Kas
* Mercy Eke a matsayin kanta
* [[MC Lively|MC Rayuwa]]
* [[Stephanie Coker]]
* Mabel Makun a matsayin kanta
* [[Odunlade Adekola]]
* [[Alex Asogwa]] a matsayin kanta
* [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Ochuko
* [[Toyin Lawani]]
* [[Abiri Oluwabusayo]] a matsayin Jane
* [[Davido]]
* Peruzzi

== Fitarwa ==
Mai shirya fina-finai kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Toyin Abraham ta sanar da shirinta game da yin wani ci gaba ga ''Alakada'' Reloaded (2017) a cikin wani sakon [[Instagram]] a ranar 28 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2019. &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwxw=&quot;&quot;&gt;Alakada reloaded'&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;access-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2020-12-22&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;newspaper&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot&lt;/nowiki&gt;;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Pulse Nigeria]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;language&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;en-US&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQk\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt26\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQo\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQs\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Toyin Abraham announces a sequel to 'Alakada reloaded'\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-7&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Fate_of_Alakada#cite_note-7 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; An kuma yi masa ba'a don zama fim na huɗu a cikin jerin fina-finai na Alakada bayan Alakada (2009), ''Alakada 2'' (2013) da Alakada Reloaded (2017).  Babban daukar hoto na fim din ya fara ne a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2019. 

Mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Najeriya [[Stephanie Coker]], karo na 4 na Big Brother Naija wanda ya lashe Mercy Eke da mai tsara kayan ado da ɗan kasuwa [[Toyin Lawani]] duk sun fara yin fim din su ta hanyar wannan fim ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Toyin Lawani makes Nollywood debut in 'Fate of Alakada' |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/01/23/toyin-lawani-makes-nollywood-debut-in-fate-of-alakada/ |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shahararren mai tasiri na Instagram [[Broda Shaggi]] ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din. An bayyana hoton fim din na farko a watan Fabrairun 2020.

== Saki ==
Da farko ya kamata a saki fim din a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2020 amma an jinkirta fitowar zuwa 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 2020 saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] da ta haifar da kulle-kulle. An fitar da fim din a cikin iyakantaccen damar zama a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] tare da kashi 33% kawai da aka ware don aiki da kashi 50% a wasu jihohi ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Najeriya]].

Ya fara yawo a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 5 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2021.

== Ofishin akwatin ==
Fim din ya tara sama da miliyan 28 a cikin kwanaki hudu kawai duk da ƙuntataccen damar zama saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=2020-10-09 |title=Nigeria: Fate of Alakada Offers Hope At Box Office |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202010090391.html |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya samu kudade 17,396,200 a cikin kwanaki tara na farko bayan an sake shi. Ya tara sama da miliyan 30 a farkon ƙarshen mako kuma masu sukar fim sun nuna shi a matsayin babban abin da ke faruwa yayin da suke la'akari da [[COVID-19 a Najeriya|Rashin tabbas na COVID-19]] kuma ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finai na Najeriya da suka tara miliyan 20 a farkon karshen karshen mako a cikin Cinema na Najeriya. Har ila yau, ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a cikin karshen mako na budewa bayan kullewar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Tarin ofishin jakadancin karshe na fim din ya tsaya a 112,149,600 kuma ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a shekarar 2020. Fim din ya kuma zama [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Fim na 14 mafi girma na Najeriya a kowane lokaci]].

== Rikici ==
An soki 'yar fim din Toyin Abraham sosai kuma an zarge ta da ita a kafofin sada zumunta don inganta fim din ta hanyar [[Twitter]] a watan Oktoba 2020 a cikin zanga-zangar End SARS a duk fadin kasar. An kuma soki ta saboda rashin shiga cikin motsi kuma a maimakon haka an gan ta tana inganta fim din. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt11829884}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>817785</id>
      <parentid>817784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T12:30:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahuta</username>
        <id>11340</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>817785</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6202" sha1="b0pvtypo9ux7hp83laui7h9g00cy63m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Fate of ''Alakada'': The Party Planner  wanda aka fi sani da Fate of alakada fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na Shekarar 2020 wanda Moshood Yakubu Olawale da Ozioma Ogbaji suka rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]], Mercy Eke da [[Broda Shaggi]] a cikin manyan matsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wannan shi ne fim na biyar a cikin ikon mallakar Alakada kuma shi ne kuma ci gaba da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 Alakada Reloaded .  Fim din ya dogara ne akan yin ba'a game da karya a kafofin sada zumunta da al'adun gargajiya na Najeriya na yanzu. Fim ɗin ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 2020 dai-dai da [[Ranar 'Yancin Kai ta (Najeriya)|Ranar Independence ta Najeriya]] kuma ya buɗe ga sake dubawa mai kyau. Har ila yau, ya zama nasarar ofishin jakadancin kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma na shekarar 2020. 

== Bayani game da shi ==
Yetunde, wata mace mai rikitarwa kuma ta fito ne daga asali mai sauƙi, ta shiga cikin aikin ƙirƙira labarun game da matsayinta na kudi da zamantakewa ta hanyar [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] don dacewa da crème de la crème . 

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Yetunde
* [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Kas
* Mercy Eke a matsayin kanta
* [[MC Lively|MC Rayuwa]]
* [[Stephanie Coker]]
* Mabel Makun a matsayin kanta
* [[Odunlade Adekola]]
* [[Alex Asogwa]] a matsayin kanta
* [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Ochuko
* [[Toyin Lawani]]
* [[Abiri Oluwabusayo]] a matsayin Jane
* [[Davido]]
* Peruzzi

== Fitarwa ==
Mai shirya fina-finai kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Toyin Abraham ta sanar da shirinta game da yin wani ci gaba ga ''Alakada'' Reloaded (2017) a cikin wani sakon [[Instagram]] a ranar 28 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2019. &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwxw=&quot;&quot;&gt;Alakada reloaded'&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;access-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2020-12-22&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;newspaper&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot&lt;/nowiki&gt;;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Pulse Nigeria]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;language&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;en-US&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQk\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt26\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQo\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/toyin-abraham-announces-a-sequel-to-alakada-reloaded/s0kvx4d\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAQs\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Toyin Abraham announces a sequel to 'Alakada reloaded'\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-7&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Fate_of_Alakada#cite_note-7 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; An kuma yi masa ba'a don zama fim na huɗu a cikin jerin fina-finai na Alakada bayan Alakada (2009), ''Alakada 2'' (2013) da Alakada Reloaded (2017).  Babban daukar hoto na fim din ya fara ne a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2019. 

Mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Najeriya [[Stephanie Coker]], karo na 4 na Big Brother Naija wanda ya lashe Mercy Eke da mai tsara kayan ado da ɗan kasuwa [[Toyin Lawani]] duk sun fara yin fim din su ta hanyar wannan fim ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Toyin Lawani makes Nollywood debut in 'Fate of Alakada' |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/01/23/toyin-lawani-makes-nollywood-debut-in-fate-of-alakada/ |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shahararren mai tasiri na Instagram [[Broda Shaggi]] ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din. An bayyana hoton fim din na farko a watan Fabrairun 2020.

== Saki ==
Da farko ya kamata a saki fim din a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2020 amma an jinkirta fitowar zuwa 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 2020 saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] da ta haifar da kulle-kulle. An fitar da fim din a cikin iyakantaccen damar zama a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] tare da kashi 33% kawai da aka ware don aiki da kashi 50% a wasu jihohi ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Najeriya]].

Ya fara yawo a kan [[Netflix]] a ranar 5 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2021.

== Ofishin akwatin ==
Fim din ya tara sama da miliyan 28 a cikin kwanaki hudu kawai duk da ƙuntataccen damar zama saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=2020-10-09 |title=Nigeria: Fate of Alakada Offers Hope At Box Office |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202010090391.html |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya samu kudade 17,396,200 a cikin kwanaki tara na farko bayan an sake shi. Ya tara sama da miliyan 30 a farkon ƙarshen mako kuma masu sukar fim sun nuna shi a matsayin babban abin da ke faruwa yayin da suke la'akari da [[COVID-19 a Najeriya|Rashin tabbas na COVID-19]] kuma ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finai na Najeriya da suka tara miliyan 20 a farkon karshen karshen mako a cikin Cinema na Najeriya. Har ila yau, ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a cikin karshen mako na budewa bayan kullewar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Tarin ofishin jakadancin karshe na fim din ya tsaya a 112,149,600 kuma ya zama fim din Najeriya mafi girma a shekarar 2020. Fim din ya kuma zama [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Fim na 14 mafi girma na Najeriya a kowane lokaci]].

== Rikici ==
An soki ƴar fim din Toyin Abraham sosai kuma an zarge ta da ita a kafofin sada zumunta don inganta fim din ta hanyar [[Twitter]] a watan Oktoba 2020 a cikin zanga-zangar End SARS a duk fadin kasar. An kuma soki ta saboda rashin shiga cikin motsi kuma a maimakon haka an gan ta tana inganta fim din. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt11829884}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruƙunan Portuguese a Zimbabwe</title>
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'''Ruƙunan Portuguese a Zimbabwe''' sun warwatse a sassan arewacin [[Zimbabwe]]. Su ne ragowar kasancewar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal a kudu maso gabashin Afirka. Daga matsugunansu na bakin teku, Portuguese sun kutsa cikin ƙasar Zimbabwe a yanzu tun a shekara ta 1560, kusan shekaru 300 kafin David Livingstone ya isa [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|gabar ruwan Victoria]]. Shahararrun waɗannan ƙauyuka na farko shine ɗan mishan Gonçalo da Silveira. Gidan Silveira, cibiyar ilimi a wajen Harare, ana kiransa da sunan sa. An kori Portuguese ɗin daga Zimbabwe gaba ɗaya a cikin shekarar 1693 lokacin da Rozvi ƙarƙashin jagorancin Changamire suka mamaye [[Karangaland]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0197264077/ref=ox_sc_sfl_title_10?ie=UTF8&amp;smid=A3P5ROKL5A1OLE 'Treatise on the Rivers of Cuama' by Antonio da Conceicao] {{ISBN|0197264077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabatarwa ==
A yanzu akwai ƙaramin shaida na ƙauyukan Portuguese a Zimbabwe. Rushewar ba a kiyaye su da kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2012 |title=National monuments collapsing – The Standard |url=http://www.thestandard.co.zw/2012/01/28/national-monuments-collapsing/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peter Garlake ya tona 3 daga cikin waɗannan shafuka - Dambarare, Masapa da Luanze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Previous research (P S Garlake, D P Abraham, E Goodall and Chris Dunbar) collated by Chris Dunbar |url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/africa/zimbabwe/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022114734/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/africa/zimbabwe/index.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=4 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sanya su a matsayin abubuwan tarihi na ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe |url=http://www.nmmz.co.zw/ |website=nmmz.co.zw}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rubuta wuraren a cikin hotunan Google Earth. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Photos taken by cdunbar |url=https://www.panoramio.com/user/4036849?comment_page=1&amp;photo_page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mazaunan ko feiras yawanci suna da kyaftin, Firist da kuma ƙaramar al'umma ta dindindin da ke zaune a cikin bulo da yawa da aka gina garu da ganuwar ƙasa da ramuka. shafi 197 &lt;ref name=&quot;moz&quot;&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/A-History-Mozambique-Malyn-Newitt/dp/1850651728/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1354924259&amp;sr=8-1 A history of Mozambique 1994 by Malyn Newitt] {{ISBN|1850651728}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Dominican Order na  shekarar 1631 ya ce: &quot;''A cikin Masarautar Mutapa masu addini suna kula da ayyuka guda uku: Masapa, Ruhanje da Dambarare, kowannensu yana da firist ɗaya ko kuma wani firist ɗaya.''&quot; pp29 &lt;ref name=&quot;friars&quot;&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Dominican-Friars-Southern-Africa/dp/9004111441/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1354747996&amp;sr=8-1 The Dominican Friars in Southern Africa: A Social History, 1577–1990 by Philippe Denis] {{ISBN|9004111441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin lokaci ==

* 1560 Gonçalo da Silveira in Zimbabwe.
* 1580s Masapa da Luanze feiras sun kafa.
* 1599 Cocin Dominican da aka gina a Luanze da Masapa bayan Portuguese sun taimaka wa [[Masarautar Mutapa|Monomotapa]] shugaban Rusere don cin nasara kan shugaban Zimba Chikanda. shafi na 18 &lt;ref name=&quot;friars&quot;/&gt;
* 1607 Monomotapa ya mika duk ma'adinan zinare ga Portuguese bayan sun kori 'yan tawaye ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Matuzianye]] daga yankin Monomotapa. [[João Lobo]] Firist ya shaida a Luanze. shafi 436 &lt;ref name=&quot;vol1&quot;&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ethnography-Settlement-Portuguese-September-Collection/dp/1108023320/ref=sr_1_10?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1355256183&amp;sr=1-10 History and Ethnography of Africa South of the Zambesi, from the Settlement of the Portuguese at Sofala in September 1505 Vol 1 2010 by George McCall Theal] {{ISBN|1108023320}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1629 Monomotapa ya miƙa wuya ga Portuguese bayan da sojojin Monomotapa suka kai hari amma sun ƙasa cin nasara akan Masapa da Luanze. Fotigal ta shiga tare da sojojin Batonga don kayar da rundunar Monomotapa sannan suka sanya nasu zaɓaɓɓen shugaban Monomatapa [[Manuza]]. Firist [[Gonçalo Ribeiro (priest)|Gonçalo Ribeiro]] ya shaida a Masapa. shafi 459 &lt;ref name=&quot;vol1&quot; /&gt;
* 1693 Portuguese sun bar Zimbabwe bayan Dambarare Changamire ya lalata shi.

== Angwa (Ongoe) ==
A haɗaɗɗun na garu. An kafa asali don manufar hakar ma'adinai da ciniki a cikin zinariya. Halin da ake ciki a yau yana cikin Tudu Biyu Uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marco Ramerini |title=Old Portuguese Ruins in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) |url=https://www.colonialvoyage.com/old-portuguese-ruins-southern-rhodesia-zimbabwe |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=colonialvoyage.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;moz&quot;/&gt;

== Dambarare ==
Wannan babban katafaren gini ne kusa da ma'adinan Jumbo na yau (Mazowe).

&quot;''Feira na Dambarare ya samu yabo mafi kyawu a cikin duk wata feira a cikin kogin Sena, inda kusan duk hamshakan attajiran 'yan kasuwar Sena suka yi ciniki, daga nan kuma suka watse zuwa wasu wurare irin su Chitomborwizi, Rimuka, Luanze da Matafuna. Dambarare ita ce hedikwata, na biyu bayan hedkwatar gudanarwa na Captain of the Gates a'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/General-History-Africa-Sixteenth-Eighteenth/dp/0852550952/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1354750699&amp;sr=1-2 Unesco General History of Africa 16th to 18th Century 1999 by B A Ogot] {{ISBN|0852550952}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa asali don manufar hakar ma'adinai da ciniki a cikin zinariya. pp99 &lt;ref name=&quot;moz&quot;/&gt; Lokacin da aka tono a cikin 1967 an gano cewa akwai fararen fata maza da aka binne a ƙarƙashin Cocin mai bangon bulo sanye da zoben zinare tare da ketare hannayensu. A wajen Cocin an binne bakar fata mata da yara. An samu lambar yabo ta tagulla tare da Saint Elizabeth ta Portugal a gefe guda da kuma Saint Anthony na Padua tare da jariri Yesu a ɗaya &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Church-Africa-1450-1950-History-Christian/dp/0198263996/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1354929604&amp;sr=1-1 The Church in Africa, 1450–1950 by Adrian Hastings 1996] {{ISBN|0198263996}}&lt;/ref&gt; shafi 103 &lt;ref name=&quot;moz&quot; /&gt;

== Luanze (Ruhanje) ==
Akwai falin da ke tunawa da wurin da cocin ya ruguje. An kafa wannan zama a cikin shekarar 1580s. An gina cocin Dominican a ciki ko jim kaɗan bayan 1599. pp18 &lt;ref name=&quot;friars&quot;/&gt; An kafa asali a ƙarƙashin ikon Monomotapa. shafi 99 &lt;ref name=&quot;moz&quot;/&gt;

A cikin shekarar 1634 [[Pedro Barreto de Rezende]] pp479 &lt;ref name=&quot;vol2&quot;&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ethnography-Settlement-Portuguese-September-Collection/dp/1108023320/ref=sr_1_20?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1355255119&amp;sr=8-20 History and Ethnography of Africa South of the Zambesi, from the Settlement of the Portuguese at Sofala in September 1505 Vol 2 2010 by George McCall Theal] {{ISBN|1108023339}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya rubuta: &quot;''Wannan kagara yana da coci, wanda wani ɗan ƙasar Dominican ne wanda ke gudanar da sacrament ga Kiristocin da ke zaune a wurin ko kuma suka wuce.''&quot; pp30 &lt;ref name=&quot;friars&quot;/&gt;

Luanze ya ragu a rabi na biyu na ƙarni na 17 kuma an maye gurbinsu da Dambarare, Angwa da Maramuca. shafi na shekarar 196 &lt;ref name=&quot;moz&quot;/&gt;

== Massapa (Masapa, Fura) ==
Yana rufe murabba'in kilomita 4. An kafa wannan zama a cikin shekarar 1580s. An gina cocin Dominican a ciki ko jim kaɗan bayan shekara ta 1599. pp18 &lt;ref name=&quot;friars&quot;/&gt; An kafa asali a ƙarƙashin ikon Monomotapa. pp99 &lt;ref name=&quot;moz&quot;/&gt; Yana kusa da Dutsen Darwin inda Monomotapa ke da babban birninsu. Monomotapa ya ba Kyaftin na Ƙofofi laƙabi na gargajiya ga Kyaftin na Portuguese a nan. ([[Francisco da Cunha]] pp430 &lt;ref name=&quot;vol2&quot;/&gt; da [[André Ferreira (explorer)|André Ferreira]] pp437 &lt;ref name=&quot;vol2&quot; /&gt; )

Ikon sa ya mamaye Luanze daga nan. Lokacin da Monomotapa ya miƙa wuya ga Portuguese a cikin shekarar 1629, Massapa ya zama ƙasa da mahimmanci yayin da Kyaftin Portuguese ya koma babban birnin Monomotapa inda ya ba da umarnin gadin sojojin Portuguese. shafi 196 &lt;ref name=&quot;moz&quot;/&gt;

== Maramuca (Rimuka) ==
Wannan ruƙunin yanar gizon yana kusa da Bay Horse Mine (Chakari) na yau. [[Gonçalo João|Goncalo João]] ne ya kwace ƙasar tun asali. pp103 &lt;ref name=&quot;moz&quot;/&gt; Akwai wani mutum-mutumi na giwaye na [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu]] da aka samo a nan tun daga ƙarni na 17 ko 18. Wannan a halin yanzu yana cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Bulawayo.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)&quot;&gt;abubuwan da ake bukata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Piringani (Ditchwe) ==
Wanda kuma aka sani da Ditchwe. Akwai dajin bishiyar lemo wanda ya kamata a ce an dasa shi sama da shekaru 300 da suka gabata ta hanyar Friars na Portugal.

== Duba kuma ==

* Babban Zimbabwe

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdul Rahman Ghaleb</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>818035</id>
      <parentid>649201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
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      <text bytes="1889" sha1="c7xluy0345uwaex3dlqiuqbcvmf7p16" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Abdul Rahman Ghaleb (1980s - Yuli 2017), wanda aka fi sani da Abu Sayed Bajauri ko kuma a sauƙaƙe Abu Sayed, ɗan ta'addan Pakistan ne wanda ya jagoranci Daular Islama - Lardin Khorasan (ISIS–K). Bai kamata Abu Sayed ya rude da shugaban ISIS-K mai suna Abu Saad Erhabi wanda ya gaje shi ba.,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;TTP confirms death of its Bajaur chief&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rikicin Musulunci==
An haifi Abdul Rahman Ghaleb a cikin 1980s a cikin Hukumar Bajaur, wani yanki na Yankunan Kabilanci da Gwamnatin Tarayya ke Gudanarwa a Pakistan. A cikin shekarun 1990, Ghaleb ya shiga Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM) sannan ya yi yaki tare da kungiyar Taliban ta Afghanistan a Afghanistan. Bayan faduwar gwamnatin Taliban a shekara ta 2001, Ghaleb ya koma Bajaur domin yin karatun addinin musulunci, kuma ya zama Qaaddi na TSNM. Ya kasance kusa da Mawlawi Faqir Mohammed, shugaban TNSM, kuma ya shiga Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan tare da shi a cikin 2007.
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;TTP confirms death of its Bajaur chief&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
A shekarar 2011, Abdul Rahman ya zama mataimakin shugaban TTP a Bajaur. An ba da rahoton cewa ya mutu bayan wani hari ta sama da aka kai a 2012 ya kashe shugaban TTP a Bajaur, Jamal Syed (wanda aka fi sani da 'Dadullah').[1]

==Daular Musulunci==
An maye gurbin Dadullah da Abu Bakr a matsayin shugaban Bajaur a karkashin TTP, kuma lokacin da Abu Bakr ya shiga ISIS-K a watan Fabrairun 2014, Ghaleb ya biyo baya. A karshen watan Agustan 2016, Ghaleb shine sarkin lardin Nangarhar kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar IS-K Wali Abdul Haseeb Logari. Ghaleb dai shi ne ya jagoranci fadada ayyukan ISIS-K zuwa lardin Kunar.&lt;ref&gt;Osman, Borhan (23 July 2017). &quot;Another ISKP leader &quot;dead&quot;: Where is the group headed after losing so many amirs?&quot;. Afghanistan Analysts Network. Retrieved 3 July 2019&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Daesh bomb' kills 7 civilians in Nangarhar&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818036</id>
      <parentid>818035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:19:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
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      <text bytes="1945" sha1="ha92vqtcuz0fr8slv1mbu6miklxe8xr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Abdul Rahman Ghaleb (1980s - Yuli 2017), wanda aka fi sani da Abu Sayed Bajauri ko kuma a sauƙaƙe Abu Sayed, ɗan ta'addan Pakistan ne wanda ya jagoranci Daular Islama - Lardin Khorasan (ISIS–K). Bai kamata Abu Sayed ya rude da shugaban ISIS-K mai suna Abu Saad Erhabi wanda ya gaje shi ba.,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;TTP confirms death of its Bajaur chief&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rikicin Musulunci==
An haifi Abdul Rahman Ghaleb a cikin 1980s a cikin Hukumar Bajaur, wani yanki na Yankunan Kabilanci da Gwamnatin Tarayya ke Gudanarwa a Pakistan. A cikin shekarun 1990, Ghaleb ya shiga Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM) sannan ya yi yaki tare da kungiyar Taliban ta Afghanistan a Afghanistan. Bayan faduwar gwamnatin Taliban a shekara ta 2001, Ghaleb ya koma Bajaur domin yin karatun addinin musulunci, kuma ya zama Qaaddi na TSNM. Ya kasance kusa da Mawlawi Faqir Mohammed, shugaban TNSM, kuma ya shiga Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan tare da shi a cikin 2007.
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;TTP confirms death of its Bajaur chief&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
A shekarar 2011, Abdul Rahman ya zama mataimakin shugaban TTP a Bajaur. An ba da rahoton cewa ya mutu bayan wani hari ta sama da aka kai a 2012 ya kashe shugaban TTP a Bajaur, Jamal Syed (wanda aka fi sani da 'Dadullah').[1]

==Daular Musulunci==
An maye gurbin Dadullah da Abu Bakr a matsayin shugaban Bajaur a karkashin TTP, kuma lokacin da Abu Bakr ya shiga ISIS-K a watan Fabrairun 2014, Ghaleb ya biyo baya. A karshen watan Agustan 2016, Ghaleb shine sarkin lardin Nangarhar kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar IS-K Wali Abdul Haseeb Logari. Ghaleb dai shi ne ya jagoranci fadada ayyukan ISIS-K zuwa lardin Kunar.&lt;ref&gt;Osman, Borhan (23 July 2017). &quot;Another ISKP leader &quot;dead&quot;: Where is the group headed after losing so many amirs?&quot;. Afghanistan Analysts Network. Retrieved 3 July 2019&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Daesh bomb' kills 7 civilians in Nangarhar&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Haifaffun  1980]]
[[Category:Mutuwan  2017]]</text>
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    <title>Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori</title>
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Abdul Rahman Ibrahima ibn Sori (Larabci: عبد الرحمن ابراهيم سوري; 1762 - Yuli 6, 1829) ya kasance basaraken Fula kuma Amir (kwamanda) daga yankin Fouta Djallon na Guinea, Afirka ta Yamma, wanda aka kama aka sayar da shi ga masu cinikin bayi kuma aka kai shi zuwa Amurka 178. &lt;ref&gt; Diouf 1998,&lt;/ref&gt;bayan gano zuriyarsa, bawansa, Thomas Foster, ya fara kiransa da &quot;Prince&quot;, &lt;ref&gt; Austin 1997&lt;/ref&gt; lakabin da ake amfani da shi ga Abdul Rahman har zuwa kwanakinsa na ƙarshe. Bayan ya shafe shekaru 40 yana bauta, an sake shi a shekara ta 1828 kuma ya koma Afirka a shekara mai zuwa, amma ya mutu a Laberiya cikin watanni da isowa.

==Rayuwar farko==
Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Basarake Bafullatani ne dan kabilar Torodbe wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 1762,&lt;ref&gt; Abduhl Rahaman's History&quot;. Rutland Herald. July 8, 1828. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Timbuktu, &lt;ref&gt;Gallaudet 1828&lt;/ref&gt; dan Ibrahima Sori kuma matar Moorish.&lt;ref&gt;Gallaudet 1828&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da yake da shekaru biyar, mahaifinsa ya cire iyali daga Timbuktu zuwa Timbo, &lt;ref&gt; Abduhl Rahaman's History&quot;. Rutland Herald. July 8, 1828. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; yanzun yana cikin Guinea, kuma a cikin 1776 Ibrahima ya ƙarfafa ƙungiyar Islama ta Fouta Djallon, tare da Timbo a matsayin babban birninta, daga ƙarshe ya yi nasara a matsayin Almami. Abdul Rahman ya yi karatu a wata madrasah a Djenné&lt;ref&gt; Dennis, Dawn (2017). &quot;Ibrahima, Abdul-Rahman&quot;. In Ted Ownby; Charles Reagan Wilson; Ann J. Abadie; Odie Lindsey; James G. Thomas Jr. (eds.). The Mississippi Encyclopedia. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 610&lt;/ref&gt; da Timbuktu, yana magana aƙalla harsuna huɗu na Afirka, Bambara, Fula, Mandinka da Yalunka, ban da Larabci.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The African Homeland of Abdul Rahman Ibrahima&quot; (PDF). National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox - The Making of African American Identity: Volume 1, 1500-1865. National Humanities Center. 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bauta==
An kama Abdul Rahman aka kai shi kogin Gambiya kuma a can aka sayar da shi ga jirgin bautar Afirka,&lt;ref&gt;Abduhl Rahaman's History&quot;. Rutland Herald. July 8, 1828. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Austin 1997, p. 65.,&lt;/ref&gt; an ruwaito don &quot;kwalabe biyu na rum, hannayen taba takwas, foda biyu na foda, da kuma 'yan muskets&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Austin 1997&lt;/ref&gt; An tura shi ta Dominica zuwa New Orleans, sannan aka ɗauke shi zuwa Natchez, Mississippi, inda aka sayar da shi da wani bawa ga Thomas Foster akan kusan $ 950.

Da farko Abdul Rahman ya ki mika wuya ga aikin hannu tunda a al’adunsa na fulani, aikin fage shi ne aikin mata da bayi. Bayan an yi masa bulala akai-akai saboda rashin biyayya, sai ya tsere zuwa cikin daji ya ɓoye tsawon makonni. A lokacin, ya yarda da kaddara, sannan

==Manazarta==
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    <title>Abdul Rahman Mamudu</title>
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Manjo Janar Abdul Rahman Alhaji Mamudu (13 Maris 1937 – 12 Afrilu 1992) ya kasance Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Gongola, Nijeriya tsakanin Yuli 1978 da Oktoba 1979 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Olusegun Obasanjo.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nigerian States&quot;. WorldStatesmen. Retrieved 2010-04-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ilimi==
Makarantar Firamare ta Dekina, 1946-1950
Okene Middle School, 1951-1952
Makarantar Sakandaren Lardin Okene, 1953-1958
&lt;ref&gt;Africa Who's who. (1991). United Kingdom: Africa Journal Limited&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aikin soja==
A shekarar 1959, Mamudu ya shiga rundunonin sojan Najeriya kuma ya samu horo a Makarantar Mons Officer Cadet da babbar makarantar soji ta Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. Ya kuma kasance tsohon dalibin Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta Kasa[3]

Umurnin Jami'in, Kamfanin Sigina na 3, 1963
Jami'in Umarni, Kamfanin Siginar 21C, 1964-1966
Umurnin Jami'in, Kamfanin Sigina na 1, 1966-1967
Jami'in Gudanarwa, Rundunar Sigina, 1967-1970,&lt;ref&gt;Aikin soja
A shekarar 1959, Mamudu ya shiga rundunonin sojan Najeriya kuma ya samu horo a Makarantar Mons Officer Cadet da babbar makarantar soji ta Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. Ya kuma kasance tsohon dalibin Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta Kasa[3]

Umurnin Jami'in, Kamfanin Sigina na 3, 1963
Jami'in Umarni, Kamfanin Siginar 21C, 1964-1966
Umurnin Jami'in, Kamfanin Sigina na 1, 1966-1967
Jami'in Gudanarwa, Rundunar Sigina, 1967-1970&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
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    <title>Abdul Rahman Noorani</title>
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Abdul Rahman Noorani ɗan ƙasar Afganistan ne wanda ake tsare da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a sansanonin tsare tsare na Guantanamo Bay na Amurka, a ƙasar Cuba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Serial Number Sa na Internment ya kasance 582.

An dawo da shi a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2003&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Abdul Rahman Noorani - The Guantánamo Docket&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Da'awar cewa &quot;ya koma fada&quot;==
Daga baya Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaro za ta bayyana cewa yayin wata hira da Al Jazeera daga ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2001, an bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro na Taliban.&quot; Sojojin Pakistan ne suka kama shi kuma suka mika shi ga sojojin Amurka. DIA kuma za ta bayyana shi daga baya a matsayin &quot;tsohon fursunan Guantanamo wanda ya koma yakin&quot;:&lt;ref&gt;Mike Melia (2007-05-15). &quot;U.S. Says 6 Ex-Gitmo Detainees Active&quot;. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2009-05-26&lt;/ref&gt;

Abdul Rahman Noor: An saki Noor a watan Yulin 2003, kuma tun daga lokacin ya shiga yaki da sojojin Amurka kusa da Kandahar. Bayan sakinsa, an bayyana Noor a matsayin mutumin a cikin wata hira ta bidiyo da aka yi da tashar talabijin ta al-Jazeerah a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2001, inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;mataimakin ministan tsaro na Taliban.&quot; A cikin wannan hirar, ya bayyana matsayin kariya na mujahidan ya kuma yi ikirarin harbo jirgin sama a kwanan nan.

==Manazarta==
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    <title>Abdul Rahman Orfalli</title>
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      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Abdul rahman orfalli]] to [[Abdul Rahman Orfalli]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1819" sha1="8qxkmfu85nfon6ojidwvho4imsmgv6o" xml:space="preserve">Abdulrahman Orfalli
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta
Abdulrahman Orfalli
An haife shi a shekara ta 1989
Ya mutu Maris 20, 2012 (shekaru 22-23)
Homs, Syria
==Ƙasar Siriya==
An san shi da jagoran juyin juya halin Larabawa a Siriya
Abdul Rahman Orfalli shi ne mai shirya zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a lokacin juyin juya halin Siriya, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya zanga-zangar ta asali a watan Maris na 2011.&lt;ref&gt;Rights group cites Syrian opposition for 'serious human rights abuses'&quot;. CNN. 21 March 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012. He had been arrested twice and tortured during a five-month detainment before returning to Homs to lead demonstrations, the group said.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2012, an ba da rahoton cewa, an kashe shi a wani kazamin harin da sojojin Syria suka kai a wani farmaki da suka kai birnin Homs.

Kwamitin daidaitawa na Homs ya ce an kashe Orfalli, mai shekaru 23.&lt;ref&gt; Government forces renew assault on Homs&quot;. United Press International. 20 March 2012. Archived from th=e original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2012. The Homs Coordination Committee said heavy shelling killed Abdul Rahman Orfalli, 23, one of the principal organizers of the first protests in the city last March, CNN reported.&lt;/ref&gt; kungiyar ta ce an kama shi sau biyu tare da azabtar da shi a lokacin da ake tsare da shi na tsawon watanni biyar kafin ya koma Homs domin jagorantar tashe tashen hankula na adawa da gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;Rights group cites Syrian opposition for 'serious human rights abuses'&quot;. CNN. 21 March 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012. He had been arrested twice and tortured during a five-month detainment before returning to Homs to lead demonstrations, the group said.&lt;/ref&gt;

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Abdulrahman Orfalli (An haife shi a shekara ta 1989 - Maris 20, 2012) Homs, Syria

==Ƙasar Siriya==
An san shi da jagoran juyin juya halin Larabawa a Siriya
Abdul Rahman Orfalli shi ne mai shirya zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a lokacin juyin juya halin Siriya, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya zanga-zangar ta asali a watan Maris na 2011.&lt;ref&gt;Rights group cites Syrian opposition for 'serious human rights abuses'&quot;. CNN. 21 March 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012. He had been arrested twice and tortured during a five-month detainment before returning to Homs to lead demonstrations, the group said.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2012, an ba da rahoton cewa, an kashe shi a wani kazamin harin da sojojin Syria suka kai a wani farmaki da suka kai birnin Homs.

Kwamitin daidaitawa na Homs ya ce an kashe Orfalli, mai shekaru 23.&lt;ref&gt; Government forces renew assault on Homs&quot;. United Press International. 20 March 2012. Archived from th=e original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2012. The Homs Coordination Committee said heavy shelling killed Abdul Rahman Orfalli, 23, one of the principal organizers of the first protests in the city last March, CNN reported.&lt;/ref&gt; kungiyar ta ce an kama shi sau biyu tare da azabtar da shi a lokacin da ake tsare da shi na tsawon watanni biyar kafin ya koma Homs domin jagorantar tashe tashen hankula na adawa da gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;Rights group cites Syrian opposition for 'serious human rights abuses'&quot;. CNN. 21 March 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012. He had been arrested twice and tortured during a five-month detainment before returning to Homs to lead demonstrations, the group said.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Mutuwan 2012]]</text>
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    <title>Abdul Rahman Shalabi</title>
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Abdul Rahman Shalabi (an haife shi a watan Disamba 4, 1975) ɗan ƙasar Saudiyya ne wanda aka tsare shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a sansanonin tsare mutanen Guantanamo Bay na Amurka, a ƙasar Cuba. Lambar Tsaro ta Intanet ta Guantanamo ita ce 42.
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Measurements of Heights and Weights of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (ordered and consolidated version)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Shalabi ya zo ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2002, ranar da aka bude sansanin, kuma aka sake shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2015&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Measurements of Heights and Weights of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (ordered and consolidated version)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;.&quot;Once deemed too dangerous to release, Saudi detainee at Guantanamo Bay prison has been repatriated&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana bayyana shi akai-akai a matsayin mai gadin Osama bin Laden kuma memba na al Qaeda - zargin da ya saba sabawa akai.

==Bayanin matsayi na hukuma==
Da farko dai fadar shugaban kasa ta Bush ta ce fursunonin da aka kama a cikin &quot;yakin da ta'addanci&quot; ba a cikin yarjejeniyar Geneva ba, kuma za a iya gudanar da su har abada ba tare da tuhuma ba, kuma ba tare da yin nazari a fili da kuma bayyana dalilan tsare su ba[6]. A shekara ta 2004, kotun kolin Amurka ta yanke hukunci, a Rasul v. Bush, cewa wadanda aka kama Guantanamo suna da damar a sanar da su zargin da ke tabbatar da tsare su, kuma suna da damar yin kokarin karyata su==


&lt;ref&gt; &quot;U.S. military reviews 'enemy combatant' use&quot;. USA Today. 2007-10-11. Archived from the original on 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2017-07-10. Critics called it an overdue acknowledgment that the so-called Combatant Status Review Tribunals are unfairly geared toward labeling detainees the enemy, even when they pose little danger. Simply redoing the tribunals won't fix the problem, they said, because the system still allows coerced evidence and denies&lt;/ref&gt;

==Offishin gudanar da shugabanci==
An gudanar da Kotunan Tattalin Arzikin Ƙwararru a cikin wata tirela mai tsawon mita 3x5 inda mai garkuwar ya zauna tare da ɗaure hannuwansa da ƙafafu zuwa wani kulli a cikin ƙasaƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;U.S. military reviews 'enemy combatant' use&quot;. USA Today. 2007-10-11. Archived from the original on 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2017-07-10. Critics called it an overdue acknowledgment that the so-called Combatant Status Review Tribunals are unfairly geared toward labeling detainees the enemy, even when they pose little danger. Simply redoing the tribunals won't fix the problem, they said, because the system still allows coerced evidence and denies&lt;/ref&gt; 
Bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta kafa Ofishin Kula da Gudanarwa na Maƙiyan Maƙiyan da aka tsare.[&lt;ref&gt;A: What next for Guantanamo prisoners?&quot;. BBC News. 2002-01-21. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Benjamin Wittes; Zaathira Wyne (2008-12-16). &quot;The Current Detainee Population of Guantánamo: An Empirical Study&quot; (PDF). The Brookings Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-19. Retrieved &lt;/ref&gt;masana a Cibiyar Brookings, karkashin jagorancin Benjamin Wittes, sun lissafa wadanda ake tsare da su a Guantanamo a cikin Disamba 2008, bisa ga ko tsare su ya dace da wasu zarge-zargen gama gari:&lt;ref&gt;
&quot;The Current Detainee Population of Guantánamo: An Empirical Study&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Current Detainee Population of Guantánamo: An Empirical Study&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
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    <title>Abdul Rahman al-Amri</title>
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      <text bytes="1684" sha1="bpsnkz32t424ow1ip6i2yooeytfq0ze" xml:space="preserve">Abdul Rahman Ma'ath Thafir al Amri (Larabci: عبدالرحمن العمري) (Afrilu 17, 1973, a Taif, Saudi Arabia - Mayu 30, 2007) ɗan ƙasar Saudiyya ne, wanda ake tsare da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a matsayin maƙiyi maƙiya a Amurka Guantanamo Bay sansanonin tsare &lt;ref&gt; list of prisoners (.pdf), US Department of Defense, May 15, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; a Cuba.

Rahotannin manema labarai sun ce DOD ta ruwaito al-Amri ya kashe kansa a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007.[&lt;ref&gt; &quot;U.S.: Dead Detainee Was of High Value&quot;. Central Florida News. May 31, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved &lt;/ref&gt; Ba a tuhume shi da aikata laifukan yaki ba kuma bai taba haduwa da lauya ba.


==Rayuwar farko da ilimi==
An haifi Abdul Rahman al-Amri a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1973, a Taif, Saudi Arabia. Bai sami ilimi ba kamar makarantar sakandare. Ya shiga aikin sojan Saudiyya, inda ya yi shekara tara da wata hudu. Ya sami horo da masu ba da shawara na Amurka kuma an koya masa amfani da makamai masu linzami, manyan bindigogi da ƙananan makamai.&lt;ref&gt;[ Josh White, &quot;Detainee was Saudi military vet&quot;], The Washington Post, 31 May 2007, accessed 8 February 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya tafi Afganistan don yakar Taliban.

==Mika wuya bayan Tora Bora==
Bayanan sauraren karar na CSRT sun ce ya mika wuya ga ‘yan sandan Pakistan a watan Disambar 2001 bayan ya yi fada a Tora Bora. Ya amsa laifinsa dauke da bindiga kirar AK-47.

Bayan an mayar da shi Guantanamo a farkon 2002, ba a taɓa tuhume shi da aikata laifuka ba kuma bai taɓa saduwa da lauya ba. DOD ya ce ba a ba shi izinin ganawa da wani lauya ba saboda shi ba ya cikin koken habeas corpus.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Apparent Gitmo Suicide Was Saudi Veteran&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="1763" sha1="hrmkj4kjfmdf7ab3hcrphatms9mrqi4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Abdul Rahman Ma'ath Thafir al Amri (Larabci: عبدالرحمن العمري) (Afrilu 17, 1973, a Taif, Saudi Arabia - Mayu 30, 2007) ɗan ƙasar Saudiyya ne, wanda ake tsare da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a matsayin maƙiyi maƙiya a Amurka Guantanamo Bay sansanonin tsare &lt;ref&gt; list of prisoners (.pdf), US Department of Defense, May 15, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; a Cuba.

Rahotannin manema labarai sun ce DOD ta ruwaito al-Amri ya kashe kansa a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007.[&lt;ref&gt; &quot;U.S.: Dead Detainee Was of High Value&quot;. Central Florida News. May 31, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved &lt;/ref&gt; Ba a tuhume shi da aikata laifukan yaki ba kuma bai taba haduwa da lauya ba.

==Rayuwar farko da ilimi==
An haifi Abdul Rahman al-Amri a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1973, a Taif, Saudi Arabia. Bai sami ilimi ba kamar makarantar sakandare. Ya shiga aikin sojan Saudiyya, inda ya yi shekara tara da wata hudu. Ya sami horo da masu ba da shawara na Amurka kuma an koya masa amfani da makamai masu linzami, manyan bindigogi da ƙananan makamai.&lt;ref&gt;[ Josh White, &quot;Detainee was Saudi military vet&quot;], The Washington Post, 31 May 2007, accessed 8 February 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya tafi Afganistan don yakar Taliban.

==Mika wuya bayan Tora Bora==
Bayanan sauraren karar na CSRT sun ce ya mika wuya ga ‘yan sandan Pakistan a watan Disambar 2001 bayan ya yi fada a Tora Bora. Ya amsa laifinsa dauke da bindiga kirar AK-47.

Bayan an mayar da shi Guantanamo a farkon 2002, ba a taɓa tuhume shi da aikata laifuka ba kuma bai taɓa saduwa da lauya ba. DOD ya ce ba a ba shi izinin ganawa da wani lauya ba saboda shi ba ya cikin koken habeas corpus.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Apparent Gitmo Suicide Was Saudi Veteran&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 2007]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul Rasaq Akeem</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818043</id>
      <parentid>748029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:23:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>818043</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1725" sha1="6u3xdij84o6r42xyvs5ls5chfgwhs55" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Abdul Rasaq Ishiekwene Akeem''' (An haife shi 16 ga watan Yuni a shekarar 2001), wanda aka fi sani da Abdul Rasaq, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Singapore wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ko winger na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Singapore Premier League Lion City Sailors da kuma tawagar ƙasar Singapore.
==Aikin kulob==
===kunkiyar youn ===
An daukaka Abdul Rasaq daga National Football Academy zuwa kulob din Premier League na Singapore, Young Lions gabanin kakar 2019. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ta kwararru a kan Geylang International a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2019. A kakar wasa ta 2022, Abdul Rasaq ya yi fice a yawancin wasannin yana zura kwallaye hudu a duk kakar wasa. Ya buga wasanni 32 da kwallaye 6 a tsawon zamansa a kungiyar.

==kungiyar Lion City Sailors==
nBayan ya kammala hidimar ƙasa tare da Rundunar 'Yan sandan Singapore, Abdul Rasaq ya bar Young Lions don shiga Lion City Sailors gabanin kakar 2023.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;An opportunity to relish: Rasaq&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, a shekarar 2023, ya zura kwallo ta farko a rayuwarsa a wasan da suka doke Hougang United da ci 5-0. Abdul Rasaq zai ci gaba da samun nasara a kakar wasa ta bana inda ya zura kwallaye 10 a wasanni 18 da ya buga a gasar lig-lig 18, ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gida tare da abokin wasansa, Shawal Anuar. Daga nan ya ji rauni na dogon lokaci a ƙarshen Agusta 2023 kuma ba a buga shi a gasar cin kofin Singapore ta 2023 da Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2023 – 24 AFC na ƙungiyar ba.
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sharjah edge Sailors to savour glory&quot;. AFC.com. 18 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 2001]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul Rauf Aliza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103471</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818041</id>
      <parentid>649530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:22:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <text bytes="4412" sha1="lpp5wavsl3jjkdx576jzpbh017nr2yc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Mullah Abdul Rauf Aliza (Pashto: ملا عبد الرؤوف; 10 Fabrairu 1981 - 09 May 2015), wanda aka fi sani da Mullah Abdul Rauf Khadim, wani dan gwagwarmayar Afghanistan ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jagora a duka Taliban da ISIS-K.

Wani sojan ƙafa a cikin rundunar ta ƙwararrun ma'aikatan wayar hannu ta shugaban Taliban Mullah Omar kafin 9/11, Amurka ta tsare shi bayan mamayuwar farko na Afganistan, kuma ta tura shi sansanin kurkukun Guantanamo Bay, inda aka tsare shi har zuwa 20 ga Disamba 2007.[&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; &quot;Consolidate chronological listing of GTMO detainees released, transferred or deceased&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Serial Number na Guantanamo Internment ya kasance 108. Bayan an sake shi, ya koma fagen gwagwarmaya a Afghanistan, inda ya zama kwamandan Taliban a matakin lardin&lt;ref&gt; Taliban Fissures in Afghanistan Are Seen as an Opening for ISIS&quot;. The New York Times. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; bayan fada da shugabancin Taliban a 2014, Rauf ya yi mubaya'a ga ISIS kuma an nada shi mataimakin kwamandan reshen Afghanistan-Pakistan da ke Wilayah Khorasan (ISIS-K), kafin wani harin jirgin saman Indiya ya kashe shi a ranar 09 ga Mayu 2015.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fagensa==
Abdul rauf ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ɗan lardin Helmand ne a ƙasar Afganistan,  kuma raunin da ya samu daga wata nakiya da Soviet ta binne shi ya sa shi ma ya ji rauni a aikin soji, don haka ya kasance yana aiki yana ba da abinci a lokacin da yake aikin soja na Taliban&lt;ref&gt;.&quot;Afghanistan drone strike 'kills IS commander Abdul Rauf'&quot;. BBC News. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015. A drone strike in Afghanistan has killed a militant commander who recently swore allegiance to Islamic State (IS), officials say. The police chief of Helmand said that former Taliban commander Mullah Abdul Rauf had died in the strike.&lt;/ref&gt; Kasancewar ya zama sojan kafa ga kwamandojin Taliban da yawa, daga karshe ya zama memba na manyan rundunonin wayar hannu na jagoran Taliban Mullah Omar kafin harin 9/11.[&lt;ref&gt;&quot;US jets pound Taliban position&quot;. Indian Express. 23 July 2003. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Speaking by telephone, Taliban official Mullah Abdul Rauf claimed at least 20 government soldiers had been killed in the fighting, which involved 200 guerrillas. Achakzai said the clash involved Taliban fighters led by former minister Mullah Abdul Razzaq, commander Hafiz Abdur Rahim and Rauf, a former governor. He said the guerrillas came from the Pakistani side of the border.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;  form 'resistance force'&quot;. CNN. 24 June 2003. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Speaking to Reuters, Mullah Abdul Rauf, a provincial governor in the former Taliban regime, said the new council was formed after five days of talks held at an undisclosed location in southern Afghanistan. &quot;The Shura was formed to expedite jihad (holy war) against occupation forces and strengthen the Taliban movement,&quot; he was quoted as saying.&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne gwamnan lardin Kunar na karshe na Taliban.

==Rudani na ainihi==
A ranar 4 ga Maris, 2010, Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa wasu tsoffin mutane biyu da aka kama a Guantanamo sun zama manyan shugabannin Taliban, bayan an sako su daga hannun Afghanistan.[10] Rahoton ya ambato &quot;manyan jami'an Afganistan da suka ce mutanen biyu da aka kama mai suna Abdul Qayyum Zakir da Abdul Rauf Aliza su ne Abdul Qayyum da Abdul Rauf.&quot; Sun ruwaito cewa ana kallon Abdul Qayyum a matsayin dan takarar da zai maye gurbin kwamandan Taliban na biyu da aka kama Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar, kuma Abdul Rauf ne mataimakinsa. Kamfanin dillancin labaran iqna ya habarta cewa, ya nakalto daga shafin sadarwa na yanar gizo na News International cewa, dukkaninsu Abdul Qayyum Zakir da Abdul Rauf, ‘yan kungiyar Taliban ne Quetta Shura, wanda a lokacin ake kyautata zaton suna birnin Quetta na kasar&lt;ref&gt; Gannon (4 March 2010). &quot;Former Gitmo detainee said running Afghan battles&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010. Abdul Qayyum is also seen as a leading candidate to be the next No. 2 in the Afghan Taliban hierarchy, said the officials, interviewed last week by The Associated Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun  1981]]
[[Category:Mutuwan  2015]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul Rauf Azhar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818044</id>
      <parentid>649600</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:24:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>818044</origin>
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      <text bytes="3148" sha1="r74f5wv0e64cluo3alerv8dniz42yp7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Abdul Rauf Azhar Alvi (an haife shi 1974) &lt;ref&gt;Abdul Rauf Azhar&quot;. Office of Foreign Assets Control. United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 12 May 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Rauf&quot; (PDF). National Investigation Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;. dan gwagwarmayar Pakistan ne, babban kwamandan ƙungiyar masu fafutukar Islama masu jihadi Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) kuma ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan ​​wanda ya kafa JeM Masood Azhar. Ya ɗauki umurnin JeM a kan 21 Afrilu 2007, kuma an jera shi akan NIA Mafi Sojoji.&lt;ref&gt; ]Jaish-e-Mohammed (Army of the Prophet)&quot;. Institute for Conflict Management. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. The outlawed JeM is reportedly re-organising itself under its new commander Mufti Abdul Rauf, younger brother of the outfit's chief Maulana Masood Azhar&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pakistan Army roped in jehadis to hold talks with GHQ hostage takers&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; ]US sanctions three Pak terrorists&quot;. Hindustan Times. Press Trust of India. 4 December 2010. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. US has slapped sanctions against three Pakistan-based key terrorists leaders, including Abdul Rauf Azhar the top commander of Jaish-e-Mohammed in India, who in 2008 was assigned to organise suicide attacks in the country&lt;/ref&gt; An tuhume shi a cikin hare-haren ta'addanci da yawa a Indiya ciki har da sace 1995 na 'yan yawon bude ido a Kashmir, harin Pathankot na 2016, harin Uri na 2016 da harin Pulwama na 2019.&lt;ref&gt;National Investigation Agency&lt;/ref&gt; [

==Rayuwar farko==
An haife shi a Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan a cikin 1974 a cikin dangin Saraiki.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Abdul Rauf Azhar&quot;. Office of Foreign Assets Control. United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 12 May 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; yana daya daga cikin 'ya'ya 11, 'yan'uwa 4 da mata 7, kuma kanin Jaish-e-Mohammad shugaban Masood Azhar ne.&lt;ref&gt; Jaish-e-Mohammed (Army of the Prophet)&quot;. Institute for Conflict Management. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. The outlawed JeM is reportedly re-organising itself under its new commander Mufti Abdul Rauf, younger brother of the outfit's chief Maulana Masood Azhar.&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa, Allah Bakhsh Shabbir, shi ne shugaban makaranta a makarantar gwamnati sannan kuma malami ne mai kishin Deobandi, kuma danginsa suna gudanar da kiwon kiwo da kiwon kaji. Ya yi karatu a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia kuma shi kansa an san shi da sunan mufti&lt;ref&gt; .Rauf&quot; (PDF). National Investigation Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga yakin basasar Afganistan (1992-1996) sannan daga baya kungiyar Taliban a lokacin yakin Afghanistan (2001-2021). Ya shiga cikin tashin hankalin Jammu da Kashmir a shekarun 1990.

==Abubuwan da suka faru==
sace jirgin saman Indiya mai lamba 814 tare da goyon bayan Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), babbar hukumar leken asiri ta Pakistan da kuma kungiyar Taliban don ganin an sako mayakan jihadi na Islama 36 da ake tsare da su a gidan yari a Indiya - 'yan uwa Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1974]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul Majid Mahmoud</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818060</id>
      <parentid>707169</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:36:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Abdul majid mahmoud]] to [[Abdul Majid Mahmoud]]</comment>
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'''Abdul Majid Mahmoud''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1979) an tsare shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a sansanin Guantanamo Bay na [[Amurka]] a Cuba. Serial Number ɗin sa na Guantanamo ya kasance 624.

An mayar da Majid Mehmood zuwa [[Pakistan]] a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2003.&lt;ref&gt;List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006&quot; (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 2006-05-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattaunawa ta MCClatchy ==
A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2008, sabis na labarai na McCllatchy buga jerin labarai dangane da tambayoyi tare da shekaru 66 da aka fara da shi na gaba. Abdul Majid Mahmud na daya daga cikin wadanda suka mamaye wadanda suka kamu da wata kasida da ke da wata dabara. 

Abdul Majd Mahmoud Mahmoud ya ce Afghans ya kama shi shi ne ya kama shi a watan Disamba 2001, wanda aka gudanar a cikin yanayin mummunan yanayi, tsawon watanni hudu. Yana da raunin da ya ji rauni lokacin da aka kama shi, amma ya shaida wa masu tambayoyin tambayoyin da ya yi tafiya [[Afghanistan]] kawai don halartar bikin aure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Majid Mehmood - The Guantánamo Docket&quot;. ''The New York Times''. 18 May 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>3a15k2caoi0iew614b9bsafqo84lwen</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>818062</id>
      <parentid>818060</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:36:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>818062</origin>
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'''Abdul Majid Mahmoud''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1979) an tsare shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a sansanin Guantanamo Bay na [[Amurka]] a Cuba. Serial Number ɗin sa na Guantanamo ya kasance 624.

An mayar da Majid Mehmood zuwa [[Pakistan]] a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2003.&lt;ref&gt;List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006&quot; (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 2006-05-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattaunawa ta MCClatchy ==
A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2008, sabis na labarai na McCllatchy buga jerin labarai dangane da tambayoyi tare da shekaru 66 da aka fara da shi na gaba. Abdul Majid Mahmud na daya daga cikin wadanda suka mamaye wadanda suka kamu da wata kasida da ke da wata dabara. 

Abdul Majd Mahmoud Mahmoud ya ce Afghans ya kama shi shi ne ya kama shi a watan Disamba 2001, wanda aka gudanar a cikin yanayin mummunan yanayi, tsawon watanni hudu. Yana da raunin da ya ji rauni lokacin da aka kama shi, amma ya shaida wa masu tambayoyin tambayoyin da ya yi tafiya [[Afghanistan]] kawai don halartar bikin aure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Majid Mehmood - The Guantánamo Docket&quot;. ''The New York Times''. 18 May 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1979]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdul Razak al-Hashimi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818046</id>
      <parentid>649617</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:25:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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Dr. Abdul Razak al-Hashimi (Larabci: عبد الرزاق الهاشمي) tsohon jami'in diflomasiyyar Iraqi ne, kuma ministan ilimi mai zurfi, kuma babban mai baiwa Saddam Hussein shawara.

Hashimi ya kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Boston a shekara ta 1969. A shekarar 1974, yana cikin wata tawaga da za ta je Faransa don tattaunawa kan siyan injinan nukiliya.

Ya jagoranci kungiyar kawance da zaman lafiya da hadin kai ta kasar Iraki don tinkarar mamayar Iraki a shekara ta 2003 tare da masu sa kai na garkuwa da mutane&lt;ref&gt;Edwards, Charlotte, Inside the deluded world of the 'human shields', The Telegraph, 2 March 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul Razaq (Guantanamo detainee 356)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818047</id>
      <parentid>649681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:25:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <text bytes="2789" sha1="nvm526oxugimwm8w8l6upqktdotw7yn" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abdul Razaq (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), matashi ɗan ƙasar Afganistan, shi ne ɗan fursuna na farko da aka sake shi daga wurin tsare sojojin Amurka da ke Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. An saki Razaq bayan watanni hudu lokacin da jami'ai suka tabbatar da cewa ba shi da wata kimar leken asiri, kuma ba shi da wata barazana ga Amurka, kuma cutar schizophrenia ta shafe shi.[&lt;ref&gt; 2&quot;The One That Got Away: A former Gitmo Bay prisoner talks about his experience from his new home in a heavily-guarded Kabul hospital room&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;An dawo da Razaq zuwa gida a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2002. Newsweek ya yi hira da Razeq a wta babbar cibiyar kula da tabin hankali a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2002.&lt;ref&gt;OARDEC (2006-05-15). &quot;List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006&quot; (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved &lt;/ref&gt;

Razaq dan kabilar Uzbekistan ya ce an kama shi ne saboda hukumomin Amurka ba su yi imani da shi ba bako ba ne. Razak ya shaidawa jami’an sojan Amurka a ranar da aka sake shi cewa shi dan ta’ada ne a kan titunan Kandahar bayan harin da aka kai a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, kuma domin ya goyi bayan al’adarsa ya dauki AK-47 ga Taliban. Da zarar an kama shi kuma aka kawo shi Gitmo, ya zama ɗan wasan heroin na turkey mai sanyi a cikin farfadowar tilastawa, kuma daga maganin schizophrenia.
&lt;ref&gt;https://smile.amazon.com/dp/1618979639/&lt;/ref&gt;
Granger. Granger yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙaramin ma'aikacin haɗin gwiwa na Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Haɗin Kai a Gitmo waɗanda aka zaɓa don maido da Razaq. Granger ya tuka HMMWV wanda ya kai Razaq zuwa tsuntsun yanci, kuma ya shafe sa'o'i da yawa tare da Razaq, abokan aikinsa, ma'aikacin jinya da fassara kafin isowar jirginsa na fitowa kuma ya tattauna da Razaq game da ayyukansa kafin a kama shi.

Razaq ya ruwaito yajin cin abinci, da kuma wani fursuna da ya yi kokarin kashe kansa. Amma kuma ya ba da labarin cewa ya ji daɗin abincin da aka ba shi, kuma an ba waɗanda ake tsare da su alƙur’ani kuma anbar su sunyi addu’a ba tare da tsangwama ba[&lt;ref&gt; [NBC News&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mentally Ill Prisoner Flown From Guantanamo Back to Afghanistan&quot;. Fox News. 2002-05-05. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2009-07-20.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mintz (2002-05-04). &quot;Relatives of 11 Kuwaiti Detainees File Lawsuit&quot;. The Washington Post. p. A16. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2009-07-20. Meanwhile, one of the prisoners held at the U.S. detention facility has been flown back to Afghanistan because he is suffering from what appears to be an emotional breakdown, military sources said&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun  1971]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818048</id>
      <parentid>649715</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:26:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>818048</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1545" sha1="muo2j8jwnsnhftp1oujokoogcojl2zu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi (Larabci: عبد الزراق المهدي), malamin addinin Islama ne na kasar Siriya wanda ke da hannu a yakin basasar Siriya da gwamnatin Siriya. Ya fito daga gundumar Al-Salihiyah ta Damascus kuma an haife shi a shekara ta 1961.

==Karatu da kammala karatu==

''Wannan sashe yana buƙatar ƙarin ambato don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe a wannan sashe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Maris 2024) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)''

A shekarar 1977 ya fara karantar ilimin addinin Islama a cibiyar al-Fathul Islami da ke Damascus, inda malamansa suka hada da Abdur Razzaq al-Halabi, muftin Hanafiyya. Ya kuma yi karatu a wajen Abdulkader Arnaout.

A takaice dai ya bar Siriya zuwa kasar Tunisiya, inda ya yi wa'azi da koyarwa. Bayan barkewar yakin basasar Siriya ya koma Siriya don tallafawa mayakan da ke adawa da gwamnati.

Abdulrazzaq al Mahdi ya janye fatawar da ta ba da damar a kwace gidajen da aka yi watsi da su.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ahrar al-Sham's Shkh Abdulrazzaq al-Mahdi retracts his fatwa that permitted taking &quot;abandoned homes &amp; was abuses&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; An buga wani faifan bidiyo na Abdul Razzaq al Mahdi yana rokon musulmi da su shiga tsakani a kan abin da ya kira la'anannun rafidha 'yan Shi'a a watan Disamba 2016 a lokacin yakin Aleppo[&lt;ref&gt;Emotional plea from Sheik Abdul Razzaq Al Mahdi from Syria. #aleppo نامەیەکی کاریگەر لەلایەن شێخ عب&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
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  <page>
    <title>Abdul Majd Muhammed</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818069</id>
      <parentid>649759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:39:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
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      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Abdul majid muhammed]] to [[Abdul Majd Muhammed]]</comment>
      <origin>649759</origin>
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      <text bytes="2164" sha1="685k6uorg1itb0xrsmnmcs3k9g1cvfh" xml:space="preserve">Abdul Majd Muhammed (Persian: عبدالمجید محمد

Lambar sa na Guantanamo na yau da kullun ya kasance 555. Hadin gwiwar hadin gwiwa Gudanarwa Gudan da aka haife shi a 1978, a Zahedan, Iran.

An kama Abdul Majid Muhammad a Afghanistan kuma aka tura shi zuwa Iran ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006. &lt;ref&gt;OARDEC (May 15, 2006). &quot;List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006&quot; (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

== LATSA Rahotanni ==
The Guardian ya ruwaito a ranar 15 ga Maris, 2006, cewa Muhammadu ya zargi da bautar kamar dare mai tsaro ga Taliban. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Annual Administrative Review Boards for Enemy Combatants Held at Guantanamo Attributable to Senior Defense Officials&quot;. United States Department of Defense. March 6, 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Combarin Matsayi ==
An gudanar da karawar matsayin duba kotunan duba a cikin 3 x 6 Metter trailer. Cutar ta zauna tare da hannayensa cuffed da kafafu da aka girgiza kai a ƙasa. An kiyaye kujeru uku don membiyu 'yan jaridu, amma kawai aka lura da kotunan 574.&lt;ref&gt;Abdul Majid Muhammed - The Guantánamo Docket&quot;. ''New York Times''. 18 May 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Da farko, gwamnatin Bush ta tabbatar da cewa za su iya hana dukkan kariyar yarjejeniya ta kare dangi daga yakin kan ta'addanci. An kalubalance wannan manufar kafin reshen shari'a. Masu sukar sunyi jayayya cewa Amurka ba ta iya iya nuna wajabta wajabta ba don gudanar da kotun da za su iya aiwatar da kotuncin su ne, ko kuma ba, sun kare ne ga matsayin fursuna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;US releases Guantanamo files&quot;. The Age. April 4, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2008.

External links&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan haka, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta kirkirar kotunan duba matsayin. Kotun, ba a ba da izini ba, ba a ba da izini ba don sanin ko wadanda suka halatta a halalta doka da su yi zartarwa game da ko wadanda aka yi niyyar nuna ma'anar gwamnatocin kungiyar masu fa'ida.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sketches of Guantanamo Detainees-Part II&quot;. ''The Guardian''. March 15, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>685k6uorg1itb0xrsmnmcs3k9g1cvfh</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>818071</id>
      <parentid>818069</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:40:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
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      <text bytes="2116" sha1="db2mtuzm2eazq6vhcbtcicpvwc9l36r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Abdul Majd Muhammed (Persian: عبدالمجید محمد An haife shi a 1978), a Zahedan, Iran.

An kama Abdul Majid Muhammad a Afghanistan kuma aka tura shi zuwa Iran ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006. &lt;ref&gt;OARDEC (May 15, 2006). &quot;List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006&quot; (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

== LATSA Rahotanni ==
The Guardian ya ruwaito a ranar 15 ga Maris, 2006, cewa Muhammadu ya zargi da bautar kamar dare mai tsaro ga Taliban. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Annual Administrative Review Boards for Enemy Combatants Held at Guantanamo Attributable to Senior Defense Officials&quot;. United States Department of Defense. March 6, 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Combarin Matsayi ==
An gudanar da karawar matsayin duba kotunan duba a cikin 3 x 6 Metter trailer. Cutar ta zauna tare da hannayensa cuffed da kafafu da aka girgiza kai a ƙasa. An kiyaye kujeru uku don membiyu 'yan jaridu, amma kawai aka lura da kotunan 574.&lt;ref&gt;Abdul Majid Muhammed - The Guantánamo Docket&quot;. ''New York Times''. 18 May 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Da farko, gwamnatin Bush ta tabbatar da cewa za su iya hana dukkan kariyar yarjejeniya ta kare dangi daga yakin kan ta'addanci. An kalubalance wannan manufar kafin reshen shari'a. Masu sukar sunyi jayayya cewa Amurka ba ta iya iya nuna wajabta wajabta ba don gudanar da kotun da za su iya aiwatar da kotuncin su ne, ko kuma ba, sun kare ne ga matsayin fursuna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;US releases Guantanamo files&quot;. The Age. April 4, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2008. External links&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan haka, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta kirkirar kotunan duba matsayin. Kotun, ba a ba da izini ba, ba a ba da izini ba don sanin ko wadanda suka halatta a halalta doka da su yi zartarwa game da ko wadanda aka yi niyyar nuna ma'anar gwamnatocin kungiyar masu fa'ida.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sketches of Guantanamo Detainees-Part II&quot;. ''The Guardian''. March 15, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun  1978]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdul One Mohammed</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818037</id>
      <parentid>649820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:20:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>818037</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3509" sha1="pbd8920kfyjec1t9ir6evhc9iiebs4p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Abdul Aziz One Mohammed &lt;ref&gt;&quot; was inserted into Abdul Mohammed's name by the army to distinguish him from the many others by the same name (Abdul Aziz). &quot;Abdul One Mohammed&quot; is used in all official reports. Some sources incorrectly use the name &quot;Abdul Wan Mohammed&lt;/ref&gt; gwamnan soja ne a jihar Bornon Najeriya, sannan kuma ya kasance shugaban rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta ECMOG a Laberiya da Saliyo.

Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya nada Kanar Abdul One Mohammed gwamnan soja na jihar Borno daga Disamba 1987 zuwa Disamba 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria States&quot;. WorldStatesmen. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1997 aka tura Abdul One Mohammed zuwa kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECMOG) a matsayin mataimakin kwamandan ECMOG kuma shugaban ma'aikata, wanda zai jagoranci ayyuka a kasashen Laberiya da Saliyo.


==Saliyo==
A watan Nuwamba 1997 Abdul Mohammed ya musanta cewa jiragen yakin ECOMOG sun karya yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta a wani lamari da mayakan suka shiga tsakani kan jiragen ruwa da ke kokarin karya takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sojoji a Saliyo. Ya ce &quot;An harbi jirginmu ne don haka muka mayar da wuta&quot;&lt;ref&gt;.&quot;Sierra Leone News&quot;. The Sierra Leone Web. 17 November 1997. Retrieved 2010-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Fabrairun 1998 sojojin ECOMOG suka kaddamar da wani farmaki na bai-daya don sake kwace iko da Freetown, babban birnin Saliyo. Abdul One Mohammed ya ce dakarunsa suna kusa da tsakiyar birnin Freetown kuma za su ci gaba da gaba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;IRIN-WA Update 142 of Events in West Africa: SIERRA LEONE: ECOMOG launches all-out offensive on Freetown&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1998 Abdul One Mohammed ya ce a yanzu kayayyaki na kasuwanci da na agaji za su iya shiga tashar jiragen ruwa na Freetown kuma filin jirgin yana bude. Haramcin makamai ya ci gaba da aiki.&lt;ref&gt;-WA Update 152 of Events in West Africa: ECOMOG opens Sierra Leone's ports&quot;. IRIN. 24 February 1998. Retrieved 2010-05-11.@,&lt;/ref&gt;

==Laberiya==
'Yan kasar Laberiya sun gudanar da fareti ga dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na ECOMOG a watan Janairun 1998, wadanda za su bar kasar a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu. Abdul One Mohammed ya yi kira ga 'yan Laberiya da su &quot;hada hannu wuri daya, mu tabbatar da zaman lafiyar da muka sanya a gaba&quot;&lt;ref&gt;.-WA Update 152 of Events in West Africa: ECOMOG opens Sierra Leone's ports&quot;. IRIN. 24 February 1998. Retrieved 2010-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon wannan watan, ya bayyana damuwarsa cewa al'amuran ka iya haifar da sake sabunta rikici a Laberiya, ciki har da &quot;sake shigar da sojojin da aka gano da yakin basasa na shekaru bakwai.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;IRIN-WA Update 154 of Events in West Africa: Fighters leave Bo in ruins&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Liberia: Information on whether the warring factions have been disarmed, whether peacekeepers are still active in the country, and, if so, whether they are encountering any resistance&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
A watan Yulin 1998 Abdul One Mohammed ya ce ya yi nadama cewa ba a sake horar da jami'an tsaron Liberiya ba a karshen yakin basasa. Ya kuma ce ECOMOG ta gaza kafa wata al’umma da ba ta da bindiga a Laberiya saboda “tsoffin shugabannin yaki” sun gaya wa mayakansu su ajiye makamansu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;IRIN-WA Update 263 of Events in West Africa: LIBERIA: ECOMOG general regrets no army reform&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Sara Kandell (19 November 2004). &quot;Special Court Monitoring Program Update #13 Trial Chamber I - CDF Trial&quot; (PDF). UC Berkeley War Crimes Study Center. Retrieved &lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdul Mannan Choudhury</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103548</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818066</id>
      <parentid>649793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:38:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
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      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Abdul mannan choudhury]] to [[Abdul Mannan Choudhury]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2165" sha1="t4rm5dfvfiymmnsvp1i8utv64zjnqbv" xml:space="preserve">'''Abdul Mannan Choudhury''' (an Haife shi 1 ga Janairu 1948) malami ne, masanin ilimi kuma tsohon soja ne na yakin kwato 'yantar da Bangladesh.

Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Duniya ta Bangladesh.Ya taba zama farfesa kuma farfesa mai darajar zaɓe a Jami'ar Dhaka.

== ilimi ==
An haifi Choudhury a gundumar Comilla ta Bangladesh. Ya kammala PhD daga Landan, MBA ɗinsa daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Manchester da Jagoran Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Dhaka 

== Sana'a ==
Choudhury mayaƙin 'yanci ne kuma ya shiga ƙungiyoyi da dama da suka shafi Yaƙin 'Yancin Bangladesh. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don 'Yanci.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vice-Chancellor reference link&quot;. ''World University of Bangladesh''. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

2005 zuwa 2012, ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Zabi a cikin Sashen Gudanar da Watsa Labarai (MIS), Jami'ar Dhaka.

An zabi Choudhury a matsayin shugaban kungiyar gudanarwa ta kasa a shekarar 1996. Ya taba zama darekta na Bankin Kasuwancin Bangladesh Ltd a shekarar 1998.. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Kudi, Jami'ar Dhaka (1998-1999), National Board of Drugs and Narcotics, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, Gwamnatin Bangladesh (1999), Kwamitin Gyaran Gidan Yari, Ma'aikatar Jin Dadin Jama'a da Gwamnatin Bangladesh (1998).Shi memba ne na rayuwa na Kungiyar Makarantun Kasuwancin Manchester, Associationungiyar Masanan Majalisar Biritaniya da Ƙungiyar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa ta Bangladesh da sauran ƙungiyoyin al'adu da yawa

Choudhury ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Sashen Gudanarwa, Jami'ar Dhaka daga 1992 zuwa 1995. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci &amp; Kimiyyar Bayanai (2000) da Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci &amp; Bayanan Bayani (1998). Shi ne wanda ya kafa darektan Shirin Maraice na MBA,  Sashen Nazarin Gudanarwa, Jami'ar Dhaka. Daga 2007 zuwa 2010 ya kasance mataimakin shugaban jami'ar duniya ta Bangladesh.[A2012 ya sake zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Duniya ta &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Founder director of evening MBA program&quot;. wub. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Bangladesh

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818068</id>
      <parentid>818066</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:38:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <origin>818068</origin>
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      <text bytes="2247" sha1="6n711ftqra0v956i4ilixkzk8qzs8s7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Abdul Mannan Choudhury''' (an Haife shi 1 ga Janairu 1948) malami ne, masanin ilimi kuma tsohon soja ne na yakin kwato 'yantar da Bangladesh. Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Duniya ta Bangladesh.Ya taba zama farfesa kuma farfesa mai darajar zaɓe a Jami'ar Dhaka.

== ilimi ==
An haifi Choudhury a gundumar Comilla ta Bangladesh. Ya kammala PhD daga Landan, MBA ɗinsa daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Manchester da Jagoran Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Dhaka 

== Sana'a ==
Choudhury mayaƙin 'yanci ne kuma ya shiga ƙungiyoyi da dama da suka shafi Yaƙin 'Yancin Bangladesh. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don 'Yanci.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vice-Chancellor reference link&quot;. ''World University of Bangladesh''. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

2005 zuwa 2012, ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Zabi a cikin Sashen Gudanar da Watsa Labarai (MIS), Jami'ar Dhaka.

An zabi Choudhury a matsayin shugaban kungiyar gudanarwa ta kasa a shekarar 1996. Ya taba zama darekta na Bankin Kasuwancin Bangladesh Ltd a shekarar 1998.. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Kudi, Jami'ar Dhaka (1998-1999), National Board of Drugs and Narcotics, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, Gwamnatin Bangladesh (1999), Kwamitin Gyaran Gidan Yari, Ma'aikatar Jin Dadin Jama'a da Gwamnatin Bangladesh (1998).Shi memba ne na rayuwa na Kungiyar Makarantun Kasuwancin Manchester, Associationungiyar Masanan Majalisar Biritaniya da Ƙungiyar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa ta Bangladesh da sauran ƙungiyoyin al'adu da yawa

Choudhury ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Sashen Gudanarwa, Jami'ar Dhaka daga 1992 zuwa 1995. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci &amp; Kimiyyar Bayanai (2000) da Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci &amp; Bayanan Bayani (1998). Shi ne wanda ya kafa darektan Shirin Maraice na MBA,  Sashen Nazarin Gudanarwa, Jami'ar Dhaka. Daga 2007 zuwa 2010 ya kasance mataimakin shugaban jami'ar duniya ta Bangladesh.[A2012 ya sake zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Duniya ta &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Founder director of evening MBA program&quot;. wub. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Bangladesh

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdul Nasser Qardash</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103558</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818057</id>
      <parentid>649851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:34:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Abdul nasser qardash]] to [[Abdul Nasser Qardash]]</comment>
      <origin>649851</origin>
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      <text bytes="2091" sha1="t1jiegxb6e8vb1x7ogzxrrcrjdmr942" xml:space="preserve">'''Abdul Nasser Qardash (Larabci''': عبد الناصر قرداش; 2] an haife shi a shekara ta 1967; wani lokaci ana kiransa da '''Abdel Nasser Qirdash ko Kardesh''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Hajji Abdullah al-Turkmani''') wani dan gwagwarmaya ne na Iraki wanda a shekarar 2019 aka ba da rahoton kuskure a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL). Ana kuma yi masa laqabi da “Farfesa” da “Mai halakarwa”. Qardash babban jigo ne kuma mai tasiri sosai a cikin kungiyar ISIL mai alaka da halifansa na farko, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin wanda zai iya tsayawa takarar shugabancin ISIL. Sai dai kwanaki bayan mutuwar al-Baghdadi, daga karshe an zabi Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi a matsayin sabon shugaban kungiyar ISIL da aka ayyana. A shekarar 2020 ne jami'an tsaron Iraki suka kama Qardash&lt;ref&gt;O'Conner, Tom; Jamali, Naveed (27 October 2019). &quot;ISIS already has a new leader, but Baghdadi may not have been running the group anyway&quot;. ''NewsWeek''. Retrieved 27 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;صحيفة: ضابط استخبارات صدام حسين يتولى قيادة &quot;داعش&quot; بأمر من البغدادي &quot;المريض&quot;&quot;. ''NBN TV'' (in Arabic). 22 August 2019. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==

== An haife shi a matsayin &quot;Tahah Abdel Rahim Abdallah Bakr al-Ghassani&quot; a babban birnin Turkmen na Iraki na Tal Afar, Iraki, a cikin 1967, Qardash ɗan kabilar Turkmen ne. Ya yi karatu a kwalejin kimiyyar Musulunci da ke birnin Mosul da ke kusa. Ya rayu ne a unguwar Musharafah ta Mosul a shekarunsa na farko Qardash ya kasance Manjo Janar a cikin sojojin Saddam Hussein, amma ya zama wani bangare na kungiyar 'yan tawayen Ansar al-Islam a 2003. Hukumomin Amurka tare da al-Baghdadi a Camp Bucca, wani wurin da ake tsare da shi a Basra, an daure Qardash a 2003-2004ko 2005bayan mamayewar Iraki da korar gwamnatin Saddam Hussein.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Captured Iraqi Daesh member details splits in the extremist group&quot;. ''Arab News''. 21 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>818059</id>
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'''Abdul Nasser Qardash (Larabci''': عبد الناصر قرداش; 2] an haife shi a shekara ta 1967; wani lokaci ana kiransa da '''Abdel Nasser Qirdash ko Kardesh''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Hajji Abdullah al-Turkmani''') wani dan gwagwarmaya ne na Iraki wanda a shekarar 2019 aka ba da rahoton kuskure a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL). Ana kuma yi masa laqabi da “Farfesa” da “Mai halakarwa”. Qardash babban jigo ne kuma mai tasiri sosai a cikin kungiyar ISIL mai alaka da halifansa na farko, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin wanda zai iya tsayawa takarar shugabancin ISIL. Sai dai kwanaki bayan mutuwar al-Baghdadi, daga karshe an zabi Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi a matsayin sabon shugaban kungiyar ISIL da aka ayyana. A shekarar 2020 ne jami'an tsaron Iraki suka kama Qardash&lt;ref&gt;O'Conner, Tom; Jamali, Naveed (27 October 2019). &quot;ISIS already has a new leader, but Baghdadi may not have been running the group anyway&quot;. ''NewsWeek''. Retrieved 27 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;صحيفة: ضابط استخبارات صدام حسين يتولى قيادة &quot;داعش&quot; بأمر من البغدادي &quot;المريض&quot;&quot;. ''NBN TV'' (in Arabic). 22 August 2019. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko==
An haife shi a matsayin &quot;Tahah Abdel Rahim Abdallah Bakr al-Ghassani&quot; a babban birnin Turkmen na Iraki na Tal Afar, Iraki, a cikin 1967, Qardash ɗan kabilar Turkmen ne. Ya yi karatu a kwalejin kimiyyar Musulunci da ke birnin Mosul da ke kusa. Ya rayu ne a unguwar Musharafah ta Mosul a shekarunsa na farko Qardash ya kasance Manjo Janar a cikin sojojin Saddam Hussein, amma ya zama wani bangare na kungiyar 'yan tawayen Ansar al-Islam a 2003. Hukumomin Amurka tare da al-Baghdadi a Camp Bucca, wani wurin da ake tsare da shi a Basra, an daure Qardash a 2003-2004ko 2005bayan mamayewar Iraki da korar gwamnatin Saddam Hussein.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Captured Iraqi Daesh member details splits in the extremist group&quot;. ''Arab News''. 21 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; ==

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Haifaffun 1967]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdul al salam al hilal</title>
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'''Abd al-Salam al-Hilah''' ɗan ƙasar Yemen ne wanda ak&lt;ref&gt;Al-Hila: Another 'ghost prisoner' rendered&lt;/ref&gt;e tsare da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a sansanin kurkukun Guantanamo Bay na Amurka, a ƙasar Cuba.&lt;ref&gt;OARDEC (2006-05-15). &quot;List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006&quot; (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-29.2004.[9]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta lissafa wurin da aka haife shi a matsayin Sanaa, Yemen da ranar haihuwarsa a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1968.

== Tsare CIA ==
An kama Al-Hilah ne, a birnin Alkahira, a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2002, a lokacin da yake tafiya ta kasuwanci. John Sifton na kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, ya ce Al-Hilah ya bace ne, tsawon watanni goma sha takwas, kafin ya bace a tsare a Amurka a sansanin sojojin ruwan Amurka da ke Guantanamo Bay a kasar Cuba[8]. Bisa ga bayanan likitancin da aka buga a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2007, “lokacin da ake aiwatarwa” a Guantanamo shine Satumba 20, 2004.[9]

Tun lokacin da ya isa Guantanamo Bay, yana daya daga cikin fursunoni kusan 200 da aka shigar da karar a madadinsa. A tattaunawar da aka yi da lauyansa na baya-bayan nan, al-Hilah ya ce bayan kama shi an aika shi zuwa Baku Azarbaijan na tsawon watanni biyu, sannan ya shafe watanni 16 a sansanonin sirri a Afghanistan, ciki har da &quot; kurkukun duhu &quot;&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Operated Secret 'Dark Prison' in Kabul, Reuters, December 19, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1968]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Abdul al-Arahim ghulam rabbani</title>
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Abdul Rahim Ghulam Rabbani ɗan ƙasar Pakistan ne wanda aka tsare a sansanin Guantanamo Bay na Amurka a ƙasar Cuba.&lt;ref&gt;OARDEC (15 May 2006). &quot;List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006&quot; (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guantanamo Bay Detainee Transfer Announced&quot;. defense.gov. Retrieved 10 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu nazarin leken asirin Amurka sun kiyasta cewa an haifi Rabbani a shekara ta 1967.

Abdul Rahim Ghulam Rabbani ya isa Guantanamo a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2004, kuma an tsare shi a Guantanamo sama da shekaru 18, har sai an sake shi a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2023.[5][6][4]

== Tsarewa acikin ramin gishiri ==
A cewar Laid Saidi, Rabbani, da dan uwansa, Mohammed Ahmad Ghulam Rabbani, ana tsare da su ne a bakar wurin CIA da aka fi sani da &quot;ramin gishiri&quot; a lokaci guda da shi.&lt;ref&gt;Craig S. Smith; Souad Mekhennet (7 July 2006). &quot;Algerian Tells of Dark Term in U.S. Hands&quot;. New York Times. Algiers. p. A1. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Mr. Masri and Mr. Saidi said they got to know other prisoners, including two Pakistani brothers from Saudi Arabia, whose phone number Mr. Masri also memorized. Using that number, The New York Times reached relatives of the brothers, Abdul al-Rahim Ghulam Rabbani and Mohammed Ahmad Ghulam Rabbani, who said they had heard from the Red Cross two years ago that the brothers were being held in Afghanistan. Pentagon documents show that two men with those names are now detainees at Guantánamo Bay.&lt;/ref&gt;An haife shi a cikin dangin Pakistan waɗanda suka yi hijira daga Indiya zuwa Karachi bayan rabuwar a 1947. Iyalin sun zauna a Saudi Arabia tsawon shekaru.[8].

== sake dubawa a hukumance ==
Da farko dai, fadar shugaban kasar Bush ta bayyana cewa, fursunonin da aka kama a cikin &quot;yakin da ta'addanci&quot; ba su da kariya daga yarjejeniyar Geneva, kuma za a iya gudanar da su har abada, ba tare da wani bayani ba. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 2004, Kotun Kolin Amurka ta yanke hukunci, a Rasul v. Bush, cewa waɗanda aka kama suna da damar sauraron zarge-zargen da suka dace da tsare su, kuma su yi ƙoƙari su karyata waɗannan zarge-zarge.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Mutuwan 2024]]</text>
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Abdul Rahim Ghulam Rabbani ɗan ƙasar Pakistan ne wanda aka tsare a sansanin Guantanamo Bay na Amurka a ƙasar Cuba.&lt;ref&gt;OARDEC (15 May 2006). &quot;List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006&quot; (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guantanamo Bay Detainee Transfer Announced&quot;. defense.gov. Retrieved 10 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu nazarin leken asirin Amurka sun kiyasta cewa an haifi Rabbani a shekara ta 1967.

Abdul Rahim Ghulam Rabbani ya isa Guantanamo a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2004, kuma an tsare shi a Guantanamo sama da shekaru 18, har sai an sake shi a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2023.&lt;ref name=CshraHeightAndWeightTable&gt;
{{cite web
| url=http://humanrights.ucdavis.edu/resources/library/documents-and-reports/gtmo_heightsweights.pdf
| title=Measurements of Heights and Weights of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (ordered and consolidated version)
| publisher=[[Center for the Study of Human Rights in the Americas]], from DoD data
| date=
| author=
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613004352/http://humanrights.ucdavis.edu/resources/library/documents-and-reports/gtmo_heightsweights.pdf
| url-status=live
| archive-date=13 June 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYTimesGuantanamoDocketIsn1460&gt;
{{cite news
| url=http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/1460-abdul-rabbani-abd-al-rahim-abu-rahman
| title=Guantanamo Docket: Abdul Rabbani Abd al Rahim Abu Rahman 
| work=[[New York Times]]
| author=Margot Williams
| author-link=Margot Williams
| date=3 November 2008
| access-date=
| quote=
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;United States Department of Defense&quot;/&gt;

== Tsarewa acikin ramin gishiri ==
A cewar Laid Saidi, Rabbani, da dan uwansa, Mohammed Ahmad Ghulam Rabbani, ana tsare da su ne a bakar wurin CIA da aka fi sani da &quot;ramin gishiri&quot; a lokaci guda da shi.&lt;ref&gt;Craig S. Smith; Souad Mekhennet (7 July 2006). &quot;Algerian Tells of Dark Term in U.S. Hands&quot;. New York Times. Algiers. p. A1. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Mr. Masri and Mr. Saidi said they got to know other prisoners, including two Pakistani brothers from Saudi Arabia, whose phone number Mr. Masri also memorized. Using that number, The New York Times reached relatives of the brothers, Abdul al-Rahim Ghulam Rabbani and Mohammed Ahmad Ghulam Rabbani, who said they had heard from the Red Cross two years ago that the brothers were being held in Afghanistan. Pentagon documents show that two men with those names are now detainees at Guantánamo Bay.&lt;/ref&gt;An haife shi a cikin dangin Pakistan waɗanda suka yi hijira daga Indiya zuwa Karachi bayan rabuwar a 1947. Iyalin sun zauna a Saudi Arabia tsawon shekaru.[8].

== sake dubawa a hukumance ==
Da farko dai, fadar shugaban kasar Bush ta bayyana cewa, fursunonin da aka kama a cikin &quot;yakin da ta'addanci&quot; ba su da kariya daga yarjejeniyar Geneva, kuma za a iya gudanar da su har abada, ba tare da wani bayani ba. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 2004, Kotun Kolin Amurka ta yanke hukunci, a Rasul v. Bush, cewa waɗanda aka kama suna da damar sauraron zarge-zargen da suka dace da tsare su, kuma su yi ƙoƙari su karyata waɗannan zarge-zarge.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Haifaffun  1969]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 2024]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Samy Faraj</title>
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'''Samy Faraj''' (an haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba, 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na kulob din Super League Asteras Tripolis . An haife shi a Faransa, Faraj yana wakiltar Aljeriya a duniya, bayan ya wakilci Morocco a baya.

== Ayyukan kulob din ==
Faraj samfurin matashi ne na Lille tun yana dan shekara tara, kuma ya koma Sochaux a shekarar 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Départ surprise d'un jeune talent de la formation |url=http://allezlille.fr/index.php/en/formation/1307-un-depart-surprise-d-un-jeune-de-la-formation |website=allezlille.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faraj ya fara bugawa Sochaux wasa na farko a wasan 1-1 na Ligue 2 tare da Rodez AF a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sochaux vs. Rodez - 19 September 2020 - Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/09/19/france/ligue-2/fc-sochaux-montbeliard/rodez-aveyron-football/3287853/ |website=uk.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2023, an ba da rancen Faraj ga Paris 13 Atletico a Championnat National . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 January 2023 |title=SAMY FARAJ REJOINT EN PRÊT LE PARIS 13 ATLETICO |url=https://www.fcsochaux.fr/actualites/communique/samy-faraj-rejoint-en-pret-le-paris-13-atletico |access-date=5 February 2023 |publisher=Sochaux |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 2024, an dakatar da kwangilar Faraj tare da Sochaux ta hanyar yardar juna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=SAMY FARAJ N'EST PLUS JAUNE ET BLEU |trans-title=SAMY FARAJ IS NO LONGER YELLOW AND BLUE |url=https://www.fcsochaux.fr/actualites/communique/samy-faraj-nest-plus-jaune-et-bleu |access-date=18 January 2024 |publisher=Sochaux |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Faraj an haife ta ne a Faransa ga mahaifin Maroko da mahaifiyar Aljeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diallo |first=Mouhamed |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Mercato: Grand espoir du LOSC, Faraj pourrait rejoindre la Belgique |url=https://www.afriquesports.net/mercato/mercato-grand-espoir-du-losc-faraj-pourrait-rejoindre-la-belgique/ }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da ƙasashen Faransa da Maroko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samy FARAJ |url=https://www.unfp.org/joueur/samy-faraj-23012/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=unfp.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya wakilci Morocco U16s a Gasar Montaigu ta 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

A watan Disamba na 2020, Faraj ya sanar a wata hira cewa ya zaɓi ya buga wa Aljeriya wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D Debba |date=December 3, 2020 |title=Samy Faraj (EN U20) : &quot; Le projet présenté par la FAF m'a convaincu &quot; |url=https://www.dzfoot.com/2020/12/03/samy-faraj-en-u20-le-projet-presente-par-la-faf-ma-convaincu-193427.php |access-date=December 14, 2020 |publisher=DZfoot |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan 'yan kwanaki, [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa da shekaru 20 ta Algeria|Kungiyar Aljeriya ta kasa da shekaru 20]] ta kira Faraj don Gasar UNAF U-20 ta 2020 a [[Tunisiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2020 |title=LISTE STAGE DE L’EQUIPE NATIONALE DES U20 |url=http://www.faf.dz/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Liste-UNAF-U20.pdf |website=FAF.dz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Faraj shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Faransa Imad Faraj.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Samy Faraj, une étoile montante du football marocain |url=https://fr.hespress.com/112680-samy-faraj-une-etoile-montante-du-football-marocain.html |website=Hespress Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amfani da muhalli</title>
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[[Fayil:Depuradora_de_Lluc.JPG|thumb|Kamfanin kula da najasa da ke amfani da makamashin hasken rana, wanda ke a Santuari de Lluc monastery a[[Ispaniya|Spain]].]]
[[Fayil:'Environmentally_Friendly'_Speed_Warning_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49267.jpg|thumb|Gargadin saurin mu'amala mai dacewa da muhali mai ƙarfi ta hasken rana da wutar iska.]]
 
'''Hanyoyin da Suke da kyau a cikin muhalli''', ko hanyoyin da ke da aminci a cikin mujalli (wanda ake kira da muhalli-friendly, yanayi-friendly da '''kore'''), sune ka'idojin dorewa da [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallace-tallace]] da ke nufin kayayyaki da ayyuka, [[Doka|dokoki]], jagororin da manufofi waɗanda ke da'awar raguwa, kaɗan, ko babu lahani a kan yanayin halittu ko muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dw.com/ha/muhalli/t-19136073&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanoni suna amfani da waɗannan kalmomin da ba a fahimta ba don inganta kayayyaki da aiyuka, wani lokacin tare da ƙarin takaddun shaida, kamar alamun muhalli. Ana iya kiran yawan amfani da su a matsayin Greenwashing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Motavalli |first=Jim |date=12 February 2011 |title=A History of Greenwashing: How Dirty Towels Impacted the Green Movement |url=http://www.dailyfinance.com/2011/02/12/the-history-of-greenwashing-how-dirty-towels-impacted-the-green/ |website=AOL}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 June 2008 |title=Grønvaskere invaderer børsen |trans-title=Greenwashers invade the market |url=http://epn.dk/privatokonomi/investering/article1374993.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705195538/http://epn.dk/privatokonomi/investering/article1374993.ece |archive-date=5 July 2008 |access-date=22 December 2012 |website=EPN.dk |publisher=Jyllands-Posten |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don tabbatar da nasarar taron Ci gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs) ana ba da shawara don amfani da hanyoyin muhalli masu kyau a cikin samar da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eco friendly production key to achieving sdgs |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/148102}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, Manufar Ci Gaban Mai dorewa 12 tana auna manufofi 11 da alamomi 13 &quot;don tabbatar da Amfani mai ɗorewa da tsarin samarwa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don daidaitawa ISO 14020 da ISO 14024 don kafa ka'idoji da ka'idoji don alamun muhalli da ayyana cewa masu ba da takaddun shaida da masu lakabin yanayi ya kamata su bi.  Musamman ma, waɗannan ka'idoji sun shafi nisantar rikice-rikice na kuɗi na sha'awa, amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin kimiyya da hanyoyin gwaji da aka yarda da su, da buɗe ido da bayyana gaskiya a cikin tsara ƙa'idodi..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=international standards for eco-labeling |url=http://www.greenseal.org/GreenBusiness/Standards/HowGreenSealDevelopsStandards/InternationalStandardsforEcoLabeling.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128131515/http://www.greenseal.org/GreenBusiness/Standards/HowGreenSealDevelopsStandards/InternationalStandardsforEcoLabeling.aspx |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=9 December 2012 |publisher=Green Seal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bambance-bambance na yankiN ==

=== Turai ===
Kayayyakin da ke cikin membobin [[Tarayyar Turai]] na iya amfani da EU Ecolabel har sai amincewar EU ta sami amincewar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the European Union Eco-label Homepage |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/index_en.htm |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=EUROPA}}&lt;/ref&gt; EMAS wani lakabin EU ne  wanda ke nuna ko gudanarwar kungiya kore ce ba kamar yadda ta saba da samfurin ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EMAS |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/index_en.htm |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=EUROPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Green Business&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) |url=https://green-business.ec.europa.eu/eco-management-and-audit-scheme-emas_en |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Green Business}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minutes |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/pdf/meetings/draftmin0905.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212115647/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/pdf/meetings/draftmin0905.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=EUEB Coordination and Cooperation Management Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jamus]] kuma tana amfani da Blue Angel, bisa ga ma'auni na Jamus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Type 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Labels Type I |url=http://www.ricoh.com/environment/label/type1/index.html#hun_eco |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=Ricoh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freimann |first=Jurgen |last2=Schwedes |first2=Roswitha |date=2000 |title=EMAS experiences in German companies: a survey on empirical studies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0925(200009)7:3&lt;99::aid-ema135&gt;3.0.co;2-x |journal=Eco-Management and Auditing |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=99–105 |doi=10.1002/1099-0925(200009)7:3&lt;99::aid-ema135&gt;3.0.co;2-x |issn=0968-9427}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Turai, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban da kamfanoni ke amfani da hanyoyin da ba su dace da muhalli ba, alamun yanayin yanayi, da kuma ƙa'idodin canza yanayin gabaɗaya don tabbatar da cewa an rage cutar da muhalli da muhalli yayin da ake yin samfuransu.  A cikin Turai, alal misali, kamfanoni da yawa sun riga sun yi amfani da alamun EMAS [aƙalla buƙatun] don nuna cewa samfuran su na abokantaka ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EUROPA - Environment - Ecolabel - FAQ |url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/ecolabel/tools/faq_en.htm |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kamfanoni ====
Kamfanoni da yawa a Turai suna sanya alamun muhalli a kan samfuran su babban abin fifiko tunda yana iya haifar da karuwar tallace-tallace lokacin da akwai alamun mujallar a kan waɗannan samfuran. A Turai musamman, an gudanar da wani binciken da ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin alamun muhalli da sayen kifi: &quot;Sakamako namu ya nuna muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin sha'awar alamun mujalli da siffofin abincin teku, musamman sabo na kifi, asalin ƙasa na kifi da asalin kifi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brécard |first=Dorothée |last2=Hlaimi |first2=Boubaker |last3=Lucas |first3=Sterenn |last4=Perraudeau |first4=Yves |last5=Salladarré |first5=Frédéric |date=2009-11-15 |title=Determinants of demand for green products: An application to eco-label demand for fish in Europe |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800909003061 |journal=Ecological Economics |series=The DPSIR framework for Biodiversity Assessment |language=en |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=115–125 |bibcode=2009EcoEc..69..115B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.017 |issn=0921-8009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan labarin ya nuna cewa alamun muhalli ba kawai suna nuna tasiri mai kyau a kan muhalli idan ya zo ga ƙirƙirar da adana kayayyaki ba, har ma da haɓaka tallace-tallace. Koyaya, ba duk ƙasashen Turai sun yarda da ko wasu samfuran, musamman kifi, ya kamata su sami alamun muhalli ba. A cikin wannan labarin, an ce: &quot;Abin mamaki, tasirin ƙasar akan yiwuwar karɓar alamar muhalli na kifi yana da wuyar fassara. Kasashen da ke da matakin mafi girma na karɓar alamar mohalli sune Belgium da Faransa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miras Rodríguez 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Miras Rodríguez |first=María del Mar |last2=Escobar Pérez |first2=Bernabé |last3=Carrasco Gallego |first3=Amalia |date=2015 |title=Are companies less environmentally-friendly due to the crisis? Evidence from Europe |url=https://idus.us.es/handle/11441/85190 |issn=2182-8466}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da wannan bincike da kididdiga, Faransa da Belgium sun fi yarda da waɗannan alamun muhalli.

=== Arewacin Amurka ===
A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da'awar tallan muhalli yana buƙatar taka tsantsan. Takardun sarauta irin su masu aminci ga muhalli na iya rikitarwa ba tare da takamaiman ma'anar ba; wasu masu tsarawa suna ba da jagora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2008 |title=Environmental Claims |url=http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/grnrule/guides980427.htm |access-date=17 November 2008 |publisher=Federal Trade Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta yi la'akari da wasu alamun muhalli da yaudara wajen tantance ko samfurin &quot;kore ne&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EPAICOU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Labels -environmentally friendly |url=http://www.greenerchoices.org/eco-labels/eco-home.cfm?redirect=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011140125/http://www.greenerchoices.org/eco-labels/eco-home.cfm?redirect=1 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=9 July 2007 |website=ecolabels}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A [[Kanada]], lakabi daya shine na Shirin Zaɓin Muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Type 1&quot;/&gt; An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1988,  kawai samfuran da shirin ya amince da su ne kawai ake ba da izinin nuna lakabin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the Program |url=http://www.environmentalchoice.com/English/ECP%20Footer/About%20the%20Program |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527124648/http://www.environmentalchoice.com/English/ECP%20Footer/About%20the%20Program |archive-date=27 May 2006 |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=EcoLogo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Choice (Canada) |url=http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/g7/eco-can.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125105653/http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/g7/eco-can.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date=25 November 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=Environment Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabaɗaya, Mexico na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a duniya da suka zartar da takamaiman doka game da canjin yanayi. Dokar ta kafa manufa ta tilas na rage hayakin gas na kasa da kashi 30% nan da shekarar 2020. Har ila yau, kasar tana da dabarun canjin yanayi na kasa, wanda aka yi niyya don jagorantar aiwatar da manufofi a cikin shekaru 40 masu zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stiftung |first=Bertelsmann |title=SGI 2017 {{!}} Mexico {{!}} Environmental Policies |url=https://www.sgi-network.org/2017/Mexico/Environmental_Policies |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=www.sgi-network.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oceania ===
Alamar Rating Energy alama ce ta Type III &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overview of Regulatory Requirements - Labelling and MEPS |url=http://www.energyrating.gov.au/man1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701234814/http://www.energyrating.gov.au/man1.html |archive-date=1 July 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=Energy Rating Label}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke ba da bayani game da &quot;hidimar makamashi ta kowane ɗayan amfani da makamashi&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Type III&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arnaud Bizard |last2=Brett Lee |last3=Karen Puterrman |title=AWARE and Environmental Labeling Programs: One Step Closer to a Sustainable Economy |url=http://www.cmu.edu/me/ddl/AWARE/AWARE-Labeling-Report-ME589-2004.pdf |id=ME 589 |access-date=10 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overview of how are star ratings calculated? |url=http://www.energyrating.gov.au/star.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713095412/http://www.energyrating.gov.au/star.html |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=Energy Rating Label}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1986, amma tattaunawar ta haifar da sake fasalin a shekarar 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Energy Label |url=http://www.energyrating.gov.au/con3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713103618/http://www.energyrating.gov.au/con3.html |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=Energy Rating Label}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oceania tana samar da na biyu mafi yawan e-washe, 16.1 kg, yayin da take da na uku mafi ƙarancin sake amfani da 8.8%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Van Yken |first=Jonovan |last2=Boxall |first2=Naomi J. |last3=Cheng |first3=Ka Yu |last4=Nikoloski |first4=Aleksandar N. |last5=Moheimani |first5=Navid R. |last6=Kaksonen |first6=Anna H. |date=August 2021 |title=E-Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery: A Review on Technologies, Barriers and Enablers with a Focus on Oceania |journal=Metals |volume=11 |issue=8 |page=1313 |doi=10.3390/met11081313 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Daga Oceania, Ostiraliya ce kawai ke da manufofi a cikin manufofi don sarrafa sharar gida, wanda shine Dokar Gudanar da Manufofin da aka buga a 2011 wanda ke da niyyar sarrafa tasirin samfuran, dalibi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zubar da samfuran da shararsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Review of the Product Stewardship Act 2011 |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/product-stewardship-act-review.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karkashin Dokar an kirkiro Shirin sake amfani da talabijin da kwamfuta na kasa (NTCRS), wanda ya tilasta masana'antu da masu shigo da kayan lantarki da na lantarki (EEE) shigo da kayayyaki 5000 ko fiye ko 15000 ko fiye da haka masu laushi su kasance masu alhakin kuma ana buƙatar su biya NTCRS don dawowa da sake amfani da kayan lantarki daga samfuran lantarki.

New Zealand ba ta da wata doka da ke kula da sharar gida kai tsaye, a maimakon haka suna da tsarin kula da kayayyaki na son rai kamar su cinikin masu samarwa da tsarin cinikayya da kuma wuraren sake amfani da kayan aiki na son rai. Kodayake wannan ya taimaka masa ya kashe kuɗin mai ba da sabis tare da ma'aikata da ke ɗaukar kashi 90% na farashin sake amfani. Bugu da kari, a halin yanzu ba a la'akari da sharar gida a matsayin samfurin fifiko ba, wanda zai karfafa tilasta aiwatar da kula da samfur. A cikin [[Pacific Island Regions|Yankunan Tsibirin Pacific]] (PIR), gudanar da sharar gida aiki ne mai wahala tunda ba su da isasshen ƙasa don zubar da shi yadda ya kamata duk da cewa suna samar da ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin sharar gida a duniya saboda kuɗin shiga da yawan jama'arsu. Saboda haka akwai manyan tarin sharar gida da ba za a iya sake amfani da su ba lafiya.

A halin yanzu, Sakatariyar Shirin Muhalli na Yankin Pacific (SPREP), ƙungiyar da ke kula da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa da muhalli na yankin Pacific, tana kula da daidaita yankin da kuma sarrafa sharar gida na yankin Oceania.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us &amp;#124; Pacific Environment |url=https://www.sprep.org/about-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; SPREP yana amfani da Cleaner Pacific 2025 a matsayin tsari don jagorantar gwamnatoci daban-daban a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cleaner Pacific 2025. Pacific Regional Waste and Pollution Management Strategy |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/commitments/1326_7636_commitment_cleaner-pacific-strategy-2025.pdf |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, suna aiki tare da PacWaste (Kasuwan Kasuwanci na Pacific) don ganowa da warware batutuwa daban-daban tare da kula da sharar gida na tsibirin, wanda galibi ya samo asali ne daga rashin tilasta wa gwamnati da ilimi game da batun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Pacwaste? &amp;#124; Pacific Environment |url=https://www.sprep.org/what-pacwaste}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu sun ba da shawarar aiwatar da manufofin kula da kayayyaki tare da biyan kuɗin sake amfani da shi wanda zai karfafa sake amfani da gida da masana'antu. Har ila yau, suna cikin tunanin cewa tsibirai ya kamata su hada kai kuma su raba albarkatu da gogewa don taimakawa a kokarin.

Tare da taimakon NTCRS, kodayake halin da ake ciki ya inganta sun kasance suna magana game da nauyin masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin halin da ake kira da a bayyana su a sarari. Baya ga kasancewar bambance-bambance a cikin ka'idojin jihohi da na tarayya, tare da Kudancin Australia, Babban Birnin Australiya, da Victoria kawai sun haramta zubar da shara ta e-waste, zai yiwu a sanya wannan ya shafi sauran yankin idan an yanke shawarar tarayya. Sun kuma ba da shawarar samun dama ga wuraren tattarawa don sharar gida, tare da kasancewa kawai wurin tattarawa a cikin radius na kilomita 100 a wasu lokuta. &amp;nbsp;An nuna cewa dalilin da ya sa wasu mazauna ba sa sake amfani da su saboda nisan da suke da shi daga wurin tattarawa. Bugu da kari, akwai 'yan kamfen don sake amfani, tare da kamfanin, MobileMuster, shirin tattara na son rai wanda Australian Mobile Telecommunication Association ke gudanarwa, da nufin tattara wayoyi kafin su tafi wurin zubar da shara kuma suna yin hakan tun 1999. Bayan ci gaba da bincike, an gano cewa kashi 46% na jama'a ne kawai suka sami kyautar shirin, wanda daga baya ya karu zuwa kashi 74% a cikin 2018, amma wannan ya faru ne bayan saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 45 daga Australian Mobile Telecommunication Association.

=== Asiya ===
&quot;Ci gaban tattalin arziki a Asiya ya karu a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata kuma ya kara bukatar makamashi, wanda ya haifar da karuwar hayaki da gurɓataccen iska. Don magance waɗannan batutuwan, sauya man fetur da tura sabbin abubuwa suna da mahimmanci. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Arimura Sugino 2020 pp. 44–61&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arimura |first=Toshi H. |last2=Sugino |first2=Makoto |date=2020-08-07 |title=Energy-Related Environmental Policy and Its Impacts on Energy Use in Asia |journal=Asian Economic Policy Review |publisher=Wiley |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=44–61 |doi=10.1111/aepr.12319 |issn=1832-8105 |s2cid=225416259 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yayin da ƙasashe ke ci gaba da ci gaba, yana haifar da ƙarin gurɓatawa sakamakon karuwar amfani da makamashi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, babbar damuwa ga Asiya ita ce batutuwan gurɓataccen iska. Manyan biranen kasar Sin kamar Beijing sun sami mafi munin matsayi na ingancin iska (Li et al., 2017). [[Seoul]], babban birnin [[Koriya ta Kudu]], ita ma tana fama da gurɓataccen iska (Kim et al., 2017). A halin yanzu, biranen Indiya kamar Mumbai da Delhi suna wuce biranen kasar Sin a cikin matsayi mafi munin ingancin iska. A cikin 2019, 21 daga cikin birane 30 na duniya da ke da mafi munin ingancin iska sun kasance a Indiya. &quot;

Ana tallata yanayin muhalli tare da haɗin launi daban-daban, ta amfani da launi mai launin shudi don iska mai tsabta da ruwa mai tsabta, sabanin kore a al'adun yamma. Motocin hybrid da aka gina a [[Japan]] da Koriya suna amfani da launi mai launin shudi maimakon kore duk a cikin abin hawa, kuma suna amfani da kalmar &quot;blue&quot; ba tare da nuna bambanci ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=S.Korea unveils 'recharging road' for eco-friendly buses |url=https://phys.org/news/2010-03-skorea-unveils-recharging-road-eco-friendly.html |access-date=28 May 2021 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==== China ====
A cewar Shen, Li, Wang, da Liao, an aiwatar da tsarin Kasuwancin fitarwa wanda kasar Sin ta yi amfani da shi don tafiyarta ta muhalli a wasu gundumomi kuma ya ci nasara idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a gundumomin gwaji waɗanda gwamnati ta amince da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ge Yang Chen Li 2023 p=3014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ge |first=Wenjun |last2=Yang |first2=Derong |last3=Chen |first3=Weineng |last4=Li |first4=Sheng |date=2023-02-07 |title=Can Setting Up a Carbon Trading Mechanism Improve Urban Eco-Efficiency? Evidence from China |journal=Sustainability |publisher=MDPI AG |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=3014 |doi=10.3390/su15043014 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya nuna yadda kasar Sin ta yi kokarin wajen bullo da sabbin tsare-tsare yadda ya kamata don yin tasiri ga muhalli.  Kasar Sin ta aiwatar da hanyoyi da dama don magance matsalolin muhalli ko da ba su yi nasara ba da farko.  Hakan ya sa suka aiwatar da ingantaccen tsari wanda ya amfanar da muhalli.  Ko da yake kasar Sin na bukatar aiwatar da manufofi kamar, &quot;Ya kamata a hanzarta aiwatar da tsarin &quot;kudaden haraji&quot;, duk da haka, ya kamata a inganta tsari da aiwatar da tsarin harajin muhalli. Wannan zai samar da ingantacciyar hanyar karfafa gwiwa wacce karancin gurbatar yanayi ke da nasaba da karancin haraji.  Ta hanyar aiwatar da manufofi irin waɗannan kamfanoni suna da ƙarin ƙwarin gwiwa don guje wa gurɓata muhalli a maimakon haka su mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar yanayi mai dacewa da muhalli don wuraren aikinsu.  Yin hakan zai haifar da raguwar gurbatar yanayi yayin da kuma akwai yanayi mai tsafta.  Kamfanoni za su gwammace a rage musu haraji don rage yawan kuɗaɗen da za su fuskanta, don haka yana ƙarfafa su su guji gurɓata muhalli gwargwadon iko.

=== Kasashen Duniya ===
Energy Star wani shiri ne tare da babban burin kara ingancin makamashi da kuma rage hayakin gas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Energy Star |url=http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_index |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=Energy Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; Energy Star yana da sassan daban-daban ga kasashe ko yankuna daban-daban, gami da Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United States Energy Star Home Page |url=http://www.energystar.gov/ |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=Energy Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarayyar Turai &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EU Energy Star Home Page |url=http://www.eu-energystar.org/ |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=Energy Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Ostiraliya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Australia Energy Star Home Page |url=http://www.energystar.gov.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703110036/http://www.energystar.gov.au/ |archive-date=3 July 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=Energy Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Shirin, wanda aka kafa a Amurka, ya wanzu a Kanada, Japan, New Zealand, da Taiwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who's Working With ENERGY STAR? International Partners |url=http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=partners.intl_implementation |access-date=3 February 2009 |website=Energy Star |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127161523/https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=partners.intl_implementation |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 17 tana da manufa don inganta ci gaba, canja wuri, watsawa, da rarraba fasahar muhalli ga ƙasashe masu tasowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na 2030 Agenda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goal 17 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal17 |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=sdgs.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
 

== Manazarta ==
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'''Yarjejeniyar Afirka ta Kudu ta 'Yancin addini da' Yanci''' ('''SACRRF''') wata yarjejeniya ce ta haƙƙin da kungiyoyin addini da na farar hula na Afirka ta Kudu suka tsara wacce aka yi niyya don bayyana' yancin addini, haƙƙoƙi da alhakin' yan Afirka ta Kudu. Manufar masu tsara yarjejeniyar ita ce Majalisar ta amince da ita dangane da sashi na 234 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erasmus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malherbe |first=Erasmus |title=The Background and Contents of the Proposed South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms |url=http://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/MalherbePaper,%20South%20Africa%20revised.pdf |access-date=2 November 2012 |publisher=iclrs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Benson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Benson |first=Iain T |date=22 August 2011 |title=South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms |url=http://www.iirf.eu/index.php?id=103&amp;no_cache=1&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=102&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1208 |journal=IJRF: International Institute for Religious Freedom |publisher=iirf.eu |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=125–134 |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331213109/http://www.iirf.eu/index.php?id=103&amp;no_cache=1&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=102&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1208 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;s234&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of South Africa: Section 234: Charter of Rights |url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons14.htm#234 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926114134/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons14.htm#234 |archive-date=26 September 2009 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=info.gov.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

SACRRF ta ba da cikakken bayani game da abin da bayyanar doka da na jama'a na haƙƙin [['Yancin addini|'yancin addini]] zai kasance ga mutane, kungiyoyi da kungiyoyin hukuma a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana bayyana abin da 'yancin addini ke nufi ga waɗanda ke da imani da addini da ƙungiyoyin addini da kuma' yanci na yau da kullun, haƙƙoƙi da nauyin da ke da alaƙa da wannan haƙƙin. Wadannan sun hada da haƙƙin taruwa don kiyaye imani na addini, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki game da addini, haƙƙin' yan ƙasa don yin zabi bisa ga gaskatawarsu, haƙƙin canza bangaskiyarsu, haƙƙoƙin samun ilimi a cikin addininsu, haƙƙin ilimantar da yaransu bisa ga gaskatun falsafa da addini da haƙƙin ƙin yin wasu ayyuka ko taimakawa a ayyukan da suka saba wa imanin addininsu  .&lt;ref name=&quot;Erasmus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Benson&quot;/&gt;

== Shari'a ==
Hakkin 'yancin addini an tsara shi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu . [[Babi na Biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu|Babi na 2 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ke dauke da Dokar 'Yancin, ya bayyana cewa kowa yana da' yancin 'yancin addini, imani da ra'ayi. Sashe na 9, sashi na daidaito, ya haramta nuna bambanci mara adalci a kan dalilai daban-daban ciki har da addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of South Africa: Bill of Rights: Section 9: Equality |url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117002512/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#9 |archive-date=17 November 2013 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=info.gov.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sashe na 15 yana ba da izinin bukukuwan addini a cikin cibiyoyin da ke da tallafi na jihohi da na gwamnati, idan sun bi ka'idojin ikon gwamnati, ana gudanar da su daidai kuma halartar kyauta ce da son rai, kuma yana ba da amincewa da tsarin shari'ar addini da aure waɗanda ba su dace da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of South Africa: Bill of Rights: Section 15: Freedom of Religion, Belief &amp; Opinion |url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117002512/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#15 |archive-date=17 November 2013 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=info.gov.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sashe na 31 yana kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke cikin al'ummar addini don yin addininsu tare da sauran membobin wannan al'umma kuma su kafa ƙungiyoyin addini na son rai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of South Africa: Bill of Rights: Section 31: Cultural, Linguistic and Religious Communities |url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117002512/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#31 |archive-date=17 November 2013 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=info.gov.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran tanadi daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki sun shafi addini da 'yancin addini. Sashe na 185 da 186 sun samar da kwamiti don ingantawa da kare haƙƙin al'adu, addini da al'ummomin harshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of South Africa: Chapter 9: Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities |url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons9.htm |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=info.gov.za |archive-date=4 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904091638/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons9.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar haƙƙin mutuncin ɗan adam, haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da haƙƙin' yancin tarayya suna da alaƙa da kai tsaye da kariya ga' yancin addini. Hakkin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki bai kai ga maganganun ƙiyayya ba bisa dalilai daban-daban ciki har da addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of South Africa: Bill of Rights: Section 16: Freedom of expression |url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117002512/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#16 |archive-date=17 November 2013 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=info.gov.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sashe na 234 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da izini ga takardun haƙƙoƙi da suka dace da Kundin Tsarin mulki da Majalisar za ta karɓa. Sashe na 234 ya bayyana cewa &quot;Domin zurfafa al'adun dimokuradiyya da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kafa, Majalisar na iya karɓar Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin da ta dace da tanadin Kundin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;s234&quot;/&gt; Yarjejeniyar Sabis don Wadanda ke fama da Laifi a Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da ita bisa ga wannan tanadin kundin tsarin mulki a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 2004 |title=Press Statement: Cabinet Approves the South African Service Charter for Victims of Crime |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/m_statements/2004/2004%2012%2002%20prs_vc.htm |access-date=2 November 2012 |publisher=justice.gov.za |archive-date=25 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121225003128/http://www.justice.gov.za/m_statements/2004/2004%2012%2002%20prs_vc.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Govender |first=Sholain |date=28 November 2007 |title=Giving power to victims of crime |url=http://www.southafrica.info/services/rights/victimscharter-launch.htm |access-date=2 November 2012 |publisher=southafrica.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Service Charter for Victims of Crime in South Africa |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/VC/VCdocs.htm |access-date=2 November 2012 |publisher=justice.gov.za |archive-date=7 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907183856/http://www.justice.gov.za/VC/VCdocs.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubucen Yarjejeniyar ==
A cikin 1990 Alkalin Albie Sachs, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu daga 1994 zuwa 2009, ya rubuta:
{{Blockquote|Ideally in South Africa, all religious organisations and persons concerned with the study of religion would get together and draft a charter of religious rights and responsibilities ... it would be up to the participants themselves to define what they consider to be their fundamental rights.|Albie Sachs|Protecting human rights in a new South Africa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Albie Sachs|author-link=Albie Sachs|title=Protecting human rights in a new South Africa (Contemporary South African Debates Series) |year=1990 |location=Cape Town |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195706093 |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Bukatar tsara takardar shaidar da za ta bayyana abin da 'yancin addini ke tattare da shi ga mutanen Afirka ta Kudu, ta mutanen Afirka ta Kudancin, an fahimci shi ne bayan tarurruka kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin addini da jihar da' yancin addini a [[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] a bayan wariyar launin fata Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProgressReportOct09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Coertzen |first=Pieter |date=16 October 2009 |title=South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms, How it Came About |url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/theology/religious-charter/ProgressReportOct09.doc |access-date=16 November 2012 |publisher=academic.sun.ac.za |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022541/http://academic.sun.ac.za/theology/religious-charter/ProgressReportOct09.doc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara yarjejeniyar a cikin shekaru da yawa ta ƙungiyar masana kimiyya, malaman addini, shugabannin addini, kwamishinonin doka da masana shari'a na duniya a cikin shawarwari tare da dukkan manyan ƙungiyoyin addini, haƙƙin ɗan adam da kafofin watsa labarai a Afirka ta Kudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Benson&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ProgressReportOct09&quot;/&gt; 

An gabatar da rubutun farko na sashin a wani taron kungiyoyin addini a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;ProgressReportOct09&quot;/&gt; Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci taron akwai wakilan addinan Kirista, majami'u masu zaman kansu na Afirka, na [[Yahudawa]] da addinin Islama, Tarayyar Tamil ta SA da cibiyoyin ilimi da hukumomin doka. Wadanda ke wurin wannan taron ne suka nada ''Kwamitin Ci gaba'' don kammala aikin kammala yarjejeniyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProgressReportOct09&quot; /&gt;

''Kwamitin Ci gaba'' ya yi gyare-gyare ga takardar kuma an haɓaka shi ta hanyar shawarwari da shigarwa daga al'ummar shugabannin da kungiyoyi waɗanda aka rarraba su kafin amincewar jama'a a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2010.  &lt;ref name=&quot;ProgressReportOct09&quot;/&gt;

An samar da takardar shaidar a cikin harsuna shida na Afirka ta Kudu, wato Turanci, [[Afrikaans]], [[Harshen Xhosa|isiXhosa]], [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]], Sepedi da [[Harshen Tswana|Tswana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;6Languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Proposed Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms |url=http://fsi.org.za/resources/2010/11/CharterInnerFinal2.pdf |access-date=18 November 2012 |publisher=fsi.org.za }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Feedback&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Coertzen |first=Pieter |date=27 October 2010 |title=South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms, Feedback: Endorsement Ceremony |url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/theology/religious-charter/CHARTER%2021%20OCT%20(1).pdf |access-date=16 November 2012 |publisher=academic.sun.ac.za |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200105/http://academic.sun.ac.za/theology/religious-charter/CHARTER%2021%20OCT%20(1).pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mambobin ''Kwamitin Ci gaba'' ta takardar ƙarshe, kamar yadda aka yi gyare-gyare a ranar 6 ga Agusta 2009 da 1 ga Oktoba 2009, sune: P Coertzen (Shugaba), I Benson, S Boshoff, J Creer, D Erekson, Rabbi Greens, A Knoetze, C Landman, W Langeveldt, E Malherbe, Nndende, A Sedick da K Thompson.&lt;ref name=&quot;6Languages&quot;/&gt;

== Tabbatar da yarjejeniyar ==
An rubuta amincewar yarjejeniyar kamar haka:
{{Blockquote|Through our signature we hereby endorse the proposed South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms as submitted to the conference of 21 October 2010. We see it as an important development and necessity for South Africa and hope to see it form part of our Constitutional framework through section 234 of the Constitution.&lt;ref name=Invite&gt;{{cite web |title=South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms Public, Endorsement Ceremony: Endorsement Formula |url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/theology/religious-charter/EndorsementFormula.doc |publisher=academic.sun.ac.za |accessdate=16 November 2012 |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519074015/http://academic.sun.ac.za/theology/religious-charter/EndorsementFormula.doc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
An fara sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ne a wani bikin amincewa da jama'a a [[Johannesburg]] a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2010 a gaban masu sanya hannu da babban mai magana Mataimakin Babban Alkalin Dikgang Moseneke da masu sanya hannu suna ci gaba da karawa a cikin takardar budewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms, Public Endorsement Ceremony: Programme |url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/theology/religious-charter/ProgrammeF.doc |access-date=16 November 2012 |publisher=academic.sun.ac.za |archive-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401130902/http://academic.sun.ac.za/theology/religious-charter/ProgrammeF.doc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benson |first=Iain T |date=October 2011 |title=Expanding Constitutional &quot;Dialogue&quot;: A Lesson from South Africa |url=http://www.cba.org/bc/bartalk_11_15/10_11/guest_benson.aspx |access-date=2 November 2012 |publisher=cba.org |archive-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003131/http://www.cba.org/BC/bartalk_11_15/10_11/guest_benson.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Moseneke ya yi maraba da shirin da jama'a suka yi amma bai bayyana ra'ayi na kansa game da sashin ba ko kuma ya goyi bayan shi. A cikin jawabinsa, Moseneke ya ce:
{{Blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Most of the provisions of the charter may appear uncontroversial, and yet as a sitting justice of the Constitutional Court moments may present themselves when I may be duty-bound to proffer judicial opinion on the remit or impact of one or more of its provisions, if they were to be formally enacted, or if a justiciable dispute about its enactment should arise. I am thus honour-bound to keep an open mind on the constitutional appropriateness of its provisions.
...
Every right guaranteed in the Bill of Rights may be limited by a law of general application. Thus the right to religious freedom is not absolute.
Its scope may be limited by other rights or by a law in pursuit of a legitimate government purpose.
...
We have opted for a secular state which is enjoined to observe strict neutrality among religious tendencies. This duty indeed extends to the right not to believe or hold or observe any religion.
Where religious rights are at odds with other constitutional guarantees or a legitimate government purpose, the conflict must be weighed carefully, keeping in mind that in our constitutional democracy the constitution is supreme and there is no hierarchy of rights. All rank equally. We all have the right to be different.&lt;/poem&gt;|Dikgang Moseneke&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Moseneke |first=Dikgang |title=The right to differ religiously|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-240224117.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611091506/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-240224117.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|date=24 October 2010|publisher=The Sunday Independent |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Masu sanya hannu daga dukkan manyan addinai a Afirka ta Kudu da [[Hukumar Kariya da Kare Hakkokin Al'ummomi, Al'adu, Addini da Harsuna|Hukumar Kula da Ingantawa da Kare Hakkin Al'adu, Addini da Harshe]] sun amince da yarjejeniyar. Wadanda suka sanya hannu sun hada da wakilan kungiyoyin addinai da kungiyoyi, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, hukumomin shari'a da ilimi da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Feedback&quot;/&gt;

A taron shekara-shekara na farko na ''Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu don Karewa da Inganta 'Yancin Addini da' Yanci'' a cikin 2011, kungiyoyin addinai 67, gami da ƙungiyoyin Kirista da yawa da ke wakiltar kusan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu miliyan 8 zuwa 10, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=Council for the Protection and Promotion of Religious Freedom makes impact |url=http://www.bucer.de/ressource/details/bonner-querschnitte-312011-ausgabe-185-eng.html |access-date=18 November 2012 |publisher=bucer.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hukumar Kare da Inganta 'Yancin Addini a Afirka ta Kudu ==

Bayan amincewa da yarjejeniyar a bainar jama'a, an kafa ''Hukumar Kare da Inganta 'Yancin Addini a Afirka ta Kudu'' domin kula da tsarin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ta zama doka a karkashin dokokin Afirka ta Kudu ta hannun Majalisar Dokoki. An kafa kwamitin jagoranci karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Pieter Coertzen domin shirya kundin tsarin mulki na hukumar.&lt;ref name=Rapport /&gt;&lt;ref name=Feedback /&gt;

Mambobin hukumar, wasu daga cikinsu sun taba kasancewa a cikin ''Kwamitin Ci Gaba'', sun hada da:{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}

{{colbegin}}
* Farfesa Pieter Coertzen (Cocin Dutch Reformed, Jami’ar Stellenbosch)
* Dakta Nokuzola Mndende (Addinin Gargajiya na Afirka)
* Shawn Boshoff (Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Tsaunukan Masu Tsarki)
* Marius Oosthuizen (Ministocin Rhema)
* Dakta Mary-Anne Plaatjies van Huffel (Cocin Uniting Reformed a Kudancin Afirka)
* F Matthew Esau (Cocin Anglican na Kudancin Afirka)
* Moss Nthla (Kungiyar Kiristoci 'Yan Wa'azi ta Afirka ta Kudu)
* Reg Willis (Kungiyar Lauyoyin Kirista)
* K Padayachy (Kungiyar SA Tamil)
* Anton Knoetze (Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Al’adu, Addinai da Harsuna)
{{colend}}

Masana da aka nada a cikin kwamitin jagoranci sun hada da:{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}

* Farfesa Iain Benson (Jami’ar Notre Dame, [[Sydney]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]; Cibiyar Duniya ta Hadin Kai da Bambancin Ra'ayi; Jami’ar Free State; Miller Thomson LLP)
* Victor Van Vuuren
* Farfesa Erasmus Malherbe (Tsohon malami a Jami’ar Johannesburg)

== Suka kan yarjejeniyar ==

An yi suka kan yarjejeniyar daga wasu 'yan Afirka ta Kudu masu bin addinin Pagan da kuma wadanda ba su da addini.

Mambobin Majalisar Pagan na Afirka ta Kudu sun nuna damuwa cewa yarjejeniyar za a iya amfani da ita wajen tabbatar da wariyar addini a cikin al'umma, misali ta hanyar bayar da cikakken ikon kin yi wa 'yan kasa hidima bisa ra’ayin addini, da kuma saka koyar da addini da gwamnati ke daukar nauyi a cikin kasa marar addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Luke |title=Charter – Freedoms and Rights |url=http://www.pagancouncil.co.za/node/657 |date=15 April 2010 |publisher=pagancouncil.co.za |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archive-date=22 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130422015349/http://www.pagancouncil.co.za/node/657 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Leff|first=Damon|title=Charter of Religious Rights|url=http://www.pagancouncil.co.za/node/780|date=14 November 2010|publisher=pagancouncil.co.za|accessdate=17 November 2012|archive-date=21 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421214852/http://www.pagancouncil.co.za/node/780|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jacques Rousseau na Free Society Institute yana ganin cewa dokokin da ke akwai yanzu kan kare 'yancin addini suna da isasshen kariya kuma sun bayyana. Ya bayyana damuwa cewa yarjejeniyar za ta bude hanya ga nuna wariya ga wadanda ba su da addini, tare da hana 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki fiye da abin da dokar kasa ta tanada kan batun kalaman kiyayya. Haka kuma ya nuna damuwa game da wasu kalmomi da ba su da ma’anar da ta bayyana, wanda hakan zai iya janyo fassarar da ba ta dace ba a takardar da ke neman fayyace haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Rousseau |first=Jacques|title=South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms |url=http://fsi.org.za/south-african-charter-religious-rights-freedoms |publisher=fsi.org.za |date=8 November 2010 |accessdate=17 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Rousseau |first=Jacques |title=Staring into the abyss of 'special privileges' |url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2012-02-05-staring-into-the-abyss-of-special-privileges|date=5 February 2012 |work=Daily Maverick|location=South Africa |accessdate=17 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar kungiyar Freedom from Religion South Africa, wadda ta kunshi masu tunani kai, masu shakku, da agnostics da ke goyon bayan kasa marar addini, yarjejeniyar za ta ci gaba da raunana tsarin kasa marar addini, dimokiradiyya da 'yanci a Afirka ta Kudu. Kungiyar na nuna damuwa cewa, maimakon yarjejeniyar ta karfafa 'yancin addini, za ta karfafa addini da hana 'yancin addinin wadanda ke cikin kankatattun addinai da wadanda ba su da addini. Kungiyar ta ce yarjejeniyar na kokarin kafa tushen addini a cikin tsarin ilimi da hukumomin gwamnati ta hanyar amfani da ikon gwamnati da kudaden gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Open Letter |url=http://sekuler.org/Open-Letter.php |publisher=sekuler.org |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022193530/http://sekuler.org/Open-Letter.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta rubuta kuma ta gabatar da nata ''Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kasa daga Addini ta Afirka ta Kudu'' a matsayin martani ga yarjejeniyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Charter |url=http://sekuler.org/Our-Charter.php |publisher=sekuler.org |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022212423/http://sekuler.org/Our-Charter.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}</text>
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'''Kungiyar Camy Squadron''' ta kasance ginshikin ungulu ne da mayaka daga Rundunar Sojojin Yantarwar [[Angola]] (EPLA), reshe masu dauke da makamai na Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), a fafutukar kwato 'yancin kai na Angola.

Tawagar ta shahara ne musamman da ƙunshe da wasu mata biyar da suka kafa ƙungiyar matan Angola - Deolinda Rodrigues, Engrácia dos Santos, Irene Cohen, Lucrécia Paim, da Tereza Afonso - waɗanda Jam'iyyar 'Yanci ta Kasa ta Angola (FNLA) ta kama, da goyon bayan gwamnatin juyin juya hali ta Angola a gudun hijira (GRAE).

== Tarihi ==
Camy Squadron ya ƙunshi 'yan gwagwarmaya 150, ciki har da mata biyar (littattafai daga 1966 sun haɗa da mace ta shida, Josefa de Assunção Gualdino, mai shekaru 17, wanda ba ya nan a cikin bayanan baya - saboda ta kamu da rashin lafiya kuma ta kasa raka tawagar).&lt;ref&gt;Esquadrão Kamy. Lista nominal antes da missão | Associação Tchiweka de Documentação&quot;. www.tchiweka.org. Retrieved 11 April 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jiménez Rodríguez, Limbania (2013). Heroínas de Angola (Cuarta edición corregida y ampliada ed.). OCLC 947106175.&lt;/ref&gt; An ba shi suna ne bayan Moisés Cardoso &quot;Kamy&quot;, wani memba na 'yan tawayen a gaban Cabinda, wanda ya mutu a wani hatsarin nakiya a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1965, yana da shekaru 23.&lt;ref&gt;George, Edward (23 November 2004). The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203009246. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-203-00924-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; An horar da tawagar ne a tsakanin Oktoba da Nuwamba 1966 a Camp Calunga daga 'yan kishin kasar Cuba, a karkashin jagorancin shugaban rundunar, Kanar Augusto Martínez Sanchez. Ƙungiyar ta sami horo na kwanaki 45 wanda ya haɗa da koyarwar fasaha game da amfani da makaman Soviet, Sinawa da Belgium, da kuma horo na dabara, na jiki da na siyasa.

A watan Disamba, Benigno Ingo Vieira Lopes, tsohon soja daga Cabinda, an nada shi kwamandan tawagar. Manufarsa ita ce ta haye [[Brazzaville]] zuwa [[Luanda]] don ɗaukar ƙarfafawa daga iyakar Kongo-Brazzaville zuwa yankin farko na siyasa-soja (wanda ya haɗa da lardunan Luanda, Zaire, Uige da Cuanza Norte) da ƙungiyar Cienfuegos (mai suna bayan juyin juya halin Cuban Camilo Cienfuegos), don ƙarfafa Lu5an Front&lt;ref&gt;António, Mateus Pedro Pimpão (30 November 2020). &quot;&quot;A vida de Deolinda é a dedicação a um ideal&quot;: entrevista com Roberto de Almeida&quot;. Abril – NEPA / UFF (in Portuguese). 12 (25): 151–162. doi:10.22409/abriluff.v12i25.46539. ISSN 1984-2090. Retrieved 11 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Arruda, Claudia Maria Calmon (30 December 2020). &quot;Manual Cívico de Combate e Disciplina: o ensino em Angola sob a égide do MPLA&quot;. Com a Palavra, O Professor (in Portuguese) (13): 195–211. doi:10.23864/cpp.v5i13.438 (inactive 6 July 2025). ISSN 2526-2882. Retrieved 11 April 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Matan da suka fi yawa a cikin tawagar, an fuskanci wariyar jinsi daga sauran mayakan, sakamakon mulkin mallaka.

Mummunan yanayi ya kawo cikas ga aikin nasu jim kadan bayan isowarsu Angola ta Lardin Zaire a ranar 12 ga Janairun 1967. Saboda ruwan sama, rundunar ta yi hasarar hanyarta ta cikin daji, inda wasu 'yan Portugal din suka yi ta shawagi a yankin. An samu rikice-rikice na cikin gida a tsakanin ’yan daba; cututtuka, kwari, dabbobi masu ban tsoro, yunwa da sauran matsalolin sun haifar da karaya da mutuwa a tsakanin wasu daga cikin tawagar. Karancin abinci ya sa suka koma farauta da kiwo a cikin ciyayi. Lokacin da suka isa kogin Mbridege a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, ƙungiyar ta ragu zuwa mambobi 119 kuma matsalolin, da kewayen da sojojin Portugal suka yi, ya hana wani ɓangare na bataliyar, rauni da rashin lafiya, ci gaba. Tawagar ta rabu, kuma 'yan daba 70 ne suka yi yunkurin tsallakawa, yayin da wasu suka yanke shawarar komawa Kongo-Brazavile; wannan rukuni na biyu, na mutane 49, sun haɗa da ’yan daba mata biyar.&lt;ref&gt;Araújo, Silvane Gesonias de Souza de (8 February 2022). Contribuições das mulheres nas frentes de batalha da independência à luz da literatura (Thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). University for International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony. Retrieved 11 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rukunin farko wanda Ingo ke jagoranta, FNLA da sojojin Portugal sun yi musu kwanton bauna, inda suka isa Nambuangongo a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 1967, aka rage zuwa mambobi 21.

Kungiyar da ta dawo karkashin jagorancin shugaban kula da dabaru Ludy Kissassunda, ta yi asarar mayakan da dama. Lokacin da suka isa kan iyakar Kongo-Quinxassa, mutane 20 sun tsira. A ranar 2 ga Maris 1967, an kama matan biyar a Camuna tare da sauran mayaka aka kai su gidan yarin Cacocol a Kongo-Quinxassa ta hannun FNLA, tare da goyon bayan GRAE. Daga baya an canza su zuwa sansanin FNLA a Quincuzo, kuma ba a sake ganin su ba. Wasu daga cikin mazajen da aka kama sun yi nasarar tserewa, amma an harbe matan ne a ranar da ba a tabbatar da su ba, duk da kiraye-kirayen da ake yi na kare rayukansu da na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref&gt;Silva, Dayane Augusta Santos da (1 January 2021). Na cobertura da retaguarda: mulheres angolanas na luta anticolonial (1961-1974) (Thesis) (in Portuguese). University of Brasília. Retrieved 11 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rushewar banki</title>
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[[Fayil:Pimmit_bank_erosion.JPG|right|thumb|Rashin lalacewar banki tare da Pimmit Run a McLean, Virginia, sakamakon ci gaban sama. Rushewar banki na halitta ne, amma mutane na iya hanzarta shi.]]{{Databox}}
'''Rushewar banki''' shine lalacewar bakin [[Korama|rafi]] ko [[kogin]]. Wannan ya bambanta da rushewar gado na ruwa, wanda ake kira annoba.

[[Tushen]] bishiyoyi da ke girma a gefen rafi suna raguwa ta hanyar irin wannan rushewa. Yayin da tushen ke ɗaure ƙasa sosai, suna samar da ƙuƙwalwa waɗanda ke fitowa a kan ruwa. Wadannan suna da tasiri sosai a kan kudi da ci gaban lalacewa.

== Aunawa ==
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don auna yawan lalacewar kogin. Hanyar kai tsaye ita ce saka sandunan ƙarfe (wanda ake kira &quot;pin na rushewa&quot;) a cikin banki da kuma nuna matsayin bankin tare da sandunan a lokuta daban-daban. Wannan dabarar auna mai sauƙi za a iya inganta ta hanyar amfani da mai ɗaukar bayanai da aka haɗe da sandar masu karɓar hoto; mai ɗaukar hoto yana yin rikodin ƙarfin lantarki, wanda ke nuna yawan sandar da aka fallasa. Wata hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita ita ce Bincike ɓangaren rafi akai-akai a tsawon lokaci. Wannan yana auna yawan lalacewa ban da canje-canje a cikin lissafin bankunan rafi. Ana iya amfani da hotunan sararin samaniya da tauraron dan adam don auna yawan lalacewar banki da ƙaurawar tashar kogi a manyan ma'auni ta hanyar kwatanta wuraren banki a lokuta daban-daban. A ƙarshe, akwai hanyoyi da yawa da ba a saba amfani da su ba kamar amfani da sedimentology ko shekarun itace don lissafin ƙimar lalacewa ta hanyar kimanta wuraren tarihi na tashar kogi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lawler |first=D. M. |year=1993 |title=The measurement of river bank erosion and lateral channel change: A review |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229523724 |journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=777–821 |bibcode=1993ESPL...18..777L |doi=10.1002/esp.3290180905 |via=Research Gate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su ==
Akwai manyan hanyoyin biyu na rushewar bankin rafi: rushewar Kogin da gazawar taro. Rushewar ruwa shine cirewa kai tsaye na ƙwayoyin ƙasa ta hanyar ruwa mai gudana. An ƙayyade yawan lalacewar ruwa ta hanyar ƙarfin ruwa mai gudana (misali saurin gudana daidai yake da ƙarfi) da juriya na kayan banki ga lalacewa (misali yumɓu gabaɗaya ya fi tsayayya da lalacewa fiye da yashi). Rashin daidaituwa yana faruwa ne lokacin da nauyin bankin rafi ya fi ƙarfin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da bankin ya rushe. Wannan tsari ya dogara da dalilai da yawa ciki har da ƙarfin ciki na ƙasa (misali yumɓu vs. yashi), abun ciki na ruwa, da ciyayi. Wadannan matakai biyu na rushewa suna da alaƙa kamar yadda rushewar kogi na kasan bankin ke haifar da kusurwar banki mai tsayi ko ginshiƙan ƙasa waɗanda suka fi rashin daidaituwa kuma suna iya rushewa.

Sauran matakai na rushewa sun haɗa da sake zagayowar wankewa da bushewa ko daskarewa da narkewa wanda ke raunana ƙasar banki kuma ya sa ya fi sa ya zama mai saukin lalacewa. Wani nau'i na rushewa ana kiransa rushewar ruwa. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da ruwan kasa ya fito daga bankin rafi tare da isasshen ƙarfi don lalata kayan banki. Idan an mayar da hankali, ana iya kiran lalacewar ruwa saboda &quot;pipe&quot; na ƙasa ya lalace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=GA |last2=Wilson |first2=GV |year=2010 |title=The role of subsurface flow in hillslope and stream bank erosion: A review |url=https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/downloadPDF.xhtml?id=42534&amp;content=PDF |url-status=dead |journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=717–733 |bibcode=2010SSASJ..74..717F |doi=10.2136/sssaj2009.0319 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032026/https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/downloadPDF.xhtml?id=42534&amp;content=PDF |archive-date=2017-02-02 |access-date=2017-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shuke-shuke ==
Shuke-shuke na iya yin tasiri sosai a kan lalacewar banki. Gabaɗaya, bankunan da ke da ciyayi suna lalacewa a hankali fiye da waɗanda ba su da su. Shuke-shuke masu yawa da ke girma a fuskar bankin na iya karkatar da ruwa mai gudana kuma ya hana rushewar [[kogin]]. Tushen gabaɗaya yana ƙara ƙarfin kayan banki, yana sa banki ya zama ƙasa da gazawar jama'a. Koyaya, itatuwa na iya ƙara nauyi mai mahimmanci ga saman bankunan rafi kuma yana iya rage kwanciyar hankali.

== Gudanarwa ==
[[Fayil:Esk_bank_erosion.jpg|left|thumb|Gabions da aka yi amfani da su don daidaita bakin [[Lothian]]&quot; id=&quot;mwTQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;River Esk, Lothian&quot;&gt;Kogin Esk, Lothian, [[Scotland]]]]
Rushewar banki tsari ne na halitta: ba tare da shi ba, koguna ba za su yi [[Menander|yawo]] ba kuma su canza hanya. Koyaya, tsarin kula da ƙasa wanda ke canza hydrograph da / ko murfin ciyayi na iya yin aiki don ƙarawa ko rage yawan ƙaura na tashar. A wurare da yawa, ko bankunan ba su da kwanciyar hankali saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, mutane suna ƙoƙarin riƙe kogi a wuri ɗaya. Ana iya yin wannan don farfado da muhalli ko don hana kogi canza hanyar zuwa ƙasar da mutane ke amfani da ita. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake yin wannan shine ta hanyar sanya riprap ko gabions a bakin bankin. Wata hanyar ita ce ta amfani da tsarin sabuntawa na rafi, kamar su log vanes, cross vanes, ko yatsan ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-02 |title=The Fundamentals of Stream Restoration - Water &amp; Land Solutions |url=https://waterlandsolutions.com/the-fundamentals-of-stream-restoration/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyar halitta ta yau da kullun don rage lalacewar banki ita ce sake gabatar da nau'ikan shuke-shuke na asali a yankin. Tsarin tushen waɗannan tsire-tsire suna ba da tallafi a cikin ƙasa kuma suna hana rushewa saboda ruwan sama.{{Clear}}

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Shekarar Mata ta Duniya</title>
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      <text bytes="9704" sha1="646yizgektzyip16tmkohsfareqa4qj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:United_Nations_1975_Postage_Stamp_-_International_Women's_Year.png|thumb|1975 Stamp na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don tunawa da Shekarar Mata ta Duniya]]
'''Shekarar Mata ta Duniya''' ('''IWY''') shine sunan da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ba da 1975. Tun daga wannan shekarar an yi bikin Maris 8 a matsayin [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]], kuma an kafa Shekaru goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Mata, daga 1976 zuwa 1985, an kuma kafa su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Women's Day |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/womensday/2010/history.shtml |website=UN.org |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;choike1453&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1st World Conference on Women, Mexico 1975 |url=http://www.choike.org/nuevo_eng/informes/1453.html |access-date=15 July 2007 |website=Choike, [[Third World Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Ya fara ne a Birnin New York a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1857, lokacin da ma'aikatan masana'antu mata suka yi tafiya don nuna rashin amincewa da yanayin aiki mara adalci da rashin daidaito ga mata. Yana daya daga cikin yajin aiki na farko da mata masu aiki suka shirya, a lokacin da suka yi kira ga gajeren rana ta aiki da albashi mai kyau. Bayan shekaru na aiki da Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsayin Mata (CSW) ta yi don karɓar wata sanarwa don kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata, a cikin 1965, CSW ta fara aiki da gaske don samun izinin sanarwar don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata. Da yake tattara martani da ya shafi ilimi, aiki, gado, sake fasalin hukunci, da sauran batutuwa, daga 'yan wasan gwamnati, wakilan NGO da ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wakilan CSW sun tsara sanarwar kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata (DEDAW), wanda Babban Taron ya zartar a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1967.{{Sfn|Fraser|1999}} Da zarar an sami goyon baya don sanarwar, mataki na gaba shine shirya shi don zama Yarjejeniya. Kodayake akwai jinkiri, a shekara ta 1972, lokacin da Majalisa ta Amurka ta zartar da Title IX, ta kawar da nuna bambanci a ilimi ga kowane ma'aikatar da ke karɓar kudaden tarayya, fatan cewa za a iya samun hanyar.{{Sfn|Fraser|1999}}

A halin yanzu, mambobin Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Mata ta Duniya (WIDF) sun daɗe suna matsawa don shekara ta mata ta duniya da kuma taron don magance rashin daidaito na mata. Kamar yadda aka sanya WIDF a matsayin mai kallo kuma ba memba na CSW ba, ba za su iya ba da shawarar taron kai tsaye ba amma sun tsara wani tsari. Da yake shawo kan wakilin [[Romainiya|Romanian]] na CSW don gabatar da shawarwarinsu, Finland ta goyi bayan hakan. Hakanan, CSW ta amince da shawarar kuma ta gabatar da ita ga Babban Taron, wanda ya ayyana 1975 a matsayin Shekarar Mata ta Duniya a ranar 18 ga Disamba 1972. {{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ranar ta kasance mai mahimmanci saboda za ta faru a ranar cika shekaru talatin da aka kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.{{Sfn|&quot;Background of the Conference&quot;|1976}}

Akwai kalubale, duk da haka, wajen shirya taron. Da farko, matan Soviet sun ki amincewa da kiran taron kuma sun hana tattaunawar, sun fi son karbar bakuncin taron su a Gabashin Berlin wanda ba zai kasance ƙarƙashin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba.{{Sfn|Ghodsee|2010}}{{Sfn|Friedan|1998}} A matsayin wani ɓangare na siyasar [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]], Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa taron ba a iyakance shi ga mata ba, amma ya kamata ya zama tsaka-tsaki na jinsi, saboda ba za a dauki taron mata da muhimmanci ba.{{Sfn|Teltsch|1974}} A ƙarshe, Mexico City ta amince da karɓar bakuncin taron, kuma CSW ta shirya ayyukan don shirya &quot;na'urar&quot; da ake buƙata don tabbatar da wucewar DEDAW.{{Sfn|Friedan|1998}} [[Helvi Sipilä]], an zaba ta a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Ci gaban Jama'a da Harkokin Jama'a kuma an sanya ta a matsayin mai kula da shirya abubuwan da suka faru na shekara.{{Sfn|Fraser|1999}}

== Kasashen Duniya ==

=== Birnin Mexico ===
An gudanar da taron farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Mata a [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]] daga 19 ga Yuni zuwa 2 ga Yuli. &lt;ref name=&quot;choike1453&quot; /&gt; Fiye da wakilai dubu ne suka halarta. Shahararrun masu halarta sun hada da [[Elizabeth Anne Reid|Elizabeth Reid]] da Margaret Whitlam na Ostiraliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;naa-fs237&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Women's Year, 1975 |url=http://www.naa.gov.au/fSheets/fs237.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610130940/http://www.naa.gov.au/fsheets/fs237.html |archive-date=June 10, 2007 |access-date=15 July 2007 |website=[[National Archives of Australia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin taron ya shirya taron na kasa da kasa kuma mata 4,000 ne suka halarta a shekarar 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;choike1453&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1st World Conference on Women, Mexico 1975 |url=http://www.choike.org/nuevo_eng/informes/1453.html |access-date=15 July 2007 |website=Choike, [[Third World Institute]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.choike.org/nuevo_eng/informes/1453.html &quot;1st World Conference on Women, Mexico 1975&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040610085928/http://www.choike.org/nuevo_eng/informes/1453.html |date=2004-06-10 }}. ''Choike, [[Third World Institute]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 July&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Taron 1975 ya haifar da karɓar Shirin Ayyuka na Duniya, da kuma sanarwar Mexico kan Daidaitawar Mata da Gudummawarsu ga Ci Gaban da Zaman Lafiya.{{Sfn|Ghodsee|2010}} Ya haifar da kafa hanyoyin sa ido kamar, Cibiyar Bincike da Horarwa ta Duniya don Ci gaban Mata (INSTRAW) da Asusun Ci gaban Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNIFEM) kuma ya fara shirye-shiryen motsi don taron biyo baya, wanda za a gudanar da na farko a 1980 a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]]. 

Taron ya kuma kafa lokacin 1975 zuwa 1985 a matsayin Shekaru goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Mata, don ba da damar kimanta ci gaba da gazawar kuma ya haifar da yin kira ga Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da Dukkanin Nuna Bambanci ga Mata (CEDAW) da sauri.{{Sfn|Pietilä|2007}}{{Sfn|&quot;Background of the Conference&quot;|1976}} Taron na uku na 1985 a [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], ba wai kawai ya rufe shekaru goma na mata ba amma ya kafa jerin jadawalin membobin jihohi don cire nuna bambancin jinsi a cikin dokokin ƙasa a shekara ta 2000.&lt;ref&gt;Mary K. Meyer, Elisabeth Prügl. Gender politics in global governance. Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-8476-9161-6}}, pp. 178–181.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anne Winslow. Women, politics, and the United Nations
Volume 151 of Contributions in women's studies. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995 {{ISBN|978-0-313-29522-5}}, pp. 29–43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chadwick F. Alger. The future of the United Nations system: potential for the twenty-first century. United Nations University Press, 1998 {{ISBN|978-92-808-0973-2}}, pp. 252–254.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gabashin Berlin ===
An gudanar da taron mata na duniya a Gabashin Berlin a matsayin wani ɓangare na IWY jim kadan bayan taron Mexico City. Ya tsara daidaito na mata a matsayin &quot;gaskiya na ra'ayin gurguzu na haƙƙin ɗan adam&quot;.{{Sfn|Donert|2014}} Kungiyar Aiki kan Hakkin Daidaitawa, wanda ya kunshi masana kan gwamnati da doka daga [[East German Academy of Sciences|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Gabashin Jamus]], [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Jami'ar Humboldt]] da [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Socialist United]] Party sun ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata 'yancin mata su fada ƙarƙashin wani yanki daban wanda aka tsara ta hanyar jinsi, amma a maimakon haka ya kamata matsayin 'yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya mallake shi.{{Sfn|Donert|2014}} [[Angela Davis]] na ɗaya daga cikin manyan baƙi a taron, kamar yadda [[Hortensia Bussi de Allende|Hortensia Bussi na Allende]], tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Chile.{{Sfn|Donert|2014}} Shirin da jihar ke tallafawa ya ba da shawarar hadin kan mata a cikin gwagwarmayar kasa don 'yantar da mata daga zalunci bisa ga aji, kabilanci da jinsi ta hanyar zamantakewar jihar{{Sfn|Donert|2014}}

== Sakamakon ==
A sakamakon mayar da hankali ga mata a duniya a 1975, an kafa cibiyoyi da yawa:

* Cibiyar Bincike da Horarwa ta Duniya don Ci gaban Mata (INSTRAW) 
* Asusun Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Mata (UNIFEM) 
* An kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Mata a Kudancin Australia a watan Yuli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 May 2007 |title=Women's Movement page 6 |url=http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=677 |access-date=15 July 2007 |website=[[South Australia|SM]] Memory, [[State Library of South Australia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamar ==
Har ila yau, IWY ta ƙaddamar da alamar &quot;tove&quot; da IWY, CEDAW, da UNIFIL suka yi amfani da ita. Wani kurciya mai salo wanda alama ta mace da alamar daidai ta haɗu, alamar ta ba da gudummawa ta kamfanin talla na New York City mai shekaru 27 mai suna Valerie Pettis. Ya kasance alama ce ta hukuma ta Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya  kuma ana amfani da shi a bukukuwan [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]] har zuwa yau.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Taron Mata na Kasa
* Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Gyaran Gine-gine na Daidaita Jima'i
* NGO CSW/NY
* Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 3010
* Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1325
* Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Horarwa don Ci gaban Mata
* Asusun Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Mata
* [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|'Yancin mata]]
* [[Sanarwar kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata]]
* Sanarwar kan kawar da tashin hankali a kan mata
* EGM: rigakafin cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata
* Shirin Aiwatar da Duniya don Ƙarshen Rikicin Mata da 'Yan Mata
* Yarjejeniyar hanawa da yaki da tashin hankali a kan mata da tashin hankali na gida
* CEDAW

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Manufofin sirri</title>
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Manufar sirri wata sanarwa ce ko takardar doka (a cikin dokar sirri) wanda ke bayyana wasu ko duk hanyoyin da wata ƙungiya ke tattarawa, amfani, bayyanawa, da kuma sarrafa bayanan abokin ciniki ko abokin ciniki. Bayanan sirri na iya zama duk abin da za a iya amfani da shi don gano mutum, ba'a iyakance shi ga sunan mutum ba, adireshin, ranar haihuwa, matsayin aure, bayanan tuntuɓar, batun ID, da ranar ƙarewa, bayanan kuɗi, bayanan bashi, tarihin likita, inda mutum ke tafiya, da niyyar samun kayayyaki da aiyuka. Game da kasuwanci, sau da yawa sanarwa ce da ke bayyana manufofin jam'iyya game da yadda yake tattarawa, adanawa, da kuma sakin bayanan sirri da yake tattarawa. Yana sanar da abokin ciniki abin da aka tattara takamaiman bayanai, da kuma ko an kiyaye shi sirri, an raba shi tare da abokan tarayya, ko kuma an sayar da shi ga wasu kamfanoni ko kamfanoni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Web finance, Inc |year=2011 |title=Privacy Policy |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/privacy-policy.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822174327/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/privacy-policy.html |archive-date=22 August 2013 |access-date=23 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Manufofin sirri''' yawanci suna wakiltar cikakkiyar magani, mafi yawanci, sabanin maganganun amfani da bayanai, waɗanda ke da cikakkun bayanai da takamaiman bayani.

Takamaiman abubuwan da ke cikin wasu manufofin sirri za su dogara da dokar da ta dace kuma suna iya buƙatar magance buƙatu a duk faɗin iyakokin ƙasa da ikon shari'a. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da nasu dokoki da jagororin wanda aka rufe, wane bayani za a iya tattara, da abin da za a iya amfani da shi. Gabaɗaya, dokokin kariya ta bayanai a Turai sun rufe kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma bangaren jama'a. Dokokin sirrin su ba kawai suna aiki ba ga ayyukan gwamnati har ma da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ma'amaloli na kasuwanci.

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 1968, Majalisar Turai ta fara nazarin tasirin fasaha a kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta fahimci sabbin barazanar da fasahar kwamfuta ta kawo wanda zai iya haɗawa da watsawa ta hanyoyin da ba a samu ba a baya. A cikin 1969 Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD) ta fara nazarin tasirin bayanan sirri da ke barin kasar. Duk wannan ya sa majalisa ta ba da shawarar cewa a samar da manufofi don kare bayanan sirri da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a ke riƙewa, wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar 108. A cikin 1981, an gabatar da Yarjejeniyar Kare Mutane game da Gudanar da Bayanai na Mutum (Yarjejeniyar 108). Ɗaya daga cikin dokokin sirri na farko da aka kafa shi ne Dokar Bayanai ta [[Sweden]] a cikin 1973, wanda Dokar Kare Bayanai ta Yammacin Jamus ta biyo baya a cikin 1977 da Dokar Faransanci kan Bayanai, Bankunan Bayanai da 'Yanci a cikin 1978. 

A Amurka, damuwa game da manufofin sirri wanda ya fara a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970 ya haifar da wucewar Dokar Bayar da Bayani ta Gaskiya. Kodayake ba a tsara wannan aikin don zama dokar sirri ba, dokar ta ba masu amfani damar bincika fayilolin bashi da kuma kuskuren da suka dace. Har ila yau, ya sanya ƙuntatawa kan amfani da bayanai a cikin bayanan bashi. Ƙungiyoyin nazarin majalisa da yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 sun bincika sauƙin da za a iya tattara bayanan sirri na atomatik kuma ya dace da wasu bayanai. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan rukuni shine kwamitin ba da shawara na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka, wanda a cikin 1973 ya tsara ka'idojin da ake kira Fair Information Practices . Ayyukan kwamitin ba da shawara sun haifar da Dokar Sirri a shekara ta 1974. Amurka ta sanya hannu kan jagororin hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba a shekarar 1980. 

A Kanada, an kafa Kwamishinan Tsaro na Kanada a karkashin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada a shekarar 1977. A shekara ta 1982, nadin Kwamishinan Tsaro ya kasance wani ɓangare na sabon Dokar Tsaro. Kanada ta sanya hannu kan jagororin OECD a shekarar 1984.

== Ayyukan bayanai masu kyau ==
Akwai manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin kariya ta bayanai ta EU da dokokin sirrin bayanai na Amurka. Dole ne a cika waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba kawai ta hanyar kasuwancin da ke aiki a cikin EU ba har ma da kowane ƙungiya da ke canja wurin bayanan sirri da aka tattara game da 'yan ƙasa na EU. A shekara ta 2001 Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta Amurka ta yi aiki don tabbatar da bin doka ga kungiyoyin Amurka a karkashin shirin Safe Harbor. FTC ta amince da eTRUST don tabbatar da daidaitaccen bin doka tare da Amurka-EU Safe Harbor.

== A halin yanzu tilasta ==
A cikin 1995 [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta gabatar da Dokar Kare Bayanai  ga kasashe membobinta. A sakamakon haka, kungiyoyi da yawa da ke kasuwanci a cikin EU sun fara tsara manufofi don bin wannan umarnin. A cikin wannan shekarar, [[Federal Trade Commission|Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya]] Amurka (FTC) ta buga ka'idojin Bayanai masu kyau  wanda ya ba da ka'idoji marasa ɗaurewa don amfani da bayanan sirri na kasuwanci. Duk da yake ba su ba da umarni ga manufofi ba, waɗannan ka'idodin sun ba da jagora ga damuwa mai tasowa game da yadda za a tsara manufofin sirri.

Amurka ba ta da takamaiman ka'idojin tarayya da ke kafa aiwatar da manufofin sirri na duniya. Majalisa, a wasu lokuta, ta yi la'akari da cikakkun dokoki da ke tsara tattara bayanai a kan layi, kamar Dokar Inganta Sirrin Intanet ta Abokin Ciniki &lt;ref&gt;HR 237 IH, The Consumer Internet Privacy Enhancement Act, as Introduced in House, 107th Congress [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:H.R.237 Loc.gov.]{{Dead link|date=August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Dokar Kare Sirrin Intaneti ta 2001,  amma ba a kafa wani ba. A shekara ta 2001, FTC ta bayyana fifiko ga &quot;mafi yawan tilasta bin doka, ba ƙarin dokoki ba&quot;  kuma ta inganta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan tsarin kula da kai na masana'antu.

A lokuta da yawa, FTC tana tilasta ka'idojin manufofin sirri kamar yadda alkawuran da aka yi wa masu amfani ta amfani da ikon da Sashe na 5 na Dokar FTC ya ba shi wanda ya haramta ayyukan tallace-tallace marasa adalci ko yaudara. Ikon FTC an ƙuntata shi a wasu lokuta; alal misali, kamfanonin jiragen sama suna ƙarƙashin ikon Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (FAA),  kuma masu ɗaukar wayar salula suna ƙarƙashin ikon Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya. 

A wasu lokuta, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna tilasta ka'idojin manufofin sirri ta hanyar gabatar da karar da ake yi, wanda zai iya haifar da sulhu ko hukunce-hukunce. Koyaya, irin waɗannan karar sau da yawa ba zaɓi ba ne, saboda sassan sasantawa a cikin manufofin sirri ko wasu sharuddan yarjejeniyar sabis.

== Dokar da za a iya amfani da ita ==

=== Amurka ===
Duk da yake babu wata doka da ta dace, wasu dokokin tarayya suna sarrafa manufofin sirri a takamaiman yanayi, kamar:

* [[Dokar Kariyar Sirri Kan Kan Yara|Dokar Kare Sirriyar Yara ta Intanet]] (COPPA)  ta shafi shafukan yanar gizo waɗanda suka tattara bayanai game da ko niyya ga yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 13.  Duk wani irin wannan shafin yanar gizon dole ne ya sanya manufofin sirri kuma ya bi ƙuntatawa na raba bayanai  COPPA ya haɗa da tanadin &quot;mafi aminci&quot; don inganta tsarin sarrafa kansa na masana'antu. 
* Dokar Gramm-Leach-Bliley  tana buƙatar cibiyoyin &quot;suna da hannu sosai&quot;  a cikin ayyukan kuɗi suna ba da &quot;bayani, bayyane, da kuma daidai&quot; na ayyukan raba bayanai. Dokar ta kuma hana amfani da raba bayanan kudi.
* Dokar Kula da Inshorar Lafiya da Lissafi (HIPAA) dokokin sirri  tana buƙatar sanarwa a rubuce game da ayyukan sirri na ayyukan kiwon lafiya, kuma wannan buƙata ta shafi idan sabis na kiwon lafiya na lantarki ne. 
* [https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa Dokar Sirriyar Abokin Ciniki ta California (CCPA)] tana ba masu amfani ƙarin iko akan bayanan sirri da kamfanoni ke tattara game da su kuma ka'idojin CCPA suna ba da jagora kan yadda za a aiwatar da dokar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) |url=https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa |website=State of California Department of Justice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dokar Kare Hakkin Sirriyar [[California]] ta 2020 (CPRA) ta fadada wajibai na sirrin sirri da tsaro na mafi yawan ma'aikata da ke kasuwanci a California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 |url=https://iapp.org/resources/article/the-california-privacy-rights-act-of-2020/ |website=IAPP |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401181437/https://iapp.org/resources/article/the-california-privacy-rights-act-of-2020/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tarayyar Turai ===
[[Ƴancin sirri|haƙƙin sirri]] yanki ne mai ci gaba sosai a Turai. Dukkanin kasashe membobin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) suma sun sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] (ECHR). Mataki na 8 na ECHR yana ba da haƙƙin girmamawa ga &quot;rayuwar mutum da na iyali, gidansa da wasikunsa&quot;, dangane da wasu ƙuntatawa. Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta ba wannan labarin fassarar da ta fi dacewa a cikin shari'arta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guide on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Right to respect for private and family life |url=http://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/publications/guide-on-article-8-of-the-european-convention-on-human-rights-right-to-respect-for-private-and-family-life/ |access-date=2020-10-25 |website=Global Freedom of Expression |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1980, a cikin ƙoƙari na ƙirƙirar cikakken tsarin kariya na bayanai a duk faɗin Turai, Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki (OECD) ta ba da &quot;Sakamako na Majalisar game da Jagororin Gudanar da Tsaro na Sirri da Gudanar da Bayanan Mutum&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data – OECD |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/18/0,2340,en_2649_34255_1815186_1_1_1_1,00.html |website=www.oecd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka'idoji bakwai da ke kula da shawarwarin OECD don kare bayanan mutum sune:

# Lura - ya kamata a ba da sanarwa ga batutuwan bayanai lokacin da ake tattara bayanan su;
# Manufar - ya kamata a yi amfani da bayanai ne kawai don manufar da aka bayyana kuma ba don wasu dalilai ba;
# Yarjejeniya - bai kamata a bayyana bayanai ba tare da yardar mai batun bayanai ba;
# Tsaro - ya kamata a kiyaye bayanan da aka tattara daga duk wani cin zarafi mai yuwuwa;
# Bayyanawa - ya kamata a sanar da batutuwan bayanai game da wanda ke tattara bayanan su;
# Samun dama - ya kamata a ba da izinin batutuwan bayanai su sami damar yin amfani da bayanan su kuma su yi gyare-gyare ga duk wani bayanan da ba daidai ba; da
# Bayani - batutuwan bayanai ya kamata su sami hanyar da za su iya samu a gare su don riƙe masu tattara bayanai da alhakin rashin bin ka'idodin da ke sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shimanek |first=Anna E. |year=2001 |title=Do you Want Milk with those Cookies?: Complying with Safe Harbor Privacy Principles |journal=Journal of Corporation Law |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=455, 462–463}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Hannun jarin yanayi na duniya</title>
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        <username>Joserpkm</username>
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'''Hannun jarin duniya''' wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|yarjejeniyar]] [[Faris|Paris]] wanda ake amfani da shi wajen sa ido kan yadda ake aiwatar da shi da kuma kimanta ci gaban gamayya da aka samu wajen cimma manufofin da aka amince da su. Hannun jari na Duniya don haka yana haɗa aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun gudummawar da aka [[ƙaddara]] na ƙasa (NDCs) tare da manyan manufofin Yarjejeniyar Paris, kuma yana da manufa ta ƙarshe na haɓaka burin yanayi.

An buga rahoton haɗakarwa a cikin 2023 kafin COP28.&lt;ref&gt;Technical dialogue of the first global stocktake. Synthesis report by the co-facilitators on the technical dialogue. unfccc.int (Technical report). Retrieved 2023-11-27.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
Yarjejeniyar Paris ta nuna wani sauyi a manufofin [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] na kasa da kasa. Daure a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa da kuma fadin duniya, ba wai kawai ya tsara manufofin duniya masu kishin kasa ba, kamar iyakance hauhawar matsakaitan zafin duniya zuwa kasa da 2 ° C idan aka kwatanta da matakan masana'antu kafin masana'antu, amma kuma ya gabatar da wani sabon tsarin gine-ginen da ke baiwa bangarori dama dama wajen kafa nasu manufofin sauyin yanayi. Ya bambanta da al'adar gama-gari a ƙarƙashin dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa, ba a yin shawarwari kan gudummawar daidaikun jama'a a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma cimma burin da aka sa a gaba ba shi da amfani. Don tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da maƙasudan duk da haka, an sanya bita da tsare-tsare na matakin ƙasa da ƙasa cikin yarjejeniyar.

Matsayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkin Paris

Yarjejeniyar ta Paris ta bukaci kasashen da suka sanya hannu (wanda aka fi sani da Jam’iyyu) da su rika tsara nasu tsare-tsare na ayyukan sauyin yanayi a kai a kai, wadanda ake kira gudummawar da ta dace ta kasa (NDCs), da aiwatar da matakan da za su taimaka musu wajen cimma burinsu na sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;Paris Agreement, Article 4.2&lt;/ref&gt; Babu, duk da haka, babu wani takalifi a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙungiyoyi don cimma NDCs.&lt;ref&gt;Bodansky, D. (2016), The Legal Character of the Paris Agreement. Review of European, Comparative &amp; International Environmental Law, pp. 142-150, doi:10.1111/reel.12154&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyi, duk da haka, su ba da rahoto akai-akai game da ci gaban da suka samu wajen aiwatar da NDCs kuma rahotannin suna ƙarƙashin nazarin takwarorinsu na duniya. Baya ga wannan Ingantaccen Tsarin Gaskiya, Yarjejeniyar Paris ta nuna cewa dole ne ƙungiyoyi su sabunta NDCs akai-akai, cewa NDCs da aka sabunta ba dole ba ne su gaza ga maƙasudin da ake buƙata kafin sabuntawa kuma ya kamata su nuna babban matakin buri. Bugu da kari, ana gudanar da hada-hadar hannayen jari ta duniya sau daya a kowace shekara biyar don tantance ci gaban gamayya da aka samu wajen cimma burin dogon lokaci. Za a yi la'akari da sakamakon da aka samu lokacin da ake haɓaka gudummawar da aka ƙayyade na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Paris Agreement, Art. 14&lt;/ref&gt; Hannun jari na Duniya don haka shine muhimmin sashi na Yarjejeniyar Paris domin tana ɗaukar nauyin ci gaban da aka samu akai-akai da kuma samar da tushen amfani wajen sabunta ƙungiyoyin NDCs.

== Gudunmawa wajen haɓaka buri ==
An ƙera Haɗin Duniya don haɓaka buri ta hanyar taimaka wa ƙungiyoyi zuwa:&lt;ref&gt;Friedrich, J. (2017), D. R. Klein, M. P. Carazo, M. Doelle, J. Bulmer, &amp; A. Higham (ed.), &quot;Global Stocktake (Article 14)&quot;, The Paris agreement on climate change: Analysis and commentary, Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press., pp. 321-337.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dubi abin da suka cimma ya zuwa yanzu wajen aiwatar da NDCs.

Gano abin da har yanzu ya kamata a yi don cimma burinsu na NDC.

Gano hanyoyin da za a iya bi don haɓaka ƙoƙarinsu a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.

Ta wannan hanyar, ana fatan cewa Global Stocktake za ta zama direban buri. Koyaya, Global Stocktake yana ɗaukar gamayya maimakon tsarin mutum ɗaya. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba a keɓance ƙasashe ɗaya ɗaya ba kuma sakamakon da aka samu bai kamata a ba da damar yanke shawara game da yanayin aiwatarwa a cikin jihohi ɗaya ba.&lt;ref&gt;Northrop, E., Dagnet, Y., Höhne, N., Thwaites, J., &amp; Mogelgaard, K. (2018), Achieving the ambition of Paris: Designing the Global Stocktake&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyakar ==
Tambayar ko kasuwar hannayen jari ta duniya ya kamata ta iyakance ga ragewa ko kuma ya haɗa da wasu abubuwa kamar daidaitawa da samar da kuɗin yanayi ya kasance batun muhawara mai cike da cece-kuce. A ci gaba da taron sauyin yanayi a birnin Paris, duk da haka, ra'ayin ya ci gaba da cewa ya kamata kasuwar hannayen jari ta duniya ta dauka a cikin dukkanin ukun. A matsayin wani ɓangare na hannun jari na Duniya, Mataki na 14 na Yarjejeniyar Paris ya lissafa daidaitawa da hanyoyin aiwatarwa da tallafi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Key Points of the Paris Climate Pact&quot;. The New York Times. 2015-12-12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-04-08&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sauyin yanayi na Bhutan</title>
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      <text bytes="19091" sha1="nxk3io4326iwbp9zvmw8ovct3vxcuky" xml:space="preserve">{| align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Bhutan'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; |[[Fayil:BhutanOMC.png|right|thumb|400x400px|Bhutan's towns and villages]]
|}
|-
|'''[[Nahiya|Continent]]'''
|Asia
|-
|'''Subregion'''
|South Asia
|-
|'''[[Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa|Geographic coordinates]]'''
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|27|30|N|90|30|E|type:country}}
|-
|'''Area'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Total &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Water
|Ranked 137th&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Convert|38394|km2|sqmi|1}} &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Convert|0|km2|sqmi}} (landlocked)
|-
|'''Coastline'''
|{{Convert|0|km|mi}}
|-
|'''Land boundaries'''
|{{Convert|1136|km|mi|0}}
|-
|'''Countries bordered'''
|China {{Convert|477|km|mi|0}}, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; India {{Convert|659|km|mi|0}}
|-
|'''Highest point'''
|Gangkhar Puensum, {{Convert|7570|m|ft|0}} &lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2011 |title=Bhutan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bhutan/ |access-date=3 April 2011 |website=[[World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530134529/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bhutan/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''Lowest point'''
|Drangme Chhu, {{Convert|97|m|ft|0}} &lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot; /&gt;
|-
|'''Longest river'''
|
|-
|'''Largest inland body of water'''
|
|-
|'''Land Use'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Arable land&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Permanent crops&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Other
|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.62% &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;0.34% &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;97.27% (2012 est.)
|-
|'''Irrigated Land'''
|{{Convert|319.1|km2|sqmi|1}} (2010)
|-
|'''[[Climate]]''':
|Varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
|-
|'''Natural resources'''
|timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbonate
|-
|'''Natural hazards'''
|Violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name, which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season
|-
|'''Environmental issues'''
|soil erosion; limited access to potable water
|}
[[Fayil:Bhutan_topo_en.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar taswirar Bhutan]]
[[Bhutan]] ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta a kan hanyoyin Gabashin Asiya da Kudancin Asiya, wanda ke kusa da gabashin gabashin tsaunukan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]]. Yana da daidaito tsakanin yankin da ke da iko na kasashe biyu: na farko, [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] (PRC) a arewa da arewa maso yamma. Akwai kimanin kilomita 477 (296  na iyaka tare da Yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa (TAR), ko kuma Tibet kawai. Kasar ta biyu ita ce [[Indiya|Jamhuriyar &lt;u&gt;Indiya&lt;/u&gt;]] a kudu, kudu maso yamma, da gabas; akwai kimanin kilomita 659 (409  tare da jihohin [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], West Bengal, da [[Sikkim]], a cikin tsari na agogo daga masarautar. Jimlar iyakokin Bhutan sun kai kimanin kilomita 1,139 (708 . Jihar Indiya ta Sikkim a yamma, Indiya a kudu, da kuma [[Myanmar|Jihar Assam ta Indiya]] a kudu maso gabas wasu makwabta ne na kusa; tsoffin biyun sun rabu da ƙananan yankunan Indiya.

Bhutan ƙasa ce mai ƙanƙantar ƙasa, amma tana da ɗan ɗan tsayi fiye da faɗin.  Yankin ƙasar ya kai kusan murabba'in kilomita 38,394 (14,824 sq mi).  Saboda matsayinta na cikin ƙasa, ba ta da ƙasa, ba ta sarrafa ruwan yanki.  Ƙasar Bhutan ta yi amfani da kudanci zuwa Assam na yau, ciki har da mai kare Cooch Behar, amma, tun daga 1772, Kamfanin British East India Company (EIC) ya fara mayar da iyakokin ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe da yarjejeniyoyin da dama, da rage girman Bhutan har zuwa Yarjejeniyar Sinchula ta 1865, lokacin da aka janye wasu iyakokin ƙasar.  Daga baya, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan yankuna sun rasa dindindin ga Indiyawan Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Punakha kuma a yau ta kasance wani yanki na Indiya ta zamani.

== Yanayin siyasa ==
{{Weather box}}An raba Bhutan zuwa dzongkhags (gundumomi) 20, kuma a ci gaba zuwa gewogs 205 (gundumomin ƙauye). Gewogs an raba su zuwa Thromdes (ƙauyuka) da yawa don gudanarwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Yanayin jiki ==
[[Fayil:GangkharPuensum3.jpg|right|thumb|240x240px|Gangkhar Puensum daga Ura La, Bhutan]]
Duwatsun [[Himalaya]] na Bhutan sun mamaye arewacin kasar, inda tsaunuka zasu iya kaiwa mita 7,000 (22,966 ; mafi girman matsayi a Bhutan shine Gangkhar Puensum, wanda ke da bambancin kasancewa mafi girman dutse da ba a hau ba a duniya, a mita 7,570 (24,840 . &lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;/&gt; Yanayi yana da matsananci a cikin duwatsu: tsaunuka masu tsawo suna da dusar ƙanƙara ta dindindin, kuma ƙananan duwatsu da gorges suna da iska mai ƙarfi a duk shekara, yana mai da su hanyoyin iska masu launin ruwan kasa a lokacin rani, da kuma wuraren da aka daskare a cikin hunturu. guguwa da aka haifar a arewa a kowane hunturu sau da yawa tana tafiya zuwa kudu zuwa tsakiyar tsaunuka.

A ƙasa da dutse da kankara na tsaunuka mafi girma akwai babban bakan da ke gabashin Himalayan alpine shrub da makiyaya, wanda ke ƙunshe da, a cikin ƙari ga ciyawa, nau'ikan Rhododendron da tsire-tsire masu tsire-shire.

Yankunan tsaunuka sune mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasar; babban birnin Thimphu yana cikin yankin yamma. Yankin yana da koguna da yawa (wanda ke gudana cikin Brahmaputra na Indiya), kwarin da ke kewaye da shi wanda ke da yawancin jama'a, da kuma gandun daji masu yawa waɗanda ke rufe kashi saba'in cikin dari na ƙasar. Yankunan tsaunuka suna da gandun daji na Gabashin Himalayan a tsaunuka masu tsawo da kuma gandun daji masu tsawo na Gabashin himalayan a ƙananan tsaunuka. Lokacin hunturu yana da sanyi, lokacin rani yana da zafi; lokacin ruwan sama yana tare da sauka mai yawa.

Kwarin Bhutan suna da alaƙa da jerin hanyoyin (&quot;La&quot; a Dzongkha). Tsakanin kwarin Haa da Kwarin Paro shine Chele La (mita 3,780 (12,402 ). Chele La ita ce mafi girman hanyar da babbar hanyar Bhutan ta haye. Hanyar Lateral daga Thimphu zuwa Punakha ta haye Dochu La (mita 3,116 (10,223 ), wanda ke da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa 108 da aka gina don tunawa da korar 'yan tawaye na Assamese. Gabashin Wangdue Phodrang shine Pele La (mita 3,390 (11,122 ). Ci gaba zuwa gabas tare da babbar hanyar, wasu manyan hanyoyin sun hada da Yotang La, Shertang La, Wangthang La, Thrumshing La da Kori La (mita 2,298 (mita 7,539).

Yankin kudancin kudancin kasar ya kunshi mafi yawan gandun daji na Himalayan da ke cikin filayen wurare masu zafi na Terai-Duar savanna da ciyawa, mafi yawan Indiya. Yankin noma ne, yana samar da mafi yawan [[shinkafa]]. Kashi biyu cikin dari na Bhutan ne kawai ƙasar noma, tare da mafi yawansu da aka mayar da hankali a nan.

Ƙarnuka na warewa, ƙananan jama'a, da matsanancin yanayin ƙasa sun haifar da Bhutan kiyaye ɗayan mafi kyawun yanayin halittu a duniya. Kasar tana cikin manyan kasashe goma a duniya dangane da yawan jinsuna (dukiyar jinsuna ta kowane yanki). Fiye da nau'ikan shuke-shuke ɗari biyar sun wanzu, gami da kimanin 300 na magani. Fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 770 da fiye da nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 165 an san su, gami da nau'o'in da ba su da yawa da ke cikin haɗari kamar jan panda, leopard mai dusar ƙanƙara, da langur mai zinariya.

== Wurin da ya dace ==
 
Bhutan, dake tsakanin Indiya da China, filin yaƙin Sino-Indiya ne mai yuwuwa;  Indiya a halin yanzu tana da karin tasirin siyasa a cikin al'ummar.  Wannan ya samo asali ne daga abubuwa biyu: gaskiyar cewa bayan da Birtaniya ta ba da ikon mallakar mallakarsu na kudancin Asiya, Bhutan, mai karewa, ba a taba sanya shi a karkashin gwamnatin Indiya ba, sai dai don manufofin dangantakar kasashen waje a karkashin yarjejeniyar Indo-Bhutan na 1949. Sojojin Indiya sun yi sintiri a kan iyakokin Bhutan kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa hanyoyin kasar.  Bugu da kari, Gwamnatin Indiya ta ci gaba da samar da kusan kashi 60% na kudaden gwamnatin Bhutan.

Dalili na biyu ya fito ne daga tashin hankali da kasar Sin ta yi wa Tibet daga 1949 zuwa 1959; 'Yan Tibet suna da alaƙa mai karfi da al'adu, tarihi, da addini ga Bhutan.

Bhutan tana sarrafa tsaunuka masu yawa da ke wucewa ta [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], suna ba da damar tafiya tsakanin Tibet da [[Assam]]. Wadannan hanyoyin kuma sune kawai hanyar shiga masarautar, kuma, tare da manufofin da suka gabata na warewa, an kira shi &quot;Ginin Dutsen Alloli. &quot; Ba a taɓa mamaye zuciyar Bhutan da nasara ba; Birtaniya, yayin da suke kafa kariya a kan al'ummar, sun yi hakan tare da barazanar yankunan da ke ƙasa a ƙarƙashin tsaunuka.
[[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_BTN_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Taswirar rarraba yanayi ta Köppen-Geiger don Bhutan]]
Yanayin Bhutan ya bambanta da tsaunuka kuma, kamar na Indiya, ruwan sama yana shafar shi. Yammacin Bhutan musamman yana fama da ruwan sama wanda ke kawo tsakanin kashi 60 zuwa 90 cikin dari na ruwan sama na yankin. Yanayin yana da zafi kuma yana da zafi a cikin filayen kudanci da tuddai, matsakaici a cikin kwarin Himalayan na kudanci da na tsakiya, kuma sanyi a arewa, tare da dusar ƙanƙara a duk shekara a kan manyan taron Himalayan.

Yanayin zafi ya bambanta dangane da tsawo. Yanayin zafi a Thimphu, wanda ke da mita 2,200 (7,218  sama da matakin teku a yammacin tsakiyar Bhutan, ya kasance daga kimanin 15 zuwa 26 ° C (59.0 zuwa 78.8 ° F) a lokacin ruwan sama na Yuni zuwa Satumba amma ya sauka zuwa tsakanin kimanin -4 da 16 ° C (24.8 da 60.8 ° F). Yawancin ɓangaren tsakiya na ƙasar suna fuskantar sanyi, yanayi mai kyau a duk shekara. A kudu, yanayin zafi, mai zafi yana taimakawa wajen kula da yanayin zafi tsakanin 15 da 30 ° C (59 da 86 ° F) a duk shekara, kodayake yanayin zafi wani lokacin yakan kai {{Convert|40|°C}} ° C (104 ° F) cikin kwari a lokacin rani.

Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da yawa a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.  mummunan yanayi na arewa, akwai kimanin millimeters 40 (1.6 in) na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara - da farko dusar ƙanƙara.  yankuna na tsakiya, matsakaicin shekara-shekara na kusan millimeters 1,000 (39.4 in) ya fi yawa, kuma an yi rajistar millimeters 7,800 (307.1 in) a kowace shekara a wasu wurare  zafi, kudu mai zafi, tabbatar da gandun daji mai zafi, ko savanna. Thimphu yana fuskantar watanni masu bushewa na hunturu (Disamba zuwa Fabrairu) kuma kusan babu ruwan sama har zuwa Maris, lokacin da ruwan sama ya kai 20 millimeters (0.79 in) a wata kuma yana ƙaruwa a hankali bayan haka zuwa 220 millimeters (8.7 in) a watan Agusta don jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusan 650 millimeters (25.6 in). 

Busasshen bazara na Bhutan yana farawa a farkon Maris kuma yana wuce tsakiyar Afrilu.  Yanayin bazara yana farawa a tsakiyar watan Afrilu tare da shawa lokaci-lokaci kuma yana ci gaba da ruwan sama kafin damina na ƙarshen Yuni.  Damina mai rani tana daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa ƙarshen Satumba tare da ruwan sama mai yawa daga kudu maso yamma.  Yanayin damina, wanda tsaunin Himalayas ya toshe shi daga ci gabansa na arewa, yana kawo ruwan sama mai yawa, zafi mai yawa, ambaliyar ruwa da zabtarewar ƙasa, da yawan hazo da ranaku.  Kaka, daga ƙarshen Satumba ko farkon Oktoba zuwa ƙarshen Nuwamba, yana biye da lokacin damina.  Ana siffanta shi da haske, ranakun rana da wasu dusar ƙanƙara ta farko a wurare masu tsayi.  Daga ƙarshen Nuwamba har zuwa Maris, lokacin sanyi yana farawa, tare da sanyi a ko'ina cikin ƙasar da dusar ƙanƙara gama gari sama da tsayin mita 3,000 (9,843 ft).  Damina ta arewa maso gabas tana kawo iska mai ƙarfi ta hanyar tsaunuka masu tsayi.[1].

Glaciers a arewacin Bhutan, wanda ya rufe kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na duk fadin duniya a shekarun 1980, muhimmin tushen ruwa ne da ake sabunta shi ga kogunan Bhutan.  Ana ciyar da sabon dusar ƙanƙara a kowane lokacin sanyi da jinkirin narkewa a lokacin rani, glaciers suna kawo miliyoyin lita na ruwa mai daɗi zuwa Bhutan da yankunan bakin kogin kowace shekara.  Narkewar Glacial yana ƙara zuwa koguna masu kumbura da damina, duk da haka, yana taimakawa wajen ambaliya.  Inda motsin dusar ƙanƙara ya toshe magudanar ruwa na ɗan lokaci, yankunan da ke ƙasa na iya fuskantar barazanar ambaliyar tafkin glacial (GLOFs), wanda kuma ake kira. ''jökulhlaups''.

Gilashin Bhutan suna narkewa. Wani rahoto na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na 2008 ya ba da shawarar cewa saboda hauhawar yanayin zafi, kankara a Bhutan suna janyewa a cikin mita 30-40 (100-130  a kowace shekara, a shirye su sa tabkuna da yawa su fashe bankunansu kuma su aika da miliyoyin lita na ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan daga cikin sauran Batutuwan da suka shafi yanayi da aka gano a cikin rahoton ya sa ƙungiyar ministocin gwamnati ta yankin ta kafa Asusun Kula da Lafiya na Yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a Thimphu a watan Satumbar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;BO1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tirwa |first=Badan |date=19 January 2008 |title=Managing health disaster |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/managing-health-disaster/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120120112/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/managing-health-disaster/ |archive-date=20 January 2011 |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=Bhutan Observer online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika, kasashe membobin Kungiyar Kudancin Asiya don Haɗin Kai na Yankin (SAARC) sun amince da yarjejeniyar kasashen biyu ciki har da matakan kan canjin yanayi da kankara a taron koli a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pelden |first=Sonam |date=10 April 2010 |title=Summit declaration ready for adoption |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/summit-declaration-ready-for-adoption/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120041637/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/summit-declaration-ready-for-adoption/ |archive-date=20 January 2011 |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=Bhutan Observer online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2008 ya kuma nuna cewa kankara na Himalayan za su narke cikin shekaru 25, &lt;ref name=&quot;BO2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tshering |first=Namgay |date=29 January 2011 |title=Himalayan glaciers not retreating, says new report |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/himalayan-glaciers-not-retreating-says-new-report/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207213137/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/himalayan-glaciers-not-retreating-says-new-report/ |archive-date=7 February 2011 |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=Bhutan Observer online}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da haka Firayim Minista Jigme Thinley ya nuna hangen nesa a taron manema labarai a ƙarshen Maris 2010, yana mai cewa, &quot;Kwanakinmu suna janyewa da sauri kuma muna da dalilan damuwa cewa suna iya ɓacewa ba a cikin 2035, har ma da baya ba. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BO4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pelden |first=Sonam |date=2 April 2010 |title=Looking beyond hydropower |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/looking-beyond-hydropower/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003050052/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/looking-beyond-hydropower/ |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=Bhutan Observer online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabuwar kaya &quot;Bhutan Glacial Inventory 2018&quot; ta ƙunshi glaciers 700 da ke rufe jimillar faɗin murabba'in kilomita 629.55 ± 0.02 (243.0706 ± 0.0077 sq mi) a cikin iyakokin arewacin Bhutan.  Yankin Glacier ya ƙunshi 1.64% na jimlar murfin ƙasa a Bhutan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology |url=http://www.nchm.gov.bt/home/pageMenu/32 |access-date=2019-07-28 |website=nchm.gov.bt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhutan gida ce ga akalla tabkuna 59 na tsaunuka da kuma wasu tabkuna 2,674 na kankara; kimanin 25 daga cikin wadannan tabkuna masu ƙanƙara suna iya haɗarin GLOF.&lt;ref name=&quot;BO1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorthormi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pelden |first=Sonam |date=3 September 2010 |title=Thorthormi water level brought down 43&amp;nbsp;cm |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/thorthormi-water-level-brought-down-43-cm/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119113517/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/thorthormi-water-level-brought-down-43-cm/ |archive-date=19 January 2011 |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=Bhutan Observer online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkunan da ba na kankara ba a Bhutan sun rufe jimlar kimanin hekta 4,250 (16.4 sq . Yawancin suna sama da tsawo na mita 3,500 (11,500 , kuma mafi yawansu ba su da mazaunan mutane na dindindin a kusa, kodayake ana amfani da su da yawa don kiwo kuma suna iya warwatsa mazauna wucin gadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 1978 |title=Survey of the Waters of Bhutan – Physiography and Fisheries Potential |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/L8853E/L8853E02.htm |access-date=26 November 2011 |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin kogin ==
[[Fayil:Glacial_lakes,_Bhutan.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Wannan hoton yana nuna ƙarshen kankara a cikin Bhutan-Himalaya. Tafkunan kankara suna saurin samuwa a saman dusar ƙanƙara da aka rufe a wannan yankin a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.]]
Bhutan tana da manyan tsarin kogi guda huɗu: Drangme Chhu;  Puna Tsang Chhu, wanda kuma ake kira Sankosh;  Wang Chu;  da Amo Chu.  Kowanne yana gudu da sauri daga Himalayas, zuwa kudu ta cikin Dooars don shiga kogin Brahmaputra a Indiya, daga nan kuma ya bi Bangladesh inda Brahmaputra (ko Jamuna a Bangladesh) ya haɗu da Ganges (ko Padma a Bangladesh) don kwarara zuwa cikin Bay na Bengal.  Tsarin kogin mafi girma, Drangme Chhu, yana gudana daga kudu maso yamma daga jihar Arunachal Pradesh ta Indiya kuma yana da manyan rassa uku: Drangme Chhu, Mangde Chhu, da Bumthang Chhu.  Waɗannan rassan suna samar da tudun Drangme Chhu, wanda ya bazu a yawancin gabashin Bhutan kuma ya kwashe kwarin Tongsa da Bumthang.  A cikin Duars, inda ƙungiyoyi takwas suka shiga cikinta, ana kiran Drangme Chhu Manas Chhu.  Puna Tsang Chhu mai tsawon kilomita 320 (mi) ya tashi a arewa maso yammacin Bhutan kamar yadda Mo Chhu da Pho Chhu, waɗanda dusar ƙanƙara ke ciyar da su daga Babban Range na Himalayan.  Suna tafiya zuwa kudu zuwa Punakha, inda suka haɗu don samar da Puna Tsang Chhu, wanda ke gudana zuwa kudu zuwa jihar West Bengal ta Indiya.  Magudanan ruwa na tsawon kilomita 370 (mita 230) Wang Chhu sun tashi a Tibet.  Wang Chhu da kansa yana gudana zuwa kudu maso gabas ta tsakiyar Bhutan ta yamma, yana zubar da kwarin Ha, Paro, da Thimhu, ya ci gaba zuwa cikin Duars, inda ya shiga West Bengal a matsayin Raigye Chhu.  Tsarin kogi mafi ƙanƙanta, Torsa Chhu, wanda aka fi sani da Amo Chhu a arewacinta, shi ma yana gudana daga Tibet zuwa kwarin Chumbi da sauri ta yammacin Bhutan kafin ya faɗa kusa da Phuntsholing sannan ya kwarara zuwa Indiya..

== Kwarin ==

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    <title>Sauyin yanayi na Hungary</title>
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[[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_HUN_1991–2020.svg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar Hungary na rarraba yanayi na Köppen.]]
[[Climate|yanayi]] [[Hungariya|Hungary]] yana da alaƙa da matsayinta. Hungary tana a cikin gabashin Tsakiyar Turai, kusan daidai da Equator da North Pole, fiye da kilomita 1,000 (600  daga duka biyu kuma kusan kilomita 1,000 daga [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].

Yanayinta shine sakamakon canje-canjen muhalli a lokacin Holocene Era da kuma sakamakon hulɗar manyan Tsarin yanayi guda biyu: Yanayin nahiyar da Yanayin teku. Ana jin tasirin waɗannan tsarin biyu a duk faɗin ƙasar a lokuta daban-daban, kuma yanayin yana canzawa akai-akai. Hungary tana da yanayi mai sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hungary climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Hungary weather averages |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/hungary-20/ |access-date=21 November 2018 |publisher=Climate-Data.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Speedy |title=Hungary |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Hungary/hungary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204115841/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Hungary/hungary.htm |archive-date=4 December 2008 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=Fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2007, Hungary ta kasance ta shida a cikin ƙididdigar kariya ta muhalli ta Globalwatch da Climate Action Network . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2007 |title=Hungary ranked sixth in world for environmental protection |url=http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/article/11/hungary_rank-1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223144327/http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/article/11/hungary_rank-1/ |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=29 May 2010 |publisher=Caboodle.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da ke da tasiri ==
Yanayin ƙasar Hungary yana da tasiri ta nisanta daga Tekun Atlantika da kuma iskar da ta mamaye yamma.  Halin nahiya na yanayin Hungarian ya yi nisa da kasancewa mai tsananin gaske kamar na Gabashin Turai.  Misali mai zuwa zai iya misalta darajar nahiyar: idan aka ɗauki Tekun Atlantika a matsayin sifili da Verkhoyansk a Siberiya a matsayin 100, to Sopron (Hungary ta Yamma), Putnok (Arewacin Hungary), da Tótkomlós (Kudu-Gabas Hungary) zai zama 27.3, 30.4 da 34, bi da bi.  [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] Bacin rai na shiyyar mai zafi yana bin hanyar iskar yamma tana kawo ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin kasa.

Yanayin kasar a cikin yankin Yankin Carpathian Basin ma yana da mahimmanci. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da su suna canza tasirin iskõki da sauran ƙarfin yanayi da ke ci gaba zuwa ƙasar.

Yanayin Hungary yana rinjayar cibiyoyin aiki na dindindin guda biyu na yankin matsakaici, Icelandic Low da Azores High. Rashin lafiya da ya samo asali daga yankin Iceland yana tafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, yana kawo yanayin sanyi da ruwan sama. Lokacin da Azores ke samun karfin gaske, yanayin yana da haske kuma ya bushe, duka hunturu da rani. Baya ga na dindindin, akwai wani muhimmin cibiyar aiki na yanayi, Siberian High, wanda ke nuna tasirinsa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin hunturu, lokacin da iska mai sanyi a kan Siberia da Gabashin Turai ke motsawa a fadin tsaunukan Carpathian kuma ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a kan Karpathian Basin.

== Hasken rana ==
Daga arewa zuwa kudu, Hungary ta bambanta da kusan digiri 3 na latitude. [[Seasonal variance|bambancin yanayi]]  kusurwar abin da ya faru na Hasken rana, sabili da haka, game da 3 °. Adadin shekara-shekara na fuskar ƙasar ya bambanta tsakanin 80 da 110  / cm  kJ / cm  in).

Kashe kashen yanayin rana na yanayi ya bambanta tsakanin kilocalories 70 a kowace santimita murabba'i (290 kJ/cm2; 450 kcal/sq in)  a lokacin rani da kilocalories 20 a kowace santimita murabba'i (84 kJ/cm2; 130 kcal/sq in)  a cikin hunturu.

Ya bambanta kadan ta hanyar longitude, daga 60 zuwa 70  / cm&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;  kJ / cm2  in) [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] a yamma zuwa 100 zuwa 110 kcal /cm2  kJ /cm2 kcal / sq in) [Bayyanawa da aka buƙata] A kudu maso gabas.  

Matsakaicin sa'o'i na hasken rana ya bambanta tsakanin 1,700 da 2,100 a shekara (a [[Sopron]], 1,700 hours, a Szeged, 2,068 hours). Matsakaicin duka biyun a watan Yuli ne.

Matsakaicin shekara-shekara na kwanakin da aka rufe gaba ɗaya ya bambanta tsakanin 70 da 190. Sa'o'i na ainihi na hasken rana - wato, ''duk wani'' hasken rana a rana - ya kai kusan rabin abin da zai yiwu - 46%.  (London, idan aka kwatanta, yana da kusan kashi 33 cikin 100 a shekara).

== Yanayin zafi ==
Ko da a Hungary, zafin jiki ya fi zafi, alal misali, makwabciyar Austria saboda kudancin da ke gudana a kan Alps na Gulf Stream. Wannan aberration ko anomaly na iya zama kamar {{Convert|2.5|C-change|F-change}} ° C (4.5 ° F). Zuwa gabas, wannan yana raguwa sannu a hankali.

Matsakaicin zafin jiki a Hungary shine 8 zuwa 11 ° C (46 zuwa 52 ° F). Bambanci tsakanin arewa da kudu shine kawai {{Convert|3|C-change|F-change}} ° C (5.4 ° F) saboda karamin nesa tsakanin kudu da arewa. Misali, matsakaicin zafin jiki a Kudancin Ingila, Massif Central a Faransa, da [[Switzerland]] iri ɗaya ne, amma a Hungary, akwai matsananciyar yanayi daga bazara zuwa hunturu.

Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Hungary ya kasance {{Convert|41.9|C|F}} ° C (107.4 ° F) a Kiskunhalas a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;met.hu heatcoldrec&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service: Heat Record |url=http://owww.met.hu/eghajlat/Magyarorszag/rekordok/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701230239/http://owww.met.hu/eghajlat/Magyarorszag/rekordok/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=7 August 2015 |publisher=Met.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Hungary ya kasance -35.0 ° C (-31.0 ° F) a Görömbölytapolca a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1940. &lt;ref name=&quot;met.hu heatcoldrec&quot; /&gt;

=== Ilimin noma ===
Jimlar zafi a lokacin tsiro na Hungary ya tashi sama da {{Convert|3000|C|F}} ° C (5,430 ° F) a yawancin ƙasar, wanda ke da kyau sosai ga aikin noma a Hungary, amma sanyi a watan Mayu na iya gabatar da mummunar haɗari ga amfanin gona.

Yankin ƙasa yana canzawa tsakanin ko da mafi girma, tare da yiwuwar wucewa {{Convert|100|C|F}} ° C (212 ° F)  yanayin zafin shekara-shekara. 20 mita (66  a ƙasa da farfajiyar, wannan canjiyar ta ƙare, kuma zafin jiki yana da daidaituwa a {{Convert|11|C|F}} ° C (52 ° F). Matsakaicin zurfin sanyi na sama shine 25 zuwa 35 centimeters (9.8 zuwa 13.8 in).

Budapest tana kan iyaka tsakanin yankuna masu ƙarfi 6 da 7.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hardiness zone – Gardenology.org – Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening wiki |url=http://www.gardenology.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone |access-date=13 October 2012 |publisher=Gardenology.org |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003124820/http://www.gardenology.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Europa Hardiness zone map |url=https://www.backyardgardener.com/garden-forum-education/hardiness-zones/europa-hardiness-zone-map/ |access-date=13 October 2012 |publisher=Backyardgardener.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iska ==
Iskar tana yin tasiri mai ƙarfi akan sauran abubuwan yanayi ta hanyar saurinta, alkiblarta, da kuma iya tafiyar da iska.  A wani tsayi mai zaman kansa ba tare da tasirin agaji ba, kimanin mita 4,000, igiyoyin ruwa na yamma sun mamaye kasar.  Kusa da saman ƙasa, a kan mafi yawan sassan ƙasar, iskar arewa maso yamma ta mamaye, amma gabashin kogin Tisza, iskar arewa ta mamaye.  Dangane da saurin iska, matsakaicin ƙimar shekara-shekara yana bambanta tsakanin 1,5 da 2,5 akan ma'aunin Beaufort (2 da 3&quot; 5 m/s) [bayani da ake buƙata] a cikin ƙasar baki ɗaya. Canje-canjen yanayin yanayin ba su da mahimmanci.

== Ruwan sama ==
Matsakaicin [[Yayafi|Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara]] a duk faɗin ƙasar shine millimeters 600 (24 in). Yankunan da suka fi bushewa a kasar suna gabas, inda, alal misali,  Hortobagy, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance ƙasa da millimeters 500 (20 in). Matsakaicin ruwan sama, kusan millimeters 1,000 (39 in), ya fadi a kan iyakar yammacin Hungary.

Kamar yadda yake na yanayin nahiyar, mafi yawan hazo yana faruwa a ƙarshen bazara da farkon lokacin rani. A yankin kudu maso yamma, matsakaicin na biyu yana faruwa a watan Oktoba a ƙarƙashin tasirin yanayin Bahar Rum.

Yawan kwanakin ruwan sama ya wuce 100 a yankin kudu maso yamma, da kuma yankin Matra da Bükk, amma kasa da 80 a tsakiyar kogin Tisza. Rashin ruwan sama, zafi, da kuma karfi evaporation ya sa Great Hungarian Plain ya zama mai ƙura sosai a lokacin rani.

Hadari da guguwa sun zama ruwan dare, musamman  watanni na rani. A cikin hunturu, daga ƙarshen Nuwamba zuwa farkon Maris, hazo ya faɗi a wani ɓangare a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Rufin dusar ƙanƙara ya bambanta sosai. Ana samun dusar ƙanƙara mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin gabashin Great Plain (tare da matsakaicin shekara-shekara shine 4 centimeters (1.6 in)). Sau da yawa, [[Winter corn|masara ta hunturu]] ta kasance a buɗe ga abubuwa lokacin da manoma ba sa tsammanin wani sanyi mai tsanani.

== Rashin zafi ==
A Hungary, zafi na iska ya fi girma a lokacin rani fiye da lokacin hunturu.  Matsakaicin abin da ke cikin tururin ruwa na shekara shine gram 7.4 a kowace mita cubic (0.0074 oz/cu ft) a matsewar ruwa na milimita 7.3 (0.29 in).  Mafi girman abun ciki na tururin ruwa na dangi (sama da 75%) ana samunsa a cikin iyakar yamma.

== Yankin ==
Yankin ƙasar da ilimin ruwa na Hungary suma suna shafar yanayi. Tasirin su a kan macroclimate ba shi da mahimmanci, amma suna shafar meso- da microclimates. Misali mai kyau shine sauyin yanayi na kewayen Great Lakes, musamman na Lake Balaton. Amma wuraren yashi, tuddai (na calcium carbonate kamar dolomite) kamar tuddai da ke kewaye da Buddha, har ma da irin ciyayi suma suna da tasiri a kan meso- da microclimates.

Makamashi na taimako na Hungary, wato, bambance-bambance a tsawo a cikin ƙasar (a wasu kalmomi, damar hydroelectric), yana da ɗan ƙarami. Duk da haka, bambancin mita 400 zuwa 900 (1,300 zuwa 3,000  a tsawo tsakanin Babban Filayen Hungary da tsaunuka masu zurfi na arewa ya isa ya samar da bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin yanayi na yankuna biyu.{{Weather box}}{{Weather box}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Sauyin yanayi na Oregon</title>
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      <text bytes="17781" sha1="ilcl08x4te05d4elgrjva5oest06jtw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
[[Fayil:Köppen_Climate_Types_Oregon.png|thumb|252x252px|Nau'ikan yanayi na Köppen na Oregon, ta amfani da yanayin yanayi na 1991-2020.]]
[[Fayil:OR_trewartha.svg|thumb|273x273px|Nau'ikan yanayi na Trewartha na Oregon]]
Dangane da Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen, yawancin Yammacin Oregon suna da Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (ko nau'in Csb), wanda ke nuna zafi, lokacin rani mai bushe, da hunturu mai laushi tare da sauye-sauye da sararin sama. Gabashin Oregon ya fada cikin Yanayin sanyi mai tsaka-tsaki (ko nau'in BSk), wanda ke nuna yanayin bushewa.

Yammacin Cascade Range, hunturu yana da sanyi tare da ruwan sama mai yawa da dusar ƙanƙara na lokaci-lokaci. Yanayin zafi na iya zama sanyi sosai, amma kawai a wasu lokuta, sakamakon raƙuman sanyi na [[Arctic]]. Yankin hamada mai zurfi na jihar ya bushe sosai, tare da karancin ruwan sama, karin dusar ƙanƙara, hunturu mai sanyi, da lokacin zafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lew, Allen A. |year=2004 |title=The Pacific Coast |url=http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/ggr346/text/chapters/ch10.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531012223/http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/ggr346/text/chapters/ch10.html |archive-date=May 31, 2009 |access-date=April 16, 2010 |publisher=[[Northern Arizona University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ruwan sama ==
[[Fayil:Oregon_Average_Annual_Precipitation_(1961-1990)_Map.png|right|thumb|Ruwan sama na Oregon ya bambanta sosai daga yanki zuwa yanki.]]
[[Yayafi|Ruwan sama]] a cikin jihar ya bambanta sosai: wasu gangaren yammacin bakin teku suna kusa da inci 200 (5,100  a kowace shekara, yayin da wuraren da suka fi bushewa, kamar Alvord Desert (a cikin Inuwa mai ruwan sama na Steens Mountain) a gabashin Oregon, suna samun kusan inci 5 (130 . &lt;ref name=&quot;WRCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Western Regional Climate Center |title=Climate of Oregon |url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222524/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |access-date=April 16, 2010 |publisher=[[Desert Research Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001}}

Tekun Fasifik, yanada iska mai cike da danshi da ke sama da ita, da kuma guguwa da ke tashi daga gare ta a kan gabar tekun Oregon, sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da hazo a jihar.  Yayin da iska mai danshi ta ke tashi daga gabas daga teku kuma ta ci karo da gabar Tekun, sai ta tashi da karfi, ta yi sanyi, kuma ta rasa danshi ta hanyar datse, wanda ke haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa.  Hazo mafi girma a cikin jihar yana faruwa a ƙafa 2,000 zuwa 4,000 (610 zuwa 1,220 m) sama da matakin teku a waɗannan tsaunukan bakin teku.  A ƙananan tuddai a bakin tekun, hazo ba ya da ƙarfi amma har yanzu yana samar da inci 60 zuwa 80 (1,500 zuwa 2,000 mm) a shekara..{{Sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001}}

A cikin Kwarin Willamette a gabashin Coast Range, guguwa &quot;mai hurawa&quot; daga Pacific yana riƙe da isasshen danshi don sauka daga 35 zuwa 45 inci (890 zuwa 1,140  a kowace shekara a cikin mafi yawan jama'a na jihar. Gabashin kwarin, iska mai guguwa ta sake tashi yayin da ta haɗu da Cascade Range, ta sake sanyaya kuma ta samar da kwantar da hankali a tsaunuka sau da yawa kamar ƙafa 3,000 (910 . {{Sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001}} Tunda tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a cikin kewayon suna da tsawo sosai - fiye da ƙafa 11,000 (3,400 m) a cikin yanayin Dutsen Hood  - mafi yawan ragowar danshi na Pacific ya faɗi a nan a cikin hanyar ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara. {{Sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001}}{{Sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001}}

Sauran kashi biyu bisa uku na jihar sun bushe, an rarraba su a matsayin tsaka-tsaki, tare da manyan yankuna da ba su karɓi fiye da inci 12 (300  a shekara. Ban da haka yana faruwa a tsaunuka mafi girma a cikin Blue Mountains da Wallowa Mountains zuwa arewa maso gabas, wanda ke samun inci 50 zuwa 80 (1,300 zuwa 2,000  a shekara.{{Sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001}}

A duk faɗin Oregon, lokacin rigar yana gudana daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris, lokacin da jet stream ya fi karfi a Arewacin Hemisphere. Ruwan sama bai kai a cikin watanni tsakanin hunturu da bazara ba: Afrilu zuwa Yuni a cikin bazara da Satumba da Oktoba a cikin kaka. A duk fadin jihar, watanni masu bushewa sune Yuli da Agusta, lokacin da danshi ya zo a lokacin tsawa da yamma, galibi a cikin duwatsu, kuma ba sau da yawa daga guguwa da suka kai ga iyakar arewa da yankunan da ke kusa.{{Sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001}}

=== Snow ===
[[Fayil:Wintersports_terrain_park_P1391.jpeg|right|thumb|Mafi girman dusar ƙanƙara a Oregon yana faruwa a cikin Cascade Range.]]
Snowfall a Oregon ya fi girma a cikin Cascade Range. Dangane da bayanai daga wuraren shakatawa na kankara da wasu tashoshin yanayi na hukuma, matsakaicin dusar ƙanƙara na shekara-shekara a cikin Cascades na iya kasancewa daga inci 300 zuwa 550 (760 zuwa 1,400 . &lt;ref name=&quot;WRCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Western Regional Climate Center |title=Climate of Oregon |url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222524/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |access-date=April 16, 2010 |publisher=[[Desert Research Institute]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWestern_Regional_Climate_Center&quot;&gt;Western Regional Climate Center. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222524/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm &quot;Climate of Oregon&quot;]. [[Desert Research Institute]]. Archived from [http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm the original] on December 21, 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi girman dusar ƙanƙara na shekara-shekara a cikin rikodin, 903 inci (2,290 , ya faru a Crater Lake a cikin Cascades a cikin 1950. {{Sfn|Taylor|Hannan|1999}} A cikin Blue Mountains na gabashin Oregon, jimlar dusar ƙanƙara na iya zama babba, tsakanin 150 da 300 inci (380 da 760 . A gefe guda, yawancin ruwan sama na hunturu a cikin Coast Range yana fadowa kamar ruwan sama, kodayake dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi wani lokacin yakan faru.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRCC&quot; /&gt;

A mafi yawan tsaunuka a Oregon, ƙasa sama da ƙafa 4,500 (1,400  an rufe shi da dusar ƙanƙara daga Disamba zuwa Afrilu. Gudun dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ya bambanta da tsawo da lokacin shekara, matsakaicin kimanin inci 50 zuwa 100 (130 zuwa 250  a cikin Cascades da inci 25 zuwa 65 (64 zuwa 165  a Dutsen Blue a ƙarshen Janairu; a ƙarshen Afrilu, suna raguwa zuwa inci 40 zuwa 120 (100 zuwa 300  a mu Cascades da 5 zuwa inci 45 (13 zuwa 114  a dins Blues. Glaciers sun kasance a duk shekara a kan wasu tsaunuka na Cascade sama da {{Convert|7000|ft|m}} m) sama da matakin teku.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Western Regional Climate Center |title=Climate of Oregon |url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222524/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |access-date=April 16, 2010 |publisher=[[Desert Research Institute]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWestern_Regional_Climate_Center&quot;&gt;Western Regional Climate Center. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222524/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm &quot;Climate of Oregon&quot;]. [[Desert Research Institute]]. Archived from [http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm the original] on December 21, 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Dusar ƙanƙara na shekara-shekara tare da matsakaita 1 zuwa 3 inci (2.5 zuwa 7.6 cm) a shekara, gami da shekaru da babu.  Gabaɗaya a cikin ƙasa, tsakanin Kewayen Teku da Cascades, dusar ƙanƙara gabaɗaya tana kaiwa inci 5 zuwa 10 (13 zuwa 25 cm) kowace shekara.  Gabashin Cascades, a cikin saitunan da ba na tsaunuka ba, jimillar shekara-shekara tana daga 15 zuwa 75 inci (38 zuwa 191 cm), ya danganta da wurin;  su ne mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin arewa ta tsakiya da kuma rafin kogin maciji a kudu maso gabas kuma mafi girma a cikin kwarin arewa maso gabas da kuma tudun tudu na yankin kudu ta tsakiya na jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Western Regional Climate Center |title=Climate of Oregon |url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222524/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |access-date=April 16, 2010 |publisher=[[Desert Research Institute]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWestern_Regional_Climate_Center&quot;&gt;Western Regional Climate Center. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222524/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm &quot;Climate of Oregon&quot;]. [[Desert Research Institute]]. Archived from [http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm the original] on December 21, 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'auni lokaci ==
[[Fayil:Oregon_High_Desert.jpg|right|thumb|Yankin Babban Yankin Oregon]]
Baya ga zagayowar yanayi da hasken rana (fiye da lokacin rani, ƙasa da lokacin hunturu), manyan abubuwan da suka shafi yanayin zafi a Oregon sun haɗa da tasirin daidaitawa na Tekun Fasifik tare da bambance-bambancen haɓakar sararin sama, musamman Cascade Range.  Gabaɗaya, yanayin zafi a Duniya yana raguwa da kusan 4 °F (2 °C) a kowace ƙafa 1,000 (m300 m) yana ƙaruwa.  A duk tsawon shekara, manyan tuddai a fadin jihar sun fi zama sanyi fiye da ƙananan tudu.  Bugu da kari, Cascades, wanda ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu daga kan iyaka zuwa iyaka, gaba daya suna rike da dumbin yawan iskan Pacific a yammacin jihar da kuma yawan iska mai sanyi a gefen gabas.  Wannan yanayin da ake samu yana raguwa lokaci-lokaci lokacin da iska mai tsananin sanyi ta gangarowa cikin kwarin Columbia zuwa kwarin Willamette kuma yana rage yanayin zafi fiye da yadda aka saba daga Portland zuwa Eugene..{{Sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Oregon tana da yanayin zafi mai yawa, kodayake matsanancin abu ne mai wuya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Western Regional Climate Center |title=Climate of Oregon |url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222524/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |access-date=April 16, 2010 |publisher=[[Desert Research Institute]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWestern_Regional_Climate_Center&quot;&gt;Western Regional Climate Center. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222524/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm &quot;Climate of Oregon&quot;]. [[Desert Research Institute]]. Archived from [http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm the original] on December 21, 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An rubuta mafi girma a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1898, a Hermiston, Oregon, kuma a ranar 10 ga Agusta, 1898, A duka Pendleton, Oregon da Redmond, Oregon, da kuma sau ɗaya a ranar 29 ta Yuni, 2021, a Pelton Dam. Dukansu suna gabashin Cascades, lokacin da zafin ya kai {{Convert|119|F|C}} ° F (48 ° C). {{Sfn|Taylor|Hannan|1999}} Mafi ƙasƙanci ya faru a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1933, a Ukiah, kuma a ranar 10 ga Fabrairun, 1933, a Seneca, kuma a gabashin Cascades, lokacin da zafin ya sauka zuwa -54 ° F (-48 ° C). {{Sfn|Taylor|Hannan|1999}} Yawan zafin jiki a cikin Kwarin Willamette yana da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da yankunan hamada na jihar, tare da yanayin zafi mai girma a ko sama da {{Convert|90|F|C}} ° F (32 ° C) wanda ke faruwa ne kawai sau biyar zuwa goma sha biyar a kowace shekara, kuma yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin ƙasa da {{Convert|30|F|C}} ° F (-1 ° C) kamar haka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Taylor, George, Cadee Hale and Sarah Joos |title=Climate of Multnomah County |url=http://www.ocs.orst.edu/county_climate/Multnomah_files/Multnomah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624153919/http://www.ocs.orst.edu/county_climate/Multnomah_files/Multnomah.html |archive-date=2010-06-24 |access-date=2010-04-16 |publisher=[[Oregon State University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin da ya fi zafi a jihar shine kudu maso yamma; Jackson County shine wuri mafi zafi a jihar a lokacin rani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Taylor, George, Cadee Hale and Sarah Joos |title=Climate of Jackson County |url=http://ocs.oregonstate.edu/county_climate/Jackson_files/Jackson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304143656/http://www.ocs.oregonstate.edu/county_climate/Jackson_files/Jackson.html |archive-date=2010-03-04 |access-date=2010-04-16 |publisher=[[Oregon State University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box}}

=== Manyan abubuwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF&quot;
! style=&quot;background:&quot; width=&quot;80&quot; |Wata
! style=&quot;background:&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; |Yanayin zafi
! style=&quot;background:&quot; width=&quot;245&quot; |Ranar
! style=&quot;background:&quot; width=&quot;440&quot; |Wurin da yake
|-
|Janairu
|{{Cvt|79|F}}
|Janairu 25, 2014
|Port Orford, County Curry
|-
|Fabrairu
|{{Cvt|85|F}}
|Fabrairu 9, 2016
|Coquille, Coos County
|-
|Maris
|{{Cvt|91|F}}
|Maris 31, 1911
|Dayville, gundumar Grant
|-
|Afrilu
|{{Cvt|99|F}}
|Afrilu 27 da 28, 1926
|McMinnville, Yamhill County &amp; Echo, Umatilla County
|-
|Mayu
|{{Cvt|108|F}}
|Mayu 16, 1924 da Mayu 23, 2001
|Blitzen, Harney County &amp; Peyton Dam, Jefferson County
|-
|Yuni
|{{Cvt|119|F}}
|Yuni 29, 2021
|Moody Farms Agrinet, Wasco County &amp; Pelton Dam, Jefferson County
|-
|Yuli
|{{Cvt|119|F}}
|29 ga Yuli, 1898
|Prineville, yankin Crook
|-
|Agusta
|{{Cvt|119|F}}
|Agusta 10, 1898
|Pendleton, gundumar Umatilla
|-
|Satumba
|{{Cvt|111|F}}
|Satumba 3, 1955 da 2022
|Illahe, Curry County &amp; Dayville, Grant County
|-
|Oktoba
|{{Cvt|104|F}}
|Oktoba 2 da 3, 1980
|Dora, Coos County &amp; Lost Creek Dam, Jackson County
|-
|Nuwamba
|{{Cvt|88|F}}
|Nuwamba 2, 1929
|Brookings, yankin Curry
|-
|Disamba
|{{Cvt|80|F}}
|Disamba 15, 1980
|Port Orford, County Curry
|}

=== Ƙananan Ƙananan ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF&quot;
! style=&quot;background:&quot; width=&quot;80&quot; |Wata
! style=&quot;background:&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; |Yanayin zafi
! style=&quot;background:&quot; width=&quot;245&quot; |Ranar
! style=&quot;background:&quot; width=&quot;440&quot; |Wurin da yake
|-
|Janairu
|{{Cvt|-52|F}}
|Janairu 21, 1930 da Janairu 8, 1937
|Danner, Malheur County &amp; Austin, Grant County
|-
|Fabrairu
|{{Cvt|-54|F}}
|Fabrairu 9 da 10, 1933
|Ukiah, Umatilla County &amp; Seneca, Grant County
|-
|Maris
|{{Cvt|-30|F}}
|Maris 1, 1922
|Fremont, yankin Lake
|-
|Afrilu
|{{Cvt|-6|F}}
|Afrilu 1, 1936
|Sand Creek, Klamath County
|-
|Mayu
|{{Cvt|2|F}}
|Mayu 2, 2013
|Madras, yankin Jefferson
|-
|Yuni
|{{Cvt|11|F}}
|Yuni 14, 2013
|Tafkin Azurfa, Gundumar Tafkin
|-
|Yuli
|{{Cvt|14|F}}
|Yuli 2, 1955
|Fremont, yankin Lake
|-
|Agusta
|{{Cvt|13|F}}
|Agusta 28, 1937
|Seneca, gundumar Grant
|-
|Satumba
|{{Cvt|1|F}}
|Satumba 28, 1931
|Seneca, gundumar Grant
|-
|Oktoba
|{{Cvt|-11|F}}
|31 ga Oktoba, 2002
|Seneca, Grant County &amp; Fort Rock, Lake County
|-
|Nuwamba
|{{Cvt|-32|F}}
|Nuwamba 26-27, 1896 &amp; Nuwamba 23, 1985
|Silver Lake, Lake County &amp; Ukiah, Umatilla County
|-
|Disamba
|{{Cvt|-53|F}}
|Disamba 15 da 24-25, 1924
|Drewsey, Harney County &amp; Riverside, Malheur County
|}

== Zaɓuɓɓukan jadawalin yanayi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|{{Location map+|Oregon}}
|}
{{Climate chart|[[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria]]|37.7|49.8|10.20|37.2|51.6|7.19|38.9|53.8|7.45|41.0|56.4|5.20|45.6|60.4|3.31|50.0|63.9|2.55|53.1|67.4|1.03|53.1|68.7|1.16|49.4|67.6|2.14|44.2|60.9|5.98|40.1|53.5|11.15|36.6|48.7|9.88}}{{Climate chart|[[Bend, Oregon|Bend]]|24.3|41.1|1.45|24.2|44.3|1.13|27.5|51.0|0.72|30.4|56.7|0.70|36.3|64.6|0.88|41.9|72.3|0.77|47.5|81.5|0.55|46.3|81.3|0.48|39.5|73.5|0.41|32.8|61.9|0.60|27.9|47.3|1.39|22.7|39.4|2.14}}{{Climate chart|[[Brookings, Oregon|Brookings]]|42.3|55.4|11.84|42.7|56.2|9.96|42.7|57.6|9.43|43.8|59.6|6.47|47.0|63.0|3.85|49.5|66.8|2.02|52.4|67.8|0.43|52.8|67.6|0.72|51.2|64.4|1.39|48.3|64.4|5.36|44.5|57.9|11.24|41.6|55.2|14.51}}{{Climate chart|[[Burns, Oregon|Burns]]|14.8|34.8|1.19|18.2|39.3|1.02|25.4|49.3|1.09|29.2|57.1|0.93|36.4|66.1|1.23|41.8|75.0|0.76|47.4|85.9|0.40|44.9|84.8|0.36|36.3|75.5|0.44|27.5|61.8|0.78|21.5|45.1|1.17|14.0|34.3|1.55}}{{Climate chart|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]|34.5|47.2|6.89|35.1|51.1|5.43|37.4|56.2|4.99|39.8|60.8|3.33|43.8|67.0|2.73|47.9|73.2|1.50|51.7|82.2|0.55|51.4|82.8|0.61|47.3|76.9|1.29|41.5|64.2|3.25|37.9|52.2|7.72|34.1|45.6|7.83}}{{Climate chart|[[Medford, Oregon|Medford]]|32|48|2.42|34|54|2.01|36|59|1.71|40|65|1.38|45|73|1.30|51|82|0.62|57|92|0.28|56|91|0.40|49|84|0.57|42|70|1.13|36|53|3.01|30|46|3.49}}{{Climate chart|[[Newport, Oregon|Newport]]|38|50|10.63|39|52|8.11|40|54|8.21|41|56|4.92|45|59|3.49|49|62|2.69|50|64|0.99|51|65|1.25|49|65|2.62|46|61|5.43|42|55|10.87|39|51|11.78}}{{Climate chart|[[Ontario, Oregon|Ontario]]|18|34|1.29|24|43|0.87|31|55|0.96|37|65|0.68|45|74|0.93|51|84|0.62|57|93|0.30|54|91|0.28|45|81|0.47|34|66|0.55|27|47|1.19|20|36|1.41}}{{Climate chart|[[Pendleton, Oregon|Pendleton]]|28.8|41.8|1.44|30.3|46.8|1.11|35.0|55.2|1.32|39.2|62.1|1.19|45.6|70.0|1.34|51.5|78.2|0.98|57.2|88.0|0.32|56.8|86.8|0.38|49.4|77.4|0.57|40.1|63.7|1.01|33.4|49.2|1.52|27.0|39.5|1.47}}{{Climate chart|[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]|35.8|47.0|4.88|36.3|51.3|3.66|39.6|56.7|3.68|43.1|61.4|2.73|48.6|68.0|2.47|53.6|73.5|1.70|57.8|80.6|0.65|58.0|81.1|0.67|53.1|75.8|1.47|46.0|63.8|3.00|40.5|52.8|5.63|35.2|45.6|5.49}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Yanayin yanayi na Amurka
* Canjin yanayi a Oregon

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ilcl08x4te05d4elgrjva5oest06jtw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bangaskiya Ga Duniyarmu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818015</id>
      <parentid>677513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>818015</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16245" sha1="2up0kald0q4h3kf5qoqkh1gosqnfrwz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Faith For Our Planet (FFOP) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka fi sani da kokarin da take yi na fitar da aikin yanayi ta hanyar hada kai da shugabannin bangaskiya a duniya da kuma inganta ayyukan da suka dace da bangaskiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FFOP To Engage Religious Mobilisers For Nature Conservation In Pakistan |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/ffop-to-engage-religious-mobilisers-for-natur-1525323.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510160953/https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/ffop-to-engage-religious-mobilisers-for-natur-1525323.html |archive-date=2023-05-10 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=UrduPoint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=FFOP Trains Religious Leaders On Faith-based Approach To Tackling Climate Change – The Fatu Network |url=https://fatunetwork.net/ffop-trains-religious-leaders-on-faith-based-approach-to-tackling-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003000109/https://fatunetwork.net/ffop-trains-religious-leaders-on-faith-based-approach-to-tackling-climate-change/ |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2024-02-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith in Her: FFOP Global South Women's Conference |url=https://ungaguide.com/event/faith-in-her-ffop-global-south-womens-conference/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926132924/https://ungaguide.com/event/faith-in-her-ffop-global-south-womens-conference/ |archive-date=2023-09-26 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=UNGA Guide 2023 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duke A yau ya kira shi &quot;kungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba wacce ke da alhakin hada kan al'ummomin bangaskiya game da yaki da tasirin canjin yanayi&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Many Faiths, One Goal: Addressing Climate Change {{!}} Duke Today |url=https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206003806/https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change |archive-date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=today.duke.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; FFOP ta gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a duniya da kuma shirin zumunci tare da Jami'ar Duke don matasa da shugabannin al'umma don inganta kokarin kiyaye yanayi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mdiv |first=Rebekah Ramlow |date=2023-03-06 |title=Interfaith Conference Engages Young Faith Leaders on Climate Change |url=https://stories.divinity.duke.edu/interfaith-conference-engages-young-faith-leaders-on-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004060200/https://stories.divinity.duke.edu/interfaith-conference-engages-young-faith-leaders-on-climate-change/ |archive-date=2023-10-04 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Stories@DukeDivinity |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kafawa ==
Faith For Our Planet an kafa shi ne a cikin Shekara ta 2022 ta hanyar Muhammad bin Abdul Karim Issa, babban sakatare na Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Duniya, don inganta hadin gwiwar addinai ta hanyar gina cibiyar sadarwar shugabannin addinai daga addinai daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IOFS PARTICIPATED IN CLIMATE CHANGE WORKSHOP IN ISLAMABAD |url=https://iofs.org.kz/fr/post/803 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617133051/https://iofs.org.kz/fr/post/803 |archive-date=2022-06-17 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=iofs |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-22 |title=Opinion: Religion is crucial to combatting the climate crisis in Africa |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/opinion/religion-climate-crisis-africa-earth-day-2022-b2062571.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507061636/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/opinion/religion-climate-crisis-africa-earth-day-2022-b2062571.html |archive-date=2023-05-07 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani labarin a cikin The Independent ya bayyana shi a matsayin kungiya &quot;mai aiki sosai wajen gina cibiyar sadarwa ta addini ta 'yan wasan addini a fadin - da kuma bayan - Afirka don yaki da rikicin yanayi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Tattaunawar Horarwa ==
Bangaskiya ga Duniyarmu ta gudanar da tarurruka daban-daban na horo don gina cibiyoyin sadarwa na addinai da kuma kawo shugabannin bangaskiya daga addinai daban-daban tare don tattaunawa da inganta hadin gwiwar ayyukan yanayi. An gudanar da horo na farko a Islamabad a watan Yunin Shekarar 2022 tare da hadin gwiwar IIUI, RSPN da Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Iqbal . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Log in or sign up to view |url=https://www.facebook.com/215803875283866/posts/2076961252501443/?paipv=0&amp;eav=Afb_SydAkf_DnT2kv_I2JtbP7uJ7jt615Rir2zzfPQu9IWih1FMXBfgcCcSacgPoVvc&amp;_rdr |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A ONE DAY TRAINING SESSION ON &quot;PAKISTAN: UNITED FOR SHARED RESPONSIBILITY&quot; AT IRD – International Islamic University |url=https://www.iiu.edu.pk/?p=55537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507063139/https://www.iiu.edu.pk/?p=55537 |archive-date=2023-05-07 |access-date=2024-02-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; FFOP kuma ta gudanar da bita na horo a London a watan Nuwamba 2022 a Majalisar Birnin Westminster tare da hadin gwiwar Ubangiji Mayor na Westminster da Network for Religious and Traditional Peacemakers wanda sama da shugabannin bangaskiya 25, masu gwagwarmayar addinai da shugabannin al'umma suka halarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith for Our Planet Workshop: Faith Actors Identify Roles to Address Climate Change |url=https://www.peacemakersnetwork.org/faith-for-our-planet-workshop-faith-actors-identify-roles-to-address-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202022255/https://www.peacemakersnetwork.org/faith-for-our-planet-workshop-faith-actors-identify-roles-to-address-climate-change/ |archive-date=2023-02-02 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Peacemakers Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2023 |title=Sudan conflict will trigger unprecedented refugee crisis and West is not prepared |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/sudan-conflict-will-trigger-unprecedented-refugee-crisis-and-west-is-not-prepared/article_afa644f2-9441-50fc-94c1-f67417b0a4d0.amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003000602/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/sudan-conflict-will-trigger-unprecedented-refugee-crisis-and-west-is-not-prepared/article_afa644f2-9441-50fc-94c1-f67417b0a4d0.amp.html |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.thestar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, FFOP ta gudanar da wani bita na horo a [[Gambiya]] wanda mahalarta daga kasashe takwas na Afirka da kabilun Gambiya 12 suka halarta. Horarwar ta mayar da hankali kan yadda shugabannin addini zasu iya taka rawa a cikin aikin yanayi na bangaskiya a Gambiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=FFOP Trains Religious Leaders On Faith-based Approach To Tackling Climate Change – The Fatu Network |url=https://fatunetwork.net/ffop-trains-religious-leaders-on-faith-based-approach-to-tackling-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003000109/https://fatunetwork.net/ffop-trains-religious-leaders-on-faith-based-approach-to-tackling-climate-change/ |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2024-02-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gudanar da bita na hudu a watan Yulin shekarar 2023 a birnin [[Dhaka]] na Bangladesh tare da hadin gwiwar [https://www.sajida.org/ Gidauniyar Sajida], Jami'ar Dhaka, da Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da Ci Gaban Duniya (ICCCAD). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SAJIDA FOUNDATION HAS PARTNERED WITH FFOP, ICCCAD, UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA, AND BYEI FOR AN ENRICHING |url=https://www.sajida.org/knowledge-hub/newsroom/sajida-foundation-has-partnered-with-ffop-icccad-university-of-dhaka-and-byei-for-an-enriching-training-workshop-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209171408/https://www.sajida.org/404 |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.sajida.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abokan Duke ==
A cikin Shekara ta 2023, Faith for Our Planet ta ƙaddamar da shirin zumunci tare da haɗin gwiwar Duke Divinity School don shugabannin matasa na bangaskiya daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Abokan hulɗa suna mai da hankali kan haɓaka ƙwarewa da cibiyoyin sadarwa don ƙirƙirar ayyukan ayyukan ayyukan ayyukan yanayi na bangaskiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World's first global Youth Interfaith Fellowship on Climate Change |url=https://www.peacemakersnetwork.org/worlds-first-global-youth-interfaith-fellowship-on-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209171303/https://www.peacemakersnetwork.org/worlds-first-global-youth-interfaith-fellowship-on-climate-change/ |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Peacemakers Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Duke University partners with global interfaith NGO to form groundbreaking youth climate coalition |url=https://www.newstalkflorida.com/politics/national/duke-university-partners-with-global-interfaith-ngo-to-form-groundbreaking-youth-climate-coalition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209094515/https://www.newstalkflorida.com/politics/national/duke-university-partners-with-global-interfaith-ngo-to-form-groundbreaking-youth-climate-coalition/ |archive-date=2023-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; NewsTalk Florida ta bayyana zumunci kamar haka, &quot;Duke Divinity School za ta kaddamar da shirin Fellowship na musamman tare da haɗin gwiwar da aka yaba a duniya Faith For Our Planet (FFOP), wanda zai ga matasa shugabannin talatin suna samun mafita ga damuwar yanayi mafi gaggawa a duniya a kan shirin mako guda. &quot; An sake ba da zumunci a watan Janairun shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Idfresne |first=Daniel |date=2024-01-29 |title=Duke Divinity School hosts interfaith retreat to address 'global moral crisis' of climate change |url=https://campusreform.org/article/Duke%20Divinity%20School%20hosts%20interfaith%20retreat%20to%20address%20%27global%20moral%20crisis%27%20of%20climate%20change/24730 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209171413/https://www.campusreform.org/article/Duke%20Divinity%20School%20hosts%20interfaith%20retreat%20to%20address%20%27global%20moral%20crisis%27%20of%20climate%20change/24730 |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=campusreform.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Many Faiths, One Goal: Addressing Climate Change {{!}} Duke Today |url=https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206003806/https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change |archive-date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=today.duke.edu |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change &quot;Many Faiths, One Goal: Addressing Climate Change | Duke Today&quot;]. ''today.duke.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240206003806/https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change Archived] from the original on 2024-02-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== UNGA - Bangaskiya A Taron Mata na Kudu na Duniya ==
A watan Satumbar shekarar 2023, Faith for Our Planet ta gudanar da Faith In Her conference a gefen taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNGA) a Birnin New York. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Love and compassion: How women can address the climate crisis |url=https://www.ncronline.org/earthbeat/viewpoints/love-and-compassion-how-women-can-address-climate-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203234207/https://www.ncronline.org/earthbeat/viewpoints/love-and-compassion-how-women-can-address-climate-crisis |archive-date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=National Catholic Reporter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taron ya haɗu da masu magana daga addinai da yawa da kungiyoyin da suka danganci bangaskiya don tattauna hanyoyin da za a inganta rawar da mata masu bangaskiya ke takawa a Kudancin Duniya a kokarin daukar matakin yanayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith in Her: FFOP Global South Women's Conference |url=https://ungaguide.com/event/faith-in-her-ffop-global-south-womens-conference/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926132924/https://ungaguide.com/event/faith-in-her-ffop-global-south-womens-conference/ |archive-date=2023-09-26 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=UNGA Guide 2023 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shahararrun masu magana sun hada da Ndileka Mandela, jikan [[Nelson Mandela]], da Karenna Gore, 'yar tsohon mataimakin shugaban Amurka Al Gore . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crows |first=Aja Two |date=2023-10-20 |title=Climate Week NYC 2023: A New Vision |url=https://centerforearthethics.org/blog/climate-week-nyc-2023-a-new-vision/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102011357/https://centerforearthethics.org/blog/climate-week-nyc-2023-a-new-vision/ |archive-date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Center for Earth Ethics |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== COP28 Kasancewa ==
Bangaskiya ga Duniyarmu ta kuma zama wani ɓangare na Bangaskiya Pavilion a COP28 da aka gudanar a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a watan Disamba na shekarar 2023. FFOP ta shirya wani tattaunawa mai taken Religious Philanthropy for Climate Action wanda ya hada da masu magana kamar [[Nik Nazmi]], Dokta Chris Elisara na [[World Evangelical Alliance|Ƙungiyar Bishara ta Duniya]] da kuma mai kula da muhalli da Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci ta [[National University (Indonesia)|Universitas Nasional]] Shugaban Shugaban Shugaban Nazarin Musulmi Dokta Fachruddin M Mangunjaya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religious Philanthropy: A Catalyst for Climate Action World - Evangelical Alliance &amp; Faith For Our Planet - Faith Pavilion |url=https://faithatcop28.com/programme/religious-philanthropy-a-catalyst-for-climate-action-world-evangelical-alliance-faith-for-our-planet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209171410/https://faithatcop28.com/programme/religious-philanthropy-a-catalyst-for-climate-action-world-evangelical-alliance-faith-for-our-planet/ |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rahoto - Haɗakar da Kudin Yanayi Ta hanyar Taimako na Addini ===
FFOP kuma ta kaddamar da rahoton hanzarta kudaden yanayi ta hanyar taimakon addini a tattaunawar kwamitin COP28. An samar da rahoton ne tare da haɗin gwiwar Duke Divinity School kuma kungiyar Muslim World League ta goyi bayan hakan. Martin Palmer, Jemilah Mahmood, Graham Usher (bishop) , Peter Harris ne suka rubuta shi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peter Harris {{!}} Under the Bright Wings {{!}} A Rocha |url=https://arocha.org/en/about/people/peter-harris/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929001833/https://arocha.org/en/about/people/peter-harris/ |archive-date=2023-09-29 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=A Rocha International |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Charlotte Bannister-Parker. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=https://charlottebannisterparker.com/bio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304103956/https://charlottebannisterparker.com/bio/ |archive-date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Charlotte Bannister-Parker |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Weldon |first=Susie |date=2023-12-15 |title=New report highlights the impact of faith climate philanthropy |url=https://www.faithinvest.org/post/new-report-highlights-the-impact-of-faith-climate-philanthropy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209171416/https://www.faithinvest.org/post/new-report-highlights-the-impact-of-faith-climate-philanthropy |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=FaithInvest.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Yancin Dan Adam]]</text>
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      <comment>cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v2.2.9s</comment>
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      <text bytes="16241" sha1="h249364441a44byep2zur5e7kzojdyo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Faith For Our Planet (FFOP) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka fi sani da kokarin da take yi na fitar da aikin yanayi ta hanyar hada kai da shugabannin bangaskiya a duniya da kuma inganta ayyukan da suka dace da bangaskiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FFOP To Engage Religious Mobilisers For Nature Conservation In Pakistan |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/ffop-to-engage-religious-mobilisers-for-natur-1525323.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510160953/https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/ffop-to-engage-religious-mobilisers-for-natur-1525323.html |archive-date=2023-05-10 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=UrduPoint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=FFOP Trains Religious Leaders On Faith-based Approach To Tackling Climate Change – The Fatu Network |url=https://fatunetwork.net/ffop-trains-religious-leaders-on-faith-based-approach-to-tackling-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003000109/https://fatunetwork.net/ffop-trains-religious-leaders-on-faith-based-approach-to-tackling-climate-change/ |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2024-02-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith in Her: FFOP Global South Women's Conference |url=https://ungaguide.com/event/faith-in-her-ffop-global-south-womens-conference/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926132924/https://ungaguide.com/event/faith-in-her-ffop-global-south-womens-conference/ |archive-date=2023-09-26 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=UNGA Guide 2023 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duke A yau ya kira shi &quot;kungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba wacce ke da alhakin hada kan al'ummomin bangaskiya game da yaki da tasirin canjin yanayi&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Many Faiths, One Goal: Addressing Climate Change {{!}} Duke Today |url=https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206003806/https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change |archive-date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=today.duke.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; FFOP ta gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a duniya da kuma shirin zumunci tare da Jami'ar Duke don matasa da shugabannin al'umma don inganta kokarin kiyaye yanayi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mdiv |first=Rebekah Ramlow |date=2023-03-06 |title=Interfaith Conference Engages Young Faith Leaders on Climate Change |url=https://stories.divinity.duke.edu/interfaith-conference-engages-young-faith-leaders-on-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004060200/https://stories.divinity.duke.edu/interfaith-conference-engages-young-faith-leaders-on-climate-change/ |archive-date=2023-10-04 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Stories@DukeDivinity |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kafawa ==
Faith For Our Planet an kafa shi ne a cikin Shekara ta 2022 ta hanyar Muhammad bin Abdul Karim Issa, babban sakatare na Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Duniya, don inganta hadin gwiwar addinai ta hanyar gina cibiyar sadarwar shugabannin addinai daga addinai daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IOFS PARTICIPATED IN CLIMATE CHANGE WORKSHOP IN ISLAMABAD |url=https://iofs.org.kz/fr/post/803 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617133051/https://iofs.org.kz/fr/post/803 |archive-date=2022-06-17 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=iofs |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-22 |title=Opinion: Religion is crucial to combatting the climate crisis in Africa |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/opinion/religion-climate-crisis-africa-earth-day-2022-b2062571.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507061636/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/opinion/religion-climate-crisis-africa-earth-day-2022-b2062571.html |archive-date=2023-05-07 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani labarin a cikin The Independent ya bayyana shi a matsayin kungiya &quot;mai aiki sosai wajen gina cibiyar sadarwa ta addini ta 'yan wasan addini a fadin - da kuma bayan - Afirka don yaki da rikicin yanayi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Tattaunawar Horarwa ==
Bangaskiya ga Duniyarmu ta gudanar da tarurruka daban-daban na horo don gina cibiyoyin sadarwa na addinai da kuma kawo shugabannin bangaskiya daga addinai daban-daban tare don tattaunawa da inganta hadin gwiwar ayyukan yanayi. An gudanar da horo na farko a Islamabad a watan Yunin Shekarar 2022 tare da hadin gwiwar IIUI, RSPN da Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Iqbal . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Log in or sign up to view |url=https://www.facebook.com/215803875283866/posts/2076961252501443/?paipv=0&amp;eav=Afb_SydAkf_DnT2kv_I2JtbP7uJ7jt615Rir2zzfPQu9IWih1FMXBfgcCcSacgPoVvc&amp;_rdr |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A ONE DAY TRAINING SESSION ON &quot;PAKISTAN: UNITED FOR SHARED RESPONSIBILITY&quot; AT IRD – International Islamic University |url=https://www.iiu.edu.pk/?p=55537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507063139/https://www.iiu.edu.pk/?p=55537 |archive-date=2023-05-07 |access-date=2024-02-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; FFOP kuma ta gudanar da bita na horo a London a watan Nuwamba 2022 a Majalisar Birnin Westminster tare da hadin gwiwar Ubangiji Mayor na Westminster da Network for Religious and Traditional Peacemakers wanda sama da shugabannin bangaskiya 25, masu gwagwarmayar addinai da shugabannin al'umma suka halarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith for Our Planet Workshop: Faith Actors Identify Roles to Address Climate Change |url=https://www.peacemakersnetwork.org/faith-for-our-planet-workshop-faith-actors-identify-roles-to-address-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202022255/https://www.peacemakersnetwork.org/faith-for-our-planet-workshop-faith-actors-identify-roles-to-address-climate-change/ |archive-date=2023-02-02 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Peacemakers Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2023 |title=Sudan conflict will trigger unprecedented refugee crisis and West is not prepared |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/sudan-conflict-will-trigger-unprecedented-refugee-crisis-and-west-is-not-prepared/article_afa644f2-9441-50fc-94c1-f67417b0a4d0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003000602/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/sudan-conflict-will-trigger-unprecedented-refugee-crisis-and-west-is-not-prepared/article_afa644f2-9441-50fc-94c1-f67417b0a4d0.amp.html |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.thestar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, FFOP ta gudanar da wani bita na horo a [[Gambiya]] wanda mahalarta daga kasashe takwas na Afirka da kabilun Gambiya 12 suka halarta. Horarwar ta mayar da hankali kan yadda shugabannin addini zasu iya taka rawa a cikin aikin yanayi na bangaskiya a Gambiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=FFOP Trains Religious Leaders On Faith-based Approach To Tackling Climate Change – The Fatu Network |url=https://fatunetwork.net/ffop-trains-religious-leaders-on-faith-based-approach-to-tackling-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003000109/https://fatunetwork.net/ffop-trains-religious-leaders-on-faith-based-approach-to-tackling-climate-change/ |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2024-02-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gudanar da bita na hudu a watan Yulin shekarar 2023 a birnin [[Dhaka]] na Bangladesh tare da hadin gwiwar [https://www.sajida.org/ Gidauniyar Sajida], Jami'ar Dhaka, da Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da Ci Gaban Duniya (ICCCAD). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SAJIDA FOUNDATION HAS PARTNERED WITH FFOP, ICCCAD, UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA, AND BYEI FOR AN ENRICHING |url=https://www.sajida.org/knowledge-hub/newsroom/sajida-foundation-has-partnered-with-ffop-icccad-university-of-dhaka-and-byei-for-an-enriching-training-workshop-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209171408/https://www.sajida.org/404 |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.sajida.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abokan Duke ==
A cikin Shekara ta 2023, Faith for Our Planet ta ƙaddamar da shirin zumunci tare da haɗin gwiwar Duke Divinity School don shugabannin matasa na bangaskiya daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Abokan hulɗa suna mai da hankali kan haɓaka ƙwarewa da cibiyoyin sadarwa don ƙirƙirar ayyukan ayyukan ayyukan ayyukan yanayi na bangaskiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World's first global Youth Interfaith Fellowship on Climate Change |url=https://www.peacemakersnetwork.org/worlds-first-global-youth-interfaith-fellowship-on-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209171303/https://www.peacemakersnetwork.org/worlds-first-global-youth-interfaith-fellowship-on-climate-change/ |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Peacemakers Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Duke University partners with global interfaith NGO to form groundbreaking youth climate coalition |url=https://www.newstalkflorida.com/politics/national/duke-university-partners-with-global-interfaith-ngo-to-form-groundbreaking-youth-climate-coalition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209094515/https://www.newstalkflorida.com/politics/national/duke-university-partners-with-global-interfaith-ngo-to-form-groundbreaking-youth-climate-coalition/ |archive-date=2023-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; NewsTalk Florida ta bayyana zumunci kamar haka, &quot;Duke Divinity School za ta kaddamar da shirin Fellowship na musamman tare da haɗin gwiwar da aka yaba a duniya Faith For Our Planet (FFOP), wanda zai ga matasa shugabannin talatin suna samun mafita ga damuwar yanayi mafi gaggawa a duniya a kan shirin mako guda. &quot; An sake ba da zumunci a watan Janairun shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Idfresne |first=Daniel |date=2024-01-29 |title=Duke Divinity School hosts interfaith retreat to address 'global moral crisis' of climate change |url=https://campusreform.org/article/Duke%20Divinity%20School%20hosts%20interfaith%20retreat%20to%20address%20%27global%20moral%20crisis%27%20of%20climate%20change/24730 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209171413/https://www.campusreform.org/article/Duke%20Divinity%20School%20hosts%20interfaith%20retreat%20to%20address%20%27global%20moral%20crisis%27%20of%20climate%20change/24730 |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=campusreform.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Many Faiths, One Goal: Addressing Climate Change {{!}} Duke Today |url=https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206003806/https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change |archive-date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=today.duke.edu |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change &quot;Many Faiths, One Goal: Addressing Climate Change | Duke Today&quot;]. ''today.duke.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240206003806/https://today.duke.edu/2024/01/many-faiths-one-goal-addressing-climate-change Archived] from the original on 2024-02-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== UNGA - Bangaskiya A Taron Mata na Kudu na Duniya ==
A watan Satumbar shekarar 2023, Faith for Our Planet ta gudanar da Faith In Her conference a gefen taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNGA) a Birnin New York. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Love and compassion: How women can address the climate crisis |url=https://www.ncronline.org/earthbeat/viewpoints/love-and-compassion-how-women-can-address-climate-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203234207/https://www.ncronline.org/earthbeat/viewpoints/love-and-compassion-how-women-can-address-climate-crisis |archive-date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=National Catholic Reporter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taron ya haɗu da masu magana daga addinai da yawa da kungiyoyin da suka danganci bangaskiya don tattauna hanyoyin da za a inganta rawar da mata masu bangaskiya ke takawa a Kudancin Duniya a kokarin daukar matakin yanayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith in Her: FFOP Global South Women's Conference |url=https://ungaguide.com/event/faith-in-her-ffop-global-south-womens-conference/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926132924/https://ungaguide.com/event/faith-in-her-ffop-global-south-womens-conference/ |archive-date=2023-09-26 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=UNGA Guide 2023 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shahararrun masu magana sun hada da Ndileka Mandela, jikan [[Nelson Mandela]], da Karenna Gore, 'yar tsohon mataimakin shugaban Amurka Al Gore . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crows |first=Aja Two |date=2023-10-20 |title=Climate Week NYC 2023: A New Vision |url=https://centerforearthethics.org/blog/climate-week-nyc-2023-a-new-vision/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102011357/https://centerforearthethics.org/blog/climate-week-nyc-2023-a-new-vision/ |archive-date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Center for Earth Ethics |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== COP28 Kasancewa ==
Bangaskiya ga Duniyarmu ta kuma zama wani ɓangare na Bangaskiya Pavilion a COP28 da aka gudanar a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a watan Disamba na shekarar 2023. FFOP ta shirya wani tattaunawa mai taken Religious Philanthropy for Climate Action wanda ya hada da masu magana kamar [[Nik Nazmi]], Dokta Chris Elisara na [[World Evangelical Alliance|Ƙungiyar Bishara ta Duniya]] da kuma mai kula da muhalli da Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci ta [[National University (Indonesia)|Universitas Nasional]] Shugaban Shugaban Shugaban Nazarin Musulmi Dokta Fachruddin M Mangunjaya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religious Philanthropy: A Catalyst for Climate Action World - Evangelical Alliance &amp; Faith For Our Planet - Faith Pavilion |url=https://faithatcop28.com/programme/religious-philanthropy-a-catalyst-for-climate-action-world-evangelical-alliance-faith-for-our-planet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209171410/https://faithatcop28.com/programme/religious-philanthropy-a-catalyst-for-climate-action-world-evangelical-alliance-faith-for-our-planet/ |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rahoto - Haɗakar da Kudin Yanayi Ta hanyar Taimako na Addini ===
FFOP kuma ta kaddamar da rahoton hanzarta kudaden yanayi ta hanyar taimakon addini a tattaunawar kwamitin COP28. An samar da rahoton ne tare da haɗin gwiwar Duke Divinity School kuma kungiyar Muslim World League ta goyi bayan hakan. Martin Palmer, Jemilah Mahmood, Graham Usher (bishop) , Peter Harris ne suka rubuta shi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peter Harris {{!}} Under the Bright Wings {{!}} A Rocha |url=https://arocha.org/en/about/people/peter-harris/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929001833/https://arocha.org/en/about/people/peter-harris/ |archive-date=2023-09-29 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=A Rocha International |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Charlotte Bannister-Parker. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=https://charlottebannisterparker.com/bio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304103956/https://charlottebannisterparker.com/bio/ |archive-date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Charlotte Bannister-Parker |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Weldon |first=Susie |date=2023-12-15 |title=New report highlights the impact of faith climate philanthropy |url=https://www.faithinvest.org/post/new-report-highlights-the-impact-of-faith-climate-philanthropy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209171416/https://www.faithinvest.org/post/new-report-highlights-the-impact-of-faith-climate-philanthropy |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=FaithInvest.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Yancin Dan Adam]]</text>
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    <title>Shari'ar Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya a kan bankunan Swiss</title>
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An kaddamar da shari'ar Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya kan bankunan Swiss a cikin 1995 don dawo da kudaden ajiya da aka yi a cikin manyan bankunan Swiss uku (UBS, Credit Suisse da Swiss Bank Corporation) wadanda aka azabtar da zaluncin Nazi a lokacin da kuma kafin yakin duniya na biyu. An fara tattaunawar WJC tare da Gwamnatin [[Switzerland]] da bankunan Swiss, sannan kuma daga baya aka fadada don rufe kamfanonin inshora na Switzerland,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Swiss insurer cooperating in Nazi suit - Aug. 14, 1998&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; kan bukatu masu nauyi na shaidar mallaka don asusu da manufofin inshora. Ƙarfafan goyon baya daga ƴan siyasa da jami'an Amurka na tarayya da na jihohi, da barazanar takunkumi a kan bankunan Switzerland guda uku, da kuma wasu takardu da aka fallasa daga wani mai gadin banki sun matsa lamba kan sasanta ƙarar a cikin 1998 a wata kotun Amurka ga nau'ikan mutane da gwamnati da ayyukan banki suka shafa. Ita kanta gwamnatin Switzerland ba ta kasance ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba.

Tun daga farkon 2020, an ba da dalar Amurka biliyan 1.29 ga kusan masu da'awar 458,400.

Yayin da mutane da yawa a Amurka ke yabawa a matsayin muhimmin mataki na shari'a ga shari'ar Holocaust, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Secrets and Lies? Swiss Banks and International Human Rights&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; sasantawar ya kasance mai jayayya a Switzerland. Wasu masu sharhi sun gano yana da matsala cewa adadin kuɗin da aka fitar a ƙarshe ya wuce abin da aka samu a cikin bankunan Swiss (kamar yadda Hukumar Volcker ta ƙaddara) kuma cewa sulhu na ƙarshe bai dogara ne akan ainihin adadin da ake binta ba, amma a kan sasantawa tsakanin Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya da Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Swiss a cikin koma bayan barazanar takunkumin Amurka a kan Switzerland. An kuma yi la'akari da bankunan da ke da alhakin kuɗi &lt;ref&gt; Ammann, René; Ruchti, Balz (2013-01-22). &quot;Wo sind die Millionen hin?&quot; (in Swiss High German). ISSN 1661-7444. Retrieved &lt;/ref&gt; don samun riba daga hana shigar wasu Yahudawa zuwa Switzerland da kuma aikin tilastawa da aka yi don amfanin kowane kamfani na Swiss (ba bankunan kawai) da 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa suka yarda da su a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da yanke shawara game da manufofin 'yan gudun hijira da aikin tilastawa ba su kasance a cikin tsarin bankunan ba. Gwamnatin Switzerland ba ta shiga cikin sasantawar ba.,&lt;ref&gt;
&quot;Class Action Settlement Agreement&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;


==Tarihin tarihi==
Saboda shelanta ba ruwanta da soja a Switzerland a yakin duniya na biyu, bankunan Switzerland sun kasance mafaka ga kadarorin Yahudawa kafin da lokacin yakin. Holocaust ya ga kisan gillar da aka yi wa Yahudawa kusan miliyan shida, wadanda suka hada da mutanen da suka ajiye kudadensu a bankunan Switzerland. Tun daga ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wasu magada masu ajiya da aka kashe sun ba da rahoton cewa an fuskanci matsaloli wajen maido da kuɗin saboda bankunan Switzerland sun nemi a ba su takardar shaidar mutuwar waɗanda suka ajiye ajiya na asali. Duk da haka, 'yan Nazi ba su ba da takaddun shaida na mutuwa ga waɗanda suka kashe ba. Bugu da kari, wasu magada wadanda abin ya shafa sun yi zargin cewa bankunan kasar Switzerland sun yi musu kawanya tare da bata su da gangan game da samuwar asusu. Dokokin sirrin banki na Switzerland sun hana masu banki amsa tambayoyi game da masu rike da asusu ga mutanen da suke ganin ba su da shaidar cewa suna da alaƙa da ainihin mai ajiya. Duk wani bayyanar da bayanai zai iya haifar da tara ko ɗaure ma'aikacin banki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tarayya ta Switzerland ta 1934 akan Bankunan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Swiss Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Switzerland ta daidaita da'awar yakin duniya na biyu: Yarjejeniyar Washington ta 1946==
A cikin 1946, Switzerland da ƙawancen Yamma sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Washington a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Switzerland za ta biya Swiss francs miliyan 250 don sake gina Turai bayan yakin. A sakamakon haka, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun yi watsi da ƙarin da'awar a kan Bankin Ƙasar Swiss, wanda ayyukansa a lokacin yakin, irin su sayen zinare na Jamusanci, sun kasance masu rikici. Hakanan ana buƙatar Switzerland ta yi rajistar kadarorin Jamus da aka toshe a Switzerland daga ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1945, da kuma lalata kadarorin da 'yan ƙasar Jamus da ke zaune a Jamus ke riƙe a Switzerland&lt;ref&gt; &quot;The Washington Agreement of 1946 | Dodis&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Asar Amirka ta warware kadarorin Swiss, wanda ta toshe a cikin 1941 tare da na sauran ƙasashe masu tsaka tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Executive Order 8785 Freezing the Assets of Certain European Countries. | The American Presidency Project&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;SWISS SATISFIED WITH NAZI-ASSETS TREATY&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ari, gwamnatin Switzerland ta yi alƙawarin nuna &quot;kyau&quot; da kuma bincikar gano duk wata kadarar da ta kwanta a cikin waɗanda Holocaust ya shafa, a cikin wasiƙar da ba a buga ba wacce ke da alaƙa da yarjejeniyar.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Washington Agreement of 1946 | Dodis&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Switzerland confronts issue of looted Nazi gold&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Abubuwan da suka dace da karar WJC shine cewa gwamnatin Switzerland za ta bayyana cewa duk da'awar sun kasance.==
&lt;Ref&gt;&quot;D'AMATO: SWITZERLAND USED HOLOCAUST VICTIMS' ASSETS TO COMPENSATE ITS CITIZENS&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Swiss Will Turn Over to Warsaw Property of Heirless Polish Jews; Agreement for Transfer of Funds Left by War Victims Brings Strong Protests That Assets Should Go to Refugee Body&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Switzerland ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci da asusun ajiyar kuɗi don biyan diyya ta ƙasa
A shekara ta 1949, Switzerland ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da [[Poland]] mai mulkin gurguzu a lokacin, don yin ciniki da asusun ajiyar banki na Switzerland da masu ajiya a Poland ke da su, wadanda ba a jin komai tun kafin yakin duniya na biyu. Wannan ya kasance ne don samun diyya don ƙaddamar da kadarorin mallakar Swiss a Poland tare da bullar mulkin gurguzu&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Swiss Government Agrees to Turn over to Poland Heirless Property of Polish Jews&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi tanadi cewa idan masu ajiya ko magadansu suka bayyana, gwamnatin Poland za ta ɗauki nauyin biyan su diyya bisa doka. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance ce ta cece-kuce a kasar Switzerland da kuma kasashen waje a lokacin, amma ta dogara ne akan dokar kasar Switzerland. Dokar Tarayya ta Yuni 25, 1891 &quot;Game da yanayin Dokar Farar Hula na Mazauna da Mazauna na wucin gadi&quot;&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Fedlex&quot;. www.fedlex.admin.ch. Retrieved 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; buƙaci a ba da asusun ajiyar kuɗi na mutanen da ba su zama a Switzerland ba ga gwamnatin marigayin ƙasar zama ta ƙarshe, inda suka kasance masu alhakin haraji na ƙarshe. Matsayin da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Banki ta Switzerland ta ɗauka, wanda ya goyi bayan yarjejeniyar, shi ne cewa masu ajiya suna da alhakin fahimtar dokokin hukumomin banki da suka ba da kuɗin su, wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan da ba a sani ba da suka shafi kwanciyar hankali na asusun.
&lt;ref&gt;liegende Vermögenswerte von Nazi-Opfern und Entschädigungsabkommen mit Oststaaten: Bericht über historische Abklärungen erstellt im Auftrag der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Eidgenössisches Departement für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten, Task force, vom 29. Oktober 1996 = Les avoirs déposés en Suisse par des victimes du nazisme et les accords d'indemnisation conclus avec les pays de l'Est. Bundesarchiv-Dossier. Schweizerisches Bundesarchiv. Bern: Schweizerisches Bundesarchiv. ISBN 978-3-9520503-5-4.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Alien Tort Statute: A Primer&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Ba a bayar da sunayen masu ajiya da aka mikawa gwamnatin Poland ba, inda gwamnatin kasar Switzerland ta bayyana fargabar kare lafiyar duk wani mai ajiya da ya rage ko kuma magadansu a gwamnatin gurguzu. Wannan ya haifar da cece-kuce saboda yana nufin hukumomin Poland, idan suna so, ba za su iya biya diyya ga masu ajiya ko magada da ke raye ba.&lt;ref&gt;10.1093/oso/9780190923068.001.0001&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Swiss Banks Settlement&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
==Sauraro==
Hukumar ta WJC ta sami damar ba da goyon bayan jami'an gwamnatin Amurka da ba a taba ganin irin ta ba, ciki har da Sanata Alfonse D'Amato R-NY, wanda ya gudanar da zaman majalisar dattijai na Bankin Banki inda ya ce ya mallaki &quot;takardun da aka bayyana kwanan nan wadanda suka ba da sabon haske&quot; game da rawar da Switzerland ta taka a yakin. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa “daruruwan miliyoyin daloli” na kadarorin Yahudawa na zamanin yaƙi sun kasance a bankunan Switzerland.&lt;ref&gt;Hearings before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, April 23, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Weinstein, Henry; Goldman, John J. (1998-07-02). &quot;Nazi-Era Claims Spark Sanctions on Swiss&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;
Bisa gaCodevilla, Angelo M. (2000) Between the Alps and a Hard Place. New York: Regnery Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt; umarnin Shugaba Bill Clinton, &lt;ref&gt; Hearings before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, May 15, 1997. Testimony of Undersecretary Eizenstat&lt;/ref&gt; Sakatare-Janar na Kasuwanci Stuart Eizenstat ya ba da shaida a waɗannan sauraron karar kuma ya ba da rahoton &lt;ref&gt;U.S. and Allied Efforts To Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany During World War II&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya zargi Switzerland da kasancewa &quot;ma'aikacin banki na Nazi Jamus&quot;. Rahoton ya dogara kacokan akan asusun ajiyar gwamnatin Amurka. Ba ta ƙunshi wani sabon bayani na tarihi kan ajiyar kuɗin da 'yan Nazi suka kashe a bankunan Switzerland ba, kuma sun soki shawarar jami'an Amurka waɗanda suka yi shawarwari tare da Switzerland bayan yaƙin da cewa suna da sassauci.
&lt;Ref&gt;&quot;Switzerland winds up Holocaust fund&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Christoph Meili, wani mai gadin bankin Swiss, shi ma ya ba da shaida a yayin sauraron karar, &lt;ref&gt;Hearings before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs&lt;/ref&gt;yana da'awar cewa ya ga yadda aka lalata bayanan yaki ba bisa ka'ida ba a Union Bank of Switzerland (SBG/UBS) a cikin Janairu 1997. Ya cire bayanan yakin lokacin mu'amala da kamfanonin Jamus kuma ya ba su ga Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Swiss-Isra'ila. An bayar da sammacin kama shi saboda karya dokokin sirrin banki, kuma ya gudu zuwa UBS na Amurka ya ce bayanan ba su da alaka da kadarorin Yahudawan da ke kwance.
&lt;Ref&gt;&quot;Geschäft Ansehen&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Sauran mutanen da suka ba da shaida sun hada da marubuci dan Burtaniya Tom Bower, wanda ya rubuta littafi mai suna Blood Money: Swiss, the Nazis and the Looted Billions.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bower&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Tashin hankali na Amurka-Swiss
Sauraron karar ya haifar da cece-kuce tsakanin Amurka da Switzerland, tare da kauracewa kamfanonin Switzerland da kayayyaki a wasu jihohin Amurka. A Switzerland, mafi yawan jayayya &lt;ref&gt;Hearings before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, May 15, 1997. Testimony of Ambassador Borera&lt;/ref&gt; na rahoton Eizenstat shine cewa Switzerland ta taimaka wa Nazis fiye da abin da ya wajaba don ƙasa mai tsaka-tsaki, kuma ta tsawaita yakin. Ra'ayin jama'a na Switzerland ya yi matukar adawa da duk wani sulhu. Matsayin bankunan shine cewa buƙatun sasantawa sun kasance daidai da ƙimar kadarorin da ba a ba da izini ba, kuma matsayin gwamnatin &lt;ref&gt; The Swiss government paid 250 million francs (1946 francs) to the allies in 1946 as part of a settlement&lt;/ref&gt;  shine cewa tattaunawar da ta shafi wawashe dukiyar da 'yan Nazis suka wawashe an daidaita su yayin yarjejeniyar da ta gabata tare da gwamnatocin Allied (kamar Yarjejeniyar Washington ta 1946) ba za a iya sake buɗewa ba, saboda babu wani sabon bayani na tarihi.

Binciken asusun ajiyar kuɗi da gwamnatin Switzerland ta ba da umurni a cikin 1962 da 1995 ya nuna dala miliyan 32 (dala 1995) a cikin asusun da ba a ɗauka a lokacin yaƙi ba. A cikin 1997, bankunan sun buga jerin asusun ajiyar kuɗi a jaridu a ƙasashen waje. Daga cikin sunayen, jakadan Amurka a lokacin, haifaffen Zurich, Madeleine Kunin, ta sami Renee May, mahaifiyarta, wacce ta rasu a shekara ta 1970.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;New Twist on Swiss Accounts: Envoy Sees Her Mother's Name (Published 1997)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;&quot;$600 MILLION OFFERED TO SETTLE JEWISH CLAIMS&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
WJC ta ki amincewa da tayin dala miliyan 600 daga bankuna[28] kuma ta bukaci a biya dala biliyan 1.8 don sasanta karar. A yayin tattaunawar, bankunan Switzerland sun amince su biya wani bincike, karkashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Reserve Paul Volcker, na asusun ajiyar lokacin yakin. Wannan kwamitin binciken ya ƙunshi wakilan banki uku da uku daga ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa. Kwanturolan birnin NY Alan G. Hevesi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattaunawar, inda ya kira taro a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997 tare da shugabannin bankin Swiss da masu kula da asusun ajiyar jam'iyyar Democratic Party don tattauna takunkumi kamar karkatar da kudaden gwamnati daga bankunan Swiss da kuma rike lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;Codevilla, Angelo M. (2000) Between the Alps and a Hard Place. New York: Regnery Publishing&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;&quot;State treasurer restores sanctions against Swiss banks&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Volcker da Bergier kwamites==
Babban Labarai: Hukumar Volcker da Kwamitin Bergier
Hukumar mai fitad da Volcker tana kashe Miliyan 300, wacce bankunan Swithland suka biya, kuma a rufe cewa ba a ba da rahotonsa na 1999 ba. Na wannan duka, Switzerland Francs 24 sun kasance &quot;tabbas&quot; da alaƙa da waɗanda ke fama da cutar da Nazi. &lt;Ref&gt;Report on Dormant Accounts of Victims of Nazi Persecution in Swiss Banks&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari hukumar ta samo tabbacin lalata bayanan bayanan asusun da aka azabtar, da aka shirya don karkatar da kudaden wadanda na wadanda Nazi tsananta wa wadanda suka ta'addanta da dalilan da aka zalunta. &quot; Hakan kuma ya &quot;tabbatar da shaidar shaidu da mukamai ta wasu bankuna na wasu bankuna a cikin asusun wadanda abin ya shafa&quot;. &lt;Ref&gt;Report on Dormant Accounts of Victims of Nazi Persecution in Swiss Banks&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;Ref&gt;Report on Dormant Accounts of Victims of Nazi Persecution in Swiss Banks&lt;/ref&gt;
Hukumar mai fitad da Volcker ta ba da shawarar cewa, ya kamata a gyara dabi'u na littafin zuwa 1945 (ta hanyar kara kudaden da aka biya a cikin Switzerland a cikin Switzerland. A karkashin wadannan ka'idoji, jimlar dala miliyan 37.4.4 an ba masu rijista ko magada. &lt;Ref&gt;&quot;Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;A cikin lokuta inda za'a iya tabbatar da cewa za a iya tabbatar da girman asusun, an ba da kyautar $ 125,000. Hukumar ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a baiwa sauran daidaiton sulhu a wasu wadanda aka cutar da Nazi wadanda suka ta'allaka ne.

Hukumar Bergier ta cimma makoki game da batun bankunan a cikin rahoton karshe, &lt;ref&gt;The Bergier Commission Final Report&lt;/ref&gt; kuma sun sami wannan cinikin tare da Na'i Jamus ba ta da matukar yakin duniya na II. @,&lt;ref&gt; The Bergier Commission Final Report&lt;/ref&gt;, hukumar ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga Switzerland yakin duniya na Switzerland ta yakin kasar ta Ii a cikin yankuna na wanin wannan asusunka na dormant&lt;ref&gt;The Bergier Commission Final Report&lt;/ref&gt;

==Zaure==
A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2000, alkali Edward R. Korman ya ba da sanarwar sasanta wannan shari'a tare da amincewa da wani shiri &lt;ref&gt; &quot;Class Action Settlement Agreement&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; da ke nuna biyan dala biliyan 1.25 cikin asusun da Hukumar Kula da Bankin Isra'ila ke sarrafawa. An nada Juda Gribetz Jagora na Musamman don gudanar da shirin, wanda wani lokaci ake kira Gribetz Plan bayan babban marubucin sa.&lt;ref&gt;Finkelstein, Norman. The Holocaust Industry. Verso, New York, second paperback edition 2003, p. 154.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2020, an ba da dalar Amurka biliyan 1.29 don kusan masu da'awar 458,400.@,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Swiss Banks Settlement Fund Distribution Statistics as of January 31, 2020&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sakamakon da tasiri==
Nasarar da masu gabatar da kara suka samu wajen cimma matsaya sun kara karfafa kararrakin kararraki a kan bankunan kasashen waje da kamfanoni na kasa da kasa a karkashin Dokar Da'awar Alien Tort. Ed Fagan, daya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin da ke wakiltar masu kara a shari'ar WJC a kan bankunan Swiss, zai sake shigar da kara a kan Credit Suisse da UBS a cikin 2002, a wannan lokacin a madadin wadanda rikicin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu ya shafa.@,&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Swiss banks 'face apartheid lawsuit'&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; daga baya an fadada shari'ar zuwa kamfanoni sama da 30 da suka hada da Nestle, Ford, Shell, ExxonMobil da Citigroup. Ya yi zargin cewa, kamfanonin sun ba da gudummawar kudade ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu, ta yadda suke ba da gudummawa da kuma tsawaita take hakkin dan Adam. Wani alkalin tarayya na Amurka ya yi watsi da wannan shari’ar a shekara ta 2004.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Apartheid court case dismissed | Business | The Guardian&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya za a kori Fagan a cikin jihohi da yawa saboda kasa biyan tara da kuma kudade na kotu da kuma satar kudaden abokin ciniki da kuma ba da amana ga wadanda suka tsira daga Holocaust, wasu daga cikinsu ya wakilta a lokacin karar Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lawyer Edward Fagan is disbarred in N.J. for misusing Holocaust victims' funds&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan da suka faru na antisemitic sun taso a Switzerland bayan sulhu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Refworld | Freedom in the World 2001 - Switzerland&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Sanarwar gaggawa ta yanayi a Ostiraliya</title>
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      <text bytes="43054" sha1="t8g55h4tnt3thaadekgq05oeeb2jxem" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Warning._Declare_a_climate_emergency_-_Melbourne_-MarchforScience_on_-Earthday_(33397367353).jpg|thumb|Dubban Melburnians sun juya suka yi tafiya don aiki a kan yanayi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, Earthday 2017.]]
Ana ayyana gaggawa na yanayi a Ostiraliya kamar sauran hukunce-hukunce da yawa a duk faɗin duniya (ayyukan da aka sani da [[Sanarwar gaggawa ta yanayi]]). Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan iko a Ostiraliya, Darebin City Council, ita ce ta farko a duniya da ta ayyana gaggawa a cikin 2016. Wannan shafin ya lissafa duk sanannun sanannun sanarwar gaggawa a cikin ikon [[Australian Total Diet Survey|Australiya]] a duk matakan gwamnati guda uku a Ostiraliya (Local, State, da Tarayya).

== Tarayya ==
A halin yanzu babu wata sanarwa game da gaggawa a matakin Tarayya a Ostiraliya, kodayake an yi motsi da yawa don bayyana daya.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019, Jam'iyyar Labor ta [[Asturaliya|Australia]] ta goyi bayan yunkurin Jam'iyyar Greens ta Australia na ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi. Zali Steggall, Helen Haines, da Andrew Wilkie, da kuma Center Alliance sun goyi bayan wannan motsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;sbs.com.au&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Labor's attempt to declare a climate emergency rejected by the Morrison government |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/labor-s-attempt-to-declare-a-climate-emergency-rejected-by-the-morrison-government |access-date=2019-11-29 |website=SBS News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, shawarar ta gaza tare da membobin Gwamnatin Morrison da wasu masu jefa kuri'a a kan ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;sbs.com.au&quot; /&gt;

== Jiha / Yankin ==
[[Fayil:Climate_Emergency_Australia.svg|right|thumb|Yanayin gaggawa da Jiha / Yankin ya Ayyana]]
Babban Birnin Australiya shine yankin farko kuma kawai da ya ayyana yanayin gaggawa. Majalisar dokokin Kudancin Australia ta kada kuri'a don gaggawa a cikin majalisar dattijai da ƙananan gida a Kudancin Ostiraliya.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Jihohi/Yankunan da suka ayyana Gaggawa na Yanayi
! Jiha/Yanki
! An ayyana Gaggawar Yanayi
! Kwanan wata
|-
| Babban Birnin Australiya|| {{Yes}} 
| Gwamnatin Haɗin gwiwar Labour/Green ta zaɓi wani yanayi na gaggawa a ranar 16 ga Mayu 2019 
|-
| New South Wales|| {{No}} 
| N/A
|-
| Yankin Arewa|| {{No}} 
| N/A
|-
| Queensland|| {{No}} 
| N/A
|-
| Kudancin Ostiraliya|| {{Yes}} 
| Majalisar Upper ta SA ta kada kuri'a don gaggawar yanayi a cikin 2019. Motsi na gaggawar yanayi ya wuce majalisar wakilai a cikin 2022 
|-
| Tasmania|| {{No}} 
| N/A
|-
| Victoria|| {{No}} 
| N/A
|-
| Yammacin Ostiraliya|| {{No}} 
| N/A
|}

== Karamar Hukumar ==
A watan Yunin 2019, Councillor Trent McCarthy na Birnin Darebin ya haɗu da wakilai da 'yan majalisa a Ostiraliya da kuma duniya baki daya a cikin haɗin kan layi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Developing Effective Local Government Climate Emergency Response |url=https://www.eventbrite.com.au/e/developing-effective-local-government-climate-emergency-response-registration-62246244192#}}&lt;/ref&gt; don sauƙaƙe hadin gwiwa tsakanin majalisun da gwamnatoci waɗanda suka ayyana gaggawa na yanayi. Bayan wadannan haɗin kai da kuma nasarar da aka samu a Babban Taron Ƙananan Hukumomi na Kasa, McCarthy ya ba da sanarwar kafa Climate Emergency Australia, sabon cibiyar sadarwa ta gwamnatocin Australiya da majalisun da ke ba da shawara don amsawar gaggawa ga [[Canjin yanayi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;governmentnews.com.au&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 August 2019 |title=Aussie councils form nation-first climate alliance |url=https://www.governmentnews.com.au/aussie-councils-form-nation-first-climate-alliance/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karamar hukuma ta kasance matakin gwamnati mafi aiki a cikin ayyana yanayin gaggawa a Ostiraliya. A halin yanzu, kowace jiha a Ostiraliya tana da akalla karamar hukuma guda daya wacce ta ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi. Gwamnatocin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda biyu ne kawai ba su ayyana gaggawa ba: Birnin Perth, wanda bai riga ya jefa kuri'a kan sanarwar gaggawa ta yanayi ba, da Birnin [[Brisbane]], wanda ya kada kuri'a a kan yunkurin ayyana gaggawar yanayi. Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin kananan hukumomi, suna nuna waɗanda suka ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi, waɗanda suka kada kuri'a a kan gaggawa ta sauyin yanayi, kuma waɗanda ba su kada kuri'ar kan gaggawa ba.

=== New South Wales ===
[[Fayil:NSW_Map_25_04_2021.png|thumb|Yanayin Yanayi na Gaggawa da Yankunan Karamar Hukumar suka Ayyana a NSW]]
36 daga cikin kananan hukumomi 128 a NSW sun ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi, mafi yawan adadin kowane jiha, kodayake Victoria tana da mafi girman kashi na majalisun da suka ayyana gaggawar yanayi.
[[Fayil:NSW_Metropolitan_Map_25_04_2021.png|thumb|Yanayin gaggawa da Yankunan Karamar Hukumar ta Ayyana]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Council
!Climate Emergency Declared
!Date
|-
|Albury City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|March 2022 
|-
|Armidale Regional Council|| {{Yes}} 
|23 October 2019
|-
|Ballina Shire Council|| {{Yes}} 
|29 November 2019 Ballina Shire was the 72nd Council in Australia to declare a climate emergency
|-
|Balranald Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Bathurst Regional Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Bayside Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Bega Valley Shire Council|| {{Yes}} 
|28 August 2019
|-
|Bellingen Shire Council|| {{Yes}} 
|27 March 2019
|-
|Berrigan Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Blacktown City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|26 February 2020
|-
|Bland Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Blayney Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Blue Mountains City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|26 February 2020
|-
|Bogan Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Bourke Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Brewarrina Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Broken Hill City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|25 September 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wrap of September meeting |url=https://www.brokenhill.nsw.gov.au/Community/News-articles/Wrap-of-September-meeting |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Broken Hill City Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Burwood Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Byron Shire Council|| {{Yes}} 
|18 October 2018
|-
|Cabonne Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Camden Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Campbelltown, City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Canada Bay, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|17 September 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=City of Canada Bay declares climate emergency |url=https://www.canadabay.nsw.gov.au/news/city-canada-bay-declares-climate-emergency |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=City of Canada Bay}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sydney, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|24 June 2019
|-
|Canterbury-Bankstown, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|27 August 2019
|-
|Carrathool Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Central Coast Council|| {{Yes}} 
|26 August 2019
|-
|Central Darling Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Cessnock City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Clarence Valley Council|| {{Yes}} 
|23 April 2019
|-
|Cobar Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Coffs Harbour, City of|| {{No}} 
|On the 10 October 2019, Coffs Harbour City Council voted against declaring a climate emergency.
|-
|Coolamon Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Coonamble Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Cowra Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Cumberland County|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Dubbo Regional Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Dungog Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Edward River Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Eurobodalla Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Fairfield City Council||  {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Federation Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Forbes Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Georges River Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Gilgandra Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Glen Innes Severn Council|| {{Yes}} 
|26 September 2019
|-
|Goulburn Mulwaree Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Greater Hume Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Griffith, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|N/A
|-
|Cootamundra-Gundagai Regional Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Gunnedah Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Gwydir Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Port Macquarie-Hastings Council|| {{Yes}} 
|17 March 2021
|-
|Hawkesbury City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|12 March 2019
|-
|Hay Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Hilltops Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Hornsby Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Hunter's Hill, Municipality of|| {{Yes}} 
|24 February 2020
|-
|Inner West Council|| {{Yes}} 
|14 May 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Council Meeting Minutes |url=http://innerwest.infocouncil.biz/Open/2019/05/C_14052019_AGN_3696_AT.htm |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Inner West Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Inverell Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Junee Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Kempsey Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Kiama, Municipality of|| {{Yes}} 
|17 December 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minutes of the Ordinary Meeting of Council |url=https://www.cedamia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Kiama-17-December-2019-Ordinary-Council-Minutes.pdf |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Cedamia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ku-ring-gai Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Kyogle Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Lachlan Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Lake Macquarie City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Lane Cove Council|| {{Yes}} 
|16 September 2019
|-
|Leeton Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Lismore, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|13 August 2019
|-
|Lithgow, City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Liverpool City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Liverpool Plains Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Lockhart Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Maitland City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Mid-Coast Council|| {{Yes}} 
|23 October 2019
|-
|Mid-Western Regional Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Moree Plains Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Mosman Municipal Council|| {{Yes}} 
|12 November 2019
|-
|Murray River Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Murrumbidgee Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Muswellbrook Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Nambucca Valley Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Narrabri Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Narrandera Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Narromine Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|City of Newcastle|| {{Yes}} 
|28 May 2019
|-
|North Sydney Council|| {{Yes}} 
|22 July 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meeting of the North Sydney Council |url=https://www.cedamia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/North-Sydney-Minutes-2.pdf |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Cedamia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Northern Beaches Council|| {{Yes}} 
|27 August 2019
|-
|Oberon Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Orange, City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Parkes Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Parramatta, City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Penrith City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Port Macquarie-Hastings Council|| {{No}} 
|On 15 February 2022, the previous declaration of 18 March 2021 was rescinded.
|-
|Port Stephens Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Randwick, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|30 April 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MINUTES OF ORDINARY COUNCIL MEETING OF THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF RANDWICK |url=https://businesspapers.randwick.nsw.gov.au/Open/2019/04/OC_30042019_MIN.PDF |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Randwick City Council }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Richmond Valley Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Ryde, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|28 May 2019
|-
|Shellharbour City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Shoalhaven City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Singleton Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Snowy Monaro Regional Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Snowy Valleys Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Strathfield Municipal Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Sutherland Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Tamworth Regional Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Temora Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Tenterfield Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|The Hills Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Tweed Shire Council|| {{Yes}} 
|19 September 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Council commits to accelerated action on climate change |url=https://www.tweed.nsw.gov.au/MediaReleases/2841 |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Tweed Shire Council }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Upper Hunter Shire Council|| {{Yes}} 
|25 February 2019
|-
|Upper Lachlan Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Uralla Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Wagga Wagga City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Walcha Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Walgett Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Warren Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Warrumbungle Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Waverley Council|| {{Yes}} 
|10 December 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waverley Council declares a State of Climate and Biodiversity Emergency |url=https://www.waverley.nsw.gov.au/top_link_pages/news_and_media/council_news/news/2019/waverley_council_declares_a_state_of_climate_and_biodiversity_emerg |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Waverley Council |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529042906/https://www.waverley.nsw.gov.au/top_link_pages/news_and_media/council_news/news/2019/waverley_council_declares_a_state_of_climate_and_biodiversity_emerg |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Weddin Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Wentworth Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Willoughby, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|17 October 2019
|-
|Wingecarribee Shire Council|| {{Yes}} 
|12 February 2020
|-
|Wollondilly Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Wollongong City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|12 August 2019
|-
|Woollahra, Municipality of|| {{Yes}} 
|9 September 2019
|-
|Yass Valley Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|}

=== Yankin Arewa ===
[[Fayil:Metro_NT.png|thumb|Yanayin Gaggawa da Majalisar Birnin Darwin ta Ayyana]]
Ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na karamar hukuma a yankin Arewa ne kawai ya ayyana gaggawa na yanayi, kuma wannan shine [[City of Darwin|Birnin Darwin]]. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Majalisar
!An sanar da gaggawa na yanayi
!Ranar
|-
|Alice Springs, garin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Alyangula|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Barkly|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Gwamnatin Al'umma ta Belyuen Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Yankin Tsakiya|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Gwamnatin Coomalie Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Darwin, Birnin|| {{Yes}} 
|Darwin ita ce karamar hukuma ta farko a yankin Arewa don ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi, a ranar 30 ga Yulin 2019. 
|-
|Yankin Arewacin Yankin (East Arm) || {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Gabashin Arnhem|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Katherine, garin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Garin Litchfield|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin MacDonnell|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Kamfanin Nhulunbuy|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Palmerston, Birnin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Roper Gulf|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Tsibirin Tiwi|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Yankin Ƙarshen Ƙarshen (Finnis-Mary) || {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Victoria Daly|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Wagait Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Yammacin Arnhem|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Yammacin Daly|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Yulara|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|}

=== Queensland ===
[[Fayil:Queensland_25_04_2021.png|thumb|Yanayin Gaggawa da Majalisar Birnin Noosa ta Ayyana]]
Majalisar biyu ta ayyana gaggawa a Queensland: Majalisar Noosa da Majalisar Sunshine Coast. Majalisar Birnin Brisbane ta kada kuri'a a kan gaggawa ta yanayi, daya daga cikin manyan birane guda biyu kawai a Ostiraliya waɗanda ba su ayyana gaggawa ba.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Majalisar
!An sanar da gaggawa na yanayi
!Ranar
|-
|Majalisar Aurukun Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Balonne Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Banana Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Barcaldine|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Barcoo Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Blackall-Tambo|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Boulia Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Brisbane|| {{No}} 
|An jefa kuri'a game da gaggawa a ranar 31 ga Yulin 2019 
|-
|Majalisar Bulloo Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Bundaberg|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Burdekin Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Burke Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Cairns|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Carpentaria Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Cassowary Coast|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Tsakiya ta Tsakiya|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Yarjejeniyar Hasumiyar Yankin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Aboriginal Shire ta Cherbourg|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Cloncurry Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Cook Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Croydon Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Diamantina Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Aboriginal Shire ta Doomadgee|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Douglas, Shire na|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Etheridge Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Flinders Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Fraser Coast|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Gladstone|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Gold Coast|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Goondiwindi|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Gympie|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Hinchinbrook Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Hope Vale, Aboriginal Shire na|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Ipswich|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Isaac|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Aboriginal Shire ta Kowanyama|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Livingstone, Shire na|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Kogin Lockhart, Aboriginal Shire na|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Lockyer Valley|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Logan|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Longreach|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Mackay|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Mapoon, Aboriginal Shire na|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Maranoa|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Mareeba, Shire na|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar McKinlay Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Moreton Bay|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Mornington Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Mount Isa|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Murweh Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Aboriginal Shire ta Napranum|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Noosa Shire|| {{Yes}} 
|18 ga Yulin 2019 
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Arewacin Burnett|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Arewacin Yankin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Aboriginal Shire ta tsibirin Palm|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Paroo Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Aboriginal Shire ta Pormpuraaw|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Quilpie Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Redland|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Richmond Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Rockhampton|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Scenic Rim|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Somerset|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Burnett ta Kudu|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Kudancin Downs|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Sunshine Coast|| {{Yes}} 
|Nuwamba 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;Sunshine Coast Council&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 December 2021 |title=Council recognises state of climate emergency |url=https://www.sunshinecoast.qld.gov.au/Council/News-Centre/Council-recognises-state-of-climate-emergency-071221 |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323004324/https://www.sunshinecoast.qld.gov.au/Council/News-Centre/Council-recognises-state-of-climate-emergency-071221 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Tablelands|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Toowoomba|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Torres Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Tsibirin Torres Strait|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Townsville|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yammacin Downs|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Whitsunday|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Winton Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Aboriginal Shire ta Woorabinda|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Wujal Wujal Aboriginal Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Yarrabah, Aboriginal Shire na|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|}

=== Kudancin Australia ===
[[Fayil:SA_25_04_2021.png|thumb|Yanayin gaggawa da Yankunan Kudancin Australia suka bayyana]]
16 daga cikin kananan hukumomi 67 a Kudancin Ostiraliya sun ayyana gaggawa na yanayi, Garin Gawler shine na farko.
[[Fayil:Metropolitan_SA_25_04_2021.png|thumb|Yanayin Yanayi na Gaggawa da Yankunan Kudancin Australia suka bayyana]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Majalisar
!An sanar da gaggawa na yanayi
!Ranar
|-
|Majalisar Adelaide Hills|| {{Yes}} 
|Majalisar Adelaide Hills ita ce majalisa ta biyu a Kudancin Australia kuma majalisa ta 13 a Ostiraliya don ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi, a ranar 26 ga Maris 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Council declares Climate Emergency |url=https://www.ahc.sa.gov.au/ahc-news/Pages/Council-declares-Climate-Emergency.aspx#:~:text=News%20Council%20declares%20Climate%20Emergency&amp;text=%E2%80%8BAdelaide%20Hills%20Council%20has,to%20declare%20a%20Climate%20Emergency.&amp;text=Council%20acknowledges%20that%20we%20conduct,the%20Peramangk%20and%20Kaurna%20people. |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Adelaide Hills Council |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124100206/https://ahc.sa.gov.au/ahc-news/Pages/Council-declares-Climate-Emergency.aspx#:~:text=News%20Council%20declares%20Climate%20Emergency&amp;text=%E2%80%8BAdelaide%20Hills%20Council%20has,to%20declare%20a%20Climate%20Emergency.&amp;text=Council%20acknowledges%20that%20we%20conduct,the%20Peramangk%20and%20Kaurna%20people. |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Majalisar Filayen Adelaide|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Alexandrina|| {{Yes}}  
|16 Disamba 2019 
|-
|Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Barossa|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Berri Barmera|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Adelaide, Birnin|| {{Yes}} 
|Birnin Adelaide shine babban birni na huɗu kuma majalisa ta huɗu ta Kudancin Australia don ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi, a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2019 
|-
|Burnside, Birnin|| {{Yes}}  
|24 Satumba 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Council Advocates for Climate Change Action |url=https://www.burnside.sa.gov.au/Latest-News/Media-Releases/Council-Advocates-for-Climate-Change-Action |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=The City of Burnside}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Campbelltown, Birnin|| {{Yes}} 
|5 Nuwamba 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Change |url=https://www.campbelltown.sa.gov.au/environment/climate-change |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Campbelltown Council |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201173659/https://www.campbelltown.sa.gov.au/environment/climate-change |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ceduna, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Charles Sturt, Birnin|| {{Yes}}  
|9 Disamba 2019 
|-
|Majalisar Clare &amp;amp;amp; Gilbert Valleys|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Cleve, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Coober Pedy, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Gundumar Coorong|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Copper|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Elliston, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Flinders Ranges|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Franklin Harbour, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Gawler, garin|| {{Yes}}  
|Garin Gawler shine Majalisar Kudancin Australia ta farko da ta ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi, a ranar 22 ga Janairun 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Emergency |url=https://www.gawler.sa.gov.au/services/climate-emergency |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Town of Gawler}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Goyder, Majalisar Yankin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Grant, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Holdfast Bay, Birnin|| {{Yes}} 
|8 ga Oktoba 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minutes of the Ordinary Meeting of Council of the City of Holdfast Bay |url=https://cdn.holdfast.sa.gov.au/agendas-minutes/minutes/19-10-08-Council-Minutes.pdf |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Holdfast Bay City Council |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419171613/https://cdn.holdfast.sa.gov.au/agendas-minutes/minutes/19-10-08-Council-Minutes.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Majalisar Tsibirin Kangaroo|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Karoonda East Murray, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Kimba, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Gundumar Kingston|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Haske|| {{Yes}}  
|26 Maris 2019 
|-
|Ƙananan Yankin Eyre, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Loxton Waikerie, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Marion, Birnin|| {{No}} 
|An zabe shi game da gaggawa a ranar 26 ga Maris 2019 
|-
|Majalisar Mid Murray|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Mitcham, Birnin|| {{Yes}}  
|22 Oktoba 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=Getting Climate Ready |url=https://www.mitchamcouncil.sa.gov.au/environment/climate-change |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=The City of Mitchim |publisher=The City of Mitcham}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Majalisar Gundumar Mount Barker|| {{Yes}} 
|4 Nuwamba 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mount Barker District Climate Change Action Plan 2019 |url=https://www.mountbarker.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/449810/Mount-Barker-District-Climate-Change-Action-Plan-2019.pdf |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Mount Baker District Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Dutsen Gambier, Birnin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Dutsen Mai Girma, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Murray Bridge, Birnin Karkara na|| {{Yes}} 
|14 Oktoba 2019 
|-
|Majalisar Naracoorte Lucindale|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yankunan Arewa|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Norwood Payneham &amp;amp;amp; St Peters, Birnin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Onkaparinga, Birnin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Orroroo Carrieton, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Peterborough, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Playford, Birnin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Port Adelaide Enfield, Birnin|| {{Yes}} 
|8 ga Oktoba 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 May 2019 |title=CED regions in Australia |url=https://www.cedamia.org/ced-regions-in-australia/ |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=CEDAMIA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Port Augusta|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Port Lincoln, Birnin|| {{Yes}} 
|19 ga watan Agusta 2019 
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Port Pirie|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Halin da ake ciki, Birnin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Renmark Paringa|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Robe, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Roxby Downs, Majalisar Majalisa ta|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Salisbury, Birnin|| {{Yes}} 
|28 Oktoba 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minutes of Council Meeting Held in the Council Chamber |url=https://www.cedamia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Salisbury-SA-28_10_2019_-_Minutes_-_Council_Meeting.pdf |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=CEDEMA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Majalisar Gundumar Kudancin Mallee|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Streaky Bay, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Gundumar Tatiara|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Itacen shayi Gully, Birnin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Tumby Bay, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Unley, Birnin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Victor Harbour, Birnin|| {{Yes}} 
|16 Disamba 2019 
|-
|Majalisar Yankin Wakefield|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Walkerville, Kamfanin garin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yakin Yakin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Yammacin Torrens, Birnin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Whyalla, Birnin|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Gundumar Wudinna|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Yankalilla, Majalisar Gundumar|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|}

=== Tasmania ===
[[Fayil:Tas_25_04_2021.png|thumb|Yanayin gaggawa na Yanayi da Yankunan Karamar Hukumar Tasmania suka ayyana]]
Majalisar dokoki biyar a Tasmania sun ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi. Majalisar uku sun ki amincewa ko kuma sun kada kuri'a a kan wata sanarwa.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Majalisar
!An sanar da gaggawa na yanayi
!Ranar
|-
|[[Break O' Day Council|Taron Ranar Ranar Rana]]|| {{No}} 
|An jefa kuri'a game da yunkurin gaggawa na yanayi Yuni 2019 
|-
|Majalisar Brighton|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Burnie|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Tsakiyar Tekun|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Tsakiyar Tsakiya|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Babban Kwamitin Zagaye|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Clarence|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar kwarin Derwent|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Devonport|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Dorset|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Flinders|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin George|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Glamorgan Spring Bay|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Glenorchy|| {{No}} 
|An jefa kuri'a game da yunkurin gaggawa na yanayi, Oktoba 2019. 
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Hobart|| {{Yes}} 
|Yuni 2019 
|-
|Majalisar Huon Valley|| {{Yes}}
|Janairu 2023 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emergency Declaration |url=https://www.huonvalley.tas.gov.au/community/climate-change/emergency-declaration/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Huon Valley Council |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Majalisar Kentish|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Kingborough|| {{Yes}} 
|Yuli 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Majalisar Tsibirin Sarki|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Latrobe|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Birnin Launceston|| {{Yes}} 
|Agusta 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Majalisar kwarin Meander|| {{No}} 
|An jefa kuri'a game da yunkurin gaggawa na yanayi, Disamba 2019. 
|-
|Majalisar Midlands ta Arewa|| {{Yes}} 
|29 Oktoba 2020 
|-
|Majalisar Sorell|| {{No}}
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Kudancin Midlands|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Tasman|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Waratah Wynyard|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Yammacin Yamma|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|-
|Majalisar Tamar ta Yamma|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Council
!Climate Emergency Declared
!Date
!Climate Targets
|-
|Alpine Shire|| {{Yes}} 
|5 November 2021
|Has a target of net zero emissions for council operations by 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alpine Shire sets greenhouse gas emissions target |url=https://www.alpineshire.vic.gov.au/community/news/alpine-shire-sets-greenhouse-gas-emissions-target |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=Alpine Shire Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ararat, Rural City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|No Target
|-
|Ballarat, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|21 November 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2018 |title=Ballarat City Council acknowledges the climate emergency |url=https://climateemergencydeclaration.org/ballarat-city-council-acknowledges-the-climate-emergency/ |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Climate Emergency Declaration}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Banyule City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|7 October 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Banyule Declares Climate Emergency |url=https://www.banyule.vic.gov.au/News-items/Climate-Emergency |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Banyule City Council |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109084729/https://www.banyule.vic.gov.au/News-items/Climate-Emergency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Banyule City Council has a target to be carbon neutral by 2040&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate action |url=https://www.banyule.vic.gov.au/Waste-environment/Environment-sustainability/Climate-action#:~:text=An%20action%20plan%20for%20Banyule,carbon%20neutral%20municipality%20by%202040. |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=Bayle City Council |publisher=Banyule City Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Bass Coast Shire|| {{Yes}} 
|21 August 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate change is an emergency |url=https://www.basscoast.vic.gov.au/about-council/news-listing/climate-change-is-an-emergency |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Bass Coast Shire Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Baw Baw, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Bayside City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|17 December 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Emergency: your questions answered |url=https://www.bayside.vic.gov.au/climate-emergency-your-questions-answered |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Bayside City Council }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Bayside Council was certified carbon neutral in December 2020
|-
|Benalla, Rural City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Boroondara City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Brimbank, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|25 June 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brimbank adopts Climate Emergency Plan |url=https://www.brimbank.vic.gov.au/news-and-events/media-releases-2020/june-2020/brimbank-adopts-climate-emergency-plan |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Brimbank City Council }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Buloke, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Campaspe, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Cardinia, Shire of|| {{Yes}} 
|19 September 2019
|
|-
|Casey, City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Central Goldfields Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Colac Otway, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Corangamite, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Darebin, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|5 December 2016
|
|-
|East Gippsland Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|East Frankston, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|20 November 2019
|
|-
|Gannawarra, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Glen Eira City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|5 May 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eira |first=Glen |title=Glen Eira Declares Climate Emergency |url=https://www.gleneira.vic.gov.au/about-council/news/latest-news/glen-eira-declares-a-climate-emergency |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Glen Eira Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Glenelg Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Golden Plains Shire|| {{Yes}}
|27 July 2021
|
|-
|Greater Bendigo, City of|| {{No}} 
|The City of Greater Bendigo has not declared an emergency but in 2019 voted to &quot;recognise and urgently respond&quot; to environmental and climate breakdown. The council has since argued that the vote was equivalent to an emergency declaration and that it tied council spending to risks surrounding climate change.
|
|-
|Greater Dandenong, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|15 January 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate and Energy |url=https://greaterdandenong.com/document/29123/climate-and-energy |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=City of Greater Dandenong }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Greater Geelong, City of|| {{No}} 
|Motion to declare climate emergency rejected on 26 September 2019
|
|-
|Greater Shepparton, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|3 June 2020
|
|-
|Hepburn, Shire of|| {{Yes}} 
|19 September 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Emergency Declaration |url=https://www.hepburn.vic.gov.au/climate-emergency-declaration/ |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Hepburn Shire Council }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Hindmarsh, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Hobsons Bay, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|8 October 2019
|
|-
|Horsham, Rural City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Hume, City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Indigo, Shire of|| {{Yes}} 
|1 August 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigo Shire taking a lead in addressing climate change |url=https://www.indigoshire.vic.gov.au/Latest-news/Indigo-Shire-taking-a-lead-in-addressing-climate-change |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Indigo Shire Council |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109122400/https://www.indigoshire.vic.gov.au/Latest-news/Indigo-Shire-taking-a-lead-in-addressing-climate-change |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Kingston, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|28 January 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kingston Council declares a climate emergency to rounds of applause |url=https://www.kingston.vic.gov.au/About-Us/Media/Kingston-Council-declares-a-climate-emergency-to-rounds-of-applause |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Kingston City Council }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Knox, City Council of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Latrobe, City Council of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Loddon, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Macedon Ranges, Shire of|| {{Yes}} 
|24 March 2021
|
|-
|Manningham, City Council of|| {{Yes}} 
|10 February 2020
|
|-
|Mansfield, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Maribyrnong, City Council of|| {{Yes}} 
|7 March 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Emergency |url=https://www.maribyrnong.vic.gov.au/Residents/Our-environment/Climate-Emergency |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Maribyrnong City Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Maroondah, City Council of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Melbourne, City Council of|| {{Yes}} 
|17 July 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taking bold action on climate change |url=https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/about-council/vision-goals/eco-city/climate-change/Pages/taking-action-climate-change.aspx#:~:text=City%20of%20Melbourne%20declared%20a%20climate%20and%20biodiversity%20emergency%20in%202019.&amp;text=From%20the%20banks%20of%20the,effects%20of%20the%20climate%20change. |website=Melbourne City Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Melton, City Council of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Mildura Rural City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|27 February 2020
|
|-
|Mitchell, Shire of|| {{Yes}} 
|20 September 2021 (acknowledged)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Council acknowledges climate emergency |url=https://www.mitchellshire.vic.gov.au/news/council-acknowledges-climate-emergency |access-date=2025-07-31 |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202170131/https://www.mitchellshire.vic.gov.au/news/council-acknowledges-climate-emergency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Moira, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Monash, City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Moonee Valley City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|October 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moonee Valley City Council |url=https://citiespowerpartnership.org.au/partners/moonee-valley-city-council/ |website=Citys Power Partnerships |publisher=Cities Power Partnerships}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Moorabool, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|[[Merri-bek City Council|Merri-bek, City Council of]]|| {{Yes}} 
|12 December 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=Merri-bek City Council declares a climate emergency |url=https://climateemergencydeclaration.org/moreland/ |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Climate Emergency Declaration |publisher=Climate Emergency Declaration.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|For operational emissions, Moreland Council was certified as ‘carbon neutral’ in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=June 21, 2021 |title=Moreland City Council slashes its carbon emissions |url=https://morelandzerocarbon.org.au/news/moreland-city-council-slashes-its-carbon-emissions/ |access-date=December 1, 2021 |website=Zero carbon Moreland |publisher=City of Moreland |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  City of Moreland has set a community emissions reduction target of net zero emissions by 2040.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |title=About Zero Carbon Moreland |url=https://morelandzerocarbon.org.au/about/about/ |access-date=December 1, 2021 |website=Zero Carbon Moreland |publisher=City of Moreland |quote= |archive-date=December 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201101843/https://morelandzerocarbon.org.au/about/about/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mornington Peninsula, Shire of|| {{Yes}} 
|The Shire of Mornington Peninsula was the 34th local government authority in Australia to declare a climate emergency on 13 August 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Emergency Plan Adoption |url=https://www.mornpen.vic.gov.au/Your-Property/Environment/Climate-Change/Climate-Emergency-Plan-Adoption |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Mornington Peninsula Shire Council }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Mornington Peninsula council has a target of zero carbon emissions by 2040.
|-
|Mount Alexander, Shire of|| {{Yes}} 
|19 December 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Council declares a climate emergency |url=https://www.mountalexander.vic.gov.au/Page/Page.aspx?Page_Id=3597 |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Mount Alexander Shire Council |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109225501/https://www.mountalexander.vic.gov.au/Page/Page.aspx?Page_Id=3597 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Moyne, Shire of|| {{Yes}} 
|7 November 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moyne Declares Climate Emergency |url=https://www.moyne.vic.gov.au/News-Media/Moyne-declares-climate-emergency |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Moyne Shire Council |archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415031802/http://www.moyne.vic.gov.au/News-Media/Moyne-declares-climate-emergency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Murrindindi, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Nillumbik, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Shire of Northern Grampians }|Northern Grampians, Shire of]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Port Phillip, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|19 September 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Port Phillip Council declares climate emergency |url=https://www.portphillip.vic.gov.au/about-the-council/news-and-media/port-phillip-council-declares-climate-emergency |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Port Phillip City Council |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116044150/https://www.portphillip.vic.gov.au/about-the-council/news-and-media/port-phillip-council-declares-climate-emergency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Pyrenees, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Queenscliffe, Borough of|| {{Yes}} 
|19 December 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Borough of Queenscliffe declares a climate emergency |url=https://www.queenscliffe.vic.gov.au/council/news-and-notices/news/item/borough-of-queenscliffe-declares-a-climate-emergency |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Borough of Queenscliffe |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109123855/https://www.queenscliffe.vic.gov.au/council/news-and-notices/news/item/borough-of-queenscliffe-declares-a-climate-emergency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|South Gippsland Shire|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Southern Grampians, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Stonnington, City of|| {{Yes}} 
|17 February 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=City of Stonnington declares a climate emergency |url=https://www.stonnington.vic.gov.au/News-and-notices/2020/Media-releases/City-of-Stonnington-declares-a-climate-emergency |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=City of Stonnington }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Strathbogie, Shire of|| {{Yes}} 
|22 April 2021
|
|-
|Surf Coast Shire|| {{Yes}} 
|2 September 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Emergency |url=https://www.surfcoast.vic.gov.au/Environment/Climate-Emergency |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Surf Coast Shire Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Swan Hill, Rural City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Towong, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Wangaratta, Rural City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Warrnambool, City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Wellington, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|West Wimmera, Shire of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Whitehorse City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Whitlesea, City of|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Wodonga City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Wyndham City Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|-
|Yarra City Council|| {{Yes}} 
|2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CLIMATE EMERGENCY: WE COMMIT TO URGENT ACTION |url=https://www.yarracity.vic.gov.au/news/2018/12/21/climate-emergency |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=City of Yarra}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Yarra Ranges Shire Council|| {{Yes}} 
|10 September 2019
|
|-
|Yarriambiack Shire Council|| {{No}} 
|N/A
|
|}

=== Yammacin Ostiraliya ===
[[Fayil:WA_25_04_2021.png|thumb|Yanayin Yanayi na Gaggawa da Yankin Karamar Hukumar ta Ayyana a Yammacin Ostiraliya]]
Hukumomi 11 na kananan hukumomi a Yammacin Ostiraliya sun ayyana gaggawa na yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Hukumomin Yammacin Australia (WALGA) ta kirkiro Sanarwar Canjin Yanayi wanda ƙungiyoyin karamar hukuma 40 na Yammacin Ostiraliya suka sanya hannu, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 65% na yankunan karamar hukunce-hukuncen jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WALGA Climate Change Policy Position |url=https://walga.asn.au/Policy-Advice-and-Advocacy/Environment/Climate-Change.aspx |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=Western Australian Local Government Associations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanarwar Canjin Yanayi ba sanarwar gaggawa ce ta yanayi ba amma ta ambaci mataki na gaggawa kan canjin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Policy Development Templates |url=https://walga.asn.au/Policy-Advice-and-Advocacy/Environment/Climate-Change/Templates-and-Tools.aspx |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=Western Australian Local Government Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin Karamar Hukumar Yammacin Birnin Perth yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane biyu na Karamar Hukumar da ba su ayyana gaggawa ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Sauyin yanayi na Suriname</title>
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      <text bytes="7694" sha1="s9ktq8mbd6874o5bid00bv66woudkla" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
[[Fayil:Suriname_geology_NL_annot.svg|right|thumb|378x378px|Taswirar taswirar Suriname da EEZ (yanki na tattalin arziki na musamman).]]
[[Suriname]] yana arewacin Kudancin Amurka kuma yanki ne na Caribbean ta Kudu Amurka, yana iyaka da Arewacin Tekun Atlantika, tsakanin Guiana na Faransa da Guyana.  An rufe shi da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, yana ɗauke da ɗimbin ɗimbin flora da fauna waɗanda, galibi, suna ƙara fuskantar barazanar sabon ci gaba.  Akwai ƙananan jama'a, yawancinsu suna zaune a bakin teku.

A halin yanzu akwai rikice-rikicen kan iyaka guda biyu da ba a warware su ba waɗanda ke shafar yanayin Suriname, wato Yankin Tigri a yankin kudu maso yammacin kusa da [[Guyana]] da kuma yankin Marouini / Litani tare da Guiana ta Faransa a kudu maso gabas.

== Wurin da yake ==
'''Yanayin ƙasa:''' 4°00′N 56°00′W / 4.000°N 56.000°W / 4.000; -56.000&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|4|00|N|56|00|W|type:country}}

Nahiyar: Kudancin Amurka

''Jimillar:''{{Convert|163820|km2|sqmi}}''Ƙasar:''{{Convert|156000|km2|sqmi}}''Ruwa:''{{Convert|7820|km2|sqmi}}

=== Yankunan ƙasa ===
[[Fayil:Suriname1991_Karte_umstrittene_Gebiete.jpg|thumb|331x331px|Suriname tare da yankunan da ake jayayya, gami da Yankin Tigri da ke karkashin ikon [[Guyana]] da yankin kudu maso gabashin da ke karkashin jagorancin Guiana ta Faransa.]]
[[Fayil:Encyclopaedie_van_Nederlandsch_West-Indië-Surinam_north-Benj004ency01ill_stitched.jpg|thumb|364x364px|Suriname (kimanin 1914) a cikin Encyclopedia na Dutch West Indies, na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Surinamese Herman Benjamins da ɗan asalin Dutch Johannes Snelleman.]]
''Jimillar:''{{Convert|1703|km|mi}}

* [[Brazil]] - kilomita 593 (368  
* Guiana ta Faransa - kilomita 510 (320  
* [[Guyana]] - kilomita 600 (370  

''Exclusive economic zone:''
{{Convert|127,772|km2|mi2}} and {{Convert|200|nmi|km mi|1}}

''Tekun yankin:''{{Convert|12|nmi|km mi|1}}

== Yanayi da canjin yanayi ==
Suriname tana da [[Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi]] da kuma yanayin zafi na wurare masu yawa, tare da yanayin zafi a duk shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sánchez-Dávila |first=Gabriel |date=15 Sep 2022 |title=Clasificación climática de Sudamérica |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b74200791dda49958d6d39eddaca74a0 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Canjin yanayi]] a duka Suriname da duniya baki daya yana haifar da yanayin zafi da kuma matsanancin yanayi. A matsayinta na kasa mai talauci, gudummawar da take bayarwa ga canjin yanayi na duniya ta iyakance. Suriname tana da babban gandun daji, kasar tana gudanar da tattalin arzikin carbon mara kyau tun shekara ta 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbon Negative&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-31 |title=Suriname's climate promise, for a sustainable future |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/01/1056422 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=UN News |language=en |archive-date=2020-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110002634/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/01/1056422 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin zafi  da canje-canje a cikin yanayin hazo &lt;ref name=&quot;Historical Climate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Historical Climate Data Suriname |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/suriname/climate-data-historical |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607150146/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/suriname/climate-data-historical |archive-date=2020-06-07 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ana hasashen su saboda canjin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Climate Data Projects Suriname |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/suriname/climate-data-projections |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607150143/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/suriname/climate-data-projections |archive-date=2020-06-07 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankin ==
Yawancin ƙasar sun ƙunshi tuddai masu juyawa, amma akwai wani karamin fili na bakin teku wanda ke da ƙasa mai santsi.

Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 781 km2 na filayen ruwa a Suriname, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 34 dangane da yankin filayen ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |date=2019 |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=256767470 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

'''Babban tsawo'''

''Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci:'' Wurin da ba a san shi ba a cikin filin bakin teku - mita 2 (6.6  a ƙasa da matakin teku. Matsayi mafi girma: Juliana Top - mita 1,230 (4,040  

=== Albarkatun halitta ===
Itace, wutar lantarki, kifi, gandun daji, damar hydroelectric, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite da zinariya. Ƙananan nickel, jan ƙarfe, platinum da ƙarfe. Hakanan yana da mai mai yawa.

=== Ruwa ===
Kasar tana da babban tafki guda ɗaya, tafkin Brokopondo . Koguna da yawa suna gudana ta ciki, gami da Kogin Suriname, Kogin Nickerie da Maroni ko Kogin Marowijne .

=== Amfani da ƙasa ===
''Yankin noma:'' 0.4% ''Amfanin gona na dindindin:'' 0.0% makiyaya na dindada: 0.1% ''gandun daji:'' 94.6% ''Sauran:'' 4.9%

==== Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa ====
510  kilomita (200 sq  (2003) 

==== Haɗarin Halitta ====
Tropical Showers, no hurricanes.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2017}}

== Muhalli ==
[[Fayil:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|270x270px|Kasuwancin yankin gandun daji a cikin jimlar yankin ƙasa, manyan ƙasashe (2021). Suriname tana da mafi girman kashi na gandun daji a duniya.]]

=== Batutuwan yanzu ===
[[Gandun daji|Kashe daji]] matsala ce ta gaske yayin da ake yanke katako don fitarwa. Har ila yau, akwai gurɓataccen hanyoyin ruwa na cikin gida ta hanyar ƙananan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai.

=== Canjin yanayi ===
{{Excerpt|Climate change in Suriname}}

=== Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ===
Suriname ya amince da yarjejeniyoyin da ke biyowa: Diversity, Change Climate, Species Hazard, Kyoto Protocol, Law of Sea, Marine Dumping--London Convention, Marine Dumping--London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Paris Accords Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2024 |title=Suriname |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/#environment |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107182748/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/#environment |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwa masu tsanani ==

* Yankin arewacin - Oostelijke Polders
* Yankin kudu - Yankin da [[Brazil]] Coeroeni
* Yammacin Yamma - Yankin da [[Guyana]], Gundumar Sipaliwini
* Yankin Gabas - Yankin da Guiana ta Faransa, Gundumar Sipaliwini
* Matsayi mafi tsawo - Julianatop: 1,230 m
* Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci - wurin da ba a san shi ba a filin bakin teku: -2 m

== Dubi kuma ==

* Yankin Tigri, rikici na yanki wanda ba a warware shi ba wanda ya shafi Guyana da Suriname.
* Yankuna na Suriname, wanda ya kunshi iyakokin ƙasa tare da ƙasashe uku: [[Guyana]], [[Brazil]], da [[Faransa]] (ta hanyar Guiana ta Faransa) 
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    <title>Kamfanin Kula da Kudi na Ci Gaban Gidaje</title>
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'''Kamfanin Kula da Kudi na Ci Gaban Gidaje (HDFC) ''' ya kasance mai ba da lamuni mai zaman kansa na Indiya wanda ke [[Mumbai]].  An san shi sosai a matsayin babban kamfani na kuɗin gidaje a Indiya.  Baya ga ainihin ayyukan ba da lamuni na jinginar gida, HDFC tana da buƙatu iri-iri ta hanyar abokan haɗin gwiwarta da na kamfanoni, gami da banki, inshorar rayuwa da na gabaɗaya, sarrafa kadara, babban kamfani, da sabis na ajiya..&lt;ref name=&quot;AboutHDFC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About HDFC |url=http://www.hdfc.com/others/about-hdfc.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126081724/http://www.hdfc.com/others/about-hdfc.asp |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=19 November 2013 |publisher=HDFC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Yuli shekara ta 2023, HDFC ta haɗu da HDFC Bank, babban banki mai zaman kansa na Indiya.  Haɗin ɗin ya yi niyya ne don faɗaɗa abubuwan ba da kuɗi na ƙungiyar da haɓaka hanyoyin samun abokan ciniki ta hanyar yin amfani da babban hanyar sadarwa na bankin da maɓalli daban-daban.  Wannan haɓakar dabarun ya nuna babban ci gaba a cikin yanayin sabis na kuɗi na Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Explained: The main reasons behind the merger of HDFC and HDFC Bank |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/deals/story/explained-the-main-reasons-behind-the-merger-of-hdfc-and-hdfc-bank-328467-2022-04-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427074846/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/deals/story/explained-the-main-reasons-behind-the-merger-of-hdfc-and-hdfc-bank-328467-2022-04-04 |archive-date=2022-04-27 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa HDFC a cikin 1977 tare da tallafi daga al'ummar kasuwanci ta Indiya,   a matsayin kamfanin jinginar gida na farko na Indiya da kuma babban bangare na [[HDFC Group]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot;/&gt; Kamfanin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na Indiya (ICICI) ne ya inganta HDFC.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company History – Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd. |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/housing-development-finance-corporation-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13640.cms |access-date=27 November 2013 |publisher=Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasmukhbhai Parekh ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa harsashin kamfanin wanda ya fara da babban manufar warware karancin gidaje a Indiya kuma ya ci gaba da girma daga baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDFC Ref2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HDFC Ref2&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2000, Kamfanin Gudanar da Asset na HDFC ya ƙaddamar da tsarin asusun hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETHistory&quot;/&gt; A cikin wannan shekarar, IRDA ta ba da rajista ga HDFC Standard Life Insurance, a matsayin kamfanin inshora na rayuwa na farko a Indiya. A halin yanzu, kungiyar tana aiki a Indiya, [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] da Ingila. 

== Kayayyaki da ayyuka ==
Kamfanin ya ba da kuɗin gidaje ga daidaikun mutane da kamfanoni don siyan / gina gidajen zama.  Nau'in lamunin da kamfani ke bayarwa sun haɗa da lamuni don siye da gina rukunin gidaje, siyan filaye, lamunin inganta gida, lamunin tsawaita gida, lamunin wurin zama na ƙwararru da rance akan kadarorin da zaɓuɓɓukan biyan kuɗi sun haɗa da wurin biya na mataki-mataki da tsarin biyan lamuni mai sassauci[1].  Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da lamuni na gidaje a Indiya.  INR 456,000 crores a cikin shekaru 35 na kasancewarsa don jimlar rukunin gidaje miliyan 4.4

Matsakaicin bayanin martabar lamuni ya kai INR miliyan 2.18 (US $35,160) wanda ke ɗaukar kusan shekaru 13 kuma ya rufe kusan.  65% na ainihin ƙimar kadara.  Tun daga shekara ta 2000, kamfanin ya fara ba da lamunin gidaje a Intanet, ya zama kamfani na farko da ya yi hakan

=== Inshorar rayuwa ===
Tun daga shekara ta 2000, kamfanin ya ba da inshorar rai ta hannun reshensa na HDFC Standard Life Insurance Company Limited.  Ya ba da samfuran mutum 33 da samfuran rukuni takwas.  Ya yi amfani da cibiyar sadarwar ƙungiyar HDFC don ƙetare-sayar ta hanyar ba da samfuran da aka keɓance.  Ya yi aiki daga ofisoshi 451 a duk faɗin Indiya, yana aiki sama da wurare 965.  Yana da rabon kasuwa na 4.6% na kasuwancin inshorar rai a Indiya kamar na 30 Satumba 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot;/&gt; HDFC Life tana da ma'aikata sama da 15,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARSUB201213&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Report of Subsidiaries for FY 2012–13 |url=http://www.hdfc.com/pdf/Subsidairy_Annual_Report_2012_13.pdf |access-date=27 November 2013 |publisher=HDFC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inshora na gaba ɗaya ===
Kamfanin ya ba da samfuran inshora na gaba ɗaya kamar:

* Motar, kiwon lafiya, tafiye-tafiye, gida da haɗari na mutum a cikin ɓangaren sayarwa wanda ke da asusun 47% na jimlar kasuwancinsa da
* Dukiya, jirgin ruwa, jirgin sama da inshora a cikin ɓangaren kamfanoni &lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot;/&gt;

=== Kudin Mutuwa ===
HDFC ta ba da sabis na asusun hadin gwiwa ta hanyar asusun HDFC Asset Management Limited. Matsakaicin kadarorin da ke karkashin gudanarwa (AUM) na HDFC Mutual Fund na kwata Jul-13 zuwa Satumba-13 ya kasance INR 1.03 tiriliyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Average AUM |url=http://www.amfiindia.com/research-information/aum-data/average-aum |access-date=8 December 2013 |publisher=Association of Mutual Funds in India |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213060208/http://www.amfiindia.com/research-information/aum-data/average-aum |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Cibiyar sadarwar HDFC ta mamaye tashoshin 396 (ciki har da ofisoshi 109 na kamfanin rarraba HDFC na HDFC Sales Private Limited) wanda ya ba da abinci ga kusan. Garuruwa da birane 2,400 a Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AboutHDFC&quot;/&gt; Don kula da Indiyawa marasa zama, HDFC tana da ofisoshi a London, Singapore da Dubai &lt;ref name=&quot;AboutHDFC&quot; /&gt; da kuma abokan aiki a kasashen [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]].

An buɗe ofishin farko na ƙasashen waje a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] a cikin 1996 kuma a cikin 2000 an faɗaɗa shi zuwa London da Singapore.

Bugu da kari, HDFC ta rufe wurare sama da 90 ta hanyar shirye-shiryen fadakarwa. Ayyukan tallace-tallace na HDFC sun mai da hankali kan bunkasa cibiyar sadarwar rarrabawa mai ƙarfi. Ana kuma samun rancen gida ta hanyar HDFC Sales, HDFC Bank Limited da sauran masu sayar da kai tsaye (DSA). Kamfanin yana da masu mallakar ma'aikata 232 da masu hannun jari da ke yin rajista ta hanyar 13D / G ko 13F tare da Hukumar Musayar Tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FY Report 2019 : HDFC |url=https://www.hdfc.com/sites/default/files/2019-01/HDFC%20Shareholder%20Copy%202018.pdf |access-date=2 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban mai saka hannun jari daga cikinsu shine Asusun Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa na Vanguard.

== Manyan rassa da abokan tarayya ==
Babban haɗin gwiwar HDFC da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun haɗa da Bankin HDFC, Kamfanin Inshora na Rayuwa na HDFC, Babban Kamfanin In inshora na HDFC ERGO, Kamfanin Gudanar da Asset na HDFC. &lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot;/&gt;

=== Bankin HDFC ===
HDFC ta rike kashi 26.14% na hannun jari a Bankin HDFC. Bankin HDFC yana ba da rancen gida don HDFC don kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Investor Presentations: Quarter Ended March, 2013 |url=http://www.hdfc.com/pdf/HDFC_Jun13_11.pdf |access-date=27 November 2013 |publisher=HDFC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan wuraren kasuwanci na Bankin HDFC sun kasance manyan banki da kuma ayyukan ajiya. Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, kasuwar ta ta kasance ₹ 941,386 crore (US $ 110 , yana mai da shi kamfanin kasuwanci na uku mafi girma a Indiya.

=== Kamfanin Inshora na Rayuwa na HDFC ===
HDFC ta gudanar da kusan. 48.7% na hannun jari a cikin HDFC Life  kuma shi ne kawai mai gabatar da kamfanin, tun daga Mayu 2023 .  A watan Satumbar 2013, an sanya shi a matsayi na uku dangane da kasuwar kamfanonin inshorar rayuwa masu zaman kansu a Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 May 2017 |title=Investor Presentations: Quarter Ended March, 2017 |url=https://www.hdfc.com/sites/default/files/HDFC_May17_10.pdf |access-date=20 May 2017 |publisher=HDFC Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan ranar, tana da cibiyar sadarwa ta kusan. Masu ba da shawara kan kudi 72,000 don sayar da manufofinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot; /&gt;

=== Kamfanin Gudanar da Kasuwanci na HDFC ===
HDFC ta kafa HDFC Mutual Fund a matsayin hadin gwiwa tare da Standard Life Investments a cikin 1999. HDFC Asset Management Company ita ce manajan saka hannun jari na HDFC Mutual Fund.  HDFC ta rike kashi 52.6% kuma ita ce kadai mai gabatarwa da kamfanin a watan Yunin 2023.  HDFC AMC ta gudanar da tsare-tsare 68 wadanda suka hada da bashi, daidaito, asusun musayar da kuma asusun tsare-tsaren asusun.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot;/&gt; Matsakaicin kadarorin da ke karkashin gudanarwa (AUM) a ƙarshen Maris 2022 ya kasance ₹ 4.07553 tiriliyan. An sanya shi na uku a cikin masana'antu a Indiya bisa ga matsakaicin kadarorin da ke karkashin gudanarwa.

=== HDFC ERGO Babban Kamfanin Inshora ===
HDFC ta kafa wannan kamfanin inshora tare da ERGO Insurance Group. HDFC ta rike 50.5% kuma ERGO ta rike 26% na hannun jari. A ƙarshen watan Satumba na shekara ta 2013, kasuwar ta a cikin inshora na gaba ɗaya ta tsaya a 4.1% (duka) dangane da babban kuɗin kai tsaye a farkon rabin shekara ta 2013-14. &lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot;/&gt; Jimlar ƙarfin ma'aikacin kamfanin a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2013 ya kai 1,389.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARSUB201213&quot;/&gt;

=== HDFC Capital Advisors ===
An kafa shi a cikin 2016, HDFC Capital Advisors kamfani ne mai zaman kansa. Ya zuwa Afrilu 2023, HDFC tana da kashi 90% a cikin kamfanin yayin da Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Abu Dhabi ke riƙe da sauran kashi 10%. A cikin 2022, an haɗa kamfanoni biyu na HDFC, wato HDFC Property Ventures da HDFC Venture Capital, cikin HDFC Capital Advisors.

== Tsoffin rassa da abokan tarayya ==

=== HDFC Credila Ayyukan Kudi ===
HDFC Credila kamfani ne na kudi wanda ba na banki ba kuma mai ba da rance na farko na Indiya don mayar da hankali kan rance na ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education Loan &amp;#124; HDFC Credila |url=http://hdfccredila.com/education-loan-details/education-loan-detail.html |website=hdfccredila.com |access-date=2025-08-01 |archive-date=2024-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511032958/https://www.hdfccredila.com/education-loan-details/education-loan-detail.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin ya ba da rancen ga daliban digiri da na digiri da ke karatu a Indiya ko kasashen waje. HDFC tana da kusan kashi 90% a cikin wannan kamfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot;/&gt; A cikin 2023, HDFC ta sayar da mafi yawan hannun jari a cikin HDFC Credila ga ƙungiyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, karkashin jagorancin Baring EQT da ChrysCapital, don ₹ 9,₹9,060 crore  . 

=== HDFC RED ===
An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2010, HDFC tana da hannun jari 100% a cikin HDFC RED, dandalin lissafin ƙasa na kan layi wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin HDFC Developers Ltd. Kamfanin yana mai da hankali kan ƙasa, guje wa sake siyarwa da sabis na haya.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot;/&gt; A cikin 2018, HDFC ta sayar da HDFC RED da HDFC Realty ga Quikr don ₹ ₹357 crore (US $ 54.82 miliyan). 

=== GRUH Kudi ===
HDFC ta gudanar da kusan. 59% a cikin GRUH, kamfanin hada-hadar gidaje wanda ke ba da rance ga mutane don siye, gini da gyaran gidaje. GRUH kuma tana ba da rance ga ɓangaren masu aiki da kansu inda ba a samun tabbacin samun kudin shiga ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot;/&gt; Tana da cibiyar sayar da ofisoshi 136 a fadin jihohi 7 a Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2019, GRUH Finance ta haɗu da Bankin Bandhan, ta ba HDFC kashi 14.9% a cikin Bandhan.

== Jerin da hannun jari ==
'''Jerin''': An jera hannun jari na HDFC a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Bombay inda ya kasance memba na BSE SENSEX index, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scripwise Weightages in S&amp;P BSE SENSEX |url=http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&amp;index_Code=16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201094728/http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&amp;index_Code=16 |archive-date=1 December 2015 |access-date=16 November 2013 |publisher=BSE India}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma Kasuwancin Jakadancin Indiya inda yake memba na S &amp; S&amp;amp;amp;P CNX Nifty. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (.csv) |url=http://www.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_niftylist.csv |access-date=16 November 2013 |publisher=NSE India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kasuwanci''': A ranar 30 ga Satumba 2013, 73.09% na hannun jari na kamfanin mallakar masu saka hannun jari ne na kasashen waje (FII). Kimanin masu hannun jari na jama'a 185,000 suna da kusan. 9.25% na hannun jarinsa. Sauran hannun jari na 17.66% mallakar wasu ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shareholding&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 September 2013 |title=Shareholding pattern |url=http://www.hdfc.com/investors/shareholding_patterns.asp |access-date=16 November 2013 |publisher=HDFC Limited |archive-date=19 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131119212255/http://www.hdfc.com/investors/shareholding_patterns.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Masu hannun jari (kamar yadda na 30-Satumba-2013) 
!Kasuwanci &lt;ref name=&quot;Shareholding&quot;/&gt;
|-
|Ƙungiyar Masu Tallafawa
|00.00%
|-
|Masu saka hannun jari na kasashen waje (FII) 
|73.09%
|-
|Masu hannun jari
|09.25%
|-
|Kamfanonin Inshora
|08.42%
|-
|Kudin Mutuwa / UTI
|03.04%
|-
|Kungiyoyin kamfanoni
|02.77%
|-
|Cibiyoyin Kudi / [[Banki|Bankuna]]
|02.11%
|-
|NRI/OCB/FDI/Sauran
|01.32%
|-
|Jimillar
|100.0%
|}

== Ma'aikata ==
Ya zuwa 31 ga Maris 2013, kamfanin yana da ma'aikata 1,833 daga cikinsu kashi 22% mata ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BRR201213&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Business Responsibility Report 2012-13 |url=http://www.hdfc.com/pdf/HDFC_Business_Responsibility_Report.pdf |access-date=20 January 2013 |publisher=HDFC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin ya sami INR biliyan 5.28 a kan kudaden amfanin ma'aikata na shekarar kudi ta 2012-13. Don shekara ta 2012-13, kamfanin ya ba da rahoton ribar kowane ma'aikaci na US $ 484,000 da dukiyar kowane ma'aikata na US $ 18.5 miliyan.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPQ2FY201314&quot;/&gt; Cibiyar Horar da HDFC tana cikin Lonavla Mumbai kuma an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1989. An fi amfani da shi don shirye-shiryen horo, bita, taro da tarurrukan dabarun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HDFC Training Centre |url=http://www.hdfc.com/others/center_for_housing_finance_chf.asp |access-date=27 November 2013 |publisher=HDFC |archive-date=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131127122324/http://www.hdfc.com/others/center_for_housing_finance_chf.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karbuwa ==

* A cikin 2013, wani bincike kan &quot;Kwamitin Mafi Kyawun Indiya&quot; ya lissafa Kwamitin Daraktocin HDFC a cikin manyan alluna 5 a Indiya.
* A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, ''Forbes'' ya lissafa shi a No. 561 a cikin jerin manyan kamfanoni na Duniya na 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2013 |title=HDFC on the Forbes Global 2000 list |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/hdfc/ |access-date=27 November 2013 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A cikin 2012, HDFC Limited an san ta a matsayin daya daga cikin 'Kamfanoni Mafi Kyawun da za a yi aiki da su' a cikin binciken hadin gwiwa da The Economic Times da 'The Great Place to Work Institute' suka gudanar.
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'''David Kato Kisule''' ({{Circa|1964}} – 26 January 2011) was a Ugandan teacher and [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|LGBT rights]] activist, considered a father of Uganda's gay rights movement and described as &quot;Uganda's first openly gay man&quot;. He served as advocacy officer for Sexual Minorities Uganda (SMUG).

An kashe Kato ne a gidansa a ranar 26 ga watan Junairu, 2011, jim kadan bayan ya ci nasara a wata mujalla da ta buga sunansa da hotonsa da ke nuna cewa dan luwadi ne da kuma neman a kashe shi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi ga dangin Kisule a ƙauyen kakanninsu na Nakawala, Majalisar Birnin Namataba, Gundumar Mukono, an ba shi sunan &quot;Kato&quot; saboda shi ne ƙarami na tagwaye. Ya yi karatu a King's College Budo da Jami'ar Kyambogo kuma ya koyar a makarantu daban-daban ciki har da Cibiyar Koyar da Fasaha ta Nile da ke Njeru kusa da Jinja. A nan ne ya fahimci yanayin jima'i kuma daga baya aka kore shi ba tare da wata fa'ida ba a cikin 1991. Daga baya, ya fito wurin ɗan'uwansa tagwaye John Malumba Wasswa. 

Ya tafi ya koyar da 'yan shekaru a [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu  a lokacin da take rikidewa daga mulkin wariyar launin fata zuwa dimokuradiyyar kabilu daban-daban, inda kawo karshen dokar wariyar launin fata a kan luwadi da kuma ci gaban 'yancin LGBT a Afirka ta Kudu. Da ya dawo Uganda a 1998, ya yanke shawarar fitowa fili ta hanyar taron manema labarai; an kama shi kuma aka tsare shi a hannun ‘yan sanda na tsawon mako guda saboda wannan mataki. Ya ci gaba da ci gaba da tuntuɓar masu fafutuka na LGBT a wajen ƙasar, tare da babban darektan LGEP Phumzile S. Mtetwa daga baya ya ambaci haduwa da Kato a taron ILGA na Duniya na 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick Craven c/o Phumzile S. Mtetwa |date=28 January 2011 &lt;!-- at 1:54&amp;nbsp;am --&gt; |title=Comrade david kato in uganda: south african social justice organisations mourn ourcourageous queer african martyr |url=https://groups.google.com/group/cosatu-press/browse_thread/thread/0983337cd14e937f?pli=1 |publisher=COSATU Press Releases, Google Groups}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar firamare ta St Herman Nkoni Boys a cikin 2002 a cikin Diocese na Roman Katolika na Masaka ( gundumar Masaka), Kato ya shiga cikin baiwa.

== Haɗin kai da SMUG ==
Kato ya shiga cikin kungiyar kare hakkin LGBT ta karkashin kasa a Uganda, daga karshe ya zama daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa SMUG a ranar 3 ga Maris 2004.

A cewar jerin bayanan sirrin da wani jami’in diflomasiyar Amurka da ke Kampala ya rubuta, daga baya kuma WikiLeaks ya fitar, Kato ya yi magana a lokacin wani taron tuntuba da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a watan Nuwamba 2009 kan hakkin dan Adam. A yayin taron, Kato ya yi magana kan batun 'yancin LGBT da yanayin adawa da LGBT a Uganda. Mambobin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Uganda &quot;sun yi ba'a da izgili a fili&quot; yayin jawabin.

Wani jita-jita da aka yada cewa dan majalisar David Bahati, babban mai gabatar da kara kan dokar yaki da luwadi da madigo ta Uganda, ya umarci babban sufeton ‘yan sandan kasar da ya kama Kato, lamarin da ya sa Kato da sauran mambobin kungiyar SMUG suka fice daga taron nan take bayan ya kammala jawabin. Daga nan sai Bahati ya yi “cika da luwadi” a wurin taron, wanda ya haifar da tafi da yawa kuma Martin Ssempa, wani limamin Kirista na bishara, ya bugi teburi bisa yarda.

A shekara ta 2010, Kato ya bar aikinsa a matsayin malamin makaranta don mayar da hankali kan aikinsa tare da SMUG saboda abubuwan da suka faru da ke kewaye da Dokar Yaki da Jima'i ta Uganda .  Daga baya aka ba Kato wata shekara guda a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da ke Jami'ar York a Ingila, cibiyar da ke ba da zumunci ga masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam masu rauni da barazanar kare hakkin dan Adam a matsayin hutu daga haɗarin da suke fuskanta a kasashensu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2013 |title=Human Rights Defenders – Centre for Applied Human Rights, The University of York |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/cahr/defenders/Tributes/tribute%20index.html |access-date=2 November 2013 |publisher=York.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'ar Rolling Stone ==
Kato yana cikin mutane 100 da jaridar ta Rolling Stone ta Uganda ta buga sunayensu da hotunansu a watan Oktoban 2010 a wata makala da ta yi kira da a kashe su a matsayin 'yan luwadi. Kato da wasu ‘yan kungiyar SMUG guda biyu wadanda suma aka jera a cikin labarin – Kasha Nabagesera da Pepe Julian Onziema – sun maka jaridar ne domin ta dakatar da buga sunaye da hotunan mutanen da ake kyautata zaton ‘yan luwadi ne ko ‘yan madigo. Hotunan an buga su ne a karkashin taken &quot;Rataye su&quot;  kuma an haɗa su da adiresoshin mutane. 

An ba da karar ne a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2010, yadda ya kamata don dakatar da bugawa na Rolling Stone.[./David_Kato#cite_note-CNN110210-12 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;] Giles Muhame, manajan editan jaridar, ya yi sharhi: &quot;Ban ga umarnin kotu ba amma yaƙin da aka yi wa 'yan luwadi za a ci gaba. Dole ne mu kare yaranmu daga wannan lalata ta ɗan luwaɗi. &quot;  A ranar 3 ga Janairun 2011, Babban Kotun Mai Shari'a V. F. Kibuuka Musoke ya yanke hukuncin cewa Rolling Stone ta buga jerin sunayen, da kuma ya biyo bayan tashin hankali, ya yi barazanar Kato da sauran 'yancin asali da' yanci na sirri; kuma ya keta haƙƙinsu na tsarin mulki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters110210&quot; /&gt; .&lt;ref name=&quot;HRF&quot; /&gt; Kotun ta umarci jaridar ta biya Kato da sauran masu shigar da kara biyu [[Shilling na Uganda|USh&amp;nbsp;]] miliyan 1.5 kowannensu (kimanin US $ 600 a watan Mayu 2012). &lt;ref name=&quot;HRF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2011 |title=Court Affirms Rights of Ugandan Gays |url=http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/2011/01/04/court-affirms-rights-of-ugandan-gays/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902130846/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/2011/01/04/court-affirms-rights-of-ugandan-gays/ |archive-date=2 September 2012 |access-date=4 December 2013 |publisher=Humanrightsfirst.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Kisan kai ==
A ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2011, da misalin karfe 2:00 na rana EAT (11:00 UTC), bayan tattaunawa ta wayar tarho da dan kungiyar SMUG Julian Pepe Onziema 'yan sa'o'i kadan kafin, an kai wa Kato hari a gidansa da ke Bukusa, cikin Garin Mukono.  . da wani mutum ya buga masa guduma a kai sau biyu. Sai mutumin ya gudu da ƙafa. Daga baya Kato ya rasu akan hanyar zuwa babban asibitin Kawolo. Abokan aikin Kato sun lura cewa Kato ya yi magana game da karuwar barazana da cin zarafi tun bayan nasarar kotu, kuma sun yi imanin cewa jima'i da kuma gwagwarmayar da ya yi shi ne dalilin kisan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grauniad&quot; /&gt;

Joe Oloka-Onyango, wanda ya yi aiki tare da Kato a kan shari'ar kotu, ya ce, &quot;Wannan abu ne mai ban mamaki da zai faru a tsakiyar rana, kuma yana ba da shawarar yin tunani. &quot;  A cewar rahotanni a cikin [[New York Times|The New York Times]]  da ''Sydney Morning Herald'',  an gabatar da tambayoyi game da kisan da ke da alaƙa da jima'i na Kato. [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] da [[Amnesty International]] sun yi kira ga bincike mai zurfi da rashin son kai game da lamarin, da kuma kariya ga masu gwagwarmayar gay.&lt;ref name=&quot;SMH&quot; /&gt; James Nsaba Buturo, Ministan Harkokin Waje da Aminci na Uganda, yana cikin rikodin cewa ya bayyana cewa &quot;Masu luwadi na iya mantawa da haƙƙin ɗan adam&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt;

=== Kaddamarwa ===
Wani mai magana da yawun 'yan sanda da farko ya zargi kisan a kan' yan fashi wadanda ake zargin sun kashe akalla mutane 10 a yankin a cikin watanni biyu da suka gabata. 'Yan sanda sun kama wanda ake zargi, direban Kato,  kuma suna neman na biyu.  A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, 'yan sanda sun sanar da kama Nsubuga Enoch, suna mai cewa ya furta kisan. Wani mai magana da yawun 'yan sanda ya bayyana Anuhu a matsayin &quot;sanannen ɓarawo&quot; kuma mai kula da lambu na gida, amma ya bayyana game da dalilin da ake zargi da Anuhu, &quot;Ba fashi ba ne kuma ba saboda Kato mai fafutuka ba ne. Rashin jituwa ne amma ba zan iya faɗi fiye da haka ba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndarrest&quot; /&gt;

Wani majiya na 'yan sanda ya zargi Uganda Monitor cewa Enoch ya kashe Kato saboda Kato ba zai biya shi don alheri na jima'i ba, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Bagala |date=3 February 2011 &lt;!-- at 00:00 --&gt; |title=Gay activist suspected killer arrested |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1100686/-/c5a2fcz/-/ |publisher=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt; zargin da jakadan Uganda a Belgium ya sake maimaitawa a cikin wata wasika ga Shugaban Majalisar Tarayyar Turai Jerzy Buzek. &lt;ref name=&quot;Katenta-Apuli&quot; /&gt; Jakadan Uganda daga baya ya sake jaddada wannan labarin a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, yana mai cewa Kato ya riga ya biya &quot;karuwansa&quot; don a sake shi daga kurkuku, amma sai ya kai masa hari saboda kin biyan kuɗin jima'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Katenta-Apuli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Katenta-Apuli |first=Stephen T.K. |title=Letter from Ugandan Ambassador to the European Parliament |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/droi/dv/4_08letterfromuganda_/4_08letterfromuganda_en.pdf |access-date=18 May 2013 |publisher=European Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tabbatar da shi ===
Bayan da mazauna Nakabago suka gansu a gundumar Mukono, an kama Sidney Nsubuga Enoch, kuma babban mai gabatar da kara na jihar, Loe Karungi ya gurfanar da shi a gaban babbar kotun Mukono. Mai shari’a Joseph Mulangira ya yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 30 tare da aiki tukuru a ranar Alhamis 10 ga Nuwamba 2011. Dalilin da ya sa shi ne fashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;conviction&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayamba |first=Johnson |date=10 November 2011 |title=Gay activist murderer sentenced to 30 years |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1270664/-/bgvjh8z/-/ |access-date=1 January 2014 |publisher=monitor.co.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi jana'izar Kato a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2011, a Nakawala. Wadanda suka halarci jana'izar sun hada da dangi, abokai da masu fafutuka, da yawa daga cikinsu suna sanye da t-shirts dauke da hotonsa a gaba, da Portuguese &quot;la [sic] luta continua&quot; a baya kuma suna da launin tutar bakan gizo a rubuce a hannun hannayen riga. Wani mai wa’azin Kirista a wurin jana’izar – Fasto Thomas Musoke – ya yi wa’azi a kan ‘yan luwadi da madigo da ke wurin, inda ya kwatanta da Saduma da Gwamrata, kafin masu fafutuka su ruga zuwa kan mimbari suka kwace masa makirifo, inda suka tilasta masa ja da baya daga kan mimbari zuwa gidan mahaifin Kato.

Wata mata mai fafutuka da ba a tantance ba a fusace ta ce &quot;Waye kai da za ka hukunta wasu?&quot; kuma mutanen kauyen sun goyi bayan wa'azin yayin da ake ta yin taho-mu-gama. Mutanen kauyen sun ki binne Kato a inda aka binne shi. Abokansa da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar da aikin. A maimakon mai wa'azi wanda ya bar wurin bayan yaƙin, bishop na Ikilisiyar Uganda Christopher Senyonjo ya yi aiki a jana'izar Kato a gaban abokai da kyamarori.

=== Halin da aka yi da yabo ===
Human Rights Watch ta yi tir da kisan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Uganda: Promptly Investigate Killing of Prominent LGBT Activist |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/01/27/uganda-promptly-investigate-killing-prominent-lgbt-activist |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da babbar jami'ar bincike a Afirka Maria Burnett ta kara da cewa &quot;mutuwar David Kato babban rashi ne ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama.&quot; Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta ce ta yi matukar kaduwa da kisan gillar da aka yi wa David Kato, kuma ta yi kira da a gudanar da sahihin bincike ba tare da nuna son kai ba kan kisan nasa&quot;.  Dukansu sun nemi gwamnatin Uganda ta kare wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan luwadi.

Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]],  Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka [[Hillary Clinton]] da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Daily Press Briefing |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2011/01/155402.htm |publisher=U.S. State Department}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Tarayyar Turai]]  Har ila yau, ya yi Allah wadai da kisan, ya kuma bukaci mahukuntan Uganda da su binciki laifin da ake zarginsu da aikatawa, tare da yin magana kan nuna kyama da kyamar baki. &quot;Na yi matukar bakin ciki da samun labarin kisan,&quot; in ji Obama. “Dawuda ya nuna gaba gaɗi wajen yin magana da ƙiyayya. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ugandan gay activist's funeral marred by commotion |url=http://apnews.myway.com//article/20110128/D9L1E6480.html |access-date=4 December 2013 |publisher=Apnews.myway.com |archive-date=10 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310224843/http://apnews.myway.com//article/20110128/D9L1E6480.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rowan Williams, Archbishop na Anglican na Canterbury, ya yi magana a madadin kungiyar Anglican Communion, &quot;Irin wannan tashin hankali [kamar mutuwar David Kato] an yi Allah wadai da shi daga kungiyar Anglican Communion a duk duniya. Wannan taron kuma ya sa ya zama mafi gaggawa ga Gwamnatin Burtaniya don tabbatar da tsaron lafiyar masu neman mafaka na LGBT a Burtaniya. 'yan tsiraru na jima'i.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Rowan |date=28 January 2011 |title=Archbishop condemns murder of Ugandan gay human rights activist |url=http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/3120 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131172559/http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/3120 |archive-date=31 January 2011 |access-date=1 February 2011 |publisher=www.archbishopofcanterbury.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don rawar da jaridar ta taka a kisan, editan Rolling Stone Giles Muhame ya ce &quot;Lokacin da muka kira ga rataye 'yan luwadi, muna nufin ... bayan sun shiga cikin tsarin shari'a ... ban yi kira ga a kashe su da jini mai sanyi kamar yadda yake ba. &quot;  Koyaya, ya ce, &quot;Ba ni da nadama game da labarin. Muna fallasa mutanen da ke yin kuskure kawai. &quot;

A cikin bazara 2011, Boston's American Repertory Theater da System of a Down's Serj Tankian sadaukar da su samar da Prometheus Bound zuwa Kato da kuma bakwai sauran masu fafutuka, suna bayyana a cikin shirin bayanin cewa &quot;ta rera labarin Prometheus, Allah wanda ya saba wa Zeus azzalumi ta wurin ba wa bil'adama murya na zamani duka biyu wuta da fasaha, wannan samarwa ko kuma kawo karshen bege ga waɗanda aka zalunta a halin yanzu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2011 |title=About the Prometheus Project |url=http://www.americanrepertorytheater.org/inside/articles/prometheus-bound-program-program-notes-prometheus-project-about-prometheus-project |access-date=16 May 2011 |publisher=American Repertory Theater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taron Gay Pride a York, [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], wanda aka gudanar a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2011 ya tuna da Kato. An yi shiru na minti daya kuma an saki daruruwan balloons masu launin bakan gizo don tunawa da shi daga dan majalisa mai wakiltar York ta tsakiya Hugh Bayley da Lord magajin garin York.

An kafa kyautar David Kato Vision &amp; Voice Award a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarsa. An sanar da mai karɓar 2012, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin LGBTQ ɗan Jamaica Maurice Tomlinson, a ranar 14 ga Disamba 2011 kuma an ba shi lambar yabo a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2012 a London. Ƙungiyoyin da suka shiga sun haɗa da Dandalin Duniya akan MSM &amp; HIV (MSMGF), Ƙungiyoyin Jima'i na Uganda (SMUG), Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (IPPF), GIZ - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, Herbert Smith LLP, da ILGA-Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2012 |title=Maurice Tomlinson receives 'David Kato Vision and Voice Award' |url=https://www.ippf.org/news/maurice-tomlinson-receives-david-kato-vision-and-voice-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225090109/https://www.ippf.org/news/maurice-tomlinson-receives-david-kato-vision-and-voice-award |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=IPPF |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2014, an shigar da Kato cikin Legacy Walk, nunin waje na jama'a a Chicago, Illinois wanda ke murnar tarihin LGBTQ da mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2014 |title=Legacy Walk honors LGBT 'guardian angels' |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-gay-plaque-wrigleyville-20141012-story.html |website=chicagotribune.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2014 |title=PHOTOS: 7 LGBT Heroes Honored With Plaques in Chicago's Legacy Walk |url=http://www.advocate.com/pride/2014/10/11/photos-7-lgbt-heroes-honored-plaques-chicagos-legacy-walk?page=full |website=Advocate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2021, Jami'ar York ta ba da sanarwar cewa Kato ne zai zama magajin sabuwar kwalejin David Kato, kwalejin farko a harabar York da za a sanya wa suna ɗan asalin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New University of York college named after human rights defender, David Kato |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2021/campus/college-david-kato-human-rights/?fbclid=IwAR2IFXSdZxDr9TPc8C9siOFe1d77Xd73ARPDwehsa-KC--zmx4YPDN3Q1F4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim din ==
Masu shirya fina-finai na Amurka Katherine Fairfax Wright da Malika Zouhali-Worrall sun yi hira da Kato don fim din fim game da rayuwarsa, Call Me Kuchu, wanda aka fara a bikin fina-fakka na Berlin a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Call Me Kato |url=http://callmekuchu.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128183430/http://callmekuchu.com/ |archive-date=28 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani ɗan gajeren fim ta amfani da hotuna daga fim ɗin, ''Za su ce ba mu nan'' ba, an buga shi a shafin yanar gizon New York Times a ranar tunawa da mutuwarsa.

Kato ya sadu da Roger Ross Williams jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa kuma ya kasance wahayi a cikin yin God Loves Uganda (2013), &lt;ref name=&quot;Life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moloshco |first=Carolyn |date=March 2014 |title='God Loves Uganda' Reveals American Evangelicals Spreading Gay Intolerance. Academy Award winning director tackles abuse of religious power |url=http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/Desert-Guide/March-2014/God-Loves-Uganda-Reveals-American-Evangelicals-Spreading-Gay-Intolerance/ |access-date=29 April 2014 |website=Palm Springs Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani shirin da ke bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin bisharar Kirista a Arewacin Amurka da Uganda.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Ma'aikatun Gaskiya
* Hakkin LGBT a Uganda

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]</text>
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    <title>Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Tarayyar MFP</title>
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'''Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Tarayyar MFP''', wacce aka fi sani da zanga-zangar yatsan hannu ta tsakiya, kungiya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam da ke Chandigarh da kungiyar zanga-zambe karkashin jagorancin Prabhloch Singh . Kungiyar tana cikin Matsayi na Musamman tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun shekara ta  2023.  Kungiyar ta sami sunanta daga zanga-zangar a lokacin shari'ar kisan Jessica Lal. Har ila yau, ita ce kungiyar da ke bayan zanga-zangar a cikin shari'ar kisan Sippy Sidhu kuma ta kasance mai aiki a cikin zanga-zambe daban-daban, gami da shari'ar Kisan Jyoti, shari'ar Aarushi da shari'an Nirbhaya.

== Tarihi ==
Kungiyar ita ce ta farko da ta yi aiki a cikin kisan Jessica Lal daga garin Manu Sharma Chandigarh . An kuma nuna shi a cikin fim din Bollywood 'Babu Wanda ya kashe Jessica' a cikin shekara ta  2011.  Shugaban kungiyar zanga-zangar shine Prabhloch Singh, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru ==
Prabhloch Singh, wanda ya kafa kungiyar, ya wakilci Indiya a matsayin mai kallo a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a lokacin taron 13 na shekarar kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa na 2016 da aka gudanar daga 25 zuwa 27 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta  2016. Prabhloch ya gabatar da jawabi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Indiya yayin da yake jawabi ga manyan mutane waɗanda suka haɗa da masu fafutukar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, jakadu, da wakilan ayyukan dindindin ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Prabhloch ya kuma yi jawabi ga Youth for Human Rights International Tour-South Asia Summit a ranar 22 da 23 ga  watan Maris, shekara ta  2017, a matsayin mai magana da baki. Kungiyar ba da agaji ta shirya taron kare hakkin dan adam na kwana biyu mai taken, &quot;#LeaveNoOneBehind International Conclave on Human Rights, Community Welfare, Philanthropy &amp; UN SDGs&quot;. Mista Kirron Kher ne ya kaddamar da taron na shekarar 2017. An gudanar da bugu na biyu na Conclave a ranar 11 da 12 ga watan  Nuwamba, shekara ta  2019, a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 550 na haihuwar [[Guru Nanak]]  Laftanar Gwamna na [[Puducherry (yanki)|Puducherry]] Kiran Bedi ya yi jawabi ga masu sauraro tare da MLA Kanwar Sandhu, mawaƙin Indiya Rabbi Shergill, wanda ya kafa kungiyar NGO Prabhloch Singh, Farfesa Tanmeet Kaur Sahiwal, da sauransu. An sanar da aikin sabis na rayuwa a rana ta biyu ta Conclave.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Nov 13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Chandigarh: Rs 45 crore project for livelihood to 500 families launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/rs-45-crore-project-for-livelihood-to-500-families-launched/articleshow/72034325.cms |access-date=2019-11-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan jana'izar da aka fi sani da su ===
Kungiyar tana gudanar da wani shiri na pan [[Indiya|India]] inda take samarwa da kuma shirya bukukuwan girmamawa na ƙarshe ga waɗanda aka zalunta waɗanda ba za su iya biyan sabis na jana'izar ga ƙaunatattun su ba. Kungiyar ba da agaji ta sami motar jana'izar da aka yi wa lakabi da Mista [[Kirron Kher]] a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta  2019.

=== Ayyukan rayuwa ===
Kungiyar ba da agaji ta ba da sanarwar aikin sabis na rayuwa da nufin samar da abin rayuwa mai daraja ga iyalai 500 matalauta a matakin farko. An sanar da wannan aikin a rana ta biyu ta fitowar 2.0 na Taron Kasa da Kasa wanda Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da MFP Federation suka shirya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== zanga-zangar da kuma hasken kyandir ==

=== Shari'ar Sippy Sidhu ===
Sippy Sidhu ya kasance mai harbi a matakin kasa kuma mai ba da shawara wanda aka kashe a ranar 20 gawatan  Satumba, shekara ta  2015 a wani wurin shakatawa a Chandigarh 

==== zanga-zanga a waje da gidan IGP, Chandigarh ====
Chandigarh, 29 ga watan  Nuwamba, shekara ta  2015: Kungiyar ta shirya wani fareti mai haske a waje da gidan IGP, Chandigarh don nuna rashin amincewa da rashin aikin 'yan sanda a cikin kisan Sippy Sidhu. 

==== zanga-zanga a Sashen 17, Chandigarh ====
Chandigarh, 13ga watan Disamban shekarar 2015: Wani zanga-zanga a Sashin 17, Chandigarh inda kungiyar ta nuna rashin amincewa da rashin aikin 'yan sanda a cikin shari'ar kisan Sippy Sidhu. Savita Bhatti, matar marigayi Jaspal Bhatti ita ma ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar.

==== zanga-zanga a waje da gidan Firayim Minista Narendra Modi a Delhi ====
New Delhi, 15 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2015: Kungiyar ta sanar da Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Delhi, BS Bassi, ta hanyar imel cewa za su gudanar da zanga-zanga a waje da gidan Firayim Minista na Indiya, Narendra Modi, a ranar Asabar. Daga baya, an tsare mambobin kungiyar a Delhi yayin zanga-zangarsu a waje da gidan Firayim Minista. Kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami amincewar da ta gabata. Kirron Kher, memba na majalisar daga Chandigarh ya ba da tallafi ga kungiyar bayan zanga-zangar a waje da gidan Firayim Minista.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Shari'ar kisan gillar Aarushi ===
New Delhi, 30 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2011: Membobin kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam sun shiga cikin zanga-zangar a Jantar Mantar na Delhi don matsawa don adalci a cikin kisan Aarushi. 

=== Shari'ar kisan Jyoti ===
Chandigarh, 6 ga watan  Janairun shekarar 2013: zanga-zangar Middle Finger sun shirya zanga-zambe ba tare da tashin hankali ba a cikin Sashen 17 don samar da wayar da kan jama'a game da shari'ar da kuma hukunta aikata laifuka a kan mata. Wanda ya kafa kungiyar, Prabhloch Singh, ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a shirya zanga-zangar a waje da gidan DGP, [[Haryana]] saboda gazawar 'yan sanda wajen kama wanda ake tuhuma. MLA na farko na Majalisa daga [[Himachal Pradesh]], Ram Kumar Chaudhary shine firaministan da ake zargi da kisan gillar Jyoti mai shekaru 24 wanda aka samu an kashe shi a Panchkula a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta  2012 . 

=== Shari'ar Jessica Lal ===
New Delhi, 29 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999: Manu Sharma, ɗan shugaban majalisa Venod Sharma ya harbe Jessica Lal, mai shekaru 34 kuma sanannen mai sayar da giya. Kotun shari'a ta wanke wanda ake tuhuma a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta  2006. Tsakanin Finger Protests shine na farko da ya yi aiki daga garin Chandigarh na wanda ake tuhuma kuma ya shirya fitilun kyandir da zanga-zangar neman adalci ga Jessica Lal. Saboda fushin jama'a, an sake bincika shari'ar kuma a ƙarshe an yanke Manu Sharma hukunci kuma an sanya shi a kurkuku.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yanayin yankin Somerset</title>
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      <text bytes="31112" sha1="in28jod1gdut0vfhodzbepwkn90fgio" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Somerset_UK_locator_map_2010.svg|thumb|Somerset da aka nuna (a ja) tsakanin yankunan Ingilayankuna na Ingila]]
Gundumar Somerset tana cikin Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila, tana da iyaka da [[Bristol]] Channel da yankunan Bristol da Gloucestershire zuwa arewa, da Wiltshire zuwa gabas, Dorset zuwa kudu, da Devon zuwa yamma. Yanayin yanayi, wanda ke da tasiri ta hanyar kusanci da Tekun Atlantika da iskar yamma, yana da sauƙi, danshi da iska.

Somerset galibi karkara ce da kuma aikin gona. Manyan yankunan tsaunuka sune Mendip Hills a gabas da Quantock Hills a yamma, Blackdown Hills sun samar da iyakar kudancin gundumar, kuma Exmoor yana kan iyakar yamma. Tsakanin Mendips da Quantocks shine babban yanki mai laushi, ƙasa mai laushi da aka sani da Somerset Levels. Babban koguna na gundumar shine Kogin Axe a arewa maso gabas, da Kogin Brue da Parrett waɗanda ke gudana zuwa arewa maso yamma ta matakan zuwa Bristol Channel.

Yankin ya fi ƙayyadewa ta hanyar ilimin ƙasa. Carboniferous Limestone wanda ya samar da Mendips an rushe shi don samar da gorges da koguna. Exmoor yanki ne mai zurfi na moorland da kuma National Park kuma Somerset Levels ya ƙunshi wuraren da ke da muhimmanci ga tsuntsaye. Quantocks da Blackdown Hills sune Yankunan Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Halitta, kuma tsibirin [[Babban Holm|Steep Holm]], a cikin Bristol Channel, yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare da yawa na Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman. Hanyar babbar Hanyar M5 tana gudana a fadin gundumar, wanda ke aiki da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyi. Lines na jirgin kasa da yawa suna ba da sabis ga wasu sassan Burtaniya, kuma Filin jirgin saman Bristol yana arewa maso gabas. Wasu masana'antun gargajiya sun ragu, amma yankin ya shahara tare da masu yawon bude ido kuma sananne ne ga cuku da cider na Cheddar.

== Yanayin jiki ==
[[Fayil:Map_of_Somerset_Levels.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Matakan Somerset da tsaunuka da ke kewaye da su]]
Somerset wani yanki ne na karkara a kudu maso yammacin Ingila tare da yanki na  kilomita 4,171 (1,610 sq . Yana da iyaka a arewa maso yammacin [[Bristol]] Channel, a arewacin Bristol da Gloucestershire, a gabas da Wiltshire, a kudu maso gabas da Dorset, kuma a kudu maso yamma da yamma da Devon. Gundumar ta kasu kashi huɗu na yankuna, wanda ya kunshi Silurian, Devonian da Carboniferous zuwa Permian, wanda ke tasiri ga shimfidar wuri. Yankin tsakiya yana da faɗi, filayen filaye kuma akwai ƙananan tuddai da yawa.

=== Yanayin ƙasa ===
Manyan yankunan tsaunuka sune Mendip Hills a arewa maso gabas da Quantock Hills da ke yamma. Mendips suna gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas tsakanin Frome da Weston-super-Mare, suna kallon Somerset Levels zuwa kudu da Chew Valley da sauran Kogin Avon zuwa arewa. Sun ƙare a cikin tsaunuka na Brean Down, kawai don sake girbi a cikin Bristol Channel a matsayin tsibirin [[Babban Holm|Steep Holm]] da Flat Holm. Steep Holm wani bangare ne na Somerset yayin da Flat Holm shine mafi kudancin Wales. Mendips sun hada da Carboniferous Limestone kuma rushewar ruwa ya haifar da gorges, busassun kwari, screes, swallets da koguna da kuma siffofin karst daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 1998 |title=Mendip Hills Natural Area profile |url=http://www.naturalareas.naturalengland.org.uk/Science/natural/profiles/naProfile84.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314034109/http://www.naturalareas.naturalengland.org.uk/Science/natural/profiles/naProfile84.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2013 |access-date=8 October 2016 |publisher=English Nature |page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quantocks sun shimfiɗa zuwa arewa daga Kwarin Taunton Deane, kusan {{Convert|15|mi|km|0}} mi (24  zuwa arewa maso yamma, suna ƙare a Kilve da West Quantoxhead a bakin tekun Bristol Channel. Sun samar da iyakar yammacin Sedgemoor da Somerset Levels. Matsayi mafi girma shine Wills Neck, a mita 384 (1,260 . Quantocks sun kunshi duwatsu masu laushi daga zamanin Devonian, da farko an shimfiɗa su a ƙarƙashin teku mai zurfi kuma a hankali an matsa su cikin dutse mai ƙarfi. Yankin ya kunshi tsaunuka masu zafi tare da heather, gorse da bracken, tsohuwar gandun daji da filayen makiyaya, tare da gangara masu tsawo da combes na katako.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Quantocks |url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1000310.pdf |access-date=8 October 2016 |website=English Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blackdown Hills sun samar da iyakar kudancin gundumar tare da Arewacin Devon. Sun hada da Upper Greensand kuma sun samar da wani fili mai kyau tare da gangara masu tsawo tare da kwari a arewa amma mafi kyau gangara zuwa kudu. Matsayinsu mafi girma shine Staple Hill (mita 315 (1,033 ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blackdown Hills |url=http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/aonbs/aonb_blackdown.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011064207/http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/aonbs/aonb_blackdown.asp |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |access-date=9 October 2016 |website=Landscape |publisher=Natural England}}&lt;/ref&gt; Exmoor babban yanki ne wanda ke kewaye da Somerset da Arewacin Devon, kusa da Bristol Channel . An hada shi ne daga Exmoor Group na duwatsu masu laushi kuma an rufe shi da moorland tare da rigar, ƙasa mai acid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk/learning/?a=116440 |access-date=9 October 2016 |publisher=Exmoor National Park}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin bakin tekun Exmoor yana da tuddai masu duwatsu, kwari, magudanan ruwa da tsaunuka masu tsawo waɗanda sune tsaunuka mafi girma a ƙasar Burtaniya. Exmoor kuma ya ƙunshi mafi girman matsayi a cikin gundumar, Dunkery Beacon a mita 520 (1,710 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2015 |title=Exmoor National Park Facts and Figures |url=http://www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk/learning/exmoor-facts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510065447/http://www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk/learning/exmoor-facts |archive-date=10 May 2015 |access-date=12 September 2016 |publisher=Exmoor National Park}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Glastonbury_Tor.jpg|thumb|Glastonbury Tor da aka gani daga matakan Somerset]]
Kusa da bakin tekun, a tsakiyar tsakanin Quantocks da Mendips, kuma yana kwance a layi daya da su, shine ƙananan tuddai na Polden Hills. A kowane bangare akwai filin bakin teku da kuma wuraren da ake kira Somerset Levels, yanki na kimanin hekta 70,000 (170,000 acres),  mafi yawa daga cikinsu kusan mita 6 (20  sama da matakin teku. Yankin arewa maso gabas na matakan yana da ruwa daga Axe da Brue, kuma yankin kudu maso yammacin Parrett da babban mai ba da gudummawa, Tone. Wannan bangare na Matakan an san shi da Sedgemoor, kuma zuwa gabas shine Glastonbury Tor, wani tudu mai nisa wanda ke nunawa daga filin da ke ƙasa.

=== Abubuwan ruwa ===
[[Fayil:View_towards_Edgarley_and_Kennard_Moor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183426.jpg|right|thumb|Matakan Somerset da aka gani daga Glastonbury Tor]]
Yankin arewacin yana da kyau tare da ƙananan duwatsu da tsaunuka masu tsawo na rairayin bakin teku, wasu sassan su, musamman a arewa maso yamma, suna da laka. Babban fasalin bakin teku shine Bridgwater Bay, kuma kawai muhimmin tashar jiragen ruwa shine a bakin Parrett. Manyan koguna a Somerset suna tashi a cikin tsaunuka kuma suna gudana zuwa arewa da yamma zuwa Bristol Channel; waɗannan su ne Axe, Brue, Parrett da masu goyon bayanta, da Exe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Everyman&quot; /&gt; Tushen Kogin Axe yana cikin Wookey Hole Caves a cikin Mendip Hills . Yana gudana ta cikin kwari sannan yamma ta ƙauyen Wookey. Ya rabu zuwa sassa biyu wanda daga baya ya sake haɗuwa, kuma yana gudana a fadin moors, ta hanyar Lower Weare da kudancin Loxton. Yana wucewa tsakanin Uphill Cliff da Brean Down kuma ya kai teku a Weston Bay; ya zama iyakar arewacin gundumar.
[[Fayil:Rivertone.jpg|left|thumb|Sautin Kogin]]
Kogin Brue yana gudana ta hanyar Somerset Levels zuwa gabashin Polden Hills. Yana tashi a cikin tuddai kusa da iyakar kudancin gundumar, yana gudana ta Bruton, inda Kogin Pitt ya haɗu da shi, kuma ta hanyar Baltonsborough. An karkatar da ƙananan zuwa tashar da ta haɗu da Parrett a Burnham-on-Sea a Bridgwater Bay. Akwai wani bog da aka ɗaga a tsakiyar kwarin Brue kuma yankin da ke kewaye da shi yana da mosaic na maras kyau, mer da kuma gandun daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dunning&quot; /&gt; Kogin Parrett ya tashi a cikin tsaunuka da ke kusa da Chedington a Dorset kuma yana gudana zuwa arewa maso yamma bayan Alder, Somerset, kuma ta hanyar Somerset Levels zuwa Bridgwater, bayan haka ya zama bakin ruwa tare da bakinsa a Burnham-on-Sea. Kogin yana da ruwa mai zurfi, kamar wanda ke cikin Kogin Severn. Matakan Somerset suna da 'yan ƙafa ne kawai sama da matakin teku kuma suna iya ambaliyar ruwa. Ana zubar da su ta hanyar ramin da tashoshi waɗanda ke shiga cikin Parrett ciki har da King's Sedgemoor Drain, a kudancin Polden Hills.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dunning&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2004 |editor-last=Dunning, Robert |title=A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 8: The Poldens and the Levels |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15100 |access-date=8 October 2016 |publisher=British History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Tone ya tashi a cikin Brendon Hills, kuma an toshe shi kusa da asalinsa don samar da Clatworthy Reservoir. Yana gudana kusan zuwa gabas, ta hanyar {{Convert|5|mi|km|0}} don shiga Kogin Parrett sama da Bridgwater. Kogin Exe ya tashi a kan Exmoor a Somerset, kimanin  (8  kudu da Bristol Channel, amma yana gudana kai tsaye a kudu, don haka mafi yawan tafiyarsa yana cikin Devon kuma bakinsa yana kan iyakar kudu.{{Clear}} 
Somerset galibi karkara ce kuma manyan cibiyoyin jama'a guda biyu, Bath da Weston-super-Mare, an canja su zuwa gundumomin ikon hadin kai na Bath da Arewa maso Gabashin Somerset da Arewacin Somerset bi da bi, a cikin 1996 amma har yanzu suna cikin yankin bikin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 2013 |title=The problem of &quot;county confusion&quot; – and how to resolve it |url=http://county-wise.org.uk/counties/county-confusion/ |access-date=6 October 2016 |publisher=County-Wise |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016043115/http://county-wise.org.uk/counties/county-confusion/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan Somerset suna da alhakin ambaliyar ruwa kuma manyan garuruwa sune Glastonbury da Street waɗanda ke da ƙananan wurare a kan Polden Hills.

Sauran manyan garuruwa sune Wells, Taunton, garin gundumar, Bridgwater, Yeovil da Frome .  Wells yana a gindin tsaunukan Mendip kuma an gina shi a shafin yanar gizon Roman. Ya zama mahimmanci a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci. An bayyana shi a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta a Ingila saboda Wells Cathedral .  Taunton yana zaune a cikin gida a bakin kogin Tone kuma ya kasance tun a kalla zamanin Saxon. Gida ce ga Ofishin Hydrographic na Burtaniya da hedkwatar yanki na irin waɗannan kungiyoyi kamar Defra da Hukumar Taimako ta Ingila da Wales.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Charity Commission for England and Wales |url=http://taunton.megabiz.co.uk/company/charity-commission-for-england-and-wales-taunton.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009182010/http://taunton.megabiz.co.uk/company/charity-commission-for-england-and-wales-taunton.html |archive-date=9 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016 |publisher=Megabiz.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Dunball_Wharf.jpg|thumb|Bridgwater ya kasance babban tashar jiragen ruwa; a dama shine Dunball clyce, inda King's Sedgemoor Drain ke gudana cikin Kogin Parrett]]
Bridgwater yana a bakin Kogin Parrett, kilomita 10 (16  a cikin ƙasa kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙetare sama da bakin kogin. An ambaci shi a cikin Domesday Book kuma ya taɓa zama babban tashar jiragen ruwa da cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma har yanzu galibi gari ne na masana'antu. Yeovil yana tsakiyar Yeovil Scarplands, wani yanki mai tsawo a kan iyakokin kudancin gundumar. An kafa shi a zamanin da ba a san shi ba kuma an ambaci Yeovil a cikin Domesday Book . Garin cibiyar masana'antun jirgin sama ne da tsaro kuma babban ma'aikaci shine masana'antar helikofta AgustaWestland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helicopters |url=http://www.uk.leonardocompany.com/uk-activities/helicopters |access-date=6 October 2016 |publisher=Leonardo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frome, wani tsohuwar ƙauye, yana zaune a wani shafin a ƙarƙashin Mendips da ke kallon Kogin Frome. Garin ya dogara da masana'antar ulu, amma yanzu yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da bugawa, kuma yawancin mazauna suna tafiya zuwa Bristol da Bath.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Frome Community Plan |url=http://www.mendip.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=8828&amp;p=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009123654/http://www.mendip.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=8828&amp;p=0 |archive-date=9 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016 |publisher=Mendip District Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin ƙasa ==
Dutse mafi tsufa sune shekarun Silurian (shekaru miliyan 443-419 da suka gabata). Sun samar da jerin lavas, tuffs (ashar dutsen wuta), shales da wanka a cikin wani karamin yanki zuwa arewa maso gabashin Shepton Mallet a gabashin Mendip Hills. Ana samun duwatsu daga Devonian (shekaru miliyan 419-359 da suka gabata) a fadin yawancin Exmoor, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology of Exmoor |url=http://www.everythingexmoor.org.uk/_G/Geology.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030825/http://www.everythingexmoor.org.uk/_G/Geology.php |archive-date=5 December 2008 |access-date=21 August 2008 |publisher=Everything Exmoor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quantocks, da kuma a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka ninka waɗanda suka samar da Mendip Hills. 
[[Fayil:Cheddar_Gorge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1009277.jpg|thumb|An zana Cheddar Gorge da ruwa]]
Lokacin Carboniferous (shekaru 359-299 da suka wuce) duwatsu suna wakiltar Dutsen Carboniferous Limestone wanda ke samar da tudun Mendip, yana tashi ba zato ba tsammani daga shimfidar wuri na Matakan Somerset.  Dutsen limestone ya ƙunshi burbushin crinoids (sea-lilies), murjani da brachiopods, suna ba da shaida na yawan rayuwar ruwa da ke wanzuwa a cikin ƙananan tekuna masu zafi waɗanda suka mamaye waɗannan wuraren a lokacin.  Wasu tsaunuka, kamar a cikin Mendips, sun fi ƙafa 800 (240 m) sama da matakin teku, kuma daga gare su ne kogunan ruwa ke gudana masu ƙarfi.  Ana iya ganin misalan zaizayar ƙasa a Cheddar Gorge da kogon da ke cikinsa, inda dutsen farar ƙasa mai laushi ya zagaya cikin kwazazzabai da kogo masu zurfi da tsayi.[1]  A ƙarshen Permian (shekaru 299-252 da suka wuce) da lokacin Triassic (shekaru 252-201 da suka wuce), Variscan orogeny ya haifar da tashin hankali na yankunan tsaunuka da yawa ciki har da Dartmoor zuwa kudu, Exmoor, Quantocks da Mendips..

Yawancin shimfidar wurare sun faɗi cikin nau'ikan da tushen ilimin ƙasa ya ƙaddara.  Wadannan shimfidar wurare sune karst na limestone da kuma lias na arewa, tsakiyar lãka valles da dausayi, oolites na gabas da kudu, da Devonian yashi na yamma.  Zuwa arewa-maso-gabas na Matakan Somerset, Mendips manyan tsaunuka ne masu matsakaicin tsayi.  Yankin tsakiyar da yammacin Dutsen Mendip an keɓe shi Wuri Mafi Kyawun Halitta a cikin 1972 kuma ya kai murabba'in kilomita 198 (sq mi).  Babban wurin zama na waɗannan yankuna shine ciyayi mai ƙasƙanci, tare da wasu noman noma.  Somerset Coalfield wani yanki ne na babban filin kwal da ke shimfidawa zuwa Gloucestershire.  A arewacin tsaunin Mendip akwai kwarin Chew kuma a kudu, a kan yumɓun yumɓu, akwai faffadan kwari da ke tallafawa noman kiwo da koguna da ke zubewa zuwa Matakan Somerset.   .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/faqs.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212155444/http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/faqs.php |archive-date=12 February 2009 |access-date=15 September 2016 |website=Mendip Hills AONB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
Tare da sauran Kudancin Yammacin Ingila, Somerset yana da yanayi mai zafi wanda gabaɗaya ya fi damina da laushi fiye da yawancin Ingila.[1]  Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara yana kusan 10 ° C (50 °F).  Bambancin yanayin zafi na yanayi ya yi ƙasa da matsananci fiye da yawancin Ƙasar Ingila saboda matsakaicin tasirin yankunan da ke kusa da teku.  watannin bazara na Yuli da Agusta sune mafi zafi tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin yau da kullun na kusan 21 °C (70 °F).  A cikin hunturu yana nufin mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi na 1 °C (34 °F) ko 2 °C (36 °F) suna gama gari.] A lokacin rani tsarin matsa lamba na Azores yana shafar kudu maso yammacin Ingila, amma gajimare mai ɗaukar nauyi wani lokaci yana tasowa a cikin ƙasa, yana rage adadin sa'o'in hasken rana.  Yawan hasken rana na shekara sun ɗan ƙasa da matsakaicin yanki na sa'o'i 1,600.[1]  Yawancin ruwan sama a cikin kaka da lokacin sanyi yana faruwa ne sakamakon zuwan bakin ciki na Atlantika, wanda ke kawo iska mai cike da danshi daga kudu maso yamma da yamma.  A lokacin rani, yawan ruwan sama yana haifar da hasken rana yana dumama ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da haɗuwa da samuwar ruwa da tsawa.  Matsakaicin ruwan sama yana kusa da 700 mm (28 in), kuma kwanaki takwas zuwa goma sha biyar na ruwan dusar ƙanƙara.  Nuwamba zuwa Maris yana da mafi girman ma'anar iskar, kuma Yuni zuwa Agusta mafi ƙarancin iskoki.  Babbar hanyar iskar ta fito ne daga kudu maso yamma..&lt;ref name=&quot;weather&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Daidaitawa na farko ==
[[Fayil:Somerset_cadbury_castle_modified.jpg|thumb|Gidan sarauta na Cadbury]]
A yawancin yankin da ke kan iyaka da wuraren da ke da ruwa, ana iya noma yawan kayan aiki, iri-iri. Yankin kore da bambancin wuri yana ba da kyakkyawan kiwo ga dabbobi. A wasu yankuna an yi amfani da dutse mai laushi mai laushi da Dolomitic Conglomerate tare da gubar da [[Ore|ma'adanai]] na [[zinc]]. Shaidar zama na farko ya fito ne daga Sweet Track, wanda aka gina daga katako da aka sare a cikin hunturu na 3807-06 BC, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The day the Sweet Track was built |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12617212.800-science-the-day-the-sweet-track-was-built.html |access-date=26 October 2007 |website=New Scientist, 16 June 1990}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ƙauyukan ƙasa kamar Glastonbury Lake Village da tsaunuka masu tsaunuka da tsoffin ƙauyuka a kan tuddai, da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance daga Iron Age. Daga lokacin Romawa har zuwa 1908, tsaunukan Mendip sun kasance muhimmiyar tushen gubar. Wadannan yankuna sun kasance cibiyar manyan masana'antar [[hakar ma'adinai]]; wannan yana nunawa a yankunan da aka gurbata da ƙasa da aka sani a cikin gida kamar &quot;gruffy&quot;; ana zaton kalmar &quot;gruffi&quot; ta samo asali ne daga shafuka da aka rufe da su don cire ma'adinin gubar daga jijiyoyi kusa da farfajiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GB Gruffy Nature Reserve |url=http://www.somersetwildlife.org/gb-gruffy.html |access-date=19 October 2016 |publisher=Somerset Wildlife Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; Calamine, Manganese, baƙin ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe da barytes suma an haƙa su.

Yawancin tuddai, kamar a Cadbury Castle, Ham Hill da Maes Knoll, da kuma kwarin da aka kare sun samar da wuraren karewa ga mazaunan mutane na farko. An kafa kasuwanci da wuri. Babban bambancin ruwa ya ba da damar shiga cikin ƙasa, babban abu ne na rarraba kayayyaki da samarwa, ta amfani da koguna kamar Parrett da Avon. Yankin ruwa na {{Convert|43|ft|m}} ,  shine na biyu kawai zuwa Bay of Fundy a Gabashin Kanada.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 May 2006 |title=Severn Estuary Barrage |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/acrobat/severnpositionmay2006_1508223.pd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155720/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/acrobat/severnpositionmay2006_1508223.pd |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=3 September 2007 |website=UK Environment Agency |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coast: Bristol Channel |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2005/07/04/bristolchannel_feature.shtml |access-date=27 August 2007 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Peat_gatherers.JPG|left|thumb|Taron peat a kan Westhay Moor a cikin 1905]]
Somerset is a predominantly agricultural county with arable cropping and dairy farming; Cheddar cheese is a well-known product. The main field crops include wheat, [[Sha'ir|barley]], oats and root crops, and extensive orchards produce cider apples. Large numbers of cattle and sheep are kept, and Exmoor ponies and red deer roam on the open moorland in the west of the county. Coal was at one time mined in the county; the Somerset Coalfield stretched from Cromhall to the Mendips, and from Nailsea to Bath. The last two pits, at Kilmersdon and Writhlington, closed in 1973.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield |url=http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/mhn/b_s_coal/coal_text.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117010102/http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/mhn/b_s_coal/coal_text.htm |archive-date=17 January 2009 |access-date=9 September 2016 |website=The Mines of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minerals  mined here at one time included iron, lead, zinc, slate and fuller's earth.&lt;ref name=&quot;Everyman&quot; /&gt;

Mendips sune mafi kudancin Carboniferous limestone uplands a Burtaniya. Sun ƙunshi manyan gine-gine guda uku, kowannensu yana da tsakiya na tsoffin dutse Devonian da dutsen dutse na Silurian. Ana fitar da dutse mai laushi don gina dutse da sauran duwatsu don amfani da su a cikin ginin hanya da kuma a matsayin ƙarfe. Ana cire [[Yashi]], dutse da peat a wasu sassan gundumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somerset Minerals Plan |url=http://www.somerset.gov.uk/policies-and-plans/plans/somerset-minerals-plan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917075406/http://www.somerset.gov.uk/policies-and-plans/plans/somerset-minerals-plan/ |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=10 September 2016 |publisher=Somerset County Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da matakan Somerset tsakanin tsoffin garuruwan Glastonbury da Wells don haɓaka withies, sassauƙa, tsokoki mai ƙarfi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi na ƙarni da yawa don yin kayan [[ɗaki]], kwando da shinge. An yanke Willow, an sarrafa shi kuma an yi amfani da shi a kan Matakan tun lokacin da mutane suka koma yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;VisitSomerset&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre |url=http://www.visitsomerset.co.uk/things-to-do/willows-and-wetlands-visitor-centre-p136343 |access-date=9 September 2016 |publisher=Visit Somerset}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano raguwar kwandon willow a kusa da Glastonbury Lake Village, kuma an yi amfani da shi wajen gina hanyoyi da yawa na Iron Age.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somerset Levels |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/opencountry_20041120.shtml |access-date=10 June 2007 |website=BBC Radio 4 – Open Country}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar tana bunƙasa a wuraren da aka adana na wuraren da ke da ruwa, kuma akwai Cibiyar Baƙi ta Willows da Wetlands a Stoke St Gregory . &lt;ref name=&quot;VisitSomerset&quot; /&gt;

Baya ga noma da masana'antu masu alaƙa, gami da yin cider, cuku da yogurt, da kuma cire peat, gundumar ba ta da masana'anta. Ya kasance yana da hannu a cikin ƙera jirage masu saukar ungulu, wasu masana'antu masu nauyi da ke da alaƙa da tsaro, hawan dutse da hakar dutse da yashi, yin tubali da yin tayal, da kuma ƙera takalma, takalma da takalma, amma yawancin waɗannan masana'antu sun ƙi. Yawon shakatawa yana daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kudin shiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;tourism&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Employers in Somerset |url=http://www.somerset-chamber.co.uk/somerset_employers.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904091706/http://www.somerset-chamber.co.uk/somerset_employers.htm |archive-date=4 September 2006 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=Somerset Chamber of Commerce}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankunan da aka kare ==
[[Fayil:Deer_in_the_Quarme_valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_767046.jpg|thumb|Deer a cikin filin shakatawa na Exmoor]]
Kwarin Gordano a yammacin Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bristol ya wuce garuruwan da ke bakin teku na Portishead da Clevedon. An sanya shi a matsayin ajiyar yanayi na kasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gordano Valley NNR |url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/nnr/1006061.aspx |access-date=31 January 2010 |publisher=Natural England}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yawancin matafiya na iya lura da shi a kan babbar Hanyar M5 ta kudu. Kwarin Chew wata hanya ce mai sarrafa ruwa da kuma gandun daji a wannan yanki. Kwarin Avon zuwa Gabashin Bristol ya ci gaba zuwa Bath da bayan zuwa Wiltshire. Yankin yammacin tsaunukan Mendip, tun daga shekara ta 1972, an sanya shi Yankin Kyautattun Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Kyakkyawa (AONB) a ƙarƙashin Gidan shakatawa na Kasa da Samun damar Dokar Ƙauye ta 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the AONB |url=http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/about-the-aonb/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220035953/http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/about-the-aonb/ |archive-date=20 February 2015 |access-date=3 May 2015 |publisher=Mendip Hills AONB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;desig&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) |url=http://www.somerset.gov.uk/environment-and-planning/countryside/areas-of-natural-beauty-aonb/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230012720/http://www.somerset.gov.uk/environment-and-planning/countryside/areas-of-natural-beauty-aonb/ |archive-date=30 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2015 |publisher=Somerset County Council}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya Blackdown Hills a matsayin AONB a cikin 1991,  kuma Quantock Hills sun riƙe matsayin tun 1956, irin wannan sunan na farko a Ingila a ƙarƙashin Dokar. &lt;ref name=&quot;aonb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is an AONB |url=http://www.blackdown-hills.net/What-is-an-AONB.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601222116/http://www.blackdown-hills.net/What-is-an-AONB.html |archive-date=2008-06-01 |access-date=13 May 2008 |website=Blackdown Hills AONB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Quantock Hills AONB Service Website |url=http://www.somerset.gov.uk/countryside/quantockhills/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724204538/http://www.somerset.gov.uk/countryside/quantockhills |archive-date=24 July 2008 |access-date=11 April 2008 |website=Quantock Hills AONB |publisher=Somerset County Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matakan Somerset yanki ne mai laushi na muhimmancin kasa da kasa, tare da adadi mai yawa na tsuntsaye da ke cikin hunturu a can.&lt;ref name=&quot;VisitSomerset&quot;/&gt;

Exmoor wurin shakatawa ne na kasa wanda ke kewaye da yankuna biyu tare da 71% a Somerset da 29% a Devon. Yankin wurin shakatawa, wanda ya haɗa da Brendon Hills da Vale of Porlock yana da  kilomita 692.8 (267.5 sq  na tsaunuka masu budewa kuma wurin shakatawa yana da kilomita 55 (34  na bakin teku.&lt;ref name=&quot;exmoor-nationalpark1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 October 1954 |title=Moor Facts |url=http://www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk/index/learning_about/moor_facts.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724224326/http://www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk/index/learning_about/moor_facts.htm |archive-date=24 July 2008 |access-date=1 August 2009 |publisher=Exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Steep Holm an kare shi azaman ajiyar yanayi da kuma Shafin Nazarin Kimiyya na Musamman (SSSI). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citation&amp;nbsp;– Steep Holm |url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002935.pdf |access-date=6 September 2007 |website=English Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin tsuntsayen teku suna zaune ko ziyartar tsibirin, musamman European herring gulls '' (Larus argentatus) '' da Lesser black-backed gulls ('' (Larus fuscus) ''),  amma galibi ana kiyaye shi ne don sha'awar botanical; shi ne kawai shafin a cikin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] inda peonies na daji ke girma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Stanley |date=1936 |title=Birds of the Island of Steep Holm |url=http://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V30/V30_N07/V30_N07_P219_223_A038.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=British Birds |volume=xxx |pages=219–223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712230257/http://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V30/V30_N07/V30_N07_P219_223_A038.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2015 |access-date=12 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Steep Holm Island, Somerset |url=http://www.wildlifetrusts.org/who-we-are/history/rothschild-reserves/steep-holm-island-somerset |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712223736/http://www.wildlifetrusts.org/who-we-are/history/rothschild-reserves/steep-holm-island-somerset |archive-date=2015-07-12 |access-date=12 September 2016 |publisher=The Wildlife Trusts}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Green belt ===
Gundumar ta ƙunshi sassan mil da yawa na yankin belin kore na Avon, wanda ya fara ne don hana yaduwar birane daga Bristol da Bath da aka gina a yankunan karkara na Arewacin Somerset, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Somerset Futures Local Development Framework - North Somerset Green Belt Assessment - South West of Bristol |url=https://www.n-somerset.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/SD-50-green-belt-assessment-South-West-of-Bristol.pdf |website=www.n-somerset.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bath da Arewa maso Gabashin Somerset &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bath &amp; North East Somerset Green Belt Review |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/sites/default/files/sitedocuments/Planning-and-Building-Control/Planning-Policy/Evidence-Base/Environment/gbr_stage1_report.pdf |website=www.bathnes.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; da gundumomin Mendip &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PROTECTING AND ENHANCING ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS |url=http://www.mendip.gov.uk/localplan2002/HTML%20Statement/html_statment/09_protecting_enhancing_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093208/http://www.mendip.gov.uk/localplan2002/HTML%20Statement/html_statment/09_protecting_enhancing_7.html |archive-date=13 January 2018 |access-date=12 January 2018 |website=www.mendip.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin gundumar, da kuma kula da ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da su. Ya shimfiɗa daga bakin teku tsakanin garuruwan Portishead da Clevedon, ya shimfiɗa zuwa gabas bayan Nailsea, a kusa da Bristol conurbation, kuma ta hanyar birnin Bath. Yankin kore ya haɗu da Yankin Mendip Hills na Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Kyakkyawa (AONB) tare da iyakarsa ta kudu, kuma ya haɗu le Cotswolds AONB ta hanyar gabashinsa tare da iyaka na gundumar Wiltshire, yana haifar da wani yanki mai tsawo wanda aka kare daga ci gaban da bai dace ba.

== Karamar hukuma ==
Gundumar Somerset ta kasu kashi biyar da yankuna biyu na iko (waɗanda majalisun suka haɗu da ayyukan gundumar da gundumar). gundumomi biyar sune West Somerset, South Somerset، Taunton Deane, Mendip da Sedgemoor, kuma hukumomin guda biyu sune North Somerset da Bath &amp; North East Somerset . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Avon (Structural Change) Order 1995 |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1995/Uksi_19950493_en_1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130105206/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1995/Uksi_19950493_en_1.htm |archive-date=30 January 2008 |access-date=10 September 2016 |website=HMSO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sadarwa ==
[[Fayil:Bristol_airport_overview.jpg|thumb|Filin jirgin saman Bristol yana cikin Arewacin Somerset]]

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Tsibirin Null</title>
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Null Island shine wurin da ke da digiri na latitude da digiri na tsawon (0°N 0°E / 0°N 0 °E / 0; 0), watau, inda firaministan da ma'auni suka haɗu. Tun da babu wani yanki da ke cikin waɗannan ma'auni, ba ainihin [[tsibirin]] ba ne. Ana amfani da sunan sau da yawa a cikin software na taswirar a matsayin mai riƙe wuri don taimakawa ganowa da gyara shigarwar bayanan da aka ba da kuskuren ma'auni 0.0. Kodayake &quot;Null Island&quot; ya fara ne a matsayin wasa a cikin al'ummar geospatial, ya zama hanya mai amfani don magance batun da ke faruwa akai-akai a kimiyyar bayanai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Juhasz |first=Levente |last2=Mooney |first2=Peter |date=2022 |title=&quot;I Think i Discovered a Military Base in the Middle of the Ocean&quot;—Null Island, the Most Real of Fictional Places |journal=IEEE Access |volume=10 |pages=84147–84165 |arxiv=2204.08383 |bibcode=2022IEEEA..1084147J |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3197222 |issn=2169-3536 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ciki ==
Ma'anar da ke kan farfajiyar duniya da aka bayyana a matsayin tsibirin Null tana cikin ruwan kasa da kasa a cikin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], kimanin kilomita 600 (320  daga bakin tekun [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], a cikin [[Tekun Guinea]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;onge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=St. Onge |first=Tim |date=22 April 2016 |title=The Geographical Oddity of Null Island |url=http://blogs.loc.gov/maps/2016/04/the-geographical-oddity-of-null-island/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512183906/http://blogs.loc.gov/maps/2016/04/the-geographical-oddity-of-null-island/ |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |publisher=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani buoy na yanayi, mai suna Soul buoy bayan nau'in kiɗa na rai, an rataye shi a wurin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huet |first=Sylvestre |date=1 December 1998 |title=Après le Pacifique, l'Atlantique équipé de bouées de surveillance |url=https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/1998/12/01/apres-le-pacifique-l-atlantique-equipe-de-bouees-de-surveillance-l-ocean-maitre-du-temps-debut-novem_254860/ |website=Libération |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHuet1998&quot;&gt;Huet, Sylvestre (1 December 1998). [https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/1998/12/01/apres-le-pacifique-l-atlantique-equipe-de-bouees-de-surveillance-l-ocean-maitre-du-temps-debut-novem_254860/ &quot;Après le Pacifique, l'Atlantique équipé de bouées de surveillance&quot;]. ''Libération'' (in French).&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

The nearest land to Null Island is a small islet {{Convert|307.8|nmi|km mi nmi|0}} to the north (&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|4|45|30|N|1|58|33|W}}) that is part of [[Ghana]]. The nearest point on the mainland is Achowa Point between [[Akwidaa]] and [[Dixcove]], both in Ghana. 

Rashin zurfin teku a ƙarƙashin Soul buoy yana kusa da mita 4,940 (16,210 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Frank |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Welcome to Null Island, where lost data goes to die |url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/null-island/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209153114/https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/null-island/ |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Big Think |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da lissafin bayanai da bayanan wuri, an haɗa haɗin gwiwar tsibirin Null zuwa taswirar taswirar jama'a ta Duniya c.  2010-2011, bayan haka kalmar ta yi amfani da ita sosai (ko da yake akwai shaidar da aka yi amfani da shi a baya Tun daga wannan lokacin, &quot;tsibirin&quot; yana da, ta hanyar almara, an ba shi labarin kasa, tarihi, da tuta. Duniyar Halitta ta kwatanta mahallin a matsayin &quot;tsibirin murabba'in mita 1&quot; (mita 1 (sq ft)) tare da &quot;ma'auni, ba za a nuna shi a cikin sunan 10 ba&quot;.  &quot;Null&quot; yana nufin haɗin kai guda biyu na sifili, kamar yadda ƙima mara kyau (mai nuna rashin bayanai) galibi ana tilastawa zuwa ƙimar 0 lokacin da aka canza zuwa mahallin lamba ko mahallin &quot;babu-nulls yarda&quot; mahallin.

Ana amfani da wurin ta hanyar tsarin taswirar don kama kurakurai.&lt;ref name=&quot;NED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaughn Kelso |first=Nathaniel |last2=Patterson |first2=Tom |date=31 January 2011 |title=Natural Earth version 1.3 release notes |url=http://www.naturalearthdata.com/blog/natural-earth-version-1-3-release-notes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215241/http://www.naturalearthdata.com/blog/natural-earth-version-1-3-release-notes/ |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |website=Natural Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin waɗannan kurakurai suna tasowa, alal misali, inda kayan tarihi na hoto ke da alaƙa da wuri ta hanyar software wanda ba zai iya danganta geoposition ba, kuma a maimakon haka yana haɗa latitude da longitude na &quot;Null,Null&quot; ko &quot;0,0&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=St. Onge |first=Tim |date=9 May 2016 |title=Null Island is One of the Most Visited Places on Earth. Too Bad It Doesn't Exist |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/null-island-is-one-of-the-most-visited-places-on-earth-too-bad-it-doesnt-exist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825062049/http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/null-island-is-one-of-the-most-visited-places-on-earth-too-bad-it-doesnt-exist |archive-date=25 August 2017 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=Atlas Obscura}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda Bellingcat ya ruwaito a watan Janairun 2018, wasu bayanan da aka tsara zuwa wurin sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru na aiki daga aikace-aikacen bin diddigin motsa jiki na Strava, a bayyane yake an tsara su zuwa wurin saboda masu amfani da ke shiga &quot;0,0&quot; don ɓoye ainihin wuraren su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toler&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aric |first=Toler |date=29 January 2018 |title=How to Use and Interpret Data from Strava's Activity Map |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2018/01/29/strava-interpretation-guide/ |access-date=2 February 2018 |website=[[Bellingcat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Soul buoy ==
Buoy (&quot;Station 13010 - Soul&quot;) wani bangare ne na tsarin PIRATA, saiti na buoys 17 da aka girka a cikin Tekun Atlantika mai zafi tun daga 1997 ta Amurka, Faransa, da Brazil.&lt;ref name=&quot;ndbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Station 13010 - Soul |url=http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.php?station=13010 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=National Data Buoy Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar sauran buoys a cikin tsarin, an sanya masa suna ne bayan nau'in kiɗa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huet |first=Sylvestre |date=1 December 1998 |title=Après le Pacifique, l'Atlantique équipé de bouées de surveillance |url=https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/1998/12/01/apres-le-pacifique-l-atlantique-equipe-de-bouees-de-surveillance-l-ocean-maitre-du-temps-debut-novem_254860/ |website=Libération |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System (ATLAS) buoy wanda yake da siffar conical da mita 3.8 (12  tsawo. An ɗaure shi da kebul zuwa kasan teku.

Jirgin ya ɓace kasa da shekara guda bayan shigarwa, kuma an maye gurbinsa a shekarar 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huet |first=Sylvestre |date=1 December 1998 |title=Après le Pacifique, l'Atlantique équipé de bouées de surveillance |url=https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/1998/12/01/apres-le-pacifique-l-atlantique-equipe-de-bouees-de-surveillance-l-ocean-maitre-du-temps-debut-novem_254860/ |website=Libération |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHuet1998&quot;&gt;Huet, Sylvestre (1 December 1998). [https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/1998/12/01/apres-le-pacifique-l-atlantique-equipe-de-bouees-de-surveillance-l-ocean-maitre-du-temps-debut-novem_254860/ &quot;Après le Pacifique, l'Atlantique équipé de bouées de surveillance&quot;]. ''Libération'' (in French).&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da buoy ɗin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WMO Numbers |url=https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/gtmba/wmo-numbers-0#PIRATA |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=NOAA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Status of PIRATA T-Flex Implementation |url=https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/gtmba/pirata-t-flex-implementation |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=NOAA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Colonel Bleep - zane-zane na 1957 wanda ya faru a kan &quot;Zero Zero Island&quot; (watau, Null Island), inda ma'aunin duniya ya hadu da Greenwich Meridian
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwpA&quot;&gt;Latitude Zero&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; - fim na 1969 game da wani Utopia na almara wanda aka sanya a ma'auni 0.0 a kasan Tekun Guinea</text>
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Null Island shine wurin da ke da digiri na latitude da digiri na tsawon (0°N 0°E / 0°N 0 °E / 0; 0), watau, inda firaministan da ma'auni suka haɗu. Tun da babu wani yanki da ke cikin waɗannan ma'auni, ba ainihin [[tsibirin]] ba ne. Ana amfani da sunan sau da yawa a cikin software na taswirar a matsayin mai riƙe wuri don taimakawa ganowa da gyara shigarwar bayanan da aka ba da kuskuren ma'auni 0.0. Kodayake &quot;Null Island&quot; ya fara ne a matsayin wasa a cikin al'ummar geospatial, ya zama hanya mai amfani don magance batun da ke faruwa akai-akai a kimiyyar bayanai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Juhasz |first=Levente |last2=Mooney |first2=Peter |date=2022 |title=&quot;I Think i Discovered a Military Base in the Middle of the Ocean&quot;—Null Island, the Most Real of Fictional Places |journal=IEEE Access |volume=10 |pages=84147–84165 |arxiv=2204.08383 |bibcode=2022IEEEA..1084147J |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3197222 |issn=2169-3536 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ciki ==
Ma'anar da ke kan farfajiyar duniya da aka bayyana a matsayin tsibirin Null tana cikin ruwan kasa da kasa a cikin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], kimanin kilomita 600 (320  daga bakin tekun [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], a cikin [[Tekun Guinea]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;onge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=St. Onge |first=Tim |date=22 April 2016 |title=The Geographical Oddity of Null Island |url=http://blogs.loc.gov/maps/2016/04/the-geographical-oddity-of-null-island/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512183906/http://blogs.loc.gov/maps/2016/04/the-geographical-oddity-of-null-island/ |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |publisher=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani buoy na yanayi, mai suna Soul buoy bayan nau'in kiɗa na rai, an rataye shi a wurin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huet |first=Sylvestre |date=1 December 1998 |title=Après le Pacifique, l'Atlantique équipé de bouées de surveillance |url=https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/1998/12/01/apres-le-pacifique-l-atlantique-equipe-de-bouees-de-surveillance-l-ocean-maitre-du-temps-debut-novem_254860/ |website=Libération |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHuet1998&quot;&gt;Huet, Sylvestre (1 December 1998). [https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/1998/12/01/apres-le-pacifique-l-atlantique-equipe-de-bouees-de-surveillance-l-ocean-maitre-du-temps-debut-novem_254860/ &quot;Après le Pacifique, l'Atlantique équipé de bouées de surveillance&quot;]. ''Libération'' (in French).&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

The nearest land to Null Island is a small islet {{Convert|307.8|nmi|km mi nmi|0}} to the north (&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|4|45|30|N|1|58|33|W}}) that is part of [[Ghana]]. The nearest point on the mainland is Achowa Point between [[Akwidaa]] and [[Dixcove]], both in Ghana. 

Rashin zurfin teku a ƙarƙashin Soul buoy yana kusa da mita 4,940 (16,210 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Frank |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Welcome to Null Island, where lost data goes to die |url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/null-island/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209153114/https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/null-island/ |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Big Think |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da lissafin bayanai da bayanan wuri, an haɗa haɗin gwiwar tsibirin Null zuwa taswirar taswirar jama'a ta Duniya c.  2010-2011, bayan haka kalmar ta yi amfani da ita sosai (ko da yake akwai shaidar da aka yi amfani da shi a baya Tun daga wannan lokacin, &quot;tsibirin&quot; yana da, ta hanyar almara, an ba shi labarin kasa, tarihi, da tuta. Duniyar Halitta ta kwatanta mahallin a matsayin &quot;tsibirin murabba'in mita 1&quot; (mita 1 (sq ft)) tare da &quot;ma'auni, ba za a nuna shi a cikin sunan 10 ba&quot;.  &quot;Null&quot; yana nufin haɗin kai guda biyu na sifili, kamar yadda ƙima mara kyau (mai nuna rashin bayanai) galibi ana tilastawa zuwa ƙimar 0 lokacin da aka canza zuwa mahallin lamba ko mahallin &quot;babu-nulls yarda&quot; mahallin.

Ana amfani da wurin ta hanyar tsarin taswirar don kama kurakurai.&lt;ref name=&quot;NED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaughn Kelso |first=Nathaniel |last2=Patterson |first2=Tom |date=31 January 2011 |title=Natural Earth version 1.3 release notes |url=http://www.naturalearthdata.com/blog/natural-earth-version-1-3-release-notes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215241/http://www.naturalearthdata.com/blog/natural-earth-version-1-3-release-notes/ |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |website=Natural Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin waɗannan kurakurai suna tasowa, alal misali, inda kayan tarihi na hoto ke da alaƙa da wuri ta hanyar software wanda ba zai iya danganta geoposition ba, kuma a maimakon haka yana haɗa latitude da longitude na &quot;Null,Null&quot; ko &quot;0,0&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=St. Onge |first=Tim |date=9 May 2016 |title=Null Island is One of the Most Visited Places on Earth. Too Bad It Doesn't Exist |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/null-island-is-one-of-the-most-visited-places-on-earth-too-bad-it-doesnt-exist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825062049/http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/null-island-is-one-of-the-most-visited-places-on-earth-too-bad-it-doesnt-exist |archive-date=25 August 2017 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=Atlas Obscura}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda Bellingcat ya ruwaito a watan Janairun 2018, wasu bayanan da aka tsara zuwa wurin sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru na aiki daga aikace-aikacen bin diddigin motsa jiki na Strava, a bayyane yake an tsara su zuwa wurin saboda masu amfani da ke shiga &quot;0,0&quot; don ɓoye ainihin wuraren su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toler&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aric |first=Toler |date=29 January 2018 |title=How to Use and Interpret Data from Strava's Activity Map |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2018/01/29/strava-interpretation-guide/ |access-date=2 February 2018 |website=[[Bellingcat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Soul buoy ==
Buoy (&quot;Station 13010 - Soul&quot;) wani bangare ne na tsarin PIRATA, saiti na buoys 17 da aka girka a cikin Tekun Atlantika mai zafi tun daga 1997 ta Amurka, Faransa, da Brazil.&lt;ref name=&quot;ndbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Station 13010 - Soul |url=http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.php?station=13010 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=National Data Buoy Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar sauran buoys a cikin tsarin, an sanya masa suna ne bayan nau'in kiɗa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huet |first=Sylvestre |date=1 December 1998 |title=Après le Pacifique, l'Atlantique équipé de bouées de surveillance |url=https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/1998/12/01/apres-le-pacifique-l-atlantique-equipe-de-bouees-de-surveillance-l-ocean-maitre-du-temps-debut-novem_254860/ |website=Libération |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System (ATLAS) buoy wanda yake da siffar conical da mita 3.8 (12  tsawo. An ɗaure shi da kebul zuwa kasan teku.

Jirgin ya ɓace kasa da shekara guda bayan shigarwa, kuma an maye gurbinsa a shekarar 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huet |first=Sylvestre |date=1 December 1998 |title=Après le Pacifique, l'Atlantique équipé de bouées de surveillance |url=https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/1998/12/01/apres-le-pacifique-l-atlantique-equipe-de-bouees-de-surveillance-l-ocean-maitre-du-temps-debut-novem_254860/ |website=Libération |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHuet1998&quot;&gt;Huet, Sylvestre (1 December 1998). [https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/1998/12/01/apres-le-pacifique-l-atlantique-equipe-de-bouees-de-surveillance-l-ocean-maitre-du-temps-debut-novem_254860/ &quot;Après le Pacifique, l'Atlantique équipé de bouées de surveillance&quot;]. ''Libération'' (in French).&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da buoy ɗin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WMO Numbers |url=https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/gtmba/wmo-numbers-0#PIRATA |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=NOAA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Status of PIRATA T-Flex Implementation |url=https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/gtmba/pirata-t-flex-implementation |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=NOAA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Colonel Bleep - zane-zane na 1957 wanda ya faru a kan &quot;Zero Zero Island&quot; (watau, Null Island), inda ma'aunin duniya ya hadu da Greenwich Meridian
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwpA&quot;&gt;Latitude Zero&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; - fim na 1969 game da wani Utopia na almara wanda aka sanya a ma'auni 0.0 a kasan Tekun Guinea

==Manazarta==
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    <title>'Yancin Dan Adam a Japan</title>
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      <text bytes="137077" sha1="a2sabdzrq5xk34g1nlp0iu0h4jm4cx8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Japan]] mulkin mallaka ne na tsarin mulki. The Human Rights Scores Dataverse ya sanya Japan a wani wuri a tsakiya tsakanin ƙasashen G7 akan aikinta na haƙƙin ɗan adam, a ƙasa da [['Yancin Dan Adam a Jamus|Jamus]] da Kanada da sama da Ingila, [['Yancin Dan Adam a Faransa|Faransa]], Italiya, da [['Yancin Dan Adam a Amurka|Amurka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fariss |first=Christopher |date=2019-05-27 |title=Latent Human Rights Protection Scores Version 3 |url=https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/TADPGE |language=en |publisher=Harvard Dataverse |doi=10.7910/DVN/TADPGE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdigar Ƙasashe masu rauni ta sanya Japan ta biyu a ƙarshe a cikin G7 bayan Amurka a kan &quot;Human Rights and Rule of Law&quot; sub-indicator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Data {{!}} Fragile States Index |url=https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/ |access-date=2020-03-18 |website=fragilestatesindex.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da kididdigar Ma'aikatar Shari'a (MOJ) don 2022, hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam na MOJ sun sami shawarwari 159,864 kan take hakkin dan adam, sun kammala shari'o'i 7,627 na matakan gyara ga wadanda abin ya shafa, kuma sun fara shari'o-tafiye 7,859 na matakan gyarawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;moj2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=令和4年における「人権侵犯事件」の状況について（概要） |url=https://www.moj.go.jp/content/001393246.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915090717/https://www.moj.go.jp/content/001393246.pdf |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Ministry of Justice (Japan) |page=3-5, 25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin shari’o’in da MOJ ta kammala gyara ga wadanda abin ya shafa, mafi yawan shari’o’in da suka shafi nuna wariya sun hada da burakumin wariya (406), sai nakasassu, marasa lafiya, mazauna kasashen waje, mata, tsofaffi, da asalin jinsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;moj2022&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin shari'o'in da MOJ ta fara aiwatarwa ga wadanda abin ya shafa, 18.6% sun hada da keta sirri, 14.5% sun shafi haƙƙin ma'aikata, 13.3% sun haɗa da cin zarafi a makaranta, 12.8% sun haɗa da cin zarafi da cin zarafi, 10.2% sun haɗa da karba da tilastawa. A cewar MOJ, yawan take hakkin dan Adam ya ragu daga shekara zuwa shekara, amma yawan laifukan cin zarafi da keta hakkin bil'adama a Intanet ya kasance da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;moj2022&quot; /&gt;

Baƙi a Japan na iya fuskantar take haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ƴan ƙasar Japan ba sa yi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kafofin watsa labaru na yammacin Turai sun ba da rahoton cewa kamfanoni na Japan suna yawan kwace fasfo na ma'aikatan baƙo a Japan, musamman ma'aikatan da ba su da kwarewa daga Philippines da sauran ƙasashe masu talauci na Asiya.

== Manyan batutuwa ==
Japan tana da hukuncin aikata laifuka sama da kashi 99%. A lokuta da yawa, kotuna sun yarda da ikirarin da aka tilasta musu kuma sun saki wadanda ke kurkuku. Don magance wannan, an zartar da doka a cikin 2016 wanda ke buƙatar yin wasu tambayoyi a bidiyo. Koyaya, wannan ya shafi kawai mutanen da ake zargi da manyan laifuka, kamar kisan kai, ƙonewa da satar mutane, waɗanda suka kai kashi 3% kawai na shari'o'in. A cikin ƙasashen shari'a na yau da kullun waɗanda ke yin shari'a ta hanyar juriya, babban ƙimar yanke hukunci na iya nuna cewa waɗanda ake tuhuma ba sa karɓar [[Ƴancin gwaji|Shari'a mai kyau]]. Wani lokaci masu gabatar da kara na Japan sun yanke shawarar kada su gurfanar da su a cikin ƙananan laifuka ko kuma lokacin da akwai babban yiwuwar rashin laifi. Wasu masu bincike na Japan sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan yanke hukunci a Japan. Adadin masu gabatar da kara a Japan ya kai 33.4%. Ba a bi kashi 64.3 cikin dari ba. Japan kuma tana aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke da niyya, kamar yadda wasu manyan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da [[Tarayyar Turai]] ke yi (duba Hukuncin kisa a Japan).

Akwai cece-kuce da yawa da suka shafi zamantakewa da shari'a na tsiraru. Ko da yake Jafanawa suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin mutane iri ɗaya, ƴan tsiraru sun wanzu, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya. Mafi yawan ƴan tsiraru su ne hisabetsu buraku miliyan biyu zuwa huɗu (&quot;al'ummomin da ake nuna wariya&quot;), zuriyar ƙazamar ƙauyen Japan na feudal. Sauran irin wadannan tsiraru sun hada da Ainu, ’yan asalin arewacin Japan, da kuma mutanen Okinawa. Har ila yau, kasar Japan tana da mazauna 'yan asalin Koriya da Sinawa dubu dari da dama wadanda tare da sauran mazauna kasashen waje suka fuskanci bambancin salo da wariya.

== Tsarin shari'a ==

=== Furci ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Kundin Laifukan sun hada da tsare-tsare don tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya tilasta wa wanda ake zargi da aikata laifin aikata laifi ba. A shekara ta 2003, an daina amfani da bel ɗin hana fata. An kafa ƙuƙumi masu laushi na fata ba tare da bel na jiki ba a matsayin madadin na'urorin hanawa. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta bukaci kasar Japan da ta sake fasalin hanyoyin binciken ‘yan sanda.

=== Mutuwar fursunoni ===
Akwai bayanan fursunoni a Japan da suka mutu a cikin wani yanayi na zato yayin da suke tsare.

* A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1994, Arjang Mehrpooran na ƙasar Iran ya mutu daga abubuwan da ba a sani ba yayin da yake tsare don keta visa a ofishin 'yan sanda na Minami Senju. An yi zargin cewa an kai masa hari ne ya haifar da mutuwarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Imtiaz A. Chaudhry |title=Japanese Government's Mysterious Policies |url=http://www.tabunka.org/newsletter/immigration_p1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425151055/http://www.tabunka.org/newsletter/immigration_p1.html |archive-date=April 25, 2009 |access-date=May 19, 2010 |publisher=United for a Multicultural Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 1997, Mousavi Abarbe Kouh Mir Hossein, ɗan ƙasar Iran, ya karye wuyansa kuma ya mutu yayin da yake cikin kulawar Cibiyar Kula da Shige da Fice ta Kita Ward.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1998 |title=1998 Annual Report for Japan |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/annualreport.php?id=ar&amp;yr=1998&amp;c=JPN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218150859/http://www.amnestyusa.org/annualreport.php?id=ar&amp;yr=1998&amp;c=JPN |archive-date=February 18, 2011 |access-date=May 19, 2010 |publisher=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekara ta 2001, an ruwaito cewa masu tsaron gidan yarin [[Nagoya]] guda biyu sun yayyafa bututun ruwa mai karfi a jikin wani fursuna &quot;marasa iko&quot;, wanda ya haifar da mutuwarsa washegari. A sakamakon shari'arsa ta Maris 2003, an gargadi mai kula da gidan don hana ci gaba da cin zarafin da ma'aikatansa suka yi.
* A shekara ta 2002, wani fursuna a gidan yarin [[Nagoya]] ya mutu bayan masu gadi, a matsayin matakin horo, sun yi amfani da maɓallin fata da belin jiki da aka yi amfani da shi sosai.
* A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2010, Abubaka Awudu Suraj, ɗan ƙasar [[Ghana]], ya mutu yayin da yake hannun Ofishin Shige da Fice na Japan yayin da aka kore shi daga Japan.
* A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2021, Wishma Sandamali, wata mace ta Sri Lanka, ta mutu a tsare a wani wurin tsare shige da fice a Nagoya bayan an hana roƙonta na sakin wucin gadi da isasshen kulawa.

A shekara ta 2003, Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta kafa wata tawaga ta musamman da za ta binciki mutuwar fursunoni 1,566 daga 1993 zuwa 2002. Wani rahoto na farko ya nuna cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na shari’o’in sun ƙunshi abubuwa da ake tuhuma. Koyaya, a cikin watan Yuni, Ma'aikatar ta sanar da cewa akwai alamun cin zarafi kawai a cikin asarar rayuka biyu na Nagoya. Dangane da sauran mutuwar da ake zargin, Ma'aikatar ta ce ana iya danganta mutuwar kusan 10 da rashin kulawar lafiya. Hukumomi sun ba da rahoton cewa sun yi asarar takardun mutuwar mutane tara a gidan yarin Fuchū na [[Tokyo]]. Ragowar mutuwar an ƙaddara cewa &quot;ba za a yi shakka ba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Japan |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27772.htm |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga watan Mayun 2019, Japan ba ta rattaba hannu ko amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar Yaƙi da azabtarwa da sauran Mummunan Jiyya ko Hukunci.

=== Tsarin kurkuku ===
Yanayin kurkuku ya cika ka'idojin kasa da kasa; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JAPAN 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/277329.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420183856/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/277329.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-20 |website=state.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da cewa wasu ba su da isasshen kulawar lafiya da isassun dumama a lokacin sanyi ko sanyaya a lokacin rani kuma wasu wuraren sun cika makil. An hana fursunoni su saya ko karɓar ƙarin abinci. Yayin da ake ajiye bayanan kisa na tsawon shekaru 10, yawancinsu sun bace, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da bitar tsarin gidan yari. Fursunoni suna aiki a matsakaicin iya aiki 117%.  A wasu cibiyoyin, an sanya fursunoni biyu a cikin ɗakunan da aka tsara don fursunoni ɗaya, kuma talatin ko sittin a cikin ɗakuna da aka tsara na 15.

A cewar jami'an gidan yarin na Fuchū da Yokohama, kulawar likitoci ba ta cika ba. Ofishin gyaran fuska na MOJ ma ya yarda cewa wuraren gyara ba su da shiri na likita. Tawagar Gwamnati kan lamurran Likitoci na Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya sun ci gaba da tuntubar ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa a kan batutuwan da suka shafi ƙara yawan ma'aikatan lafiya, haɓaka yanayin kiwon lafiya a cikin dare da ƙarshen mako, da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma. A watan Mayu, Ministan ya kafa wani karamin kwamiti don inganta cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar gidan yari.

A wasu cibiyoyin tufafi da barguna ba su isa su kare fursunoni daga yanayin sanyi ba. Galibin gidajen yari ba sa samar da dumama a lokutan sanyi a lokacin sanyi duk da sanyin sanyi, lamarin da ya sa fursunonin gamuwa da raunukan sanyi da za a iya hana su. Fursunonin kasashen waje a yankin Tokyo sun ci gaba da gabatar wa jami'an diflomasiyya masu ziyara a cikin wannan shekarar yatsu da yatsu da sanyin sanyi ya shafa, sakamakon kamuwa da sanyi na dogon lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Japan |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2012/eap/204206.htm |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyin Japan, hukumomi suna ba da izini su karanta wasiƙun da fursunoni suka aika ko aka karɓa kuma ba a buƙatar su bayyana wannan aikin ga fursunoni. Idan abun cikin ana ganin &quot;bai dace ba&quot;, ana iya tantance wasiƙar ko kwace. An kula da duk ziyarar da fursunoni da aka yanke wa hukunci; duk da haka, fursunonin da shari'o'insu ke kan shari'a an ba su damar shiga cikin sirri ga wakilansu na doka.

Ba a buƙatar MOJ ta sanar da dangin wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa kafin a kashe shi. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun bayyana cewa, suma lauyoyin ba a sanar da hukuncin kisa ba sai bayan da aka yanke hukuncin kisa kuma an tsare fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa na tsawon shekaru a gidan yari ba tare da wata alaka da kowa ba sai masu gadin gidan yari. Ba za a iya ba da izini ga kowane dalili ba, gami da dalilai na likita da na jin kai, har sai wani fursuna ya cika kashi biyu bisa uku na hukuncin daurinsa.

JFBA da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama sun soki tsarin gidan yari, tare da mai da hankali kan tsauraran ladabtarwa da kuma biyayya ga dokoki da dama. Dokokin gidan yari sun kasance sirri. Yayin da dokar tilasta bin doka ta gidan yari ta bayyana cewa iyakar lokacin da za a iya tsare fursunoni a cikin ɗaki ɗaya shine watanni 6, masu fafutuka sun yi iƙirarin cewa masu gadin sun ci gaba da samun fa'ida sosai wajen aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen zaɓe, gami da &quot;ƙananan ɗaurin kurkuku&quot;, wanda za'a iya sanya shi aƙalla 1 kuma bai wuce kwanaki 60 ba. An kuma yi iƙirarin cewa a wasu lokuta ana tilasta wa fursunoni durƙusa ba motsi a cikin ɗakin da babu kowa na sa'o'i da yawa a lokaci guda; duk da haka, an bar baki da nakasassu su zauna a kan wani katafaren kujera, bisa ga shawarar mai kula da gidan yarin.

A cikin Disamba, [yaushe?] Majalisar Dattawa ta zartar da dokar da aka yiwa Laifuka da kuma sake duba dokar gidan yari ta 1908. Dokar Laifukan-Laifi ta yi kira da a biya diyya da shawarwari ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi, kiyaye haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa, da ba da bayanan binciken laifuka. Da nufin ƙarfafa hukunce-hukunce a kan masu aikata laifuka, bita na dokar Penal Code ta kafa sabbin tuhume-tuhume kan aikata laifin fyade ga ƙungiyoyi, ƙara mafi girman zaman gidan yari da hukunce-hukuncen laifuffukan da ke barazana ga rayuwa, da kuma tsawaita ka'idojin zartar da manyan laifuka daga shekaru 15 zuwa 29.

A cikin Fabrairun 2003, gwamnati ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Canja Hukunce-hukunce, ta ba da damar fursunonin kasashen waje su gabatar da kara don cika hukuncin daurinsu a kasarsu. Gwamnati ta kara da cewa dole ne fursunoni su yi akalla kashi daya bisa uku na hukuncin da aka yanke musu a Japan kafin a yi la'akari da koke. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2007, an mayar da fursunoni 10 na Amurka zuwa Amurka don kammala hukuncin daurinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prisoner Transfer |url=http://tokyo.usembassy.gov/e/acs/tacs-transfer.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225134138/http://tokyo.usembassy.gov/e/acs/tacs-transfer.html |archive-date=December 25, 2008 |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mata da matasa an zaunar da su daban da maza; duk da haka, maza masu gadin gidan yari a wasu lokuta suna gadin fursunonin mata. A cikin wannan shekarar, an tuhumi wani ma’aikacin gidan yari da laifin “tashin hankali da rashin tausayi daga wani jami’in gwamnati na musamman” saboda yin lalata da wata fursuna da ke jiran shari’a. A cikin wannan shekarar, wasu wuraren tsare mata suna aiki bisa ga iya aiki. An tsare fursunonin da ake tsare da su daban da fursunonin da aka yanke musu hukunci.

Yayin da gwamnati ta iyakance damar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam zuwa wuraren tsare mutane, an ba da izinin ziyartar gidajen yari. Sai dai Amnesty International ta yi ikirarin cewa ba a ba wa kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama damar shiga gidan yarin Nagoya ba saboda yadda ake ci gaba da shari'ar kotuna da ke da alaka da cin zarafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2003 – Japan |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/403f57b98.html |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=Refworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hana kamawa ko tsare-tsare ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya haramta kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma gabaɗaya Gwamnati tana kiyaye waɗannan hane-hane. Dokar ta tanadi hukuncin shari'a game da halaccin tsarewa. Ba za a iya tsare mutane ba tare da tuhuma ba, kuma dole ne hukumomi masu gabatar da kara su shirya don nuna cewa akwai yuwuwar dalilin tsare wanda ake tuhuma. A karkashin doka, ana iya tsare wanda ake tuhuma a gidan yari na yau da kullun ko wurin “madogayya” (’yan sanda) na tsare har na tsawon awanni 72. Dole ne alkali ya yi hira da wadanda ake tuhuma kafin a tsare su. Alkalin zai iya tsawaita tsarewar tuhumar har zuwa kwanaki 10 a jere bisa la'akari da bukatar mai gabatar da kara. An nemi waɗannan kari kuma an ba su akai-akai. A karkashin yanayi na ban mamaki, masu gabatar da kara na iya neman karin kwanaki 5, wanda zai kawo iyakar lokacin tsarewar zuwa kwanaki 28.

Hukumar tsaron ‘yan sanda ta kasa ce ke kula da hukumar ‘yan sanda ta kasa (NPA). Bugu da kari, kowace karamar hukuma tana da hukumar kula da lafiyar ‘yan sanda da kuma hukumar ‘yan sanda, wanda kasafin kudin karamar hukumar ya samu. Cin hanci da rashawa da rashin hukunta su ba matsala ba ne a cikin rundunar 'yan sanda na kasa ko na lardin

A karkashin kundin tsarin laifuka, 'yan sanda da masu gabatar da kara suna da ikon sarrafawa ko iyakance damar lauya idan sun ga ya cancanta saboda bincike. Ba za a iya ba da shawara ba yayin tambayoyi a kowane lokaci kafin ko bayan tuhuma. Da yake ba a amince da lauyan da kotu ta nada ba sai bayan an tuhume shi, dole ne wadanda ake tuhuma su dogara da dukiyarsu wajen daukar lauya kafin a gurfanar da su gaban kuliya, ko da yake kungiyoyin lauyoyi na cikin gida sun baiwa wadanda ake tsare da shawarwarin kyauta. Masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa samun damar samun shawara ya iyakance duka a tsawon lokaci da mita; sai dai gwamnatin ta musanta cewa haka lamarin yake. Za a iya amfani da tsarewar da ba a san kowa ba har tsawon kwanaki 23.

Masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa barin tsare wadanda ake tuhuma a hannun hukumomin da suka yi musu tambayoyi yana kara yiwuwar cin zarafi da tilastawa. Gwamnati ta ce shari'o'in mutanen da aka aika zuwa wuraren da ake tsare da 'yan sanda sun kasance wadanda ba a cece-kuce a kai ba. Dokar MOJ ta ba wa jami'ai damar iyakance adadin takardun da suka shafi shari'ar kotuna da fursunoni ke riƙe.

[[Law for Expediting Court Procedure|Dokar Gudanar da Hanyar Kotun]] ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2003. Matsakaicin lokacin shari'a a shekara ta 2005 ya kasance watanni 3.2 don shari'o'in aikata laifuka &lt;ref name=&quot;HR2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2007 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2006 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78775.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da watanni 8.2 don shari'ar farar hula. Tsawon lokacin da aka kawo wanda ake zargi a gaban shari'a ya dogara da yanayin laifin, amma da wuya ya wuce watanni 3 daga ranar kamawa; matsakaicin ya kasance 1 zuwa 2 watanni.

=== Jarabawar ===
Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi tsarin shari'a mai zaman kansa, kuma gwamnati gaba daya ta mutunta wannan tanadi a aikace. Majalisar zartaswa ta nada alkalai na wa'adi na shekaru 10, wanda za a iya sabunta shi har sai alkalan sun kai shekaru 65. Alkalan kotun koli na iya yin aiki har zuwa shekaru 70, amma suna fuskantar bitar lokaci-lokaci ta hanyar kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a.

Akwai matakan kotuna da dama, da suka hada da manyan kotuna, kotunan gunduma, kotunan iyali, da kotunan takaitawa, inda kotun koli ke zama kotun daukaka kara ta karshe. Yawancin lokaci ana fara shari'a a matakin kotun gunduma, kuma ana iya ɗaukaka hukunci zuwa babbar kotun, kuma a ƙarshe, zuwa Kotun Koli. Gabaɗaya gwamnati na mutunta tanadin tsarin mulki na yancin yin gaggawar shari'a a gaban jama'a ta wata kotun da ba ta son kai a duk wani shari'a. Ko da yake an kammala yawancin shari'o'in masu aikata laifuka a cikin lokaci mai ma'ana, wasu lokuta lokuta suna ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don yin aiki ta hanyar shari'a da tsarin ɗaukaka.

A cikin Yuli 2003, Diet ya zartar da doka da nufin rage matsakaicin lokacin da ake buƙata don kammala shari'ar laifuka da shari'ar farar hula da suka haɗa da gwajin shaida. Tanadin ta sun haɗa da ɗaukar lambobi masu yawa na ƙarin kotuna da ma'aikatan MOJ, sake duba jarrabawar mashahuran, kafa sabbin makarantun shari'a da za su ƙara yawan ƙwararrun shari'a har sau uku nan da 2010, da buƙatar kotuna da masu adawa da ƙararraki su yi aiki tare don inganta tsarin shari'a ta hanyar ba da izinin tattarawa da bayyanawa a baya. Kwamitin ba da shawara kan sake fasalin shari'a ya fitar da ka'idojin kafa makarantun shari'a na digiri, kuma a cikin Maris 2004, jami'o'i 68 (22 na jama'a da masu zaman kansu 46) sun buɗe sabbin makarantun shari'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar Yuli 2003, doka ta kuma sa Kotun Koli ta dauki alhakin hanzarta shari'a a ƙananan kotuna, ta sanya wa'adin shekaru 2 ga kotuna don kawo ƙarshen shari'ar masu laifi da na farar hula, kuma tana buƙatar gwamnati ta ɗauki matakan shari'a da na kuɗi don cimma waɗannan manufofin. Ana sanar da wanda ake tuhuma game da tuhume-tuhumen da aka kama kuma wata kotun farar hula mai zaman kanta tare da lauya mai kare kariya da hakkin yi mata tambayoyi ta tabbatar da shari'ar jama'a. Babu wata shari'a ta juri; duk da haka, wani kudurin doka na sake fasalin shari'a da aka zartar a watan Mayu zai ba da damar yin shari'ar manyan laifuka ta mutum shida, alkalai da aka zaba ba bisa ka'ida ba. A shekarar 2009 ne aka shirya fara aiki da dokar.

Ana kyautata zaton wanda ake tuhuma bashi da laifi. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba wa wadanda ake tuhuma ‘yancin kada a tilasta musu su yi shaida a kansu da kuma samun damar samun lauyoyi kyauta da sirri; duk da haka, Gwamnati ta ce 'yancin tuntuɓar lauyoyi ba cikakke ba ne kuma ana iya ƙuntatawa idan irin wannan ƙuntatawa ta dace da ruhin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Samun shiga wani lokaci an rage shi a aikace; alal misali, dokar ta baiwa masu gabatar da kara damar sarrafa damar da za su iya tuntubar lauyoyi kafin a gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya, sannan akwai zargin cewa an tilasta musu yin ikirari. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna da kariya daga sake aiwatar da dokoki kuma suna da hakkin samun damar samun shaida mai laifi bayan an gurfanar da su a hukumance. Koyaya, doka ba ta buƙatar cikakken bayyanawa daga masu gabatar da kara, kuma ana iya danne kayan da masu gabatar da kara ba su yi amfani da su a kotu ba. Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa wakilan shari'a na waɗanda ake tuhuma ba sa samun damar yin amfani da duk abubuwan da suka dace a cikin rikodin 'yan sanda. Wanda ake tuhuma wanda bai gamsu da hukuncin da kotun shari'a ta yanke ba na iya daukaka kara zuwa babbar kotu.

Babu ƙa'idodin da ke ba da izinin ingantaccen ingancin sadarwa tsakanin alkalai, lauyoyi, da waɗanda ba Jafananci waɗanda ake tuhuma ba, kuma babu daidaitaccen tsarin lasisi ko cancantar tabbatar da masu fassara na kotu. Ana iya ci gaba da shari'a ko da wanda ake tuhuma bai fahimci abin da ke faruwa ba ko abin da ake faɗa ba. Fursunonin kasashen waje akai-akai sun yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan sanda sun bukace su da su sanya hannu a cikin maganganun Jafananci cewa ba za su iya karantawa ba kuma ba a fassara su da kyau.

Ya zuwa watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, Japan ba ta sanya hannu ko tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa da Yarjejeniya ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya kan 'Yanfin Bil'adami da Siyasa ba.

Babu rahotanni game da fursunonin siyasa.

=== Sauran batutuwa ===

* The Constitution does not prohibit arbitrary interference with [[Keɓantawa|privacy]], family, home, or correspondence but prohibit them by [[Shari'ar shari'a|case law]] on interpretation on Article 13 of the Constitution, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2007}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2007)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; In April 2003, the Public Security Investigation Agency extended surveillance of the terrorist group Aleph (formerly known as Aum Shinrikyo) because the government declared the group still posed a danger to society. In 2002, the Defense Agency confirmed reports that it had violated a law protecting personal information when it compiled lists of citizens seeking official documents. A privacy bill to prevent such actions passed the Diet on May 2, 2003.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}}
* The government's attitude regarding international and nongovernmental investigation of alleged violations of human rights is generally cooperative and responsive to human rights groups' views, although the government restricts their access to detention facilities. A number of domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without governmental restrictions, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials generally were cooperative and responsive to their views, although the Government restricted access by human rights groups to detention facilities.
* In December 2008 [[Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|United Nations Human Rights Committee]] gave a recommendation to Japan relating to public welfare in Article 12 and 13 of the Constitution that &quot;while taking note of the State party's explanation that 'public welfare' cannot be relied on as a ground on placing arbitrary restrictions on human rights, the Committee reiterate its concern that the concept of 'public welfare' is vague and open-ended and may permit restrictions exceeding those permissible under the Covenant (art. 2).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant, CCPR/C/JPN/CO/5, (para 10 p.3) 18 December 2008 |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G09/401/08/PDF/G0940108.pdf?OpenElement |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413123227/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G09/401/08/PDF/G0940108.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=April 13, 2015 |access-date=December 31, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin Jama'a ==

=== 'Yanci na magana da na' yan jarida ===
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Japan ya tanadi ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma ‘yan jarida. A ra'ayi, 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, ingantaccen shari'a, da tsarin siyasar dimokuradiyya mai aiki sun haɗu don tabbatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida. Sai dai, tsarin kulab din 'yan jarida na musamman na kasar Japan ya sha suka daga kungiyoyin 'yancin 'yan jarida. Kulab ɗin galibi suna ba da manyan kafofin watsa labarai damar keɓance hanyoyin samun labarai, tare da hana masu ba da rahoto na waje da masu zaman kansu. Ƙungiyoyin suna ba wa manema labarai damar samun damar yin taron manema labarai na hukuma da kuma bayanan baya tare da 'yan siyasa, lauyoyi da shugabannin 'yan kasuwa. Masu suka dai sun ce tsarin kulab din ya baiwa hukumomi damar dakile labaran da suke ganin ba shi da dadi a gare su kuma yana rage ingancin labaran.

Batutuwan 'yancin magana da' yan jarida sun hada da:

* A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, Majalisar Dattijai ta zartar da dokar da ta hana neman jima'i daga kananan yara ta hanyar Intanet. Kungiyar Masu ba da Intanet ta Japan da Kungiyar Kula da Sadarwa ta nuna damuwa game da ma'anar shafukan da aka haramta wa yara kuma game da ayyukan da ake buƙatar masu ba da su ɗauka don hana amfani da shafukan Intanet ba bisa ka'ida ba.
* A cikin 2015 'yan jarida da masana siyasa sun ba da rahoton cewa gwamnatin Firayim Minista [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]] tana yin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin ma'auni na iko tsakanin gwamnatinsa da kafofin watsa labarai, ta amfani da dabaru don yin shiru da sukar da ta wuce duk abin da magabata ya gwada. Wadannan sun hada da: karin korafe-korafe masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ga shugabannin 'yan jarida da masu sharhi, wanda ya sa wasu' yan jarida da mai sharhi su rasa ayyukansu; karin ramuwar gayya ga tashoshin da ke ci gaba da kuskuren gwamnati; nada sabon shugaban ga mai watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a na kasa, NHK, wanda ya bayyana cewa cibiyar sadarwa ba za ta kauce wa ra'ayoyin gwamnati ba; kuma a bayyane tana nuna cewa lasisin watsa shirye-aikacen watsa shirye-gyare na cibiyoyin sadarwa masu tsattsthi na cibiyoyi masu tsattsi da yawa a karkashin dokar da gangan ba.
** karin korafe-korafe ga shugabannin 'yan jarida da masu sharhi, wanda ya sa wasu' yan jarida da mai sharhi su rasa ayyukansu;
** karin ramuwar gayya ga hanyoyin da ke ci gaba da yin kuskure ga gwamnati;
** nada sabon shugaban ga mai watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a na kasa, NHK, wanda ya bayyana cewa cibiyar sadarwa ba za ta kauce wa ra'ayoyin gwamnati ba; da
** a bayyane yana nuna cewa za a soke lasisin watsa shirye-shirye na cibiyoyin sadarwa masu mahimmanci a karkashin dokar da ke buƙatar rahotanni na talabijin ba da gangan ba su karkatar da gaskiyar.

'Yan jarida, masu sharhi da ƙwararrun kafofin watsa labaru sun ce a yanzu gidajen jaridu suna yin la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru ko kuma cire muryoyin da suka dace don guje wa jawo fushin hukuma.

A karkashin Mataki na 4 na Dokar watsa shirye-shirye, watsa shirye-aikacen talabijin na Japan yana buƙatar adalci na siyasa, kuma akwai azabtarwa kamar soke lasisi. Wannan dokar ta wanzu tun kafin gwamnatin Abe. Batun soke lasisi shine amsar tambayar jam'iyyar adawa game da dokar watsa shirye-shirye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=特集ワイド：高市氏の「停波」発言 ホントの怖さ – 毎日新聞 |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20160218/dde/012/010/060000c |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108135936/https://mainichi.jp/articles/20160218/dde/012/010/060000c |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=November 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, kafofin watsa labarai na Japan sun yi tsayayya da wannan sosai. [[Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam|UNCHR]] ta yi kira ga cire Mataki na 4,  amma yawancin kafofin watsa labarai na Japan suna adawa da cire Mataki ya 4.

Ichiro Furutachi dan jarida ne da ya rasa aikinsa. Ya gaya wa Sankei Shimbun, &quot;Gwamnatin ba ta matsa lamba,&quot; &quot;Idan rahotonmu karya ne, za a murkushe shirinmu, don haka akwai tsarin kai don samar da rahoto mai inganci don jin tsoro&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=【古舘伊知郎インタビュー特別版】「政権は何も圧力をかけてないが、自主規制の悪魔と闘わねばならない」「産経に悪く書かれるとおいしい」　（2/2ページ） – 産経ニュース |url=https://www.sankei.com/premium/news/160606/prm1606060006-n2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031191440/https://www.sankei.com/premium/news/160606/prm1606060006-n2.html |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |access-date=October 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 'Yanci na Intanet ====
Freedom House ta kimanta damar Intanet ta Japan a matsayin &quot;kyauta&quot; tare da ƙididdigar da ta kai 22.

Samun damar Intanet a Japan ba shi da iyaka. Babu wata dokar gwamnati da ta hana shiga Intanet ko rahotannin da ke nuna cewa gwamnati na bincikar saƙon imel ko taɗi ta Intanet ba tare da izini na doka da ya dace a ƙasar ba. Kundin tsarin mulki da doka sun kare 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kuma gwamnati na mutunta wannan hakkin a aikace. Gwamnati ba ta tsoma baki wajen samun damar buga littattafan Intanet. Mutane da ƙungiyoyi suna shiga cikin yanayin bayyana ra'ayi mai daɗi ta Intanet, gami da imel. Doka da tsarin mulki sun haramta kutse ba tare da izini ba ga sirri, iyali, gida, ko wasiku, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnati na mutunta waɗannan haramcin a aikace.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== 'Yanci na zaman lafiya da haɗin kai ===
The Constitution provides for the [[Yancin taro|freedom of assembly]] and association, and the Government generally respects these rights in practice.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2010}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== 'Yanci na addini ===
 
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da [['Yancin addini|'yancin addini]].

Mataki na 20 ya ce:
{{Blockquote|’Yancin addini ya tabbata ga kowa. Babu wata kungiyar addini da za ta sami wata gata daga Jiha, ko kuma ta yi amfani da wata hukuma ta siyasa.

(2) Ba za a tilasta wa wani mutum shiga cikin wani aiki na addini, biki, ibada ko aiki ba.

(3) Gwamnati da sassanta su nisanci ilimin addini ko wani aiki na addini.&lt;ref&gt;National Diet Library[http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/c01.html#s3 The Constitution of Japan]&lt;/ref&gt;}}
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;Mambobin Cocin Unification sun yi zargin cewa ‘yan sanda ba su amsa zargin da ake yi wa ’yan cocin ba na tilas. Yayin da kararraki ke raguwa a cikin shekarar, mai magana da yawun Cocin Unification ya ba da rahoton cewa masu gabatar da kara sun yi watsi da kararraki biyu saboda karancin shaida. Ko da yake an ba da rahoton cewa an yi garkuwa da wata mamba daya daga danginta a cikin shekarar, Cocin Unification ba ta kai rahoton lamarin ga ‘yan sanda ba. An ci gaba da nuna damuwa game da halin da jami'ai ke yi na yanke hukunci kan lalata shirye-shirye a matsayin al'amarin iyali. Ba kamar na shekarun baya ba, Shaidun Jehobah sun ba da rahoton cewa Gwamnati tana daraja ’yancinsu na addini a wannan shekarar&lt;/sup&gt;

=== 'Yanci na motsi ===
Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin yin tafiya a cikin kasa, tafiye-tafiye zuwa kasashen waje, shige da fice, da kuma komawa gida, kuma gwamnati gaba daya tana mutunta su a aikace. Jama'a na da 'yancin yin tafiye-tafiye cikin 'yanci a cikin kasa da waje, canza wurin zama, yin hijira, da komawa gida bisa radin kansu. Za a iya rasa zama ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa a wata ƙasa ko kuma ta hanyar gazawar mutanen da aka haifa tare da 'yan ƙasa biyu don zaɓar ɗan ƙasa a lokacin da ake buƙata. Doka ba ta ba da izinin yin hijira tilas ba, kuma ba a amfani da ita.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2007 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2006 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78775.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78775.htm &quot;Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2006&quot;]. [[U.S. Department of State]]. March 6, 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Doka ta tanadi ba da matsayin ɗan gudun hijira ko mafaka ga mutane daidai da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1951 dangane da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ko yarjejeniya ta 1967. A aikace, gwamnati ta ba da kariya daga sakewa, komowar mutane zuwa ƙasar da suke fargabar tsanantawa, amma ba ta ba da izinin zama ɗan gudun hijira ko mafaka ba. Gwamnati ta hada kai da ofishin hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kungiyoyin jin kai wajen taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira.

A cikin Mayu 2003, Abincin Abinci ya zartar da lissafin soke wa'adin kwanaki 60 na aikace-aikacen da ake buƙata a baya don baƙi masu neman matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Dokar amincewa da ‘yan gudun hijira da ta gabata ta tanadi cewa dole ne masu neman izinin zama ‘yan gudun hijira su nemi izinin shiga cikin kwanaki 60 bayan isarsu Japan ko kuma cikin kwanaki 60 da suka fahimci cewa za a iya tsananta musu a kasarsu ta haihuwa. Baƙon da aka gane a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira yana da damar samun wuraren ilimi, taimakon jama'a da taimako, da fa'idodin jin daɗin jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2004 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2003 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27772.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa an tsare mutane 523,617 a shekarar 2003 a cibiyoyin tsare bakin haure. Rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai sun ce an yi ta korar mutane da dama a asirce. A watan Yuli, wasu iyalai biyu Kurdawa sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kwanaki 72 don nuna adawa da umarnin korarsu a gaban jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Tokyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm &quot;Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004&quot;]. [[U.S. Department of State]]. February 28, 2005&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, gwamnati ta ba da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira da mafaka ga waɗanda ke da'awar tsoron tsanantawa a cikin ƙananan shari'o'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2006 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2005 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61610.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata kungiya mai zaman kanta (NGO), a cikin wata sanarwa ga Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, ta lura cewa, daga 1982 zuwa Disamba 2002, an yarda da mutane 301 a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Gwamnati ta yi la'akari da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke neman mafaka a kasar sun yi hakan ne saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki. A shekara ta 2003, akwai kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 7,900 da masu neman mafaka a kasar, daga cikinsu kimanin 7,700 'yan gudun gudun hijira ne na Vietnam da Kambodiya. Daga cikin ikirarin 'yan gudun hijira 336 da aka gabatar a shekara ta 2003, Gwamnati ta ba da mafaka ga mutane 10 daga [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Burundi]], da [[Iran]] kuma ta ba da izinin zama na dogon lokaci bisa la'akari da jin kai ga 16. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sake haɗuwa da iyali don dangi na kusa da 'yan gudun hijirar Indochinese da suka sake zama a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Gwamnati ta yarda da' yan gudun hijira 147 daga Vietnam da Cambodia a shekara ta 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm &quot;Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004&quot;]. [[U.S. Department of State]]. February 28, 2005&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003, an zartar da doka da ta ba Ministan Shari'a ikon bayar da izinin zama na wucin gadi ga mutanen da ke neman mafaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2004 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2003 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27772.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27772.htm &quot;Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2003&quot;]. [[U.S. Department of State]]. February 25, 2004&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake wannan dokar ta samar da hanyar da [[Mai Neman Mafaka|Masu neman mafaka]] za su sami matsayin doka a cikin ƙasar a lokacin tsarin amincewa da 'yan gudun hijira, a aikace yana da matukar wahala a sami irin waɗannan izini. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2003, [[Immigration Bureau|Ofishin Shige da Fice]] ya fara ba da cikakkun bayanai, rubuce-rubuce game da yanke shawara don kada a ba da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ga masu neman mafaka kuma ya buɗe ofishin bayanai a Filin jirgin saman Narita don masu neman mafakar.

== 'Yancin siyasa ==
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasa ya bai wa ‘yan kasa ‘yancin sauya gwamnatinsu cikin lumana, kuma ‘yan kasar sun yi amfani da wannan ‘yancin a aikace ta hanyar zabe na lokaci-lokaci, da ‘yanci da kuma gaskiya da aka gudanar bisa tsarin zabe na duniya. Ƙasar dimokuradiyya ce ta majalisar dokoki da jam'iyyun siyasa ko jam'iyyun da ke da ikon samun rinjaye a majalisar wakilai na cin abinci na biyu. Jam'iyyar LDP da New Komeito Party ne suka kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa da ake da su. Sai dai a dan takaitaccen lokaci a shekarun 1990, LDP ce ke da rinjaye a kowace gwamnati tun tsakiyar shekarun 1950. An gudanar da babban zaben kasa na karshe a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2024, sannan kuma an gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawa a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2025.

A cewar kididdigar Hukumar 'yan sanda ta kasa daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2003, an kama mutane 43 da suka shafi cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa saboda irin waɗannan zarge-zargen kamar cin hanci, yin magudi, da keta dokar kula da kudade na siyasa. Wannan ya kasance karuwar shari'o'i 14 daga shekarar da ta gabata a lokaci guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm &quot;Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004&quot;]. [[U.S. Department of State]]. February 28, 2005&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan mata da ke rike da mukamai na gwamnati ya karu a hankali. Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2023, mata sun rike kujeru 46 daga cikin 465 a cikin Lower House of the Diet  da kujeru 69 a cikin kujeru 248 na Upper House . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Japan: number of members in the lower house by gender |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1262138/japan-number-members-house-of-representatives-by-gender/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Statista |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=参院選 女性当選者が35人で過去最多に 当選者に占める女性比率も過去最高：東京新聞 TOKYO Web |url=https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/188816 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=東京新聞 TOKYO Web |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2023, akwai mata biyu a cikin majalisar ministoci. Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2023, 2 daga cikin gwamnonin 47 na kasar mata ne.

Tun daga watan Agustan 2023, Japan ba ta amince ko sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kisan Kisa ba, Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta 1926 ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1956 Ƙarin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Bauta.

== Nuna bambanci ==
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasa ya haramta wariya ga ’yan kasa bisa kabilanci, akida, jinsi, matsayin zamantakewa, ko asalin iyali; Ba 'yan kasa ba ba su da kariya daga waɗannan nau'ikan wariya ta tsarin mulki ko doka har zuwa 2014

=== Cin zarafin jinsi ===
A karon farko har abada, MHLW, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Sadarwa, da MEXT sun ba da ka'idoji na ministoci da sanarwa na yau da kullun waɗanda ke buƙatar hukumomi, ƙananan hukumomi, da makarantu don halartar batutuwan da suka shafi yanayin jima'i da cin zarafin jinsi da fitar da mutum a matsayin LGBT. Wannan ya faru ne a watan Mayun 2019. 

== Cin zarafin mata ==
Cin zarafi da ake yi wa mata, musamman cin zarafi a cikin gida, yawanci ba a ba da rahoto ba, saboda matsalolin zamantakewa da al'adu game da wulakanta iyali ko jefar da mutuncin mijin aure ko 'ya'yansa. Kididdigar da NPA ta yi kan cin zarafin mata ta yi nuni da girman matsalar. Bisa kididdigar da NPA ta yi, an samu kararraki 12,568 na rikicin cikin gida da kuma umarnin hana mutane 1,499 a shekarar 2003. 'Yan sanda sun dauki mataki a kararraki 41 da aka saba wa umarnin kotu. Tsakanin Afrilu da Satumba, cibiyoyin shawarwarin fifiko 120 sun sami shari'o'i 24,818 na shawarwarin tashin hankalin gida. Daga cikin jimlar shawarwari 103,986 tun daga kasafin kuɗi na 2002, 99.6% na mata ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm &quot;Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004&quot;]. [[U.S. Department of State]]. February 28, 2005&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar ta ba da damar kotunan gundumar su sanya umarni na watanni 6 a kan masu aikata tashin hankali na cikin gida da kuma yanke wa masu keta doka hukuncin har zuwa shekara 1 a kurkuku ko sanya tarar har zuwa miliyan 1 yen. A cewar alkaluman Kotun Koli daga Janairu zuwa Satumba 2003, an nemi aikace-aikace 1,579 don hana umarni akan ma'aurata masu cin zarafi, kuma an bayar da 1,256.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm &quot;Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004&quot;]. [[U.S. Department of State]]. February 28, 2005&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dokokin ko dai sun haramta masu aikata laifin su kusanci wadanda aka azabtar ko kuma sun umarce su da su bar gida, ko duka biyun. Dokar ta kuma rufe auren doka da mutane da suka sake aure; ta kuma ƙarfafa prefectures su faɗaɗa wuraren mafaka ga waɗanda aka yi wa cin zarafin gida kuma sun ƙayyade cewa [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] suna ba da taimako na kuɗi ga cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu 40 da suka riga sun yi aiki da irin waɗannan mafaka.

Bita ga Doka don Rigakafin Rikicin Ma'aurata da Kariya ga waɗanda aka kashe a watan Mayu ya faɗaɗa ma'anar tashin hankalin ma'aurata ya haɗa da cin zarafi na tunani, jima'i, da ta jiki da ƙara tsawon umarnin hanawa daga makonni 2 zuwa watanni 2.

Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci game da magana ta 750 na Dokar Jama’a a watan Disamba 2015. Wannan labarin yana bukatar mata da miji su ɗauki suna iri ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2017 |title=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/japan# |access-date=December 11, 2018 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin fyade ==
Kididdigar NPA ta ba da rahoton fyade 2,472 a shekara ta 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm &quot;Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004&quot;]. [[U.S. Department of State]]. February 28, 2005&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An gurfanar da maza saboda fyade na aure; yawanci waɗannan shari'o'in sun haɗa da wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya taimaka wajen fyade. Dangane da manyan fyade da yawa a cikin shekara ta 2003 da suka shafi daliban koleji a Jami'ar Waseda, Babban Gidan ya zartar da lissafi a watan Disamba wanda ya sa fyade ya zama laifi wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da mafi ƙarancin shekaru 4 a kurkuku. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2004, an yanke wa wani tsohon dalibi hukuncin shekaru 14 a kurkuku saboda fyade mata biyu a wani biki da kungiyar dalibai ta &quot;Super Free&quot; ta shirya, da kuma mace ta uku a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001. Dukkanin sauran wadanda ake tuhuma 13 sun sami hukuncin ɗaurin rai har zuwa shekaru 10. Yawancin kananan hukumomi sun amsa bukatar taimakon sirri ga matan da aka zalunta ta hanyar kafa sassan shawarwari na musamman na mata a cikin 'yan sanda da ofisoshin gundumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN2018-04-22a&quot; /&gt; Koyaya, tun daga shekara ta 2018, har yanzu ana hana mata bayar da rahoton fyade da cin zarafin jima'i ta hanyar cikas na shari'a da na aiki, ta hanyar kula da mata da ke magana, kamar Shiori Itō, da sauran matsaloli da yawa. Tsohon shugaban ofishin masu gabatar da kara na gundumar Osaka ya yi wa wata mai gabatar da kara mata da ta bugu hari kuma an yi mata barazana. An gabatar da tuhumar kuma an kai karar shari'a a 2024, shekaru shida bayan haka.  

== Mata masu ta'aziyya ==
Yawancin shari'o'in da mata suka tilasta yin aiki a matsayin &quot;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2011)&quot;&gt;when?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&quot; id=&quot;mwAe4&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Comfort women&quot;&gt;mata masu ta'aziyya&quot; (mata da 'yan mata da aka tilasta yin [[Bautar Jima'i|bautar jima'i]]) a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu an kammala su a shekara ta 2004. A watan Fabrairu, Babban Kotun Tokyo ta ki amincewa da roko da tsoffin mata 7 na Taiwan suka yi, yayin da a watan Nuwamba Kotun Koli ta yi watsi da karar lalacewa da &quot;mata 35 na Koriya suka gabatar a shekarar 1991. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004 Babban Kotun Tokyo ta yi watsi da karar da tsoffin 'yan kasar Sin 4 suka yi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Washington University |first=Memory and Reconciliation in the Asia-Pacific |title=Comfort Women: Japan |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~memory/data/judicial/comfortwomen_japan/Chinese%20(1st%20group).html |access-date=December 24, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Kotun Koli ta ki amincewa da karar da 'yan Philippines 46 suka gabatar a shekarar 1993. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Filipino Comfort Women |url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~memory/data/judicial/comfortwomen_japan/filipina.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119230640/https://www2.gwu.edu/~memory/data/judicial/comfortwomen_japan/filipina.html |archive-date=January 19, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |website=www2.gwu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Aure da saki ==

=== Kulawa ===
Lokacin da ma'aurata suka rabu, ana nuna kyama sosai a kotunan dangin Japan wanda ke ba da kashi 80% na iyaye mata bisa ga kididdigar 2004 daga Cibiyar Nazarin Yawan Jama'a da Tsaro ta Jama'a. Kula da jiki tare ko kula da iyaye ba sabon abu ba ne.

=== Satar da mutane ===
Akwai manyan zargi game da iyayen Jafananci da suka sake aure da iyayen kasashen waje waɗanda aka hana su samun damar zuwa ga yaransu bayan kisan aure.&lt;ref name=&quot;child-abduction&quot; /&gt; Da yawa daga cikin wadannan mutanen da suka sake aure sun rasa damar yin amfani da yaransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;child-abduction&quot; /&gt; Iyaye na kasashen waje bayan kisan aure na iya shan wahala daga satar yara.&lt;ref name=&quot;child-abduction&quot; /&gt; A cikin 2020, 'yan majalisa na [[Tarayyar Turai]] sun karɓi ƙuduri mara ɗaurewa ga Japan don bin damar iyaye, haƙƙin ziyara da kuma dawo da yaran da aka sace.

=== Hukunce-hukunce na jiki ===
A cikin Fabrairu 2020 duk amfani da hukuncin daurin rai da rai a kan yara a Japan ya ƙare bayan Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Ma'aikata da Jin Dadin Jama'a (MHLW) ta fitar da jagororin aiwatar da gyare-gyare na 2019 da aka yi wa dokoki kan yara.

== 'Yancin yara ==
Samari da 'yan mata suna samun daidaiton damar kula da lafiya da sauran ayyukan jama'a. Ilimi galibi kyauta ne kuma wajibi ne ta matakin ƙananan sakandare (shekaru 14 ko aji tara). Ilimi ya kasance a ko'ina ga ɗaliban da suka cika mafi ƙarancin matsayin ilimi a matakin sakandare har zuwa shekaru 18. Al'umma ta ba da daraja sosai kan ilimi, kuma matakan rajista ga yara maza da mata ta matakin sakandare kyauta ya wuce 96%.

Yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 ba za a iya ɗaukar alhakin aikata laifuka ba. A karkashin dokar samari, ana gurfanar da wadanda ake tuhuma a kotun iyali kuma suna da damar daukaka kara zuwa kotun daukaka kara. Shari’ar kotunan iyali ba ta fito fili ga jama’a ba, manufar da ‘yan uwa na kananan yara suka yi suka. A cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, laifuffukan yara sun nuna sauye-sauye zuwa manyan laifuka kamar kisan kai, fashi, kone-kone, da fyade. Gwamnatin lardin Tokyo ta ci gaba da shirye-shiryen kare jin dadin yaran da ba su da jiha, wadanda iyayensu mata masu hijira ba bisa ka'ida ba suka ki yin rajista saboda fargabar mayar da su gida.

=== Cin zarafin yara da sakaci ===
Jama'a sun mai da hankali kan rahotanni na cin zarafin yara akai-akai a gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milaniak |first=Izabela |date=2014 |title=Does child abuse and neglect increase risk for perpetration of violence inside and outside the home? |journal=Psychology of Violence |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=246–255 |doi=10.1037/a0037956 |pmc=4504697 |pmid=26191459}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar ta ba jami'an kula da lafiyar yara ikon hana iyaye masu cin zarafi daga saduwa ko sadarwa tare da yaransu, kodayake saboda ra'ayoyin al'adun Japan game da al'amuran iyali suna &quot;masu zaman kansu&quot;, wannan zaɓi na tilasta aiki ba a yi amfani da shi ba. Dokar ta kuma haramta cin zarafi a karkashin horo kuma ta tilasta malamai, likitoci, da jami'an jin dadin su ba da rahoton duk wani yanayi mai ban tsoro ga 1 daga cikin cibiyoyin ba da shawara na yara 182 na cikin gida ko kuma cibiyar jin dadin birni. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003, Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Aiki, da Welfare ta ba da rahoton cewa yara 108 sun mutu sakamakon cin zarafin yara tun lokacin da aka kafa Dokar Rigakafin Cin zarafin Yara a shekara ta 2000.

A cikin 2003, an sami rikodin 23,738 na cin zarafin yara, kusan kashi 2% daga 2002, a cewar Ofishin Majalisar. Kusan kashi 50% na lamuran sun shafi tashin hankali, kuma kashi 40% na rashin kulawar iyaye ne. Cibiyoyin jin daɗin yara ma sun ba da rahoton rikodin kira 26,573 a cikin 2003, haɓakar kira 2,800 daga shekarar da ta gabata. Alkalumman da aka yarda da su gabaɗaya sun nuna cewa sama da kashi 70% na laifukan cin zarafin yara sun haɗa da mai laifin mace, yawanci mahaifiyar yaron. Kodayake Gwamnati ta ba da tallafi ga ƙananan hukumomi don magance yawan cin zarafin yara, kashi 13% ne kawai suka karɓi tayin. Yawancin kananan hukumomin da suka yi watsi da tallafin sun bayyana cewa ba za su iya biyan kason su na kudirin ba.

a cikin 2014 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoton shari'o'i 13,037 na cin zarafin yara ciki har da cin zarafin jima'i da mutuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2013 |title=Article expired |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/article-expired/ |website=The Japan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2020, wani rahoto daga [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|HRW]] ya bayyana cewa 'yan wasa na yara a [[Japan]] sun sha wahala a jiki, jima'i da kuma magana daga masu horar da su, wanda ya sa wasu daga cikinsu su kashe rayukansu. Rahoton &quot;'Na kasance a cikin sau da yawa ba zan iya lissafawa ba&quot;: Cin zarafin 'yan wasa na yara a Japan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2020 |title=&quot;I Was Hit So Many Times I Can't Count&quot; : Abuse of Child Athletes in Japan |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/07/20/i-was-hit-so-many-times-i-cant-count/abuse-child-athletes-japan |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya rubuta tarihin kasar na azabtar da jiki a wasanni, wanda aka sani da taibatsu a cikin Jafananci, kuma ya bayyana cin zarafin yara a cikin horar da wasanni a duk makarantun Jafananci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2020 |title=Human Rights Watch criticises Japan after report reveals abuse of athletes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/jul/20/human-rights-watch-criticises-japan-after-report-reveals-abuse-of-athletes |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cinikin mutane ==
Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta rike mutane a kan bauta ko wane iri. A karkashin dokar aikata laifuka, an haramta bautar da ba da son rai ba sai dai a matsayin hukuncin wani laifi. Dokar aikata laifuka ta haramta saye da sayar da mutane; babu wata doka ga cibiyoyi da ayyuka irin na bauta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Japan |url=https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/japan/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Antislavery in Domestic Legislation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da yake Japan tana da dokokin da suka haramta safarar jima'i da safarar ƙwadago, waɗannan dokokin ba a la'akari da su cikakku da ma'anar da suka yi daidai da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Japan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/japan/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilun 2004, gwamnatin Japan ta ƙirƙiri wani runduna don yaƙar fataucin mutane. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, Gwamnati ta fitar da shirinta na yaki da safarar mutane. Shirin Aiki ya maida hankali ne kan rigakafi da kawar da fataucin mutane, da kuma kare wadanda abin ya shafa. Shirin Aiki ya yi kira da a sake nazarin biza na &quot;mai nishadantarwa&quot;, da karfafa kula da shige-da-fice, da yin kwaskwarima ga dokokin hukunta laifuka don mai da fataucin mutane laifi, da kuma kara ba da kariya ga wadanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar matsuguni, ba da shawara, da taimakon komawa gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MOFA: Japan's Action Plan of Measures to Combat Trafficking in Persons |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/i_crime/people/action.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.mofa.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Japan's Actions to Combat Trafficking in Persons: A Prompt and Appropriate Response from a Humanitarian Perspective |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/i_crime/people/pamphlet.pdf |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=www.mofa.go.jp.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, Japan ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar kan Laifukan da aka tsara ta kasa da kasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=XVIII-12&amp;chapter=18&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar hanawa, hanawa da azabtar da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=ind&amp;mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&amp;chapter=18&amp;clang=_en#EndDec |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Cin Hanci da rashawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=XVIII-14&amp;chapter=18&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cin zarafin jima'i ===
[[Safarar Mutane|Cinikin mata da 'yan mata]] a cikin kasar ya kasance matsala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A. |date=2010 |title=Human Trafficking, the Japanese Commercial Sex Industry, and the Yakuza: Recommendations for the Japanese Government |journal=Affairs Review |volume=49}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata da 'yan mata, da farko daga Thailand, Philippines, da Gabashin Turai, an yi fataucin su cikin ƙasar don [[Bautar Jima'i|cin zarafin jima'i]] da aikin tilas. Mata da 'yan mata daga Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, [[Koriya ta Kudu]], Malaysia, Burma, da Indonesia suma an yi fataucin su cikin ƙasar a cikin ƙananan lambobi. Kasar ta kasance makoma ga baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba daga China waɗanda ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka suka yi fataucin su kuma suka tsare su cikin bautar bashi don cin zarafin jima'i da bautar da aka yi a cikin shaguna da gidajen cin abinci. Gwamnati ta ba da rahoton cewa wasu masu safarar mutane sun yi amfani da kashe-kashen da sace-sacen don tilasta hadin kai.

Ko da yake ba a samu kididdiga mai inganci kan adadin mata da aka yi safarar su zuwa kasar ba, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam sun ba da rahoton cewa mutane kusan 200,000 galibi matan kudu maso gabashin Asiya ne ake safarar su a duk shekara zuwa cikin kasar tare da tilasta musu yin sana'ar jima'i. A shekarar 2003, NPA ta kama mutane 41 da laifin safarar mutane, 8 daga cikinsu masu safarar mutane ne. Daga cikin wadannan mutane 36 an yanke musu hukunci, 14 sun samu zaman gidan yari, 17 sun samu tara, 5 kuma sun samu duka biyun tara da kuma zaman gidan yari. A watan Fabrairun 2003, ofisoshin 'yan sanda 17 da 'yan sanda na birnin Tokyo a lokaci guda sun kai farmaki kan kulake 24 tare da ceto 68 da aka yi safarar su.

== Hakkin mutanen da ke da nakasa ==
 
Akwai kimanin mutane miliyan 3.4 da ke da shekaru sama da 18 da nakasar jiki da kuma kusan miliyan 3 masu nakasa tabin hankali. Ko da yake ba gabaɗaya ake fuskantar nuna wariya a aikin yi, ilimi, ko wajen samar da wasu hidimomi na jiha ba, nakasassu sun fuskanci ƙayyadaddun damar safarar jama'a, ilimin jama'a na yau da kullun, da sauran wurare. Kwamitin tattaunawa kan samar da nakasassu aiki, wanda ke aiki a cikin ma'aikatar lafiya, kwadago da walwala, ya ba da umarnin cewa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu masu ma'aikata 300 ko sama da haka su dauki kayyadadden kaso na nakasassu. Hukuncin rashin bin doka tara ne.

Doka ba ta ba da izinin isa ga gine-gine ga masu nakasa ba; duk da haka, dokar kan ka'idojin gine-gine na wuraren jama'a na ba wa masu gudanar da asibitoci, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, otal-otal, da kamfanoni makamantansu damar samun lamuni mai rahusa da fa'idar haraji idan sun gina manyan hanyoyin shiga da na'urar hawan hawa don daukar nakasassu.

Dokar Haɓaka Ayyukan Nakasassu ta haɗa da masu nakasa. Har ila yau, dokar ta sassauta sharuddan bayar da lasisi ga cibiyoyin tallafawa al’umma da ke inganta ayyukan yi ga nakasassu, sannan ta bullo da tallafin da gwamnati ke ba wa masu nakasa ayyukan yi na wucin gadi. A cikin 2003, ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke aiki sun ƙunshi matsakaicin kashi 1.5% na adadin ma'aikata na yau da kullun, ƙasa da adadin da doka ta tanada na 1.8%. Yayin da kusan kashi 70% na manyan kamfanoni (ma'aikata 1,000 ko sama da haka) suka gaza cimma wannan burin, manyan kamfanoni da yawa suna da rarrabuwa na musamman ga ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa, gami da Omron, Sony, da Honda. Misali, kashi 80% na ma'aikatan masana'antar Kyoto na Omron na 82 suna da nakasu, kuma yawancinsu suna da nakasa. Waɗannan ma'aikatan suna samun matsakaicin yen miliyan 3 a kowace shekara, wanda ya haura mafi ƙarancin albashi

A ƙarshen 2002, duk gwamnatocin larduna da kashi 91.5% na ƙananan hukumomi sun haɓaka tsare-tsare na yau da kullun ga ƴan ƙasa masu nakasa. A watan Yuni, an sake bitar mahimman dokar ta naƙasassu, wanda ya wajabta duk gundumomi su tsara tsare-tsare na nakasassu.

Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2015, Japan ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa]] amma ba ta sanya hannu ko kuma ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar' yancin Mutanen Da ke da nakasasa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙananan mutane ==
Burakumin, Koreans, Sinawa, da ma'aikatan baki sun fuskanci bambanci daban-daban na wariyar launin fata a cikin al'umma, wasu daga cikinsu suna da tsanani kuma sun dade. Kimanin Burakumin miliyan 3 ('ya'yan ɓangarorin zamanin ɓangarorin &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;waɗanda ba'a sani ba&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;), duk da cewa ba a nuna musu wariya na gwamnati ba, galibi sun kasance waɗanda ke fama da wariyar launin fata a cikin al'umma, gami da ƙuntatawa damar samun gidaje da damar yin aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Buraku Discrimination ? |url=http://blhrri.org/blhrri_e/blhrri/buraku.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920122257/http://blhrri.org/blhrri_e/blhrri/buraku.htm |archive-date=September 20, 2008 |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar MOJ, akwai kusan mazauna kasashen waje miliyan 1.85 bisa doka a cikin 2002. Mafi yawan rukuni, a kusan 625,400, 'yan kabilar Koriya ne, sai 'yan China, Brazil, da Philippines. Duk da ingantuwar tsare-tsaren doka game da wariya, mazauna Koriya ta dindindin (waɗanda ake kira Zainichi Koreans, waɗanda akasarinsu an haife su, sun girma, kuma sun yi karatu a Japan) sun fuskanci wariyar launin fata iri-iri na al'umma. An bayar da rahoton cewa, cin zarafi da barazana ga kungiyoyi da mutane masu goyon bayan Koriya ta Arewa ya karu tun daga shekarar 2002 da Koriya ta Arewa ta amince da cewa ta yi garkuwa da 'yan kasar Japan fiye da dozin. Sauran baki kuma ana nuna musu wariya. Akwai ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin 'yan kasar Japan cewa baki sun aikata laifuka da dama. A cewar wani bincike da gwamnati ta gudanar, sama da kashi 70% na ‘yan kasar na fargabar cewa karuwar ma’aikatan kasashen waje da ke aiki ba bisa ka’ida ba ka iya kawo cikas ga tsaron jama’a da kuma haifar da cin zarafin bil’adama kan ma’aikatan da kansu. Duk da haka, fiye da 80% sun ce ya kamata kasar ta karbi ma'aikatan kasashen waje bisa sharadi ko kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba.

Ya zuwa Mayu 2019, Japan ba ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar da ke adawa da nuna bambanci a Ilimi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-19 |title=UNESCO calls Member States to ratify the Convention against Discrimination in Education |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-calls-member-states-ratify-convention-against-discrimination-education |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin ma'aikaci ==

=== Hakkin haɗuwa ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da damar ma'aikata su haɗu da yardar rai a cikin ƙungiyoyi.

=== Dokar cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki ===
Dokar Damar Samun Ma'aikata Daidaita ta Japan da aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1972 kawai tana ba da shawara ko ba da shawarar masu ɗaukar aiki don ɗaukar matakan hana cin zarafi. Cin zarafin jima'i shine mafi yawan rahotannin nau'in nau'in ma'aikata a Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Kwadago, da Jin Dadin Jama'a a Japan.

A cikin 1999 an sake gyara dokar Samar Da Ma'aikata Daidaitacce kuma an ƙara wani tanadi da ke buƙatar masu ɗaukar ma'aikata su ɗauki matakan hana cin zarafi da mata a wuraren aiki. An sake sake fasalinta a cikin 2007 don haɗawa da maza waɗanda aka kashe, kuma an sake yin bita a cikin 2014 don haɗawa da lalata da jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2015 |title=Japan sees progress on sexual harassment, but some still don't get it |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2015/03/25/issues/japan-sees-progress-sexual-harassment-still-dont-get/ |website=The Japan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hakkin shirya da ciniki tare ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da ƙungiyoyi damar tsarawa, ciniki, da aiki tare.

=== Hana aikin tilas ko tilas ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tanadi cewa ba za a riƙe wani mutum a cikin bautar kowane irin ba. Bautar da ba da gangan ba, sai dai a matsayin horo ga laifi, an haramta shi.

=== Hana aikin yara ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya haramta aikin yara.

=== Yanayin aiki da aka yarda da shi da mafi ƙarancin albashi ===
Mafi ƙarancin albashi ana saita shi akan tsarin yanki (shugabanci) da masana'antu, tare da shigar da ma'aikatu masu ba da shawara (ma'aikata, ma'aikata, bukatun jama'a). Ma'aikata da ke ƙarƙashin mafi ƙarancin ma'aikata dole ne su sanya mafi ƙarancin albashin da abin ya shafa, kuma ana ɗaukar bin mafi ƙarancin albashi ya zama tartsatsi. Matsakaicin ƙimar albashi ya jeri bisa ga lardi daga 606 zuwa yen 710 a kowace awa. An yi la'akarin mafi ƙarancin albashi ya isa don samar wa ma'aikaci da iyali kyakkyawan yanayin rayuwa.

Dokar Matsayin Ma'aikata ta tanadi satin aiki na sa'o'i 40 don yawancin masana'antu kuma ta ba da izinin biyan kuɗi na sa'o'i sama da 40 a cikin mako ɗaya ko 8 a rana. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago suna yawan sukar gwamnati saboda gazawar aiwatar da mafi girman ka'idojin lokacin aiki a cikin ƙananan kamfanoni. Ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka sun yi iƙirarin cewa masu ɗaukan ma'aikata suna cin zarafi ko nuna wariya ga ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje, waɗanda galibi ba su da ɗan sanin yaren Jafananci ko haƙƙinsu na doka.

Gwamnati ta yi kokarin rage kwararowar ma'aikatan kasashen waje ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar gurfanar da masu daukar ma'aikata a gaban kuliya. Bisa kididdigar da NPA ta fitar, an tuhumi mutane 175 da laifin &quot;taimakawa aikin yi ba bisa ka'ida ba&quot; a farkon rabin farkon shekarar 2002. Dokar shige da fice ta tanadi hukunci kan masu daukar ma'aikatan kasashen waje da ba su da takardun aiki. An tada mafi girman tara na taimakon aikin ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa yen miliyan 3 a watan Disamba. Hakanan ana iya hana ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje da ake zargi shiga don fasfo, biza, da kuma rashin bin ka'ida. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da nazarin batun ma'aikatan kasashen waje, kuma kungiyoyin 'yan kasar da dama suna aiki tare da ma'aikatan kasashen waje ba bisa ka'ida ba don inganta hanyoyin samun bayanai kan hakkokin ma'aikata.

Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta gudanar da aiki yadda ya kamata daban-daban dokoki da ka'idoji da ke kula da lafiyar ma'aikata da aminci, babba daga cikinsu akwai Dokar Tsaron Masana'antu da Lafiya. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ce ta tsara ka'idoji kuma ta fitar da su bayan tuntubar Kwamitin Tsaro da Lafiya na Majalisar Ma'aikata ta Tsakiya. Sufetocin kwadago na da hurumin dakatar da ayyukan da ba su da tsaro nan take, kuma doka ta tanadi cewa ma’aikata na iya bayyana damuwarsu kan lafiyar sana’o’i da kuma kawar da kansu daga yanayin aiki mara kyau ba tare da kawo cikas ga ci gaban aikinsu ba.

A cewar sabbin rahotanni daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Kasuwanci da Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam, kusan zarge-zarge 197 na take hakkin dan adam an bayyana a kan ayyukan makamashi da ake sabunta su. A cikin 2019, wata ƙungiyar da ke London da ke haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta tattara bayanan hare-hare 47, kama daga ƙarar ƙararraki zuwa tashin hankali kan mutanen da suka nuna damuwa game da cin zarafin ɗan adam a cikin masana'antar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2020 |title=Green-energy firms have a human rights problem |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2020/07/06/commentary/world-commentary/green-energy-firms-human-rights-problem/ |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=The Japan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwan ma'aikatan kasashen waje ===

==== Kwace fasfo ====
Al'ada ce ga kamfanonin Japan su ɗauki fasfo na ma'aikatan kasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga kamfanoni su kwace fasfo na 'yan ƙasar Japan, amma ba na ma'aikatan kasashen waje ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; Akwai jagororin gwamnati kawai game da kwacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni suna tsoron cewa ma'aikatan kasashen waje na iya guduwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; A cewar lauyoyi masu gwagwarmaya, tilasta mutane su yi aiki yayin da suke ɗaukar fasfo suna kama da aikin tilas.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; Sun roki gwamnatin Japan da ta sanya shi ba bisa ka'ida ba don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; Takamaiman adadin shari'o'in ba a bayyane yake ba, amma shari'oʼi da yawa ba a bayar da rahoton su ba saboda shingen harshe da barazanar korarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sakura Murakami |date=January 23, 2020 |title=Japan should ban confiscation of foreign employees' passports, lawyer says |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-immigration/japan-should-ban-confiscation-of-foreign-employees-passports-lawyer-says-idUSKBN1ZM0T8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127223633/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-immigration/japan-should-ban-confiscation-of-foreign-employees-passports-lawyer-says-idUSKBN1ZM0T8 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Mutanen Ainu
* Yawan jama'a na Japan
* Batutuwan kabilanci a Japan
* Fadar Japan
* 'Yancin Bayanai a Japan
* Rashin gida a Japan
* Jima'i a Japan
* Cinikin mutane a Japan
* Rashin yara na kasa da kasa a Japan
* Hakkin LGBT a Japan
* Koriya ta Arewa ta sace 'yan kasar Japan
* Karuwanci a Japan
* Raelyn Campbell
* Mutanen Ryukyuan
* Yunkurin samun 'yancin kai na Ryukyu
* Mata a Japan
* [[Fataucin mutane don karuwanci a Japan|Cinikin jima'i a Japan]]

'''Kasashen Duniya:'''

* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya
* [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai|'Yancin Dan Adam a Turai]]
* [['Yancin Dan Adam a Ostiraliya]]
* [['Yancin Dan Adam a Amurka]]
* [['Yancin Dan Adam a Rasha]]
* [['Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Sin]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

== External links ==

 
[[Japan]] mulkin mallaka ne na tsarin mulki. The Human Rights Scores Dataverse ya sanya Japan a wani wuri a tsakiya tsakanin ƙasashen G7 akan aikinta na haƙƙin ɗan adam, a ƙasa da [['Yancin Dan Adam a Jamus|Jamus]] da Kanada da sama da Ingila, [['Yancin Dan Adam a Faransa|Faransa]], Italiya, da [['Yancin Dan Adam a Amurka|Amurka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fariss |first=Christopher |date=2019-05-27 |title=Latent Human Rights Protection Scores Version 3 |url=https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/TADPGE |language=en |publisher=Harvard Dataverse |doi=10.7910/DVN/TADPGE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdigar Ƙasashe masu rauni ta sanya Japan ta biyu a ƙarshe a cikin G7 bayan Amurka a kan &quot;Human Rights and Rule of Law&quot; sub-indicator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Data {{!}} Fragile States Index |url=https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/ |access-date=2020-03-18 |website=fragilestatesindex.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da kididdigar Ma'aikatar Shari'a (MOJ) don 2022, hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam na MOJ sun sami shawarwari 159,864 kan take hakkin dan adam, sun kammala shari'o'i 7,627 na matakan gyara ga wadanda abin ya shafa, kuma sun fara shari'o-tafiye 7,859 na matakan gyarawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;moj2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=令和4年における「人権侵犯事件」の状況について（概要） |url=https://www.moj.go.jp/content/001393246.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915090717/https://www.moj.go.jp/content/001393246.pdf |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Ministry of Justice (Japan) |page=3-5, 25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin shari’o’in da MOJ ta kammala gyara ga wadanda abin ya shafa, mafi yawan shari’o’in da suka shafi nuna wariya sun hada da burakumin wariya (406), sai nakasassu, marasa lafiya, mazauna kasashen waje, mata, tsofaffi, da asalin jinsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;moj2022&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin shari'o'in da MOJ ta fara aiwatarwa ga wadanda abin ya shafa, 18.6% sun hada da keta sirri, 14.5% sun shafi haƙƙin ma'aikata, 13.3% sun haɗa da cin zarafi a makaranta, 12.8% sun haɗa da cin zarafi da cin zarafi, 10.2% sun haɗa da karba da tilastawa. A cewar MOJ, yawan take hakkin dan Adam ya ragu daga shekara zuwa shekara, amma yawan laifukan cin zarafi da keta hakkin bil'adama a Intanet ya kasance da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;moj2022&quot; /&gt;

Baƙi a Japan na iya fuskantar take haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ƴan ƙasar Japan ba sa yi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kafofin watsa labaru na yammacin Turai sun ba da rahoton cewa kamfanoni na Japan suna yawan kwace fasfo na ma'aikatan baƙo a Japan, musamman ma'aikatan da ba su da kwarewa daga Philippines da sauran ƙasashe masu talauci na Asiya.

== Manyan batutuwa ==
Japan tana da hukuncin aikata laifuka sama da kashi 99%. A lokuta da yawa, kotuna sun yarda da ikirarin da aka tilasta musu kuma sun saki wadanda ke kurkuku. Don magance wannan, an zartar da doka a cikin 2016 wanda ke buƙatar yin wasu tambayoyi a bidiyo. Koyaya, wannan ya shafi kawai mutanen da ake zargi da manyan laifuka, kamar kisan kai, ƙonewa da satar mutane, waɗanda suka kai kashi 3% kawai na shari'o'in. A cikin ƙasashen shari'a na yau da kullun waɗanda ke yin shari'a ta hanyar juriya, babban ƙimar yanke hukunci na iya nuna cewa waɗanda ake tuhuma ba sa karɓar [[Ƴancin gwaji|Shari'a mai kyau]]. Wani lokaci masu gabatar da kara na Japan sun yanke shawarar kada su gurfanar da su a cikin ƙananan laifuka ko kuma lokacin da akwai babban yiwuwar rashin laifi. Wasu masu bincike na Japan sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan yanke hukunci a Japan. Adadin masu gabatar da kara a Japan ya kai 33.4%. Ba a bi kashi 64.3 cikin dari ba. Japan kuma tana aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke da niyya, kamar yadda wasu manyan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da [[Tarayyar Turai]] ke yi (duba Hukuncin kisa a Japan).

Akwai cece-kuce da yawa da suka shafi zamantakewa da shari'a na tsiraru. Ko da yake Jafanawa suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin mutane iri ɗaya, ƴan tsiraru sun wanzu, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya. Mafi yawan ƴan tsiraru su ne hisabetsu buraku miliyan biyu zuwa huɗu (&quot;al'ummomin da ake nuna wariya&quot;), zuriyar ƙazamar ƙauyen Japan na feudal. Sauran irin wadannan tsiraru sun hada da Ainu, ’yan asalin arewacin Japan, da kuma mutanen Okinawa. Har ila yau, kasar Japan tana da mazauna 'yan asalin Koriya da Sinawa dubu dari da dama wadanda tare da sauran mazauna kasashen waje suka fuskanci bambancin salo da wariya.

== Tsarin shari'a ==

=== Furci ===
'''Kasashen Duniya:'''

=== Mutuwar fursunoni ===
Akwai bayanan fursunoni a Japan da suka mutu a cikin wani yanayi na zato yayin da suke tsare.

* A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1994, Arjang Mehrpooran na ƙasar Iran ya mutu daga abubuwan da ba a sani ba yayin da yake tsare don keta visa a ofishin 'yan sanda na Minami Senju. An yi zargin cewa an kai masa hari ne ya haifar da mutuwarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Imtiaz A. Chaudhry |title=Japanese Government's Mysterious Policies |url=http://www.tabunka.org/newsletter/immigration_p1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425151055/http://www.tabunka.org/newsletter/immigration_p1.html |archive-date=April 25, 2009 |access-date=May 19, 2010 |publisher=United for a Multicultural Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 1997, Mousavi Abarbe Kouh Mir Hossein, ɗan ƙasar Iran, ya karye wuyansa kuma ya mutu yayin da yake cikin kulawar Cibiyar Kula da Shige da Fice ta Kita Ward.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1998 |title=1998 Annual Report for Japan |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/annualreport.php?id=ar&amp;yr=1998&amp;c=JPN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218150859/http://www.amnestyusa.org/annualreport.php?id=ar&amp;yr=1998&amp;c=JPN |archive-date=February 18, 2011 |access-date=May 19, 2010 |publisher=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekara ta 2001, an ruwaito cewa masu tsaron gidan yarin [[Nagoya]] guda biyu sun yayyafa bututun ruwa mai karfi a jikin wani fursuna &quot;marasa iko&quot;, wanda ya haifar da mutuwarsa washegari. A sakamakon shari'arsa ta Maris 2003, an gargadi mai kula da gidan don hana ci gaba da cin zarafin da ma'aikatansa suka yi.
* A shekara ta 2002, wani fursuna a gidan yarin [[Nagoya]] ya mutu bayan masu gadi, a matsayin matakin horo, sun yi amfani da maɓallin fata da belin jiki da aka yi amfani da shi sosai.
* A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2010, Abubaka Awudu Suraj, ɗan ƙasar [[Ghana]], ya mutu yayin da yake hannun Ofishin Shige da Fice na Japan yayin da aka kore shi daga Japan.
* A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2021, Wishma Sandamali, wata mace ta Sri Lanka, ta mutu a tsare a wani wurin tsare shige da fice a Nagoya bayan an hana roƙonta na sakin wucin gadi da isasshen kulawa.

A shekara ta 2003, Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta kafa wata tawaga ta musamman da za ta binciki mutuwar fursunoni 1,566 daga 1993 zuwa 2002. Wani rahoto na farko ya nuna cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na shari’o’in sun ƙunshi abubuwa da ake tuhuma. Koyaya, a cikin watan Yuni, Ma'aikatar ta sanar da cewa akwai alamun cin zarafi kawai a cikin asarar rayuka biyu na Nagoya. Dangane da sauran mutuwar da ake zargin, Ma'aikatar ta ce ana iya danganta mutuwar kusan 10 da rashin kulawar lafiya. Hukumomi sun ba da rahoton cewa sun yi asarar takardun mutuwar mutane tara a gidan yarin Fuchū na Tokyo. Ragowar mutuwar an ƙaddara cewa &quot;ba za a yi shakka ba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Japan |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27772.htm |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga watan Mayun 2019, Japan ba ta rattaba hannu ko amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar Yaƙi da azabtarwa da sauran Mummunan Jiyya ko Hukunci.

=== Tsarin kurkuku ===
 
Yanayin kurkuku ya cika ka'idojin kasa da kasa; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JAPAN 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/277329.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420183856/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/277329.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-20 |website=state.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da cewa wasu ba su da isasshen kulawar lafiya da isassun dumama a lokacin sanyi ko sanyaya a lokacin rani kuma wasu wuraren sun cika makil. An hana fursunoni su saya ko karɓar ƙarin abinci. Yayin da ake ajiye bayanan kisa na tsawon shekaru 10, yawancinsu sun bace, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da bitar tsarin gidan yari. Fursunoni suna aiki a matsakaicin iya aiki 117%.  A wasu cibiyoyin, an sanya fursunoni biyu a cikin ɗakunan da aka tsara don fursunoni ɗaya, kuma talatin ko sittin a cikin ɗakuna da aka tsara na 15.

A cewar jami'an gidan yarin na Fuchū da Yokohama, kulawar likitoci ba ta cika ba. Ofishin gyaran fuska na MOJ ma ya yarda cewa wuraren gyara ba su da shiri na likita. Tawagar Gwamnati kan lamurran Likitoci na Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya sun ci gaba da tuntubar ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa a kan batutuwan da suka shafi ƙara yawan ma'aikatan lafiya, haɓaka yanayin kiwon lafiya a cikin dare da ƙarshen mako, da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma. A watan Mayu, Ministan ya kafa wani karamin kwamiti don inganta cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar gidan yari.

A wasu cibiyoyin tufafi da barguna ba su isa su kare fursunoni daga yanayin sanyi ba. Galibin gidajen yari ba sa samar da dumama a lokutan sanyi a lokacin sanyi duk da sanyin sanyi, lamarin da ya sa fursunonin gamuwa da raunukan sanyi da za a iya hana su. Fursunonin kasashen waje a yankin Tokyo sun ci gaba da gabatar wa jami'an diflomasiyya masu ziyara a cikin wannan shekarar yatsu da yatsu da sanyin sanyi ya shafa, sakamakon kamuwa da sanyi na dogon lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Japan |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2012/eap/204206.htm |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyin Japan, hukumomi suna ba da izini su karanta wasiƙun da fursunoni suka aika ko aka karɓa kuma ba a buƙatar su bayyana wannan aikin ga fursunoni. Idan abun cikin ana ganin &quot;bai dace ba&quot;, ana iya tantance wasiƙar ko kwace. An kula da duk ziyarar da fursunoni da aka yanke wa hukunci; duk da haka, fursunonin da shari'o'insu ke kan shari'a an ba su damar shiga cikin sirri ga wakilansu na doka.

Ba a buƙatar MOJ ta sanar da dangin wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa kafin a kashe shi. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun bayyana cewa, suma lauyoyin ba a sanar da hukuncin kisa ba sai bayan da aka yanke hukuncin kisa kuma an tsare fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa na tsawon shekaru a gidan yari ba tare da wata alaka da kowa ba sai masu gadin gidan yari. Ba za a iya ba da izini ga kowane dalili ba, gami da dalilai na likita da na jin kai, har sai wani fursuna ya cika kashi biyu bisa uku na hukuncin daurinsa.

JFBA da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama sun soki tsarin gidan yari, tare da mai da hankali kan tsauraran ladabtarwa da kuma biyayya ga dokoki da dama. Dokokin gidan yari sun kasance sirri. Yayin da dokar tilasta bin doka ta gidan yari ta bayyana cewa iyakar lokacin da za a iya tsare fursunoni a cikin ɗaki ɗaya shine watanni 6, masu fafutuka sun yi iƙirarin cewa masu gadin sun ci gaba da samun fa'ida sosai wajen aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen zaɓe, gami da &quot;ƙananan ɗaurin kurkuku&quot;, wanda za'a iya sanya shi aƙalla 1 kuma bai wuce kwanaki 60 ba. An kuma yi iƙirarin cewa a wasu lokuta ana tilasta wa fursunoni durƙusa ba motsi a cikin ɗakin da babu kowa na sa'o'i da yawa a lokaci guda; duk da haka, an bar baki da nakasassu su zauna a kan wani katafaren kujera, bisa ga shawarar mai kula da gidan yarin.

A cikin Disamba, [yaushe?] Majalisar Dattawa ta zartar da dokar da aka yiwa Laifuka da kuma sake duba dokar gidan yari ta 1908. Dokar Laifukan-Laifi ta yi kira da a biya diyya da shawarwari ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi, kiyaye haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa, da ba da bayanan binciken laifuka. Da nufin ƙarfafa hukunce-hukunce a kan masu aikata laifuka, bita na dokar Penal Code ta kafa sabbin tuhume-tuhume kan aikata laifin fyade ga ƙungiyoyi, ƙara mafi girman zaman gidan yari da hukunce-hukuncen laifuffukan da ke barazana ga rayuwa, da kuma tsawaita ka'idojin zartar da manyan laifuka daga shekaru 15 zuwa 29.

A cikin Fabrairun 2003, gwamnati ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Canja Hukunce-hukunce, ta ba da damar fursunonin kasashen waje su gabatar da kara don cika hukuncin daurinsu a kasarsu. Gwamnati ta kara da cewa dole ne fursunoni su yi akalla kashi daya bisa uku na hukuncin da aka yanke musu a Japan kafin a yi la'akari da koke. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2007, an mayar da fursunoni 10 na Amurka zuwa Amurka don kammala hukuncin daurinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prisoner Transfer |url=http://tokyo.usembassy.gov/e/acs/tacs-transfer.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225134138/http://tokyo.usembassy.gov/e/acs/tacs-transfer.html |archive-date=December 25, 2008 |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mata da matasa an zaunar da su daban da maza; duk da haka, maza masu gadin gidan yari a wasu lokuta suna gadin fursunonin mata. A cikin wannan shekarar, an tuhumi wani ma’aikacin gidan yari da laifin “tashin hankali da rashin tausayi daga wani jami’in gwamnati na musamman” saboda yin lalata da wata fursuna da ke jiran shari’a. A cikin wannan shekarar, wasu wuraren tsare mata suna aiki bisa ga iya aiki. An tsare fursunonin da ake tsare da su daban da fursunonin da aka yanke musu hukunci.

Yayin da gwamnati ta iyakance damar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam zuwa wuraren tsare mutane, an ba da izinin ziyartar gidajen yari. Sai dai Amnesty International ta yi ikirarin cewa ba a ba wa kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama damar shiga gidan yarin Nagoya ba saboda yadda ake ci gaba da shari'ar kotuna da ke da alaka da cin zarafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2003 – Japan |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/403f57b98.html |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=Refworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hana kamawa ko tsare-tsare ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya haramta kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma gabaɗaya Gwamnati tana kiyaye waɗannan hane-hane. Dokar ta tanadi hukuncin shari'a game da halaccin tsarewa. Ba za a iya tsare mutane ba tare da tuhuma ba, kuma dole ne hukumomi masu gabatar da kara su shirya don nuna cewa akwai yuwuwar dalilin tsare wanda ake tuhuma. A karkashin doka, ana iya tsare wanda ake tuhuma a gidan yari na yau da kullun ko wurin “madogayya” (’yan sanda) na tsare har na tsawon awanni 72. Dole ne alkali ya yi hira da wadanda ake tuhuma kafin a tsare su. Alkalin zai iya tsawaita tsarewar tuhumar har zuwa kwanaki 10 a jere bisa la'akari da bukatar mai gabatar da kara. An nemi waɗannan kari kuma an ba su akai-akai. A karkashin yanayi na ban mamaki, masu gabatar da kara na iya neman karin kwanaki 5, wanda zai kawo iyakar lokacin tsarewar zuwa kwanaki 28.

Hukumar tsaron ‘yan sanda ta kasa ce ke kula da hukumar ‘yan sanda ta kasa (NPA). Bugu da kari, kowace karamar hukuma tana da hukumar kula da lafiyar ‘yan sanda da kuma hukumar ‘yan sanda, wanda kasafin kudin karamar hukumar ya samu. Cin hanci da rashawa da rashin hukunta su ba matsala ba ne a cikin rundunar 'yan sanda na kasa ko na lardin

A karkashin kundin tsarin laifuka, 'yan sanda da masu gabatar da kara suna da ikon sarrafawa ko iyakance damar lauya idan sun ga ya cancanta saboda bincike. Ba za a iya ba da shawara ba yayin tambayoyi a kowane lokaci kafin ko bayan tuhuma. Da yake ba a amince da lauyan da kotu ta nada ba sai bayan an tuhume shi, dole ne wadanda ake tuhuma su dogara da dukiyarsu wajen daukar lauya kafin a gurfanar da su gaban kuliya, ko da yake kungiyoyin lauyoyi na cikin gida sun baiwa wadanda ake tsare da shawarwarin kyauta. Masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa samun damar samun shawara ya iyakance duka a tsawon lokaci da mita; sai dai gwamnatin ta musanta cewa haka lamarin yake. Za a iya amfani da tsarewar da ba a san kowa ba har tsawon kwanaki 23.

Masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa barin tsare wadanda ake tuhuma a hannun hukumomin da suka yi musu tambayoyi yana kara yiwuwar cin zarafi da tilastawa. Gwamnati ta ce shari'o'in mutanen da aka aika zuwa wuraren da ake tsare da 'yan sanda sun kasance wadanda ba a cece-kuce a kai ba. Dokar MOJ ta ba wa jami'ai damar iyakance adadin takardun da suka shafi shari'ar kotuna da fursunoni ke riƙe.

[[Law for Expediting Court Procedure|Dokar Gudanar da Hanyar Kotun]] ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2003. Matsakaicin lokacin shari'a a shekara ta 2005 ya kasance watanni 3.2 don shari'o'in aikata laifuka &lt;ref name=&quot;HR2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2007 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2006 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78775.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da watanni 8.2 don shari'ar farar hula. Tsawon lokacin da aka kawo wanda ake zargi a gaban shari'a ya dogara da yanayin laifin, amma da wuya ya wuce watanni 3 daga ranar kamawa; matsakaicin ya kasance 1 zuwa 2 watanni.

=== Jarabawar ===
Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi tsarin shari'a mai zaman kansa, kuma gwamnati gaba daya ta mutunta wannan tanadi a aikace. Majalisar zartaswa ta nada alkalai na wa'adi na shekaru 10, wanda za a iya sabunta shi har sai alkalan sun kai shekaru 65. Alkalan kotun koli na iya yin aiki har zuwa shekaru 70, amma suna fuskantar bitar lokaci-lokaci ta hanyar kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a.

Akwai matakan kotuna da dama, da suka hada da manyan kotuna, kotunan gunduma, kotunan iyali, da kotunan takaitawa, inda kotun koli ke zama kotun daukaka kara ta karshe. Yawancin lokaci ana fara shari'a a matakin kotun gunduma, kuma ana iya ɗaukaka hukunci zuwa babbar kotun, kuma a ƙarshe, zuwa Kotun Koli. Gabaɗaya gwamnati na mutunta tanadin tsarin mulki na yancin yin gaggawar shari'a a gaban jama'a ta wata kotun da ba ta son kai a duk wani shari'a. Ko da yake an kammala yawancin shari'o'in masu aikata laifuka a cikin lokaci mai ma'ana, wasu lokuta lokuta suna ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don yin aiki ta hanyar shari'a da tsarin ɗaukaka.

A cikin Yuli 2003, Diet ya zartar da doka da nufin rage matsakaicin lokacin da ake buƙata don kammala shari'ar laifuka da shari'ar farar hula da suka haɗa da gwajin shaida. Tanadin ta sun haɗa da ɗaukar lambobi masu yawa na ƙarin kotuna da ma'aikatan MOJ, sake duba jarrabawar mashahuran, kafa sabbin makarantun shari'a da za su ƙara yawan ƙwararrun shari'a har sau uku nan da 2010, da buƙatar kotuna da masu adawa da ƙararraki su yi aiki tare don inganta tsarin shari'a ta hanyar ba da izinin tattarawa da bayyanawa a baya. Kwamitin ba da shawara kan sake fasalin shari'a ya fitar da ka'idojin kafa makarantun shari'a na digiri, kuma a cikin Maris 2004, jami'o'i 68 (22 na jama'a da masu zaman kansu 46) sun buɗe sabbin makarantun shari'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar Yuli 2003, doka ta kuma sa Kotun Koli ta dauki alhakin hanzarta shari'a a ƙananan kotuna, ta sanya wa'adin shekaru 2 ga kotuna don kawo ƙarshen shari'ar masu laifi da na farar hula, kuma tana buƙatar gwamnati ta ɗauki matakan shari'a da na kuɗi don cimma waɗannan manufofin. Ana sanar da wanda ake tuhuma game da tuhume-tuhumen da aka kama kuma wata kotun farar hula mai zaman kanta tare da lauya mai kare kariya da hakkin yi mata tambayoyi ta tabbatar da shari'ar jama'a. Babu wata shari'a ta juri; duk da haka, wani kudurin doka na sake fasalin shari'a da aka zartar a watan Mayu zai ba da damar yin shari'ar manyan laifuka ta mutum shida, alkalai da aka zaba ba bisa ka'ida ba. A shekarar 2009 ne aka shirya fara aiki da dokar.

Ana kyautata zaton wanda ake tuhuma bashi da laifi. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba wa wadanda ake tuhuma ‘yancin kada a tilasta musu su yi shaida a kansu da kuma samun damar samun lauyoyi kyauta da sirri; duk da haka, Gwamnati ta ce 'yancin tuntuɓar lauyoyi ba cikakke ba ne kuma ana iya ƙuntatawa idan irin wannan ƙuntatawa ta dace da ruhin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Samun shiga wani lokaci an rage shi a aikace; alal misali, dokar ta baiwa masu gabatar da kara damar sarrafa damar da za su iya tuntubar lauyoyi kafin a gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya, sannan akwai zargin cewa an tilasta musu yin ikirari. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna da kariya daga sake aiwatar da dokoki kuma suna da hakkin samun damar samun shaida mai laifi bayan an gurfanar da su a hukumance. Koyaya, doka ba ta buƙatar cikakken bayyanawa daga masu gabatar da kara, kuma ana iya danne kayan da masu gabatar da kara ba su yi amfani da su a kotu ba. Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa wakilan shari'a na waɗanda ake tuhuma ba sa samun damar yin amfani da duk abubuwan da suka dace a cikin rikodin 'yan sanda. Wanda ake tuhuma wanda bai gamsu da hukuncin da kotun shari'a ta yanke ba na iya daukaka kara zuwa babbar kotu.

Babu ƙa'idodin da ke ba da izinin ingantaccen ingancin sadarwa tsakanin alkalai, lauyoyi, da waɗanda ba Jafananci waɗanda ake tuhuma ba, kuma babu daidaitaccen tsarin lasisi ko cancantar tabbatar da masu fassara na kotu. Ana iya ci gaba da shari'a ko da wanda ake tuhuma bai fahimci abin da ke faruwa ba ko abin da ake faɗa ba. Fursunonin kasashen waje akai-akai sun yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan sanda sun bukace su da su sanya hannu a cikin maganganun Jafananci cewa ba za su iya karantawa ba kuma ba a fassara su da kyau.

Ya zuwa watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, Japan ba ta sanya hannu ko tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa da Yarjejeniya ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya kan 'Yanfin Bil'adami da Siyasa ba.

Babu rahotanni game da fursunonin siyasa.

=== Sauran batutuwa ===

== 'Yancin Jama'a ==

=== 'Yanci na magana da na' yan jarida ===
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Japan ya tanadi ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma ‘yan jarida. A ra'ayi, 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, ingantaccen shari'a, da tsarin siyasar dimokuradiyya mai aiki sun haɗu don tabbatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida. Sai dai, tsarin kulab din 'yan jarida na musamman na kasar Japan ya sha suka daga kungiyoyin 'yancin 'yan jarida. Kulab ɗin galibi suna ba da manyan kafofin watsa labarai damar keɓance hanyoyin samun labarai, tare da hana masu ba da rahoto na waje da masu zaman kansu. Ƙungiyoyin suna ba wa manema labarai damar samun damar yin taron manema labarai na hukuma da kuma bayanan baya tare da 'yan siyasa, lauyoyi da shugabannin 'yan kasuwa. Masu suka dai sun ce tsarin kulab din ya baiwa hukumomi damar dakile labaran da suke ganin ba shi da dadi a gare su kuma yana rage ingancin labaran.

Batutuwan 'yancin magana da' yan jarida sun hada da:

* A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, Majalisar Dattijai ta zartar da dokar da ta hana neman jima'i daga kananan yara ta hanyar Intanet. Kungiyar Masu ba da Intanet ta Japan da Kungiyar Kula da Sadarwa ta nuna damuwa game da ma'anar shafukan da aka haramta wa yara kuma game da ayyukan da ake buƙatar masu ba da su ɗauka don hana amfani da shafukan Intanet ba bisa ka'ida ba.
* A cikin 2015 'yan jarida da masana siyasa sun ba da rahoton cewa gwamnatin Firayim Minista [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]] tana yin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin ma'auni na iko tsakanin gwamnatinsa da kafofin watsa labarai, ta amfani da dabaru don yin shiru da sukar da ta wuce duk abin da magabata ya gwada. Wadannan sun hada da: karin korafe-korafe masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ga shugabannin 'yan jarida da masu sharhi, wanda ya sa wasu' yan jarida da mai sharhi su rasa ayyukansu; karin ramuwar gayya ga tashoshin da ke ci gaba da kuskuren gwamnati; nada sabon shugaban ga mai watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a na kasa, NHK, wanda ya bayyana cewa cibiyar sadarwa ba za ta kauce wa ra'ayoyin gwamnati ba; kuma a bayyane tana nuna cewa lasisin watsa shirye-aikacen watsa shirye-gyare na cibiyoyin sadarwa masu tsattsthi na cibiyoyi masu tsattsi da yawa a karkashin dokar da gangan ba.
** karin korafe-korafe ga shugabannin 'yan jarida da masu sharhi, wanda ya sa wasu' yan jarida da mai sharhi su rasa ayyukansu;
** karin ramuwar gayya ga hanyoyin da ke ci gaba da yin kuskure ga gwamnati;
** nada sabon shugaban ga mai watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a na kasa, NHK, wanda ya bayyana cewa cibiyar sadarwa ba za ta kauce wa ra'ayoyin gwamnati ba; da
** a bayyane yana nuna cewa za a soke lasisin watsa shirye-shirye na cibiyoyin sadarwa masu mahimmanci a karkashin dokar da ke buƙatar rahotanni na talabijin ba da gangan ba su karkatar da gaskiyar.

'Yan jarida, masu sharhi da ƙwararrun kafofin watsa labaru sun ce a yanzu gidajen jaridu suna yin la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru ko kuma cire muryoyin da suka dace don guje wa jawo fushin hukuma.

A karkashin Mataki na 4 na Dokar watsa shirye-shirye, watsa shirye-aikacen talabijin na Japan yana buƙatar adalci na siyasa, kuma akwai azabtarwa kamar soke lasisi. Wannan dokar ta wanzu tun kafin gwamnatin Abe. Batun soke lasisi shine amsar tambayar jam'iyyar adawa game da dokar watsa shirye-shirye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=特集ワイド：高市氏の「停波」発言 ホントの怖さ – 毎日新聞 |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20160218/dde/012/010/060000c |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108135936/https://mainichi.jp/articles/20160218/dde/012/010/060000c |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=November 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, kafofin watsa labarai na Japan sun yi tsayayya da wannan sosai. [[Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam|UNCHR]] ta yi kira ga cire Mataki na 4,  amma yawancin kafofin watsa labarai na Japan suna adawa da cire Mataki ya 4.

Ichiro Furutachi dan jarida ne da ya rasa aikinsa. Ya gaya wa Sankei Shimbun, &quot;Gwamnatin ba ta matsa lamba,&quot; &quot;Idan rahotonmu karya ne, za a murkushe shirinmu, don haka akwai tsarin kai don samar da rahoto mai inganci don jin tsoro&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=【古舘伊知郎インタビュー特別版】「政権は何も圧力をかけてないが、自主規制の悪魔と闘わねばならない」「産経に悪く書かれるとおいしい」　（2/2ページ） – 産経ニュース |url=https://www.sankei.com/premium/news/160606/prm1606060006-n2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031191440/https://www.sankei.com/premium/news/160606/prm1606060006-n2.html |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |access-date=October 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 'Yanci na Intanet ====
 
Freedom House ta kimanta damar Intanet ta Japan a matsayin &quot;kyauta&quot; tare da ƙididdigar da ta kai 22.

Samun damar Intanet a Japan ba shi da iyaka. Babu wata dokar gwamnati da ta hana shiga Intanet ko rahotannin da ke nuna cewa gwamnati na bincikar saƙon imel ko taɗi ta Intanet ba tare da izini na doka da ya dace a ƙasar ba. Kundin tsarin mulki da doka sun kare 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kuma gwamnati na mutunta wannan hakkin a aikace. Gwamnati ba ta tsoma baki wajen samun damar buga littattafan Intanet. Mutane da ƙungiyoyi suna shiga cikin yanayin bayyana ra'ayi mai daɗi ta Intanet, gami da imel. Doka da tsarin mulki sun haramta kutse ba tare da izini ba ga sirri, iyali, gida, ko wasiku, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnati na mutunta waɗannan haramcin a aikace.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== 'Yanci na zaman lafiya da haɗin kai ===
The Constitution provides for the [[Yancin taro|freedom of assembly]] and association, and the Government generally respects these rights in practice.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2010}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== 'Yanci na addini ===
{{Blockquote|’Yancin addini ya tabbata ga kowa. Babu wata kungiyar addini da za ta sami wata gata daga Jiha, ko kuma ta yi amfani da wata hukuma ta siyasa.

(2) Ba za a tilasta wa wani mutum shiga cikin wani aiki na addini, biki, ibada ko aiki ba.

(3) Gwamnati da sassanta su nisanci ilimin addini ko wani aiki na addini.&lt;ref&gt;National Diet Library[http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/c01.html#s3 The Constitution of Japan]&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da [['Yancin addini|'yancin addini]].

Mataki na 20 ya ce:

&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;Mambobin Cocin Unification sun yi zargin cewa ‘yan sanda ba su amsa zargin da ake yi wa ’yan cocin ba na tilas. Yayin da kararraki ke raguwa a cikin shekarar, mai magana da yawun Cocin Unification ya ba da rahoton cewa masu gabatar da kara sun yi watsi da kararraki biyu saboda karancin shaida. Ko da yake an ba da rahoton cewa an yi garkuwa da wata mamba daya daga danginta a cikin shekarar, Cocin Unification ba ta kai rahoton lamarin ga ‘yan sanda ba. An ci gaba da nuna damuwa game da halin da jami'ai ke yi na yanke hukunci kan lalata shirye-shirye a matsayin al'amarin iyali. Ba kamar na shekarun baya ba, Shaidun Jehobah sun ba da rahoton cewa Gwamnati tana daraja ’yancinsu na addini a wannan shekarar&lt;/sup&gt;

=== 'Yanci na motsi ===
Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin yin tafiya a cikin kasa, tafiye-tafiye zuwa kasashen waje, shige da fice, da kuma komawa gida, kuma gwamnati gaba daya tana mutunta su a aikace. Jama'a na da 'yancin yin tafiye-tafiye cikin 'yanci a cikin kasa da waje, canza wurin zama, yin hijira, da komawa gida bisa radin kansu. Za a iya rasa zama ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa a wata ƙasa ko kuma ta hanyar gazawar mutanen da aka haifa tare da 'yan ƙasa biyu don zaɓar ɗan ƙasa a lokacin da ake buƙata. Doka ba ta ba da izinin yin hijira tilas ba, kuma ba a amfani da ita.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2007 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2006 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78775.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Doka ta tanadi ba da matsayin ɗan gudun hijira ko mafaka ga mutane daidai da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1951 dangane da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ko yarjejeniya ta 1967. A aikace, gwamnati ta ba da kariya daga sakewa, komowar mutane zuwa ƙasar da suke fargabar tsanantawa, amma ba ta ba da izinin zama ɗan gudun hijira ko mafaka ba. Gwamnati ta hada kai da ofishin hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kungiyoyin jin kai wajen taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira.

A cikin Mayu 2003, Abincin Abinci ya zartar da lissafin soke wa'adin kwanaki 60 na aikace-aikacen da ake buƙata a baya don baƙi masu neman matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Dokar amincewa da ‘yan gudun hijira da ta gabata ta tanadi cewa dole ne masu neman izinin zama ‘yan gudun hijira su nemi izinin shiga cikin kwanaki 60 bayan isarsu Japan ko kuma cikin kwanaki 60 da suka fahimci cewa za a iya tsananta musu a kasarsu ta haihuwa. Baƙon da aka gane a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira yana da damar samun wuraren ilimi, taimakon jama'a da taimako, da fa'idodin jin daɗin jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2004 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2003 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27772.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa an tsare mutane 523,617 a shekarar 2003 a cibiyoyin tsare bakin haure. Rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai sun ce an yi ta korar mutane da dama a asirce. A watan Yuli, wasu iyalai biyu Kurdawa sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kwanaki 72 don nuna adawa da umarnin korarsu a gaban jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Tokyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, gwamnati ta ba da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira da mafaka ga waɗanda ke da'awar tsoron tsanantawa a cikin ƙananan shari'o'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2006 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2005 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61610.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata kungiya mai zaman kanta (NGO), a cikin wata sanarwa ga Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, ta lura cewa, daga 1982 zuwa Disamba 2002, an yarda da mutane 301 a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Gwamnati ta yi la'akari da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke neman mafaka a kasar sun yi hakan ne saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki. A shekara ta 2003, akwai kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 7,900 da masu neman mafaka a kasar, daga cikinsu kimanin 7,700 'yan gudun gudun hijira ne na Vietnam da Kambodiya. Daga cikin ikirarin 'yan gudun hijira 336 da aka gabatar a shekara ta 2003, Gwamnati ta ba da mafaka ga mutane 10 daga [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Burundi]], da [[Iran]] kuma ta ba da izinin zama na dogon lokaci bisa la'akari da jin kai ga 16. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sake haɗuwa da iyali don dangi na kusa da 'yan gudun hijirar Indochinese da suka sake zama a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Gwamnati ta yarda da' yan gudun hijira 147 daga Vietnam da Cambodia a shekara ta 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003, an zartar da doka da ta ba Ministan Shari'a ikon bayar da izinin zama na wucin gadi ga mutanen da ke neman mafaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2004 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2003 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27772.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake wannan dokar ta samar da hanyar da [[Mai Neman Mafaka|Masu neman mafaka]] za su sami matsayin doka a cikin ƙasar a lokacin tsarin amincewa da 'yan gudun hijira, a aikace yana da matukar wahala a sami irin waɗannan izini. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2003, [[Immigration Bureau|Ofishin Shige da Fice]] ya fara ba da cikakkun bayanai, rubuce-rubuce game da yanke shawara don kada a ba da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ga masu neman mafaka kuma ya buɗe ofishin bayanai a Filin jirgin saman Narita don masu neman mafakar.

== 'Yancin siyasa ==
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasa ya bai wa ‘yan kasa ‘yancin sauya gwamnatinsu cikin lumana, kuma ‘yan kasar sun yi amfani da wannan ‘yancin a aikace ta hanyar zabe na lokaci-lokaci, da ‘yanci da kuma gaskiya da aka gudanar bisa tsarin zabe na duniya. Ƙasar dimokuradiyya ce ta majalisar dokoki da jam'iyyun siyasa ko jam'iyyun da ke da ikon samun rinjaye a majalisar wakilai na cin abinci na biyu. Jam'iyyar LDP da New Komeito Party ne suka kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa da ake da su. Sai dai a dan takaitaccen lokaci a shekarun 1990, LDP ce ke da rinjaye a kowace gwamnati tun tsakiyar shekarun 1950. An gudanar da babban zaben kasa na karshe a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2024, sannan kuma an gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawa a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2025.

A cewar kididdigar Hukumar 'yan sanda ta kasa daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2003, an kama mutane 43 da suka shafi cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa saboda irin waɗannan zarge-zargen kamar cin hanci, yin magudi, da keta dokar kula da kudade na siyasa. Wannan ya kasance karuwar shari'o'i 14 daga shekarar da ta gabata a lokaci guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan mata da ke rike da mukamai na gwamnati ya karu a hankali. Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2023, mata sun rike kujeru 46 daga cikin 465 a cikin Lower House of the Diet  da kujeru 69 a cikin kujeru 248 na Upper House . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Japan: number of members in the lower house by gender |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1262138/japan-number-members-house-of-representatives-by-gender/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Statista |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=参院選 女性当選者が35人で過去最多に 当選者に占める女性比率も過去最高：東京新聞 TOKYO Web |url=https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/188816 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=東京新聞 TOKYO Web |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2023, akwai mata biyu a cikin majalisar ministoci. Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2023, 2 daga cikin gwamnonin 47 na kasar mata ne.

Tun daga watan Agustan 2023, Japan ba ta amince ko sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kisan Kisa ba, Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta 1926 ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1956 Ƙarin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Bauta.

== Nuna bambanci ==
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasa ya haramta wariya ga ’yan kasa bisa kabilanci, akida, jinsi, matsayin zamantakewa, ko asalin iyali; Ba 'yan kasa ba ba su da kariya daga waɗannan nau'ikan wariya ta tsarin mulki ko doka har zuwa 2014

=== Cin zarafin jinsi ===
A karon farko har abada, MHLW, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Sadarwa, da MEXT sun ba da ka'idoji na ministoci da sanarwa na yau da kullun waɗanda ke buƙatar hukumomi, ƙananan hukumomi, da makarantu don halartar batutuwan da suka shafi yanayin jima'i da cin zarafin jinsi da fitar da mutum a matsayin LGBT. Wannan ya faru ne a watan Mayun 2019. 

Cin zarafi da ake yi wa mata, musamman cin zarafi a cikin gida, yawanci ba a ba da rahoto ba, saboda matsalolin zamantakewa da al'adu game da wulakanta iyali ko jefar da mutuncin mijin aure ko 'ya'yansa. Kididdigar da NPA ta yi kan cin zarafin mata ta yi nuni da girman matsalar. Bisa kididdigar da NPA ta yi, an samu kararraki 12,568 na rikicin cikin gida da kuma umarnin hana mutane 1,499 a shekarar 2003. 'Yan sanda sun dauki mataki a kararraki 41 da aka saba wa umarnin kotu. Tsakanin Afrilu da Satumba, cibiyoyin shawarwarin fifiko 120 sun sami shari'o'i 24,818 na shawarwarin tashin hankalin gida. Daga cikin jimlar shawarwari 103,986 tun daga kasafin kuɗi na 2002, 99.6% na mata ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar ta ba da damar kotunan gundumar su sanya umarni na watanni 6 a kan masu aikata tashin hankali na cikin gida da kuma yanke wa masu keta doka hukuncin har zuwa shekara 1 a kurkuku ko sanya tarar har zuwa miliyan 1 yen. A cewar alkaluman Kotun Koli daga Janairu zuwa Satumba 2003, an nemi aikace-aikace 1,579 don hana umarni akan ma'aurata masu cin zarafi, kuma an bayar da 1,256.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokokin ko dai sun haramta masu aikata laifin su kusanci wadanda aka azabtar ko kuma sun umarce su da su bar gida, ko duka biyun. Dokar ta kuma rufe auren doka da mutane da suka sake aure; ta kuma ƙarfafa prefectures su faɗaɗa wuraren mafaka ga waɗanda aka yi wa cin zarafin gida kuma sun ƙayyade cewa kananan hukumomi suna ba da taimako na kuɗi ga cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu 40 da suka riga sun yi aiki da irin waɗannan mafaka.

Bita ga Doka don Rigakafin Rikicin Ma'aurata da Kariya ga waɗanda aka kashe a watan Mayu ya faɗaɗa ma'anar tashin hankalin ma'aurata ya haɗa da cin zarafi na tunani, jima'i, da ta jiki da ƙara tsawon umarnin hanawa daga makonni 2 zuwa watanni 2.

Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci game da magana ta 750 na Dokar Jama’a a watan Disamba 2015. Wannan labarin yana bukatar mata da miji su ɗauki suna iri ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2017 |title=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/japan# |access-date=December 11, 2018 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin fyade ==
Kididdigar NPA ta ba da rahoton fyade 2,472 a shekara ta 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41644.htm |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gurfanar da maza saboda fyade na aure; yawanci waɗannan shari'o'in sun haɗa da wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya taimaka wajen fyade. Dangane da manyan fyade da yawa a cikin shekara ta 2003 da suka shafi daliban koleji a Jami'ar Waseda, Babban Gidan ya zartar da lissafi a watan Disamba wanda ya sa fyade ya zama laifi wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da mafi ƙarancin shekaru 4 a kurkuku. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2004, an yanke wa wani tsohon dalibi hukuncin shekaru 14 a kurkuku saboda fyade mata biyu a wani biki da kungiyar dalibai ta &quot;Super Free&quot; ta shirya, da kuma mace ta uku a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001. Dukkanin sauran wadanda ake tuhuma 13 sun sami hukuncin ɗaurin rai har zuwa shekaru 10. Yawancin kananan hukumomi sun amsa bukatar taimakon sirri ga matan da aka zalunta ta hanyar kafa sassan shawarwari na musamman na mata a cikin 'yan sanda da ofisoshin gundumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN2018-04-22a&quot; /&gt; Koyaya, tun daga shekara ta 2018, har yanzu ana hana mata bayar da rahoton fyade da cin zarafin jima'i ta hanyar cikas na shari'a da na aiki, ta hanyar kula da mata da ke magana, kamar Shiori Itō, da sauran matsaloli da yawa. Tsohon shugaban ofishin masu gabatar da kara na gundumar Osaka ya yi wa wata mai gabatar da kara mata da ta bugu hari kuma an yi mata barazana. An gabatar da tuhumar kuma an kai karar shari'a a 2024, shekaru shida bayan haka.  

== Mata masu ta'aziyya ==
Yawancin shari'o'in da mata suka tilasta yin aiki a matsayin &quot;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2011)&quot;&gt;when?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&quot; id=&quot;mwAe4&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Comfort women&quot;&gt;mata masu ta'aziyya&quot; (mata da 'yan mata da aka tilasta yin [[Bautar Jima'i|bautar jima'i]]) a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu an kammala su a shekara ta 2004. A watan Fabrairu, Babban Kotun Tokyo ta ki amincewa da roko da tsoffin mata 7 na Taiwan suka yi, yayin da a watan Nuwamba Kotun Koli ta yi watsi da karar lalacewa da &quot;mata 35 na Koriya suka gabatar a shekarar 1991. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004 Babban Kotun Tokyo ta yi watsi da karar da tsoffin 'yan kasar Sin 4 suka yi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Washington University |first=Memory and Reconciliation in the Asia-Pacific |title=Comfort Women: Japan |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~memory/data/judicial/comfortwomen_japan/Chinese%20(1st%20group).html |access-date=December 24, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Kotun Koli ta ki amincewa da karar da 'yan Philippines 46 suka gabatar a shekarar 1993. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Filipino Comfort Women |url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~memory/data/judicial/comfortwomen_japan/filipina.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119230640/https://www2.gwu.edu/~memory/data/judicial/comfortwomen_japan/filipina.html |archive-date=January 19, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |website=www2.gwu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Aure da saki ==

=== Kulawa ===
Lokacin da ma'aurata suka rabu, ana nuna kyama sosai a kotunan dangin Japan wanda ke ba da kashi 80% na iyaye mata bisa ga kididdigar 2004 daga Cibiyar Nazarin Yawan Jama'a da Tsaro ta Jama'a. Kula da jiki tare ko kula da iyaye ba sabon abu ba ne.

=== Satar da mutane ===
Akwai manyan zargi game da iyayen Jafananci da suka sake aure da iyayen kasashen waje waɗanda aka hana su samun damar zuwa ga yaransu bayan kisan aure.&lt;ref name=&quot;child-abduction&quot; /&gt; Da yawa daga cikin wadannan mutanen da suka sake aure sun rasa damar yin amfani da yaransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;child-abduction&quot; /&gt; Iyaye na kasashen waje bayan kisan aure na iya shan wahala daga satar yara.&lt;ref name=&quot;child-abduction&quot; /&gt; A cikin 2020, 'yan majalisa na [[Tarayyar Turai]] sun karɓi ƙuduri mara ɗaurewa ga Japan don bin damar iyaye, haƙƙin ziyara da kuma dawo da yaran da aka sace.

=== Hukunce-hukunce na jiki ===
A cikin Fabrairu 2020 duk amfani da hukuncin daurin rai da rai a kan yara a Japan ya ƙare bayan Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Ma'aikata da Jin Dadin Jama'a (MHLW) ta fitar da jagororin aiwatar da gyare-gyare na 2019 da aka yi wa dokoki kan yara.

== 'Yancin yara ==
Samari da 'yan mata suna samun daidaiton damar kula da lafiya da sauran ayyukan jama'a. Ilimi galibi kyauta ne kuma wajibi ne ta matakin ƙananan sakandare (shekaru 14 ko aji tara). Ilimi ya kasance a ko'ina ga ɗaliban da suka cika mafi ƙarancin matsayin ilimi a matakin sakandare har zuwa shekaru 18. Al'umma ta ba da daraja sosai kan ilimi, kuma matakan rajista ga yara maza da mata ta matakin sakandare kyauta ya wuce 96%.

Yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 ba za a iya ɗaukar alhakin aikata laifuka ba. A karkashin dokar samari, ana gurfanar da wadanda ake tuhuma a kotun iyali kuma suna da damar daukaka kara zuwa kotun daukaka kara. Shari’ar kotunan iyali ba ta fito fili ga jama’a ba, manufar da ‘yan uwa na kananan yara suka yi suka. A cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, laifuffukan yara sun nuna sauye-sauye zuwa manyan laifuka kamar kisan kai, fashi, kone-kone, da fyade. Gwamnatin lardin Tokyo ta ci gaba da shirye-shiryen kare jin dadin yaran da ba su da jiha, wadanda iyayensu mata masu hijira ba bisa ka'ida ba suka ki yin rajista saboda fargabar mayar da su gida.

=== Cin zarafin yara da sakaci ===
Jama'a sun mai da hankali kan rahotanni na cin zarafin yara akai-akai a gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milaniak |first=Izabela |date=2014 |title=Does child abuse and neglect increase risk for perpetration of violence inside and outside the home? |journal=Psychology of Violence |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=246–255 |doi=10.1037/a0037956 |pmc=4504697 |pmid=26191459}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar ta ba jami'an kula da lafiyar yara ikon hana iyaye masu cin zarafi daga saduwa ko sadarwa tare da yaransu, kodayake saboda ra'ayoyin al'adun Japan game da al'amuran iyali suna &quot;masu zaman kansu&quot;, wannan zaɓi na tilasta aiki ba a yi amfani da shi ba. Dokar ta kuma haramta cin zarafi a karkashin horo kuma ta tilasta malamai, likitoci, da jami'an jin dadin su ba da rahoton duk wani yanayi mai ban tsoro ga 1 daga cikin cibiyoyin ba da shawara na yara 182 na cikin gida ko kuma cibiyar jin dadin birni. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003, Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Aiki, da Welfare ta ba da rahoton cewa yara 108 sun mutu sakamakon cin zarafin yara tun lokacin da aka kafa Dokar Rigakafin Cin zarafin Yara a shekara ta 2000.

A cikin 2003, an sami rikodin 23,738 na cin zarafin yara, kusan kashi 2% daga 2002, a cewar Ofishin Majalisar. Kusan kashi 50% na lamuran sun shafi tashin hankali, kuma kashi 40% na rashin kulawar iyaye ne. Cibiyoyin jin daɗin yara ma sun ba da rahoton rikodin kira 26,573 a cikin 2003, haɓakar kira 2,800 daga shekarar da ta gabata. Alkalumman da aka yarda da su gabaɗaya sun nuna cewa sama da kashi 70% na laifukan cin zarafin yara sun haɗa da mai laifin mace, yawanci mahaifiyar yaron. Kodayake Gwamnati ta ba da tallafi ga ƙananan hukumomi don magance yawan cin zarafin yara, kashi 13% ne kawai suka karɓi tayin. Yawancin kananan hukumomin da suka yi watsi da tallafin sun bayyana cewa ba za su iya biyan kason su na kudirin ba.

a cikin 2014 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoton shari'o'i 13,037 na cin zarafin yara ciki har da cin zarafin jima'i da mutuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2013 |title=Article expired |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/article-expired/ |website=The Japan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2020, wani rahoto daga [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|HRW]] ya bayyana cewa 'yan wasa na yara a [[Japan]] sun sha wahala a jiki, jima'i da kuma magana daga masu horar da su, wanda ya sa wasu daga cikinsu su kashe rayukansu. Rahoton &quot;'Na kasance a cikin sau da yawa ba zan iya lissafawa ba&quot;: Cin zarafin 'yan wasa na yara a Japan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2020 |title=&quot;I Was Hit So Many Times I Can't Count&quot; : Abuse of Child Athletes in Japan |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/07/20/i-was-hit-so-many-times-i-cant-count/abuse-child-athletes-japan |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya rubuta tarihin kasar na azabtar da jiki a wasanni, wanda aka sani da taibatsu a cikin Jafananci, kuma ya bayyana cin zarafin yara a cikin horar da wasanni a duk makarantun Jafananci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2020 |title=Human Rights Watch criticises Japan after report reveals abuse of athletes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/jul/20/human-rights-watch-criticises-japan-after-report-reveals-abuse-of-athletes |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cinikin mutane ==
Ko da yake Japan tana da dokokin da suka haramta safarar jima'i da safarar ƙwadago, waɗannan dokokin ba a la'akari da su cikakku da ma'anar da suka yi daidai da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Japan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/japan/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilun 2004, gwamnatin Japan ta ƙirƙiri wani runduna don yaƙar fataucin mutane. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, Gwamnati ta fitar da shirinta na yaki da safarar mutane. Shirin Aiki ya maida hankali ne kan rigakafi da kawar da fataucin mutane, da kuma kare wadanda abin ya shafa. Shirin Aiki ya yi kira da a sake nazarin biza na &quot;mai nishadantarwa&quot;, da karfafa kula da shige-da-fice, da yin kwaskwarima ga dokokin hukunta laifuka don mai da fataucin mutane laifi, da kuma kara ba da kariya ga wadanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar matsuguni, ba da shawara, da taimakon komawa gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MOFA: Japan's Action Plan of Measures to Combat Trafficking in Persons |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/i_crime/people/action.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.mofa.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Japan's Actions to Combat Trafficking in Persons: A Prompt and Appropriate Response from a Humanitarian Perspective |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/i_crime/people/pamphlet.pdf |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=www.mofa.go.jp.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, Japan ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar kan Laifukan da aka tsara ta kasa da kasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=XVIII-12&amp;chapter=18&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar hanawa, hanawa da azabtar da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=ind&amp;mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&amp;chapter=18&amp;clang=_en#EndDec |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Cin Hanci da rashawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=XVIII-14&amp;chapter=18&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cin zarafin jima'i ===
[[Safarar Mutane|Cinikin mata da 'yan mata]] a cikin kasar ya kasance matsala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A. |date=2010 |title=Human Trafficking, the Japanese Commercial Sex Industry, and the Yakuza: Recommendations for the Japanese Government |journal=Affairs Review |volume=49}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata da 'yan mata, da farko daga Thailand, Philippines, da Gabashin Turai, an yi fataucin su cikin ƙasar don [[Bautar Jima'i|cin zarafin jima'i]] da aikin tilas. Mata da 'yan mata daga Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, Koriya ta Kudu, Malaysia, Burma, da Indonesia suma an yi fataucin su cikin ƙasar a cikin ƙananan lambobi. Kasar ta kasance makoma ga baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba daga China waɗanda ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka suka yi fataucin su kuma suka tsare su cikin bautar bashi don cin zarafin jima'i da bautar da aka yi a cikin shaguna da gidajen cin abinci. Gwamnati ta ba da rahoton cewa wasu masu safarar mutane sun yi amfani da kashe-kashen da sace-sacen don tilasta hadin kai.

Ko da yake ba a samu kididdiga mai inganci kan adadin mata da aka yi safarar su zuwa kasar ba, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam sun ba da rahoton cewa mutane kusan 200,000 galibi matan kudu maso gabashin Asiya ne ake safarar su a duk shekara zuwa cikin kasar tare da tilasta musu yin sana'ar jima'i. A shekarar 2003, NPA ta kama mutane 41 da laifin safarar mutane, 8 daga cikinsu masu safarar mutane ne. Daga cikin wadannan mutane 36 an yanke musu hukunci, 14 sun samu zaman gidan yari, 17 sun samu tara, 5 kuma sun samu duka biyun tara da kuma zaman gidan yari. A watan Fabrairun 2003, ofisoshin 'yan sanda 17 da 'yan sanda na birnin Tokyo a lokaci guda sun kai farmaki kan kulake 24 tare da ceto 68 da aka yi safarar su.

== Hakkin mutanen da ke da nakasa ==
Akwai kimanin mutane miliyan 3.4 da ke da shekaru sama da 18 da nakasar jiki da kuma kusan miliyan 3 masu nakasa tabin hankali. Ko da yake ba gabaɗaya ake fuskantar nuna wariya a aikin yi, ilimi, ko wajen samar da wasu hidimomi na jiha ba, nakasassu sun fuskanci ƙayyadaddun damar safarar jama'a, ilimin jama'a na yau da kullun, da sauran wurare. Kwamitin tattaunawa kan samar da nakasassu aiki, wanda ke aiki a cikin ma'aikatar lafiya, kwadago da walwala, ya ba da umarnin cewa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu masu ma'aikata 300 ko sama da haka su dauki kayyadadden kaso na nakasassu. Hukuncin rashin bin doka tara ne.

Doka ba ta ba da izinin isa ga gine-gine ga masu nakasa ba; duk da haka, dokar kan ka'idojin gine-gine na wuraren jama'a na ba wa masu gudanar da asibitoci, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, otal-otal, da kamfanoni makamantansu damar samun lamuni mai rahusa da fa'idar haraji idan sun gina manyan hanyoyin shiga da na'urar hawan hawa don daukar nakasassu.

Dokar Haɓaka Ayyukan Nakasassu ta haɗa da masu nakasa. Har ila yau, dokar ta sassauta sharuddan bayar da lasisi ga cibiyoyin tallafawa al’umma da ke inganta ayyukan yi ga nakasassu, sannan ta bullo da tallafin da gwamnati ke ba wa masu nakasa ayyukan yi na wucin gadi. A cikin 2003, ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke aiki sun ƙunshi matsakaicin kashi 1.5% na adadin ma'aikata na yau da kullun, ƙasa da adadin da doka ta tanada na 1.8%. Yayin da kusan kashi 70% na manyan kamfanoni (ma'aikata 1,000 ko sama da haka) suka gaza cimma wannan burin, manyan kamfanoni da yawa suna da rarrabuwa na musamman ga ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa, gami da Omron, Sony, da Honda. Misali, kashi 80% na ma'aikatan masana'antar Kyoto na Omron na 82 suna da nakasu, kuma yawancinsu suna da nakasa. Waɗannan ma'aikatan suna samun matsakaicin yen miliyan 3 a kowace shekara, wanda ya haura mafi ƙarancin albashi

A ƙarshen 2002, duk gwamnatocin larduna da kashi 91.5% na ƙananan hukumomi sun haɓaka tsare-tsare na yau da kullun ga ƴan ƙasa masu nakasa. A watan Yuni, an sake bitar mahimman dokar ta naƙasassu, wanda ya wajabta duk gundumomi su tsara tsare-tsare na nakasassu.

Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2015, Japan ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa]] amma ba ta sanya hannu ko kuma ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar' yancin Mutanen Da ke da nakasasa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙananan mutane ==
Burakumin, Koreans, Sinawa, da ma'aikatan baki sun fuskanci bambanci daban-daban na wariyar launin fata a cikin al'umma, wasu daga cikinsu suna da tsanani kuma sun dade. Kimanin Burakumin miliyan 3 ('ya'yan ɓangarorin zamanin ɓangarorin &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;waɗanda ba'a sani ba&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;), duk da cewa ba a nuna musu wariya na gwamnati ba, galibi sun kasance waɗanda ke fama da wariyar launin fata a cikin al'umma, gami da ƙuntatawa damar samun gidaje da damar yin aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Buraku Discrimination ? |url=http://blhrri.org/blhrri_e/blhrri/buraku.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920122257/http://blhrri.org/blhrri_e/blhrri/buraku.htm |archive-date=September 20, 2008 |access-date=October 21, 2008 |publisher=Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar MOJ, akwai kusan mazauna kasashen waje miliyan 1.85 bisa doka a cikin 2002. Mafi yawan rukuni, a kusan 625,400, 'yan kabilar Koriya ne, sai 'yan China, Brazil, da Philippines. Duk da ingantuwar tsare-tsaren doka game da wariya, mazauna Koriya ta dindindin (waɗanda ake kira Zainichi Koreans, waɗanda akasarinsu an haife su, sun girma, kuma sun yi karatu a Japan) sun fuskanci wariyar launin fata iri-iri na al'umma. An bayar da rahoton cewa, cin zarafi da barazana ga kungiyoyi da mutane masu goyon bayan Koriya ta Arewa ya karu tun daga shekarar 2002 da Koriya ta Arewa ta amince da cewa ta yi garkuwa da 'yan kasar Japan fiye da dozin. Sauran baki kuma ana nuna musu wariya. Akwai ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin 'yan kasar Japan cewa baki sun aikata laifuka da dama. A cewar wani bincike da gwamnati ta gudanar, sama da kashi 70% na ‘yan kasar na fargabar cewa karuwar ma’aikatan kasashen waje da ke aiki ba bisa ka’ida ba ka iya kawo cikas ga tsaron jama’a da kuma haifar da cin zarafin bil’adama kan ma’aikatan da kansu. Duk da haka, fiye da 80% sun ce ya kamata kasar ta karbi ma'aikatan kasashen waje bisa sharadi ko kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba.

Ya zuwa Mayu 2019, Japan ba ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar da ke adawa da nuna bambanci a Ilimi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-19 |title=UNESCO calls Member States to ratify the Convention against Discrimination in Education |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-calls-member-states-ratify-convention-against-discrimination-education |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin ma'aikaci ==

=== Hakkin haɗuwa ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da damar ma'aikata su haɗu da yardar rai a cikin ƙungiyoyi.

=== Dokar cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki ===
Dokar Damar Samun Ma'aikata Daidaita ta Japan da aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1972 kawai tana ba da shawara ko ba da shawarar masu ɗaukar aiki don ɗaukar matakan hana cin zarafi. Cin zarafin jima'i shine mafi yawan rahotannin nau'in nau'in ma'aikata a Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Kwadago, da Jin Dadin Jama'a a Japan.

A cikin 1999 an sake gyara dokar Samar Da Ma'aikata Daidaitacce kuma an ƙara wani tanadi da ke buƙatar masu ɗaukar ma'aikata su ɗauki matakan hana cin zarafi da mata a wuraren aiki. An sake sake fasalinta a cikin 2007 don haɗawa da maza waɗanda aka kashe, kuma an sake yin bita a cikin 2014 don haɗawa da lalata da jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2015 |title=Japan sees progress on sexual harassment, but some still don't get it |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2015/03/25/issues/japan-sees-progress-sexual-harassment-still-dont-get/ |website=The Japan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hakkin shirya da ciniki tare ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da ƙungiyoyi damar tsarawa, ciniki, da aiki tare.

=== Hana aikin tilas ko tilas ===

=== Hana aikin yara ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya haramta aikin yara.

=== Yanayin aiki da aka yarda da shi da mafi ƙarancin albashi ===
Mafi ƙarancin albashi ana saita shi akan tsarin yanki (shugabanci) da masana'antu, tare da shigar da ma'aikatu masu ba da shawara (ma'aikata, ma'aikata, bukatun jama'a). Ma'aikata da ke ƙarƙashin mafi ƙarancin ma'aikata dole ne su sanya mafi ƙarancin albashin da abin ya shafa, kuma ana ɗaukar bin mafi ƙarancin albashi ya zama tartsatsi. Matsakaicin ƙimar albashi ya jeri bisa ga lardi daga 606 zuwa yen 710 a kowace awa. An yi la'akarin mafi ƙarancin albashi ya isa don samar wa ma'aikaci da iyali kyakkyawan yanayin rayuwa.

Gwamnati ta yi kokarin rage kwararowar ma'aikatan kasashen waje ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar gurfanar da masu daukar ma'aikata a gaban kuliya. Bisa kididdigar da NPA ta fitar, an tuhumi mutane 175 da laifin &quot;taimakawa aikin yi ba bisa ka'ida ba&quot; a farkon rabin farkon shekarar 2002. Dokar shige da fice ta tanadi hukunci kan masu daukar ma'aikatan kasashen waje da ba su da takardun aiki. An tada mafi girman tara na taimakon aikin ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa yen miliyan 3 a watan Disamba. Hakanan ana iya hana ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje da ake zargi shiga don fasfo, biza, da kuma rashin bin ka'ida. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da nazarin batun ma'aikatan kasashen waje, kuma kungiyoyin 'yan kasar da dama suna aiki tare da ma'aikatan kasashen waje ba bisa ka'ida ba don inganta hanyoyin samun bayanai kan hakkokin ma'aikata.

Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta gudanar da aiki yadda ya kamata daban-daban dokoki da ka'idoji da ke kula da lafiyar ma'aikata da aminci, babba daga cikinsu akwai Dokar Tsaron Masana'antu da Lafiya. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ce ta tsara ka'idoji kuma ta fitar da su bayan tuntubar Kwamitin Tsaro da Lafiya na Majalisar Ma'aikata ta Tsakiya. Sufetocin kwadago na da hurumin dakatar da ayyukan da ba su da tsaro nan take, kuma doka ta tanadi cewa ma’aikata na iya bayyana damuwarsu kan lafiyar sana’o’i da kuma kawar da kansu daga yanayin aiki mara kyau ba tare da kawo cikas ga ci gaban aikinsu ba.

=== Batutuwan ma'aikatan kasashen waje ===
Al'ada ce ga kamfanonin Japan su ɗauki fasfo na ma'aikatan kasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga kamfanoni su kwace fasfo na 'yan ƙasar Japan, amma ba na ma'aikatan kasashen waje ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; Akwai jagororin gwamnati kawai game da kwacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; Kamfanoni suna tsoron cewa ma'aikatan kasashen waje na iya guduwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; A cewar lauyoyi masu gwagwarmaya, tilasta mutane su yi aiki yayin da suke ɗaukar fasfo suna kama da aikin tilas.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; Sun roki gwamnatin Japan da ta sanya shi ba bisa ka'ida ba don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot; /&gt; Takamaiman adadin shari'o'in ba a bayyane yake ba, amma shari'oʼi da yawa ba a bayar da rahoton su ba saboda shingen harshe da barazanar korarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;passport-confiscation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sakura Murakami |date=January 23, 2020 |title=Japan should ban confiscation of foreign employees' passports, lawyer says |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-immigration/japan-should-ban-confiscation-of-foreign-employees-passports-lawyer-says-idUSKBN1ZM0T8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127223633/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-immigration/japan-should-ban-confiscation-of-foreign-employees-passports-lawyer-says-idUSKBN1ZM0T8 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Mutanen Ainu
* Yawan jama'a na Japan
* Batutuwan kabilanci a Japan
* Fadar Japan
* 'Yancin Bayanai a Japan
* Rashin gida a Japan
* Jima'i a Japan
* Cinikin mutane a Japan
* Rashin yara na kasa da kasa a Japan
* Hakkin LGBT a Japan
* Koriya ta Arewa ta sace 'yan kasar Japan
* Karuwanci a Japan
* Raelyn Campbell
* Mutanen Ryukyuan
* Yunkurin samun 'yancin kai na Ryukyu
* Mata a Japan
* [[Fataucin mutane don karuwanci a Japan|Cinikin jima'i a Japan]]

Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Kundin Laifukan sun hada da tsare-tsare don tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya tilasta wa wanda ake zargi da aikata laifin aikata laifi ba. A shekara ta 2003, an daina amfani da bel ɗin hana fata. An kafa ƙuƙumi masu laushi na fata ba tare da bel na jiki ba a matsayin madadin na'urorin hanawa. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta bukaci kasar Japan da ta sake fasalin hanyoyin binciken ‘yan sanda.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

* [http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human/ Shafin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Japan kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Japan]
* [http://www.crnjapan.net/ Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Yara ta Japan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100531195353/http://www.jiwe.or.jp/english/law/law1_1_1.html Dokar Daidaitaccen Aiki]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061002152305/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/151/ Censorship a Japan]
* [http://newsletters.ahrchk.net/jpn/ Labaran AHRC, gami da roko na gaggawa, sanarwa da wasikun budewa cikin Jafananci. Sauran takardun kare hakkin dan adam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081030200040/http://www.jclu.org/file/special_rapporteur.pdf Kwamitin 'Yancin Bil'adama na Japan na' yancin 'yan kasashen waje]
* [[OHCHR]].org/english/law/cerd.htm&quot; id=&quot;mwBig&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Rubutun Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci na launin fata UN OHCHR
* [http://www.asiancenturyinstitute.com/politics/722-polite-japan-s-dark-underbelly Rashin ciki mai kyau na Japan]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sauye-sauyen shekarun yarda a Kanada</title>
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      <text bytes="9989" sha1="4wxjzhcbwjxsioz8ojvuo8cedhl0fic" xml:space="preserve">'''Sauye-sauyen [[Shekarar yarda|shekarun yarda]] a Kanada''' yana nufin tattaunawar al'adu da shari'a a Kanada game da shekarun yarda, wanda aka tashe shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Kula da Laifukan Rikicin .  Wannan ya shafi dukkan nau'ikan jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2013 |title=Age of Consent to Sexual Activity |url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/clp/faq.html |website=Department of Justice }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, gwamnatin Kanada karkashin jagorancin [[Stephen Harper]] ta zartar da Bill C-22 (wanda aka gabatar a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007 kuma aka sake sabuntawa a watan Agustan shekara ta 2007) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Legislative Summary for Bill C-22 |url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/LegislativeSummaries/391LS550E#cclause3 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=lop.parl.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; don kara shekarun yarda daga 14 zuwa 16, yayin da ake samar da izinin kusa da jima'i tsakanin yara masu shekaru 14-15 da abokan tarayya kasa da shekaru 5 da haihuwa, da kuma kiyaye wani sashi na kusa da shekaru don jima'i daga yara masu shekaru 12-13 da abokan tarayya ƙasa da shekaru 2 da haihuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Age of Consent to Sexual Activity |url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/clp/faq.html |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=Ministère de la Justice }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, shirin yana riƙe da bambanci na wucin gadi ga auren da suka riga sun kasance na yara masu shekaru 14 da 15, amma ya hana sababbin aure kamar waɗannan a nan gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;ctv.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CTV.ca News Staff |title=Age of Consent FAQ |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060623/age_consent_faq_060623/20060623/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701073406/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060623/age_consent_faq_060623/20060623/ |archive-date=July 1, 2006 |website=CTV.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sashe na 159 na Dokar Laifuka ya sanya shekarun yarda don jima'i na baya a 18 ga ma'aurata marasa aure. A watan Yunin 2019, Bill C-75 ya wuce gidaje biyu na Majalisar dokokin Kanada kuma ya sami amincewar sarauta, ya soke sashi na 159 kuma ya sanya shekarun yarda daidai da 16 ga kowane nau'in jima'i. Kafin soke shi, sashi na 159 an gudanar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba ta kotuna da yawa, gami da kotuna daukaka kara 4, kuma an dauke shi ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=November 16, 2016 |title=Questions and Answers - An Act related to the repeal of section 159 of the Criminal Code |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/pl/s159/qa_s159-qr_s159.html |access-date=October 14, 2021 |website=Department of Justice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dokar da ta gabata ta 1890 ==
A shekara ta 1890, an ɗaga shekarun yarda daga 12 zuwa 14.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Information and Research Service |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/prb993-e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505222100/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/prb993-e.htm |archive-date=May 5, 2011 |access-date=March 26, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yakin da ake yi da masu cin zarafin Intanet ==
Tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda na Toronto Paul Gillespie ya ce lissafin zai ba 'yan sanda &quot;ƙarin kayan aiki&quot; a cikin yaƙin da ake yi da masu cin zarafin Intanet.&lt;ref name=&quot;ctv.ca&quot;/&gt; Manufar lissafin ita ce ta yi niyya ga &quot;Masu cin zarafin jima'i&quot; da masu karuwanci. Sauran kungiyoyin da suka goyi bayan karuwar shekarun yarda sune Majalisar Mata ta Kasa ta Kanada (NCWC), Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Iyali ta Kanada (CFAC), Gidauniyar Laifin Kanada (CCVF), Beyond Borders Inc. da Kanadawa da ke Magana da Cin zarafin Jima'i (CASE).

== Shari'ar Dale Eric Beckham ==
Ɗaya daga cikin masu motsawa don sake fasalin waɗannan dokoki a [[Kanada]] shine batun Dale Eric Beckham . A watan Maris na shekara ta 2005, Beckham, wanda ke da shekaru 31, ya yi tafiya daga gidansa a [[Texas]]&quot; id=&quot;mwQw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Woodlands, Texas&quot;&gt;Woodlands, Texas zuwa [[Ottawa]], Ontario don saduwa da wani yaro mai shekaru 14 da ya sadu da shi ta intanet. Iyayen yaron, bayan sun gan shi yana ɓoyewa a tsakiyar dare zuwa cikin taksi, sun faɗakar da 'yan sanda waɗanda suka bi motar zuwa otal ɗin gari. 'Yan sanda sun sami Beckham da yaron ba tare da sutura ba a cikin ɗakin otal, inda suka yi jima'i; daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su biyu sun yi jima'in jima'i a daren da ya gabata. 'Yan sanda sun kuma gano daruruwan hotunan batsa na yara a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da Beckham ya kawo tare da shi daga Texas. An kama Beckham kuma an tsare shi ba tare da beli ba. 

A cikin jihar Beckham ta [[Texas]], shekarun yarda shine 17 kuma masu keta doka na iya fuskantar hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru 10-20. A Kanada, jima'i tare da matasa masu shekaru 14 ya kasance doka (har zuwa Mayu 2008) muddin an yarda da shi kuma babba ba ta cikin matsayi na iko ko dogaro. Yaron, wanda aka ruwaito yana fama da rikicewar damuwa ta zamantakewa kuma ya nuna alamun kashe kansa, ya nace yayin ganawa da 'yan sanda cewa jima'i da Beckham ya kasance tare da yardar rai. Sakamakon haka, laifin da Beckham zai iya gurfanar da shi a Kanada ya kasance ƙaramin laifi na mallakar Hotunan batsa na yara. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005, Beckham ya yi ikirarin laifi kuma an yanke masa hukuncin da ya riga ya yi aiki. Daga nan aka umarce shi da a kore shi zuwa Amurka.

Bayan an sanar da shi game da kama shi a Kanada, jami'an Shige da Fice da Kwastam (ICE) sun bincika gidan Beckham a [[Woodlands, Texas]], inda suka gano adadi mai yawa na [[Child pornography|Hotunan batsa na yara]] a kwamfutarsa, tare da wasu da ke nuna yara kasa da shekaru 12 da ke yin jima'i da manya. Bayan ya koma Amurka, nan da nan aka kama Beckham kuma aka tsare shi ba tare da jingina ba. A watan Yulin 2007, Beckham ya yi ikirarin aikata laifi a kan zargin tarayya na jigilar hotunan batsa na yara zuwa Kanada,   kodayake lauyansa ya yi jayayya ba tare da nasara ba cewa halin Beckham shine sakamakon raguwar iyawa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007, an yanke wa Beckham hukuncin shekaru 17 a kurkuku, wanda za a bi shi da kulawa ta rayuwa.

Wannan shari'ar ta haifar da damuwa cewa masu cin zarafin yara, ba kawai a Kanada ba har ma daga kasashen waje, suna amfani da ƙarancin shekarun yarda na Kanada don cin zarafin yaran da ke cikin rauni yayin da suke tserewa daga gurfanar da laifi.

== Rashin amincewa ==
{{Reflist}}
Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin LGBT sun soki lissafin saboda bai magance batun daidaito ba kuma sun ci gaba da shekarun yarda na Kanada na yanzu don jima'i na baya a waje da aure a 18. Hillary Cook, mai magana da yawun kungiyar kare hakkin dan luwadi ta Egale Canada, ta bayyana cewa lissafin &quot;ƙoƙari ne na samun maki&quot;. A watan Yunin 2019, C-75 ya wuce gidaje biyu na Majalisar dokokin Kanada kuma ya sami amincewar sarauta, wanda ya soke sashi na 159 nan da nan kuma ya sanya shekarun yarda daidai da 16 ga dukkan mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LEGISinfo - House Government Bill C-75 (42-1) |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?Language=en&amp;Mode=1&amp;billId=9745407 |website=www.parl.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar cutar kanjamau ta Kanada ta bayyana cewa &quot;ƙaruwar shekarun yarda na iya haifar da matasa su kasance masu ɓoye game da ayyukansu na jima'i kuma ba sa neman bayanan da suke buƙata. Wannan zai sanya matasa cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kanjamawa / AIDS da sauran [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]]. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Age of Consent (July 2006)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://www.cdnaids.ca/ageofconsentjuly2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153506/http://www.cdnaids.ca/ageofconsentjuly2006 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=October 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Kare Hakkin Yara ta Kanada ta kuma yi nuni da wani labarin a cikin The Globe and Mail, yana nuna damuwa cewa wannan zai rage neman kwaroron roba. 

Shirin ya kuma sami zargi daga [[Andrea Cohen]] na tsohuwar kungiyar Canadian Federation for Sexual Health (wanda aka fi sani da Planned Parenthood Federation of Canada), wanda ya ce kungiyar ta yi imanin cewa dokar ba ta yi komai ba don hana matasa daga cutar. Ta yi magana a kan CTV News Channel ta &quot;Mike Duffy Live&quot; inda ta bayyana cewa: &quot;Abin da zai yi ya keta haƙƙin matasa dangane da ikon su na yanke shawara game da jima'i&quot;. A shekara ta 2007, kungiyar ta fitar da wata sanarwa ta hukuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2010 |title=Age of Consent Position Statement |url=http://www.cfsh.ca/What-We-Do/Archived-Position-Statements/Age-of-Consent.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714075413/http://www.cfsh.ca/What-We-Do/Archived-Position-Statements/Age-of-Consent.aspx |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |access-date=January 28, 2014 |publisher=[[Canadian Federation for Sexual Health]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Peter Dudding]], babban darakta na Child Welfare League of Canada, ya kuma soki tasirin lissafin na cire ikon shari'a a cikin shari'o'in da suka shafi yara masu shekaru 14 da 15: &quot;Lokacin da muka magance yankewa, muna rasa sassauci don amfani da doka a hanyar da ta fi dacewa da kuma ta mutum&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Izenberg |first=Dafna |date=July 4, 2006 |title=Sixteen and ready for sex? |url=http://www.macleans.ca/canada/national/article.jsp?content=20060701_130213_130213 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320051656/http://www.macleans.ca/canada/national/article.jsp?content=20060701_130213_130213 |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |website=Macleans.ca |quote=Raising the age of consent tries to make young teens off-limits}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Canjin shekarun yarda

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>'Yancin Dan Adam a Argentina</title>
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Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Argentina]] ya shafi mulkin kama-karya na ƙarshe a ƙasar (1976-1983) da sakamakonsa. An san mulkin kama-karya a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] a matsayin &quot;Dirty War&quot;, wanda mulkin kama-kashen kansa ya kirkira don tabbatar da ayyukansu na Ta'addanci da gwamnati ke tallafawa a kan 'yan ƙasar Argentina, wanda Amurka ta goyi bayan su a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin su na Operation Condor, &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=Operation Condor: the cold war conspiracy that terrorized South America |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/sep/03/operation-condor-the-illegal-state-network-that-terrorised-south-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217174143/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/sep/03/operation-condor-the-illegal-state-network-that-terrorised-south-america |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Jorge Rafael Videla ne ya fara gudanar da shi (1976-1981), amma kuma bayan shi har sai an dawo da dimokuradiyya a 1983. Koyaya, halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam a Argentina ya inganta sosai tun ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ARGENTINA |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/argentina/argen1201-02.htm |website=www.hrw.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
According to the ''Nunca Más'' report issued by the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (CONADEP) in 1984, about 9,000 people had &quot;disappeared&quot; between 1976 and 1983. According to a secret cable from Chilean Intelligence|DINA (the Chilean secret police) in Buenos Aires, an estimate by the Argentine 601st Intelligence Battalion in mid-July 1978 —which had started counting victims in 1975— gave the figure of 22,000 persons; the Argentine dictatorship itself also reported killing 22,000 citizens in a 1978 communication to Chilean Intelligence.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-ejercito-admitio-22000-crimenes-nid791532 The Army admitted 22,000 crimes, by Hugo Alconada Mon] 03-24-2006, ''[[La Nación]]'' {{In lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; This estimate was first published by John Dinges in 2004. Current estimates by Human Rights organizations are up to 30,000. The Montoneros admitted losing 5,000 guerrillas killed,{{Dead link|date=March 2012}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Dead link|date=March 2012}} [http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html El ex líder de los Montoneros entona un «mea culpa» parcial de su pasado], ''El Mundo'', May 4, 1995&lt;/ref&gt; and the ERP admitted the loss of another 5,000 of their own guerrillas killed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A 32 años de la caída en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho y la Dirección Histórica del PRT-ERP |url=http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725151539/http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713 |archive-date=2011-07-25 |access-date=2009-04-04 |publisher=Cedema.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; By comparison, Argentine security forces cite 775 deaths of their own.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2009}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; In contrast, there were 13,500 victims of left-wing terrorism in Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official website of victims of left-wing terrorism in Argentina |url=http://www.victimasdeargentina.org/?p=500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322214638/http://www.victimasdeargentina.org/?p=500 |archive-date=2016-03-22 |access-date=2009-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no agreement on the actual number of ''[[Wadanda aka kama sun bace|detenidos-desaparecidos]]''. In an interview with Buenos Aires daily ''Clarin'' in 2009, Fernandez Meijide, who formed part of the 1984 truth commission, claimed that the ''documented'' number of Argentines killed or disappeared was closer to 9,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Argentines Argue Over How Many Were Killed by Junta |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=340843&amp;CategoryId=14093 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710204858/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=340843&amp;CategoryId=14093 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |access-date=28 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Asemblea por los Derechos Humanos'' (APDH or Permanent Assembly for Human Rights) estimated the number of disappeared as 12,261, which included &quot;definitive disappearances&quot; and PEN detainee survivors of the clandestine detention centres spread throughout Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Rita Arditti}}&lt;/ref&gt; The total figure of official prisoners was 8,625 and of these PEN detainees 157 were killed after being released from detention. Between 1969 and 1979 left-wing guerrillas accounted for 3,249 kidnappings and murders. CONADEP also recorded 458 assassinations (attributed to the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance) and about 600 [[Rashin da aka tilasta|forced disappearances]] during the period of democratic rule between 1973 and 1976.&lt;ref name=&quot;LeMonde&quot;&gt;[http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3222,36-855055,0.html?xtor=RSS-3208 L'ancienne présidente argentine Isabel Peron arrêtée à Madrid, à la demande de Buenos Aires]{{Dead link|date=May 2019}}, ''[[Le Monde]]'', January 13, 2007 {{In lang|fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kotun koli ta soke dokokin Obediencia debida (&quot;Due Biyayya&quot;) da Punto Final (&quot;Tsaya&quot;) da aka sani da dokokin rashin laifi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2005 ta hanyar amfani da manufar laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama,  bayan 19 ga Afrilu, 2005 Chamber na uku na Kotun Ƙasar [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ta yanke wa wani jami'in sojan ruwa Adolfo Scilingo, hukunci kan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama, wanda Kotun Koli ta Spain ta tabbatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2007. Kotun Turai ta kare hakkin bil'adama ta amince da ƙa'idar da aka yi amfani da ita a shari'ar Petr Kislyiy a kan Estonia, Inter-American Court a ranar 1 ga Janairu. Shari'ar Almonacid a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2006. Kasancewar waɗannan maganganun sun amince da aiwatar da wannan ra'ayi na dokokin kasa da kasa a kotuna na yau da kullun, wani ci gaba ne a tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya haifar da buɗe wasu gwaji a Cordoba, Corrientes, Tucumán da Buenos Aires kuma akwai da yawa akan jadawalin tsari. Hukunce-hukuncen sun tabbatar da aiwatar da manufar &quot;laifi kan bil'adama&quot;, amma binciken bai wadatar da dokokin kasa da kasa ba, ko kuma sun shiga cikin bincike da kuma hanyoyin gurfanar da su daidai da nau'in laifukan da suka taso daga dokokin kasa da kasa. Wannan yana shafar, ta yin amfani da ƙa'idodin dokokin aikata laifuka na yau da kullun, nau'in gwajin da ake buƙata da wanda za'a iya tuhuma. Akwai tabbacin tsari ba zai yuwu a tabbatar da dubban kararrakin da ake yi a fadin kasar ba da kuma kiyaye tsarin da ake bi a yanzu.

== Darajar amincin mutum ==

=== Rashin rai ko rashin bin doka ===
Yayin da gwamnati ko jami’anta ba su yi wani kisa na siyasa ba, akwai rahotannin da ke cewa ‘yan sanda sun yi kashe-kashen da ba su dace ba ko kuma wuce gona da iri. Gabaɗaya, an dakatar da jami'an da ake zargi da aikata ba daidai ba a hukumance har sai an kammala bincike. Hukumomi sun yi bincike kuma a wasu lokuta ana tsare su, sun gurfanar da su, da kuma yanke wa jami’an da abin ya shafa hukunci.

Kungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba (NGO) Coordinator Against Police Repression (CORREPI) ta ba da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaro ta amfani da karfi mai yawa sun kashe fiye da mutane 200 a kowace shekara.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Madres del Dolor ta gabatar da karar da ta zargi 'yan sanda biyu da kashe Sergio Enciso mai shekaru 21 a lardin Buenos Aires. An ci gaba da shari'ar har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008.

A cewar Madres del Dolor, wani alkali ya tsare ‘yan sanda biyar da shugaban ‘yan sandan Ramos Mejia a lardin Buenos Aires saboda mutuwar Gaston Duffau mai shekaru 35 a watan Fabrairu bayan wani bincike da aka yi a hukumance ya tabbatar da cewa wanda aka kashe ya mutu ne sakamakon duka da aka yi masa a jiki da kuma asma. Jami'an 'yan sandan da abin ya shafa sun ci gaba da kasancewa a tsare a gaban kotu a karshen shekara.

Babu wani abin da aka sani game da batun Carlos Madrid, sajan 'yan sanda na Buenos Aires, wanda ke tsare a gaban shari'a saboda kisan da aka yi wa Daniel Ezequiel Cespedes a watan Nuwamba 2007.

A watan Yulin 2008 wata kotu ta yanke wa dan sanda Dario Poblete hukuncin daurin rai da rai a kan kisan da aka yi wa malamin makaranta Carlos Fuentealba a watan Afrilun 2007 a lokacin yajin aikin malamai a Neuquen.

A watan Satumba wata kotun lardin Jujuy ta yanke wa wani dan sanda hukuncin daurin rai da rai, wani kuma hukuncin daurin shekaru hudu a gidan yari saboda kisan Saul Mendoza a shekara ta 2006. Kotun ta sallami jami’i na uku da laifi sannan ta ci gaba da bincike na hudu.

Babu dai wani ci gaba da aka sani a shari'ar da aka yi wa wasu tsaffin 'yan sanda biyu da wani farar hula da ake tuhuma da laifin kisan kai a shekara ta 2006 da dukan tsiya da harbe-harbe da aka yi wa wani matashi mai shekaru 15 mai suna Miguel Eduardo Cardozo.

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil’adama sun bayyana wa manema labarai cewa tsohuwar ‘yar sanda Marta Jorgelina Oviedo na ci gaba da daurin rai da rai kan kisan Andrea Viera a shekara ta 2002 a gidan yari.

A watan Agustan 2008 gwamnati, kamar yadda Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-American ta ba da shawarar a shekara ta 2003, ta sake buɗe wani bincike game da kisan da 'yan sanda Walter Bulacio suka yi a 1991. Ana ci gaba da sauraron shari'ar a karshen shekara.

=== Rashin ===
[[Fayil:Día_por_la_Memoria,_la_Verdad_y_la_Justicia_24-03-2019_(13).jpg|thumb|250x250px|Hotunan wadanda suka ɓace a lokacin ''Ranar Tunawa da Gaskiya da Adalci'' a Buenos Aires, 24 Maris 2019]]
Sabanin bacewar mutane bisa tsari na tilas a karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soja, lamarin ya inganta sosai kuma babu rahoton bacewar siyasa a shekarar 2008.

Har wa yau ana ci gaba da gudanar da shari’ar da ta shafi kashe-kashe, bacewa, da azabtarwa da mulkin kama-karya na soja na 1976-83 ya yi. A cewar wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam, Cibiyar Nazarin Shari’a da Zamantakewa (CELS), a karshen shekarar 2008, an gudanar da binciken shari’a guda 255 da kuma kiyasin mutane 508 da aka tuhume su da laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama da aka aikata a lokacin Yakin Datti. Daga cikin wadanda aka gurfanar, 358 sun kasance a tsare kafin a gurfanar da su gaban kuliya. Akalla tsofaffin jami’an tsaron jihar 14 da abokan zamansu na farar hula ne aka same su da laifukan kare hakkin bil’adama da suka hada da bacewar tilas da kuma yin garkuwa da su. Rahoton manema labarai na Nuwamba 2008 Noticias Argentinas, wanda ya tattara bayanan da ofishin mai gabatar da kara na kasa ya bayar, ya bayyana cewa an yanke wa mutane 32 hukunci kan laifukan cin zarafin bil Adama tun daga shekara ta 2003, wadanda ake tuhuma 371 sun kasance a tsare a gaban shari’a, kuma mutane 61 sun kasance masu tserewa daga shari’a. A cikin Maris 2008 wata kotun tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa laifuffukan da kungiyar Anti Kwaminisanci ta Argentina ta aikata kafin da kuma lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja laifuffuka ne na cin zarafin bil'adama don haka ba a bin ka'ida.

Manema labarai, kungiyoyin farar hula, da malaman shari'a sun bayyana damuwarsu kan cewa kokarin da gwamnati ke yi na ganin an tabbatar da adalci a kan laifukan kare hakkin bil'adama da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja bai hada da kungiyoyin 'yan daba masu dauke da makamai wadanda su ma ake zargi da aikata laifuka a lokaci guda. A watan Janairun 2008 wata kotu ta saki matar da ’ya’yan tsohon jami’in sojan ruwa Hector Febres, wanda ya mutu sakamakon gubar cyanide a gidan yari yayin da yake fuskantar tuhumar azabtarwa. Har yanzu suna fuskantar tuhume-tuhume kan zargin cewa sun taimaka wa Febres ya kashe kansa. A watan Maris ne wata kotun tarayya ta saki wasu jami'an tsaron gabar teku guda biyu wadanda aka kama dangane da lamarin.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 Sakatariyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta gabatar da tuhumar kisan kai a kan tsohon ministan tattalin arziki Jose Martinez de Hoz, wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soja, saboda mutuwar masanin tattalin arziki Juan Carlos Casariego Del Bel.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 an fitar da tsohon kwamandan sojan ruwa Ricardo Cavallo daga Spain zuwa Argentina don fuskantar tuhumar laifuka da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja. An gurfanar da Cavallo a watan Yuli kuma ya kasance a tsare kafin a yi masa shari'a a ƙarshen shekara.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 hukumomin tarayya sun zargi Ernesto Barreiro da rawar da ya taka wajen cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja, lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in soja da kuma babban mai tambayoyi a cibiyar azabtarwa ta La Perla. Ya kasance a tsare kafin a yi masa shari'a a ƙarshen shekara.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 an kama tsoffin jami'an 'yan sanda Fernando Esvedes da Carlos Vercellone saboda rawar da suka taka a satar siyasa da azabtarwa a cibiyar tsare-tsare ta sirri Pozo de Arana a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja, kuma shari'arsu ta kasance tana jiran ƙarshen shekara.

A watan Yuli an yanke wa tsohon hafsan soji Luciano Benjamin Menendez da tsohon hafsan soji Oreste Valentin Padovan, Ricardo Alberto Ramon Lardone, Carlos Alberto Diaz, da Luis Alberto Manzanelli hukuncin daurin rai da rai saboda take hakkin dan Adam da suka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja. Tsofaffin jami'an soji, Hermes Oscar Rodriguez, Jorge Exequiel Acosta, da Carlos Alberto Vega, an yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru 18 zuwa 22 a gidan yari.

A watan Agustan shekarar 2008 ne aka yanke wa tsohon kwamandan sojojin kasar Laftanar Kanar Julio Rafael Barreiro hukuncin daurin rai da rai, yayin da aka yanke wa tsohon kyaftin din Juan Carlos de Marchi da tsohon Kanar Horacio Losito hukuncin daurin shekaru 25 a gidan yari saboda rawar da suka taka wajen take hakkin dan Adam a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja. An yanke wa tsohon kwamandan Jandarma Raul Alfredo Reynoso hukuncin daurin shekaru 18.

A watan Agusta 2008 an fara shari'ar kare hakkin bil'adama a kan tsohon Birgediya Janar Enrique Braulio Olea, tsohon Kanar Oscar Lorenzo Reinhold da Mario Alberto Gomez Arenas, tsohon manjo Luis Alberto Farias Barrera, tsohon hafsan soja Jorge Eduardo Molina Ezcurra da Sergio Adolfo San Martin, da likita Hilarion de la Pazquen Province a Ne. Ana tuhumar tsoffin jami’an sojin da laifuka 17 na cin zarafin bil’adama da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja.

A watan Satumban 2008 ne wani alkali na gwamnatin tarayya ya sake gudanar da bincike kan kisan da aka yi wa shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Janar Jose Ignacio Rucci a shekara ta 1973, inda aka yi imanin cewa kungiyar 'yan daba ta Montoneros na da hannu a ciki.

A watan Oktoban 2008 hukumomin tarayya sun tuhumi tsohon babban jami'in kula da jami'o'in kasar Eduardo Cincotta, da tsohon memba Nicolas Cafarello, da tsoffin jami'an sojojin sama uku, da kuma tsohon kwamandan sojojin kasar Roberto Atilio Bocalandro kan laifukan kare hakkin bil'adama da aka aikata a cibiyar tsare mutane na sirri na La Cueva a Mar del Plata. Sun ci gaba da kasancewa a tsare a gaban kotu a karshen shekara.

A watan Oktoban 2008 tsoffin jami'an soji Alberto Barda, Hipolito Mariani, da Cesar Comes sun sami hukuncin daurin rai da rai daga shekaru 25 zuwa daurin rai da rai saboda take hakkin dan adam da aka aikata a wuraren da ake tsare da su a boye na Mansion Sere da La Cueva. A cikin watan Disamba ne kotun daukaka kara ta laifukan yaki ta ba da umarnin a saki wasu jami'an soji 21 da ake zargi da take hakkin bil'adama a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soji, ciki har da biyu daga cikin fitattun mutanen da ake zargi, tsohon kyaftin din sojojin ruwa Alfredo Astiz da Jorge Acosta. Alkalan kotun uku sun yi nuni da cewa mutanen sun shafe sama da shekaru biyar a tsare ba tare da an yi musu shari’a ba, wanda ya zarce adadin shekaru biyu da doka ta kayyade na tsare su kafin a gurfanar da su gaban kuliya. Daga baya masu gabatar da kara, CELS, da Kakanin Plaza de Mayo sun daukaka kara kan hukuncin, kuma jami’an sun ci gaba da tsare har sai an yanke hukuncin Kotun Koli. Gwamnati ta nemi a tsige alkalan da suka bayar da umarnin a sake su.

Babu wani ci gaba a cikin shari'ar mutane da suka ɓace a shekara ta 2006 na Jorge Julio Lopez, babban shaida a cikin shari-ar da aka yi wa Miguel Etchecolatz, tsohon kwamishinan janar na 'yan sanda na lardin Buenos Aires.

Hukumomin shari'a na ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan wasu laifuka na sace-sacen mutane da kuma daukar nauyin 'ya'yan tsohuwar mulkin kama-karya na sojoji da aka haifa ba bisa ka'ida ba. A karshen shekara, an gano 96 daga cikin mutane 500 da aka haifa a tsare da kuma bacewar ’yan adawa da aka karbe ba bisa ka’ida ba kuma an sanar da su ainihin asalinsu.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 wata kotun ta yanke wa wani jami'in soja hukuncin shekaru 10 a kurkuku saboda rawar da ya taka wajen sauƙaƙe tallafin Maria Eugenia Sampallo Barragan, 'yar masu adawa da siyasa da aka kashe a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja. Wannan shi ne shari'ar farko ta irin wannan, kuma an yanke wa iyayen da suka haifi Sampallo hukuncin shekaru bakwai da takwas a kurkuku.

=== azabtarwa da sauran mugunta, rashin mutunci, ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa ===
Duk da cewa dokar ta haramta irin wadannan ayyuka da kuma bayar da hukuncin azabtarwa irin na kisan kai, akwai rahotannin da ke cewa wasu 'yan sanda da masu gadin gidan yari na ci gaba da azabtarwa da kuma cin zarafi. CELS ta ba da rahoton cin zarafi da 'yan sanda suka yi da kuma zargin azabtar da wadanda ake zargi a wasu lokuta, musamman a lokacin canja wurin kurkuku. Yayin da gwamnati ta binciki irin wadannan rahotannin, an samu 'yan hukunce-hukunce.

A cikin 2008, a cewar CELS, wani da ake tsare da shi a gidan yarin Olmos, Buenos Aires, gidan yarin lardin ya ce ya samu raunukan wuka daga wani babban jami'in gidan yari a gaban wani jami'in gidan yari. Wani da ake tsare da shi a gidan yarin Saliyo Chica da ke lardin Buenos Aires ya shigar da kara saboda an yi masa zaman kadaici na tsawon kwanaki 45 ba tare da tufafi ko abinci ba. Wani matashi dan shekara 17 kuma ya shigar da kara yana zargin cewa jami’an ‘yan sanda a ofishin ‘yan sanda da ke Hurlingham, na lardin Buenos Aires, sun yi masa gurguwar wutar lantarki. Wasu manyan jami’an sojan ruwa biyu da wani farar hula sun kasance a tsare a gaban shari’a saboda sace, duka, azabtarwa, da kashe Lucas Ivarrola mai shekaru 15, da laifin satar talabijin. Ba a sanya ranar gwaji ba zuwa ƙarshen shekara.

=== Yanayin kurkuku da cibiyar tsare-tsare ===
Kurkuku na kasar sun kasance cikin mummunan yanayi, kuma fursunoni galibi suna ciyar da shekaru a kurkuku kafin shari'a. 'Yan sanda suna ci gaba da cin zarafin ikonsu ta hanyar bugawa, har ma da azabtar da mutane a ofisoshin' yan sanda. A zahiri, akwai lokuta na sababbin bacewar (&quot;sun ɓace&quot;). 

Yanayin gidan yari sau da yawa ba su da kyau kuma suna barazanar rayuwa; a wurare da dama, matsanancin cunkoson jama’a, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, rashin isassun magunguna da jinya, rashin tsaftar muhalli, takaita ziyarar iyali, da yawan cin mutunci da wulakanci, a cewar rahotanni daban-daban na kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil’adama da cibiyoyin bincike. Cibiyar bincike ta Unidos por la Justicia ta yi kiyasin cunkoson gidajen yari da kashi 20 cikin dari a fadin kasar, yayin da sahihan rahotannin manema labarai suka kiyasta cunkoson gidajen yari a lardin Buenos Aires ya zarce kashi 25 cikin dari.

Kwamitin Tunatarwa na lardin Buenos Aires na yaki da azabtarwa ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin watanni 11 na farkon shekara a gidajen yari na lardin Buenos Aires, an kashe fursunoni 86 da tashin hankali 5,169, wanda ya yi sanadin jikkata fursunoni 4,800. A cewar rahoton farko na kwamitin da ya kunshi rabin farkon shekarar, hukumomi sun dakile tashe tashen hankula da harsasan roba da sanduna a lokuta 564. Kwamitin ya danganta tashin hankalin da hare-haren da fursunoni ke kaiwa ‘yan uwansu da kuma jami’an gidan yarin. Kwamitin ya kuma soki tsarin kula da lafiyar gidan yari na lardin.

A watan Afrilun 2008 mai gabatar da kara na tarayya Francisco Mugnolo ya shigar da kara a gaban Kotun Koli yana jayayya cewa rashin isasshen ikon tarayya a gidajen yarin tarayya ya haifar da take hakkin dan Adam da azabtar da wasu fursunoni. Ya kuma fitar da wani rahoto yana mai cewa kashi 63 na fursunonin tarayya a rabi na biyu na 2007 sun fuskanci cin zarafi na jiki.

Har ila yau, a cikin watan Afrilu, Alfredo Emiliano Fleitas, wani fursuna a gidan yarin Villa Devoto, ya roki kotuna da ta rubuta takardar habeas corpus bayan da masu gadin gidan yari suka yi masa duka a watan Fabrairu a lokacin da aka kai shi gidan yarin Ezeiza. An kwantar da Fleitas a asibiti sakamakon raunukan da ya samu kuma an yi masa tiyata don dawo da ganinsa. A watan Agusta 2008 Kotun Koli ta Buenos Aires ta umurci Kotun Kotu ta Laifukan Lardi ta yanke hukunci game da karar habeas corpus da CELS ta shigar a madadin fursunonin lardin da ke fuskantar zalunci da tashin hankali yayin canja wurin kurkuku.

Yayinda aka tsare mata daban daga maza, doka ta ba da izinin yara su zauna a kurkuku tare da mahaifiyarsu har zuwa shekaru hudu. Rahotanni na manema labarai sun kiyasta cewa yara 86 a karkashin shekaru hudu suna zaune tare da mahaifiyarsu a cikin kurkuku na tarayya, tare da ƙarin 75 a cikin kurkukun lardin Buenos Aires. Gabaɗaya, kurkuku na maza sun fi tashin hankali, haɗari, kuma sun cika fiye da kurkuku na mata.

Yawan jama'a a wuraren yara sau da yawa yakan haifar da kananan yara da ake tsare da su a wuraren ofishin 'yan sanda, kodayake sun rabu da tsofaffi. Dangane da rahoton Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Sakatariyar Kasa don Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na 2007, waɗannan cibiyoyin suna da kusan yara 20,000, kashi 20 cikin dari daga cikinsu ba su kai shekara 16 ba. Mafi rinjaye ba su aikata laifi ba; maimakon haka, iyalansu sun watsar da su ko kuma sun dauke su &quot;a cikin haɗari&quot; saboda wasu dalilai.

Sau da yawa ana tsare fursunoni kafin a yi musu shari'a tare da fursunoni da aka yanke musu hukunci. CELS ta kiyasta cewa kashi 53 cikin 100 na wadanda ke cikin kurkukun tarayya suna jiran shari'a. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 Kotun Lardin Buenos Aires ta fara shari'a a cikin shari'ar da aka yi wa Daraktan Kurkukun Lardin Buenos Buenos Aires Magdalena Carlos Tejeda da masu gadi da jami'an kurkuku 15 da ake zargi da barin fursunoni a cikin gobarar 2005 wanda ya kashe fursunoni 33.

Gwamnati ta ba da izinin ziyarar kurkuku ta masu lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam na gida da na duniya, kuma ana gudanar da irin waɗannan ziyarar.

=== Kamawa ko tsare-tsare ===
Dokar ta haramta kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnati na kiyaye waɗannan hane-hane; duk da haka, an ba da rahoton cewa 'yan sanda suna kamawa tare da tsare 'yan ƙasa ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasu lokuta. Rundunar ‘yan sandan tarayya na da hurumin kiyaye doka da oda a babban birnin tarayya da kuma laifukan gwamnatin tarayya a larduna. Sauran hukumomin ‘yan sandan tarayya sun hada da ‘yan sandan tsaron filin jirgin sama, da Jandarma, da masu tsaron gabar teku, da kuma ofishin fursuna. Bugu da ƙari, kowane lardi yana da nasa 'yan sandan da ke amsa ma'aikatar tsaron lardin ko sakatariya. Ƙungiyoyin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun sun bambanta sosai a cikin tasirinsu da mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Cin hanci da rashawa ya yadu a wasu rundunonin, kuma matakan tsaro na cikin gida don dakile cin zarafin 'yan sanda kan yi rauni.

Mafi yawan cin zarafin sun hada da cin hanci da rashawa, da kariya ga, wadanda ke da hannu a fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, karuwanci, da fataucin mutane.

Jami’an tsaron tarayya na da hurumin gudanar da bincike na cikin gida kan cin zarafi da kuma korar wasu mutane da ake zargi da tauye hakkin dan Adam. Gwamnatin tarayya kuma za ta iya shigar da kararraki ga kotunan tarayya; gwamnatocin larduna na iya yin haka ga jami'an tsaron lardin. An fuskanci hukunci mai tsauri ga jami'an tsaron da aka samu da aikata laifin. A shekara ta 2008, hukumomi a lardin Buenos Aires sun kori jami'an 'yan sanda fiye da 700 saboda cin hanci da rashawa da sauran laifuka.

'Yan sanda na iya tsare wadanda ake zargi har zuwa awanni 10 ba tare da izinin kamawa ba idan hukumomi suna da tabbacin cewa wadanda ake zarge sun aikata, ko kuma suna gab da aikata, laifi ko kuma ba su iya tantance ainihin mutumin da ake zargi ba. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun ba da rahoton cewa 'yan sanda galibi suna tsare wadanda ake zargi fiye da awanni 10.

Dokar ta ba wa mutumin da ke tsare damar yanke shawara nan da nan game da halattaccen tsare, wanda ya haifar da bayyanawa a gaban alƙalin ƙananan kotun, wanda ya yanke shawarar ko za a ci gaba da bincike. Akwai jinkiri akai-akai a cikin wannan tsari da kuma sanar da fursunoni game da tuhumar da ake yi musu.

Doka ta tanadi ’yancin bayar da beli, sai dai a cikin shari’o’in da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi, laifuffukan tashin hankali, da cin zarafin makamai. Ko da yake an yi amfani da tsarin belin, kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a sun yi iƙirarin cewa alkalai sun fi bayar da umarnin a tsare waɗanda ake tuhuma a tsare ko kuma a tsare su fiye da ba wa waɗanda ake tuhuma damar su kasance cikin 'yanci har sai an gurfanar da su. A watan Nuwamban 2008 babbar kotun hukunta laifuka ta yanke hukuncin cewa tsare mutum kafin a yi shari'a ya kamata ya keɓanta ga ƙa'idar, sai dai a lokuta da wanda ake tuhuma ke wakiltar haɗarin jirgin sama ko kuma yana iya yin aiki don hana adalci. Ana barin wadanda ake tsare da su shiga cikin gaggawa don tuntuɓar lauyoyi, kuma an samar da masu kare jama'a ga waɗanda ake tsare da su ba za su iya ba da shawarar ba, kodayake irin wannan damar wani lokaci ana jinkirta saboda tsarin da ya yi nauyi. Bukatu mai ƙarfi da rashin wadatar kayan aiki ga Ofishin Mai Kare Jama'a yana haifar da ɗaukar nauyi ga lauyoyin kare jama'a.

Kodayake babu kididdigar hukuma game da yawan wadanda aka tsare da ke neman lauyoyin kare jama'a, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kiyasta cewa kashi 80 cikin dari sun nemi lauyoyin kare hakkin jama'a. An kuma ba da izinin masu tsare-tsare damar shiga cikin dangin, kodayake ba koyaushe ba ne.

Doka ta tanadi tsare wani bincike har na tsawon shekaru biyu ga wadanda ake tuhuma da ke jiran ko kuma suke fuskantar shari'a; za a iya tsawaita lokacin har tsawon shekara guda a cikin iyakanceccen yanayi. Jin tafiyar hawainiyar da tsarin shari'a ke yi yakan haifar da tsare tsare fiye da wa'adin da doka ta tanada. CELS ta ba da rahoton cewa fursunoni sun jira aƙalla shekaru uku kafin a yi musu shari’a, inda wasu lokuta suka ɗauki tsawon shekaru shida kafin a fara shari’a. Fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukunci yawanci suna karɓar bashi don lokacin da aka riga aka yi hidima. A shekara ta 2008, a lardin Buenos Aires, kididdigar wucin gadi daga CELS ta nuna cewa kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na mutanen da ake tsare da su suna tsare a gaban shari'a, yayin da kwamitin kula da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lardin Buenos Aires da ke yaƙi da azabtarwa ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 78 na kusan fursunoni 26,000 a gidajen yarin lardin suna jiran shari'a.

A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da dama, kashi 30 cikin dari na wadanda ake tsare da su kafin a gurfanar da su gabanin shari’a a karshe an wanke su. A cewar kwamitin kula da harkokin tunawa da ‘yan sanda, an samu korafe-korafe kusan 6,500 na take hakkin bil’adama a kan kananan yara da ake tsare da su a gidajen yari na larduna da kuma wuraren da ake tsare da kananan yara, wadanda akasarin su na jiran bincike. A cikin Yuli 2008 Kotun Koli ta Buenos Aires ta ƙaddamar da tsarin shari'a na yara na wucin gadi, wanda ke aiki a gundumomi takwas cikin 18 na larduna. Yana ba da ƙananan yara masu shekaru 16 zuwa 18 haƙƙoƙin tsari iri ɗaya na manya kuma yana iyakance hukunce-hukunce zuwa kwanaki 180 a gidan yari. A watan Agustan 2008 ministan shari'a ya sanar da cewa ya umurci jami'an 'yan sanda da su bi ka'idojin aiki don kama kananan yara bisa ga ka'idojin kasa da kasa; duk da haka, a karshen shekara, babu wani bayani game da aikace-aikacen hanyoyin.

=== Ƙin yarda da shari'ar jama'a mai kyau ===
Doka ta ba da damar yin shari'a ta gaskiya, kuma ma'aikatar shari'a gabaɗaya ta aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin. Sai dai ana korafin cewa wasu alkalan kananan kotuna na tarayya, alkalan larduna, da ma’aikatan shari’a ba su da inganci kuma a wasu lokutan ana amfani da su a siyasance. Kungiyoyin shari’a sun yi suka musamman kan rashin ‘yancin cin gashin kan alkalan kananan kotuna da ke da hurumin tarayya a larduna da dama. Tsarin shari'a yana fuskantar cikas ta hanyar jinkiri mai yawa, tsarin logjams, sauye-sauye na alkalai, rashin isassun tallafin gudanarwa, da rashin aiki na gaba ɗaya sakamakon ragowar tsarin shari'ar laifukan bincike da ake amfani da su a cikin kotunan tarayya da da yawa. Alkalai suna da fa'ida sosai game da ko kuma yadda za a gudanar da bincike, suna ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar jama'a cewa yawancin yanke shawara ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Zargin cin hanci da rashawa a kotunan lardi da kuma kotunan tarayya da ke cikin larduna sun fi yawa fiye da kotunan tarayya da ke da hurumin birnin da lardin Buenos Aires, wanda ke nuna alaka mai karfi tsakanin bangaren zartarwa da na shari'a a matakin lardin. A watan Mayun 2008 Majalisa ta zartar da wata doka da ta kafa tsarin nada alkalai na wucin gadi a matsayin martani ga umarnin Kotun Koli na 2007. Sai dai malaman shari’a sun nuna damuwarsu kan yadda dokar ta karfafa tsaiko wajen zaben alkalai na dindindin da kuma kara wa bangaren zartarwa ikon nada alkalan wucin gadi ba tare da tantance jama’a ba. A karshen shekara, akwai guraben alkalai 160 a fadin kasar. Akwai wasu zargi a cikin manema labarai cewa alƙalai na wucin gadi suna ƙarƙashin magudi na siyasa saboda yanayin wucin da matsayinsu na wucine.

An raba tsarin shari’a zuwa kotunan tarayya da na larduna, dukkansu suna karkashin kotun koli mai kotun daukaka kara da kotunan gundumomi a kasa. Kotunan tarayya sun raba tsakanin kotunan laifuka da kotunan farar hula. A watan Agustan 2008 Majalisa ta kada kuri'a don soke tsarin shari'a na soja, don haka ya sa membobin sojoji su fuskanci shari'ar farar hula don laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin zaman lafiya da kuma sabon kundin ladabtarwa na soja don keta dokokin soja.

Shari'a na jama'a ne, kuma wadanda ake tuhuma suna da 'yancin samun lauya da kuma gabatar da shaidun kariya a cikin tarayya da wasu kotunan larduna da ke da tsarin tuhumar aikata laifuka. Idan an buƙata, ana ba da mai kare jama'a a kuɗin jama'a lokacin da waɗanda ake tuhuma suka fuskanci manyan laifuka. Yayin matakin bincike, wadanda ake tuhuma za su iya gabatar da tambayoyi a rubuce ga alkali mai binciken. Kwamitin alkalai na yanke hukunci ko laifi. Kotunan tarayya da na larduna sun ci gaba da sauye-sauyen zuwa shari'a tare da ba da hujja ta baki a cikin shari'o'in laifuka, tare da maye gurbin tsohon tsarin gabatar da rubuce-rubuce. Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin 1994 ya tanadi yin shari'a ta alkalai, ba a zartar da aiwatar da dokar nan da karshen shekara ba. A Lardin Cordoba, duk da haka, wadanda ake tuhuma da wasu manyan laifuffuka suna da hakkin a gurfanar da su gaban kuliya. Tsawon jinkiri a cikin gwaji matsala ce a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya, tare da yawancin lokuta suna ɗaukar shekaru biyar ko fiye don warwarewa. Ana kyautata zaton wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi kuma suna da damar daukaka kara, kamar yadda masu gabatar da kara ke yi. Ba za a iya gurfanar da ƙananan yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 16 da laifi ba. Ta hanyar doka, waɗanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyi suna da damar samun shaidar da gwamnati ke da su, amma suna iya fuskantar babban cikas ko jinkirta samun irin wannan shaida. A shekara ta 2008, Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Fundacion Sur ta lura cewa kasar ba ta da wani tsarin shari'a na kananan yara wanda ke ba wa matasa kariya ta hanyar da ta dace da kuma 'yancin kare doka a shari'o'in da suka shafi laifuka tare da nuna damuwa cewa alkalai masu fa'ida a irin wannan yanayi sun kara yiwuwar yanke hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba. Shekarun alhakin shari'a shine 16, kuma Fundacion Sur ya tabbatar da cewa masu laifin masu shekaru 16- da 17 akai-akai ana tura su zuwa kotunan manyan laifuka ko kuma a tsare su a wuraren tsare yara na tsawon lokaci fiye da garantin laifinsu. Hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke a watan Disamba na 2008 ya gano cewa tsarin shari'ar kananan yara na kasar bai bi ka'idojin kasa da kasa ba kuma ya nuna bukatar reshen majalisa ya gyara lamarin.

Babu rahotanni game da fursunonin siyasa ko fursunoni.

Akwai shari'a mai zaman kanta kuma mara son kai a cikin al'amuran farar hula, kuma kowa na iya kawo karar neman lalacewa ko kariya ga haƙƙoƙin da kundin tsarin mulki ya bayar. Hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi masu sana'a, jami'o'i, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ba da shawara ta shari'a kyauta kuma suna iya wakiltar marasa galihu a gaban kotunan farar hula da kuma taimaka musu a madadin hanyoyin warware rikice-rikice.

=== Harkokin rikice-rikice tare da sirri, iyali, gida, ko rubutu ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya haramta irin waɗannan ayyukan, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya ta mutunta waɗannan haramtacciyar a aikace.

== 'Yancin Jama'a ==

=== 'Yanci na magana da jarida ===
[[Fayil:Press_freedom_2025.svg|thumb|280x280px|'''2025 Ƙididdigar 'Yancin Labarai ta Duniya'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=2025 World Press Freedom Index |url=https://rsf.org/en/index |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507020451/https://rsf.org/en/index |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}&lt;/ref&gt;      

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Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yan jarida, kuma gaba daya gwamnati na mutunta wadannan hakkoki a aikace. Jama’a na iya sukar gwamnati a fili ko kuma a asirce, amma akwai hukunce-hukuncen laifi, ciki har da hukuncin dauri, na batanci da batanci, kuma jami’an gwamnati sun nemi yin amfani da wadannan a kan ‘yan adawar siyasa da sauran masu suka. Gwamnati ta tuhumi Elisa Carrio, shugabar jam'iyyar adawa ta Civic Coalition, da laifin cin hanci da rashawa a shekarar 2004. A cikin watan Satumba na 2008 Carrio ta sami nasara a shari'ar farar hula wanda dan marigayi shugaban Peronist ya kawo wanda ta zarge shi da hannu a cin hanci da rashawa, kisan kai, da fataucin muggan kwayoyi; Wannan shine karo na biyu da ta samu nasara. A watan Disambar 2008 jami'an tsaro sun kama 'yan Nazi 26, ciki har da kananan yara hudu, bisa zargin nuna wariya kan gudanar da bikin tunawa da mutuwar yakin duniya na biyu Kyaftin din sojojin ruwan Jamus Hans Langsdorff. An saki dukkan mutanen daga baya amma har yanzu suna fuskantar tuhumar nuna wariya..

Tashoshin rediyo na FM da yawa suna ci gaba da watsa shirye-shirye tare da lasisin wucin gadi da ke jiran ƙarshen tsarin daidaita lasisi. A watan Agustan 2008 na siginar rediyon Rediyon Continental da ke sukar gwamnati, ta shigar da kara a gaban kwamitin yada labarai na gwamnatin tarayya (COMFER) kan matakin dakatar da watsa shirye-shiryen ta na FM. Duk da cewa har zuwa karshen shekara ba a warware wannan korafin ba, COMFER ba ta aiwatar da hukuncin da ta yanke ba, kuma tashar ta ci gaba da watsa shirye-shirye a mitar FM.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Joel |date=2008-08-28 |title=Ruling on FM broadcasts draws concern in Argentina |url=https://cpj.org/2008/08/ruling-on-fm-broadcasts-draws-concern-in-argentina.php |access-date=2019-01-01 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2008 kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da Open Society Justice Initiative sun buga wani rahoto da ke zargin cewa rarraba kudaden talla na gwamnati ya shafi 'yancin' yan jarida. Rahoton ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnati ta yi amfani da rarraba tallace-tallace na jihar don amfana ko azabtar da manema labarai bisa ga sautin da suka yi game da gwamnati. Wannan kimantawa ya yi daidai da rahotanni na manema labarai da maganganun da shugabannin kungiyar kafofin watsa labarai suka yi a cikin sirri.

A cewar Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama, gwamnatin lardin Neuquen ba ta cika a ƙarshen 2008 ba tare da umarnin Kotun Koli na 2007 don gabatar da shirin rarraba talla na hukuma wanda ba zai rage 'yancin magana kai tsaye ba. Shari'ar da kamfanin watsa labarai na biyu mafi girma a kasar, Grupo Editorial Perfil, ya gabatar a shekara ta 2006 game da amfani da tallace-tallace na gwamnati a matsayin hanyar tantancewa kai tsaye ya kasance yana jiran ƙarshen shekara.

Dan jarida Sergio Poma ya mutu a watan Janairun 2008 a lokacin da yake jiran daukaka kara a watan Satumbar 2007 wata kotun lardin Salta da ta yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari tare da hana shi yin aikin jarida na tsawon shekara daya saboda batanci ga tsohon gwamnan Salta.

A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2008 ’yan fafutuka na kungiyar kwadago karkashin jagorancin Hugo Moyano, mataimakin shugaban jam’iyyar Peronist Party mai mulki kuma shugaban kungiyar Kwadago (CGT), sun hana wata cibiyar rarraba jaridu da manyan jaridun kasar biyu, Clarin da La Nacion suka gudanar tare. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da cewa zanga-zangar ta fasaha ce don inganta albashi da kuma yanayin aiki ga ’yan kungiyar da ke tuka motocin rarraba jaridu. Sai dai kungiyoyin yada labarai da 'yan adawa sun soki gwamnatin kasar na gaza wargaza wannan shingen tare da kiransa harin kai tsaye ga 'yancin 'yan jarida; Jaridun biyu sun shigar da karar wadanda suka aikata laifin.

Babu takunkumin gwamnati game da samun damar Intanet ko rahotanni cewa gwamnati ta sa ido kan imel ko ɗakunan tattaunawar Intanet. Kowane mutum da kungiyoyi na iya shiga cikin nuna ra'ayoyi cikin lumana ta hanyar Intanet, gami da imel. A cewar Cibiyar Kididdiga da Ƙididdigar Ƙasa ta Gwamnati, akwai masu amfani da Intanet sama da miliyan uku.

Babu ƙuntatawa na gwamnati akan 'yancin ilimi ko al'adu.

=== 'Yanci na Taron Zaman Lafiya da Haɗin Kai ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da [[Yancin taro|'yancin taro]] da tarayya, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a aikace.

=== 'Yanci na addini ===
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da 'yancin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kuma bayyana cewa gwamnatin tarayya &quot;ta goyi bayan bangaskiyar Roman Katolika,&quot; kuma gwamnati ta ba Cocin Katolika tallafi iri-iri da ba a samu ga wasu kungiyoyin addinai ba. Sauran addinai suna yin su kyauta.

Don gudanar da ayyukan ibada na jama'a, samun biza ga mishaneri na kasashen waje, da kuma samun matsayin da ba a biya haraji ba, kungiyoyin addini dole ne su yi rajista tare da Sakatariyar Bauta a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Ciniki na Duniya, da Bauta kuma su bayar da rahoto lokaci-lokaci don kula da matsayinsu.

Ayyukan nuna bambanci da lalata ga 'yan tsiraru na addini, musamman ma'aikatan Yahudawa 300,000, sun ci gaba. A cikin shekara, Wakilin Ƙungiyoyin Isra'ila na Argentina (DAIA) sun sami kusan korafe-korafe 202 na ayyukan adawa da Yahudawa. Abubuwan da aka fi bayar da rahoton sun kasance ƙazantar da makabarta na Yahudawa, rubutun anti-Semitic, maganganun baki, da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafi.

A watan Agustan 2008 an yanke wa Raul Arenas Vega hukuncin daurin watanni tara a gidan yari saboda dukan da aka yi wa wani matashi Bayahude Orthodox a Buenos Aires a shekara ta 2006. An ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan harin bam da aka kai a ginin kungiyar agaji ta Yahudawa ta Argentina (AMIA) a shekarar 1994 a Buenos Aires wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 85. A watan Mayun 2008 wani mai shigar da kara na tarayya ya yi kira da a tuhumi tsohon shugaban kasar Carlos Menem, da tsohon alkalan gwamnatin tarayya Juan Galeano, da sauran su bisa zarginsu da hannu wajen yin rufa-rufa da kare wadanda ke da hannu a harin. Bayan haka, alkalin kotun tarayya mai shari’ar, bisa shawarwarin da mai shigar da kara na musamman na AMIA ya bayar, ya gabatar da bukatar kasa da kasa na kwace kadarorin wasu Iraniyawa 8 da kungiyar Hizbullah, domin biyan diyya da shari’ar farar hula ta yi wa wadanda suka aikata laifin. A watan Disamba ne alkalin kotun ya bayar da umarnin karbe wasu kadarori na kasuwanci guda shida da ake zargin mallakar wani tsohon mai kula da al'adun [[Iran]] ne wanda ke cikin wadanda ake zargi da taimakawa wajen kai harin.

Har yanzu babu wani ci gaba a cikin shari'ar DAIA game da masu fafutuka daga ƙungiyar hagu ta Quebracho wanda ya hana kungiyoyin al'ummar Yahudawa yin zanga-zanga a gaban Ofishin Jakadancin Iran a shekara ta 2006.

Gwamnati ta ci gaba da tallafawa tattaunawar jama'a don nuna bambanci da ya gabata da kuma karfafa ingantaccen haƙuri na addini.

A cikin 2023, an zira kwallaye 4 daga cikin 4 don 'yancin addini. A cikin wannan shekarar, wani binciken da ke kimanta matakan al'ummomi na tsarin addini da tsanantawa (tare da maki daga 0-10 inda 0 ke wakiltar ƙananan matakan tsari ko tsanantawa), Argentina ta sami maki 1.5 a kan Dokar Addini ta Gwamnati, 4.7 a kan Dokar Jama'a ta Addini da 8.1 a kan Fa'idodin Addini na Gwamnati.

=== 'Yanci na motsi a cikin ƙasar, tafiye-tafiye na ƙasashen waje, ƙaura, da dawowa ===
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanadi ‘yancin tafiya a cikin kasar, tafiye-tafiye zuwa kasashen waje, hijira da kuma komawa gida, kuma gaba daya gwamnati na mutunta wadannan hakkoki a aikace.

Gwamnati tana aiki tare da Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira (UNHCR) da sauran kungiyoyin jin kai wajen samar da kariya da taimako ga' yan gudun hijira, masu neman mafaka, da sauran mutanen da ke da damuwa.

Dokar ta haramta gudun hijira ta tilasta, kuma gwamnati ba ta tura kowa gudun hijira ba.

Dokar ta samar da ba da mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira daidai da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1951 game da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da yarjejeniyarta ta 1967, kuma gwamnati ta kafa tsarin samar da kariya ga' yan gudun hijira. Gwamnati ta ba da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ko mafaka.

Dokar ta ba gwamnati damar samar da kariya ta wucin gadi saboda dalilai na jin kai, gami da sake haɗuwa da iyali, ga mutanen da ba za su cancanci zama 'yan gudun hijira ba a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar 1951 da yarjejeniyar 1967.

A cewar kwamitin da ya dace da ‘yan gudun hijira na gwamnati, a cikin watanni 11 na farkon shekarar 2008, mutane 745 sun nemi mafaka, kuma gwamnati ta ba da matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira ga mutane 89. Gwamnati na ci gaba da ba hukumar UNHCR hadin kai don sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijirar Colombia cikin hadari. A cewar hukumar ta UNHCR, kasar ta kuma sake tsugunar da 'yan Colombia 39 a cikin watanni shida na farkon shekarar.

A aikace gwamnati tana ba da kariya daga korar ko dawowar 'yan gudun hijira zuwa ƙasashe inda rayuwarsu ko' yancin su za a yi barazana. Gwamnati ta ba da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira da kariya ta wucin gadi saboda dalilai na jin kai.

== 'Yancin siyasa ==

=== Zaben da shiga siyasa ===
Dokar ta bai wa ‘yan kasa ‘yancin sauya gwamnatinsu cikin lumana, kuma ‘yan kasar sun yi amfani da wannan ‘yancin a aikace ta hanyar zabuka na lokaci-lokaci, na gaskiya da adalci bisa tsarin zabe na duniya.

An gudanar da zabukan shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki na kasa a watan Oktoban 2007. A matakin kasa, an fafata da rabin kujerun majalisar wakilai da kashi daya bisa uku na na majalisar dattawa. Kafofin yada labarai da ma’aikatar shari’a da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun lura da yadda aka gudanar da zaben tare da tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da zaben cikin gaskiya da adalci, ko da yake jam’iyyun adawa da dama ne suka shigar da kara suna zargin cewa ba a samun kuri’u da ke kunshe da ‘yan takarar adawa a rumfunan zabe a wasu lardunan kasar.

Zaben lardin a lardin Santiago del Estero ya gudana cikin tsari a watan Nuwamba.

Jam'iyyun siyasa galibi suna aiki ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba.

Dokokin sun tanadi cewa kashi daya bisa uku na 'yan majalisun biyu dole ne su kasance mata, burin da aka cimma ta hanyar daidaita tsarin zabe. Akwai mata 28 a cikin kujeru 72 na majalisar dattawa da mata 103 a cikin kujeru 256 na majalisar wakilai. Shugaban kasa, biyu daga cikin alkalan kotun koli bakwai, da ministocin majalisar ministoci hudu mata ne. Mata sun kasance kusan kashi 17 cikin 100 na manyan mukamai-reshen zartarwa a matakin tarayya.

Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar ya yi aiki a cikin Majalisar Wakilai. Babu wasu sanannun kabilanci ko launin fata a cikin majalisar dokoki ta kasa. Babu sanannun 'yan asalin ƙasar, kabilanci, ko' yan tsiraru a cikin majalisar ko a Kotun Koli.

=== Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati ===
Dokar ta tanadi hukumcin aikata laifukan cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance; duk da haka, an sha samun rahotannin manema labarai cewa jami'an zartaswa na gudanar da ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ke nuna rashin aiwatar da dokar yadda ya kamata. Bisa kididdigar da Bankin Duniya ya fitar a duk duniya, cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati babbar matsala ce. Cibiyoyi masu rauni a tarihi da tsarin shari'a marasa inganci da siyasa sun sa kawar da cin hanci da rashawa ta kowace hanya mai wahala.

Jami’an gwamnati na bin dokokin bayyana kudi, kuma Ofishin Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa na Ma’aikatar Shari’a (ACO) ne ke da alhakin yin nazari da bincike kan jami’an reshen zartaswa na tarayya bisa ga fom dinsu na bayyana kudi. Haka kuma ACO ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da binciken cin hanci da rashawa a cikin sashin zartarwa na tarayya ko kuma a cikin al’amuran da suka shafi kudaden tarayya, sai dai kudaden da aka tura zuwa larduna. Ko da yake a matsayin wani ɓangare na sashin shari'a, ACO ba ta da ikon gabatar da kararraki ba tare da izini ba, amma tana iya tura kararraki zuwa wasu hukumomi ko yin aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara kuma ta nemi alkali ya fara shari'a. Alkalai guda daya sun binciki galibin manyan laifukan cin hanci da rashawa, amma ba a sa ran za a gurfanar da su a wasu kararrakin da aka fara a shekara ta 2007 ba.

Ministan tsaron ya sallami wasu manyan hafsoshi 31 da jami’ai a watan Agustan 2008 da kuma wasu 13 a watan Satumban 2008 bayan binciken da aka gudanar kan ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa, kuma a watan Satumba babban hafsan hafsan sojin ya yi murabus bayan tuhumarsa da ake masa kan karkatar da kudaden jama’a ba bisa ka’ida ba a shekarar 2002 a wani kwamandan. Hukumomin shari'a na ci gaba da gudanar da binciken tare da goyon bayan ma'aikatar.

Rahotannin da aka samu daga manema labarai na cewa, ministan lafiya ya ci gaba da kokarin ganin an samar da gaskiya wajen siyan magunguna da hukumar da ke da alhakin samar da magunguna ga manyan ‘yan kasa, biyo bayan zargin kayyade farashin da kuma karin farashin da masu sayar da kayayyaki suka yi, wadanda kuma aka ce da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance fitattun masu bayar da gudunmawar yakin neman zabe a shekarar 2007. A watan Nuwamban 2008 shugaban hukumar ya yi murabus bisa bukatar gwamnati.

A cikin watan Disambar 2008 wata yarjejeniya ta neman izinin kasashen waje da kamfanin Siemens na Jamus ya bayyana da sunayensu da sunayen manyan jami'ai a tsaffin gwamnatoci da dama da karbar cin hanci na miliyoyin daloli a cikin sayan tsarin katin shaida na kasa. Binciken da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta Poder Ciudadano ta gudanar a watan Yuni da kuma kotun zabe ta kasa a watan Satumban 2008 ya nuna cewa an samu kura-kurai a cikin rahoton kudaden yakin neman zabe na 'yan takarar shugaban kasa na 2007. Sakamakon binciken da suka gudanar ya tabbatar da cewa wasu ‘yan takarar sun gaza bayar da rahoton kudaden da suka kashe a yakin neman zabe, musamman dangane da kudaden talla; wasu kuma sun wuce gona da iri; kuma wasu sun sami gudummawar da ba a san su ba, wanda doka ta haramta. Rahoton na Poder Ciudadano ya kuma yi zargin cewa an yi amfani da dukiyar jama'a wajen tallata yakin neman zaben shugaba Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner.

Dokar zartarwa ta ba da damar jama'a su sami bayanan gwamnati daga hukumomin zartarwa, waɗanda ake buƙatar amsa buƙatun bayanan jama'a cikin kwanaki 10 na aiki, tare da yiwuwar tsawaita kwanaki 10. Ƙarfin yin aiki da wannan buƙatu, duk da haka, ya bambanta a cikin hukumomin zartarwa. Poder Ciudadano yayi kiyasin cewa hukumomin reshen zartarwa sun amsa irin waɗannan buƙatun a cikin lokacin da ake buƙata kusan kashi 70 na lokacin. Ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu sun lura cewa buƙatun siyasa masu mahimmanci, kamar kuɗin aiki na fadar shugaban kasa, yawanci ana jinkirtawa ko kuma ba a amsa ba.

== Amsawar gwamnati ga binciken da ake zargi da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ==
Kungiyoyi daban-daban na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya suna aiki ba tare da ƙuntatawa gwamnati ba, bincike da buga sakamakon bincikensu kan lamuran haƙƙin ɗan adam. Jami'an gwamnati yawanci suna ba da haɗin kai kuma gabaɗaya suna jin ra'ayoyinsu.

Yayin da gwamnati ke ba da hadin kai da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa, reshen gida na wata fitacciyar kungiyar kasa da kasa ta bayyana damuwa a shekarar 2008 cewa, duk da bukatar da aka yi ta yi, gwamnati ba ta bayar da bayanai a karkashin dokar ‘yancin yada labarai ba. Gwamnati na da Sakatariyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da Ofishin Ombudsman na Kasa.

== Nuna bambanci, cin zarafin jama'a, da fataucin mutane ==
Dokar ta haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, jinsi, nakasa, harshe, ko matsayin zamantakewa, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnati ta aiwatar da waɗannan haramcin a aikace.

=== Mata ===
[[Fayil:Fruit_jam-2.JPG|thumb|Mace mai aiki a San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina]]
A cikin 1985, Argentina ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Kawar da Duk Wani nau'i na Wariya ga Mata (CEDAW). Duk da haka, mata ne a ko da yaushe makasudin machismo m. Rikicin cikin gida da suka hada da fyaden aure, labarun batsa da yaduwa da karuwanci mata matasa da kuma rashin wakilci na siyasa suna da illar magabata na kasar Argentina.

Rikicin cikin gida a Argentina ga mata babbar matsala ce. Fyaɗe, gami da fyaden ma'aurata, laifi ne, amma buƙatar hujja, ko dai ta hanyar rauni a zahiri ko kuma shaidar shaida, galibi suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen gurfanar da irin waɗannan laifuffuka. A watan Agustan 2008 Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa mace ta mutu a kowane kwana biyu sakamakon rikicin cikin gida. Rahotanni daga birnin Buenos Aires na lardin Buenos Aires na cewa, an gabatar da korafe-korafe 52,351 na cin zarafi a cikin gida a ofishin 'yan sanda na mata da ke lardin Buenos Aires a cikin watanni 10 na farkon shekara.

Cinikin mata zuwa da kuma cikin kasar don karuwanci matsala ce.

=== Yara ===
Ko da yake gwamnati ta yi ikirari mai karfi na kare hakkin yara da walwala, shirye-shiryen da yawa sun kasance marasa kudi. A watan Satumbar 2008 Majalisar ta zartar da wata doka da ta tanadi kwanaki 40 da iyaye za su iya yin rajistar haihuwar ‘ya’yansu amma an rage daga shekara shida zuwa kwanaki 20 kafin jihar ta yi rajistar haihuwa idan iyaye suka kasa yin hakan. Don haihuwar da ke faruwa ba tare da taimakon likita ko wajen cibiyar kiwon lafiya ba, gwamnati na iya ba da izinin yin rajista a ƙarshen shekara har zuwa shekara ɗaya bayan haihuwa; bayan haka, alkalai ne kawai za su iya ba da odar rajistar haihuwa.

Yayin da dokar ta tanadi ba da ilimi kyauta kuma na wajibi na shekaru 13, tun daga shekara biyar, ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata ba. Gwamnan Buenos Aires ya kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin yara 400,000 da ba su yi aiki ba kuma ba su zuwa makaranta a lardin Buenos Aires kadai. Cin zarafin yara yana ci gaba da faruwa kuma ba sabon abu ba ne; alal misali, wani bincike na Jami'ar Buenos Aires da aka fitar a watan Agustan 2008 ya nuna cewa makarantun yara 56 da makarantun firamare a lardin Buenos Aires sun gano adadin 1,590 na tashin hankalin iyali a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Sai dai gwamnati na daukar wasu matakai na yaki da cin zarafin yara.

Majalisar Kula da Yara da Matasa da Iyali ta kasa na ci gaba da gudanar da gangamin wayar da kan jama’a tare da gudanar da layukan wayar da kan jama’a na kasa, wanda yara ke amfani da su wajen neman shawarwari, yin koke-koke, da bayar da rahoton cin zarafi ko wasu hakkokinsu. Masu gabatar da kara da 'yan sanda suna bin shari'ar batsa na yara a Intanet. A watan Yuni 2008 Majalisa ta zartar da wata doka da ta haramta kallon batsa da yara; duk da haka, doka ba ta hukunta mallakar mutane don amfanin kansu ba. 'Yan jarida da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ba da rahoton cewa yara suna yin lalata, yawon shakatawa na jima'i, da fataucin kwayoyi. Yin la'akari da kididdigar 'yan sanda, 'yan jarida sun kiyasta cewa ana ɗaukar yara kusan 5,000 a kowace shekara don ayyukan batsa da yawon shakatawa na jima'i.

A cewar sahihan rahotannin 'yan jaridu na cikin gida, da yawa daga cikin yaran da aka samu tashe-tashen hankula daga iyalai marasa galihu suna tsare a wuraren da ake tsare yara a karkashin dokar kariya ta shari'a. An hana masu sa ido na gwamnatin birnin ziyartar cibiyoyin. Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta gida Fundacion Sur ta nuna damuwarta kan yadda yaran za su fuskanci yanayi na rashin mutuntawa tare da gabatar da wata takarda ta habeas corpus a shekarar 2008 inda ta bukaci kotuna da ta saki yaran tare da binciki shari’ar 2007 na wasu samari biyu da suka kashe kansu a wasu lokuta daban-daban bayan an yi musu fyade yayin da suke tsare. A watan Disamba 2008 Kotun Koli ta yi watsi da bukatar amma ta amince da bukatar samar da doka don kawo tsarin shari'a na yara cikin bin ka'idojin kasa da kasa.

A watan Disamba na 2008 jaridar La Nacion ta ba da rahoton cewa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta yi kiyasin cewa yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru biyar 3,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon rashin abinci mai gina jiki a shekara ta 2008, wanda ya ragu da kashi daya bisa uku tun shekara ta 2003.

A ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2020, [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta nuna damuwa game da buga bayanan sirri na yara da ake zargi a kan layi. HRW ta aika da wasiƙu ga Shugaban Argentina Alberto Fernández da Horacio Rodríguez Larreta, magajin garin Buenos Aires, suna cewa manufofi da ayyuka sun keta wajibai na kasa da kasa don mutunta sirrin yara a cikin ayyukan aikata laifuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Argentina: Child Suspects' Private Data Published Online |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/09/argentina-child-suspects-private-data-published-online |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cinikin mutane ===
A cikin Afrilu 2008 Majalisa ta zartar da wata doka da ta haramta fataucin mutane, musamman saboda shari'ar Marita Veron. Har ila yau ƙasar ta kasance maɓuɓɓuga, hanyar wucewa, da kuma makoma ga masu fataucin su.

Cinikin mutane da farko ya shafi 'yan ƙasa da aka yi fataucin su a cikin ƙasar don dalilai na jima'i da cin zarafin aiki. An yi fataucin su galibi daga lardunan arewa zuwa larduna na tsakiya da Buenos Aires kuma daga Buenos Aires zuwa lardunan kudanci da yawa. A ƙaramin mataki, ƙasar makoma ce ga waɗanda abin ya shafa, musamman mata da yara daga Paraguay, Jamhuriyar Dominica, Bolivia, da Brazil. Duk da yake babu rahotanni na hukuma game da ayyukan masu fataucin mutane, kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da rahoton cewa masu fataucir sau da yawa suna gabatar da kansu a matsayin hukumomin daukar ma'aikata ko kuma masu daukar ma'aikaci. Tushen da aka amince da shi kuma sun gano manyan cibiyoyin aikata laifuka, wanda wani lokacin ya kunshi iyalai masu yawa tare da abokan kasuwancin su, gami da masu daukar ma'aikata da manajojin karuwai. Masu fataucin kaya sun kwace takardun tafiye-tafiye don hana wadanda abin ya shafa yin kira ga hukumomi don kariya. Wadanda abin ya shafa, musamman mata da 'yan mata a cikin karuwanci, a wasu lokuta ana hana su hulɗa da duniya ta waje. Sau da yawa ana barazana ko bugawa wadanda abin ya shafa.

Za a iya gurfanar da masu fataucin mutane a karkashin sabuwar dokar tarayya, wacce ke ba da hukunci ga fataucin da ke tsakanin shekaru uku zuwa 15 a kurkuku, dangane da yanayin keta doka da shekarun wanda aka azabtar. An gurfanar da masu fataucin mutane kan zargin karuwanci ta hanyar zamba, tsoratarwa, da tilasta ko, a cikin yanayin yara, safarar baƙi, bautar da aka yi wa kwangila, da irin wannan cin zarafi.

Binciken da ake yi na fataucin mutane da kama mutane ya karu a shekarar 2008. A cewar kididdigar ma'aikatar shari'a, hukumomin tsaron cikin gida sun kai samame 118, sun kama mutane 120 da ake zargi da safarar mutane, tare da ceto mutane 133 da aka kashe a cikin watanni shida bayan dokar ta fara aiki a karshen watan Afrilu. Sai dai 33 ne kawai daga cikin wadanda aka kama suka rage a tsare har zuwa watan Nuwamba. Ba a samu kididdigar hukuma kan adadin tuhume-tuhumen da yanke hukunci kan fataucin mutane a cikin shekarar ba. Ma'aikatar shari'a ita ce kan gaba wajen gudanar da ayyukan yaki da safarar mutane tare da hukumomin tsaro na cikin gida.

Ana iya gurfanar da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi a karkashin sabuwar dokar tarayya, wacce ta tanadi hukuncin daurin shekaru uku zuwa 15 a gidan yari, ya danganta da yanayin cin zarafi da shekarun wanda aka azabtar. An gurfanar da masu safarar mutane a gaban kuliya bisa zarginsu da laifin yin karuwanci ta hanyar zamba, tsoratarwa, da tilastawa ko kuma, a kan yara kanana, safarar baki, bautar gumaka, da kuma cin zarafi makamancin haka.

Babu wani ci gaba a cikin binciken 'yan sanda na gida da kuma shigar hukuma a cikin shari'ar 2006 inda aka tilasta mata yin karuwanci a Lardin Chubut. Rahotanni na manema labarai sun nuna cewa tsoffin jami'an 'yan sanda guda biyu, wadanda aka tuhume su a shekara ta 2006, an sake sanya su ba tare da fuskantar horo ba. A watan Maris, an ceto mata 14 daga karuwanci da aka tilasta a gidajen karuwai da suka ci gaba da aiki a yankin.

A watan Disambar 2008 wani alkalin tarayya ya gayyaci kwamishinan ‘yan sanda, mataimakinsa, da wasu jami’an ‘yan sanda uku domin a tuhume su a wani bangare na binciken zargin ‘yan sanda na kare wani zoben gidajen karuwai da ake zargi da safarar mutane a unguwar Mataderos da ke Buenos Aies. Hakazalika, an gurfanar da wata mata da ke gudanar da gidan karuwai a matsayin wata na’urar safarar mutane, sannan kuma a karshen shekara ana binciken ‘yar uwarta. Ba a tsare wadanda aka yi fataucin fatauci, ko daure su, ko fitar da su. Taron karawa juna sani na horar da jami’an tsaron cikin gida da ma’aikatar shari’a ta yi ya hada da wani bangare da ke jaddada cewa ba sa dora laifin safarar wadanda aka kashe a kan wasu ayyukan da suka sabawa doka da ka iya shiga ciki sakamakon cin zarafinsu.

Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Ofishin Mai Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Ceto da Taimakon Gaggawa na wadanda abin ya shafa ke bayar da agajin da abin ya shafa. Yana nufin ƙanana da manya waɗanda aka ceto a cikin birni ko lardin Buenos Aires zuwa Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Jama'a ga Yara, Matasa, da Iyali, wanda hakan na iya jagorantar waɗanda abin ya shafa zuwa shirye-shiryen taimakon zamantakewa da na likita. Sakatariyar kare hakkin dan adam da ta dace ta taimaka wa wadanda abin ya shafa a wasu larduna. Ofishin Babban Mai gabatar da kara na Taimakon wanda aka azabtar ya ci gaba da ba da taimako a kan yadda ake bukata.

Ko da yake ba ta gudanar da matsugunan da aka keɓe don fataucin mutane, gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin NGO ɗaya don gudanar da matsugunin wanda aka azabtar. Wasu wadanda abin ya shafa sun cancanci taimakon gwamnatin tarayya, amma yawancin jami'an larduna ba su da horo don gano ko taimakawa wadanda fataucin ya shafa musamman. Hukumar kula da ƙaura ta ƙasa da ƙasa tana taimakawa wajen maido da ƙasashen waje waɗanda fataucin ya shafa.

=== Mutanen da ke da nakasa ===
Kundin tsarin mulki da dokoki sun hana nuna wariya ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ta jiki ko ta hankali wajen aikin yi, ilimi, samun damar kiwon lafiya, ko samar da wasu ayyuka na jihohi, amma gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da wadannan dokoki yadda ya kamata. Wata takamaiman doka kuma ta ba da umarnin yin amfani da gine-gine ga masu nakasa; duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata.

Dokokin da ke ba da izinin shiga bas da jiragen ƙasa ga nakasassu su ma ba a aiwatar da su sosai. A cikin Maris 2008 wata kotun tarayya ta umarci ma'aikacin jirgin karkashin kasa na Buenos Aires Metrovias da ya sanya tashoshin jirgin karkashin kasa nakasassu. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a, 12 daga cikin tashoshin jirgin karkashin kasa 73 ne kawai ke da nakasa.

A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Wariya ta Ƙasa, kyamar baki da wariyar launin fata (INADI), kimanin yara 20,000 masu nakasa ba su iya zuwa makaranta a birnin Buenos Aires a 2008 saboda gine-ginen ba nakasassu ba ne.

A watan Maris na 2008, Ombudsman na birnin Buenos Aires ya tuhumi kamfanonin bas masu nisa guda takwas saboda rashin ba da tikitin bas kyauta ga nakasassu, kamar yadda doka ta buƙata. Bayan haka, INADI ta kafa ofishin dindindin a babban tashar bas a cikin birnin Buenos Aires kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a yawancin jiragen kasa da tashoshi na bas a ko'ina cikin birnin bisa tsarin juyawa.

Wani bincike na shekara ta 2007 da CELS da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa ta Mental Disability Rights International ta yi rahoton cewa an tsare mutane 25,000 a cibiyoyin tabin hankali, fiye da kashi 80 cikin dari fiye da shekara guda. Rahoton ya tattara manyan laifuka na cin zarafi da rashin kulawa a cibiyoyin tabin hankali, ciki har da marasa lafiya da aka kona su mutu a cikin keɓewar sel, amfani da rashi na hankali a cikin keɓe na dogon lokaci, da cin zarafi ta jiki da ta jima'i. Rahoton ya kuma yi cikakken bayani kan yanayi masu hadari da rashin tsafta, wadanda suka hada da rashin ruwan fanfo, na'urorin magudanar ruwa marasa aiki, da kuma hadurran wuta da tsaro.

Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kasa don Haɗuwa da Nakasassu, a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Kula da Manufofin Jama'a, yana da alhakin aiwatar da ayyuka don ɗaukar nakasassu.

=== 'Yan asalin ƙasar ===
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya amince da kabilanci da al'adu na 'yan asalin kasar kuma ya bayyana cewa Majalisa za ta kare 'yancinsu na ilimin harsuna biyu, ta amince da al'ummominsu da mallakar al'umma na yankunan kakanninsu, kuma ta ba da damar su shiga cikin sarrafa albarkatun su. A zahiri ’yan asalin ƙasar ba sa cika hannu wajen gudanar da filayensu ko albarkatun ƙasa, a wani ɓangare saboda alhakin aiwatar da dokar an ba da shi ga larduna 23, 11 kawai daga cikinsu suna da kundin tsarin mulki da ya amince da ƴan asalin ƙasar.

Duk da cewa babu wata hanyar da ta dace don gane ƙabilun ƴan asalin ko sanin wanene ɗan asalin ƙasar, al'ummomin ƴan asalin na iya yin rajista da gwamnatin lardi ko ta tarayya a matsayin ƙungiyar jama'a.

Kiyasin al'ummar 'yan asalin ya kai daga 700,000 zuwa miliyan 1.5. Adadin talauci ya fi matsakaita a yankunan da ke da yawan ƴan asalin ƙasar. Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar suna da mafi girman matsakaicin adadin jahilci, cututtuka na yau da kullun, da rashin aikin yi. Rashin horar da malamai na kawo cikas ga kokarin gwamnati na baiwa 'yan asalin yankin damar samun ilimin harsuna biyu.

A cewar ƙwararrun ƴan asalin ƙasar, kashi 75 cikin ɗari na yankin da ake jayayya a Jujuy, wanda ya kasance batun umarnin kotu a 2006 da 2007, ko dai an mayar da su ga al'ummomin ƴan asalin ko kuma a cikin tsarin ba da lamuni a ƙarshen 2008.

A watan Oktoban 2008 ne Kotun Koli ta soke hukuncin da wata kotun lardin Salta ta yanke na kin amincewa da daukaka karar da al’ummar ’yan asalin Eben Ezer suka yi, wanda ya bukaci kotun lardin da ta ba da umarnin hana sayar da filayen lardin da a baya aka dauka a matsayin ajiyar halitta. Kotun kolin ta nuna cewa hukuncin da kotun lardin ta yanke ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, ta kuma umurci kotun lardin da ta yi la’akari da hakkokin ‘yan asalin kasar na amfani da albarkatun da aka samu a filayen kakanni.

A cikin Disamba 2008, a martanin karar da al'ummomin 'yan asalin 18 suka shigar, Kotun Koli ta umarci lardin Salta da ya dakatar da shirin yanke kusan eka miliyan 2 (8,100 km2) na gandun daji, har sai an ci gaba da sauraron karar.

A cewar wani rahoton Ƙungiyar ‘Yan tsiraru na ƙasa da ƙasa daga shekara ta 2008, larduna da yawa sun kori al’ummomin ’yan asalin ƙasar daga ƙasashen kakanni don sayar da fili ga kamfanoni na ƙasa da ƙasa, musamman don masana’antar mai, hakar ma’adinai, waken soya, da bunƙasa yawon buɗe ido.

A watan Disambar 2008, bayan da masu zanga-zanga daga al’ummar Mapuche suka yi shingen shingen hanya, kotun kolin lardin Chubut ta dakatar da wata karamar kotu ta kori iyalan Mapuche daga filayen da suka mamaye tun shekara ta 1940. Masu zanga-zangar sun nuna damuwa cewa lardin Chubut zai kori wasu ‘yan asalin kasar don ba da rangwame ga kamfanonin hakar ma’adinai.

Rikicin filaye tsakanin al'ummar Mbya Guaraní da Jami'ar kasa ta La Plata kan ikirarin yanki a lardin Misiones har yanzu ba a warware ba.

Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka (IACHR) na ci gaba da tantance koken da kungiyar ‘yan asalin yankin Lhaka Honhat ta gabatar dangane da gazawar gwamnatin kasar wajen aiwatar da wata manufa mai taken maido da kasarsu ta gargajiya. Ƙungiyar Lhaka Honhat ta aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga IACHR a cikin Satumba 2008 tana neman a ba da gudummawa sosai da kuma yanke hukunci kan lamarin.

A watan Oktobar 2008 iyalai uku na Mapuche sun mamaye filin dajin Nahuel Huapi a lardin Neuquen a wani yunƙuri na samun kadada 123,000 (500 km2) ga sauran al'ummomin Mapuche. Jami'an Park sun nuna cewa sun riga sun kasance tare da al'ummomin Mapuche guda biyar a yankin.

Hakanan a cikin Oktoba 2008 gidan rediyo na farko na 'yan asalin, Muryar 'yan asalin, ya fara watsa shirye-shirye da nufin al'ummomin 'yan asalin lardin Salta.
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    <title>Sake amfani a Koriya ta Kudu</title>
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Manufofin zubar da sharar gida na [[Koriya ta Kudu]] (wanda aka sani da &quot;'''jongnyangje'''&quot;) yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli. Ana buƙatar rarraba sharar gida zuwa sassa huɗu: sharar gida, sharar gidaje, sharar da za a iya sake amfani da su, da manyan abubuwa masu sharar gida. Ya kamata a raba sharar gida kamar: takarda, filastik da gilashi, kafin a zubar da su. Kudin ya dace da keta manufofin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waste Disposal and Recycling in South Korea - South-korea |url=http://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/south-korea/housing/setting-up-home/waste-recycling |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=Angloinfo |archive-date=2019-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513142843/https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/south-korea/housing/setting-up-home/waste-recycling |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattalin arzikin da ke kewaye a Koriya ta Kudu ==
[[Fayil:Recycling_bins_at_Jeju_Rail_Bike.jpg|left|thumb|Kayan sake amfani a Lardin Jeju]]
Tattalin arzikin Circular shine wanda ke rage sharar gida kuma yana amfani da mafi yawan albarkatu. Yana nufin &quot;tsarin samarwa da amfani wanda ya haɗa da sake amfani, gyarawa, sake fasalin da sake amfani da kayan da kayayyakin da ke akwai don adana kayan cikin tattalin arziki a duk lokacin da ya yiwu&quot;, yayin da kuma la'akari da sharar gida a matsayin hanya, &quot;ƙananan ainihin adadin sharar gida&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Mika Sillanpää; Chaker Ncibi; 2019. The Circular Economy: Case Studies about the Transition from the Linear Economy. Elsevier Science. pp. 7–9. {{ISBN|978-0-12-815268-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Koriya ta Kudu ta kasance a matsayin kasa ta biyu mafi girma a cikin kasashen OECD, a cikin kashi 59% a cikin 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Niall |date=Mar 9, 2016 |title=Infographic: The Countries Winning The Recycling Race |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/4470/the-countries-winning-the-recycling-race/ |access-date=2019-05-06 |website=Statista Infographics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su kafa &quot;Doka ta asali kan Gudanar da albarkatu&quot;. Dokar ta haɗa da tsarin sake amfani da albarkatu, gudanar da aikin sake amfani da shi, kimantawa na amfani da sake zagayowar samfur, da kuma saita kudaden zubar da sharar gida. Ana amfani da tsarin gudanar da aikin sake amfani da albarkatun ga kasuwancin da ke fitar da fiye da tan 100 na sharar da aka tsara a kowace shekara ko sama da tan 1,000 na sauran sharar. Idan mai samarwa yana da wahala wajen aiwatar da irin wannan tsarin sake amfani, za a gabatar da tsarin kimantawa na rarraba. Kowace shekaru uku, za a kafa shirye-shiryen kimantawa kuma za a bayyana sakamakon wasu kasuwancin akan intanet. Kudin zubar da sharar gida na 10 ~ 30 won / kg na zubar da shara ko sharar gida ana cajin su ga kananan hukumomi da kasuwanni sai dai idan ' albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su' wadanda ba su da lahani ga muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Environment |date=2017-12-28 |title=새해에 달라지는 제도 - 자원순환법 시행 (System that changes in the New Year - Enforcement of the resource circulation law) |url=http://www.me.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do?pagerOffset=0&amp;maxPageItems=10&amp;maxIndexPages=10&amp;searchKey=title&amp;searchValue=%EC%9E%90%EC%9B%90%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98%EB%B2%95&amp;menuId=284&amp;orgCd=&amp;boardId=833270&amp;boardMasterId=108&amp;boardCategoryId=&amp;decorator |website=Ministry of Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta ba da bayanai game da raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin sharar gidaje da aka samar a rana ɗaya daga 1.3kg a 1994 zuwa 0.94kg a 2013. Rashin sharar da aka binne ya fadi daga kashi 81.2 zuwa kashi 9.6; sharar da ya kone ya fadi daga 15.3 zuwa kashi 6.4, kuma sharar da ake sake amfani da shi ya karu daga kashi 15.3 zuwa 83.2 daga shekara ta 1994 zuwa 2013. Wannan ya ba Koriya ta Kudu damar hanzarta ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar adana kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-30 |title=[Weekender] Breakdown of Korea's recycling process |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20151030000912 |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=[[The Korea Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A baya, takarda mai rufi (kamar a cikin kofuna) ba za a iya sake amfani da shi ba saboda kasancewar polyethylene (PE) a saman takarda. Koyaya, Repaper, kamfani ne na kasuwanci a Koriya ta Kudu, ya haɓaka kuma ya tallata kofuna masu rufi ta hanyar amfani da ɓangaren acrylate maimakon PE. Wannan ci gaba a cikin hanyoyin an raba shi ba kawai tare da Koriya ta Kudu ba har ma da Turai da Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee (이) |first=WooSang (우상) |date=2018-09-26 |title=리페이퍼, 썩는 종이컵으로 유럽 시장 뚫었다 |url=https://www.hankyung.com/economy/article/2018092682621 |access-date=2019-05-06 |website=[[The Korea Economic Daily]] |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin abinci a Koriya ta Kudu ==
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da sharar gida shine ƙananan jita-jita da aka sani da Banchan. Koriya ta Kudu tana haifar da lalata abinci sama da kilo 130 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Broom |first=Douglas |date=12 Apr 2019 |title=South Korea once recycled 2% of its food waste. Now it recycles 95% |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/south-korea-recycling-food-waste/ |access-date=2019-05-13 |website=World Economic Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 1995, kasar ta raba tsarin tattara sharar abinci daga gidaje don rage yawan sharar abinci da ke zuwa zubar da shara. Tsarin yana buƙatar gidaje su sayi takamaiman jaka na shara don jefa sharar gida daban daga sharar abinci. Amsa ga wannan shirin ya kasance mai dumi, saboda ba a cimma babban rabuwa da abinci ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ju |first=Munsol |last2=Bae |first2=Sung-Jin |last3=Kim |first3=Jae Young |last4=Lee |first4=Dong-Hoon |date=2016-07-01 |title=Solid recovery rate of food waste recycling in South Korea |journal=Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=419–426 |doi=10.1007/s10163-015-0464-x |issn=1611-8227 |s2cid=100960591}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli a shekara ta 2005, jimlar abincin da aka kirkira ya kai kimanin tan 13,000 a kowace rana. Wannan kusan kusan kashi 27% ne na jimlar sharar gida. Sharar abinci a Koriya ta Kudu tana da mafi yawan danshi fiye da sauran ƙasashe saboda yanayin abincin ƙasa; wannan yana gabatar da mummunar barazana ga ruwan ƙasa da gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin shara. Har ila yau, yana da babban salinity da ƙananan pH. Ana samar da iskar gas a lokacin lalacewa, sabili da haka wuraren zubar da shara zasu buƙaci wuraren tattara iskar gas. Tun daga shekara ta 2005 an haramta sharar abinci zuwa zubar da shara a Koriya ta Kudu kuma an aiwatar da tsarin sake amfani da sharar abinci. Rashin abinci yanzu an juya shi zuwa kayan abinci ga dabbobi da taki. Koyaya, ruwan teku na iya shafar zubar da Abinci mai laushi (FWL), kuma a lokaci guda nauyin kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsire-tsire yana ƙaruwa yayin da tsire-shuke masu tsabtace datti yawanci ke fitowa cikin teku. An haramta zubar da sharar gida a cikin teku tun shekarar 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Dae Hee |last2=Behera |first2=Shishir Kumar |last3=Kim |first3=Ji Won |last4=Park |first4=Hung-Suck |date=19 June 2008 |title=Methane production potential of leachate generated from Korean food waste recycling facilities: A lab-scale study |journal=Waste Management |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=876–882 |doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.033 |pmid=18796348}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Shamsul Bari</title>
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'''Shamsul Bari''' ita ce Shugaban [[Research Initiatives, Bangladesh|Shirye-shiryen Bincike, Bangladesh]] kuma tsohon darakta na Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-11-08 |title=Shamsul Bari |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/author/shamsul-bari |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Trustees |url=https://blast.org.bd/board-of-trustees/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=BLAST |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Shamsul Bari ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Bangladesh . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asian Studies Center :: Events |url=https://asia.isp.msu.edu/asia/events/?id=52228 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=asia.isp.msu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma koyar a Jami'o'in Chicago . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Shamsul Bari ya yi aiki a Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'yan gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human Rights in Practice: Dr. Shamsul Bari {{!}} University of Minnesota Law School |url=https://law.umn.edu/events/human-rights-practice-dr-shamsul-bari |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=law.umn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1985, ya kasance Babban Sashen Shari'a na Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 1985 |title=Voluntary Repatriation EC/SCP/41 |url=https://www.unhcr.org/publications/voluntary-repatriation-0 |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=[[UNHCR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1989, Shamsul Bari ya kasance mataimakin darakta na Sashen Shari'ar 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Koyarwar Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na' Yan Gudun Hijiri . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 August 1989 |title=Solution to the Refugee Problem and the Protection of Refugees EC/SCP/55 |url=https://www.unhcr.org/publications/solution-refugee-problem-and-protection-refugees |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=[[UNHCR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kafa Cibiyar Bincike, Bangladesh a shekara ta 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conference Keynote Speakers and Panelists {{!}}{{!}} 18th International Entrepreneurship Conference |url=https://ieforums.org/18thIEF/18th-ief-key-speaker25 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=ieforums.org }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; daga 2002 zuwa 2009, ya yi aiki a Majalisar Binciken Taimako ta Ci Gaban Netherlands (RAWOO) na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje (Netherlands) . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Shi darektan Legal Action Worldwide ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi Masanin Mai Zaman Kanta kan halin da ake ciki na 'yancin Dan Adam a Somaliya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human Rights in Practice: Dr. Shamsul Bari {{!}} University of Minnesota Law School |url=https://law.umn.edu/events/human-rights-practice-dr-shamsul-bari |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=law.umn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2010, ya ba da gargadi ga Puntland da Somalia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2010 |title=The UN Independent Expert on Somalia, Dr. Shamsul Bari, issues a strong warning on the security, human rights and humanitarian situation in the country |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2010/01/un-independent-expert-somalia-dr-shamsul-bari-issues-strong-warning-security |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chronology of Events |url=https://unpos.unmissions.org/chronology-events |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=UNPOS |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance co-shugaban kungiyar masu ba da shawara ta Transparency wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2010 |title=The UN Independent Expert on Somalia, Dr. Shamsul Bari, issues a strong warning on the security, human rights and humanitarian situation in the country |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2010/01/un-independent-expert-somalia-dr-shamsul-bari-issues-strong-warning-security |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chronology of Events |url=https://unpos.unmissions.org/chronology-events |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=UNPOS |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Hakkin LGBTQ a cikin Philippines</title>
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[[Maɗigo|Lesbian]], gay, bisexual, transgender, da Queer (LGBTQ) mutane a cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]] sun fuskanci matsaloli da yawa a ƙasarsu, kamar nuna bambanci, tashin hankali, cin zarafi, hari, tsangwama da sauran nau'ikan maganganun adawa da LGBTQ. Yawancin 'yan Filipinos na LGBTQ suna saduwa da halayen halayen da suka haɗu da iyalansu, abokai da sauransu a cikin al'ummominsu, da kuma masu sana'a, malamai, jami'an gwamnati na ƙasa, 'yan siyasa, lauyoyi da sauransu da ke aiki ga gwamnati da sauran jama'a. 

Mutane da yawa, ƙungiyoyi da al'ummomi a cikin Filipinas sun taimaki LGBTQ Filipinos masu bukata tare da sabis na shawarwari na abokantaka na LGBTQ da zaman jiyya don taimaka musu su tsere wa yanayi masu haɗari da maƙiya.

Filipino LGBTQ daidaikun mutane da kungiyoyi, al'ummominsu, da abokan LGBTQ sun yi aiki don haɓakawa da ƙarfafa adalcin zamantakewa da siyasa a matakin ƙasa. Sun tsunduma cikin gwagwarmayar zamantakewa da bayar da shawarwari dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam don zartar da dokar goyon bayan LGBTQ akan sikelin ƙasa. LGBTQ Filipinos suma suna da mafi girman ƙimar ko dai haɓaka tunanin kashe kansa ko ƙoƙarin kashe kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Suicide Ideation and Suicide Attempt Among Young Lesbian and Bisexual Filipina Women: Evidence for Disparities in the Philippines |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308886108 |website=Researchgate.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gabatar da takardun daidaito da yawa don haƙƙin LGBTQ a cikin Philippines tun daga shekarun 2000, gami da Dokar Daidaitaccen Jima'i da Bayyanawa ta Jima'iyya (SOGIE). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-28 |title=TIMELINE: SOGIE equality in the Philippines |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/238593-timeline-sogie-equality-philippines/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=RAPPLER |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da rashin wucewa a cikin gwamnatin ƙasa, yawancin dokoki masu adawa da nuna bambanci game da jima'i da jinsi sun wanzu a cikin yankunan gudanarwa na gida a cikin Philippines, gami da babban birnin ƙasar, [[Manila]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galupo |first=Rey |title=Manila bans gender discrimination |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2020/10/30/2053274/manila-bans-gender-discrimination |access-date=October 30, 2020 |website=Philstar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu, dokar hana cin zarafi ta haɗa da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi a matsayin wasu dalilan da aka haramta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2013 |title=SOGI included in 'Anti-Bullying Act of 2013' IRR – Outrage Magazine |url=http://outragemag.com/sogi-included-anti-bullying-act-2013-irr/ |access-date=November 28, 2018 |website=Outragemag.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2022, wasu gungun jami'an gwamnati, 'yan siyasa, 'yan majalisa, lauyoyi, lauyoyi, da sauran su a majalisar dokokin Philippine da ke neman ganewa, ba da fa'ida da kariya ga ma'auratan da suka yi jima'i a Philippines sun sake sabunta kuɗaɗen ƙungiyoyin farar hula biyu tare da gabatar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Will proposed Civil Partnership Act prosper in 19th Congress? Herrera has fingers crossed |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/06/will-proposed-civil-partnership-act-prosper-in-19th-congress-herrera-crosses-fingers/ |website=[[Manila Bulletin]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2022 |title=Padilla wants same-sex unions institutionalized |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/841251/padilla-wants-same-sex-unions-institutionalized/story/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinta na memba na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ana ƙarfafa Philippines ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da dama don inganta dukkan nau'ikan haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da na asali wanda ya haɗa da inganta haƙƙin LGBTQ.

Tare da waɗannan ci gaban, ƙungiyoyin LGBTQ a cikin Philippines sun kasance masu himma sosai kuma sun sami wakilcin siyasa.

== Tarihi ==
Kafin aikin Mutanen Espanya, matan da ba a lakafta su ba ko kuma maza na mata yawanci (amma ba koyaushe) sun zama babaylan, waɗanda ba a al'ada ba ne. Shigar da jaridu na masu mulkin mallaka na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] sun bayyana &quot;mazajen da suka rayu a matsayin mata, kuma ake ganin su a matsayin mata a cikin al'umma&quot; dangane da shamans na addinin mushrikai na ƴan asalin Philippine. Sun yi aiki a matsayin masu warkarwa, masu shiga tsakani, da shuwagabannin ruhin al'umma da ake mutunta su daidai da masu mulki. Duk da haka, an tsananta wa waɗannan ’yan iska a lokacin da yawancin kabilun Philippine suka koma Kiristanci da Musulunci, wanda ya haifar da wariyar da al’ummar LGBT ke fuskanta a yau  

=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka ===
[[Fayil:Potters_at_work._The_one_on_the_right_is_a_man_in_woman's_garb_(Itneg_people,_1922).jpg|right|thumb|Itneg potters at work. The one on the right is a man in woman's garb ({{Circa|1922}})]]
Priestesses, or ''babaylan'', held positions of authority as religious leaders or healers in some precolonial Philippine societies. Cross-dressing males sometimes took on the role of the female ''babaylan''.

The ''babaylan'', also called ''katalonan'', ''bayoguin'', ''bayok'', ''agi-ngin'', ''asog'', ''bido'' and ''binabae'' depending on the ethnic group of the region, held important positions in the community. They were the spiritual leaders of the Filipino communities, tasked with responsibilities pertaining to rituals, agriculture, science, medicine, literature and other forms of knowledge that the community needed. In the absence of a ''datu'', the ''babaylan'' could take charge of the whole community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Matsayin babaylan yawanci yana da alaƙa da mata, amma babaylan namiji ma ya wanzu. Littattafan tarihi na farko sun nuna kasancewar babaylan maza waɗanda suka sa tufafin mata kuma suka ɗauki halin mace. Jiki ba shine kawai tushen jinsi ba. Kasancewa namiji ko mace ya dogara ne akan sana'a, kamanni, ayyuka da jima'i. Namiji babaylan zai iya shiga cikin soyayya da jima'i da wasu maza ba tare da al'umma ta yanke masa hukunci ba.

Al'ummar da suka gabata sun yarda da tsinkaye tsakanin jinsi da kuma canza launin fata a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adunsu. Al'adun da ''babaylan'' ya yi sun nuna sake haɗuwa da akasin haka, namiji da mace. Sun yi imanin cewa ta hanyar yin wannan za su iya nuna ikon ruhaniya, wanda za a yi amfani da shi don warkar da lalata ta ruhaniya. A waje da wannan aikin, maza ''babaylans'' wani lokacin suna shiga cikin jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, labaru da yawa daga wallafe-wallafen baki na asali sun nuna wakilcin haruffa LGBT ta hanyar alloli da makamantansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2018 |title=LAKAPATI: The &quot;Transgender&quot; Tagalog Deity? Not so fast… |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/lakapati-the-transgender-tagalog-deity/ |access-date=April 27, 2019 |website=aswangproject.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2017 |title=The Moon God Libulan/ Bulan : Patron deity of homosexuals? |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/the-moon-god-libulan-bulan-patron-deity-of-homosexuals/ |access-date=April 27, 2019 |website=aswangproject.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LGBT Culture in Ancient Philippine Beliefs |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/lgbt-culture-ancient-philippines/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426043903/https://www.aswangproject.com/lgbt-culture-ancient-philippines/ |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019 |website=aswangproject.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin Musuluntar kudu maso yammacin Mindanao, 'yan baranda da jahohin da Musulunci ya yi tasiri sun kori akidar yarda da 'yan luwadi, wanda ya haifar da nuna wariya ga 'yan luwadi duk da irin gudummawar da 'yan iskan ke bayarwa a fagen kwarewarsu. Duk da haka, jahohi da baragayen da ba a musulunta ba sun ci gaba da yin karbuwa a kan luwadi da al'adun karkatar da jinsi da tsarin imani.

=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Spain ===
MuMasu cin nasara na Sipaniya sun gabatar da al'adun uba da yawa ga Philippines na mulkin mallaka. Ana sa ran maza su nuna namiji a cikin al'ummarsu, suna yin nuni ga machismo na Mutanen Espanya ko ma'anar zama namiji. Litattafan ikirari da ’yan tawayen Spain suka yi a wannan lokacin ana zargin cewa ’yan asalin ƙasar suna da laifin luwadi da luwadi. A cikin karni na 17-18 na lokacin Inquisition na Mutanen Espanya, masu gudanarwa na Spain sun kona mutanen da ake zargi da kasancewa masu luwadi don aiwatar da dokar da Pedro Hurtado Desquibel, shugaban Audiencia ya yi.

An nada ''Dauti''-linkid=&quot;436&quot; href=&quot;./Datu&quot; id=&quot;mw1w&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Datu&quot;&gt;Datus a matsayin jami'an gundumar Mutanen Espanya yayin da aka rage ''babaylan'' don sauƙaƙa damuwar 'yan asalin. Cire tsarin datu na mulkin mallaka ya shafi ''babaylans''. Babaylans daga ƙarshe sun ragu tare da mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya. Ba a tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi Jima'i da jinsi ba bayan mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya.

A duk lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya, an rubuta asusun ''babaylan'' da yawa waɗanda suka kalubalanci mulkin mallaka ya Mutanen Espanya. Mafi shahararrun uku daga cikinsu sune na Hiligaynon ''babaylan'' mai suna Tapara, Cebuano ''babaylan'' da ake kira Ponciano Elofre, da kuma wani Hiligaynons ''babaylan'' wanda ake kira Gregorio Lampino . &lt;ref name=&quot;filipiknow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2018 |title=10 Amazing Pinoy LGBTs Who Broke Barriers And Made History |url=https://filipiknow.net/lgbt-personalities-philippine-history/ |website=FilipiKnow}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani labari na shekara ta 1663 game da wani rikici mai suna Juan Fernandez ya lura cewa wani namiji ''babaylan'' mai suna Tapara ko Tapar daga Lambunao, Iloilo ya jagoranci tawaye a kan Mutanen Espanya. An bayyana Tapara a matsayin &quot;mai sihiri wanda ya yi ado kuma ya yi aiki kamar mace&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;filipiknow&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshen karni na 19 akwai shahararrun ''''babaylan'''' guda biyu waɗanda suka jagoranci juyin juya ''Shalai'' a kan Spain. Na farko shi ne Ponciano Elofre mai sa tufafi kuma ana zargin shi da jima'i (silahis). Sauran namiji babaylan shine Gregorio Lampino . &lt;ref name=&quot;filipiknow&quot; /&gt; Wannan zamanin ya kuma kawo Leona Florentino, mawakiyar mata da kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar, wanda aka fi sani da mahaifiyar wallafe-wallafen mata na Philippines da kuma majagaba a cikin wallafe-walfinai na 'yan mata na Philippines.

=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka ===
Shekaru hudu na mamayar Amurka sun ga yadawa da ka'idojin jima'i ta hanyar ingantaccen kafofin watsa labarai da ingantaccen ilmantarwa na ilimi. Ci gaba ta hanyar haɓakar tasirin bioomedicine na Yammacin Turai, ya haifar da takamaiman ilimin jima'i wanda a cikinsa aka tsinkayi &quot; ɗan kishili&quot; kuma ana nuna wariya a matsayin asalin cuta ko rashin lafiya. 'Yan luwadi na Philippines daga ƙarshe sun gano wannan azzalumar ainihi kuma sun fara shiga cikin ayyukan ɓarna, yayin da bambancin ɗan luwaɗi da hetero ya kafe kuma ya ƙara zama sananne a cikin tunanin tunanin ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garcia |first=J. Neil C. |date=November 2004 |title=Male homosexuality in the Philippines: a short history |url=http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL35_13.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=IIAS Newsletter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508011150/http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL35_13.pdf |archive-date=May 8, 2015 |access-date=November 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake mulkin mallaka na Amurka ya kawo ra'ayin Yammacin Turai na &quot;gay&quot; da duk rashin jin daɗinsa, a lokaci guda ya sake aiki don yin amfani da 'yanci. Duk da yake ya nuna rashin amincewa da asalin ɗan luwaɗi na gida, wannan mulkin mallaka ya ba da tattaunawa kuma ta haka ne matsayi na ''Magana,'' wanda ya ba bakla mai luwadi damar yin magana. Ya kasance a lokacin mulkin mallaka a cikin shekarun 1960 cewa tarihin al'adun ɗan luwaɗi na Philippines ya fara farawa, inda &quot;harshen al'adu na mazajen ɗan luwaɗi a cikin birane waɗanda ke amfani da abubuwa daga Tagalog, Turanci, Mutanen Espanya da Jafananci, da sunayen shahararrun mutane da alamun kasuwanci&quot; sun haɓaka, galibi ana kiransu swardspeak, gayspeak ko ''baklese''. Littattafan gay da suka kasance na Philippine-centric sun fara fitowa a wannan lokacin. Ƙarin ci gaba a cikin wallafe-wallafen gay da ilmantarwa na ilimi sun ga zanga-zangar farko da masu gwagwarmayar siyasa na LGBT suka yi, musamman ma tafiye-tafiye na alfahari na LGBT. Wani sanannen LGBT daga wannan zamanin (wanda kawai ya zama sananne bayan shekarun 1990s) shine Crispulo Trinidad Luna (1903-1970), wanda aka fi sani da Pulong . &lt;ref name=&quot;filipiknow&quot;/&gt;

A lokacin mamayar da Japanawa ke yi a Philippines (1942 zuwa 1945), an tilasta wa wasu mutanen LGBT na Filipinawa bautar jima'i a matsayin mata masu ta'aziyya, gami da yara maza da yawa. An ba da labarin Walterina Markova a cikin wani fim na 2000 mai suna Markova: Comfort Gay. Ya mutu a shekara ta 2005 ba tare da wani diyya daga Gwamnatin [[Japan]] ba, kamar yawancin mata na Filipina.&lt;ref name=&quot;filipiknow&quot;/&gt;

=== Shekaru na 1960 zuwa 1980 ===
''Swardspeak'', wani nau'i ne da 'yan luwadi ke amfani da shi, ya fito ne a cikin shekarun 1960. Wannan zamanin kuma ya ga mawaƙa da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Helen Cruz, mai fafutukar gwagwarmayar canza jinsi. A lokaci guda, kuma mai yiwuwa da yawa a baya, Ukà na Lange-Lange, wata mace mai son jima'i tsakanin mutanen Teduray, an rubuta ta a matsayin fitacciyar mawaƙa a Mindanao, ƙwararre a cikin kutiyapi, mafi wuya da kuma buƙatar duk kayan kiɗa na asali na Philippines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samaon Sulaiman |url=https://bcpch.bangsamoro.gov.ph/samaon-sulaiman/#:~:text=The%20Magindanao%20kutyapi%20is%20one,too%20keen%20to%20learn%20it.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin aiwatar da dokar ta-baci, gwamnatin Philippines ta rufe bakin 'yan kasar ta hanyar sojoji. Mutane, ciki har da al'ummar LGBT, ba su da murya a cikin wannan lokacin, kuma an azabtar da da yawa da azabtarwa. Bisa ga umarnin Imelda Marcos, an buga wani littafi mai adawa da luwadi wanda ya fayyace halin da ake ciki na al'adun luwadi a daidai lokacin da aka rufe dukkan sauran ƙungiyoyin ci gaba a ƙasar ta hanyar soja. Yawancin masu luwadi sun gudu ko kuma an tura su gudun hijira zuwa Amurka inda wasu suka shiga ƙungiyoyin da ke ba da shawarar haƙƙin LGBT. Al'umma ta amsa wannan ta hanyar amfani da matsakaici da yawa, kamar fim din shekarun 1980 Manila by Night, wanda ya gabatar da halin LGBT a cikin shirinsa. Lokacin da mulkin ya ƙare, waɗanda aka yi wa gudun hijira sun koma Philippines, suna gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyin gay da lesbian.

A cikin 1970s da 1980s, ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai sun yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayoyin Filipino na &quot;gay&quot;. A cewar &quot;Kasancewar LGBT a Asiya: Rahoton Ƙasar Philippines&quot;, mutanen LGBT waɗanda aka fallasa su ga ra'ayin Yammacin Turai na kasancewa &quot;masu luwaɗi&quot; sun fara dangantaka da sauran mutanen LGBT, maimakon tare da mutanen da ba su da jinsi. Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980s, karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da LGBT Filipinos ya faru. A shekara ta 1984, an samar da wasannin gay da yawa kuma an shirya su. Wasanni da aka saki a lokacin da aka ambata sun magance tsarin &quot;fitowa&quot; da 'yan luwadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Shekaru na 1990 ===
Dangane da rahoton da [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]] ta yi, tare da haɗin gwiwar UNDP, mai taken &quot;Kasancewa LGBT a Asiya: Rahoton Kasar Philippines&quot;, al'ummar LGBT a farkon shekarun 90 sun rubuta littattafai da yawa waɗanda suka wayar da kan jama'a, kamar ''Ladlad'', tarihin rubuce-rubucen ɗan luwaɗi na Philippines na 1993 wanda Danton Remoto da J. Neil Garcia suka shirya, da Margarita Go-Singco Holmes A Different Love: Being Gay in the Philippines a cikin 1994. Wannan shekaru goma kuma sun nuna zanga-zangar farko ta halartar wani bangare na al'ummar LGBT ta kasar a cikin shiga ƙungiyar 'yan mata da ake kira Lesbian Collective, yayin da suka shiga Ranar Mata ta Duniya Maris 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wani zanga-zangar halarta ta ProGay Philippines da MCC Philippines, karkashin jagorancin Oscar Atadero da Fr. Richard Mickley bi da bi, lokacin da suka shirya tafiya ta Pride a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1994, wanda ya nuna fareti na farko da ke da alaƙa da Pride da wata ƙasa a Asiya da Pacific ta shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekaru goma, an kafa kungiyoyin LGBT daban-daban kamar su Ikklisiyoyin Metropolitan Community (MCC) a cikin 1991, UP Babaylan a cikin 1992 da ProGay Philippines a cikin 1993, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UP Babaylan |url=https://www.facebook.com/upbabaylan/ |website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma bisa ga rahoton, shekarun 1990 sune &quot;mai yiwuwa mai haifar da fitowar ƙungiyar LGBT a cikin Philippines&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ProGay Philippines |url=http://progayphilippines.blogspot.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1998, Jam'iyyar Akbayan Citizens' Action Party ta zama jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko da ta tuntubi al'ummar LGBT kuma ta taimaka wajen kirkirar kungiyar LGBT ta farko, Lesbian and Gay Legislative Advocacy Network, wanda aka fi sani da LAGABLAB, a shekara ta 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; LAGABLAB ta ba da shawarar sake dubawa ga haƙƙin LGBT a cikin 1999 kuma ta gabatar da Dokar Anti-Discrimination (ADB) a cikin 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Zamani na zamani (2000s-yanzu) ===
Yunkurin LGBT ya kasance mai aiki sosai a cikin sabon karni. A zuwan 2000s, an kafa wasu kungiyoyin LGBT don biyan takamaiman buƙatu, gami da lafiyar jima'i (musamman HIV), tallafin zamantakewa, wakilci a cikin abubuwan wasanni, bukatun addini da na ruhaniya, da wakilcin siyasa. Misali, jam'iyyar siyasa Ang Ladlad ta kafa ta Danton Remoto, sanannen mai ba da shawara na LGBT, a shekara ta 2003. Har ila yau, al'umma ta nuna goyon bayansu ta hanyar 21st LGBT Metro Manila Pride Maris da aka gudanar a Luneta Park a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2015, tare da taken, &quot;Fight For Love: ''Iba-Iba. Sama-Sama''&quot;. Wannan motsi yana da niyyar tunatar da al'ummar cewa gwagwarmayar kare hakkin LGBT gwagwarmaya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam. Masu ba da shawara suna kira ga Philippines don gane muryoyin mutanen da ke da nau'o'in jima'i daban-daban da kuma jinsi. A halin yanzu, babu wata kungiya ta LGBT a cikin Philippines.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Saboda haka, kungiyoyi suna aiki da kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Saboda wadannan rarrabuwar, babu wani fifiko na kokarin, tare da kungiyoyi da ke mai da hankali kan abin da suke ganin yana da muhimmanci a gare su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A watan Disamba na 2004, majalisar birnin Marawi ta kada kuri'ar haramtawa maza fita cikin jama'a sanya kayan mata, kayan shafa, 'yan kunne &quot;ko wasu kayan ado don bayyana sha'awarsu ta mace&quot;. Dokar da majalisar birnin Marawi ta zartar ta kuma haramta wandon wando mai launin shudi, da saman bututu da sauran kayan sawa. Bugu da ƙari, mata (kawai) ba dole ba ne su &quot;zuba tunanin ƙazanta ko sha'awar sha'awa&quot;. Magajin garin ya ce wadannan yunkuri wani bangare ne na &quot;tsafta da tsaftacewa&quot; na Musulunci.&lt;ref name=&quot;marawicity&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gay Philippines News &amp; Reports 2003–06 |url=http://archive.globalgayz.com/asia/philippines/gay-philippines-news-and-repor-2/#article12 |website=Archive.globalgayz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kafa kungiyar LGBT Watch Personnel mai samun goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wakilin din din din na Philippines ya ki kada kuri'a. Kasashen musulmi da wasu kasashen gabashin Turai sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da kafuwarta. Duk da haka, kasashe daga yammacin Turai da Amurka tare da goyon bayan Vietnam, Koriya ta Kudu da Mongoliya, sun kada kuri'ar amincewa da kafa ta. An kafa ma'aikatan kula da LGBT ne bayan da akasarin kasashen da ke taron sun kada kuri'ar amincewa. Bayan 'yan watanni da kafuwar kwararen, wata gamayyar kasashen Afirka da ke jagorantar kungiyar ta yi wani yunkuri na korar kwararu na LGBT. A cikin Nuwamba 2016, mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kada kuri'a da rinjaye don rike ƙwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan al'amuran LGBT. Duk da haka, wakilin na Philippines ya zaɓi sake ƙauracewa ƙauracewa, duk da kukan goyon bayan da aka yi na a ci gaba da riƙe ƙwararren ɗan LGBT daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.

A shekara ta 2016, Geraldine Roman ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a fili a Majalisar Dokokin Philippines. Bugu da ƙari, an zabi mutane da yawa na LGBT a bayyane zuwa mukaman kananan hukumomi a duk faɗin Philippines, gami da a matsayin magajin gari ko wakilai. A Arewacin Samar, biyu daga cikin kananan hukumomi 24 na lardin sun kasance karkashin jagorancin magajin gari na LGBT a wannan lokacin. Gundumomin Albay, Cebu, Leyte, Nueva Vizcaya da Quezon da kuma Metro Manila suna da zaɓaɓɓun jami'an LGBT.

A ƙarshen 2016, Ma'aikatar Jin Dadin Jama'a da Ci Gaba (DSWD) a ƙarƙashin Sakatariyar Judy Taguiwalo ta aiwatar da wata manufa, tare da Ma'aikatar Ilimi, inda suka ƙyale ɗalibai su yi amfani da rigunan rigunan da suka dace da jinsin su, da yarda da ɗaliban da suka yi ado da kansu a matsayin kishiyar jinsi.

A cikin Yuli 2017, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta aiwatar da Tsarin Ilimi na Farko na Jin Dadin Jinsi, wanda ya ƙunshi bitar tsarin karatun makarantun gwamnati don duba kowane nau'i na ra'ayin jinsi, gami da tushen LGBT. Manufar kuma ta ba da umarnin kiyaye jinsi da abubuwan da suka shafi ci gaba a makarantu; yana mai cewa za a yi bikin watan Yuni a matsayin Watan Alfahari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gender-Responsive Basic Education Policy |url=http://www.deped.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Region%20VII/regional-memo/2017/RO7_RM_S2017_0452.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516193146/http://www.deped.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Region%20VII/regional-memo/2017/RO7_RM_S2017_0452.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2018 |access-date=November 10, 2017 |website=Deped.gov.ph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga rahoton na ASEAN SOGIE Caucus da aka saki a watan Nuwamba 2017 a lokacin taron kolin ASEAN, Philippines yana canzawa zuwa &quot;hanyar da za ta zama mafi budewa da kuma karbar al'amuran LGBT&quot; kamar yadda aka gani a cikin haɓakar haɗin gwiwa da yarda daga jami'an gwamnati, musamman ma a cikin gundumomi da birane a fadin kasar irin su Zamboanga City, Metro Manila, Metro Daguio, Metro Daguio, Metro da sauransu. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa an samu sama da kananan hukumomi 20 da suka amince da dokokin gida kan daidaiton jinsi, amma birane biyu ne kawai - Quezon City da Cebu City - ke da dokoki da ka'idoji (IRR). 

A watan Nuwambar 2019, M'lang, wata karamar hukuma a Cotabato, ta haramta sanya sutura da yin luwadi ga Musulmai tare da hukuncin ɗauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fuerzas |first=Garry |date=2019-11-10 |title=Barangay sa North Cotabato pinagtibay kontrobersiyal na resolusyon na bawal ang bakla at tomboy |url=https://www.bomboradyo.com/barangay-sa-north-cotabato-pinagtibay-ang-kontrobersiyal-na-resolusyon-na-bawal-ang-bakla-at-tomboy |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Bombo Radyo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2020, 'yan sanda sun kama mutane kusan 20 yayin wani tattakin Pride na LGBT a Manila. Daga baya an tuhumi masu zanga-zangar a karkashin dokoki daban-daban, kodayake suna bin ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a. [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta zargi gwamnatin Philippines da yin amfani da cutar ta COVID-19 don murkushe masu adawa da zanga-zangar lumana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Philippines Police Crack Down on LGBT Protest |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/29/philippines-police-crack-down-lgbt-protest |access-date=June 29, 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, sabuwar gwamnatin da aka zaba ta ki amincewa da shawarwarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gami da wucewar Dokar Daidaitawa ta SOGIE, tana mai cewa ba a yarda da ita ba ga gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Statement of the Commission on Human Rights on the rejection of the Philippine delegation of the recommendation during the Universal Periodic Review to pass the SOGIE Equality Bill |url=https://chr.gov.ph/statement-of-the-commission-on-human-rights-on-the-rejection-of-the-philippine-delegation-of-the-recommendation-during-the-universal-periodic-review-to-pass-the-sogie-equality-bill/ |access-date=August 14, 2025 |archive-date=December 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217140823/https://chr.gov.ph/statement-of-the-commission-on-human-rights-on-the-rejection-of-the-philippine-delegation-of-the-recommendation-during-the-universal-periodic-review-to-pass-the-sogie-equality-bill/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yuni na shekara mai zuwa, a cikin rashin aiki na gwamnati a kan lissafin, mutane 110,000+ da suka yi rikodin sun halarci Maris na Girma na 2023, ya zama mafi girman tafiya na girman kai a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sashe na Dokar Daidaitawar SOGIE ya zama abin da aka fi sani da bikin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LOOK: Pinoy LGBTQIA+ community celebrates Pride 2023 |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/6/25/Pinoy-LGBTQIA--community-celebrates-Pride-2023.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627085137/http://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/6/25/Pinoy-LGBTQIA--community-celebrates-Pride-2023.html |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |access-date=June 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2023 |title=More than 100k attend QC's Pride Festival |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/life/06/25/23/more-than-100k-attend-qcs-pride-festival}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2020, 'yan sanda sun kama mutane kusan 20 yayin wani tattakin Pride na LGBT a Manila. Daga baya an tuhumi masu zanga-zangar a karkashin dokar daban-daban, tashar suna bin ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a. Human Rights Watch ta zargi Philippines da yin amfani da cutar ta COVID-19 don murkushe masu adawa da zanga-zangar lumana. Wannan shirin ya sami yabo daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (Philippines)|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Philippines]], wacce ta yaba da kokarin da gwamnatin birni ta yi na inganta daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma sanya kiwon lafiya ya fi sauƙi, da kuma bin dabi'un da aka inganta ta hanyar daidaito na kariya da aka tabbatar a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Philippines na 1987 da Ka'idodin Yogyakarta . 

A shekara ta 2025, Kotun Kolin Philippines ta yanke hukuncin cewa boye luwadi da aka yi wa mijinsu ya zama hujja mai inganci na soke auren bisa dalilin zamba.

== Dokoki game da jima'i na jinsi ɗaya ==
Yin jima'i ba na kasuwanci ba, na sirri, na yarda tsakanin mutane masu jinsi ɗaya ya halatta a cikin Philippines. Babu wata sheda da aka rubuta na kowane irin hukuncin da aka zartar akan duk wani mutum da za a iya tuhume shi da kuma yanke masa hukunci kan irin wadannan ayyukan a karkashin dokar aikata laifuka. An saita shekarun dokar yarda a bisa doka da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun shekaru 16 ga duk mutane daga waccan shekarun da wasu sama da waccan shekarun, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi ba. Duk da haka, duk wani nau'i na jima'i ko soyayya da ke faruwa a cikin jama'a na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin haramcin &quot;babban abin kunya&quot; a cikin sashe na 200 na kundin hukunta laifukan da aka sabunta, wanda ya ce: 
Magala na ashirin da 200. Babban abin kunya. — Hukuncin kama magajin gari da tozarta jama'a za a ɗora shi a kan duk mutumin da ya saba wa ɗa'a ko kyakkyawar al'ada ta kowace irin abin kunya da ba ta faɗo a cikin wani labarin na wannan ka'ida ba.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Samuel Atta Akyea</title>
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Samuel Atta Akyea, (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1962) [1] lauya ne Dan ƙasar Ghana, ɗan siyasa kuma memba ne a jami'a New Patriotic Party . Ya kasance Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje daga 2017 har zuwa Janairu 2021. Ya kasance memba na majalisar dokoki na mazabar Akim Abuakwa ta Kudu a yankin Gabashin Ghana tsakanin 2009 da 2025. Shi ne mutum na biyu banda Nana Akufo-Addo da aka zaba a matsayin Dan majalisa a wannan mazabar a jamhuriya ta 4.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a [[Kibi, Ghana|Kyebi]] a [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|Yankin Gabas]] Ghana . &lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 January 2017 |title=Akyea, Samuel Atta |url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=58 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Ghana MPs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya halarci [[Jami'ar Ghana]], Legon kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Falsafa a shekarar 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot; /&gt; Ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana kuma ya sami lasisin aiki a 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;peace&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 January 2017 |title=Bio Of 2nd Batch Of Ministers-Designate Announced By President Nana Akufo-Addo |url=http://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201701/302866.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510213416/https://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201701/302866.php |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar aiki ==
Bayan an kira shi zuwa Bar a cikin 1994, Atta Akyea ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan jihar a Sashen Babban Lauyan. &lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot;/&gt; Daga baya ya shiga kamfanin lauya mai zaman kansa, Akufo-Addo, Prempeh &amp; Co a [[Accra]]. A shekara ta 2003, ya kafa kamfanin lauya, Zoe Akyea &amp; Co . &lt;ref name=&quot;zakyea.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Samuel Ofori Atta Akyea - Zoe, Akyea &amp; Co. |url=https://zakyea.com/samuel-ofori-atta-akyea/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=zakyea.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a can a matsayin shugaban Chamber har zuwa 2008 lokacin da ya bar aikin lauya don siyasa.

== Rayuwar siyasa ==
Atta Akyea ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta 2008 lokacin da aka zabe shi dan majalisa na mazabar Abuakwa ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;gog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Governance Samuel Atta Akyea – Works &amp; Housing |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3428-samuel-atta-akyea-works-housing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816045922/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3428-samuel-atta-akyea-works-housing |archive-date=16 August 2018 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Government of Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi gasa da wasu masu neman takara guda biyu, wato, Sammy Osei na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Nana Addo Aikins, dan takara mai zaman kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana election 2008 |url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ghana/10489.pdf |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=fes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe zaben ta hanyar samun kuri'u 22,681 daga cikin 30,109 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 75.3% na kuri'un da aka jefa.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot;/&gt; Ya gaji [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo]], wanda ya sauka a matsayin dan majalisa don mayar da hankali ga burinsa na shugaban kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;regsing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2006 |title=I am not resigning? -Akufo-Addo |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-am-not-resigning-Akufo-Addo-98347 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Ghanaweb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atta Akyea ya ci gaba da riƙe kujerarsa a zaben 2012,  2016 da 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;ser&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2013 |title=I'm a very serious lawyer – Atta-Akyea |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-m-a-very-serious-lawyer-Atta-Akyea-282168 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Ghanaweb}}&lt;/ref&gt; A majalisa, ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban ciki har da Kwamitin Kudi, Asusun Jama'a, Shari'a da Nomin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghamps&quot; /&gt;

=== Zaben 2016 ===
A cikin Babban zaben Ghana na 2016, ya lashe kujerar majalisa ta Kudu ta Abuakwa tare da kuri'u 28,442 da ke samun kashi 78.7.61% na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa yayin da dan takarar NDC Owuraku Amofah yana da kuri'un 7,697 da ke samun 21.3% na jimlar jefa kuri'un.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=2016 Election - Abuakwa South Constituency Results |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121150427/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/ |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;odekroperc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Records of Ministers-Designate : Samuel Atta Akyea (NPP-Abuakwa South) Works and Housing Minister-Designate |url=http://blog.odekro.org/2017/01/18/parliamentary-records-of-ministers-designate-samuel-atta-akyea-npp-abuakwa-works-and-housing-minister-designate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029095908/http://blog.odekro.org/2017/01/18/parliamentary-records-of-ministers-designate-samuel-atta-akyea-npp-abuakwa-works-and-housing-minister-designate/ |archive-date=29 October 2018 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Odekro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zaben 2020 ===
A cikin Babban zaben Ghana na 2020, ya sake lashe kujerar majalisa ta Abuakwa ta Kudu tare da kuri'u 29,897 da ke samun kashi 75.7% na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa yayin da dan takarar NDC Sanusi Mohammed ya sami kuri'u 7,740 da ke samun 19.6% na jimlar jefa kuri'un, dan takarar GUM Banning-Peprah Felix yana da kuri'un 957 da ke yin 2.4% na jimlar ƙuri'un da kuma dan takarar majalisa mai zaman kansa Marfo Enock Kwame yana da kuriʼu 905 da ke samun 2.3% na jimlar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=2020 Election - Abuakwa South Constituency Results |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606090746/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|
==== memba na majalisun da suka gabata ====
|-
|Majalisar dokoki ta 7 (NPP) Majalisar dokoki na 6 (NPP)) Majalisar dokoki ti 5 (NPP).
Majalisar dokoki ta 5 (NPP) 
|}

=== Yaƙin Galamsey ===
An zargi Atta Akyea da rashin yin isasshen don dakatar da amfani da [[Kogin Birim]] ta hanyar galamseyers.&lt;ref name=&quot;birim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 November 2013 |title=A Chat With Hon Samuel Atta Akyea, MP |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/505068/a-chat-with-hon-samuel-atta-akyea-mp.html |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Birim wanda ke ratsa mazabarsa babban kogi ne a Ghana kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa na mazabar. Atta Akyea ya yi imanin cewa yakin da aka yi a cikin gallamsey matsala ce ta kasa da ke buƙatar goyon bayan soja.&lt;ref name=&quot;medoe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2016 |title=We Are Partners – Atta Akyea |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/521545/we-are-partners-8211-atta-akyea.html |access-date=22 July 2017 |publisher=modernghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;okye&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2011 |title=Atta Akyea not involved in Kyebi chieftaincy affairs |url=http://vibeghana.com/2011/12/08/atta-akyea-not-involved-in-kyebi-chieftaincy-affairs/ |access-date=22 July 2017 |publisher=vibeghana |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127015344/http://vibeghana.com/2011/12/08/atta-akyea-not-involved-in-kyebi-chieftaincy-affairs/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 March 2010 |title=Clamp Down on Galamsey |url=http://kofoyatetteh.blogspot.com/2010/03/clamp-down-on-galamseyatta-akyea.html |access-date=13 September 2017 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwamitocin ===
A cikin 2021, Atta Akyea ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Ma'adinai da Makamashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-25 |title=Speaker never said Appointment Committee should suspend to plant trees -Atta Akyea |url=https://ghanamps.com/speaker-never-said-appointment-committee-should-suspend-to-plant-trees-atta-akyea/ |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Ghana MPS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, memba ne na Kwamitin Shari'a da Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi na Musamman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=115 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044641/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=115 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Parliament of Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Naɗin ministoci ==
A watan Janairun 2017, Shugaba Akufo-Addo ya zabi shi ya yi aiki a cikin gwamnatinsa a matsayin Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;batch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 January 2017 |title=Profile of second batch of ministerial nominee |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/January-12th/profile-of-second-batch-of-ministerial-nominees.php |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Myjoyonline |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902134142/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/january-12th/profile-of-second-batch-of-ministerial-nominees.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=Atta Akyea, two others face vetting today |url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/politics/atta-akyea-two-others-face-vetting-today-112773 |access-date=22 July 2017 |publisher=ghananewsagency}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin kwamitin nadin majalisa ya bincika shi, ya bayyana cewa bai ba da wani bayani da ya dace da ma'aikatar da aka zaba ya jagoranci ba. Bugu da kari bai shiga cikin wata hulɗa mai dacewa da kwamitin Ayyuka da Gidaje na Majalisar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;odekroperc&quot;/&gt; Duk da haka, ya sami yabo game da gina cibiyoyin da suka fi karfi ta hanyar tabbatar da tanadin kundin tsarin mulki.&lt;ref name=&quot;odekroperc&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da kwamitin nadin ya bincika shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu,  ya bayyana hangen nesa ga ma'aikatar kuma ya yi alkawarin kammala duk ayyukan gidaje da ba a kammala ba da gwamnatin [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] ta fara. &lt;ref name=&quot;vet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Some questions asked at vetting irrelevant -Atta Akyea |url=http://ultimatefmonline.com/2017/01/31/questions-asked-vetting-irrelevant-atta-akyea/ |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=ultimatefmonline}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vetting&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Atta Akyea, Amewu get vetted today |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Atta-Akyea-Amewu-get-vetted-today-505441 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Ghanaweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;maha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Vetting Highlights: Atta Akyea appears before Appointments Committee |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/politics/Vetting-Highlights-Atta-Akyea-appears-before-Appointments-Committee-505876 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=ghanaweb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya gaya wa kwamitin cewa zai ba da fifiko ga gina gidaje ga mambobin shari'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;judge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Gov't will prioritise housing facilities for judges – Atta Akyea |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/January-31st/govt-will-prioritise-housing-facilities-for-judges-atta-akyea.php |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Myjoyfmonline |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902223232/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/january-31st/govt-will-prioritise-housing-facilities-for-judges-atta-akyea.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba Akufo-Addo ya rantsar da shi tare da wasu ministoci goma sha ɗaya a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2017 a gidan Jubilee. A matsayinsa na Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje, Atta Akyea ya kawo kwarewarsa ta shari'a, ya taimaka masa ya kammala aiwatar da ka'idar gine-ginen Ghana da sauran ci gaban majalisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;zakyea.com&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ya yi aure tare da 'ya'ya uku kuma Kirista ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=115 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044641/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=115 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=www.parliament.gh}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi memba ne na Ikilisiyar Bishara ta Tsakiya ta Duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;gog&quot;/&gt;

== Kyautar ==
A taron Nobles na Yammacin Afirka na 28 da Kyaututtuka a Accra, kungiyar Nobles Forum (WANF) mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta ta Yammacin Afrika (WANC) ta gabatar da Hon. Samuel Atta Akyea, Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje, tare da lambar yabo don adana kyawawan halaye na gaskiya, mutunci, da lissafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-12-24 |title=Hon. Atta Akyea Wins Noble Award - MINISTRY OF WORKS AND HOUSING |url=https://www.mwh.gov.gh/hon-atta-akyea-wins-noble-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121143902/https://www.mwh.gov.gh/hon-atta-akyea-wins-noble-award/ |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikici ==
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, mutane a yankin Abuakwa ta Kudu sun kore shi. An yi zargin cewa ya kasa cika alkawuran da ya yi wa mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel |first=Kojo |date=2022-03-08 |title=Samuel Atta Akyea chased out of community over failed promises |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/politics/samuel-atta-akyea-chased-out-of-community-over-failed-promises/dt3gkm2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121150230/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/politics/samuel-atta-akyea-chased-out-of-community-over-failed-promises/dt3gkm2 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimako ==
A watan Maris na 2020, ya gabatar da wasu kayayyakin tsabta ga mazabarsa a yaki da [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|Cutar COVID-19]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-31 |title=Dr Assibey-Yeboah, Samuel Atta Akyea donate sanitary items to their various constituencies - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/dr-assibey-yeboah-samuel-atta-akyea-donate-sanitary-items-to-their-various-constituencies/ |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Myjoyonline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Sauti Jiki Sauti Zuciya</title>
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'''UCLA Health Sound Jikin Sauti Mind''' [[501(c) organization|ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka (501(c)(3))]] wacce ke haɓaka dogaro da kai da zaɓin salon rayuwa mai kyau tsakanin yara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Sound Body Sound Mind |title=Our Mission and Vision |url=http://soundbodysoundmind.org/our-mission-and-vision/ |access-date=April 6, 2013 |archive-date=June 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618160015/http://soundbodysoundmind.org/our-mission-and-vision/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cindy da [[Bill Simon (politician)|Bill Simon]] sun kafa Gidauniyar a cikin 1999 kuma a halin yanzu tana cikin Los Angeles, California. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Madeline |title=Fleming Middle School opens student fitness center |url=http://www.dailybreeze.com/crimeandcourts/ci_18265644?source=pkg |access-date=2013-06-06 |publisher=Daily Breeze }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2015 Gidauniyar Sound Body Sound Mind Foundation ta haɗu tare da Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na UCLA don ƙara faɗaɗa isarsu a cikin al'ummar Los Angeles. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 March 2015 |title=Phys ed Dept: A $3 Million Push to Get Kids to Hit the School Gym |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2015/3/9/phys-ed-dept-a-3-million-push-to-get-kids-to-hit-the-school.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
UCLA Lafiya Sauti Jiki Sauti Hankali yana fama da kiba na yara ta hanyar aiwatar da cibiyoyin motsa jiki a makarantun tsakiya da manyan makarantu a California, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Izumi |first=Lance |date=23 May 2012 |title=Lance T. Izumi: State finally winning fight against childhood obesity |url=https://www.dailynews.com/opinions/ci_20694509/lance-t-izumi-state-finally-winning-fight-against |access-date=2013-06-06 |website=Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Colorado, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schools |first=Denver Public Schools |title=Sound Body Sound Mind DPS Fitness Centers |url=http://curriculum.dpsk12.org/physical_education/fitness_centers/index.shtml |access-date=2013-06-06 |publisher=Denver Public Schools |archive-date=2013-07-23 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130723104413/http://curriculum.dpsk12.org/physical_education/fitness_centers/index.shtml |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; yankin Florida da Texas. Har ila yau, Gidauniyar tana horar da masu koyar da ilimin motsa jiki don fadada iliminsu da tasirinsu ga matasan yau. Ana koyar da zaɓaɓɓun malamai na jiki bisa ga Tsarin Sauti Mai Sauti Mai Sauti &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Teen fitness taken to another level |url=https://abc7.com/archive/6181116/ |access-date=2013-06-06 |publisher=ABC 7 News}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda shine tarin darussan 36 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Sound Body Sound Mind |title=Curriculum |url=http://soundbodysoundmind.org/what-we-do/curriculum/ |access-date=2013-06-06 |archive-date=2013-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622164412/http://soundbodysoundmind.org/what-we-do/curriculum/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke haifar da yanayin da ke ba da tabbaci da ƙwarewa a cikin ɗaliban su. Sound Body Sound Mind ya ha]a hannu da sama da makarantu 100, ya shafi sama da ]alibai 100,000 a kowace shekara, ya ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan 4, ya kuma horar da sama da malamai 400 na jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Sound Body Sound Mind |title=Our Results |url=http://soundbodysoundmind.org/our-results/ |access-date=2013-06-06 |archive-date=2013-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618192517/http://soundbodysoundmind.org/our-results/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon 2012, Sound Body Sound Mind ya kara sabbin tallafi guda biyu ga shirin su, tallafin Kulawa &lt;ref name=&quot;What We Do Maintenance&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Sound Body Sound Mind |title=What We Do: Maintenance Grant |url=http://soundbodysoundmind.org/grants/maintenance-grant/ |access-date=April 6, 2013 |archive-date=June 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622164625/http://soundbodysoundmind.org/grants/maintenance-grant/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da Bayan Makarantar &lt;ref name=&quot;What We Do Afterschool&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Sound Body Sound Mind |title=What We Do: Afterschool Grant |url=http://soundbodysoundmind.org/grants/afterschool-grant/ |access-date=April 6, 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; . Tallafin Kulawa yana ba da $5,000 ga makarantun haɗin gwiwa don kula da kayan aiki a Cibiyar Jikin Sauti na Sauti na Jiki. Tallafin Bayan Makarantun Gidauniyar ya ba da $2500 ga makarantun haɗin gwiwa don kulawar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Jiki Sound Mind bayan sa'o'in makaranta.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Scott Andrew Wagstaff''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda yake taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na Tonbridge Angels .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Wagstaff a Maidstone, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Bennett Memorial Diocesan a Tunbridge Wells .

== Ayyuka ==

=== Charlton Athletic ===
Wagstaff ya shiga Charlton Athletic yana da shekaru 8 bayan an hango shi a wani darasi na Charlton Sports Community. . Daga nan sai ya zama kyaftin din Charlton's Under 18s a kan gudu zuwa FA Youth Cup quarter finals.Ya fara bugawa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 a kan Barnsley, a wannan wasan kamar yadda Jonjo Shelvey ya fara bugawa. A wannan kakar an lasafta shi a matsayin matashi dan wasan kulob din na shekara. Wagstaff ya koma Bournemouth akan rancen wata daya a watan Agustan 2008 kuma zuwa Northwich Victoria na wata daya a Nuwamba 2008.  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008 an ba shi kwangilar kwararru ta shekaru 2 + 1⁄2 daga kocin Charlton Alan Pardew . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 December 2008 |title=Wagstaff gets first professional contract |url=https://www.kentonline.co.uk/maidstone/sport/wagstaff-gets-first-professional-a34348/ |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Kent Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wagstaff ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Charlton a wasan league da Walsall a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2009 |title=Charlton 2–0 Walsall |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_div_2/8207650.stm |access-date=25 August 2009 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Charlton ya sake shi a ƙarshen kakar 2012-13. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 May 2013 |title=Wagstaff heads released list |url=http://www.cafc.co.uk/news/article/20130508-released-players-813521.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513073417/http://www.cafc.co.uk/news/article/20130508-released-players-813521.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=Charlton Athletic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Bristol ===
A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Wagstaff ya sanya hannu a Bristol City kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Adam |title=Wagstaff secures City switch |url=http://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/article/20130708-wagstaffsigns-901488.aspx |access-date=8 July 2016 |website=www.bcfc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bugawa Bristol City wasa a wasan 2-2 da ya yi da Bradford City, kuma ya zira kwallaye a wannan wasan.

A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2016 Bristol City ta tabbatar da cewa Wagstaff zai bar kulob din don neman kwallon kafa na farko.

=== Gillingham ===
Ya shiga kungiyar Gillingham ta League One a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2016.  Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Gillingham a wasan 3-3 tare da Chesterfield a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2016. 

Gillingham ne ya sake shi a ƙarshen kakar 2017-18. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2018 |title=Lee Martin: Gillingham release captain and Scott Wagstaff and Jake Hessenthaler |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44176350 |access-date=21 May 2018 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== AFC Wimbledon ===
A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2018 an sanar da cewa Wagstaff ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar League One AFC Wimbledon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Neal clinches signing number five: Scott Wagstaff joins AFC Wimbledon |url=https://www.afcwimbledon.co.uk/news/2018/july/neal-clinches-signing-number-five |access-date=11 July 2018 |website=AFC Wimbledon}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, Wagstaff ya zira kwallaye biyu a gasar cin Kofin FA ta AFC Wimbledon ta 4th Round da aka ci West Ham United a Kingsmeadow . 

Kungiyar ta saki Wagstaff a ƙarshen kakar shekarun 2019-20, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Squad update from the manager |url=https://www.afcwimbledon.co.uk/news/2020/june/squad-update-from-the-manager/ |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=www.afcwimbledon.co.uk |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan ya buga wasanni 72 a duk gasa kuma ya zira kwallaye 6.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scott Wagstaff {{!}} Football Stats {{!}} AFC Wimbledon {{!}} Age 30 {{!}} Soccer Base |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=48989 |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=www.soccerbase.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masu Ruwa na daji ===
A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2020, Wagstaff ya shiga Forest Green Rovers kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Scott Wagstaff: Forest Green Rovers sign midfielder after AFC Wimbledon departure |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53924412 |access-date=26 August 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2021, an ba da sanarwar cewa Wagstaff zai bar Forest Green Rovers a ƙarshen kakar 2020-21. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Chris Stokes and Scott Wagstaff to leave Forest Green this summer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/forest-green-adam-smith-sky-bet-league-two-b1852777.html |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Aldershot ===
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2021,Wagstaff ya shiga Aldershot Town don kakar shekarun 2021-22.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=NEW SIGNING: SHOTS SIGN WAGSTAFF! |url=https://www.theshots.co.uk/new-signing-shots-sign-wagstaff/ |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Aldershot Town F.C.|Aldershot Town]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bromley ===
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2022, Wagstaff ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Bromley ta National League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 January 2022 |title=Bromley sign Scott Wagstaff |url=https://www.bromleyfc.tv/site/bromley-sign-scott-wagstaff/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=Bromley FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2022, an tabbatar da cewa Wagstaff zai bar Bromley bayan ƙarshen kwangilarsa.

=== Mala'iku na Tonbridge ===
A ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2022,Wagstaff ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Tonbridge Angels ta Kudancin Kungiyar Kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2022 |title=Great Scott! Wagstaff's an Angel |url=https://www.tonbridgeangels.co.uk/news/great-scott-wagstaffs-an-angel/3659 |access-date=2 October 2022 |publisher=Tonbridge Angels FC |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002100156/https://www.tonbridgeangels.co.uk/news/great-scott-wagstaffs-an-angel/3659 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Koyarwa da aikin gudanarwa ==

=== Tonbridge Mala'iku (mai kula) ===
A ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2025,an nada Wagstaff a matsayin manajan mai kula da Tonbridge Angels bayan ficewar tsohon manajan Jay Saunders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2025 |title=CLUB STATEMENT |url=https://www.tonbridgeangels.co.uk/news/club-statement/6108 |access-date=31 March 2025 |publisher=Tonbridge Angels FC }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== A matsayin mai kunnawa ===
{{Updated|match played 8 February 2025}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin FA
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Charlton Athletic
|2007–08
|Gasar cin kofin
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|0
|-
|2008–09
|Gasar cin kofin
|2
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4
|0
|-
|2009–10
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|31
|4
|1
|0
|1
|0
|4{{Efn|Two appearances and one goal in [[EFL Trophy]], two appearances in [[EFL League One play-offs|League One play-offs]]}}
|1
|37
|5
|-
|2010–11
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|40
|8
|5
|1
|1
|0
|3[b]
|1
|49
|10
|-
|2011–12
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|34
|4
|3
|0
|2
|0
|1[b]
|0
|40
|4
|-
|2012–13
|Gasar cin kofin
|9
|1
|0
|0
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!118
!17
!10
!1
!6
!1
!8
!2
!142
!21
|-
|Bournemouth (rashin kuɗi) 
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;SW09&quot; /&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Biyu
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Northwich Victoria (rashin kuɗi) 
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;SW09&quot; /&gt;
|Taron Kasa
|5
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|1
|-
|Gabashin Leyton (Lanoni) 
|2012–13&lt;ref name=&quot;SW13&quot; /&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|7
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|7
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Birnin Bristol
|2013–14
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|37
|5
|4
|0
|2
|1
|2[b]
|0
|45
|6
|-
|2014–15
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|26
|2
|4
|0
|1
|0
|4[b]
|0
|35
|2
|-
|2015–16&lt;ref name=&quot;SW16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Games played by Scott Wagstaff in 2015/2016 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=48989&amp;season_id=144 |access-date=7 July 2017 |publisher=Soccerbase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gasar cin kofin
|9
|1
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!72
!8
!9
!0
!3
!1
!6
!0
!90
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Gillingham
|2016–17
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|26
|1
|1
|1
|1
|0
|0
|0
|28
|2
|-
|2017–18
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|31
|0
|3
|1
|1
|0
|3[b]
|1
|38
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!57
!1
!4
!2
!2
!0
!3
!1
!66
!4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |AFC Wimbledon
|2018–19
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|35
|2
|3
|2
|2
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy}}
|0
|42
|4
|-
|2019–20
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|26
|1
|2
|0
|1
|1
|1[b]
|0
|30
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!61
!3
!5
!2
!3
!1
!3
!0
!72
!6
|-
|Masu Ruwa na daji
|2020–21
|Ƙungiyar Biyu
|33
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|4{{Efn|Two appearances in EFL Trophy, two appearances in [[EFL League Two play-offs|League Two play-offs]]}}
|0
|37
|1
|-
|Birnin Aldershot
|2021–22
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa
|8
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[FA Trophy]]}}
|0
|10
|0
|-
|Bromley
|2021–22&lt;ref name=&quot;SW22&quot; /&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Mala'iku na Tonbridge
|2022–23&lt;ref name=&quot;SW23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Games played by Scott Wagstaff for Tonbridge Angles 2022/2023 |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/-scott-wagstaff/45981/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu
|34
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1[d]
|0
|35
|1
|-
|2023–24&lt;ref name=&quot;SW24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Games played by Scott Wagstaff for Tonbridge Angles 2023/2024 |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/-scott-wagstaff/45981/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu
|37
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1[d]
|0
|39
|1
|-
|2024–25&lt;ref name=&quot;SW25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Games played by Scott Wagstaff for Tonbridge Angles 2024/2025 |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/-scott-wagstaff/45981/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu
|23
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1[d]
|0
|25
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!94
!2
!2
!0
!0
!0
!3
!0
!99
!2
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!470
!34
!31
!5
!14
!3
!29
!3
!543
!45
|}
{{Notelist}}{{Updated|match played 26 April 2025}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Rubuce-rubucen manajan ta hanyar ƙungiya da kuma zama
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Daga
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Zuwa
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Rubuce-rubuce
|-
!{{Abbr|P|Matches played}}
!{{Abbr|W|Matches won}}
!{{Abbr|D|Matches drawn}}
!{{Abbr|L|Matches lost}}
!{{Abbr|Win %|Win percentage}}
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Tonbridge Mala'iku (mai kula) 
| align=&quot;left&quot; |31 Maris 2025
| align=&quot;left&quot; |26 ga Afrilu 2025{{WDL|5|0|1|4|decimals=2}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Jimillar
{{WDLtot|5|0|1|4|decimals=2}}
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Charlton Athletic'''

* Gasar kwallon kafa ta farko: 2011-122011–12

* Gasar kwallon kafa ta farko: 2014-152014–15
* Kofin Kwallon Kafa: 2014-15 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Bayanan mai kunnawa na Scott Wagstaff [mafi kyawun hanyar haɗi] a cafc.co.uk{{Dead link|date=May 2018}}
* Scott Wagstaffa filin wasan kwallon kafa
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>efzt8zq4hrrmc13j73qfh5a0kdfrvbk</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Serginho Chulapa</title>
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'''Sérgio Bernardino''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1953), wanda aka fi sani da '''Serginho''' ko kuma kawai Serginho, shi ne kocin kwallon kafa na [[Brazil]] kuma [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|dan wasan kwallon kafa]] mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba.

== Ayyukan kulob din ==

=== São Paulo ===
An haife shi a [[São Paulo]], Serginho ya kasance matashi ne na São Paulo. Ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni a shekarar 1973, a wasan sada zumunci na 0-0 da Bahia, kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko bayan kwana hudu a wasan 1-1 da Corinthians a gasar Taça Estado de São Paulo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2017 |title=A estreia e a história de Serginho Chulapa no Tricolor |trans-title=The debut and the history of Serginho Chulapa at the ''Tricolor'' |url=http://www.saopaulofc.net/noticias/noticias/historia/2017/6/6/a-estreia-e-a-historia-de-serginho-chulapa-no-tricolor |access-date=23 July 2018 |publisher=São Paulo FC |language=pt |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032207/http://www.saopaulofc.net/noticias/noticias/historia/2017/6/6/a-estreia-e-a-historia-de-serginho-chulapa-no-tricolor |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1974, ya dawo daga aro zuwa kungiyar Marília ta Série B, Serginho ya zama babban dan wasa a ''Tricolor'', inda ya zira kwallaye 18 a kakar 1977. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 November 2015 |title=O Indomável Serginho Chulapa no São Paulo |trans-title=The indomitable Serginho Chulapa at São Paulo |url=https://saopaulo.blog/2015/11/25/o-indomavel-serginho-chulapa-no-sao-paulo/ |access-date=23 July 2018 |publisher=São Paulo.blog |language=pt |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032232/https://saopaulo.blog/2015/11/25/o-indomavel-serginho-chulapa-no-sao-paulo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekarata 1978, an ruwaito cewa Serginho ya kai hari ga dan wasan Vandevaldo Rangel, kuma an ba shi dakatarwar watanni 14 (ya yi aiki goma sha ɗaya kawai), daga baya ya rasa gasar cin kofin duniya ta [[FIFA]] ta 1978 (wanda ake sa ran ya nuna). [1] A cikin wasan karshe na 1981, ya sami jan katin kai tsaye bayan ya kori Mai tsaron gida Emerson Leão.[2]

=== Santos ===
In 1983 Serginho joined Santos, and was the top goalscorer of both Campeonato Paulista and Série A, both with 22 goals.&lt;ref name=&quot;BDP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=O indomável Serginho Chulapa |trans-title=The indomitable Serginho Chulapa |url=https://blogdopaulinho.com.br/2015/11/24/o-indomavel-serginho-chulapa/ |access-date=23 July 2018 |publisher=Blog do Paulinho |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the club he lifted the state championship the following year, scoring 74 goals in 110 matches during his first spell.

=== Korantiyawa ===
A shekara ta 1985, Serginho ya koma abokan hamayyarsa Corinthians, ya shiga ƙungiyar da aka sani da Selecão Corinthiana saboda babban matakin ingancin tawagar. Bayan kamfen ɗin da ya wuce matsakaici a kowane mutum da kuma ƙungiya, ya bar kulob din.&lt;ref name=&quot;BDP&quot;/&gt;

=== Ayyukansa na baya ===
Serginho ya koma Santos a shekara ta 1986, daga baya ya bayyana cewa ya dauki &quot;shekara ta Asabar&quot; a Korantiyawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2016 |title=Serginho Chulapa no Corinthians |trans-title=Serginho Chulapa at Corinthians |url=https://www.ocuriosodofutebol.com.br/2016/12/serginho-chulapa-no-corinthians.html |access-date=23 July 2018 |publisher=O Curioso do Futebol |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, zai yi gwagwarmaya da raunin da ya samu a lokacin da ya yi karo na biyu, sannan daga baya ya koma Marítimo na Portugal.&lt;ref name=&quot;BDP&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]</text>
      <sha1>tglaie1mz2dypts3m48tcnkskedgblo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sabbin Filayen ƙasa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>120971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817834</id>
      <parentid>787450</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T17:09:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>817834</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21412" sha1="42xd267z9806mlnejz0ubyqqmlp8bv7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Fresh Kills Landfill wani yanki ne mai cike da kadada 2,200 (890 ha) a cikin gundumar Staten Island a birnin New York, Amurka. Sunan ya fito ne daga wurin da ake zubar da shara a gefen bankunan Fresh Kills estuary a yammacin tsibirin Staten. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fresh Kills T-shirt, ca. 1992 |url=http://statenisland.pastperfect-online.com/00039cgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=9422DDA0-8F50-447B-8EAF-472394782284;type=101 |website=Online Collections Database |publisher=Staten Island Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An buɗe wurin zubar da shara a 1948, an yi niyyar zama na wucin gadi, amma a shekara ta 1955 ya zama mafi girma a duniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2017 |title=To read Council Member Borelli's full report |url=http://council.nyc.gov/joseph-borelli/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2017/05/Landfill-Report-FINAL.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya kasance haka har sai an rufe shi a shekara ta 2001. A saman aikinta, a cikin 198, Fresh Kills ya sami gajeren tan 29,000 (26,000  na sharar gida a kowace rana, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a [[Tsarin kula da shara na birnin New York|Tsarin kula da sharar gida na Birnin New York]]. Daga 1991 har zuwa rufewa, ita ce kawai wurin zubar da shara don karɓar sharar gida na Birnin New York. Ya ƙunshi tuddai huɗu waɗanda ke da tsawo daga 90 zuwa kimanin ƙafa 225 (30 zuwa kusan 70  kuma suna riƙe da kimanin tan miliyan {{Convert|150|e6ST|e6t}} (140^6 t) na sharar gida. Masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Martin Jones ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;daga cikin manyan gine-ginen da mutum ya yi a tarihin duniya. &quot;   &lt;ref name=&quot;NYCDCP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Fresh Kills Park Project Introduction |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/fkl/fkl_index.shtml |access-date=August 13, 2007 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nycgovpark&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=FreshKills Park |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/freshkills-park/about-the-site |website=Official Website of the New York City Department of Parks &amp; Recreation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Oktoba 2008, an fara sake fasalin rukunin yanar gizon don sake gina rukunin yanar gizo mai tsawon shekaru 30. An haɓaka ƙas ɗin zuwa Freshkills Park.

== Farko ==
Masu hura wutar lantarki na birnin New York sun kai kololuwa tare da tsire-tsire 21 a 1937 kuma sun ƙi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu lokacin da shirye-shiryen ceto da kiyayewa sun rage amfani da zubar da kayan konewa. Sakamakon haka shi ne rufe tara na incinerators na birnin da kuma raguwa mai yawa a cikin konewar sharar gida da 1944. A shekara ta 1946, incinerators goma ne kawai ke aiki, tare da karfin da ya ragu da rabi tun 1937. Wannan yana nufin ƙarin sharar gida ga wuraren sharar gida takwas na birnin. Wuraren sharar gida biyu a Brooklyn da biyun a cikin Bronx suna da, bi da bi, shekara ɗaya da biyu kacal kafin isa ga iya aiki. Wurin shara guda ɗaya kawai, Edgemere Landfill a Queens, yana da dogon lokaci, don haka, dole ne a sami madadin wurin.

A cikin 1946, Birnin New York ya sayi wani wuri mai girman hekta 2,200 (890 ha), wanda aka yi la'akari da shi mara amfani a cikin wani yanki na noma a cikin jihar Staten Island, don shirin zubar da shara na birni na tsawon shekaru uku, a matsayin mafita na wucin gadi ga rufewar Tsibirin Rikers Landfill. &lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chun |first=Jenni |title=Freshkills Park A Communications Strategy to Address Public Health Concerns |url=https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/nyc/local-resources/downloads/Freshkills-Park-Final-Report.pdf |website=U.S. Department of Agriculture |access-date=2025-11-23 |archive-date=2022-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812165623/https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/nyc/local-resources/downloads/Freshkills-Park-Final-Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban gadar Triborough and Tunnel Authority, Robert Moses ne ya amince da shirin. Ya so a bunkasa yankin a matsayin tushen masana'antu na Staten Island, saboda ya saba wa Arthur Kill daga manyan masana'antu na New Jersey. Musa ya ga aikin a matsayin mabuɗin ci gaban tsibirin, kuma tare da shi, akwai yiwuwar ƙarin wuraren shakatawa, manyan hanyoyi, masana'antu, har ma da filin jirgin sama.

Mazaunan tsibirin Staten da wakilan su sun yi adawa da shirin. Dan majalisa Edmund P. Radigan ya gabatar da dokar rabuwa a Majalisar Dokoki. An zartar da lissafin (daga baya gwamnan ya hana shi) wanda ke buƙatar a ƙone duk shara kafin a zubar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;unbound&quot; /&gt; Ellsworth B. Buck, ya yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya ta shiga kuma ta dakatar da aikin. Cornelius Hall, lokacin da yake kwamishinan ayyukan jama'a na birnin, ya yi adawa da aikin, amma lokacin da ya zama Shugaban Birnin Staten Island, ya ba mazauna mamaki ta hanyar tallafawa shirin, yana cewa: &quot;Na gamsu sosai cewa za a iya aiwatar da aikin zubar da shara a Fresh Kills, aikin da zai tabbatar da babban darajar ga tsibirin ta hanyar sake dawo da kayan lambu masu daraja daga yanzu marshland&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;unbound&quot; /&gt; Hall ya yi niyyar zama wani ɓangare na hanyar hanyar da aka tsara don iyakar yammacin tsibirin Staten Island, wanda Moses ya amince da shi a musayar. Hall ya ci gaba da cewa &quot;Ina so ayyukan [ƙuntata] da aka iyakance ga [a] lokacin da ba za su wuce shekaru uku ba ... Ina tafiya tare da wannan shawarar saboda na yi imani ... muna cikin matsayi don amfani da wannan cikawa don amfaninmu, don ci gaban West Shore na Staten Island, wanda yake da mahimmanci. &quot;  Magana game da amfani da Fresh Kills na shekaru uku kawai na iya zama dabara don ba Hall damar adana fuska ta siyasa. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wani rahoto tsakanin sassan daga 1946: &quot;Saboda kudaden da suka dace da shirye-shiryen da kuma sayen shafin [Fresh Kills], [don tabbatar da wannan kudin] dole ne Birnin ya zubar da sharar gida a wannan wuri na shekaru da yawa. &quot;

Ɗaya daga cikin matakai na farko da aka ɗauka shi ne hawan marsh don ba da damar wucewar kwandon shara na birnin. Gidan zubar da shara ya karɓi sautin farko a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1948. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin a buɗe wurin zubar da shara, Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Birni ta amince da fadada aikin zubar da ƙasa, wanda ya yi kira ga aikin {{Convert|2200|acre|ha}}  da aka shirya a cikin sassan 13. &lt;ref name=&quot;unbound&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;unbound&quot; /&gt; An shirya zubar da shara don a tsara shi a cikin yadudduka, tare da wani yadudduka na shara da aka rufe da wani yaduttuka na toka (ragowar sharar gida daga incinerators na birnin), wani yadudduke na sharar gida, sannan kuma wani yadudduki na datti don ƙunshe da wari. A ƙarshen rayuwar da za a iya amfani da ita, za a ƙirƙiri sabon dukiya, yana ba shi damar tashi a 10-15 feet (3-5  sama da matakin teku.[1] Shirin ya bukaci a yi amfani da Fresh Kills na tsawon shekaru 20, sannan a bunkasa shi azaman yanki mai amfani da yawa tare da zama, nishaɗi, da kayan masana'antu. A cikin 1950, an kara tsawo zuwa 25-40 feet (8-12 m). A shekara ta 1955, Fresh Kills ita ce mafi girma a duniya, tana aiki a matsayin babban wurin zubar da shara na gida da aka tattara a Birnin New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;nycgovpark&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
[[Fayil:DUMPING_LANDFILL_AT_FRESH_KILLS,_ON_THE_WEST_SHORE_OF_STATEN_ISLAND_-_NARA_-_548348.jpg|thumb|D7 Tractor tare da Athey Wagons guda biyu, 1973.]]
An gudanar da ayyuka a shekarun 1960 a wurare uku masu suna &quot;Plant 1&quot;, &quot;Plant 2&quot;, da &quot;Brookfield Avenue.&quot; Shuka #1 ya kasance a wurin wani tsohuwar masana'anta a gefen kudu na mahaɗin Babban Kisan Kisan, da Ƙananan Kisan Kisan. Ana iya samun ta ta hanyar Muldoon Avenue. Shuka #2 yana ɗan ɗan sama sama a gefen arewa na Fresh Kills kusa da inda rassan Richmond Creek. Ana iya samun shi daga Nasara Boulevard. Gidan Brookfield Avenue ya kasance arewacin titin Arthur Kill da mahadar Brookfield Avenue.

Shuka 1 ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa, kuma ita ce babban wurin gyara kayan aikin. Shuka 1 da Shuka 2 sun kasance don ayyukan saukar da ruwa. Barges sun zo daga sauran gundumomi (musamman Manhattan da Brooklyn). Wani crane (wanda ake kira &quot;digger&quot;) ya ɗauko ƙira ta hanyar amfani da bokitin ƙulle-ƙulle kuma aka ajiye shi a cikin motar jujjuyawar gefen caterpillar da ake kira &quot;Athey wagon&quot; (ba ta da alaƙa da kayan aikin suna iri ɗaya da ake amfani da su don hakar mai).

An ciro kekuna biyu zuwa wurin juji ta hanyar tarakta (Caterpillar D7, D8, D9) kuma an kwashe su. Injin Shuka 1 yana da wutar lantarki, amma Shuka 2 daya yana da tururi. An kara ma masu haƙa da wasu kusoshi (mafi yawa ana hawa kan jiragen ruwa). Ranar al'ada za ta sauke jiragen ruwa goma sha biyu (shida a kowace shuka). An gudanar da ayyukan ne daga karfe 8 na safe zuwa tsakar dare kwanaki shida a mako. Tsakar dare zuwa karfe 8 na safe ya kasance don kulawa.

An gina gadar trestle na katako a fadin Fresh Kills Creek don fadada wurin aiki na Plant 2. Wannan gada ta ba da damar zubar da gabas zuwa titin Richmond. Yayin da ainihin wurin da ake jibgewa ya yi nisa daga kan tituna, ya zama da wahala ga manyan motoci su sauke kaya. An buɗe shafin Brookfield Avenue a cikin 1966 kuma an yi amfani da shi don manyan motoci na musamman.

A wannan lokacin, juji ya kasance a cikin yanayin jujjuyawa. Shirye-shiryen asali sun nuna juji tare da tsawon rayuwar shekaru ashirin. Ɗaya daga cikin shawarwari na gadar West Shore Expressway a kan Fresh Kills ya haɗa da ƙofar tide, wanda zai toshe hanyar hanyar ruwa ta Plant 2. Gadar, lokacin da aka gina ta a 1959, a zahiri ta inganta ayyukanta. An gama gama gadar ne tun kafin sauran babbar hanyar kuma ma’aikata suka yi amfani da ita wajen zagayawa tsakanin tsirrai biyu.

== Tambayoyi ==
Da farko dai, ƙasar da wurin da ake zubar da ƙasa ya kasance wani dutsen gishiri wanda a cikinsa akwai ciyayi mai dausayi, dazuzzuka, da dausar ruwa. Ƙasar ƙasa an yi ta ne da yumbu, tare da yashi da silt a matsayin saman saman ƙasa. Ruwan da ke tafe, wanda ya taimaka wajen tsaftace ruwan da ke ratsa shi da iskar oxygen, ya lalata ta. An maye gurbin namun daji da gull na herring. An kori nau'ikan tsire-tsire na asali ta hanyar reshen gama gari, ciyawa da ke tsirowa sosai a wuraren da ba ta da matsala kuma tana iya jurewa da ruwa mai daɗi da mara kyau. Ruwan da ba ya dadewa, wanda ba shi da iskar oxygen shi ma ba shi da kyau ga tsuntsayen ruwa, kuma yawansu ya ragu. Samuel Kearing, wanda ya taba zama kwamishinan tsaftar muhalli a karkashin magajin garin John V. Lindsay, ya tuna a shekarar 1970 ziyararsa ta farko zuwa aikin Fresh Kills:&lt;blockquote&gt;Yana da wani ingancin mafarki mai ban tsoro. Har yanzu ina iya tunawa ina kallon aikin daga hasumiya mai sarrafawa kuma ina tunanin cewa Fresh Kills, kamar Jamaica Bay, ya kasance shekaru dubbai na daɗaɗɗen ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazamin ruwa mai haɓaka rayuwa. Kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar kawai, an tafi, an binne shi a ƙarƙashin miliyoyin ton na ƙirjin Birnin New York.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Tasirin muhalli na wurin sharar gida ya kasance mai mahimmanci har ma an tattauna tushen zubar da shara a matsayin farkon duniya (GSSP) na [[Anthropocene]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Waters |first=Colin N. |last2=Zalasiewicz |first2=Jan |last3=Summerhayes |first3=Colin |last4=Fairchild |first4=Ian J. |last5=Rose |first5=Neil L. |last6=Loader |first6=Neil J. |last7=Shotyk |first7=William |last8=Cearreta |first8=Alejandro |last9=Head |first9=Martin J. |last10=Syvitski |first10=James P.M. |last11=Williams |first11=Mark |last12=Wagreich |first12=Michael |last13=Barnosky |first13=Anthony D. |last14=An |first14=Zhisheng |last15=Leinfelder |first15=Reinhold |date=March 2018 |title=Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Anthropocene Series: Where and how to look for potential candidates |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825217304087 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=178 |pages=379–429 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.016 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dabbobi ma sun kasance matsala. Fakitin karnukan da ke yawo a cikin juji kuma sun kasance haɗari ga ma'aikata. Beraye kuma sun kawo matsala. Yunkurin danne jama'a da guba ya ci tura. An ayyana yankin a matsayin mafakar tsuntsayen daji, sannan aka shigo da wasu shaho, fulawa, da mujiya, yankin ya zama wurin da ake yawan kallon tsuntsaye. Saboda tsuntsayen da suke da yawa, ganin bera ya ragu sosai, musamman da rana.

Daga 1987 zuwa 1988, a cikin bala'in muhalli da aka sani da syringe tide, adadi mai yawa na sharar gida daga Fresh Kills, gami da allurar hypodermic da datti, an wanke su a kan rairayin bakin teku a Jersey Shore, a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], da kuma Long Island. Wannan taron ya tilasta rufe rairayin bakin teku a [[Tekun Atalanta|Yankin Tekun Atlantika]]. Bayan tattaunawa mai yawa, an bukaci [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ya biya dala miliyan 1 don lalacewar gurɓataccen da ta gabata da kuma biyan tsaftacewa. Ba a biya bashin ga masu kasuwancin a Jersey Shore ba saboda kudaden shiga da suka ɓace a cikin watanni na rashin aiki.

== Rufewa ==
Sakamakon matsananciyar matsin lambar al'umma, an zartar da wata doka ta jiha a shekara ta 1996 da ke buƙatar cewa ma'aikatar ta daina karɓar sharar ƙasa a ƙarshen 2001. A shekara ta 1997, an rufe biyu daga cikin tudu huɗu ɗin kuma an rufe su da kauri mai kauri. Wurin da ake zubar da shara ya sami tarkacen shara na ƙarshe a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2001.

A mafi girman aikinsa a cikin 1986-87, Fresh Kills ya sami kusan 29,000 gajeren tan (26,000  na sharar gida a kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;nycgovpark&quot;/&gt; An kiyasta cewa, idan an ci gaba da buɗewa, wurin zubar da shara zai kai tsawo na {{Convert|500|ft|m|-1}}  ko fiye. A wannan tsawo, zai kasance ya fi tsayi fiye da Tudt Hill yana mai da shi mafi girma a Gabashin Gabas a kudancin Dutsen Desert Island a Maine. A karkashin matsin lamba na gida daga Shugaban Birnin Staten Island Guy Molinari, kuma tare da goyon bayan magajin gari Rudy Giuliani, gwamnan jihar New York George Pataki, da [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA), an rufe wurin zubar da shara a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2001, kodayake an sake buɗe shi na ɗan lokaci ba da daɗewa ba bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11, 2001]] a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a Manhattan (duba ƙasa). An tura shara da aka shirya don Kills Fresh zuwa wuraren zubar da shara a wasu jihohi, da farko a Pennsylvania, amma kuma a Virginia da Ohio. An kuma aika da wasu shara zuwa New Jersey don ƙonewa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;unbound&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Where New York's 14 Million Tons of Trash Go - NYC Revealed |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiRpw-dYlC4 |via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani bayan hare-haren Satumba 11 ==
[[Fayil:World_Trade_Center_wreckage-Fresh_Kills_landfill_on_Staten_Island.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikaci yana cirewa ta hanyar tarkace daga Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a Fresh Kills; Manhattan yana bayyane a nesa]]
Bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, 2001, Fresh Kills an sake buɗe shi na ɗan lokaci a matsayin wurin da ake ware kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baraguzan ƙasa daga Ground Zero. Fiye da tasirin mutum 1,600 an dawo dasu a wannan lokacin. Kimanin gajerun tan miliyan 1.6 (1.5×106 t) na tarkace sun zo nan don rarrabuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Frank |date=September 11, 2011 |title=At Fresh Kills landfill, a heartbreaking effort after World Trade Center attacks |url=http://www.silive.com/september-11/index.ssf/2011/09/at_the_landfill_a_heartbreakin.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Staten Island Advance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dubban masu bincike da kwararrun shaidun bincike sun yi aiki sama da sa'o'i miliyan 1.7 a Fresh Kills Landfill don kokarin kwato ragowar mutanen da aka kashe a hare-haren. An dawo da kidaya na karshe na gawarwakin mutane 4,257, amma mutane 300 ne kawai aka gano daga wadannan gawarwakin. An gina wani abin tunawa a cikin 2011, wanda kuma ke girmama waɗanda ba a iya tantance sunayensu daga tarkace ba.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Recovery: The World Trade Center Recovery Operation at Fresh Kills |url=http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/exhibits/longterm/documents/recovery.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516042641/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/exhibits/longterm/documents/recovery.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 |access-date=April 27, 2010 |publisher=The New York State Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; An binne ragowar sharar a cikin wani yanki mai girman eka 40 (160,000 m2); akwai yiyuwar har yanzu wannan tarkacen ya ƙunshi gaɓar jikin ɗan adam.

== Sake ginawa ==
[[File:Fresh_Kills_Park.jpg|thumb|Bayyanawa game da Fresh Kills Park na gaba]]
An canza wurin Fresh Kills zuwa wuraren da aka dawo da su, wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa na jama'a, mafi mahimmancin fadada wuraren shakatawa na birnin New York tun lokacin da aka haɓaka jerin wuraren shakatawa a cikin Bronx a cikin shekarun 1890. James Corner Field Operations ne ya tsara sabon wurin shakatawa, kamfanin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri wanda kuma ke da alhakin kera Babban Layi a Manhattan.

A cikin Janairun 2005, Shugaban gundumar Staten Island James Molinaro ya ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen buɗe hanyoyi guda uku waɗanda ke fita daga cikin tsohuwar rumbun ajiyar ruwa zuwa cunkoso na yau da kullun, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin rage cunkoson hanya. An fara aikin gina gandun dajin a shekara ta 2008. Ana sa ran ci gaban dajin na matakai uku, wanda ya haɗa da tunawa da ranar 11 ga Satumba, zai ɗauki shekaru 30. An buga daftarin Bayanin Tasirin Muhalli (EIS) don nazarin jama'a a watan Mayu 2008. An kammala zane-zanen gine-gine na kashi na farko na ci gaba a sashin Kudancin Park a tsakiyar 2011.

Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gidajen Ruwa tana da alhakin aiwatar da shirin don juya wurin zubar da shara zuwa wurin shakatawa. Sun yi amfani da Draft Master Plan wanda ya haɗa bangarori uku - shirye-shirye, namun daji, da yaduwa - kuma sun ba da shawarar manyan wuraren shakatawa guda biyar: Confluence, North Park, South Park, East Park, da West Park.&lt;ref name=&quot;P&amp;R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fresh Kills Park |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/fresh_kills_park/html/fresh_kills_park.html |access-date=April 27, 2010 |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da girman kadada 2,200 (890 , Freshkills Park zai zama sau uku girman {{Convert|843|acre}}  Central Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jessica Dailey |date=November 25, 2013 |title=Staten Island's Freshkills Park Gets City's Biggest Solar Array – Getting Fresh |url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2013/11/25/staten_islands_freshkills_park_gets_citys_biggest_solar_array.php |access-date=August 16, 2014 |publisher=Ny.curbed.com |archive-date=November 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110210908/http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2013/11/25/staten_islands_freshkills_park_gets_citys_biggest_solar_array.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙunshi wurare da wurare daban-daban na jama'a don nau'ikan ayyuka da yawa. Shafin yana da girma sosai don tallafawa wasanni da shirye-shirye da yawa ciki har da hanyoyin yanayi, hawa doki, keken dutse, abubuwan da suka faru na al'umma, cin abinci na waje, filayen wasanni, da Jirgin ruwa / kayaking.&lt;ref name=&quot;FKP001&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fresh Kills Park, New York City |url=http://www.freshkillsparknyc.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114141417/http://www.freshkillsparknyc.com/ |archive-date=November 14, 2007 |access-date=August 27, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Schmul Park, sashi na farko na Freshkills Park, ya buɗe wa jama'a a cikin 2012. Ko da yake ba a shirya kammala dajin ba har sai 2037, Ma'aikatar Parks ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2010-11 an ga nau'in namun daji dari biyu a cikin tsohon wurin zubar da shara. Waɗannan sun haɗa da blackbirds masu fuka-fuki, finches na zinariya na Amurka, shaho masu jajayen wutsiya, kestrels na Amurka, osprey, ƙwanƙolin zobe, haɗewar bishiya, ƙanƙarar turkey, da kunkuru na arewa.

== Tashar canja wurin tsibirin Staten ==
Tashar Canja wurin Staten Island ta mamaye wani ƙaramin yanki na wurin tsohon Fresh Kills Landfill kusa da tsohuwar Shuka #2 a 40°34′49″N 74°11′38″W﻿ / 40.580267°N 74.193994°W. Tashar canja wuri — wani muhimmin bangare na shirin sarrafa sharar birnin New York - ana sa ran aiwatar da matsakaita na gajerun ton 900 (820 t) na sharar gida da na birni wanda jihar Staten Island ta samar a kowace rana. An tattara sharar a cikin wurin mai girman ƙafa 79,000 (7,300 m2) zuwa cikin kwantenan jigilar kaya mai tsawon ƙafa 12 (3.7 m) da tsayin ƙafa 20 (6.1 m). Ana ɗora waɗannan kwantena, kwantena huɗu kowace mota, a kan motocin dogo masu fala-fala da za a yi jigilar su ta hanyar dogo zuwa rumbun ajiyar ƙasa na Sabis na Jamhuriya a South Carolina. Sabis ɗin jigilar kaya mai nisan mil takwas (kilomita 13) na Jihar Staten Island, wanda ke haɗa wurin zuwa cibiyar sadarwar jigilar kaya ta ƙasa ta gadar Arthur Kill Vertical Lift, an sake kunna shi a cikin Afrilu 2007, bayan an rufe shi a cikin 1991.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Staten Island boat scrapyard|Gidan jirgin ruwa na Staten Island]]
* Gidajen shara a Amurka
* Aikin Wasteland

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/fresh_kills_park/html/fresh_kills_park.html Sabon Kashewa: Sashen Bayanai na Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gidajen Ruwa ta Birnin New York]
* [https://statenisland.pastperfectonline.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;search_criteria=fresh+and+kills+and+landfill&amp;searchButton=Search Abubuwa a cikin Staten Island Historical Society Online Collection Database game da Fresh Kills Landfill]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sakamakon bala'in Chernobyl a Faransa</title>
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'''Sakamakon Bala'in Chernobyl a [[Faransa]]''' ya kasance batun muhawara tun lokacin da bala'in ya faru a shekara ta 1986. A hukumance, babu wani mummunan sakamako na kiwon lafiya a Faransa, amma wannan yana jayayya da wasu ƙungiyoyi, galibi kusa da ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da makaman nukiliya, waɗanda ke yin kira da a nuna gaskiya a ɓangaren hukumomin gwamnati.

== Gudun fuka-fukan rediyo a kan Faransa ==

=== Sanarwar bala'in ===
Ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1986, da misalin karfe 1 na rana, Swedes sun sanar da Hukumar Tsaro ta Tsakiya don Kariya daga Ionizing Radiation (SPRI), wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Lafiya (amma kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Turai don Ma'auni na Low Level Radioactivity), na gurɓatar yanayin su, wanda suka danganta ga hadarin nukiliya na Soviet. A wannan maraice, Kremlin ta amince da cewa wani hatsari ya faru a cikin wani nau'in reactor na RBMK a tashar wutar lantarki ta Chernobyl, ba tare da tantance kwanan wata, iyaka, ko musabbabin ba. A wannan maraice, farfesa Pierre Pellerin, darektan SCPRI, ya sa jiragen Air France da ke zuwa arewaci da gabashin Turai an sanya su da abubuwan tacewa, ta yadda, bayan dawowar su, za a iya tantance nau'ikan gurɓataccen abu tare da bayyana su. An gayyace shi don bayyana a Antenne 2 washegari, Afrilu 29, Pierre Pellerin ya ruwaito game da abokan hulɗarsa tare da masana Sweden, ya yi tir da bala'in kafofin watsa labaru a gaba, kuma ya ba da kalmomi masu ƙarfafawa: &quot;Ko da Scandinavia, kiwon lafiya ba a yi barazana ba. A wannan maraice, mataimakinsa, Farfesa Chanteur, ya amsa tambaya daga mai gabatarwa, tabbas za mu iya gano wasu kwanaki na gaba: ra'ayin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, babu hadari&quot;. A Faransa, hasashen yanayi sun kasance masu kyau, kuma mai gabatar da yanayi, Brigitte Simonetta, ya sanar a kan Antenna 2, a daren 30th, cewa ya kamata Azores anticyclone ya jinkirta yiwuwar isowar fuka-fuki na rediyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Institut National de l'Audiovisuel |title=Tchernobyl et météo sur l'Europe |url=https://www.ina.fr/ina-eclaire-actu/video/cab05021051/duplex-claude-serillon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba da daɗewa ba kalmar &quot;girgije&quot; ta shahara a Faransa, maimakon &quot;plum&quot;. Tumbun, wanda ya kunshi dukkan hayakin rediyo da aka fitar a kwanakin da suka biyo bayan hadarin, hade da iska mai zafi daga wutar lantarki, yana dauke da tururin ruwa kadan. Yana dilutes a cikin yanayi, aikin rediyo yana raguwa bisa ga rabin rayuwar abubuwan da aka saki. Zubar da yanayin bushewa ya dogara da yawan barbashi ko aerosols da ƙasa. Koyaya, gajimare na gaske suna taka muhimmiyar rawa: idan sun karye sama da ɗigon ruwa, ɗigon ruwan su yana ɗaukar barbashi na rediyoaktif da yawa. Haɗuwar waɗannan biyun, wanda ke da wahalar hangowa, yana haifar da jika mai ban sha'awa na geographically a cikin siffar damisa.

=== Zuwan gashin gashin gashi ===
Gano iskar rediyo da ke shawagi a kan Faransa bayan hadarin ya yi sauri. Ma'auni na p-total ayyuka (ma'auni na ayyukan duk beta-emitting radionuclides) a cikin iska da ke kewaye da cibiyoyin Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) an dauki su a cikin sa'o'i 24 na gano su (tsakanin Afrilu 29 da 30). Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Mayu, mun san wani tashin hankali na iska a ranakun 29 da 30 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Renaud |last2=Louvat |date=2003 |title=Les retombées de l'accident de Tchernobyl en France : analyse critique des mesures effectuées à l'époque sur le territoire national et enseignements pour la gestion de crise |url=https://www.radioprotection.org/articles/radiopro/pdf/2003/04/Renaud.pdf |journal=Radioprotection |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=529 |doi=10.1051/radiopro:2003016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayanan hukuma ===
Gwamnatin Faransa ta yi la'akari da cewa babu wani matakan tsaro na musamman da ya zama dole. Sabis na Central de Protection Contre Les Rayonnements Ionisants (SCPRI), wanda Farfesa Pierre Pellerin ke jagoranta kuma yana ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya, ya ba da sanarwar farko a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1986, yana sanar da cewa &quot;ba a sami wani gagarumin tashin hankali na rediyoaktif ba&quot;. Shekaru goma sha bakwai bayan haka, wani bincike na ma'aunin da aka ɗauka a lokacin ya tabbatar da wannan ganewar asali: &quot;Ma'auni na aerosol na yanayi, wanda aka fi sani da SCPRI da CEA, ya sa ya yiwu a kwatanta yawan iska mai gurbataccen iska da sauri, yana ba da kyakkyawar alamar matakan aiki da aka kai. Wadannan ma'auni [...] sun ba da damar da adadin da aka samu ta yawan jama'a yayin da girgije ya wuce a cikin ƙananan adadin lokaci fiye da lokacin da aka ƙayyade. 0.5 μSv don haskakawa na waje da ƙasa da 20 μSv don inhalation, baya buƙatar kowane matakai na musamman don kare yawan jama'a (matsuguni ko rarraba tsayayyen iodine)&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Renaud |last2=Louvat |date=2003 |title=Les retombées de l'accident de Tchernobyl en France : analyse critique des mesures effectuées à l'époque sur le territoire national et enseignements pour la gestion de crise |url=https://www.radioprotection.org/articles/radiopro/pdf/2003/04/Renaud.pdf |journal=Radioprotection |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=529 |doi=10.1051/radiopro:2003016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRenaudLouvat2003&quot;&gt;Renaud; Louvat (2003). [https://www.radioprotection.org/articles/radiopro/pdf/2003/04/Renaud.pdf &quot;Les retombées de l'accident de Tchernobyl en France : analyse critique des mesures effectuées à l'époque sur le territoire national et enseignements pour la gestion de crise&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Radioprotection''. '''38''' (4): 529. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1051/radiopro:2003016|10.1051/radiopro:2003016]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tchernobyl 20 ans après : Nouveau regard sur Tchernobyl. L'impact sur la santé et l'environnement |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfen.org%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftchernobyl.pdf%2Findex.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url |website=Société française d'énergie nucléaire |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1986, Farfesa Pellerin ya ba da sanarwar manema labarai yana mai cewa &quot;maganin rigakafi na iodine bai dace ba kuma bai dace ba&quot; kuma &quot;dole ne mu yi tunanin girman sau goma ko ɗari fiye da yadda matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a suka taso.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1986 |title=Communiqué du professeur Pellerin: Le nuage de Tchernobyl sur la France |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sortirdunucleaire.org%2Findex.php%3Fmenu%3Dsinformer%26sousmenu%3Dthemas%26soussousmenu%3Dtchernobyl%26page%3D1#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikici na girgije na rediyo ===
A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1986, mai gabatarwa Brigitte Simonetta ta sanar a cikin sanarwar yanayi na Antenne 2 cewa ya kamata a kare Faransa daga &quot;girgije&quot; ta hanyar anticyclone na Azores kuma zai iya kasancewa haka har tsawon kwanaki uku masu zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1986 |title=Communiqué de presse: Evolution météorologique du 29 Avril au 5 Mai 1986 |url=http://www.dissident-media.org/infonucleaire/Conf_Presse_CRIIRAD_Pellerin/6_evol_meteo_29_5.pdf |website=SCPRI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yanci''' jayayya ya biyo baya, tare da maganganu da yawa da aka yi niyya musamman ga Pierre Pellerin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vanlerberghe |first=Cyrille |date=2012-11-20 |title=Affaire de Tchernobyl : le professeur Pellerin innocenté |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2012/11/20/97001-20121120FILWWW00613-tchernobyl-le-pr-pellerin-innocente.php |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; sau da yawa ana taƙaita shi a matsayin &quot;girgije ya tsaya a kan iyaka&quot;). Libération ya tabbatar da cewa &quot;kotu na jama'a sun yi ƙarya a Faransa&quot; kuma &quot;Profesor Pellerin  yarda da yawa&quot;, yayin da jaridar ta bayyana a sarari a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1986, cewa ya sanar da cewa &quot;karin rediyo da aka rubuta a ko'ina cikin Faransa ba shi da haɗari ga lafiya&quot;.[had]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1986 |title=Extrait du journal Libération |url=http://www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_french/Tch-libe-PP-augm-2-5-86.jpg |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya, Farfesa Pellerin ya shigar da kara a kan kafofin watsa labarai da mutane daban-daban waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa ya bayyana cewa &quot;girgije na Chernobyl ya tsaya a kan iyakar Faransa&quot;. Kamar yadda bai taba furta wannan sanarwa ba, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vanlerberghe |first=Cyrille |date=2012 |title=Pr Pellerin : « L'injustice de Tchernobyl est réparée » |url=https://sante.lefigaro.fr/actualite/2012/11/21/19470-pr-pellerin-linjustice-tchernobyl-est-reparee |journal=Le Figaro |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya lashe dukkan shari'arsa a farkon shari'a, a kan roko da kuma cassation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Le professeur Pellerin définitivement hors de cause |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfen.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fcommunique_sfen_pellerin_21nov2012-.pdf%2Findex.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url |website=Société Française d'Energie Nucléaire |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta amince da hukuncin da aka yanke a kotun Faransa game da &quot;ƙazantar da ma'aikacin gwamnati&quot; na Noël Mamère saboda maganganun da aka yi a 1999, wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa a 1999 &quot;SCPRI ba ta wanzu kuma, yana da shekaru 76, ma'aikaciyar gwamnati da ake tambaya ba ta cikin aiki ba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2000 |title=Noël Mamère a été condamné pour diffamation |url= |journal=Le Monde |language=fr |issn=0395-2037}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2006 |title=AFFAIRE MAMÈRE c. FRANCE |url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-77842%22]} |journal=European court of human rights court européenne des droits de l'homme |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin jituwa game da gurɓata ==

=== Matsayin da ba a iya ganewa ba ===
Don jin daɗin ainihin matakin gurɓacewar nukiliya da aka samu a Faransa, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa dangane da hasken wuta na waje:

* Rashin gurɓataccen ƙasa na 1 MBq / m2 a cikin cesium 137 (bequerels miliyan ɗaya a kowace murabba'in mita) yana haifar da kashi na 'yan dubban mSv a kowace shekara (1.5 zuwa 4 μSv / h) ga mutumin da ke fuskantar shi har abada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Report DRPH/2010-010 |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbpr.org.br%2FIRSN%2520Fukushima%2520Report%2520May%252023%25202011_DEFF.pdf%2Findex.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url |website=IRSN |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ƙofar da Tarayyar Turai ta kafa, a ƙasa da abin da hasken radiation ke aiki ba shi da mahimmanci daga ra'ayi na kariya ta radiation kuma baya buƙatar sanarwa, shine 1 μSv / h.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Directive 96/29/Euratom du Conseil |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000333367 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Faransa, iyakar fallasawa ga jama'a da ma'aikatan da ba a rarraba su ba a cikin kamfani shine 1 mSv / shekara duka jiki,  watau kusan 80 μSv / wata, wanda yayi daidai da 100 mSv/h idan kun ƙidaya awanni 24 a rana (idan ma'aikatar da ake tambaya ba ta aiki awanni 24 da rana, ya kai ga Mutumin da ya dace da lissafin don shirin zoning su idan suna so).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rayonnements ionisants. Réglementation et démarche de prévention - Risques - INRS |url=https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/reglementation.html |website=www.inrs.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan iyaka tana nufin radiation da kamfanin ya samar a cikin wani yanki wanda ba a tsara shi ba (ba tare da kula da lafiya a asibiti ba, alal misali), kuma yana iya zama sama da 20 mSv / shekara ga wasu ma'aikata. Matsakaicin Faransanci shine 4.5 mSv / shekara, wanda 3 mSv saboda radiyo na halitta ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=L'exposition moyenne des Français et les facteurs de variation |url=https://www.irsn.fr/savoir-comprendre/sante/lexposition-moyenne-francais-facteurs-variation#.YhLiCuzfuNw |website=www.irsn.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsakaicin adadin da jama'a suka karɓa ===
Matsakaicin sashi da aka karɓa bayan wucewar &quot;dufa&quot; na Chernobyl a kan Faransa an kiyasta ta wasu tushe a kusa da 0.01 mSv (millisievert), &quot;wanda ya dace da zama na 'yan makonni a cikin duwatsu&quot; (don hasken waje),  kuma ta wasu a tsakanin 0.025 mSv da 0.4 mSv, dangane da wurin ƙasa. Georges Charpak ya lura cewa &quot;mazaunin da jama'ar Faransa suka karɓa a 1986 an kiyasta tsakanin ƙasa da 0.025 mSv a Yamma da 0.4 mSv na Gabas&quot;. A duk lokuta, waɗannan allurai sun fada cikin ƙananan radiation.

Shekaru goma sha biyu bayan wucewar girgije, an gudanar da nazarin da ya fi dacewa a fannin ƙasa, kamar aikin CAROL don ƙananan Kwarin Rhône,  wanda ya kammala cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin gurɓataccen ƙasa da ruwan sama a lokacin wucewar girgizar: &quot;Ba a yarda da su a yankin Camargue, waɗannan ajiya sun wuce 15,000 Bq-m-2, da 25,000 Bq-M-2 a cikin mafi yawan wuraren da ake ruwa a farkon Mayu 1986, kamar su Vaison-Romaine. Wannan ya kasance ban da ragowar tsohuwar lalacewa daga gwajin yanayi na makaman nukiliya, na tsari na 1,500 zuwa 2,500 Bq-m-2. Wannan binciken ya kuma bayyana bambancin da ke tsakanin gurɓataccen da aka auna a cikin wannan gari kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi masu yawa, da kuma kimanta rashin tabbas da ke cikin wannan nau'in taswirar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nehr-e-Khayyam</title>
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[[Fayil:Nehr-e-Khayyam.jpg|thumb]] 
'''Nehr-e-Khayyam''' Nehr-e-Khayyam (Urdu: نہر خیام), dake cikin Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan, tashar ruwa ce wadda aka gina ta asali azaman magudanar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hassan |first=Arif |title=Karachi Rains Drainage Issues Solutions |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/272339491/Karachi-Rains-Drainage-Issues-Solutions-by-Arif-Hasan |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=Scribd |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fasali da wuri ==
Kusan zurfin zurfin ƙafa 10, tashar tana da tsayin kusan kilomita biyu da rabi, rabi yana buɗewa a sararin samaniya yayin da sauran rabin kuma an rufe shi, an gina shi ta hanyoyi da gine-gine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2000 |title=Orangi Pilot Project, 84th Quarterly Report |url=https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/822-PKOR00-16851.pdf |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=International Water and Sanitation Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsayawa daga Hanyar Banki a Khayaban-e-Iqbal zuwa Khyaban-e-Saadi, tashar tana da alaƙa da teku, tana haɗuwa ta Boat Basin. Ruwan ruwa na Nehr-e-Khayyam yana da bi-directional: a lokacin ƙananan raƙuman ruwa, ruwa yana motsawa daga ƙasa zuwa teku, yayin da lokacin hawan igiyar ruwa, ya juya hanya, yana gudana daga teku zuwa ƙasa.

== Ci gaba ==
Duk da ainihin manufarsa ta zubar da ruwan sama a cikin teku, da kuma shirye-shiryen farko a matsayin 'yanki na nishaɗi' a cikin shekarun 1970,  Nehr-e-Khayyam, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya zama abin sha'awa na birane saboda dalilai na muhalli.  Tashar tana fama da gurɓataccen gurɓatacciyar ƙasa, cike da [[Tarkace|shara]] da datti, bambanci sosai da wurin da yake a cikin unguwar Clifton mai yawan jama'a da kuma mafi girma. An yi ƙoƙari da yawa don magance gurɓataccen da haɓaka kyawawan abubuwan da ke cikin yankin. Koyaya, waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun lalace ta ƙalubale kamar karya kwangila, alhakin da ba a bayyana ba, da bambancin kuɗi, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikicen shari'a da ba a warware su ba suna jiran yanke hukunci a kotuna. Baya ga batutuwan gurɓataccen ruwa da lalacewar ingancin ruwa, binciken kimiyya ya nuna kasancewar [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] a cikin tashar, dukansu suna gudana ta hanyar Chinna Creek zuwa cikin Tekun Larabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Enam |first=Syed Faaiz |last2=Qureshi |first2=Humaira |last3=Qureshi |first3=Sohail A. |date=2011 |title=Sampling bacterial biodiversity from a highly contaminated stream flowing through a densely populated urban area in Karachi |url=http://www.ayubmed.edu.pk/JAMC/23-2/Enam.pdf |access-date=23 March 2024 |publisher=Department of Biology, LUMS School of Science &amp; Engineering |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}} 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa
* [[Tsabtace Yanayi]]</text>
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    <title>Jerin fassarorin Ingilishi daga tushe na zamani: B</title>
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'''Jerin fassarorin Turanci daga majiyoyin zamanin da''': B yana ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da takardu masu mahimmanci na zamanin da—na tarihi, na kimiyya, na coci da adabi—waɗanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci. Wannan ya haɗa da marubucin asali, mai fassara(s) da takardar da aka fassara. Fassarar ta fito ne daga Turancin Tsoho da Tsakiya, Norman, Irish, Cornish, Scots, Old Dutch, Flemish Old Norse ko Icelandic, Italiyanci, Lombard, Latin, Larabci, Farisanci, Syriac, Ethiopic, Coptic, da [[Ibrananci]], kuma yawancin ayyukan da aka ambata galibi suna samuwa a ɗakin karatu na dijital na Jami'ar Michigan na HathiTrust da WorldCat na OCLC. Ana gabatar da ayyukan da ba a san ko su waye ba ta hanyar batu.

== Jerin fassarar Turanci ==

=== ⁵BA-BE ===
'''Littafin Babees.''' Littafin Babees (c. 1475), ko ''Lytyl Reporte na yadda matasa ya kamata su yi hali'', shine farkon tarin tarin littattafai game da halaye da abinci na Turanci, wanda Ƙungiyar Rubutun Turanci ta Farko ta buga. Wannan ya biyo bayan wani aiki mai suna ''Queene Elizabethes achademy'' wanda kuma ya hada da wasu kasidu a farkon littattafan Ingilishi, Italiyanci da Jamusanci na ladabi. 

* Littafin Babees: Early English Meals and Manners (1838).  An fassara kuma an gyara shi ta masanin falsafa na Ingilishi Frederick James Furnivall (1825–1910).  A cikin Early English Text Society, ''Original Series'', 32.
* Littafin Babees: Tsarin Zamani na Matasa (1923).  An yi shi cikin Turanci na zamani daga rubuce-rubucen Dr. Furnivall, wanda wata ƙwararriyar masaniyar zamanin da ta Amurka Edith Rickert (1871–1938) ta rubuta.

'''Bakon, Roger.''' Roger Bacon (c. 1219 - c. 1292), wanda kuma aka sani da ''Doctor Mirabilis'', wani masanin falsafa ne na Turanci na tsakiya kuma Franciscan friar wanda ya ba da muhimmanci sosai ga nazarin yanayi ta hanyar empiricism. Babban aikin Bacon shine ''Opus Majus .''   

* ''Opus majus'' na Roger Bacon (1928).  Fassarar Robert Belle Burke (1868-1944). 
* Madubin alchimy, wanda shahararren mashahuran fryer ya yi sau uku, Roger Bachon (1597).  Har ila yau, mafi kyawun magana da ilmantarwa na kyakkyawan ƙarfi da ingancin fasaha da yanayi, wanda marubucin wannan marubucin ya rubuta, tare da wasu ƙididdiga masu cancanta na irin wannan hujja. Wani bugun The Mirror of Alchimy ( ''Speculum Alchemiae'' ). Fassarar Tenney L. Davis.  ya bayyana a cikin ''Jarida na ilimin kimiyya'',  VIII (1931), shafi.&amp;nbsp;1945-1953.
* Medicina practica, ko, Practical physick (1692).  Ya ƙunshi hanyar warkar da cututtukan da suka fi shahara kuma na yau da kullun da ke faruwa ga jikin ɗan adam: wanda aka haɗa shi, 1. Shirye-shiryen praecipiolum na Paracelsus; 2. Makullin Helmont da Lully; 3. Budewar Sol da Luna. Daga marubucin likitancin Ingilishi William Salmon (1644-1713),  farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi.
* Kuskuren likitoci, Mary Catherine Welborn ta fassara (an haifi 1899).  A cikin ''Isis,''  XVIII (1932-1933), shafi.&amp;nbsp;26-62.
* Wasiƙar Roger Bacon game da ban mamaki ikon fasaha da na yanayi da kuma game da rashin sihiri, tare da bayanin kula da tarihin rayuwar Bacon da aikin (1923).  Fassara daga Latin ta TL Davis.

'''Bahira''' Bahira (ƙarni na 6) ɗan Balarabe Kirista ne wanda, bisa ga al'adar Musulunci, ya yi annabci ga matashi Muhammad cewa makomarsa ta annabi. 

* Labarin Bahira Kirista (1898-1903). Rubutun Syriac da Larabci wanda masanin Semitic Richard James Horatio Gottheil ya fassara (1862-1936). A cikin ''Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete'',  XIII-XV (1898-1900), XVII (1903), ''passim'' .

'''Bahya ben Joseph ibn Pakuda.''' Bahya ben Joseph ibn Paquda (kimanin 1050 - 1120 wani masanin falsafa ne kuma malamin Yahudawa daga Al-Andalus .  Babban aikinsa shine ''Chovot HaLevavot'' (Ayyukan zuciya) a cikin Ibrananci.

* Ayyukan zuciya ta Rabbi Bachye (1909).  An fassara shi da gabatarwa ta Edwin Collins. 
* Ayyukan zuciya, na Bachya ben Joseph ibn Paquda. An fassara shi daga Larabci zuwa Ibrananci ta Jehuda ibn Tibbon.  Gabatarwa da rubutu kan wanzuwar Allah da haɗin kai. Tare da fassarar Turanci ta masanin Ibrananci kuma rabbi Moses Hyamson (1862–1949).  A cikin ''dandalin Yahudawa'',  III–VI (1920–1923).

'''Baidawi, 'Abd Allāh ibn Umar al-.''' 'Abd Allāh ibn Umar al-Baidāwi, wanda aka fi sani da Qadi Baydawi (ya rasu a shekara ta 1319), masanin shari'a ne na Farisa, masanin tauhidi kuma mai tafsirin Alqur'ani.  

* Chrestomathia Baidawiana, sharhin el-Baidāwi akan Sura III (1894).  Fassara kuma yayi bayani don amfani da ɗaliban Larabci ta Baturen Orientist David Samuel Margoliouth (1858-1940).  Tattaunawar [[Al-Imran|Sura ta III]] na Alqur'ani, ta iyalan Imram.

'''Baihaki, Abu 'l-Fadl Muhammad bn Husain.''' Abu'l-Faḍl Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn Bayhaki, wanda aka fi sani da Abu'l-Faḍl Bayhaqi (ya rasu a shekara ta 1077), shi ne sakataren Farisa, masanin tarihi kuma marubuci. 

* ''Taríkhu-s Subuktigin'' na Baihakí (1869). A cikin ''Tarihin Indiya, kamar yadda Masana Tarihinta suka faɗa,''  Zamanin Muhammadu, Juzu'i na II, shafi.&amp;nbsp;53-154. Fassarar sashin farko ta ''munshi'', kuma ko da yake an ce an sake duba shi, yana buƙatar gyara sosai daga editan, Masanin ilimin Indoji na Biritaniya John Dowson (1820-1881).  Kashi na biyu da masanin tarihin Ingila Sir Henry Miers Elliot ya fassara . 

'''''Baile suthain Sith Eamhna.''''' Waƙar Irish ta zamanin da da ta shafi Masarautar Tsibirai, an kwafi ta daga wani rubutun Irish da aka rubuta a shekara ta 1600. An haɗa ta da kwafin da ke cikin Littafin Fermoy wanda aka fassara a shekara ta 1457. William Maunsell Hennessy ya fassara (1829–1889).  A cikin ''Celtic Scotland: tarihin tsohon Alban'' (1880),  III, Shafi na II, shafi na&amp;nbsp;410–427. Ta hannun masanin tarihi kuma masanin kayan tarihi na Scotland William Forbes Skene (1809–1892).  

'''Bairre.''' Saint Finbar (a cikin Irish, Fionnbharra, an taƙaita zuwa Barra ko Bairre), (c. 550 – 623) bishop na Cork ne kuma waliyyi na Diocese na Cork.

* Rayuwar St. Finbar na Cork (1893). Patrick Stanton ne ya fassara. A cikin ''Journal of the'' ''Cork Historical and Archaeological Society'',  II (1893), pp.&amp;nbsp;61–69, 87–94. An samu ta Rev. P. Hurley daga ''Rayuwar Waliyyan Irish'' na Mícheál Ó Cléirigh (c. 1590 – 1643), ɗaya daga cikin Masters huɗu, a cikin Laburaren Burgundian, Brussels, A cikin ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani a ƙarshe, marubucin ya bayyana cewa ya rubuta wannan Rayuwar St. Finbar a cikin Convent of Friars, 1643, Cork, da Cork a cikin Juni9. littafin, mallakar Daniel Dineen.
* Rayuwar Saint Fin Barre (1906). Colonel TA Lunham ya fassara kuma ya bayyana shi,  daga ''Codex Ardmachanus'' .  &lt;ref&gt;Adamson, Robert (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bacon, Roger|Bacon, Roger]]&quot;. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''3''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 153-156.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin ''Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society'', &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; XII (1906), pp.&amp;nbsp;105-120.

'''Bakhaila, Mika'el.''' Mikā'ēl Bakhaila (ƙarni na 15),  wanda aka fi sani da Zosimas. Mawallafin ''Le livre des myster̀es du ciel et de la terre'' (Texte éthiopien). 

* Littafin Asirin Sama da Duniya, da sauran ayyukan Bakhayla Mikael (Zosimas) (1935). Masanin kimiyyar Masar kuma masanin gabas na Birtaniya Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge (1857–1934) ya fassara kuma ya gyara shi,   tare da gabatarwar RA Gilbert. Wani aikin apocalyptic da ake kyautata zaton Mala'ika Jibrilu ne ya bayyana a ƙarni na 15. Ya haɗa da bayani game da wahayin apocalyptic na St. John, jawabai kan Allahntaka da Triniti, haihuwar Anuhu, da kuma sihirin Enoch .

'''Bakhtyār nama.''' Bakhtyār nama (nameh), ko Labarin Yarima Bakhtyar da Viziers goma. Misali na almarar Farisa a cikin nau'in labarin firam da tara sun haɗa da labarai masu alaƙa da labaran Sindibad.  Sigar farko wacce da alama ta Šams-al-Dīn Moḥammad Daqāyeqī Marvazī ne (fl. c. 1200),  wanda ya yi zamani da Muhammad 'Aufī (1171–1242).

* Bakhtyār Nāma: soyayyar Farisa (1883).  An fassara daga rubutun hannu ta masanin gabas na Welsh Sir William Ouseley (1767–1842).  An gyara, tare da gabatarwa da bayanai, ta masanin tatsuniyoyi na Scotland William Alexander Clouston (1843–1896). 

'''Labarin Bandamanna.''' Labarin Bandamanna yana ɗaya daga cikin labaran mutanen Iceland, wanda ya faru bayan karɓar Kiristanci a shekara ta 1000.

* Labarin Bandamanna, ko Labarin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa (1882). A ''lokacin bazara tafiya a Iceland'' (1882),  shafi na.&amp;nbsp;205–229, na John Coles. Har ila yau, an fassara sagas ''Þórðar saga hreɗu'' (Terror) ''da Hrafnkels saga'' (Firist Frey).
* Labarin mutanen Banded, a ''Iceland: yanayin da ke ciki da kuma labaran da suka faru'' (1863),  Babi na XVII, na Baturen mai rubuta hagiographer kuma mai binciken kayan tarihi, Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (1834–1924). 
* Labarin mutanen da aka ɗaure, labarin Howard the Halt; da kuma labarin Hen Thorir (1891). A cikin ''Laburaren Saga'',  Juzu'i na I (1891), na mai fassara ɗan Birtaniya William Morris (1834–1896)  da masanin Iceland Eiríkr Magnússon (1833–1913). 

'''Baptista Mantuanus.''' Baptista Spagnuoli Mantuanus (1447-1516) ɗan ƙasar Italiyan Karmeli mai gyara ne, ɗan adam, kuma mawaƙi. 

* Waƙoƙin mawaƙi B. Mantuan Carmelitan, waɗanda George Turbervile, gent. (1567) ya fassara zuwa baitin Turanci.  Fassarar mawaƙin Ingilishi George Turberville (kimanin 1540 - kafin 1597),   wanda Douglas Bush ya shirya (1896–1983)  a bugu na 1937. Ya ƙunshi tara daga cikin waƙoƙin ecloug guda goma.
* Bucolicks na Baptist Mantuan a cikin kalmomi goma (1656). &lt;ref&gt;Witzel, Theophilus (1912). &quot;[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Roger Bacon|Roger Bacon]]&quot;. In ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''13'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.&lt;/ref&gt; An fassara shi daga Latin zuwa Turanci, ta Thomas Harvey. 

'''Barbaro, Giosofat.''' Giosafat Barbaro (1413–1494), wanda aka fi sani da Josafa Barbaro, jami'in diflomasiyya ne, ɗan kasuwa, mai bincike kuma marubucin tafiye-tafiye. 

* Tafiya zuwa Tana da Farisa, na Josafa Barbaro da Ambrogio Contarini (1873).  Tafiya na G. Barbaro da Ambrogio Contarini (1429-1499).  Fassara daga Italiyanci ta William Thomas (ya mutu 1554),   magatakarda na Majalisar zuwa Edward VI na Ingila, da SA Roy, Esq. Edita, tare da Gabatarwa, ta Henry Stanley na Alderley (1827–1903).  Hakluyt Society ne ya fitar,  ''Silsilar farko'', juzu'i na 49a.

'''Barberino, Francesco da.''' Francesco da Barberino (1264-1348) mawaƙin Italiya ne. (cf. Wikipedia na Italiyanci, [[:it:Francesco da Barberino|Francesco da Barberino]] )  

* Cire daga ''Documenti d'amore da Del regiment e dei costume delle donne'' (1869). Marubuci kuma mai sukar Ingilishi William Michael Rossetti ne ya fassara shi (1829–1919).  A cikin Queene Elizabethes akademy (na Sir Humphrey Gilbert) Littafin fifiko (1869).  An gyara shi ta masanin ilimin falsafa na Ingilishi Frederick James Furnivall (1825–1910).  A cikin Early English Text Society, ''Extra series'', Juzu'i na 8. Cire na farko ya yi magana game da ɗabi'un teburi kuma na biyu ya shafi ɗabi'un mata da gwamnati.

'''Barbour, John.''' John Barbour (c. 1320 – 1395) mawaƙin ɗan ƙasar Scotland ne, babban mawallafi na farko mai suna wallafe-wallafen da ya rubuta cikin harshen Scots. Ayyukansa ''The Brus'' waƙa ce mai ba da labari wanda ke ba da tarihin tarihi da tarihin abubuwan da Robert the Bruce da Sir James Douglas suka yi a Yaƙin Scotland na Independence .   

* Bruce, kasancewar tarihin ma'auni na Robert the Bruce, sarkin Scots, wanda aka haɗa AD 1375, na Jagora John Barbour (1907).  George Eyre-Todd ne ya fassara (1862–1937).  Duba kuma tattaunawa game da shahararrun juzu'ai da bugu masu mahimmanci da ake kira &quot;Barbour's Bruce&quot; na Rev. R. M'Kinlay a cikin ''Records of the Glasgow Bibliographical Society,''  VI (1918), shafi.&amp;nbsp;20-38.
* Bruce na Bannockburn, kasancewa fassarar babban ɓangaren Barbour's Bruce (1914).  Daga Michael Macmillan.  An sabunta sigar na asali na magana.
* A Bruce; ko, Littafin mafi kyawun yarima mai daraja, Robert de Broyss, Sarkin Scots (1901).  Jagora John Barbour, archdeacon na Aberdeen, AD 1375 ya rubuta. Buga daga rubutun G. 23 a ɗakin karatu na Kwalejin St. John, Cambridge, wanda aka rubuta AD 1487; hade tare da rubutun hannu. a cikin Laburaren Advocate's a Edinburgh, wanda aka rubuta AD 1489, kuma tare da Hart's edition, wanda aka buga AD 1616. An gyara shi da gabatarwa, bayanin kula, da ƙamus, na masanin ilimin falsafa na Burtaniya Rev. Walter William Skeat (1835-1912).  An buga don Farkon Turanci Text Society, ''ƙarin jerin,'' Juzu'i na 11, 21, 29, 55.
* Zaɓuɓɓuka daga Barbour's Bruce (1900).  Littattafai I-X, tare da bayanin kula a ciki, da gabatarwa da ƙamus ga dukan aikin littattafai ashirin. Kamar yadda Rev. WW Skeat ya gyara. An buga don Farkon Turanci Rubutun Society, ''ƙarin jerin,'' Volume 80a.

'''Bardaisan.''' Bardaisan, ko Bar-daiṣān (154- 222), shi ne gnostic Syriac, wanda ya kafa Bardaisanites, kuma masanin kimiyya, masani, masanin taurari, falsafa, hymnographer, kuma mawaƙi,  

* Littafin dokokin ƙasashe (1855). A cikin ''Spicilegium Syriacum'' : wanda ya ƙunshi ragowar Bardesan, Meliton, Ambrose da Mara Bar Serapion (1855).  na Rev. William Cureton (1808-1864). 
* Littafin Dokokin Kasashe Mabambanta (1886). Bita na fassarar W. Cureton na Benjamin Plummer Pratten. A cikin ɗakin karatu na Kirista na Ante-Nicene (cf.    ), Juzu'i na VIII, Ubannin ƙarni na uku da na huɗu.
* Waƙar rai, wanda ke cikin ayyukan Syriac na St. Thomas (1897).  (cf. Apocrypha na [[Sabon Alkawari]], Ayyukan Manzanni), wani lokaci ana dangana ga Bardaisan. Har ila yau, an san shi da Waƙar Waƙar Lu'u-lu'u,  an daidaita shi da e-edited tare da fassarar turanci ta bakin dan Burtaniya Anthony Ashley Bevan (1859-1933).  A cikin ''Rubutu da nazari, gudummawa ga littattafan Littafi Mai-Tsarki da wallafe-wallafe'',  Juzu'i na 5, Na 3.

'''Bardason, Ivarr.''' Ivarr Bardason (ko Bardarson, Bårdsson) (ƙarni na 14) wani malamin addini ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda aka aika zuwa Greenland a shekara ta 1341 don yin aiki a matsayin mai kula da kujerar bishop a Gardar a yankin Gabas na Greenland.

== Tushen kayan ==

* A general collection of the best and most interesting voyages and travels in all parts of the world
* A general history and collection of voyages and travels to the end of the eighteenth century
* ''Archaeologia Cambrensis''&lt;ref&gt;Adamson, Robert (1885). &quot;[[wikisource:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bacon, Roger|Bacon, Roger]]&quot;. In ''Dictionary of National Biography''. '''2'''. London. pp. 374-378.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Beowulf's Afterlives Bibliographic Database&lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beowulf's Afterlives Bibliographic Database |url=http://beowulf.dh.tamu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bibliography of English translations from Medieval Sources
* ''British magazine''
* ''Contemporary review''
* Early English Text Society&lt;ref&gt;Witzel, Theophilus (1912). &quot;[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Roger Bacon|Roger Bacon]]&quot;. In ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''13'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286
* Early Travels in Palestine
* ''English Historical Review''
* ''English Review''
* ''Ériu''
* Hakluyt Society publications
* ''Hakluytus posthumus''
* ''Harvard theological review''&lt;ref&gt;Adamson, Robert (1885). &quot;[[wikisource:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bacon, Roger|Bacon, Roger]]&quot;. In ''Dictionary of National Biography''. '''2'''. London. pp. 374-378.&lt;/ref&gt;
* History of [[Indiya|India]], as Told by its Own Historians, The Muhammadan Period
* ''Irish historical studies''
* Irish Texts Society
* ''Isis''
* ''Jewish forum''
* ''Jewish Quarterly Review''&lt;ref&gt;Adamson, Robert (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bacon, Roger|Bacon, Roger]]&quot;. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''3''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 153-156.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwDkI&quot;&gt;Journal of chemical education&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* ''Journal of sacred literature''
* ''Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society''
* ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society''
* ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London''
* Library of original sources
* Loeb Classical Library
* ''Medical life''
* ''Medieval encounters''&lt;ref&gt;Adamson, Robert (1885). &quot;[[wikisource:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bacon, Roger|Bacon, Roger]]&quot;. In ''Dictionary of National Biography''. '''2'''. London. pp. 374-378.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Medieval narrative: a book of translations
* ''Navigantium atque itinerantium bibliotheca, or, A compleat collection of voyages and travels''
* ''Origines islandicae.''
* Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS), Library of
* ''Papers of the American Society of Church History''&lt;ref name=&quot;:47&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Papers of the American Society of Church History |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/papers-of-the-american-society-of-church-history}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Patrologia Latina''
* ''Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology''
* ''Records of the Glasgow Bibliographical Society''
* ''Revue celtique''
* Saga Library
* ''Scriptorium''&lt;ref&gt;[http://worldcat.org/identities/np-welborn,%20mary%20catherine$1899/ Welborne, Mary Catherine (1899–)]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. WorldCat Identities.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)
* Select early English poems
* Select historical documents of the Middle Ages
* Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies&lt;ref&gt;Welborn, Mary Catherine (1932). Isis, XVIII. &quot;[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/346686 The Errors of the Doctors according to Friar Roger Bacon of the Minor Orde] r&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Texts and studies, contributions to Biblical and patristic literature
* Todd Lecture Series
* The Crusades: a documentary survey
* The golden legend; or, Lives of the saints
* ''The Monist''
* ''Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society''&lt;ref&gt;Bacon, R., Davis, T. Lombard. (1923). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001381588/Home Roger Bacon's letter concerning the marvelous power of art and of nature and concerning the nullity of magic]. Easton, Pa.: The Chemical publishing co.; [etc., etc.].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Yale Studies in English''
* ''Y Cymmrodor''&lt;ref name=&quot;:66&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Y Cymmrodor |url=https://journals.library.wales/browse/1386446/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete.''
* ''Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie''
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Linor Abargil</title>
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'''Linor Abargil''' (Ibraniyawa: לינור אברג'יל, wani lokacin ana rubuta ''Linor Aberjil''; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1980) lauya ce ta Isra'ila, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, samfurin kuma sarauniya kyakkyawa wacce ta lashe Miss World 1998, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; jim kadan bayan an yi mata fyade. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta zama mai ba da shawara a duniya a yaki da cin zarafin jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Take Back the Night features former Miss World Linor Abargil |url=http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923040359/http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements |archive-date=September 23, 2010 |access-date=July 12, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wanda ya riga ta Miss World 1997, Diana Hayden ce ta naɗa ta.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Abargil a Netiya, [[Isra'ila]], ɗan fari na Aliza da Jackie Abargil . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun fito ne daga zuriyar Maroko-Yahudawa.

A shekara ta 1996, tana da shekaru 16, kamfanin Look model agency ya sanya hannu a kanta, kuma ta ci gaba da lashe taken &quot;Binciken Shekara&quot; a gasar samfurin 1997. A shekara ta 1998, tana da shekaru 18, an naɗa ta Miss Isra'ila, kuma ta ci gaba da yin gasa a gasar Miss World a [[Seychelles]] .

Makonni bakwai kawai kafin gasar, an yi wa Abargil fyade mai shekaru 18 a wuka kuma Uri Shlomo Nur, wakilin tafiye-tafiye daga [[Milano|Milan]] ya soke shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abargil ta kai Nur ta kamfanin kera kayayyaki na Italiya don taimakawa wajen canza jirgin ta zuwa Isra'ila. Nur ya gaya wa Abargil cewa zai zama da sauƙi a shiga jirgin sama daga [[Rum|Roma]], kuma ya ba da shawarar kai ta can a cikin motarsa. A kan hanya, ya ja zuwa wata hanya mai datti, inda ya yi barazanar Abargil da wuka, ya ɗaure ta a wurin zama na baya, kuma ya yi mata fyade, bayan haka sai ya fara wuka da maƙure ta da igiya. Tabbatar da cewa ya yi niyyar kashe ta, Abargil ya tsere ta hanyar tabbatar da Nur cewa ta san wannan &quot;ba shi ba ne da gaske&quot; kuma ba za ta gaya wa kowa ba. Koyaya, da zaran ta isa tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Roma, sai ta kira mahaifiyarta don gaya mata abin da ya faru, sannan ta sadu da wata mace da ta bi ta don samun gwajin likita da kuma bayar da rahoton fyade ga 'yan sanda. Hukumomin Italiya, duk da haka, nan da nan suka saki Nur, sannan suka ki gurfanar da shi.

Abargil ta ci gaba da lashe taken Miss World, ta koma gida zuwa Isra'ila don karuwar shahara da kuma kulawar jama'a, wanda ta ba da rahoton ya sa ta zama da wahala a magance ci gaba da raunin da take ciki, kuma ya haifar da wahalar aiwatar da ayyukanta a matsayin Miss World.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da yake ya yi takaici da kin amincewar hukumomin Italiya don ci gaba da shari'ar, Abargil ya ba da rahoton fyade ga hukumomin Isra'ila, waɗanda suka ba da izinin kama Nur kuma suka fara aiwatar da mika shi. Saboda rashin jin daɗi na kafofin watsa labarai game da shari'ar a Isra'ila, Nur bai san zargin da ake yi masa ba. Lokacin da ya koma Isra'ila bayan 'yan watanni don ziyartar dangi, an kama shi a filin jirgin sama. An yi masa shari'a don fyade, sodomy, da sace-sacen, kuma an same shi da taimakon Shaidar DNA da aka samu a cikin motarsa. An yanke wa Nur hukuncin shekaru 16 a kurkuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Take Back the Night features former Miss World Linor Abargil |url=http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923040359/http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements |archive-date=September 23, 2010 |access-date=July 12, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da ya zo don sallama, Abargil ya shirya kamfen game da sakin sa, kuma daga ƙarshe ya cika dukan hukuncinsa. A wannan lokacin, ta riga ta zama sananniyar mai fafutuka, tana kira ga wasu mata su bi misalinta kuma su ba da rahoton hare-haren da suka yi wa 'yan sanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan an naɗa ta Miss World, Abargil ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin abin koyi a Isra'ila da kuma duniya, kuma ta shiga karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Beit Zvi School for the Performing Arts. Bayan haka, ta bayyana a cikin wasanni da yawa da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin. Koyaya, tsakanin shawarar da ta yanke na zama Bayahude na Orthodox a shekara ta 2009, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen aikinta, da kuma jajircewarta na yaki da cin zarafin jima'i, Abargil ta yanke shawarar sabon shugabanci, kuma ta yanke shawarar karatun doka a Kwalejin Kwalejin Netanya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da aiki ga Lauyan Gundumar Tel Aviv .

=== ''Ƙarfin Duniya Mai Ƙarfi'' ===
A shekara ta 2008, Abargil ta fara yin fim na fim din da ya danganci fyade da kuma gwagwarmayar da ta biyo baya, Brave Miss World . Cecilia Peck ce ta ba da umarnin, fim din ya biyo bayan Abargil yayin da ta yi tafiya a duniya tana ba da lacca ga kungiyoyi da saduwa da mata da kuma ƙarfafa su suyi magana game da abubuwan da suka samu tare da cin zarafin jima'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kamin |first=Debra |title=The beauty who faced the beast |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-beauty-who-faced-the-beast/ |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=Timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya kuma rubuta yunkurin da ta yi na magance sakamakon tashin hankali da ta fuskanta, dangantakarta da danginta, rungumar addinin Orthodox na Yahudanci (bayan haka ba ta aiki a matsayin abin koyi), kamfen don ci gaba da tsare Nur a kurkuku, shawarar da ta yanke na nazarin doka da aiki ga Ofishin Lauyan Gundumar, da kuma sakin waƙar da ta rubuta game da gafara tsakanin uwa da 'yar ta yi wa fyade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin matan da suka shiga fim din akwai dalibai, uwaye, tsofaffi mata, da kuma shahararrun mutane da yawa kamar Joan Collins da Fran Drescher, wadanda suka ba da labarin nasu labarun cin zarafin jima'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshen fim ɗin, Abargil ta sake komawa matakan ta a Italiya, daga kafin da bayan fyade, ta sadu da waɗanda suka taimaka mata, kamar likitan da ke jarrabawa, kuma ta fuskanci jami'an samfurin waɗanda take da alhakin tura ta da sauran matasan mata cikin haɗari daga sanannun masu cin zarafin jima'i. Fim din ya kuma bi rayuwar Abargil, aurenta, haihuwar 'ya'yanta biyu na farko, da tafiyarta ta ruhaniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-19 |title=&quot;Brave Miss World&quot;: Raped Before Winning '98 Title, Linor Abargil Campaigns Against Sexual Violence |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/19/brave_miss_world_raped_before_winning |publisher=Democracy Now}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Brave Miss World ta fara fitowa a gidan talabijin na Isra'ila a cikin 2013, zuwa bita mai kyau da karɓar jama'a, kuma an nuna ta a bukukuwan fina-finai da yawa a Amurka da Turai a cikin 2013 da 2014. An zabi fim din ne don Primetime Emmy don Kyakkyawan Fim. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-19 |title=&quot;Brave Miss World&quot;: Raped Before Winning '98 Title, Linor Abargil Campaigns Against Sexual Violence |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/19/brave_miss_world_raped_before_winning |publisher=Democracy Now}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/19/brave_miss_world_raped_before_winning &quot;&quot;Brave Miss World&quot;: Raped Before Winning '98 Title, Linor Abargil Campaigns Against Sexual Violence&quot;]. Democracy Now. 2013-02-19.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== LYA fashion label ===
A cikin 2017, tare da abokinta, 'yar kasuwa Yafit Attias, Abargil ta ƙaddamar da lakabin kayan ado da nufin biyan bukatun tawali'u na mata masu addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun ba da sunan layin LYA, haɗin sunayen mata biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Take Back the Night features former Miss World Linor Abargil |url=http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923040359/http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements |archive-date=September 23, 2010 |access-date=July 12, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Magana a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman ===
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Linor ya yi magana a wani taron na musamman a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana mai da hankali kan tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi a cikin hare-haren 7 ga Oktoba, 2023 .  Linor ya yi Allah wadai da kungiyoyin mata na kasa da kasa saboda shiru a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, yana jaddada bukatar kara muryoyin wadanda abin ya shafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Abargil ya auri dan wasan kwallon kwando na Lithuania Šarūnas Jasikevičius a wani bikin kusa da [[Barcelona]], a watan Yulin shekara ta 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun sake aure a shekara ta 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Take Back the Night features former Miss World Linor Abargil |url=http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923040359/http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements |archive-date=September 23, 2010 |access-date=July 12, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2010, Abargil ta auri manajan Oron Calfon, kuma ta rungumi Addinin Orthodox na Yahudanci. A shekara ta 2012, ta haifi tagwaye (ɗan da 'yar), kuma a shekara ta 2013, ta haifi 'yar. Ta haifi wata 'yar a watan Satumbar 2019.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abargil ya sami digiri na farko na shari'a daga Kwalejin Kwalejin Netanya, kuma an shigar da shi cikin Bar na Isra'ila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Linor cruises to Miss World title |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Madman na hanya</title>
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      <text bytes="8241" sha1="b6y1bsb0tsacx9mffghc8c2wzb44xnq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Madman na hanya''' (Spanish: El loco de la ruta) shine laƙabi da aka ba wani mai aikata laifuka a Mar de Plata, [[Argentina]] daga 1996 zuwa 1999. Zargin sun yi iƙirarin cewa Mai kisan gilla guda ɗaya ne ke da alhakin kisan kai da bacewar akalla karuwai 14, wasu daga cikinsu daga baya aka same su da fyade kuma an lalata su a kusa da manyan hanyoyi, wani lokacin tare da kalmomin da aka rubuta a jikin su.

Tun lokacin da wannan ka'idar ta fito, an gabatar da wasu wadanda ake zargi da tuhuma, gami da ƙungiyar jami'an 'yan sanda masu cin hanci da rashawa, amma babu wanda aka yanke masa hukunci. Har zuwa yau, babu wani kisan da aka warware shi.

== Kisan kai ==
A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1995, an gano gawar María Esther Amaro mai shekaru 35 a gefen Hanyar Lardin 55. An maƙure ta, kuma an rubuta kalmar puta (bitch) a bayanta tare da wani abu mai kaifi, mai yiwuwa wuka.

A ranar 1 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1996, an gano jikin Adriana Jaqueline Fernández mai shekaru 26, mai sana'a da karuwa daga [[Uruguay]], a ƙarƙashin gada tare da Hanyar Kasa ta 226.  An maƙure ta. Da farko zargi ya fadi a kan tsohon saurayinta, wanda a baya ya yi masa hukuncin kisa, amma babu isasshen shaida don tuhumar shi.

A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1997, 'yan sanda sun gano jikin mutum da makamai biyu a kan hanyar lardin 88 amma ba su iya samun sauran ragowar ba. An gano sassan jikin a matsayin na Viviana Guadalupe Espinosa Spíndola mai shekaru 26, karuwa ce ta yankin da ta ɓace kwanan nan. A ranar 13 ga Mayu, an kuma gano gawar wata karuwa, Mariela Elizabeth Giménez mai shekaru 27, a kan Hanyar Lardin 88. Kamar Espinosa, an yanke hannayenta, kuma tana da yankan a kan wuyanta, amma an ƙaddara cewa an maƙure ta da hannu. Sa'o'i bayan binciken, an sami tarin furanni a wurin aikata laifuka, wanda daga baya aka ƙaddara ya zama aikin mai daukar hoto na aikata laifukan da ya ba da ta'aziyya.

Kisan kai na karshe da aka tabbatar da shi wanda aka danganta da Madman ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1998. A wannan rana, an sami ƙafafun María del Carmen Leguizamón mai shekaru 25 a kan Hanyar Lardin 88, kusa da Barrio Las Heras . Ba a taɓa samun sauran jikinta ba.

Bugu da ƙari, tsakanin 21 ga Yulin 1997, da 1999, jimlar wasu karuwai tara sun ɓace: Ana María Nores, Patricia Angélica Prieto, Silvana Paola Caraballo, Claudia Jacqueline Romero, Verónica Andrea Chávez, Mirta Bordón, Sandra Villanueva, Mercedes Almaraz da Fernanda Varón.  Duk da gaskiyar cewa ba a taɓa samun su ba, an kuma danganta ɓacewarsu ga Madman.

== Bincike ==
A mayar da martani ga laifukan, Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Tsaro ta ba da sanarwar lada na 30,000 pesos ga duk wanda zai iya samar da bayanai da za su kai ga kama mai kisan. Wannan daga baya ya karu zuwa pesos 500,000.

A shekara ta 1997, Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Buenos Aires ta kirkiro &quot;Serial Homicide Division&quot; kuma ta nemi shawara daga [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] da' yan sanda na Faransa. 

Jagoran farko ya fito ne daga ganawa da shaidu waɗanda suka ga wadanda abin ya shafa. A cewar wasu daga cikinsu, sun ga wani burgundy Ford Galaxy yana tafiya a yankin a lokacin laifukan, kuma a akalla lokuta biyu (waɗanda ke Amaro da Nores), sun ga wadanda abin ya shafa sun shiga motar. Shaidu sun bayyana mutumin a matsayin kimanin shekaru 45, mai tsayi, gurgu kuma yana da gashi mai launin gashi. A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1997, 'yan sanda sun kwace motar José Luis Andújar, mai gidan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kan hanyar lardin 88. Bayan ya bincika motarsa na kwana uku, an sami alamun jini da gashi mai launin baki a kan kafet. Gwaje-gwaje na kwayoyin halitta sun kammala cewa sun fito ne daga asalin mutum, amma ba su da alaƙa da mutuwar da bacewar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A ranar da Chávez ta ɓace, an ga yarinyar mai shekaru 25 a karshe tana halartar aikinta a matsayin mai kula da dakin bincike a kulob din rawa a Mar de Plata .  Bayan kwanaki, an sami littafin rubutu tare da sunayen da lambobin tarho na abokan cinikinta na yau da kullun a cikin gidanta. Daga cikinsu akwai jami'an 'yan sanda da' yan siyasa, ciki har da mai gabatar da kara Marcelo García Berro .  A sakamakon haka, Alkalin Pedro Hooft ya ba da umarnin tsayar da duk lambobin waya da aka yi rajista da kuma bincika duk kiran da aka yi daga gidan karuwai na Salta 1337, inda akalla uku daga cikin wadanda aka kashe goma sha biyu suka yi aiki.

A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, Hooft ya ba da umarnin kama jami'an 'yan sanda goma da fararen hula hudu wadanda aka zarge su da bacewar Nores, Chávez da Caraballo.[undefined][undefined] An kuma bincika su saboda shiga cikin sauran shari'o'in, amma ba a taɓa yin musu shari'a ba saboda rashin shaidar. An yi zargin cewa Lieutenant Alberto Adrián Iturburu ne ya jagoranci kungiyar kuma Berro ya kare ta. A cewar fayil ɗin shari'ar, ƙungiyar tana da alhakin karuwanci ta hanyar tilasta musu su biya pesos 100 don &quot;kare&quot; kuma su bar su su yi aiki.[2][3] Don haka, a ka'idar, waɗanda ba su biya ba ko kuma suna son fita daga yarjejeniyar za a kashe su.[1]￼

Duk da kokarin da masu binciken suka yi, ba za a iya danganta kungiyar da bacewar uku ba, ko kuma sauran mutuwar, kuma an wanke su a shekara ta 2004. Har zuwa yau, duk kisan kai da bacewar da ke da alaƙa da wannan shari'ar sun kasance ba a warware su ba.

== Sanannun wadanda ake zargi ==

* &quot;Police Mafia&quot; karkashin jagorancin Alberto Adrián Iturburu: an kawo su gaban shari'a, amma an wanke su, a cikin bacewar Nores, Chávez da Caraballo. Duk da wannan, sun kasance sanannun wadanda ake zargi, tare da mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa &quot;Madman of the route&quot; wani abu ne da Berro ya kirkira don rufe laifukansu.
* Héctor Julián Barroso: mai sayar da kayan masarufi wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 30 a kurkuku saboda kisan karuwanci biyu a 2003 da 2004. A cewar masu bincike, Barroso da abokin tarayya, Juan Carlos Sánchez Gazpio, sun aikata jerin fashi, fyade da kisan kai a cikin shekarun 1990, tare da zargin cewa suna iya kashe mata 14, gami da wasu wadanda Madman ya shafa. Wannan, duk da haka, ba a taɓa tabbatar da shi ba.
* Guillermo Moreno: manomi na alade kuma abokin Amaro a lokacin da ta ɓace. An yi masa shari'a saboda kisan ta a shekara ta 2003 amma ba a same shi da laifi kuma an wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen. Duk da wannan, wasu mutane har yanzu sun yi imanin cewa shi ne Madman.
* Margarita &quot;Pepita la Pistolera&quot; Di Tullio: ɓarawo, mai fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma karuwanci wanda ke da gidajen karuwai biyu a Lardin Buenos Aires. An fi saninta da kashe maza uku da suka yi ƙoƙari su yi mata fyade a shekarar 1985, a cikin abin da aka dauka kisan kai. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa watakila Madman ne tun lokacin da biyar daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa suka yi aiki a gare ta a baya, amma ra'ayin da ya fi dacewa shi ne cewa 'yan sanda ne suka tsara ta.
* José Luis Andújar: mai mallakar &quot;Jardín Boliviano&quot; disco tare da Lardin Route 88, inda aka sami da yawa daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa ko suka ɓace. 'Yan sanda sun kwace motarsa, Ford Galaxy na burgundy, yayin da ya dace da bayanin abin da ake tsammani na mai kisan. Hakazalika, karuwai da yawa sun zarge shi da zama Madman saboda ana zaton ya yi kama da wanda ake zargi. Tun daga wannan lokacin an wanke shi a matsayin wanda ake zargi kuma ya ci gaba da tabbatar da rashin laifi.
* Celso Luis Arrastía: mai kisan gilla wanda aka yanke masa hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 25 a kurkuku saboda kisan karuwanci biyu a shekarar 1988, amma ana zaton yana da alhakin biyar gabaɗaya. Wasu mutane sun ba da shawarar cewa yana iya zama da alhakin saboda kamanceceniya a cikin laifukan, amma an wanke shi a matsayin wanda ake zargi.

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A shekara ta 2007, an buga littafin asiri The Seer's Prayer (Spanish: La plegaria del vidente), wanda Carlos Balmaceda ya rubuta. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar shari'ar, kuma a cikin 2011, an daidaita shi zuwa fim.

Waƙar 'Desmembrado', wacce ƙungiyar Morferus ta Argentine ta fitar a cikin 2019, ita ma ta samo asali ne daga wannan shari'ar.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin masu kisan gilla ta ƙasa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>b6y1bsb0tsacx9mffghc8c2wzb44xnq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kisan Janet Marshall</title>
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      <text bytes="6571" sha1="n89b96m6g33dibbfm6enn2fie8f3ksn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Janet Marshall''' (7 Satumba 1925 - 28 Agusta 1955) malamar makaranta ce mai shekaru 29 a Burtaniya wacce aka kashe a matsayin mai yawon bude ido a [[Faransa]] a shekarar 1955, a La Chaussée-Tirancourt, ta hanyar Robert Avril . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=L'affaire Janet Marshall en août 1955, le meurtre qui généralisa l'utilisation du portrait-robot dans les enquêtes de police |url=https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/hauts-de-france/somme/l-affaire-janet-marshall-en-aout-1955-le-meurtre-qui-generalisa-l-utilisation-du-portrait-robot-dans-les-enquetes-de-police-2844035.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=France 3 Hauts-de-France |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance mai laifi wanda aka kama shi sau da yawa saboda hare-hare da fyade ga matasa mata.

== Tarihi ==
An haifi Janet Marshall a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1925. Ta kasance malama ga yara masu nakasa a [[Nottingham]], Ingila. Tana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya. Ta kasance mai launin ruwan kasa guda ɗaya kuma ba ta da yara.

== Laifi da bincike ==
A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1955, a cikin Somme, an gano jikin Janet Marshall a cikin wani daji a kan iyakar yankunan La Chaussée-Tirancourt da Belloy-sur-Somme, a wurin da ake kira &quot;le chemin des Bruas&quot;. Ta kasance tana tuka keke a kusa da [[Faransa]] a lokacin hutun bazara. Shekaru uku kawai bayan Al'amarin Dominici, wani kisan kai na wani yawon bude ido na Burtaniya ya zama babban labari a duk faɗin [[Faransa]] da Ingila. Binciken farko bai haifar da komai ba. Kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance mai matukar damuwa, an danƙa wa kwamishinoni uku binciken: Kwamishinan Sashen Chabot, mataimakinsa, Babban Kwamishinan Grassien, da Kwamishinan Léon Castellan na 'yan sanda na shari'a na [[Lille]]. Binciken ya tsaya kuma kafofin watsa labarai na Burtaniya sun yi ba'a game da rashin ingancin 'Yan sanda na Faransa.

Kwamishinan Chabot ya sanya matashi mai bincike Henri Van Assche (1920-2018), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=L'affaire Janet Marshall en août 1955, le meurtre qui généralisa l'utilisation du portrait-robot dans les enquêtes de police |url=https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/hauts-de-france/somme/l-affaire-janet-marshall-en-aout-1955-le-meurtre-qui-generalisa-l-utilisation-du-portrait-robot-dans-les-enquetes-de-police-2844035.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=France 3 Hauts-de-France |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kan shari'ar, mutumin da manema labarai za su kira &quot;Maigret na Arewa. &quot;Binciken ya kasance da wahala, tare da shaidu masu sabawa. Van Assche yana da ra'ayin samun zane-zane wanda aka tsara bisa ga shaidu game da baƙo mai kama da baƙon da aka gani sau da yawa yana share yankin a kan kekensa. Bayan 'yan watanni, Van Assche da abokan aikinsa sun kafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin kisan Janet Marshall da motar da aka sace da aka samu a kusa da wurin aikata laifuka. Bayan wani lokaci, bayan wani hatsari a yankin Paris, wani mutum ya gudu, ya watsar da wani motar da aka sace. Musamman hannunsa na hagu yana da yatsunsu uku da suka ɓace, wani daki-daki da shaidu da yawa suka bayar. Shi ne Robert Avril, mai shekaru 43 mai yawo, wanda a baya aka yanke masa hukuncin [[fyade]] kuma aka sake shi daga kurkuku a watan Yulin da ya gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=L'affaire Janet Marshall en août 1955, le meurtre qui généralisa l'utilisation du portrait-robot dans les enquêtes de police |url=https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/hauts-de-france/somme/l-affaire-janet-marshall-en-aout-1955-le-meurtre-qui-generalisa-l-utilisation-du-portrait-robot-dans-les-enquetes-de-police-2844035.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=France 3 Hauts-de-France |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin rikodin aikata laifuka, harbin da aka harbe ya yi kama da hoton da aka hada. An kama shi a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1956, ya furta a rana ta huɗu ta tambayoyi, yana cewa ya maƙure malamin da ya ki yarda da jima'i.

== Shari'a da kuma yanke hukunci ==
A ranar 7 ga Mayu 1958, Somme Cour d'assises ta yanke masa hukuncin aiki na tilas har abada. A watan Yulin 1968, ya sami gafarar shugaban kasa wanda ya rage hukuncinsa zuwa shekaru 20 na kurkuku. Ta hanyar rage hukuncin ta atomatik, an sake shi a watan Yunin 1971 bayan shekaru 15 na tsare. A shekara ta 1994, wani direban mota ya yanke shi a kan motar sa a kan hanyar kasa ta 10 a Trappes. Ya mutu bayan kwana uku, a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1994, yana da shekaru 81.  A baya ya kasance mai kula da doki a Chesnay (Yvelines). &lt;ref name=&quot;clément&quot; /&gt; An binne Robert Avril a ƙauyen Mérangle a Germainville (Eure-et-Loir).

== Kyauta ==
Wannan shari'ar ta shahara ne saboda ta haifar da daya daga cikin rarraba na farko na zane-zane a Faransa godiya ga Henri Van Assche wanda ya kira shugaban brigade na 2 na Lille, Émilien Paris. Wannan na ƙarshe ya riga ya gwada wannan dabarar lokacin da aka tura shi [[Lyon]] a 1953, amma ya haifar da kama wani dan kasuwa na Lyon marar laifi. Wannan gazawar farko bai lalata makomar hoton robot ba, Émilien Paris tun daga lokacin ya inganta dabarar wanda magajinsa shine {{Interlanguage link|Roger Dambron|fr}} (fr).

A cewar wasu 'yan jarida, raunin da aka haifar a yankin ba shi da alaƙa da kisan Marc Fasquel's [fr]. Yana da shekaru takwas a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru, wannan ɗan asalin Chaussée-Tirancourt ya zama sananne shekaru talatin bayan haka saboda jerin fyade da kisan kai biyu, wanda aka yi tare da haɗin gwiwar abokin aikinsa Jocelyne Bourdin. Wannan shari'ar ta yi wahayi zuwa ga rubutun fim din &quot;And Soon the Darkness&quot; na Robert Fuest (1970), wanda Terry Nation da Brian Clemens suka rubuta, fim wanda kuma ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka dace na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin &quot;The Avengers&quot;, wanda Terry Nation le Brian Clemans sune manyan marubutan allo.￼

A cikin 2015, an gudanar da bikin tunawa a kabarin Janet Marshall, tare da magajin garin La Chaussée-Tirancourt, Philippe François a halarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=L'affaire Janet Marshall en août 1955, le meurtre qui généralisa l'utilisation du portrait-robot dans les enquêtes de police |url=https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/hauts-de-france/somme/l-affaire-janet-marshall-en-aout-1955-le-meurtre-qui-generalisa-l-utilisation-du-portrait-robot-dans-les-enquetes-de-police-2844035.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=France 3 Hauts-de-France |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[List of French criminal cases since 1900|Jerin shari'o'in aikata laifuka na Faransa tun daga 1900]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]]</text>
      <sha1>n89b96m6g33dibbfm6enn2fie8f3ksn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Shoukry Hassan ya ce</title>
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Shoukry Hassan Sayed farfesa ne na Masar na lissafi a Sashen Lissafi, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Bahrain . Ya kasance tsohon Shugaban Sashen Lissafi, [[Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz]], [[Jeddah|Jedda]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] . Shi ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Kimiyya ce (London) kuma zaɓaɓɓen memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Shoukry Sayed Hassan.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FSqhEqDUau7nUnUCpILQnXwKSd3ADFJB/view?usp=sharing&amp;usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Google Docs}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hassan Shoukry Sayed {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/hassan-shoukry-sayed |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.aasciences.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who's Who in Sciences |url=https://sciences-m.academickeys.com/whoswho.php?dothis=display&amp;folk |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=sciences-m.academickeys.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Shoukry Hassan Sayed a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1945 a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Misira]] . Ya sami B. Sc, digiri na musamman a lissafi daga [[Jami'ar Ain Shams]], Alkahira a shekarar 1967. Ya koma [[Ingila]] don samun digirinsa na PhD daga Jami'ar Manchester a 1976 kuma ya sami digirinsa a 1993 daga wannan ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Shoukry Sayed Hassan.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FSqhEqDUau7nUnUCpILQnXwKSd3ADFJB/view?usp=sharing&amp;usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Google Docs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hassan Shoukry Sayed {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/hassan-shoukry-sayed |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.aasciences.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who's Who in Sciences |url=https://sciences-m.academickeys.com/whoswho.php?dothis=display&amp;folk |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=sciences-m.academickeys.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Shoukry Hassan Sayed ya fara aikinsa nan da nan bayan digiri na farko a 1967 a matsayin mai nuna lissafi a Sashen Lissafi, [[Jami'ar Ain Shams]] . Bayan ya sami digirinsa na PhD a [[Ingila]] a shekara ta 1976, ya zama mataimakin bincike a Alma mater, Sashen Lissafi, Jami'ar Manchester . A shekara ta 1977, ya kasance Post-Doctoral Fellow a Sashen Physics, Jami'ar Waikato, Hamilton . A shekara ta 1978, ya zama malami a [[Jami'ar Ain Shams]], [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a [[Misra|Misira]] kuma ya zama Mataimakin Farfesa lokacin da yake [[Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz]], [[Jeddah|Jedda]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] don hutun Asabar a shekarar 1985. A cikin wannan shekarar, an sanya shi Shugaban Sashen Lissafi na Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia . A shekara ta 1992, ya zama cikakken Farfesa na Lissafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Shoukry Sayed Hassan.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FSqhEqDUau7nUnUCpILQnXwKSd3ADFJB/view?usp=sharing&amp;usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Google Docs}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FSqhEqDUau7nUnUCpILQnXwKSd3ADFJB/view?usp=sharing&amp;usp=embed_facebook &quot;Prof. Shoukry Sayed Hassan.pdf&quot;]. ''Google Docs''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-06-23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hassan Shoukry Sayed {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/hassan-shoukry-sayed |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.aasciences.africa}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/hassan-shoukry-sayed &quot;Hassan Shoukry Sayed | The AAS&quot;]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''www.aasciences.africa''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-06-23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da membobin ==
A shekara ta 1981, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jihar Masar a fannin kimiyyar lissafi . Shekara guda bayan haka (1982), an ba shi lambar yabo ta farko ta Masar ta Kimiyya da Fasaha . A cikin [[Landan]] shekarar, ya sami kyautar Bincike mafi kyau a cikin Lissafi daga [[Jami'ar Ain Shams]] [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Misira]] . A shekara ta 1987, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jihar Masar a lissafi kuma a shekara ta 1996, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Masar ta Farko ta Farko da kuma Pendant of Excellence - Class 1 ta ASRT . A shekara ta 2004, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na [[African Academy of Sciences|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka]] kuma shi ma Fellow ne na Cibiyar Physics (London). &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Shoukry Sayed Hassan.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FSqhEqDUau7nUnUCpILQnXwKSd3ADFJB/view?usp=sharing&amp;usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Google Docs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hassan Shoukry Sayed {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/hassan-shoukry-sayed |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.aasciences.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]

==manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shirin sirri na adireshi</title>
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A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] shirin sirri na adireshin yana bawa wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na gida, cin zarafin jima'i, tsinkaye ko wasu nau'ikan aikata laifuka damar ba su adireshin maye gurbin doka wanda ya bambanta da ainihin adireshin zama, don kiyaye wurin su na sirri. Wadanda suka halarci shirin na iya karɓar wasika a adireshin maye gurbin kuma za a tura shi kyauta, kuma suna iya amfani da adireshin maye a cikin bayanan gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Queens&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Victoria Merlino |date=1 August 2019 |title=Law enables sex assault, stalking and trafficking survivors to conceal their addresses |url=https://queenseagle.com/all/law-enables-sex-assault-stalking-and-trafficking-survivors-to-conceal-their-addresses |access-date=5 September 2019 |publisher=Queens Eagle}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu jihohi ko hukunce-hukunce, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na haihuwa da ma'aikatan hukumomin da ke taimakawa wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na gida ko cin zarafi suma sun cancanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Applicants {{!}} California Secretary of State |url=https://www.sos.ca.gov/registries/safe-home/applicants |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.sos.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Address Confidentiality Program {{!}} D.C. Office of Victim Services and Justice Grants |url=https://ovsjg.dc.gov/acp |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.ovsjg.dc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wadanda suka tsira yawanci suna amfani da su ta hanyar ofishin Sakataren Gwamnati na jihar, kodayake wasu shirye-shiryen suna gudana ta wasu hukumomin jihar kamar Ofishin Babban Lauyan. Da zarar an shigar da wanda ya tsira cikin shirin, za su sami Akwatin PO da aka ba su ko wani adireshin da zai maye gurbin adireshin zama a kan bayanan jama'a, kamar rajistar jefa kuri'a. 

A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa don Ƙarshen Rikicin Cikin Gida,&lt;blockquote&gt;Shirye-shiryen Asirin Adireshin (ACP) da Jerin Masu Zabe na Asirin su ne shirye-shiryen da jihar ke gudanarwa wanda ke ba da damar wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na gida (kuma wani lokacin wadanda ke fama leitar da jima'i da / ko tsinkaye) su shiga cikin tsarin jefa kuri'a ba tare da tsoron masu cin zarafinsu su same su ba. ACPs gabaɗaya suna ba da adireshin maye gurbin ga duk bayanan jama'a. Jerin masu jefa kuri'a na sirri kawai suna ba da sirri a kan bayanan jama'a masu alaƙa da zabe.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Jihohin da ke da Shirye-shiryen Adireshin Sirri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!State 
(link to state site) 
!Voter  
Registration 
!Drivers  
License 
!School  
Registration 
!Other  
Services 
!Phone/Contact
|-
|[https://www.azsos.gov/services/acp '''Arizona''']
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|602-542-1653&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Address Confidentiality Program {{!}} D.C. Office of Victim Services and Justice Grants |url=https://ovsjg.dc.gov/acp |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.ovsjg.dc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''Arkansas'''
|no
|yes
|no
|no
|501-682-7052&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Indiana ACP |url=https://www.in.gov/attorneygeneral/3093.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828062535/http://www.in.gov:80/attorneygeneral/3093.htm |archive-date=2015-08-28 |access-date= |website=victimsofcrime.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://www.sos.ca.gov/registries/safe-home California]'''
|yes - by mail
|yes
|yes
|yes
|877-322-5227&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Safe at Home - California Secretary of State |url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/registries/safe-home/about-safeathome/ |website=www.sos.ca.gov |access-date=2025-12-25 |archive-date=2024-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719232038/https://www.sos.ca.gov/registries/safe-home/about-safeathome |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[https://dcs.colorado.gov/acp '''Colorado''']
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|303-866-2208&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Address Confidentiality Program - DCS |url=https://dcs.colorado.gov/acp |website=www.colorado.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[https://portal.ct.gov/sots/business-services/acp/address-confidentiality-program '''Connecticut''']
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|multiple numbers 
depending on location&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Address Confidentiality Program |url=https://portal.ct.gov/sots/business-services/acp/address-confidentiality-program |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''Delaware'''
|yes
|yes
|no info
|no info
|(800) 870-1790&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Address Confidentiality Programs - Public Contact Information - California Secretary of State |url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/registries/safe-home/contact/address-confidentiality-programs-public-contact-information/ |website=www.sos.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''Florida'''
|yes - absentee
|yes
|no info
|no info
|(800) 226-6667&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[https://sos.idaho.gov/acp/ '''Idaho''']
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(208) 332-2836
|-
|[https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/safer-communities/supporting-victims-of-crime/address-confidentiality-program/ '''Illinois''']
|yes - absentee
|yes
|yes
|no info
|(844) 916-0295&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Illinois Attorney General - Illinois Address Confidentiality Program |url=https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/victims/address_confidentiality.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930224001/https://www.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/victims/address_confidentiality.html |archive-date=2020-09-30 |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=illinoisattorneygeneral.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[https://www.in.gov/attorneygeneral/about-the-office/appeals/victim-services/address-confidentiality-program/ '''Indiana''']
|yes - absentee
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(800) 321-1907&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Attorney General: Address Confidentiality Program |url=https://www.in.gov/attorneygeneral/3093.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828062535/http://www.in.gov/attorneygeneral/3093.htm |archive-date=2015-08-28 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=www.in.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://safeathome.iowa.gov/ Iowa]'''
|yes - absentee
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(515) 725-7233&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Safe at Home |url=https://safeathome.iowa.gov/pdf/Brochure.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://ag.ks.gov/victim-services/safe-at-home Kansas]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(785) 296-3806&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|'''[https://sos.ky.gov/elections/ACP/Pages/default.aspx Kentucky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223130857/https://www.sos.ky.gov/elections/ACP/Pages/default.aspx |date=2024-02-23 }}'''
|yes - absentee
|no
|no
|no
|(502) 564-3490&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|'''[https://www.sos.la.gov/OurOffice/AddressConfidentialityProgram/Pages/default.aspx Louisiana]'''
|yes - absentee
|yes
|yes
|yes
|800.825.3805&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Address Confidentiality Program |url=https://www.sos.la.gov/OurOffice/AddressConfidentialityProgram/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2018-02-07 |website=www.sos.la.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[http://www.maine.gov/sos/acp/index.html Maine]'''
|yes - absentee
|no info
|yes
|yes
|(207) 626-8400
|-
|'''[http://sos.maryland.gov/ACP/Pages/default.aspx Maryland]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no info
|410-260-3875 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Safe At Home |url=http://sos.maryland.gov/ACP/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2018-02-07 |website=sos.maryland.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://www.sec.state.ma.us/divisions/acp/address-confidentiality-program.htm Massachusetts]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no info
|1-866-SAFE-ADD&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Address Confidentiality Program |url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/divisions/acp/address-confidentiality-program.htm |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.sec.state.ma.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[http://mi.gov/agacp Michigan]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|313-456-0190&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Address Confidentiality Program |url=https://www.michigan.gov/ag/initiatives/address-confidentiality/acp-applicants |access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[http://www.sos.state.mn.us/safe-at-home/about-safe-at-home/ Minnesota]'''
|yes - by mail
|separate application
|yes
|yes
|(866) 723-3035&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|'''[https://www.ago.state.ms.us/divisions/bureau-of-victim-assistance/ Mississippi]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|no info
|(800) 829-6766&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|'''[https://s1.sos.mo.gov/business/safeathome/ Missouri]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(866) 509-1409&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IT |first=Missouri Secretary of State - |title=Safe at Home |url=https://s1.sos.mo.gov/business/safeathome/ |access-date=2018-02-07 |website=s1.sos.mo.gov |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://dojmt.gov/victims/address-confidentiality-program/ Montana]'''
|yes
|no info
|no info
|no info
|1-800-498-6455
|-
|'''[http://www.sos.ne.gov/business/acp_menu.html Nebraska]'''
|yes - early voting
|yes
|yes
|no info
|(866) 227-6327&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nebraska Secretary of State |url=http://www.sos.ne.gov/business/acp_menu.html |access-date=2018-02-07 |website=www.sos.ne.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[http://dcfs.nv.gov/Programs/CAP/ConfidentialAddressProgram/ Nevada]'''
|yes - absentee
|yes
|yes
|yes
|888-432-6189&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nevada Department of Health &amp; Human Services Division of Child &amp; Family Services : Confidential Address Program FAQ |url=http://dcfs.nv.gov/Programs/CAP/FAQ/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126001945/http://dcfs.nv.gov:80/Programs/CAP/FAQ/ |archive-date=2018-01-26 |access-date=2018-02-07 |website=nvsos.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://www.doj.nh.gov/criminal/victim-assistance/address-confidentiality.htm New Hampshire]'''
|yes - absentee
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(603) 271-1240&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Address Confidentiality FAQ {{!}} Victim Services {{!}} NH Department of Justice |url=https://www.doj.nh.gov/criminal/victim-assistance/address-confidentiality-faq.htm |access-date=2018-02-07 |website=www.doj.nh.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[http://www.njcedv.org/privacy-confidentiality/ New Jersey]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'''
|yes
|no info
|no info
|no info
|1 (877) 218-9133&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DCF - State of New Jersey |url=http://www.nj.gov/dcf/women/domestic/dvawarenessmonth.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://www.sos.state.nm.us/safe-at-home/ New Mexico]'''
|yes - absentee
|no info
|no info
|no info
|1-800-477-3632&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CAP Q &amp; A |url=http://www.sos.state.nm.us/Voter_Information/cap-q-a.aspx |access-date=2018-02-07 |website=www.sos.state.nm.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://dos.ny.gov/address-confidentiality New York]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(855) 350-4595&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Contact ACP |url=https://www.dos.ny.gov/acp/contact.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208153747/http://www.dos.ny.gov:80/acp/contact.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2018-02-08 |website=www.dos.ny.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://ncdoj.gov/public-protection/address-confidentiality-program/ North Carolina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009132003/https://ncdoj.gov/public-protection/address-confidentiality-program/ |date=2025-10-09 }}'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(919) 716-6785
|-
|'''[https://www.sos.state.oh.us/secretary-office/office-initiatives/safe-at-home/ Ohio]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(614) 995-2255&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Safe at Home - Victims - Ohio Secretary of State |url=https://www.sos.state.oh.us/globalassets/publications/agency/safeathome.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007041409/https://www.sos.state.oh.us/globalassets/publications/agency/safeathome.pdf |archive-date=2019-10-07 |access-date=2018-02-08 |website=www.sos.state.oh.us |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[http://www.oag.ok.gov/address-confidentiality-program-acp Oklahoma]'''
|yes - absentee
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(866) 227-7784
|-
|'''[https://www.doj.state.or.us/crime-victims/victims-resources/victims-services/address-confidentiality-program-acp/ Oregon]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|503-373-1323
|-
|'''[https://www.ova.pa.gov/SafetyandSupport/Address%20Confidentiality/Pages/default.aspx Pennsylvania]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|1.800.563.6399&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ACP FAQs |url=http://www.paacp.pa.gov/GettingtoKnowACP/FAQs/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2018-02-11 |website=www.paacp.pa.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://www.sos.ri.gov/AddressConfidentialityProgram Rhode Island]'''
|yes
|no
|no
|no
|1-877-218-9133
|-
|'''[https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/cvs/the-address-confidentiality-program-acp Texas]'''
|yes - by mail
|yes
|yes
|yes
|1-888-832-2322  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Crime Victims - The Address Confidentiality Program (ACP) |url=https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/crime-victims/services-crime-victims/address-confidentiality-program |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225184151/https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/crime-victims/services-crime-victims/address-confidentiality-program |archive-date=2018-12-25 |access-date=2018-02-11 |website=www.texasattorneygeneral.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Utah
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(801) 538-1600
|-
|'''[https://sos.vermont.gov/secretary-of-state-services/safe-at-home Vermont]'''
|yes - absentee
|yes
|yes
|yes
|802-828-0586&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Safe at Home {{!}} Home {{!}} Vermont Secretary of State |url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/safe-at-home.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195130/https://www.sec.state.vt.us/safe-at-home.aspx |archive-date=2018-02-13 |access-date=2018-02-13 |website=www.sec.state.vt.us |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://www.oag.state.va.us/programs-initiatives/domestic-violence/address-confidentiality-program Virginia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008055655/https://www.oag.state.va.us/programs-initiatives/domestic-violence/address-confidentiality-program |date=2023-10-08 }}'''
|yes - limited confidentiality
|yes
|yes
|yes
|804-786-2071&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Attorney General of Virginia |url=https://www.oag.state.va.us/programs-initiatives/domestic-violence/address-confidentiality-program |access-date=2018-02-12 |website=www.oag.state.va.us |language=en-gb |archive-date=2018-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213135301/https://www.oag.state.va.us/programs-initiatives/domestic-violence/address-confidentiality-program |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://www.sos.wa.gov/acp/ Washington]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(360) 753-2972
|-
|'''[https://ovsjg.dc.gov/acp Washington, D.C.]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(844) 443-5732
|-
|'''[https://sos.wv.gov/admin-law/Pages/ACP.aspx West Virginia]'''
|yes
|yes
|yes
|yes
|1-866-767-8683&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Address Confidentiality Program |url=https://sos.wv.gov/public-services/acp/Pages/acp.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213135407/https://sos.wv.gov/public-services/acp/Pages/acp.aspx |archive-date=2018-02-13 |access-date=2018-02-13 |website=sos.wv.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[https://www.doj.state.wi.us/ocvs/safe-home Wisconsin]'''
|yes - separate application&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Voting {{!}} Wisconsin Department of Justice |url=https://www.doj.state.wi.us/ocvs/voting |access-date=2018-02-13 |website=www.doj.state.wi.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|yes
|yes
|yes
|(608) 266-6613&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Safe At Home {{!}} Wisconsin Department of Justice |url=https://www.doj.state.wi.us/ocvs/safe-home |access-date=2018-02-13 |website=www.doj.state.wi.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
Dokokin da ke aiwatar da Dokar Sirrin Bankin suna buƙatar ma'aikatar kuɗi don aiwatar da Shirin Bayyana Abokin Ciniki wanda ya haɗa da hanyoyin da ke ba shi damar samar da imani mai ma'ana cewa ya san ainihin ainihin abokan cinikinsa. Dokokin kuma suna buƙatar cewa ma'aikatar kuɗi ta sami adireshin titin zama ko kasuwanci daga kowane abokin ciniki. Abin takaici, adireshin maye gurbin a ƙarƙashin Shirin Asirin Adireshin bai cika ka'idoji ba.

Cibiyar Kula da Laifukan Kudi ta ba da wasika don taimakawa halin da ake ciki. Dokokin Cibiyar Kula da Laifukan Kudi sun kuma ba da izini: &quot;Idan kowane abokin ciniki ba shi da adireshin zama ko na titin kasuwanci, to, dokoki suna ba da izinin kowane abokin ciniki don samar da &quot; adireshin titin zama ko na kasuwanci na kusa da dangi ko na wani mutum. &quot;

A cikin FIN-2009-R003, Cibiyar Kula da Laifukan Kudi ta gano: &quot;Abokin ciniki wanda ya shiga cikin ACP da aka kirkira za a bi da shi kamar yadda ba shi da adireshin titin zama ko kasuwanci da kuma sakataren jihar, ko wani bangare na jihar da ke aiki a matsayin wakilin abokin ciniki wanda ya dace da ka'idodin ACP, zai yi aiki a matsayin wani mutum don bin ka'idodin FinCEN. Saboda haka, ya kamata ma'aikatar kudi ta tattara adireshin tituna na hukumar tallafawa ta ACP don biyan bukatun ta CIP. &quot;￼

== Cutar coronavirus 2020 ==
A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2020, Gwamnan California, [[Gavin Newsom]] ya sanya hannu kan umarnin zartarwa N-80-20 An adana 2020-12-15 a Wayback Machine wanda ke ba da damar jami'an kiwon lafiya na gida da jami'an lafiyar jama'a su shiga shirin Safe at Home na jihar, saboda kasancewarsu &quot;sun kasancewar barazanar barazana da sauran tsangwama, gami da barazanar da cin zarafin da aka yi a wuraren zama, wanda ke barazanar sanyaya aikin ayyukansu masu mahimmanci&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Applicants {{!}} California Secretary of State |url=https://www.sos.ca.gov/registries/safe-home/applicants |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.sos.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Tashin hankali na gida|Rikicin cikin gida]]
* Bayani game da tashin hankali a cikin gida

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>kf8gvlei1ypo24895snqzisx617r8h0</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rundunar Yanayi da dazuzzuka ta Gwamnoni</title>
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'''Rundunar Kula da Yanayi da dazuzzuka ta Gwamnoni''' ('''GCF Task Force''') hadin gwiwa ce tsakanin jihohi da larduna 38 daga Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Mexico, Najeriya, Peru, Spain, da Amurka. An tsara Task Force don tallafawa hanyoyin da ke da iko ga ci gaban karkara na ƙauyuka da rage fitarwa daga sare daji da amfani da ƙasa (REDD +), musamman ta hanyar tsarin biyan kuɗi na aiki da tsarin gas na ƙasa ko na jihar (GHG).&lt;ref name=&quot;overview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GCF Overview |url=http://www.gcftaskforce.org/about |access-date=8 October 2016 |website=Governors' Climate &amp; Forests Task Force |archive-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010043833/http://www.gcftaskforce.org/about |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsohon Gwamnan California [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] ne ya fara aikin a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2008, a taron Gwamnonin Canjin Yanayi a Los Angeles, California. A wannan taron jihohin Amurka na California, Illinois, da Wisconsin, jihohin Brazil na Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, da Pará, da lardunan Indonesiya na Aceh da Papua sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta (MOUs) [mahimmanci na dindindin] don tallafawa hadin kai kan batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi manufofin yanayi, kudi, hadin gwiwar fasaha, da bincike. Wadannan MOUs sun kuma yi kira ga kirkirar Shirin Ayyuka na hadin gwiwa don samar da tsari don aiwatar da MOUs a cikin sashin gandun daji. GCF Task Force ta gudanar da taron kasa da kasa na farko a 2009 a Belem, Brazil, inda ta amince da Shirin Ayyukan hadin gwiwa. 

== Kasashen membobin yanzu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Kasar
!Jihohi ko larduna &lt;ref name=&quot;overview&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |{{Flag|Brazil}}
|[[Amapá]]
|Amazonas
|Maranhão
|Mato Grosso
|[[Pará|Tsayawa]]
|Rondonia
|Abin da ake yi wa ado
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |{{Flag|Colombia}}
|Sashen Caquetá
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |{{Flag|Indonesia}}
|Aceh
|Kalimantan ta Tsakiya
|Gabashin Kalimantan
|Arewacin Kalimantan
|Papua
|Yammacin Kalimantan
|Yammacin Papua
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |{{Flag|Ivory Coast}}
|Yankin Rago
|Yankin Cavally
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |{{Flag|Mexico}}
|Kamfen
|Chiapas
|Jalisco
|Quintana Roo
|Tabasco
|Yucatán
|Oaxaca
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |{{Flag|Nigeria}}
|[[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |{{Flag|Peru}}
|Sashen Amazonas
|Ma'aikatar Huánuco
|Ma'aikatar Loreto
|Ma'aikatar Madre de Dios
|Ma'aikatar Piura
|Sashen San Martín
|Ma'aikatar Ucayali
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |{{Flag|Spain}}
|[[Katalunya|Catalonia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |{{Flag|United States}}
|[[California]]
|[[Illinois]]
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>9adb8hooj91tuqwzaeqkew1aib60ho7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Idanu a kan Wuta (fim)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>818004</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:00:07Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2848" sha1="6nnygm1htpj2yxsddmd4ek8bkvsvrns" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Eyes on Fire &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official Competition &amp; Awards |url=https://www.wallachiafilmfestival.com/index.php/offcial-competition-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004223619/https://www.wallachiafilmfestival.com/index.php/offcial-competition-awards/ |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |website=Wallachia International Film Festival |quote=Eyes On Fire (Philippines)}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Filipino: Silip sa Apoy, lit. 'Peek at the Fire') fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Philippines na 2022 wanda McArthur C. Alejandre ya jagoranta daga rubutun Ricky Lee da Angeli Khang, Paolo Gumabao, Sid Lucero da Jela Cuenca suka fito. Game da wata mace (Khang) wacce mijinta mai shaye-shaye (Lucero) ke cin zarafin ta a kai a kai kuma tana neman tserewa tare da sabon maƙwabcinta da ƙaunatacciyarta (Gumabao), Fim din Viva Films ne ya samar da shi kuma an sake shi a dandalin Vivamax a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2022.

== Yam wasa ==

* Angeli Khang a matsayin Emma
* Paolo Gumabao a matsayin Alfred
* Sid Lucero a matsayin Ben
* [[Jela Cuenca]] a matsayin Dina
* Dexter Doria a matsayin Carmelita
* Massimo Scofield a matsayin OFW
* John Drey Guevarra a matsayin abokin ciniki
* Juvz Tesalona a matsayin Marites

== Shiryawa ==
An harbe Eyes on Fire a Pampanga a watan Disamba na 2021, tare da tsananin kariya da aka dauka don kauce wa kamuwa da [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] daga faruwa a kan saiti.

== Saki ==
An saki Eyes on Fire a kan Vivamax a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2022. Kafin a saki shi, an sanya fim din a YouTube a ranar 7 ga Janairu,  yayin da aka gudanar da taron kan layi don fim din a ranar 19 ga Janairu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vivamax |date=January 10, 2023 |title=SILIP SA APOY &amp;#124; Official Trailer &amp;#124; Streaming this Jan 28 on Vivamax! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2LJnC9uaPE |access-date=November 8, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Google|Google LLC]] |language=English, Filipino}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=RAWR Nation |date=January 31, 2022 |title=Direk Mac Alejandre: Best way to tackle a specific topic is through a certain genre |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QZTGWRMRHI |access-date=November 8, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Google|Google LLC]] |language=English, Filipino |quote=Filmmaker Mac Alejandre on Wednesday, January 19...}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin taron, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Angeli Khang ta bayyana cewa mahaifinta na Koriya ya yi mata fyade a lokacin yarinta.

A cikin 'yan kwanakin farko a dandalin Vivamax, Eyes on Fire ya sami ra'ayoyi sama da 250,000, wanda ya karya rikodin da fim din Hugas ya rike a baya bisa ga shafin.[1]

Daga baya a watan Oktoba, an nuna fim din a bikin fina-finai na Wallachia na 4 a [[Romainiya|Romania]], inda ya lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau ga McArthur C. Alejandre . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Fim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stanislav Kišš</title>
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'''Stanislav Kišš''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba 1978 a [[Prešov]]) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na [[Slofakiya|Slovak]] wanda a halin yanzu ke buga wa TJ Rozvoj Pušovce.

== Kididdiga ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;60&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;60&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;80&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;80&quot; |Kofin Cikin Gida
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;80&quot; |Turai
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;80&quot; |Jimillar
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! width=&quot;40&quot; |{{Tooltip|Pld|games PLAYED}}
! abbr=&quot;Goals for&quot; width=&quot;40&quot; |{{Tooltip|GF|goals scored (GOALS FOR)}}
! width=&quot;40&quot; |{{Tooltip|Pld|games PLAYED}}
! abbr=&quot;Goals for&quot; width=&quot;40&quot; |{{Tooltip|GF|goals scored (GOALS FOR)}}
! width=&quot;40&quot; |{{Tooltip|Pld|games PLAYED}}
! abbr=&quot;Goals for&quot; width=&quot;40&quot; |{{Tooltip|GF|goals scored (GOALS FOR)}}
! width=&quot;40&quot; |{{Tooltip|Pld|total games PLAYED}}
! abbr=&quot;Goals for&quot; width=&quot;40&quot; |{{Tooltip|GF|total goals scored (GOALS FOR)}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |MFK Košice
|2006/07
|34
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|35
|0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|2007/08
|17
|0
|4
|0
|0
|0
|21
|0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|2008/09
|15
|1
|4
|0
|0
|0
|19
|1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|2009/10
|18
|0
|3
|0
|4
|0
|25
|0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:beige&quot; |Jimillar
! align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:beige&quot; |
! align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:beige&quot; |84
! align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:beige&quot; |1
! align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:beige&quot; |12
! align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:beige&quot; |0
! align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:beige&quot; |4
! align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:beige&quot; |0
! align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:beige&quot; |100
! align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:beige&quot; |1
|}
&lt;sup&gt;''Last updated: 28 December 2009''&lt;/sup&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.mfkkosice.sk/c/portal_public/layout?p_l_id=21.113&amp;p_p_id=15&amp;p_p_action=1&amp;p_p_state=maximized&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;_15_struts_action=%2Fjournal%2Fview_article&amp;_15_article_id=STANO_KISS&amp;_15_article_version=1.0&amp;_15_cmd=articleCountUpdate Bayanan mai kunnawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701130031/http://www.mfkkosice.sk/c/portal_public/layout?p_l_id=21.113&amp;p_p_id=15&amp;p_p_action=1&amp;p_p_state=maximized&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;_15_struts_action=/journal/view_article&amp;_15_article_id=STANO_KISS&amp;_15_article_version=1.0&amp;_15_cmd=articleCountUpdate |date=2025-07-01 }} a mfkkosice.sk
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabarin Yahudawa na Salonica</title>
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      <text bytes="6876" sha1="6wk22rk2cspnrqcgdr90sagfdrf2g3a" xml:space="preserve">{{Blockquote|People were running between the tombs begging the destroyers to spare those of their relatives; with tears, they collected the remains. In my family vault, there were the remains of my brother, aged twenty, who died during a journey to Rome. His body was brought back from abroad and put in two coffins, one in metal and the other in wood. When the second coffin was opened my poor brother appeared in his smocking and his pointed shoes as though he had been put there yesterday. My mother fainted.{{sfn|Mazower|2004|p=398}}}}{{Databox}}
An kafa makabartar Yahudawa ta Salonica a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15 ta hannun Yahudawan Sephardic da suka tsere daga korar Yahudawa daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]],[1] ta mamaye kusan murabba'in mita 350,000 (ƙafa 3,800,000 sq)[1][1] kuma ta ƙunshi kusan kaburbura 500,000.[1][1] An yi hasashen kwace makabartar a cikin shirin sake gina birane bayan Babban Gobarar Tasalonika ta 1917, amma al'ummar Yahudawa sun yi adawa da hakan sosai saboda damun kaburburan ya saɓa wa dokar Yahudawa. A ƙarshe, gundumar Thessaloniki ta lalata makabartar a watan Disamba na 1942 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kisan kiyashi a Girka a lokacin mamayar Axis na Girka. An yi amfani da duwatsun a matsayin kayan gini a kewayen birnin, ciki har da majami'un Orthodox na Girka, yayin da aka gina Jami'ar [[Aristotle]] ta Thessaloniki a kan filin. Al'ummar Yahudawa ba ta taɓa samun diyya ba saboda kwace ƙasar, wanda darajarsa ta kai dala biliyan 1.5 a shekarar 1943.

== Halakawa ==
[[Fayil:CimetièreJuifSaloniquefin19e.jpg|thumb|Katin gidan waya na ƙarni na 19 na makabartar]]
Kabarin Yahudawa ya kasance abin jayayya tsakanin hukumomin birni da al'ummar Yahudawa shekaru da yawa kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]].{{Sfn|Mazower|2004}} Bisa ga ''halacha'' (dokar Yahudawa), ana buƙatar cewa ragowar ta kasance ba tare da damuwa ba har abada. Saboda haka al'ummar Yahudawa sun ki amincewa da shawarwarin da ke ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a tono gawawwakin kuma a sake binne su a cikin sababbin makabarta biyu a waje da birnin.{{Sfn|Vassilikou|2000}}{{Sfn|Molho|2010}}{{Sfn|Saltiel|2014}} A cikin 1926, an kafa Jami'ar Aristotle ta Thessaloniki kusa da makabarta.{{Sfn|Molho|2010}} A shekara ta 1937, al'ummar Yahudawa sun amince da ba da  mita 30,000 (320,000 sq  tare da iyakar yamma kusa da jami'ar don musayar samun sauran adanawa.{{Sfn|Mazower|2004}}{{Sfn|Molho|2010}}

Nazi Jamus ba ta da manufofi na lalata ko adana makabarta na Yahudawa.[1] Masanin tarihi Mark Mazower ya bayyana cewa &quot;Jamusanci sun ba da haske mai haske, amma shirin bai fito daga gare su ba&quot;.[1] A tsakiyar shekara ta 1942 dubban Yahudawa daga Salonica an tilasta su aiki a cikin mawuyacin hali, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa. A ƙarshe, al'ummar Yahudawa sun amince da biyan fansa don 'yantar da su.[1] A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1942, Vasilis Simonides, gwamnan-janar na Makidoniya ya gaya wa al'ummar Yahudawa su motsa kaburbura zuwa sabbin makabarta biyu a gefen birnin.[1] An yi yarjejeniya ta ƙarshe don lalata makabartar a ƙarshen Nuwamba 1942, bayan Saukowar Allies a Arewacin Afirka. Dangane da wannan yarjejeniya, yawancin makabarta za a haɗa su da jami'a kuma wasu sassan za a karbe su ta gari, amma kaburbura da suka gabata fiye da shekaru 30 za su kasance ba a taɓa su ba. Koyaya, karamar hukumar da Janar Gwamnatin Makidoniya sun yi watsi da wannan yarjejeniya kuma sun lalata dukan makabarta.[1]￼

An lalata makabartar a cikin mako na farko na Disamba 1942 a cikin wani tsari wanda babban injiniyan garin Thessaloniki, Athanassios Broikos, ya kula da shi, kuma ya haɗa da ma'aikata ɗari biyar.{{Sfn|Mazower|2004}}{{Sfn|Saltiel|2014}} Shugaban al'ummar Yahudawa [[Michael Molho]] ya yi imanin cewa Kiristoci suna da sha'awar lalata makabartar da sauri saboda suna so su kammala shi kafin 'yancin Allied na yankin.{{Sfn|Apostolou|2018}}

Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira ya tuna:
[[Fayil:Ναός_Αγίου_Δημητρίου,_Θεσσαλονίκη_3785.jpg|thumb|An yi amfani da kaburbura daga makabarta don sake gina Basilica na Hagios Demetrios .]]
An kammala lalata makabarta a lokacin da George Seremetis ya kasance magajin garin Thessaloniki . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=When the Nazis Desecrated the Jewish Cemetery of Salonika |url=https://blog.nli.org.il/en/thessaloniki_cemetery/ |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=The Librarians |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416025916/https://blog.nli.org.il/en/thessaloniki_cemetery/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Seremetis ya sayar da duwatsun kabarin ga 'yan kwangila don amfani da su azaman kayan aiki a cikin ayyukan daban-daban. Hukumomin mamayar Jamus sun kwace wasu daga cikin duwatsun don gina hanyoyi, wanka na jama'a, da kuma tafkin yin iyo.{{Sfn|Mazower|2004}}{{Sfn|Glenny|1999}}

== Sakamakon haka ==
Wasu sassan makabartar sun tsira ba tare da wata matsala ba har zuwa 1947. Hukumomin birni da Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Girka sun mallaki duwatsu da yawa kuma sun yi amfani da su.{{Sfn|Kornetis|2018}} Bayan yaƙin, mutane (ciki har da jami'an birni) har yanzu suna ɗauke da kaburbura na Yahudawa kowace rana kuma suna satar makabarta a kai a kai don neman abubuwa masu daraja.{{Sfn|Mazower|2004}} Littafin tunawa na 1992 ya nuna hotunan 'yan makarantar Girka suna wasa ''Hamlet'' tare da kwanyar da sauran ƙasusuwa da suka samu a makabartar.{{Sfn|Hesse|Laqueur|2018}} Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, har yanzu akwai duwatsun kabarin a bangon daban-daban, hanyoyi, da majami'u a kusa da birnin, kodayake lokacin da aka same su ana mayar da su sabon makabartar Yahudawa.  {{Sfn|Mazower|2004}} A cewar masanin tarihi Rena Molho, &quot;har yanzu mutum na iya samun, kamar yadda marubucin da kansa ya shaida, kaburbura na Yahudawa da ke yin ado da wuraren wasan yara, mashaya, da gidajen cin abinci a otal-otal na zamani a wuraren shakatawa na lokacin rani na Chalkidiki&quot;.{{Sfn|Molho|2010}} Gidan kayan gargajiya na Yahudawa na Thessaloniki ya ƙunshi wasu manyan duwatsu da rubuce-rubuce tare da hotuna da ke nuna makabarta da baƙi kamar yadda yake a shekara ta 1914.

Al'ummar Yahudawa ba su taɓa karɓar diyya ba don kwace ƙasar a ƙarƙashin makabartar,  wanda aka kimanta a 1943 a dala biliyan 1.5.  {{Sfn|Vassilikou|2000}}{{Sfn|Hesse|Laqueur|2018}}{{Sfn|Saltiel|2014}}

An kaddamar da wani abin tunawa ga makabartar Yahudawa a cikin 2014 a filin Jami'ar Aristotle . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=When the Nazis Desecrated the Jewish Cemetery of Salonika |url=https://blog.nli.org.il/en/thessaloniki_cemetery/ |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=The Librarians |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416025916/https://blog.nli.org.il/en/thessaloniki_cemetery/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An lalata abin tunawa sau da yawa.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tarihin Yahudawa a Tassalunika

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Siberian Express</title>
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'''''Siberia Express''''' kalma ce ta yanayi a Amurka da ke kwatanta isowar iska mai sanyi sosai na asalin Siberiya. Yana nufin musamman asalin Siberia. Kalmar ta fi amfani da ita ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai lokacin da irin wannan iska mai sanyi ke motsawa cikin filayen arewa ko saman Midwest. A fannin yanayi, yawanci ana danganta shi da wani abu da ake kira Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern (PNA).

&quot;Siberian Express&quot; shine laƙabi da wani masanin yanayin yanayi ya kirkira don bayyana taron guguwar sanyi na Janairu 17, 1982 wanda ya buga yawancin Amurka. Har ila yau ana kiranta &quot;Sunday mai sanyi&quot;, taron ya karya yawancin rikodin rikodin lokaci.

Masanin ilimin yanayi na zamani Jack A. Wolfe wanda aka buga a 1992 game da asalin ƙasa. Tekun Arctic mai daskarewa ya samar da iska mai sanyi don &quot;Siberian Express&quot;, tsarin matsin lamba a Siberia wanda Himalayas da Tibetan Plateau suka toshe shi zuwa kudu, wanda ya kai iska zuwa Arewacin Amurka.[1]

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Siberian High|Babbar Siberia]]
* Ruwa mai sanyi
* Yankin sanyi
* Pineapple Express
* Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Jirgin Ruwa na Pacific
* Tashar Siberia 
* Tashar yanar gizon Amurka 

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF8/860.html Hawaiian-Siberian Express]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* The Siberian Expressa cikinWayback Machine  (an adana shi a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2011) 
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  <page>
    <title>Samantha George</title>
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Dr '''Samantha George''' Babbar Malama ce a fannin Adabi a Cibiyar Bincike ta Kimiyyar Zamantakewa, Fasaha da Bil Adama a Jami'ar Hertfordshire . Ta kammala digirin PhD a Jami'ar York a shekarar 2004, sannan ta koyar a Sashen Adabin Turanci a Jami'ar Sheffield har zuwa lokacin da ta fara aiki a Hertfordshire a shekarar 2007. An san ta da binciken da ta yi kan adabi da kimiyya na ƙarni na 18 tare da mai da hankali kan rawar da mata da [[Botany|tsirrai ke takawa]] . {{Sfn|Battle of Ideas|2010}}

An kuma san ta da aikinta kan adabin Gothic da na vampire, {{Sfn|Cawley|2013}} {{Sfn|Battle of Ideas|2010}} kuma ita ce mai shirya aikin bincike na 'Open Graves, Open Minds: Vampires and the Undead in Modern Culture' (OGOM) a Jami'ar Hertfordshire. {{Sfn|Dr Samantha George|2015}} {{Sfn|Sam George (Academia)|2015}} {{Sfn|Open Minds, Open Graves|2015}} {{Sfn|George|Hughes|2012}} A shekarar 2010, ta shirya taron ''Open Graves, Open Minds: Vampires and the Undead in Modern Culture'', wanda ya samu karbuwa a duniya. {{Sfn|Tobin|2010}} {{Sfn|Espinoza|2010}} {{Sfn|Battle of Ideas|2010}} A shekarar 2012 an gudanar da wani taron karawa juna sani don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na mutuwar Bram Stoker . {{Sfn|George|Hughes|2012}} {{Sfn|Armistead|2012}}

A fannin ilimin tsirrai na mata, an fi saninta da littafinta na ''Botany, sexuality, and women's writing 1760-1830. daga ɗan gajeren harbe zuwa shukar gaba'' (2007), ta bi matakan Londa Schiebinger da Ann Shteir {{Sfn|Shteir|1996}} a fannin jinsi da kimiyya, inda aka yi cikakken bayani game da ware mata daga ilimin tsirrai bayan an buga rarrabuwar [[Karl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] a Turanci (1783–1785), {{Sfn|Linné|1785}} saboda an ɗauki yaduwar tsire-tsire ta hanyar jima'i a matsayin cutarwa ga 'tawali'u na mata'. {{Sfn|George|2007}} {{Sfn|Olszewski|2007}} {{Sfn|Cook|2009}} {{Sfn|Hay|2009}} {{Sfn|Martin|2010}} Tun daga lokacin ta ci gaba da bincike da wallafawa a kan mahadar adabi, mata da kimiyya, musamman ilimin tsirrai.

Ta kasance Editan Sharhi na Adabi na Mujallar Nazarin Ƙarni na Sha Takwas . Membobin ƙungiyoyin ilimi sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Adabi da Kimiyya ta Burtaniya, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Soyayya ta Burtaniya, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ƙarni na Sha Takwas da Ƙungiyar Gothic ta Duniya. Dr. George yana wallafawa a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami na Sam George.

== Littattafai ==
Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe sun haɗa da; {{Sfn|Sam George (Academia)|2015}}

2015

* George, S. ''Waƙar Erasmus Darwin'' . Kundin Tarihi na Adabin Burtaniya 1660-1789. Day, G. &amp; Lynch, J. (eds.). Wiley Blackwell

2014

* George, S. ''Carl Linnaeus, Erasmus Darwin da Anna Seward: Waƙoƙin Tsirrai da Ilimin Mata'' Maris 2014 A cikin : Kimiyya da Ilimi. 23, 3, shafi.&amp;nbsp;673-694 shafi na 22.
* George, S. ''Tauraron 'Yan Mata: Ilimi, Jima'i da Kimiyyar Halitta a cikin Adabin Matasa ga 'Yan Mata 1760-1840'' Pickering da Chatto.
* George, S. ''Koyar da Adabin Vampire: Jini da Kura a Kwalejin'' A : Nazarin Gothic. Nan gaba
* George, S. ''The Tulip: Littattafan Karin Bayani game da Tarihin Al'adu'' .

2013

* George, S. ''Yana yin ba tare da wani tunani ba a cikin madubi': kyawun undead da kuma kwaikwayon injiniya -'Dorian Gray', 'Dracula', da kuma 'zanen vampire' na David Reed'' 1 Disamba 2013 Buɗe Kaburbura, Hankali Buɗe: Wakilan Vampires da Undead daga Hasken Rayuwa zuwa Zamani George, S. &amp; Hughes, B. (eds.). Manchester: Jami'ar Manchester Press, shafi.&amp;nbsp;56-78 22 shafi.
* George, S. ''Gabatarwa'' Disamba 2013 Mai Zafi Ya Je Kwaleji: Makaloli Kan Koyarwa Tare da Matattu. Nevarez, LA (ed.). New Jersey: McFarland
* George, S. (ed.) &amp; Hughes, B. (ed.) ''Buɗaɗɗen Kaburbura, Hankali Buɗaɗɗe: Wakilcin Vampires da Marasa Rai daga Hasken Haske zuwa Jaridar Manchester ta Yanzu'' . 320 shafi.
* George, S. ''Sam George A Tattaunawa Da Sir Christopher Frayling'' Yuli 2013 Misdirect Movies. Rimmer, J. &amp; Bracey, A. (eds.). Manchester: Cornerhouse Publications, shafi.&amp;nbsp;60-67 7 p.
* George, S. &amp; Hughes, B. ''Gabatarwa: tunani mara mutuwa: macizai masu tausayi da kuma mummunan sauran'' Mayu 2013 A cikin : Nazarin Gothic. 15, 1, shafi.&amp;nbsp;1-7
* George, S. (ed.) &amp; Hughes, B. (ed.) ''Buɗaɗɗen Kaburbura, Hankali Buɗaɗɗe: Vampires da Marasa Rai a Al'adun Zamani'' Mayu 2013 A cikin : Nazarin Gothic. 15, 1
* George, S. ' ''Bai Da Daidai Ba Ga Alkalami Na Mace': Anna Seward'' Sukar Adabi Na Karni Na Sha Tara. Gale

2011

* George, S. &amp; Martin, A. (eds.) ''Mata Masu Noma: Yaɗawa, Fassara da Musayar Turai'' Oktoba 2011 Mujalla ta Musamman: Mata da Notany. [http://literatureandscience.research.southwales.ac.uk/journal/issue4-1/ Mujallar Adabi da Kimiyya 4: 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074847/http://literatureandscience.research.southwales.ac.uk/journal/issue4-1/ |date=2016-03-04 }}
* George, S. [http://literatureandscience.research.glam.ac.uk/media/files/documents/2011-10-28/JLS_4.1_George_12-29.pdf ''Musayar Wasiku: Wasikar da Aka Sani da kuma Mace Mai Ilimin Tsirrai, 1760-1820'']{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Oktoba 2011 A cikin : Mujallar Adabi da Kimiyya. 4, 1, shafi na 12-29 18 shafi na 1
* George, S. &amp; Martin, [http://literatureandscience.research.glam.ac.uk/media/files/documents/2011-10-28/JLS_4.1_George_and_Martin_1-11.pdf ''Gabatarwa ta'' AE.]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://literatureandscience.research.glam.ac.uk/media/files/documents/2011-10-28/JLS_4.1_George_and_Martin_1-11.pdf Mata Masu Noma: Yaɗawa, Fassara da Musayar Turai]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} : Mujallar Adabi da Kimiyya. 4, 1, shafi na 1-11

2010

* George, S. ''Halittu masu rai: ilimin halittar haske ga 'yan mata'' Disamba 2010 A cikin : Mujallar Burtaniya don Nazarin Karni na Sha Takwas. 33, 4, shafi na 487-505 19 shafi na

2007

* {{Cite book|last3=Samantha George}}

* George, S. ''Gina Mace Mai Tsirrai: Rousseau, Wakefield da Umarnin Mata a fannin Tsirrai'' A cikin : Zeitschrift fur Padagogische Historiographie. 12, 1, ku.&amp;nbsp;3-11

2005

* George, S. ' ''Bai Da Daidai Ba Ga Alkalami Na Mace': Waƙar ƙarni na sha takwas da Ilimin Jima'i Na Tsofaffin Dabbobi'' A Cikin : Nazarin Kwatantawa Mai Mahimmanci. 2, 2, shafi na 191-210
* George, S. [https://www.academia.edu/185977/Linnaeus_in_Letters_Botany_in_an_English_Dress ''Linnaeus a cikin haruffa da kuma haɓaka tunanin mace: &quot;Tsire-tsire a cikin rigar Ingilishi&quot;'' A cikin : Mujallar Nazarin Ƙarni na Sha Takwas ta Birtaniya.] [https://www.academia.edu/185977/Linnaeus_in_Letters_Botany_in_an_English_Dress 28, 1, shafi na 1-18]
* George, S. ''Gina tunanin mace: ci gaba mai haske, ruɓewar lumana da kwatancin tsirrai a cikin rubuce-rubucen ƙarni na sha takwas'' A cikin : Tarihin Ra'ayoyin Turai. 31, 2, shafi na 10.&amp;nbsp;209-223

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Salma Samar Damluji</title>
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'''Salma Samar Damluji''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce a Lebanon, farfesa kuma marubuciya da ke zaune a tsakanin Landan da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ta yi aiki tare da mai zane na Masar [[Hassan Fathi|Hassan Fathy]] a Alkahira, a tsakanin 1975-6 da kuma a 1984-5. An naɗa ta mai ba da shawara kan gine-gine ga ministan [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], [[Shehu|Shaykh]] Sultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan a tsakanin 2001-2004 a Babban Masallacin Sheikh Zayed da sauran ayyuka a [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]] . A shekara ta 2008, ta kafa Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Hadramaut, tare da abokan aiki a [[Yemen]] kuma tana aiki a can kan ayyukan gine-gine da gyaran ƙasa.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Damluji a [[Beirut]], Lebanon, ga uba ɗan ƙasar Iraqi kuma uwa Kirista 'yar Lebanon. Bayan rikicin 1958, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] . Damluji ta koma Landan a shekarar 1972, inda ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar AA a fannin gine-gine a shekarar 1977. Daga baya ta kammala karatun digirinta na uku a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Shiga Damluji cikin gine-ginen Yemen ya fara ne bayan ziyarar aiki ta UNESCO a shekarar 1981. Ayyukanta a can sun haɗa da, 'Masallacin Aynat: Masjid al Faqih (2008-11), Masna'at 'Urah, Daw'an (2008-12), Husn Qarn Majid, Daw'an (2012-14), Masallacin 'Umar Ba Wazir, Wadi Sah (2008-10) da kuma kwanan nan (2017-19) gyaran ƙofar Shibam bayan yaƙi, da sake gina al-Habib Hamad bin Salih Dome' Bin Isma'il Domes, Masallacin Shaklanza da ke Al-Shihr da kuma Shaykh Ya'qub Dome da ke Mukalla . Waɗannan ayyukan an ba su kuɗi ne daga Asusun Yarima Claus na Netherlands da Asusun Kare Al'adu na Majalisar Burtaniya, Burtaniya. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A shekarar 2014, Damluji ita ce mace ta farko da aka gayyata ta zama mai zanen gini don bayar da Leçon Inaugurale &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; a École de Chaillot da ke Paris, ta goma a cikin jerin. An buga wannan a cikin ''The Other Architecture: Geometry, Earth and the Vernacular'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Salma Samar Damluji |url=http://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/salma-samar-damluji |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=Cité de l'architecture &amp; du patrimoine |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Paris, 2015) kuma ta samar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da aikinta da bincikenta. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

An zaɓe ta a matsayin Memba na Académie d'Architecture da ke Paris a shekarar 2017, kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Académie d'Architecture's Restoration Award (lambar azurfa) a shekarar 2015. A shekarar 2012, ta sami lambar yabo ta Duniya don Tsarin Gine-gine Mai Dorewa a shekarar 2012, daga Cité d'architecture &amp; du Patrimoine da Gidauniyar Locus. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A shekarar 2013, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mu'allim Awad Binaldin Chairman na Farfesa a fannin Gine-gine a duniyar Musulunci, a Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut . Damluji babbar malamar koyarwa ce a Makarantar Digiri ta Ƙungiyar Gine-gine (AA) da kuma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal (RCA) da ke Landan (UK). Tana da littattafai da dama da aka buga a kan gine-ginen ƙasa da na harsunan yankin Larabawa. Littattafan da ta wallafa sun haɗa da ''Hassan Fathy: Earth &amp; Utopia'' (2018), ''The Architecture of Yemen'' (2007) da ''The Architecture of Oman'' (1998).&amp;nbsp;Za a buga sabon bugu na ''The Architecture of Yemen and its Reconstruction''  a shekarar 2020. Ta shirya nune-nunen da dama kan ayyukanta a Landan (a RCA da RIBA), a Paris, Venice da kuma a Madrid. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Littattafai ==

=== Littattafai ===

* ''Hassan Fathy: Duniya &amp; Utopia,'' (Laurence King Publishing, London 2018) 
* ''Sauran Architecture: Geometry, Duniya da Vernacular'' (Leçon Inaugurale de l'École de Chaillot), Paris 2015, Faransanci da Ingilishi.  (Gajeren jera ta Académie d'Architecture na Prix du Livre d'Architecture a watan Nuwamba 2015)
* ''Al Diwan Al Amiri, Doha, Qatar'', Laurence King Publishing, London 2013 
* ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Duniya, Alamomin Gine-gine Wadi Hadramut &amp; Daw'an,'' Taron Gine-ginen Duniya Say'un- Fabrairu 2011, Beirut 2011
* Edita. ''[https://www.amazon.com/Italian-Excellence-Sheikh-Sultan-Nahyan/dp/0615276296 Masallacin Sheikh Zayed Al Nahayan Abu Dhabi: Kyawun Italiya a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa] ,'' Fantini Mosaici, Milano 2009
* ''[https://www.amazon.com/Architecture-Yemen-Yafi-Hadramut/dp/185669514X Tsarin Gine-ginen Yemen Daga Yafi' zuwa Hadramut]'', Laurence King Publishing, London 2007
* ''[https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/200952518 Babban Masallacin Sultan Qaboos]'', Apex Publishing, Muscat 2007
* ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa'', Garnet Publishing, Reading 2006 
* ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Oman'', Karatu na 1998 
* Edita. ''Tsarin Masallacin Annabi Mai Tsarki Madina'', Landan 1998 
* Edita. ''Tsarin Masallacin Mai Tsarki Makkah'', Landan 1998 
* ''Zillij Fasahar Fasahohin Moroccan'', tare da John Hedgecoe; Karatu 1992  (Buga ta Faransa 1993)
* Babban Edita, ''Fasaha da Gine-gine na Musulunci, Tsarin Tsarin Geometric'' Issam El Said; Tarek El Bouri &amp; Keith Critchlow, Reading 1993 
* ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Bulo na Kwarin Laka Shibam, Tarim da Wadi Hadramut'', Karatu na 1992  (Buga ta Larabci, Beirut 1996)
* ''Gaskiyar Yemen; Gine-gine da aka sassaka a cikin Laka da Dutse'', Karatu na 1991 
* Edita. ''Littafin Tarihin Gani na Wani Mai Zane na Larabawa'', Maath Alousi, Beirut &amp; London 1983

=== Surorin littafi ===

* [http://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&amp;id=2147 http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Alternatives/Architecture-Alternatives/Sustainable-design-8 'Aikin Ammar Khammash' a cikin ''Tsarin Zane Mai Dorewa 8: Zuwa ga sabuwar Ɗabi'a don Gine-gine da Birni'', Contal, Marie-Hélène da Revedin, Jana, Gine-gine - Madadin Gallimard Editions, Paris, 2020 (shafi na 124-131).]
* 'Masallaci &amp; Gidaje Masu Tsarki a Wadi Sah: Hadramut (YEMEN)', a cikin ''ginin ƙasa da al'ada juzu'i na 2'' Ed. Hubert Feiglstorfer, IVA-ICRA (Cibiyar Bincike Mai Kwatanta Kan Gine-gine) Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna, Vienna, 2018  (shafi na&amp;nbsp;313–337).
* [http://www.iuav.it/Ateneo1/eventi-del/2017/W-A-VE--20/Scheda_Collana.pdf 'Sake ƙirƙiro M'alula'&amp;nbsp;a cikin ''Wave 2017'' | ''Siriya (Syria the Making of the Future + bita 26)'', Incipit (Italiya), 2017]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* 'La Médina et le renouveau de la ville nomade [Madina da nomad sabunta birane]', a cikin ''La Ville Rebelle,'' Ed. Jana Revedin, Paris, 2015 
* &quot;Salma Samar Damluji&quot; a cikin ''Dorewa Design III'', ''vers une nouvelle ′ethique pour l'architecture et la ville'', Contal, Marie-Hélène da Revedin, Jana, Paris, 2014  (pp.82-95).

=== Labarai ===

* [https://issuu.com/pdezwart/docs/www.alefmag.com Mujallar Alef Fitowa ta 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226064409/https://issuu.com/pdezwart/docs/www.alefmag.com |date=2023-02-26 }} shafi na 70-73, 2008
* ''[https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/earth/earthern-wear-mud-cities-in-hadramut-yemen/10046277.article Lalacewar Ƙasa: Birane Masu Laka a Hadramut, Yemen]'', Binciken Gine-gine, Fabrairu 2020
* ''[https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/engagements/ Hassan Fathy, de la vérité en Architecture; Hassan Fathy, Game da Gaskiya a Gine-gine] ,'' Haɗin kai, L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, 'A'A 424, Satumba 2018
* [https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/generosites-espaces-en-plus/ ''Les Architectures de Terre de Salma Samar Damluji; Salma Samar Damluji's Earth Architecture,'' Générosités, espaces en plus], L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, 'A'A 426, Mayu 2018

=== Nunin Nunin ===

* Nunin Zane-zane na Jami'ar Venice na Iuav akan Ma'lula: ' [http://wave2017.iuav.it Ginin babban kumfa mai girman rai ga Ma'lula, samfuran gidajen ibada da aka lalata, da birni]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ', Venice, Yuni-Yuli 2017
* [http://xx.aaschool.ac.uk/exhibition/ Matan AA XX 100 a fannin gine-gine a mahallinsu]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 1917–2017, Ƙungiyar Gine-gine, London, 7 ga Oktoba-9 ga Disamba 2017
* Jami'ar Iuav Architecture 'Sketch for Syria', ayyukan fasaha, Janairu-Fabrairu 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/reenchanter-le-monde-architecture-ville-transitions Re-Enchant the World], nunin rukuni na Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Palais du Chaillot, Paris, Mayu-Oktoba 2014
* Mai ba da shawara ga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Louisiana, Denmark don baje kolin 'Arab Contemporary: Architecture, Culture and Identity', Denmark, Janairu- Mayu 2014 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Salma Samar Damluji |url=http://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/salma-samar-damluji |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=Cité de l'architecture &amp; du patrimoine |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 'ARABIYA FELIX: Tsarin Gine-ginen Yemen', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; RIBA London, Nuwamba 2007- Fabrairu 2008

=== Sharhi ===

* Casabella, Mayu 2020 [https://casabellaweb.eu/2020/05/17/909-maggio-2020/ 'Hassan Fathy' na Francesco Dal Co]
* Nuwamba–Disamba 2019: Sabon Sharhin Hagu [https://newleftreview.org/issues/II120/articles/owen-hatherley-a-mud-brick-utopia 'A Laka-Brick Utopia' na Owen Hatherley]
* Nuwamba 2018: Financial Times [https://www.ft.com/content/7c0c7b94-ee0c-11e8-89c8-d36339d835c0 'Mafi kyawun littattafai na 2018: Gine-gine da zane' na Edwin Heathcote]
* 8 Nuwamba 2018: Corriere della Sera [http://living.corriere.it/tendenze/architettura/hassan-fathy-lutopia-continua/ 'Hassan Fathy: l'utopia continua' na Testo Massimo di Conto]
* Mujallar bangon waya ta Oktoba 2018 [https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/hassan-fathy-book-laurence-king 'Littafi na farko kan falsafa da aikin Hassan Fathy' na Harriet Thorpe]
* [https://www.admiddleeast.com/book-review-hassan-fathys-tale-of-earth-utopia Sharhin Littafi na Hassan Fathy game da Duniya da Utopia na Oktoba 2018 na Gabashin Tsakiya 'Bita na Littafi: Labarin Hassan Fathy game da Duniya da Utopia' na Jumana Abdel-Razzaq]

=== Kyaututtuka ===

* [https://blogbaladi.com/architect-aub-professor-salma-samar-damluji-elected-member-of-the-academie-darchitecture-en-france/ Médaille de la Restauration], Kwalejin Gine-gine ta Faransa, Lambar Azurfa ta Kwalejin Gine-gine ta Faransa 2015 (Paris)
* Kyauta ta Duniya don Gine-gine Mai Dorewa 2012 (Paris), Gidauniyar Locus

=== Siffofin bidiyo ===

* [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2022-11-02/the-architects-building-future-cities-with-mud-video Laka Mai Sanyi Ya Fi Siminti Kyau Don Gina Gidaje a Afirka Mai Zafi, 2 Nuwamba 2022]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8uOxf22xDs&amp;feature=emb_logo Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud Brick: Shekaru goma sha biyu na aiki]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_D43y9cjhY 'Sake Ba da Tarihi ...', Sabon jerin Canonical Historystories, London, Birtaniya, Janairu 2019]
* [http://wave2018iuav.com/w-a-ve-2018-italian-beauty-il-video-della-premiazione/ WAVe. 2018 Italiyanci Beauty: bidiyon bikin bayar da kyautar]
* [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/en/node/33549 Salma Samar Damluji, Daw'an Architecture Foundation, Entrevue diffusée dans l'exposition &quot;Réenchanter le monde: architecture, ville, transitions&quot; présentée à la Cité de l'architecture et du patrimoine du mercredi 21 mai 2014 au lundi 2014 octobre]
* [https://vimeo.com/255729622 Duniyar Duniya, tare da Roger Moukarzel, don Maimaita Nunin Duniya, Cité de l'Architecture &amp; du Patrimoine, 2014]
* [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/video/salma-samar-damluji-0 Leçon Inaugurale de l'école de Chaillot, Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, 3 Maris 2014]
* [https://vimeo.com/112070037 Rana Dust: Shibam tare da Roger Moukarzel, 2013]

== Gidauniyar Gine-ginen Bulo Mai Laka ta Daw'an ==
An kafa Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud a shekarar 2007-8, ta hannun Salma Samar Damluji da abokan aikinta a Yemen, Dr. Abdullah BaGhumyan da kuma Architect Ali Ba Saad. Gidauniyar tana kafa ayyuka kuma tana neman kuɗi don tsara da ginawa tare da masu ginin Hadrami ta amfani da kayan ƙasa da dabarun gine-ginen Yemen.
[[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_group_photo.jpg|thumb|Haɗuwa a Masjidul Faqih tare da (hagu zuwa dama): Mai kula da Masallaci, Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Hamid, Salma Samar Damluji, Mansab 'Aynat Umar al-Hamid, Umar BaSa'd (direbanmu) da Karamah 'Ubayd 'Ulaywah. ©Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation, 2012]]

=== An kammala ayyukan ===

* [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=9 Masna'at 'Urah] Wuri: Wadi Daw'an Kwanan wata: 2006 - 2013
* [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=12 Masallacin Aynat: Masjid al Faqih] Wuri: 'Aynat- Wadi Hadramut Ranar: 2008-2011
* [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=13 Masallacin Umar Ba Wazir Wuri] : Ghayl 'Umar- Sah, Wadi Hadramut Ranar: 2008 - 2010

[[Fayil:Salma_Damluji.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Umar Ba Wazir ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2010]]

* [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=14 Wali Domes (Saint Shrines)] Wuri: Sah, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2008 - 2010
* [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=15 Husn Qarn Majid] Wuri: Wadi Daw'an Kwanan wata: 2012 - 2014
* [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=18 Gidajen Shibam] Gidan BaSahi - Gidan BaSwatayn Wuri: Shibam, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2012 - 2014
* [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=19 Bayan Yaki Shibam] Shibam Gateway Shigar Fadar Shibam Wuri: Shibam, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2017 - 2019
* Majalisar Burtaniya, Asusun Kare Al'adu (CPF), ta amince da tallafin kudi don wani aiki kan 'Sake Ginawa da Gyaran Al'adu bayan Yaƙi a Yemen', wanda Asusun CER-Net Prince Claus ya jagoranta. An ba da kwangilar Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an don gudanar da aikin tare da haɗin gwiwar Ofishin Gwamnan Hadramut. Aikin ya shafi sake gina wuraren al'adu da wuraren tarihi a Hadramut waɗanda aka yi niyya a lokacin yaƙin:

[[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_group_photo_1.jpg|thumb|Tawagar Gine-ginen ...]]

* [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=20 Shaykh Ya'qub Dome] Location: Al Mukallah, Hadramut Date: 2019 - 2020

[[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_Work.jpg|thumb|Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Domes ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2019]]
[[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_Work_Progress.jpg|thumb|Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Domes ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2019]]

* [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=23 Masallacin Shaklanza] Wuri: Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020
* [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=21 Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Wuri] : Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020
* Gidan [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=22 Bin Isma'il Wuri] : Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]</text>
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    <title>Shirin Atlas na Tsuntsaye na Kudancin Afirka</title>
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An gudanar '''da Aikin Atlas na Tsuntsayen Kudancin Afirka''' (SABAP) tsakanin 1987 da 1991.  Saboda an fara sabon atlas na tsuntsaye a kudancin Afirka a 2007, aikin da aka fara yanzu ana kiransa SABAP1. Sabon aikin atlas ana kiransa da Aikin Atlas na Tsuntsayen Kudancin Afirka na Biyu, kuma an takaita shi zuwa [[SABAP2]] . Aikin yana ci gaba, kuma yanzu Cibiyar FitzPatrick ta Nazarin Tsuntsayen Afirka a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] ce ke kula da shi. Yawancin tattara bayanai suna faruwa ne ta hanyar aikace-aikacen BirdLasser.  Aikin yana samun tallafin kuɗi daga [[BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[South African National Biodiversity Institute|Cibiyar Nazarin Bambancin Halittu ta Afirka ta Kudu]].

== Faɗin ==
SABAP ta shafi ƙasashe shida: [[Botswana]], [[Lesotho]], [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Eswatini]] da [[Zimbabwe]] . A lokacin, [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] ta shiga cikin yaƙin basasa, kuma dole ne a cire ta daga ciki. Manufofin SABAP1 shine sel grid na digiri na kwata ( QDGC ), mintuna 15 na latitude da mintuna 15 na longitude, 27.4&amp;nbsp;km arewa-kudu kuma kusan 25&amp;nbsp;kilomita daga gabas zuwa yamma, yanki mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 700&amp;nbsp;km². Duk da haka, a Botswana an yi amfani da tantanin grid mai rabin digiri. Jimillar adadin tantanin grid, idan aka yi la'akari da ƙudurin da ya fi ƙarfi a Botswana, ya kai 3973. An gudanar da aikin filin ne galibi a cikin shekaru biyar na 1987 &amp;#x2013; 1991, amma masu gudanar da aikin sun haɗa da duk bayanan da suka dace da aka tattara daga 1980 &amp;#x2013; 1987. A wasu yankuna, musamman waɗanda ba a iya isa gare su ba, tattara bayanai ya ci gaba har zuwa 1993.

Masu farautar tsuntsaye ne suka gudanar da aikin filin, kuma mafi yawansu an yi su ne bisa ga aikin sa kai. Aikin filin ya ƙunshi tattara jerin tsuntsayen da za a yi wa QDGCs. An tattara dukkan jerin abubuwan da aka lissafa gaba ɗaya a cikin rumbun adana bayanai. Bayanan ƙarshe sun ƙunshi 147&amp;nbsp;Jerin abubuwan dubawa 605, waɗanda ke ɗauke da jimillar bayanan rarraba tsuntsaye miliyan 7.3. Daga cikin jimillar gwaje-gwajen QDGC guda 3973, 88 ne kawai ba su da jerin abubuwan dubawa (2.2% na jimillar). &lt;ref name=&quot;ADU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE ATLAS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN BIRD : VOLUME 1: NON-PASSERINES |url=http://www.adu.org.za/pdf/SABAP1_Introduction.pdf |access-date=2016-12-02 |website=Adu.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sashen Kididdigar Avian (ADU) da ke [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] ne ya gudanar da aikin. Sashen ya canza suna a shekarar 2008 zuwa Sashen Kididdigar Avian, domin nuna yadda yake fadada, amma ya ci gaba da amfani da kalmar ADU. An rufe Sashen Kididdigar Avian a shekarar 2018.

== Kayayyaki ==
Sakamakon ƙarshe na aikin shine tarin littattafai masu girman A4 guda biyu, waɗanda suka ƙunshi nau'ikan tsuntsaye 932, tare da jimillar shafuka 1500, waɗanda [[BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu|BirdLife South Africa]] ta buga a shekarar 1997.  Littattafan yanzu ba a buga su ba, amma ana samun rubuce-rubucen nau'ikan halittu daban-daban a gidan yanar gizon [[SABAP2]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.birdlasser.com/ BirdLasser]&lt;/ref&gt; Juzu'i na 1 kuma ya ƙunshi babi kan mahimmancin yanayin ƙasa na Afirka ta Kudu ga tsuntsaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;ADU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE ATLAS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN BIRD : VOLUME 1: NON-PASSERINES |url=http://www.adu.org.za/pdf/SABAP1_Introduction.pdf |access-date=2016-12-02 |website=Adu.org.za}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.adu.org.za/pdf/SABAP1_Introduction.pdf &quot;THE ATLAS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN BIRD : VOLUME 1: NON-PASSERINES&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202204608/http://www.adu.org.za/pdf/SABAP1_Introduction.pdf |date=2020-02-02 }} &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Adu.org.za''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-12-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin bugawa '', Atlas na Tsuntsayen Afirka ta Kudu'' shine, a lokacin bugawa, babban aikin bambancin halittu da aka taɓa gudanarwa a Afirka. Wannan aikin ya nuna cewa rayuwar tsuntsaye a kudancin Afirka tana nuna bambancin wurare a yankin: 9% na nau'ikan tsuntsayen duniya ana samun su akai-akai a can, duk da cewa yana wakiltar kashi 1.67% kawai na yankin ƙasa na duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ASAB&quot; /&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Tasirin aikin akan ilimin tsuntsayen kudancin Afirka ya yi yawa. Rubuce-rubucen nau'ikan ba wai kawai sun ba da bayanai kan rarrabawa ba, har ma sun gabatar da sabbin bayanai da nazari kan yanayin kiwo da kuma alkiblar ƙaura da kuma yanayin ƙaura. Saboda haka, SABAP ya zama muhimmin ma'auni ga duk wani bincike da ya shafi waɗannan muhimman fannoni na ilmin halittar tsuntsayen.  Ya ba da mafi yawan bayanan da aka dogara da su kan tsarin zaɓar Yankunan Tsuntsaye Masu Muhimmanci a Kudancin Afirka,  da kuma Jerin Ja na IUCN ga tsuntsayen Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho da Swaziland. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Rosie Whitehouse</title>
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Rosie Whitehouse ' yar Birtaniya ce mai bincike kan tarihi, 'yar jarida kuma marubuciya.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Whitehouse ta yi karatun Tarihin Duniya a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Landan kuma ta fara aiki a [[Sabis na Duniya na BBC|BBC World Service]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OUR TEAM |url=http://www.thejudahedition.com/our-team/ |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=The Judah Edition |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinta na mai bincike, ta yi cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru da waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi a Turai bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OUR TEAM |url=http://www.thejudahedition.com/our-team/ |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=The Judah Edition |language=en-GB |archive-date=2018-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054815/http://www.thejudahedition.com/our-team/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE PEOPLE ON THE BEACH |url=http://www.thejudahedition.com/the-people-on-the-beach/ |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=The Judah Edition |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da rahoto game da ƙoƙarin tunawa da kisan kiyashi da aka yi a [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], [[Poland]], [[Jamus]], [[Italiya]] da [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thieves dig up mass graves in search for gold |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20180803/281530816834476 |access-date=2018-08-07 |via=PressReader}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Whitehouse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitehouse |first=Rosie |date=2018-04-21 |title=The monks, the Dachau survivors and the concert that heralded freedom |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/21/dachau-survivors-monks-bavarian-monastery-concert-freedom |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;thejc.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitehouse |first=Rosie |date=3 June 2018 |title=Hidden in an attic and secret kept for decades |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/news-features/how-one-italian-kept-a-jewish-woman-hidden-in-her-attic-during-the-war-and-took-the-secret-to-the-1.464945 |access-date=7 August 2018 |website=The Jewish Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Judah |first=Ben |last2=Whitehouse |first2=Rosie |date=18 April 2017 |title=The forgotten hero of the hardest Passover |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/news-features/the-survivors-passover-1.436422 |access-date=7 August 2018 |website=The Jewish Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An buga bincikenta na tarihi da bayanan tarihin Holocaust Survivors ta hannun ''The Observer'', ''The Jewish Chronicle'', mujallar BBC News and ''Tablet'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OUR TEAM |url=http://www.thejudahedition.com/our-team/ |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=The Judah Edition |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;thejc.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitehouse |first=Rosie |date=3 June 2018 |title=Hidden in an attic and secret kept for decades |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/news-features/how-one-italian-kept-a-jewish-woman-hidden-in-her-attic-during-the-war-and-took-the-secret-to-the-1.464945 |access-date=7 August 2018 |website=The Jewish Chronicle}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;Whitehouse, Rosie (3 June 2018). [https://www.thejc.com/news/news-features/how-one-italian-kept-a-jewish-woman-hidden-in-her-attic-during-the-war-and-took-the-secret-to-the-1.464945 &quot;Hidden in an attic and secret kept for decades&quot;]. ''The Jewish Chronicle''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Whitehouse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitehouse |first=Rosie |date=2018-04-21 |title=The monks, the Dachau survivors and the concert that heralded freedom |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/21/dachau-survivors-monks-bavarian-monastery-concert-freedom |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWhitehouse2018&quot;&gt;Whitehouse, Rosie (21 April 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/21/dachau-survivors-monks-bavarian-monastery-concert-freedom &quot;The monks, the Dachau survivors and the concert that heralded freedom&quot;]. ''The Guardian''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  A halin yanzu, rubutunta game da manufofin gwamnatin Burtaniya ga waɗanda abin ya shafa bayan [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] da kuma ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa na Burtaniya na zamani ya bayyana a cikin ''The Independent'' da ''Haaretz'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE PEOPLE ON THE BEACH |url=http://www.thejudahedition.com/the-people-on-the-beach/ |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=The Judah Edition |language=en-GB |archive-date=2018-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807094441/http://www.thejudahedition.com/the-people-on-the-beach/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma shiga cikin wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|kisan kare dangi na Rwanda]] a matsayin mai buga shaidun waɗanda suka tsira.  

Whitehouse ta auri ɗan jarida Tim Judah, kuma ta shafe shekaru biyar a yankin Balkans a lokacin [[Yugoslav Wars|Yaƙin Yugoslavia]] tare da iyalinta, wanda ta rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinta na ''Are We There Yet.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OUR TEAM |url=http://www.thejudahedition.com/our-team/ |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=The Judah Edition |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rubuce-rubucenta sun shafi batutuwan raunin yaƙi da kuma tallafawa waɗanda abin ya shafa bayan yaƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OUR TEAM |url=http://www.thejudahedition.com/our-team/ |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=The Judah Edition |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tana zaune a Yammacin London tare da mijinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thieves dig up mass graves in search for gold |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20180803/281530816834476 |access-date=2018-08-07 |via=PressReader}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyar, ɗaya daga cikinsu ɗan jarida ne Ben Judah .  

== Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka ==

* ''Kudancin Faransa (Take the Kids).'' Cadogan, 2003
* ''Shin Muna Nan Har Yanzu?'' Reportage Press, 2007
* ''Paris ga iyalai'' Dorling Kindersley, 2011
* ''Mutanen da ke Tekun Bahar: Tafiye-tafiye zuwa 'Yanci Bayan Kisan Kiyashi'', 2021

== Duba kuma ==

* Cibiyar Dart don Jarida da Rauni

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Rosey Pool</title>
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'''Rosey E. Pool''' (an haife ta '''Rosa Eva Pool''' ; 7 ga Mayu 1905)&amp;nbsp;– 29 Satumba 1971) mawaki ne kuma masanin tarihin waƙoƙin Baƙar fata na ƙasar Holland.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Shekarun farko ===
An haifi Pool kuma ta girma a cikin dangin Yahudawa marasa addini a [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands. A shekarun 1920, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin matasa na Dutch Popular Front, kamar su [[Arbeiders Jeugd Centrale]] (AJC) da Social Democratic Students Club (SDSC). A shekarar 1927, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ''Socialistische Kunstenaarskring'' (SKK, ko Socialist Artists Circle).

=== Shekarun 1930: Digirin PhD da fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a a Berlin ===
A watan Agusta na shekarar 1927, jim kaɗan bayan aurenta da lauyan Berlin kuma daga baya Sanata Gerhard Kramer na Hamburg (1904–1973), Pool ta ƙaura zuwa [[Berlin]] . A can, ta yi karatun adabin Ingilishi a Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (wanda a yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Humboldt ). Duk da cewa daga baya ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ƙwararriyar masaniyar ɗan adam ce, ta yi karatun fannin falsafa. Ta rubuta takardar digirinta a kan ''Waƙar 'Yan Negro na Amurka'', amma ba ta iya kammala wannan ba saboda matakan kin jinin Yahudawa da 'yan Nazi suka ɗauka. A shekarar 1935, Kramer da Pool suka sake aure. Daga Berlin, Pool ta taimaka wa Yahudawan Jamus su gudu zuwa Netherlands, ta hanyar ba su adiresoshi. A watan Janairu na shekarar 1939, jim kaɗan bayan Kirsimeti, Pool ta koma Amsterdam.

=== 1940s: juriya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ===
A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta koyar a makarantar Yahudawa ta Lyceum da ke Amsterdam (tare da [[Anne Frank]] a cikin ɗalibanta). Pool ta shiga cikin wata ƙungiyar masu fafutukar Yahudawa ta Jamus mai suna Van Dien, wadda ta haɗu a kusa da Tehuis Oosteinde.  A watan Satumba na 1943, wannan ƙungiyar masu adawa ta taimaka mata ta tsere daga sansanin 'yan Nazi na Westerbork . Ta ɓuya a garin Baarn, ta rubuta waƙoƙin masu adawa kuma ta tattara tarin waƙoƙin Baƙar fata.

A ƙarshen shekarar 1949, Pool ta ƙaura zuwa Landan don zama tare da ƙawarta &quot;Isa&quot; Isenberg. &lt;ref&gt;Ben Braber, ''Passage naar vrijheid. Joods verzet in Nederland 1940–1945''. Balans, 1987, pp. 31, 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shekarun 1950 da 1960: ƙwararre a fannin waƙoƙin Baƙar fata-Amurka ===
Bayan yaƙin, Pool ta kafa wasiƙu da shahararrun marubuta da mawaƙa 'yan Afirka-Amurka kamar Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, WEB Du Bois, Naomi Madgett, Owen Dodson, Gordon Heath, da Robert Hayden . Daga gidanta na Landan, ta shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Baƙar fata, a Birtaniya da Amurka.

Pool ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka a matsayin malamar Fulbright kuma tare da tallafin UNCF (1959–1960), kuma ta kasance malamar baƙo a wasu kwalejoji a Kudancin Kudu. A Amurka, ta ba da gudummawa wajen 'yantar da Baƙar fata Amurkawa a cikin [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama]] ta hanyar kwatanta matakan kin jinin Yahudawa na Nazis da wariyar Kudancin Amurka. Lokacin da Pool ta kasance malamar baƙo a Alabama A da M, ta shirya tarurrukan marubuta guda biyu, tare da Samuel W. Allen (Paul Vesey), Margaret Burroughs, Dudley Randall da Mari Evans . Ed Simpkins ya bayyana: &quot;[littafin] na Rosey ''Pool'' ne ya fara haɗa mu (...).&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Braber, ''Passage naar vrijheid. Joods verzet in Nederland 1940–1945''. Balans, 1987, pp. 31, 76.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Braber, ''Passage naar vrijheid. Joods verzet in Nederland 1940–1945''. Balans, 1987, pp. 31, 76.&lt;/ref&gt; Argo ya samar da wani LP wanda aka sanya wa suna ''Beyond the Blues'' a London a 1963, tare da fitattun masu karatu ciki har da Brock Peters, Gordon Heath, Vinette Carroll, da Cleo Laine . 

A shekarar 1966, Pool ta kasance memba na alkalai a bikin baje kolin fasahar baƙar fata na duniya, wanda aka gudanar a [[Dakar]], Senegal. alkalan sun ba wa mawaƙi Robert Hayden da [[Nelson Mandela]] kyaututtuka.  A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1965,  Pool ta zama mai bin [[Baha'i|addinin Bahá'í]] . An ganta tana tallata addinin.   

== Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu ==

=== Mai Fassara ===

* [[Emily Dickinson]], ''Wakoki Goma'' (Amsterdam: Vijf Ponden Pers, 1944)
* [[William Shakespeare]], ''Sonnets uku'' (Utrecht: GM van Wees, 1944)
* Annie MG Schmidt, ''Soyayya daga Mick da Mandy'' (London: Odhams Press, 1961)
* Annie MG Schmidt, ''Sa'a Mick da Mandy'' (London: Odhams Press, 1961)
* Annie MG Schmidt, ''Take care, Mick da Mandy'' (London: Odhams Press, 1961)
* Claude Brown, ''Mijn Harlem'' (Rotterdam: Lemniscaat, 1966)

=== Marubuci ===

* &quot;Farfadowar Afirka&quot;, a cikin: ''Phylon'' [1940–1956], vol. 14, no. 1 (Qtr na 1, 1953), shafi na 1.&amp;nbsp;5–8
* &quot;Mai Ra'ayin Baƙin Ciki a Turai&quot;, a cikin: ''Phylon'' [1940–1956], vol. 14, no. 3 (Qtr na 3, 1953), shafi na 1.&amp;nbsp;258–267
* ''{{'}} n Engelse sleutel. Een ABC akan &quot;Perfide Albion&quot;'' (Amsterdam: De Boer, 1957)
* (Mai haɗin gwiwa tare da Eric Walrond ), ''Baƙaƙe da Ba a San Ko Wanene ba: Tarin Waƙoƙin Negro'' (Aldington, Kent: Hand &amp; Flower Press, 1958)
* (Co-edita tare da Paul Breman ), ''Ik zag hoe zwart ik was.'' ''Poëzie van Noordamerikaanse negers. Een tweetalige bloemlezing van Rosey E. Pool da Paul Breman'' (Den Haag: Bert Bakker / Daamen NV, 1958)
* (Mai edita tare da Paul Breman), ''Black duk rana.'' ''Waqoqin Negro na Amurka'' (Amsterdam: Instituut voor Kunstnijverheidsonderwijs, 1960)
* (Edita) ''Bayan Blues: Sabbin Waƙoƙi na American Negroes'' (Lympne, Kent, Ingila: Hand and Flower Press, 1962)
* &quot;Gano Waƙoƙin Baƙar fata na Amurka&quot;, a cikin: ''Freedomways .'' ''Sharhin kwata-kwata na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Baƙar fata ta Negro'', kaka ta 1963, vol. 3, no. 4.
* (Edita) ''Ik ben de nieuwe neger'' (Den Haag: Bert Bakker, 1965)
* &quot;Jefa min ƙalubalenka. Sharhi Kan Yanayin Adabi&quot;, a cikin: ''Negro Digest'', Disamba 1965, vol. XV, no. 2, shafi na 1.&amp;nbsp;54–60
* &quot;Robert Hayden: Mawaki Mai Laureate&quot;, a cikin: ''Negro Digest'', Yuni 1966, vol. XV, lamba 8, shafi na 1.&amp;nbsp;39–75.
* ''Lachen om niet te huilen'' (Rotterdam: Lemniscaat, 1968)
* &quot;Anne Frank: Yaro da Tatsuniya&quot;, a cikin: ''Tsarin Duniya'' : Bazara 1972, Vol. 6, No. 3
* &quot;'Grand Prix de la Poezie' don Robert Hayden&quot;, a cikin: ''Tsarin Duniya'' : Lokacin bazara na 1983, Vol. 17, No. 4

=== Adabin sakandare ===

* Anneke Sayayya, [https://cdn.atria.nl/epublications/IAV_B00110025.pdf ''Kyauta mai ban mamaki ta abota'']{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (rubutun da ba a buga ba, Apeldoorn, 1987)
* Lonneke Geerlings, [http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1399/paper10.pdf &quot;Nazarin gani na Tarihin Wasikun Rosey E. Pool. Bayanan Rayuwa, Haɗuwa, da Nazarin Sadarwar Zamani&quot;], ''Takardun Taro na Farko kan Bayanan Rayuwa a Duniyar Dijital 2015, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 9 Afrilu 2015'', shafi na 10.&amp;nbsp;61–67.
* Lonneke Geerlings, ''[https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/survivor-agitator-rosey-e-pool-and-the-transatlantic-century Mai tsira, Mai tayar da hankali: Rosey E. Pool and the Transatlantic Century.]'' Takardar digirin digirgir, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2020. Za a buga tare da Jami'ar Georgia Press a 2021.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>St. Andrews Biological Station</title>
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'''Tashar Halittu ta St. Andrews''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''SABS''' ; asali: '''Tashar Halittu ta Atlantic''') cibiyar bincike ce ta Kamun Kifi da Tekun Kanada da ke kan titin Brandy Cove a St. Andrews, New Brunswick.&lt;ref name=&quot;fptt-pftt.gc.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-09-19 |title=Federal Labs Fisheries and Oceans Canada St. Andrews Biological Station |url=http://data.fptt-pftt.gc.ca/fedlabs/fedlab_e.cfm?id=31 |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Federal Labs Fisheries and Oceans Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tare da [[Huntsman Marine Science Centre|Cibiyar Kimiyyar Ruwa ta Huntsman]], [[Atlantic Salmon Federation|Ƙungiyar Salmon ta Atlantic]], da kuma harabar [[New Brunswick Community College|Kwalejin Al'umma ta New Brunswick]], SABS ita ce cibiyar cibiyar bincike kan kamun kifi da cibiyoyin ilimi a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;aquatic.uoguelph.ca2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=St. Andrew's Biological Station (SABS) |url=http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/Human/Research/Webresearchinst/East/StAndrews/standrews.htm |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=University of Guelph}}&lt;/ref&gt; SABS ita ce tashar bincike kan halittu ta ruwa ta farko a Kanada, wacce [[Department of Marine and Fisheries (Canada)|Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Kamun Kifi]] ta kafa a shekarar 1899 a matsayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na wucin gadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;SABSHistory20102&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-11-29 |title=SABS History |url=http://www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/e0006538 |access-date=12 April 2011 |website=mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;reliablepower.ca2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reliable Power keeps research afloat St. Andrews Biological Station |url=http://www.reliablepower.ca/st-andrews-biological-station |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Reliable Power Systems Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kafa tashar dindindin a hukumance a shekarar 1908.

Daraktan da ke aiki a yanzu shine Dr. Thomas W. Sephton.&lt;ref name=&quot;fptt-pftt.gc.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-09-19 |title=Federal Labs Fisheries and Oceans Canada St. Andrews Biological Station |url=http://data.fptt-pftt.gc.ca/fedlabs/fedlab_e.cfm?id=31 |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Federal Labs Fisheries and Oceans Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://data.fptt-pftt.gc.ca/fedlabs/fedlab_e.cfm?id=31 &quot;Federal Labs Fisheries and Oceans Canada St. Andrews Biological Station&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322154341/http://data.fptt-pftt.gc.ca/fedlabs/fedlab_e.cfm?id=31 |date=2012-03-22 }}. Federal Labs Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2007-09-19&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 April&lt;/span&gt; 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Robert Stephenson shine shugaban Sashen Tekun Maine, &lt;ref name=&quot;uottawa.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stephenson, Robert (Co-investigator) |url=http://aqua.management.uottawa.ca/stephenson.html |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Muticriteria Evaluation of Environmental Interactions in Coastal Aquaculture Sites}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da Dr. Peter Lawton, Daraktan Cibiyar Rabe-raben Halittu na Ruwa, masanin Kimiyya ne a SABS. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lawton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Peter Lawton (Director of CMB, marine ecologist) |url=http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/cmb/Members/peter-lawton/profile?set_language=fr |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Centre for Marine Biodiversity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 1899, malaman jami'a daga ko'ina cikin Kanada sun zo St. Andrews a cikin watannin bazara don yin aikin bincike a filin jirgin sama a tashar nazarin halittu ta farko ta ruwa ta Kanada, wacce a lokacin, wurin shakatawa ne mai iyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;PhotoAlbum2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-11-29 |title=SABS Photo Album |url=http://www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/e0006539 |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1908, an kafa ginshiƙan tashar nazarin halittu na dindindin tare da babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ginin zama, da kuma ɗaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;pipsc.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=St. Andrews Biological Station – Celebrating 100 Years of Ocean Research |url=http://www.pipsc.ca/portal/page/portal/website/news/magazine/autumn07/St.%20Andrews%20Biological%20Station |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=The Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai dogayen tebura masu aiki, da wurin ajiya don kayan aiki da kayayyaki. Dr. Archibald Gowanlock Huntsman shine Mai Kula da shi daga 1912 zuwa 1921 kuma Darakta daga 1921 har zuwa 1933. Gobara ta lalata babban dakin gwajin a 1932 kuma ta maye gurbinsa da dakin gwaje-gwaje mai hana wuta, wani ɓangare na ginin da ke ɗauke da ɗakin karatu na SABS. &lt;ref name=&quot;PhotoAlbum2010&quot; /&gt; Bayan kafa tashar bincike ta farko ta ruwa a Kanada a Gimli, Manitoba a 1929, masanin ilmin halittu na kamun kifi Alexander Dimitrivitch Bajkov ya zo aiki a SABS a shekarun 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;mhs.mb.ca2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 May 2009 |title=Memorable Manitobans: Alexander Dimitrivitch Bajkov (1895-1955) |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/bajkov_ad.shtml |access-date=12 April 2011 |website=mhs.mb.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009, an ba da kwangila don gina sabon ginin dakin gwaje-gwaje mai ruwa ta hanyar haɗa gine-ginen da ke akwai zuwa wani sabon wurin dakin gwaje-gwaje mai ruwa wanda ke ɗaukar mafi yawan ayyukan halittun ruwa da bincike; an kammala aikin a watan Yunin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.gc.ca2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2009 |title=Modernization of the St. Andrews Biological Station continues with a contract for construction of new wet laboratory |url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-eng.do?crtr.sj1D=&amp;mthd=advSrch&amp;crtr.mnthndVl=12&amp;nid=445369 |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Canada News Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Binciken da tashar ta gudanar ya haɗa da noman kamun kifi, nazarin teku, dorewar kamun kifi, kimanta yawan kifaye, yanayin ruwa, nau'ikan halittu da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma ilimin halittar kifayen da aka girbe a kasuwa. SABS tana kula da wurin ajiyar ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;reliablepower.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reliable Power keeps research afloat St. Andrews Biological Station |url=http://www.reliablepower.ca/st-andrews-biological-station |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Reliable Power Systems Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana ba da ayyuka da dama kamar ruwan gishiri, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ruwa mai tsafta da sinadarai; wuraren kiwon kifi na ruwa da na ruwa; da kuma na'urar duba na'urar hangen nesa ta lantarki . Akwai ƙananan wurare masu haɗawa a SABS amma ana samun su a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Ruwa ta Huntsman da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;fptt-pftt.gc.ca&quot;/&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin dakunan gwaje-gwajen ya yi nazarin Multi-trophic Aquaculture, yana noma nau'ikan halittu daban-daban a cikin kwantena iri ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pipsc.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=St. Andrews Biological Station – Celebrating 100 Years of Ocean Research |url=http://www.pipsc.ca/portal/page/portal/website/news/magazine/autumn07/St.%20Andrews%20Biological%20Station |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=The Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.pipsc.ca/portal/page/portal/website/news/magazine/autumn07/St.%20Andrews%20Biological%20Station &quot;St. Andrews Biological Station – Celebrating 100 Years of Ocean Research&quot;]. The Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 April&lt;/span&gt; 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Laburaren Tashar Halittu ta St. Andrews sun ƙunshi mafi girman tarin kayan arewa maso yammacin Tekun Atlantika a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pipsc.ca&quot;/&gt; Tana da tarin kayan tarihi a fannoni kamar su kiwon kamun kifi, kimiyyar muhalli, kimiyyar muhalli, ilmin halittu na ruwa, kimiyyar teku, ilimin halittun jama'a, da kuma ilimin guba. Albarkatun ɗakin karatu suna samuwa ga jama'a. Charlotte McAdam ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Laburare. &lt;ref name=&quot;MaritimesRegionLibraries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-12-16 |title=Maritimes Region Libraries |url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/libraries-bibliotheques/maritimes-eng.htm |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An buga littafin SABS mai suna &quot;Binciken Kimiyyar Muhalli - Tashar Halittu ta St. Andrews&quot;. An buga littafin kyauta a cikin Turanci da Faransanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;publications.gc.ca2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-07-16 |title=Environmental Science Research - St. Andrews Biological Station, Dedicated to Excellence in Aquatic Science Since 1908 |url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/385369/publication.html |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Government of Canada Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bob Uecker</title>
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'''Robert George Uecker''' ( / ˈjuːkər / YOO YOO kər ; Janairu 26, 1934 - Janairu 16, 2025) ƙwararren mai kama ƙwallon baseball ne kuma mai gabatar da wasanni wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sanar da wasan kwaikwayo ga Milwaukee Brewers na Major League Baseball (MLB) na tsawon yanayi 54. Hakanan ya kasance ɗan wasan talabijin da fina-finai lokaci-lokaci.

Uecker ya rattaba hannu da garinsu Milwaukee Braves a shekarar 1956, inda ya shafe shekaru da dama a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na haɗin gwiwa kafin ya fara buga wasa a babban gasar a shekarar 1962. A matsayinsa na mai riƙe da kambun wasa, ya buga wa Milwaukee Braves, St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies, da Atlanta Braves wasa daga 1962 zuwa 1967. Ya lashe gasar World Series tare da Cardinals a shekarar 1964 .

Bayan ya yi ritaya, Uecker ya fara aikin watsa shirye-shirye kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na Milwaukee Brewers daga 1971. Uecker ya shahara da rashin kunyatar da kansa kuma ya zama mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattaunawa na dare a shekarun 1970 da 1980, wanda mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattaunawa Johnny Carson ya yi masa lakabi da &quot; '''Mr. Baseball''' &quot;. Ya dauki nauyin shirye - shiryen wasanni da dama kuma ya yi aikin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya hada da rawar da ya taka a matsayin George Owens a shirin talabijin ''Mr. Belvedere'' da kuma Harry Doyle mai gabatar da shirye-shirye na wasa-da-wasa a fim din ''Major League'' da kuma jerin shirye-shiryensa guda biyu.

An karrama Uecker a zauren shahara na ƙasa da lambar yabo ta Ford C. Frick ta 2003 domin girmama aikinsa na watsa shirye-shirye.

== Rayuwar farko ==
Duk da cewa wani lokacin yana yin barkwanci cewa an haife shi ne a kan hanyar zuwa [[Illinois]] da ke kusa  (an hana margarine a jihar kiwo ta [[Wisconsin]] tsawon shekaru da yawa) a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1934, an haifi Uecker kuma ya girma a Milwaukee .  Shi ɗan asalin [[Michigan]] ne Mary (née Schultz) da August &quot;Gus&quot; Uecker. August Uecker ya yi ƙaura daga [[Switzerland]] a 1923. Bob kuma yana da ƙannensa mata biyu, Carol Ann da Rosemary. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=August Uecker Petition for Naturalization 1953 |url=https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/61213/images/100116873_00186?treeid=&amp;personid=&amp;hintid=&amp;queryId=eaa7da1e9d21346c70655a832b2c5e16&amp;usePUB=true&amp;_phsrc=Iem582&amp;_phstart=successSource&amp;usePUBJs=true&amp;_ga=2.28913855.2071860934.1632809615-15976413.1629000109&amp;pId=140162 |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 18, 2025 |website=[[Ancestry.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya girma yana kallon ƙungiyar Milwaukee Brewers ta ƙungiyar American Association a Borchert Field . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCalvy |first=Adam |date=April 8, 2015 |title=Ever the storyteller, Uecker reflects on 60 years in baseball |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/ever-the-storyteller-bob-uecker-reflects-on-60-years-in-baseball-c116900512 |access-date=January 18, 2025 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Watsa shirye-shiryen ƙarshe na Uecker shine Wasan 3 na National League Wild Card Series tsakanin Milwaukee Brewers da New York Mets a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2024. 

== Kwarewar wasanni a wajen wasan baseball ==
Kwarewar wasanni ta Uecker ta wuce wasan baseball. Ya dauki nauyin shirye-shiryen talabijin guda biyu, ''wato Wacky World of Sports na Bob Uecker'' da kuma ''War of the Stars na Bob Uecker'' . Tun daga lokacin aka san tsohon a matsayin ''The Lighter Side of Sports'' (kodayake tare da wani mai masaukin baki daban, Mike Golic ) kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen wasanni mafi dadewa a tarihin talabijin na Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2003 |title=Bob Uecker: 'My mother and father were on an oleo margarine run to Chicago back in 1934', Fricke Award |url=https://speakola.com/sports/bob-uecker-frick-baseball-hall-of-fame-2003 |publisher=Baseball Hall of Fame |via=Speakola}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rashin lafiya da mutuwa ===
A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2010, Uecker ya sanar da cewa zai rasa makonni 10-12 na kakar wasan ƙwallon baseball ta 2010 saboda tiyatar zuciya . An maye gurbin bawul ɗin aorta da wani ɓangare na tushen aorta bayan kwana huɗu, kuma ya koma watsa shirye-shirye ga Brewers a ranar 23 ga Yuli. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_c&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCalvy |first=Adam |date=April 27, 2010 |title=Uecker to have heart surgery |url=http://milwaukee.brewers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100427&amp;content_id=9609948&amp;vkey=news_mil&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=mil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503184434/http://milwaukee.brewers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100427&amp;content_id=9609948&amp;vkey=news_mil&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=mil |archive-date=May 3, 2010 |access-date=March 18, 2011 |publisher=[[Major League Baseball]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;   A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2010, Brewers ya sanar da cewa Uecker zai sake yin tiyatar zuciya, a wannan karon don gyara wani tsagewa a wurin da aka maye gurbin bawul ɗinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_d&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2010 |title=Bob Uecker needs more heart surgery |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=5684118 |access-date=September 26, 2013 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eider Mendoza</title>
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Eider Mendoza Larrañaga (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1974) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Basque wanda ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Basque National Party . Tun daga shekara ta 2023, ita ce shugabar Majalisar lardin Gipuzkoa, kasancewar ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin. Tana da digiri a Nazarin Kasuwanci kuma ta fara aikinta na siyasa a matsayin memba na Majalisar Basque, daga 2001 zuwa 2011. Daga 2011 zuwa 2019, ta kasance memba na Babban Taron Gipuzkoa . Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kasa (mataimakiyar kakakin) na Majalisar a lokacin wa'adin 2011-2015. Bayan nasarar zaben da Jam'iyyar Basque ta samu a shekarar 2015, an nada ta shugabar (mai magana) na Majalisar don wa'adin 2015-2019. Tun daga shekara ta 2019 ta kasance mai magana da yawun Majalisar Lardin Gipuzkoa, kuma Mataimakin Gwamnatin Lardin. A cikin 2020, an nada ta mataimakiyar shugaban majalisar lardin Gipuzkoa bayan sake fasalin da Shugaba Markel Olano ya yi. Ta tsaya a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Lardin Gipuzkoa a zaben 2023.

Ta kasance memba na kungiyar matasa ta Euzko Gaztedi, kuma a halin yanzu memba ne na reshen Hondarribia na Jam'iyyar Basque National Party. Ta kasance mai sharhi a cikin shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin na EITB (''Mezularia'', Faktoria, ''Debatea, Egun a kan Euskadi''), da kuma memba na Babban Taron Kutxa kuma mai ba da gudummawa a cikin manema labarai.

== Shekaru na farko ==
An haifi Eider Mendoza ga mahaifiyar Azkoitia da mahaifin Azpeitia. An haifi Mendoza a Azpeitia a shekara ta 1974, kuma ta zauna shekaru hudu a Etxe Alai . Lokacin da take 'yar shekara hudu, iyalinta suka koma Hondarribia. Yayinda take yarinya, ta raira waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Eskifaia Txiki daga Hondarribia . Sha'awarta ga siyasa tana gudana a cikin iyali, kuma ta fito ne musamman daga mahaifiyarta. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, Mendoza ta shiga EGI, kungiyar matasa ta Jam'iyyar Basque National Party . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=&quot;Etxean asko hitz egiten zen politikaz; natural egin zait txikitatik&quot; |url=https://gipuzkoa.hitza.eus/2022/06/10/etxean-asko-hitz-egiten-zen-politikaz-natural-egin-zait-txikitatik/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Gipuzkoako Hitza |language=eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1992, ta fara digiri a Nazarin Kasuwanci a Makarantar Kasuwancin Turai da ke [[Bordeaux]] ([[Faransa]]) kuma a shekara ta 1996 ta kammala karatun ta ƙware a Kasuwancin Duniya. Yayinda take karatu, ta yi horo a kamfanoni a Basque Country, Faransa da [[Ingila]]. Kafin ta shiga siyasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace a kamfanin sufuri na kasa da kasa da ke Irun, daga 1997 zuwa 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Batzarra |first=Gipuzko Buru |title=Eider Mendoza da Gipuzkoako Batzar Nagusietako presidente berria |url=https://www.gipuzko.eus/eu/berriak/41756/eider-mendoza-da-gipuzkoako-batzar-nagusietako-pre |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Gipuzko Buru Batzarra |language=eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 2001, tana cikin hutu ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba.

== Ayyukan siyasa ==

=== memba na majalisar dokokin Basque (2001-2011) ===
Ta tsaya takara a Zaben majalisar dokokin Basque na 2001 a matsayin dan takara na Gipuzkoa a cikin hadin gwiwar Basque National Party-Basque Solidarity . Kungiyar ta sami nasara sosai, tare da kashi 45% na kuri'un a Gipuzkoa. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 26, an zabi Mendoza a majalisar dokoki bayan abokan aiki daban-daban sun yi murabus daga majalisar don yin aiki a Gwamnatin Basque. Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa ta Jam'iyyar Basque.

An sake zabar ta a zaben majalisar dokokin Basque na shekara ta 2005. Ta kasance memba na ɗan gajeren lokaci na ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa ta Basque Solidarity daga 2005 zuwa 2006, daga baya ta sake shiga ƙungiyar Jam'iyyar Basque National Party. Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin harkokin zamantakewa da aiki, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu gabatar da Dokar Taimako ta Iyalai (2008) da Dokar Ayyukan Jama'a (2008).

An sake zabar ta a zaben majalisar dokokin Basque na shekara ta 2009. A lokacin da ta yi wa'adi uku a majalisar dokokin Basque, Mendoza ta zama fitacciyar memba na jam'iyyarta. An ba ta aiki tare da daidaita ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa, kuma ita ce mai magana da yawun jam'iyyar a cikin batutuwan manufofin zamantakewa.

A watan Yunin 2011, ta sauka daga majalisar bayan an zabe ta a Majalisar Dattijai ta Gipuzkoa .

=== memba na Babban Taron Gipuzkoa (2011-2019) ===
Mendoza ya tsaya takara a zaben Gipuzkoa na 2011 a matsayin babban dan takarar jam'iyyar Basque National Party a mazabar Bidasoa-Oiartzun . EAJ-PNV ta rasa iko da Majalisar Lardin Gipuzkoa (kungiyar da ke kula da Gipuzkoa karkashin jagorancin Markel Olano daga 2007) bayan nasarar zaben Bildu. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban majalisa ta farko ta Gipuzkoa (kungiyar majalisa) a lokacin wa'adin 2011-2015, da kuma kakakin kwamitin manufofin zamantakewa.

Ta kasance jagora a cikin jam'iyyarta, an ba ta aiki tare da daidaita ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa, da kuma mai magana da yawun EAJ-PNV kan batutuwan manufofin zamantakewa. Mendoza kuma ta kasance mai ba da shawara a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, tana wakiltar jam'iyyarta.

An sake zabar ta a matsayin memba na Babban Taron a zaben Gipuzkoa na 2015. Jam'iyyar Basque National Party ita ce jam'iyyar da aka fi jefa kuri'a, kuma an nada Mendoza a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dattijai na 2015-2019.

=== Majalisar lardin Gipuzkoa (tun daga shekara ta 2019) ===
An sake zabar ta a Zaben Gipuzkoa na 2019, wanda ya ga EAJ-PNV ta kara yawan kuri'u da yawan kujeru. An sanar da Mendoza ta ci gaba a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dattijai. Koyaya, shugaban Majalisar Lardin Gipuzkoa, Markel Olano, ya sanya ta cikin majalisar ministocinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=&quot;Etxean asko hitz egiten zen politikaz; natural egin zait txikitatik&quot; |url=https://gipuzkoa.hitza.eus/2022/06/10/etxean-asko-hitz-egiten-zen-politikaz-natural-egin-zait-txikitatik/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Gipuzkoako Hitza |language=eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada Mendoza a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamnatin Lardin, da kuma kakakin Majalisar Lardin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=&quot;Etxean asko hitz egiten zen politikaz; natural egin zait txikitatik&quot; |url=https://gipuzkoa.hitza.eus/2022/06/10/etxean-asko-hitz-egiten-zen-politikaz-natural-egin-zait-txikitatik/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Gipuzkoako Hitza |language=eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Nuwamba na 2020, shugaban kasar Olano ya sake fasalin majalisar ministoci kuma ya nada Mendoza mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=&quot;Etxean asko hitz egiten zen politikaz; natural egin zait txikitatik&quot; |url=https://gipuzkoa.hitza.eus/2022/06/10/etxean-asko-hitz-egiten-zen-politikaz-natural-egin-zait-txikitatik/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Gipuzkoako Hitza |language=eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan sake fasalin ya tada bayanan Mendoza a cikin gwamnati, kuma kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban sun gabatar da ita a matsayin mai maye gurbin Olano, wanda a baya ya ce ba zai sake tsayawa takara ba.

A cikin kaka na 2022, yayin da Jam'iyyar Basque National Party ke gab da fara aiwatar da zabar manyan 'yan takara don zaben 2023 na gaba, hasashen kafofin watsa labarai ya karu game da takarar Mendoza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=&quot;Etxean asko hitz egiten zen politikaz; natural egin zait txikitatik&quot; |url=https://gipuzkoa.hitza.eus/2022/06/10/etxean-asko-hitz-egiten-zen-politikaz-natural-egin-zait-txikitatik/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Gipuzkoako Hitza |language=eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe, reshen zartarwa na jam'iyyar na Gipuzkoa ya sanar a ranar 25 ga Oktoba cewa za a gabatar da Mendoza ga membobin a matsayin dan takarar zama shugaban majalisar lardin Gipuzkoa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=&quot;Etxean asko hitz egiten zen politikaz; natural egin zait txikitatik&quot; |url=https://gipuzkoa.hitza.eus/2022/06/10/etxean-asko-hitz-egiten-zen-politikaz-natural-egin-zait-txikitatik/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Gipuzkoako Hitza |language=eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mambobin jam'iyyar sun amince da takarar ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba. Mendoza ita ce mace ta farko a jam'iyyarta da ta yi niyyar zama shugaban majalisar lardin Gipuzkoa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=&quot;Etxean asko hitz egiten zen politikaz; natural egin zait txikitatik&quot; |url=https://gipuzkoa.hitza.eus/2022/06/10/etxean-asko-hitz-egiten-zen-politikaz-natural-egin-zait-txikitatik/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Gipuzkoako Hitza |language=eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin zaben 2023, Jam'iyyar Basque National Party karkashin jagorancin Mendoza ta samu kashi 32.04% na kuri'un da kujeru 17 a Gipuzkoa. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu mafi kyau na jam'iyyar a cikin kuri'un kuri'u tun lokacin da Basque Solidarity ta rabu a cikin shekarun 1980 (jam'iyyar kawai ta sami kuri'un da suka fi girma a cikin 2019, kodayake ta sami kujerar daya a cikin 2015 tare da ƙananan kuri'un). Koyaya, sun rasa kujeru 3 kuma EH Bildu ita ce jam'iyyar da aka fi jefa kuri'a. Duk da haka, zaben ya sauya majalisa mai rataye kuma jam'iyyar ta sanar da cewa Mendoza za ta yi ƙoƙari ta sami rinjaye a zaman na saka hannun jari.[1]

=== Shugaban Majalisar Lardin Gipuzkoa (tun 2023) ===
A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 2023, Mendoza ta sami kuri'u da yawa a zaman da aka yi kuma an zabe ta shugaban majalisar lardin Gipuzkoa, ta zama mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=&quot;Etxean asko hitz egiten zen politikaz; natural egin zait txikitatik&quot; |url=https://gipuzkoa.hitza.eus/2022/06/10/etxean-asko-hitz-egiten-zen-politikaz-natural-egin-zait-txikitatik/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Gipuzkoako Hitza |language=eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Tana zaune a Hondarribia . Ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya hudu (yar da maza uku). Mijinta ya fito ne daga Saint-Jean-de-Luz . Sun hadu a jami'a kuma sun yi aure a lokacin rani na 1999. Ita memba ce ta Hirukide, Ƙungiyar Basque ta Ƙungiyoyin Manyan Iyalai . Mendoza yana da ƙwarewa a cikin Basque, Mutanen Espanya da Faransanci, kuma yana da matsakaicin matakin Turanci.

== Tarihin zabe ==

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>bjsnmyxsnbx63nj9hqeot44e9fyd2os</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Helen Clark</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>817988</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T05:52:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <origin>817988</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8311" sha1="lkyk5rky63ptxo43h3e6mgox8br72mv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Helen Elizabeth Clark''' ONZ SSI PC (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1950) 'yar siyasar New Zealand ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 37 na New Zealand daga 1999 zuwa 2008 kuma ta kasance mai gudanarwa na Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 2009 zuwa 2017. Ita ce Firayim Minista na biyar mafi tsawo a New Zealand, kuma mace ta biyu da ta rike wannan mukamin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2010 |title=Helen Clark |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/helen-clark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310055610/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/people/helen-clark |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012 |website=New Zealand history online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haifi Clark a wani gona a wajen Hamilton. Ta shiga [[Auckland]]&quot; id=&quot;mwGQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Auckland&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Auckland a shekarar 1968 don nazarin siyasa kuma ta zama mai aiki a cikin Jam'iyyar Labour Party ta New Zealand . Bayan kammala karatunta ta koyar da karatun siyasa a jami'ar. Clark ya shiga siyasa a cikin gida a 1974 a Auckland amma ba a zabe shi zuwa kowane matsayi ba. Bayan wani yunkuri mara nasara, an zabe ta a majalisar a {{NZ election link year|1981}} a matsayin memba na Mount Albert, mai jefa kuri'a da ta wakilta har zuwa 2009.

Clark ya rike mukamai da yawa a cikin Gwamnatin Labour ta huɗu, gami da Ministan gidaje, ministan lafiya da Ministan kiyayewa. Ta kasance mataimakiyar Firayim Minista ta 11 ta New Zealand daga 1989 zuwa 1990 tana aiki a karkashin Firayim Ministocin Geoffrey Palmer da Mike Moore . Bayan da aka ci Labour a zaben 1993, Clark ya kalubalanci Moore don jagorancin jam'iyyar kuma ya ci nasara, ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar adawa. Bayan zaben 1999, Labour ta kafa hadin gwiwa mai mulki, kuma an rantsar da Clark a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;Boston&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya jagoranci Gwamnatin Labour ta Biyar, wacce ta aiwatar da manyan shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki da yawa ciki har da Kiwibank, Asusun Superannuation na New Zealand, Tsarin Cinikin Ruwa na New Zealand da KiwiSaver. Gwamnatinta ta kuma gabatar da Dokar Foreshore da Seabed Act 2004, wanda ya haifar da babbar gardama. A harkokin kasashen waje, Clark ya aika da sojoji zuwa Yaƙin Afghanistan, amma bai ba da gudummawar sojoji ga Yaƙin Iraki ba, kuma ya ba da umarnin turawa zuwa [[Rikicin 2006 a Timor-Leste|Rikicin Timor ta Gabas na 2006]]. ''Forbes'' ta sanya ta a matsayin mace ta 20 mafi iko a duniya a shekara ta 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da shawarar yarjejeniyar cinikayya ta kyauta tare da manyan abokan ciniki, gami da zama ƙasa ta farko da ta ci gaba da sanya hannu kan irin wannan yarjejeniya tare da [[Sin|China]]. Bayan nasarar zabe uku a jere, an kayar da gwamnatinta a zaben 2008; Clark ta yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista da shugaban jam'iyya a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2008. John Key na jam'iyyar National Party ne ya gaje ta a matsayin Firayim Minista, kuma Phil Goff ne ya gaishe ta a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Labour.

Clark ta yi murabus daga majalisa a watan Afrilun 2009 don zama mace ta farko da ke jagorantar Shirin Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP). A shekara ta 2016, ta tsaya a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, amma ba ta yi nasara ba.[1] Ta bar mukamin mai gudanarwa na UNDP a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2017 a ƙarshen wa'adin shekaru huɗu na biyu kuma Achim Steiner ya gaje ta. [2][3] A cikin 2019, Clark ya zama mai kula da Gidauniyar Helen Clark.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Clark ita ce babba cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na iyalin manoma a Te Pahu, yammacin Hamilton, a cikin Waikato . {{Sfn|Eyley|Salmon|2015}} Mahaifiyarta, Margaret McMurray, 'yar asalin Irish, malamar makarantar firamare ce. Mahaifinta, Frederick George Clark, wanda ya tafi da sunan George, an haife shi a Frankton a 1922 kuma ya gudanar da gonar Clarks daga farkon balaga zuwa ritaya a 1987, lokacin da dattijo Clarks ya yi ritaya zuwa Waihi Beach. Margaret Clark ta mutu a shekarar 2017 tana da shekaru 87.  George Clark ya mutu a shekara ta 2025 yana da shekaru 103.&lt;ref name=&quot;1News-2025&quot; /&gt;

Clark ta yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Te Pahu, a makarantar Epsom Girls' Grammar School a [[Auckland]] da kuma Jami'ar Auckland, inda ta yi karatu da siyasa kuma ta kammala karatu tare da MA (Honours) a shekara ta 1974. Rubutun ta ya mayar da hankali kan halayyar siyasa da wakilci na yankunan karkara. &lt;ref name=&quot;thesis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Executive – Helen Clark |url=http://www.executive.govt.nz/minister/clark/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618121327/http://www.executive.govt.nz/minister/clark/ |archive-date=18 June 2006 |access-date=30 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|East|Thomas|2003}} Yayinda yake matashi Clark ya zama mai aiki a siyasa, yana nuna rashin amincewa da Yaƙin Vietnam da kuma kamfen akan sansanonin soja na kasashen waje a New Zealand.{{Sfn|East|Thomas|2003}}

Clark ta yi aiki sosai a cikin Jam'iyyar Labour Party ta New Zealand a mafi yawan rayuwarta. A shekara ta 1971 ta taimaka wa 'yan takarar Labour a Majalisar Birnin Auckland, uku daga cikinsu an zabe su. Bayan wannan, ta tsaya a Majalisar Birnin Auckland kanta a 1974 da 1977 .  Duk da yake yawanci tana jefa kuri'a da kyau, ba ta taba samun kujerar ba, ta rasa kuri'u 105 kawai a cikin karshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Declaration of Result of Election&quot; /&gt;

Clark ya kasance ƙaramin malami a cikin karatun siyasa a Jami'ar Auckland daga 1973 zuwa 1975.{{Sfn|East|Thomas|2003}} A shekara ta 1974 ta nemi gabatarwa ga masu jefa kuri'a na Auckland ta Tsakiya, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Richard Prebble .  A maimakon haka ta tsaya ga Piako, wurin zama mai aminci na kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;valedictory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2009 |title=Helen Clark's Valedictory Speech |url=http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/PB/Debates/Debates/b/4/2/49HansD_20090408_00001084-Valedictory-Statement.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806141607/http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/PB/Debates/Debates/b/4/2/49HansD_20090408_00001084-Valedictory-Statement.htm |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=6 January 2010 |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliament]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clark ta yi karatu a kasashen waje a kan kwamitin bayar da gudummawa na jami'a a shekara ta 1976, sannan ta sake ba da lacca a karatun siyasa a Auckland yayin da take gudanar da PhD (wanda ba ta kammala ba) daga 1977 har zuwa zaben ta a majalisar a 1981. Mahaifinta ya goyi bayan Jam'iyyar National a wannan zaben.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na kasa na Labour daga 1978 har zuwa Satumba 1988, kuma daga Afrilu 1989. Ta shugabanci reshen Jami'ar Auckland Princes Street na Jam'iyyar Labour a lokacin karatunta, ta zama mai aiki tare da 'yan siyasa na Labour na gaba ciki har da Richard Prebble, David Caygill, Margaret Wilson da Richard Northey . Clark ta rike mukamin shugaban kwamitin matasa na Labour, memba na zartarwa na majalisar yanki ta Auckland ta jam'iyyar, sakataren kwamitin mata na Labour kuma memba na kwamitin manufofi.[undefined] A shekara ta 1980 ta tsaya a matsayin dan takara don matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Koyaya, a rana ta biyu ta taron jam'iyyar, ta janye takarar ta, ta ba da damar zabar sakataren ƙungiyar Dan Duggan ba tare da hamayya ba.[1]

Clark represented the New Zealand Labour Party at the congresses of the Socialist International and of the Socialist International Women in 1976, 1978, 1983 and 1986,{{Sfn|East|Thomas|2003}} at an Asia-Pacific Socialist Organisation Conference held in [[Sydney]] in 1981, and at the Socialist International Party Leaders' Meeting in Sydney in 1991.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tarihin zaben Helen Clark
* Jerin masu karɓar Kyautar Makomar Nukiliya
* Siyasa ta New Zealand
* Jerin shugabannin gwamnati da suka ziyarci Kudancin Pole

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>lkyk5rky63ptxo43h3e6mgox8br72mv</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>817989</id>
      <parentid>817988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T05:52:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>817989</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8091" sha1="kp07i8ygeef4b55xkcqeabrdpxou13x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Helen Elizabeth Clark''' ONZ SSI PC (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1950) 'yar siyasar New Zealand ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 37 na New Zealand daga 1999 zuwa 2008 kuma ta kasance mai gudanarwa na Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 2009 zuwa 2017. Ita ce Firayim Minista na biyar mafi tsawo a New Zealand, kuma mace ta biyu da ta rike wannan mukamin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2010 |title=Helen Clark |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/helen-clark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310055610/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/people/helen-clark |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012 |website=New Zealand history online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haifi Clark a wani gona a wajen Hamilton. Ta shiga [[Auckland]]&quot; id=&quot;mwGQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Auckland&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Auckland a shekarar 1968 don nazarin siyasa kuma ta zama mai aiki a cikin Jam'iyyar Labour Party ta New Zealand . Bayan kammala karatunta ta koyar da karatun siyasa a jami'ar. Clark ya shiga siyasa a cikin gida a 1974 a Auckland amma ba a zabe shi zuwa kowane matsayi ba. Bayan wani yunkuri mara nasara, an zabe ta a majalisar a {{NZ election link year|1981}} a matsayin memba na Mount Albert, mai jefa kuri'a da ta wakilta har zuwa 2009.

Clark ya rike mukamai da yawa a cikin Gwamnatin Labour ta huɗu, gami da Ministan gidaje, ministan lafiya da Ministan kiyayewa. Ta kasance mataimakiyar Firayim Minista ta 11 ta New Zealand daga 1989 zuwa 1990 tana aiki a karkashin Firayim Ministocin Geoffrey Palmer da Mike Moore . Bayan da aka ci Labour a zaben 1993, Clark ya kalubalanci Moore don jagorancin jam'iyyar kuma ya ci nasara, ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar adawa. Bayan zaben 1999, Labour ta kafa hadin gwiwa mai mulki, kuma an rantsar da Clark a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;Boston&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya jagoranci Gwamnatin Labour ta Biyar, wacce ta aiwatar da manyan shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki da yawa ciki har da Kiwibank, Asusun Superannuation na New Zealand, Tsarin Cinikin Ruwa na New Zealand da KiwiSaver. Gwamnatinta ta kuma gabatar da Dokar Foreshore da Seabed Act 2004, wanda ya haifar da babbar gardama. A harkokin kasashen waje, Clark ya aika da sojoji zuwa Yaƙin Afghanistan, amma bai ba da gudummawar sojoji ga Yaƙin Iraki ba, kuma ya ba da umarnin turawa zuwa [[Rikicin 2006 a Timor-Leste|Rikicin Timor ta Gabas na 2006]]. ''Forbes'' ta sanya ta a matsayin mace ta 20 mafi iko a duniya a shekara ta 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da shawarar yarjejeniyar cinikayya ta kyauta tare da manyan abokan ciniki, gami da zama ƙasa ta farko da ta ci gaba da sanya hannu kan irin wannan yarjejeniya tare da [[Sin|China]]. Bayan nasarar zabe uku a jere, an kayar da gwamnatinta a zaben 2008; Clark ta yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista da shugaban jam'iyya a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2008. John Key na jam'iyyar National Party ne ya gaje ta a matsayin Firayim Minista, kuma Phil Goff ne ya gaishe ta a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Labour.

Clark ta yi murabus daga majalisa a watan Afrilun 2009 don zama mace ta farko da ke jagorantar Shirin Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP). A shekara ta 2016, ta tsaya a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, amma ba ta yi nasara ba.[1] Ta bar mukamin mai gudanarwa na UNDP a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2017 a ƙarshen wa'adin shekaru huɗu na biyu kuma Achim Steiner ya gaje ta. [2][3] A cikin 2019, Clark ya zama mai kula da Gidauniyar Helen Clark.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Clark ita ce babba cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na iyalin manoma a Te Pahu, yammacin Hamilton, a cikin Waikato . {{Sfn|Eyley|Salmon|2015}} Mahaifiyarta, Margaret McMurray, 'yar asalin Irish, malamar makarantar firamare ce. Mahaifinta, Frederick George Clark, wanda ya tafi da sunan George, an haife shi a Frankton a 1922 kuma ya gudanar da gonar Clarks daga farkon balaga zuwa ritaya a 1987, lokacin da dattijo Clarks ya yi ritaya zuwa Waihi Beach. Margaret Clark ta mutu a shekarar 2017 tana da shekaru 87.  George Clark ya mutu a shekara ta 2025 yana da shekaru 103.&lt;ref name=&quot;1News-2025&quot; /&gt;

Clark ta yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Te Pahu, a makarantar Epsom Girls' Grammar School a [[Auckland]] da kuma Jami'ar Auckland, inda ta yi karatu da siyasa kuma ta kammala karatu tare da MA (Honours) a shekara ta 1974. Rubutun ta ya mayar da hankali kan halayyar siyasa da wakilci na yankunan karkara. &lt;ref name=&quot;thesis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Executive – Helen Clark |url=http://www.executive.govt.nz/minister/clark/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618121327/http://www.executive.govt.nz/minister/clark/ |archive-date=18 June 2006 |access-date=30 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|East|Thomas|2003}} Yayinda yake matashi Clark ya zama mai aiki a siyasa, yana nuna rashin amincewa da Yaƙin Vietnam da kuma kamfen akan sansanonin soja na kasashen waje a New Zealand.{{Sfn|East|Thomas|2003}}

Clark ta yi aiki sosai a cikin Jam'iyyar Labour Party ta New Zealand a mafi yawan rayuwarta. A shekara ta 1971 ta taimaka wa 'yan takarar Labour a Majalisar Birnin Auckland, uku daga cikinsu an zabe su. Bayan wannan, ta tsaya a Majalisar Birnin Auckland kanta a 1974 da 1977 .  Duk da yake yawanci tana jefa kuri'a da kyau, ba ta taba samun kujerar ba, ta rasa kuri'u 105 kawai a cikin karshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Declaration of Result of Election&quot; /&gt;

Clark ya kasance ƙaramin malami a cikin karatun siyasa a Jami'ar Auckland daga 1973 zuwa 1975.{{Sfn|East|Thomas|2003}} A shekara ta 1974 ta nemi gabatarwa ga masu jefa kuri'a na Auckland ta Tsakiya, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Richard Prebble .  A maimakon haka ta tsaya ga Piako, wurin zama mai aminci na kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;valedictory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2009 |title=Helen Clark's Valedictory Speech |url=http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/PB/Debates/Debates/b/4/2/49HansD_20090408_00001084-Valedictory-Statement.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806141607/http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/PB/Debates/Debates/b/4/2/49HansD_20090408_00001084-Valedictory-Statement.htm |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=6 January 2010 |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliament]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clark ta yi karatu a kasashen waje a kan kwamitin bayar da gudummawa na jami'a a shekara ta 1976, sannan ta sake ba da lacca a karatun siyasa a Auckland yayin da take gudanar da PhD (wanda ba ta kammala ba) daga 1977 har zuwa zaben ta a majalisar a 1981. Mahaifinta ya goyi bayan Jam'iyyar National a wannan zaben.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na kasa na Labour daga 1978 har zuwa Satumba 1988, kuma daga Afrilu 1989. Ta shugabanci reshen Jami'ar Auckland Princes Street na Jam'iyyar Labour a lokacin karatunta, ta zama mai aiki tare da 'yan siyasa na Labour na gaba ciki har da Richard Prebble, David Caygill, Margaret Wilson da Richard Northey . Clark ta rike mukamin shugaban kwamitin matasa na Labour, memba na zartarwa na majalisar yanki ta Auckland ta jam'iyyar, sakataren kwamitin mata na Labour kuma memba na kwamitin manufofi.[undefined] A shekara ta 1980 ta tsaya a matsayin dan takara don matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Koyaya, a rana ta biyu ta taron jam'iyyar, ta janye takarar ta, ta ba da damar zabar sakataren ƙungiyar Dan Duggan ba tare da hamayya ba.[1]

Clark represented the New Zealand Labour Party at the congresses of the Socialist International and of the Socialist International Women in 1976, 1978, 1983 and 1986,{{Sfn|East|Thomas|2003}} at an Asia-Pacific Socialist Organisation Conference held in [[Sydney]] in 1981, and at the Socialist International Party Leaders' Meeting in Sydney in 1991.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}

== Dubi kuma ==
* Tarihin zaben Helen Clark
* Jerin masu karɓar Kyautar Makomar Nukiliya
* Siyasa ta New Zealand
* Jerin shugabannin gwamnati da suka ziyarci Kudancin Pole

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Santa María de la Paz</title>
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'''Santa María de la Paz''' birni ne, da ke a jihar [[Yanayin yanayi na Zacatecas|Zacatecas]] ta [[Mexico (ƙasa)|ƙasar Mexiko]], mai tazarar {{Convert|165|km}} kudu maso yammacin babban birnin jihar Zacatecas City .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Gundumar Santa María de la Paz tana kan tudu tsakanin {{Convert|1800|and(-)|2700|m}} a cikin [[Sierra Madre Occidental]] a kudu maso yammacin Zacatecas. Tana iyaka da ƙananan hukumomin [[Tepechitlán]] a arewa, [[Jalpa, Zacatecas|Jalpa]] a arewa maso gabas, [[Apozol Municipality|Apozol]] a gabas, [[Juchipila]] a kudu maso gabas, [[Teúl de González Ortega Municipality|Teúl de González Ortega]] a kudu, da [[Florencia de Benito Juárez|Benito Juárez]] a yamma. &lt;ref name=&quot;compendium2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Santa María de la Paz, Zacatecas |url=http://www3.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/app/mexicocifras/datos_geograficos/32/32058.pdf |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Prontuario de información geográfica municipal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos |publisher=INEGI |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karamar hukumar ta ƙunshi yanki mai fadin {{Convert|278.4|km2}} kuma ya ƙunshi kashi 0.4% na yankin jihar. 

Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, kashi 29.1% na ƙasar da ke Santa María de la Paz ana amfani da ita ne don noma. Sauran ƙasar ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka (42.7%), ciyawa (27.7%), da ciyawa (0.4%). Gundumar tana cikin magudanar ruwa ta Río Grande de Santiago . Yawancin gundumar tana magudanar ruwa ne ta Kogin Tlaltenango, wani magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Bolaños, yayin da gabashin biyar na gundumar ke magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Juchipila . &lt;ref name=&quot;compendium&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Santa María de la Paz, Zacatecas |url=http://www3.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/app/mexicocifras/datos_geograficos/32/32058.pdf |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Prontuario de información geográfica municipal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos |publisher=INEGI |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai ƙaramin magudanar ruwa mai suna El Izote wanda ke gabashin majalisar gundumar. &lt;ref name=&quot;plan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2017 |title=Plan de Desarrollo Municipal |url=http://www.santamariadelapazzac.gob.mx/PDM%20SANTA%20MARIA%20DE%20LA%20PAZ%20LISTO.pdf |access-date=10 October 2021 |publisher=Santa María de la Paz |pages=19, 31–32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Santa María de la Paz tana da yanayi mai zafi tare da hunturu mai bushewa. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin gundumar yana tsakanin {{Convert|14|and(-)|20|C}}, kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin {{Convert|800|and(-)|1000|mm}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;compendium&quot;/&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Bayan Yaƙin Mixtón, friar {{Interlanguage link|Michele da Bologna|es|Miguel de Bolonia}} ya kafa asibitin ''Nuestra señora de la Limpia Concepción'' {{Circa|1542}} a yanzu Santa María de la Paz. &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Santa María de la Paz |url=http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM32zacatecas/municipios/32058a.html |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México |publisher=[[INAFED]] |language=es |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011024005/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM32zacatecas/municipios/32058a.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historia |url=http://www.santamariadelapazzac.gob.mx/historia.html |access-date=10 October 2021 |publisher=Municipality of Santa María de la Paz |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara kafa Santa María de la Paz a matsayin gundumomi a cikin ''partido'' na Tlaltenango  daga 1869 zuwa 1905. &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;/&gt; Ya rubuta yawan mazaunan 2500 a cikin 1894. &lt;ref name=&quot;amador&quot; /&gt; Bayan haka an shigar da shi ƙarƙashin gundumar Teúl Tolezá, wanda ya canza sunansa zuwa Teúl. 1935. Tsarin Mulki na 1944 na Zacatecas ya kafa ''taron'' Ignacio Allende a Teúl de González Ortega.  A ranar 26 Oktoba 2004, gwamnatin jihar ta amince da sake kafa gundumar Santa María de la Paz daga ''ikilisiyar'' Ignacio Allende, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Decreto #20 |url=https://www.congresozac.gob.mx/lviiilegislatura/content/Direccion%20Juridica/Decretos/decreto20.htm |access-date=10 October 2021 |publisher=[[Congress of Zacatecas]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gwamnati ==
Gwamnatin birnin Santa María de la Paz ta ƙunshi shugaba, kansila ( [[Yaren Sifen|Spanish]] : ''síndico'' ), da kuma amintattu bakwai ( ''regidores'' ), huɗu an zaɓe su da rinjayen jama'a da kuma uku bisa ga wakilcin da aka tsara . &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;/&gt; Shugaban ƙaramar hukumar na yanzu shine José Manuel González Dorado. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Decreto #20 |url=https://www.congresozac.gob.mx/lviiilegislatura/content/Direccion%20Juridica/Decretos/decreto20.htm |access-date=10 October 2021 |publisher=[[Congress of Zacatecas]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alƙaluma ==
A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta Mexico ta 2020, Santa María de la Paz ta ƙididdige yawan mazaunan 2767 da ke zaune a cikin gidaje 860.  Ƙididdigar 2010 ta ƙididdige yawan mazaunan 2821 a Santa María de la Paz. 

Akwai yankuna 19 da ake zaune a cikin gundumar,  wanda kawai aka sanya shi a matsayin birni, wanda kuma ake kira Santa María de la Paz. &lt;ref name=&quot;catalog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resumen municipal: Municipio de Santa María de la Paz |url=http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&amp;campo=loc&amp;ent=32&amp;mun=058 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Catálogo de Localidades |publisher=[[SEDESOL]] |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙunshi yawan jama'a na 1995 a cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;panorama&quot; /&gt;

== Tattalin arziki da kayayyakin more rayuwa ==
Babban ayyukan tattalin arziki a Santa María de la Paz sune noma da kiwon shanu. Babban amfanin gona da ake nomawa shine masara. &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;plan&quot;/&gt;

Babbar Hanyar Tarayya ta 23 tana tafiya arewa-kudu ta cikin gundumar, tana haɗa ta da Jerez da Fresnillo a arewa, da kuma [[Zapopan]] da [[Guadalalajara|Guadalajara]] a kudu.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Rote Revue</title>
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'''''Rote Revue''''' wani bangare ne na Jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Switzerland|Social Democratic Party ta Switzerland]] kuma ta wanzu tsakanin 1921 da 2009.

== Tarihi da bayanin martaba ==
Robert Grimm da Ernst Nobs ne suka kafa ''Rote Revue'' a shekarar 1921. &lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rote Revue : Zeitschrift für Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur |url=http://retro.seals.ch/digbib/info_ror |access-date=14 June 2015 |website=Seals Portal }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nobs shine editan farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot; /&gt;

Daga 1921 zuwa 1966, mujallar ta bayyana a ƙarƙashin taken Rote Revue: sozialistische Monatsschrift (&quot;socialist monthly revue&quot;). Daga 1967 zuwa 1980 ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin taken Profile: sozialdemokratische Zeitschrift für Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur . Daga 1980 zuwa 1989 ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin taken Rote Revue - Profile: Monatszeitschrift . Daga 1989 zuwa 2009, ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin taken Rote Revue: Zeitschrift für Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur . &lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot;/&gt;

''Rote Revue'' ya daina aiki a shekarar 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;sep2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rote Revue : Zeitschrift für Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur |url=http://retro.seals.ch/digbib/info_ror |access-date=14 June 2015 |website=Seals Portal }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;soz2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Portals for digital objects |url=http://www.sozialarchiv.ch/en/spezialseiten/portals-for-digital-objects/ |access-date=14 June 2015 |website=Sozialarchiv}}&lt;/ref&gt; An samar da dukkan bugu a yanar gizo ta hanyar [[Swiss Electronic Academic Library Service]] (SEALS) a shekarar 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;soz2&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yvonne Weldon</title>
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'''Yvonne Weldon''' AM 'yar siyasa ce ta karamar hukuma ta Australiya. An zabe ta mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar [['Yan asalin Australiya|Aboriginal]] Land Council kuma ita ce 'yar takarar Aboriginal ta farko ga Ubangiji Magajin Birnin Sydney a 2021, ta sake tsayawa a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Sullivan |first=Matt |date=14 May 2021 |title=Indigenous leader Yvonne Weldon enters race for Sydney mayoralty |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/indigenous-leader-yvonne-weldon-enters-race-for-sydney-mayoralty-20210514-p57rvx.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022190745/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/indigenous-leader-yvonne-weldon-enters-race-for-sydney-mayoralty-20210514-p57rvx.html |archive-date=2021-10-22 |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce majalisa ta farko da aka zaba a Birnin Sydney .

== Rayuwa ta farko da asali ==
Weldon mutum ce mai suna Wiradjuri. [ba a fayyace ba] Tun tana ƙarama, ta sami ƙarfi da himma wajen kawo sauyi mai kyau ga mutanen Aboriginal da al'ummominta. Ta halarci makarantar gwamnati a Redfern, Sydney. Weldon a halin yanzu ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugabar Majalisar Landan Aboriginal ta Metropolitan Local, Mataimakiyar Shugabar Majalisar Ranar New South Wales Australia, [ba a fayyace ba] memba ce ta kwamitin gudanarwa na Domestic Violence NSW kuma tsohuwar memba ce ta kwamitin gudanarwa na Kwalejin Redfern Jarjum. [1] Ta shafe sama da shekaru 20 tana aiki a manyan ƙungiyoyin First Nations da na gwamnati a faɗin ƙasar.

A shekara ta 2016, an sanya ta cikin jerin sunayen ga Queensland Literary Awards, David Unaipon Award don rubutun da ba a buga ba 67 Days kuma an ba ta kyautar Allen &amp; Unwin Faber Writing Academy ta 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Sullivan |first=Matt |date=14 May 2021 |title=Indigenous leader Yvonne Weldon enters race for Sydney mayoralty |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/indigenous-leader-yvonne-weldon-enters-race-for-sydney-mayoralty-20210514-p57rvx.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022190745/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/indigenous-leader-yvonne-weldon-enters-race-for-sydney-mayoralty-20210514-p57rvx.html |archive-date=2021-10-22 |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; Michael Joseph ne ya buga ''Kwanaki sittin da bakwai'' a cikin 2022. Mai bita na ''Sydney Morning Herald'' Juliette Hughes ya yi iƙirarin cewa littafin ya fi soyayya kuma &quot;ya kamata ya kasance a cikin jerin kowane kulob din littafi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Sullivan |first=Matt |date=14 May 2021 |title=Indigenous leader Yvonne Weldon enters race for Sydney mayoralty |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/indigenous-leader-yvonne-weldon-enters-race-for-sydney-mayoralty-20210514-p57rvx.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022190745/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/indigenous-leader-yvonne-weldon-enters-race-for-sydney-mayoralty-20210514-p57rvx.html |archive-date=2021-10-22 |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Weldon ya gudanar da maraba da kasar don Ranar Australia 2019 a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sydney tare da Firayim Ministan New South Wales Gladys Berejiklian da Gwamna David Hurley. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Sullivan |first=Matt |date=14 May 2021 |title=Indigenous leader Yvonne Weldon enters race for Sydney mayoralty |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/indigenous-leader-yvonne-weldon-enters-race-for-sydney-mayoralty-20210514-p57rvx.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022190745/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/indigenous-leader-yvonne-weldon-enters-race-for-sydney-mayoralty-20210514-p57rvx.html |archive-date=2021-10-22 |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
An ba Weldon lambar yabo ta 2019 NSW Volunteer of the Year don Yankin Kudancin Sydney [undefined] kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta 2022 Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta NSW Aboriginal Woman of the Year . [undefined] An nada ta memba na Order of Australia a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya ta 2022 saboda aikinta tare da al'ummar 'yan asalin New South Wales . [1]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruwan Torc</title>
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'''Ruwan Torc''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=(irish) Easach Toirc (genitive) Easach Toirc (english) Torc Waterfall |url=https://www.logainm.ie/en/1165208 |access-date=17 December 2018 |publisher=Loganim.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt;  dogon [[Waterfall|ruwan]] da ke gudana a cikin kogin Owengarriff yayin da yake malala daga tafkin ''[[Devil's Punchbowl (Kerry)|Punchbowl corrie na Devil]]'' a [[Mangerton Mountain|Dutsen Mangerton]] . Ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin [[Torc Mountain|Dutsen Torc]], a cikin [[Killarney National Park]], yana da {{Convert|7|km|mi}} daga [[Killarney]] a [[County Kerry]], [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;killarney2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Torc Waterfall |url=https://www.killarneynationalpark.ie/visit-us/torc-waterfall/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |publisher=[[Killarney National Park]] |quote=Torc Waterfall is 7 kilometres from Killarney Town and approx 2.5 kilometres from the motor entrance to Muckross House and is signposted from a carpark off the N71. A short walk of approx 200 metres brings you to the waterfall. From that point steps lead to another viewing point at a higher altitude that provides a view over the Middle Lake. The path is also part of the Kerry Way long distance walking route and a starting point for circular walking routes which are indicated by a map down at the start of the trail beside the car park. The waterfall which is approximately 20 metres high is at its best after heavy rainfall.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Kerryway2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Killarney to Torc Waterfall |url=http://www.kerryway.com/trail-description/killarney-torc-waterfall.php |access-date=18 December 2018 |publisher=KerryWay.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da ke gudana a cikin wani wuri ne mai shahara a kan yawon shakatawa na [[Ring of Kerry]] da [[Kerry Way]] . 

== Suna ==
[[Fayil:Torc_Waterfall_at_Killarney_National_Park2.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan ɓangaren ruwan Torc Waterfall]]
Kalmar Torc ta fito ne daga fassarar Irish na &quot;alade na daji&quot;, kuma yankin yana da alaƙa da tatsuniyoyi da suka shafi alade na daji. Wani tatsuniya na wani mutum ne da Shaiɗan ya la'anta don ya kwana a kowace dare ya zama alade na daji, amma lokacin da wani manomi na gida ya tona asirinsa, sai ya fashe da wuta ya ɓace a cikin ''Devils Punchbowl'' da ke kusa da Dutsen Mangerton inda Kogin Owengarriff ya fito don ɓoye ƙofar kogonsa a ƙarƙashin Ruwan Torc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=(irish) Easach Toirc (genitive) Easach Toirc (english) Torc Waterfall |url=https://www.logainm.ie/en/1165208 |access-date=17 December 2018 |publisher=Loganim.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Loop 10: Torc Waterfall |url=https://www.discoverireland.ie/getmedia/6ee4e83f-bf01-48d0-88f6-3e3ae70edcf4/KerryWalkingMaps.aspx |access-date=17 December 2018 |publisher=Discover Ireland |quote=Torc Waterfall – Mythical Landscapes }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai kuma labarin yadda jarumin Irish, Fionn MacCumhaill, ya kashe alade mai sihiri a kan dutsen Torc da mashinsa na zinare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Donald E. Meek |date=July 1990 |title=THE DEATH OF DIARMAID IN SCOTTISH AND IRISH TRADITION |url=https://www.dias.ie/wp-content/uploads/webstore/celt/pubs/celtica/c21/c21-335.pdf |publisher=[[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2019-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030173542/https://www.dias.ie/wp-content/uploads/webstore/celt/pubs/celtica/c21/c21-335.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan labarin kuma ana danganta shi da dutsen BenBulben . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Killian |date=2022-12-13 |title=Reintroducing the wild boar - |url=https://wildireland.org/our-journal/animal-stories/reintroducing-the-wild-boar/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Wild Ireland {{!}} Wildlife Park |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Steps_on_Torc_Waterfall_Kerry.jpg|thumb|Hanya zuwa ga Torc Waterfall]]
Ruwan ruwan mai tsawon mita 20 ya samo asali ne daga kogin Owengarriff yayin da yake malala daga wurin shakatawa ''na Devil's Punchbowl'', wani da'ira mai zurfi a sama a Dutsen Mangerton . 

Ruwan Torc yana kan wata matsala ta ƙasa da ake kira ''Layin Layi na Muckross zuwa Millstreet'' . Dutsen Torc ya ƙunshi Devonian Old Red Sandstone mai shekaru miliyan 400, amma tushen da ke kewaye da Tafkin Muckross ya fi shekaru miliyan 100 girma kuma ya ƙunshi Carboniferous Limestone . A wani lokaci, bayan an ajiye dutse mai laushi, an yi karo da farantin tectonic kuma ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin Torc ta ɗaga sama da mita 3,000, ta sake fallasa tsohon dutsen yashi da ke ƙarƙashinsa. 

== Ziyarar ==
Ruwan Torc yana da nisan {{Convert|7|km|mi}} daga Killarney, da kuma {{Convert|2.5|km|mi}} daga ƙofar Muckross House, a cikin Killarney National Park .  Ruwan saman yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke kan yawon shakatawa na Kerry Way mai nisan {{Convert|200|km}}, &lt;ref name=&quot;Kerryway&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Killarney to Torc Waterfall |url=http://www.kerryway.com/trail-description/killarney-torc-waterfall.php |access-date=18 December 2018 |publisher=KerryWay.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma sanannen wuri ne da za a tsaya a kan babban yawon shakatawa na Ring of Kerry .  

Ruwan ruwan yana da nisan tafiya daga wurin ajiye motoci (a V966847 ) kusa da titin N71, &lt;ref name=&quot;killarney&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Torc Waterfall |url=https://www.killarneynationalpark.ie/visit-us/torc-waterfall/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |publisher=[[Killarney National Park]] |quote=Torc Waterfall is 7 kilometres from Killarney Town and approx 2.5 kilometres from the motor entrance to Muckross House and is signposted from a carpark off the N71. A short walk of approx 200 metres brings you to the waterfall. From that point steps lead to another viewing point at a higher altitude that provides a view over the Middle Lake. The path is also part of the Kerry Way long distance walking route and a starting point for circular walking routes which are indicated by a map down at the start of the trail beside the car park. The waterfall which is approximately 20 metres high is at its best after heavy rainfall.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma hawan saman magudanar ruwa yana ta hanyar hanyar dutse mai kimanin matakai ɗari (kuma kimanin mita 55 a tsayin sama), kuma yana ɗaukar kimanin mintuna 30 don kammalawa.   Ana yawan ganin barewa ja kuma ana jin su a yankin. 
[[Fayil:Steps_up_Cardiac_Hill,_Torc_Waterfall,_Killarney,_Ireland.jpg|thumb|Hawan Cardiac Hill]]
Killarney National Park yana da hanyoyi da dama da ke kewaye da Torc Waterfall masu tsayi daban-daban, waɗanda ake kira Shuɗi, Rawaya da Ja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=(irish) Easach Toirc (genitive) Easach Toirc (english) Torc Waterfall |url=https://www.logainm.ie/en/1165208 |access-date=17 December 2018 |publisher=Loganim.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Red Trail tana hawa '''Cardiac Hill''' (wanda kuma ake kira ''Huntsman's Hill'' ko ''Cardiac Steps'' ), kuma ta ƙunshi hawa jerin matakai masu tsayi na dutse (mafarin shine rabin kilomita yamma da wurin ajiye motoci na ruwan sama daga N71) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=(irish) Easach Toirc (genitive) Easach Toirc (english) Torc Waterfall |url=https://www.logainm.ie/en/1165208 |access-date=17 December 2018 |publisher=Loganim.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa wurin lura da kuma bukkar beyar zuma ta dutse, rabin hanyar hawa Torc Mountain a kimanin {{Convert|300|m|ft}}, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Loop 10: Torc Waterfall |url=https://www.discoverireland.ie/getmedia/6ee4e83f-bf01-48d0-88f6-3e3ae70edcf4/KerryWalkingMaps.aspx |access-date=17 December 2018 |publisher=Discover Ireland |quote=Torc Waterfall – Mythical Landscapes |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918123643/https://www.discoverireland.ie/getmedia/6ee4e83f-bf01-48d0-88f6-3e3ae70edcf4/KerryWalkingMaps.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; yana ba da ra'ayoyi game da Tafkunan Killarney, sannan kuma yana juyawa zuwa gabas don shiga ''Old Kenmare Road'' sannan ya gangara ta hanyar Torc Waterfall. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Donald E. Meek |date=July 1990 |title=THE DEATH OF DIARMAID IN SCOTTISH AND IRISH TRADITION |url=https://www.dias.ie/wp-content/uploads/webstore/celt/pubs/celtica/c21/c21-335.pdf |publisher=[[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2019-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030173542/https://www.dias.ie/wp-content/uploads/webstore/celt/pubs/celtica/c21/c21-335.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata babbar hanyar tafiya mai alama kuma tana gudana daga ruwan magudanar ruwa zuwa saman Dutsen Torc {{Convert|535|m|ft}} ta hanyar ''Old Kenmare Road'', duk da haka, masu tafiya a ƙasa za su iya guje wa Torc Waterfall kuma su fara daga babban wurin ajiye motoci a saman ruwan da ke kewaye da ruwan (a mita 55, V967842 ), don kammala hanyar kilomita 8-awanni 3 zuwa saman Dutsen Torc da dawowa.  

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa
* Matan Kallo
* Gibin Moll
* Baƙin Kwarin
* Tafkin Dunloe

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>SAP</title>
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SAP SE / / ˌɛs . eɪ ˈpiː / ; ) wani kamfanin software ne na ƙasashen duniya na Jamus wanda ke Walldorf, Baden-Württemberg, Jamus. [1] Ita ce babbar mai sayar da software ta tsara albarkatun kasuwanci (ERP) a duniya. [2] [3] [4]

SAP GbR ta zama, a shekarar 1981, cikakken tsarin, Anwendungen da Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung ( Tsarin, Aikace-aikace da Kayayyaki a Tsarin Bayanai ), ta rage wa SAP GmbH tazara bayan shekaru biyar na canjin da ya fara a 1976. [1] A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ta sake tsara kanta a matsayin SAP AG . [2] Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuli 2014, tsarin kamfaninta na ƙungiyar Turai ne (SE); [3] [4] [5] [6] saboda haka, tsohon kamfaninta na Jamus yanzu kamfani ne mai zaman kansa, SAP Deutschland SE &amp; Co. KG . [5] Tana da ofisoshin yanki a ƙasashe 180 [7] [8] da ma'aikata 109,973 [9] [10] .

SAP wani ɓangare ne na ma'aunin kasuwar hannun jari na DAX da Euro Stoxx 50. [1] Kamfanin shine mafi girman kamfanin software wanda ba na Amurka ba ta hanyar samun kuɗi kuma shine kamfanin software na biyar mafi girma a duniya da ake ciniki da shi ta hanyar samun kuɗi. A watan Yunin 2025, shine babban kamfanin Turai ta hanyar samun riba ta kasuwa, haka kuma shine ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni 30 mafi daraja da ake ciniki da su a bainar jama'a a duniya. [2]1

== Tarihi ==

=== ƙarni na 20 ===
Lokacin da Xerox ta fice daga masana'antar kera kayan aikin kwamfuta a shekarar 1971,  ta nemi IBM da ta ƙaura da tsarin kasuwancinta zuwa fasahar IBM. A matsayin wani ɓangare na diyya ta IBM don ƙaura, an ba IBM haƙƙin ma'ajiyar software na Scientific Data Systems (SDS) /SAPE. Injiniyoyin IBM guda biyar daga sashen AI &lt;ref name=&quot;funding universe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of SAP AG |url=https://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/sap-ag-history |access-date=3 May 2013 |publisher=[[FundingUniverse]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ( Dietmar Hopp, Klaus Tschira, Hans-Werner Hector, Hasso Plattner, da Claus Wellenreuther, duk daga Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg) suna aiki akan tsarin kasuwanci gabaɗaya bisa ga wannan software, amma sai aka gaya musu cewa ba zai zama dole ba. Maimakon barin aikin, sun yanke shawarar barin IBM Tech su fara wani kamfani.  &lt;ref name=&quot;saphistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=SAP History: From Start-Up Software Vendor to Global Market Leader |url=http://www.sap.com/corporate-en/about/our-company/history/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216153527/https://www.sap.com/corporate-en/about/our-company/history/index.html |archive-date=16 February 2016 |access-date=10 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 1972 sun kafa SAP {{Lang|de|Systemanalyse und Programmentwicklung}} (&quot;Nazarin Tsarin da Ci Gaban Shirye-shirye&quot; / &quot;SAPD&quot;), a matsayin haɗin gwiwa na sirri a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jama'a ta Jamus. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early years {{!}} SAP History {{!}} About SAP SE |url=https://www.sap.com/corporate/en/company/history/1972-1980.html |access-date=2019-01-23 |website=SAP |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abokin hulɗarsu na farko shine reshen Jamus na Imperial Chemical Industries da ke Östringen,  inda suka ƙirƙiro shirye-shiryen babban tsarin albashi da lissafi. Maimakon adana bayanai akan katunan punch ta hanyar injiniya, kamar yadda IBM ta yi, sun adana su a cikin Tsarin Lantarki yayin da suke amfani da rumbun adana bayanai na gama gari don duk ayyukan Organization. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2017)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar bayani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Saboda haka, sun kira manhajarsu tsarin lokaci-lokaci, tunda babu buƙatar sarrafa katunan bugun zuciya cikin dare ɗaya (saboda wannan dalili ne samfurinsu na farko ya ɗauki R a cikin sunansa har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1990). Wannan sigar farko ita ma manhaja ce mai zaman kanta wadda za a iya bayarwa ga sauran masu sha'awar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1973, SAP ta ƙaddamar da samfurin kasuwanci na farko, tsarin lissafin kuɗi na RF. Wannan tsarin ya zama ginshiƙi a ci gaba da haɓaka wasu kayan aikin software na tsarin waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka ɗauki sunan SAP R/1. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Wannan ya ba da tsarin gama gari don ayyuka da yawa. Wannan ya ba da damar amfani da ajiyar bayanai na tsakiya, yana inganta kula da bayanai. Saboda haka, daga mahangar fasaha, ya zama dole a sami rumbun adana bayanai . &lt;ref name=&quot;ErfolgsfaktorenSAP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2008 |title=Vom Programmierbüro zum globalen Softwareproduzenten: Die Erfolgsfaktoren der SAP von der Gründung bis zum R/3-Boom, 1972 bis 1996 |url=http://chbeck.metapress.com/content/ph64048135784551 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128164657/http://chbeck.metapress.com/content/ph64048135784551 |archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date=27 March 2014 |publisher=Chbeck.metapress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1976, aka kafa SAP GmbH Systeme, Anwendungen da Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung (&quot;Tsarin, Aikace-aikace, da Kayayyaki a Tsarin Bayanai&quot;) a matsayin reshen tallace-tallace da tallafi. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, an wargaza haɗin gwiwar masu zaman kansu kuma aka mika haƙƙoƙinsa ga SAP GmbH. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Hedkwatar ta koma Walldorf, Jamus a shekara mai zuwa.

A shekarar 1979, SAP ta ƙaddamar da SAP R/2, inda ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin tsarin zuwa wasu fannoni, kamar sarrafa kayan aiki da tsara yadda ake samarwa .

A shekarar 1981, SAP ta kawo wani samfurin da aka sake tsarawa kasuwa. Duk da haka, SAP R/2 bai inganta ba sai tsakanin 1985 da 1990.

A shekarar 1992, SAP ta fitar da SAP R/3 . SAP ta ƙirƙiro kuma ta fitar da nau'ikan R/3 da dama har zuwa 1995.

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1988, SAP GmbH ta zama SAP AG, kuma cinikin jama'a ya fara a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1988. An jera hannun jari a kasuwannin hannayen jari na Frankfurt da Stuttgart . &lt;ref name=&quot;saphistory&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1995, an saka SAP a cikin ma'aunin hannun jari na Jamus DAX, kuma a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2003, an saka SAP a cikin STOXX Europe 50. 

A tsakiyar shekarun 1990, SAP ta sauya daga babban tsarin kwamfuta zuwa tsarin tsarin abokin ciniki-uwar garken . A shekarar 1996 ta fara kawance da kamfanin ba da shawara kan fasaha na Sipaniya Seidor, inda ta fara fadada hanyoyin samar da mafita na SAP a duk fadin Latin Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ƙarni na 21 ===
[[Fayil:Ilham_Aliyev_met_with_Chief_Executive_Officer_of_SAP_SE_03.jpg|right|thumb|Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na SAP SE ya gana da Shugaba Ilham Aliyev na [[Azerbaijan]]]]
A shekara ta 2004, an maye gurbin R/3 da SAP ERP Central Component (ECC) 5.0.  An kuma yi canje-canje a tsarin gine-gine don sauya abokan ciniki zuwa tsarin gine-gine mai da hankali kan sabis .

Sunan kamfanin a hukumance ya zama ''SAP AG'' (kamfanin gwamnati mai iyaka) bayan babban taron shekara-shekara na 2005.

A shekara ta 2006, an fitar da SAP ERP 6.0. SAP ERP 6.0 shine sabon sigar da aka sabunta ta hanyar fakitin haɓaka SAP, wanda ya fi kwanan nan shine fakitin haɓakawa 8 don SAP ERP 6.0 a shekara ta 2016. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarar 2012, SAP ta sayi kamfanoni da dama da ke sayar da kayayyaki masu amfani da girgije, tare da wasu sayayya da masu sharhi ke ganin sun kai dala biliyan da yawa a matsayin wani yunƙuri na ƙalubalantar Oracle mai fafatawa.  A shekarar 2014, SAP ta sayi Concur Technologies, mai samar da manhajar tafiye-tafiye da sarrafa kuɗi ta girgije, akan dala biliyan 8.3, siyayyar SAP mafi tsada zuwa wannan lokacin.  Martanin masu sharhi game da siyayyar sun gauraye, inda Thomas Becker na Commerzbank ya yi tambaya ko Concur shine zaɓi mafi kyau ga SAP, yayin da Credit Suisse ya kira siyayyar a matsayin wani mataki na &quot;tashin hankali&quot;. 

A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2014, SAP AG ta sanar a lokacin Babban Taron Masu Hannun Jari na Shekara-shekara cewa kashi 99% na kuri'un masu hannun jari sun amince da sauya fom ɗin shari'a zuwa kamfanin hannun jari na Turai ( Societas Europaea, SE) kuma a lokaci guda, sun zaɓi kwamitin sa ido na farko na SAP SE. Juya fom ɗin shari'a na kamfanin zai faru ne da zarar an shigar da shi cikin rajistar kasuwanci, ana sa ran zai kasance a watan Yulin 2014. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga Yuli 2014, SAP ta sanar da cewa ta canza tsarin shari'arta zuwa Kamfanin Turai (Societas Europaea, SE). Sakamakon haka, reshenta na Jamus aka sake masa suna zuwa SAP Deutschland SE &amp; Co. KG. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-07-07 |title=SAP Now European Company (SE) |url=https://news.sap.com/2014/07/sap-se-now-european-company/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607234100/https://news.sap.com/2014/07/sap-se-now-european-company/ |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=SAP News Center |publisher=SAP SE |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; Sauya wannan tsari ya kashe kamfanin kimanin Yuro miliyan 4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2014 IBM da SAP suka fara haɗin gwiwa don sayar da ayyukan girgije.  Haka kuma, a shekarar 2015, SAP ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da HPE don samar da ingantattun ayyukan girgije masu amfani da girgije waɗanda ke gudanar da dandamalin SAP. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; HPE da IBM duka suna ba da ayyukan ababen more rayuwa ga SAP, kuma SAP tana gudanar da mafita ta girgije ta SAP HANA a saman. SAP ta sanar da ƙarin haɗin gwiwa da Microsoft don ba wa abokan ciniki kayan aikin gani bayanai, da kuma ingantattun aikace-aikacen wayar hannu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2015, SAP ta zarce hasashen samun kudin shiga saboda fadada kasuwancinta na girgije da kuma nasarar SAP HANA. Haka kuma ana iya danganta ci gaban da wani bangare da sayen Concur da Fieldglass.  Tun daga shekarar 2017, SAP memba ce da ta kafa Tsarin Da'a na Girgije na Tarayyar Turai . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga watan Mayu na 2021, SAP ta lissafa zababbun Sabis na Girgije da suka bi Dokar Da'a ta Girgije ta Tarayyar Turai a matsayin daya daga cikin masu samar da Sabis na Girgije na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=2025-03-25 |title=Software giant SAP becomes Europe's most valuable firm amid German stock market boom |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/25/sap-becomes-europes-most-valuable-firm-amid-german-stock-boom.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin ya sanar da shirinsa a shekarar 2016 na saka hannun jari sosai a fannin fasahar da ta shafi Intanet na abubuwa (IoT) a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun cin gajiyar ci gaban wannan kasuwa. Don wannan dalili, ana shirin zuba jari na Yuro biliyan 2 a fannoni masu dacewa nan da karshen shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SAP Plans to Invest $2.2 Billion in the Internet of Things by 2020 |url=https://fortune.com/2016/09/28/sap-invest-billion-internet-things-2020/ |access-date=2017-07-17 |website=Fortune |agency=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; SAP kuma za ta kaddamar da wani sabon layin samfura mai suna SAP IoT, wanda &quot;zai hada bayanai masu yawa daga abubuwan da aka haɗa da Intanet tare da koyon na'ura da kuma bayanan SAP na ainihin lokaci S/4 HANA.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Janairu 2019, SAP ta sanar da shirin rage guraben aiki kusan 4,000 a kamfanin a cikin wani shiri na dabarun canzawa zuwa fasahohin zamani na girgije kamar blockchain, ƙididdigar kwantum, koyon injina, Intanet na Abubuwa, da kuma [[Kirkirar Basira|fasahar wucin gadi]] . 

A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2021, SAP ta sanar da kafa kamfanin haɗin gwiwa ''na SAP Fioneer'', wani sashin Masana'antar Ayyukan Kuɗi (FSI) mai ƙwazo tsakanin SAP da kamfanin saka hannun jari na Dediq GmbH. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dediq GmbH ta zuba jari sama da Yuro miliyan 500 a cikin sabon sashin da aka kafa kuma ta sami kashi 80 cikin ɗari na hannun jari. [https://neodumps.com/sap/ SAP] ta kawo kayayyakinta, sassan ƙungiya da hanyar sadarwa ta tallace-tallace cikin kasuwancin kuma tana da kashi 20 cikin ɗari na hannun jari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=2025-03-25 |title=Software giant SAP becomes Europe's most valuable firm amid German stock market boom |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/25/sap-becomes-europes-most-valuable-firm-amid-german-stock-boom.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2025, an ruwaito cewa kamfanin ya kai darajar Yuro biliyan 320 kuma 4 cikin 5 na ayyukan abokan ciniki na SAP yanzu an sarrafa su ta hanyar kasuwancin girgije a matakin babban sikelin . &lt;ref name=&quot;t135&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=SAP quietly steals a march on Silicon Valley’s A-list |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8c78d84e-24fd-4cc9-98b8-00407a2b534b |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Financial Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba na 2025, Hukumar Turai ta fara bincike kan SAP game da ayyukan da ba sa gasa. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saye-saye ==
Tun daga shekarar 1991, SAP ta sami kamfanoni sama da 70. Ƙungiyar SAP ta ƙunshi kamfanoni 226 tun daga ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2024. SAP ta ba da fifiko ga saka hannun jari na halitta a cikin fasahohi don haɓaka da dacewa da fayil ɗin samfura na dogon lokaci, yayin da kuma ke yin sayayya da aka yi niyya don ƙara wa mafita da ake da su da kuma haɓaka shiga cikin manyan kasuwannin dabaru. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAP_IB_2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Integrierten Bericht 2024 |url=https://www.sap.com/investors/en/integrated-reports.html |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=SAP SE |language=de |type=Offizieller Bericht }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

SAP tana tallafawa ƙirƙirar kamfanoni na waje da haɓaka halittu ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin asusun haɗari da Sapphire Ventures ke gudanarwa; waɗannan kuɗaɗen suna sarrafa kadarori sama da dala biliyan 10 (€ biliyan 9) kuma sun yi alƙawarin saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 1 a cikin kamfanoni masu tasowa waɗanda ke haɓaka fasahar kasuwanci mai amfani da fasahar AI don haɓaka ci gaban su a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAP_IB_2024&quot;/&gt;

== Kayayyaki ==
 
[[Fayil:2013-09-11_Bus_wrapped_with_SAP_Big_Data_parked_outside_IDF13_(9730051783).jpg|right|thumb|Motar bas mai naɗe SAPE SE tana nuna haɗin bayanai a taron Intel Developer Forum da ke [[San Francisco]]]]
Baya ga manyan kayayyakin ERP ɗinsa, kamfanin yana kuma sayar da software da fasaha na bayanai (musamman alamarsa, SAP HANA ) da tsarin da aka ƙera ta hanyar girgije  . Yana sayar da wasu samfuran software na ERP &lt;ref name=&quot;SAP_2017_Factsheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2017 |title=SAP: The World’s Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://www.sap.com/germany/documents/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.html |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=SAP SE |language=en |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar:

* [[Albarkatun dan'adam|Manhajar Gudanar da Jarin Dan Adam]] (HCM)
* Manhajar kula da dangantakar abokan ciniki (CRM)
* Manhajar Gudanar da Ayyukan Kasuwanci (EPM)
* Manhajar sarrafa zagayowar rayuwa ta samfura (PLM)
* Manhajar kula da alaƙar mai kaya (SRM)
* Manhajar Gudanar da Sarkar Samarwa (SCM)
* Manhajar dandamalin fasahar kasuwanci (BTP)
* Yanayin shirye-shiryen SAP AppGyver

Dangane da kason kasuwarta ta duniya, an sanya SAP a matsayin jagora a fannoni kamar haka: Manhajar Kasuwanci, Aikace-aikacen Gudanar da Albarkatun Kasuwanci, Aikace-aikacen Gudanar da Sarkar Kayayyaki, Manhajar Sayayya, Manhajar Gudanar da Tafiya da Kuɗi, da Manhajar Tsarin Albarkatun Kasuwanci (ERP). &lt;ref name=&quot;SAP_IB_2024&quot;/&gt; 98 daga cikin manyan kamfanoni 100 a duniya abokan cinikin SAP ne. Kimanin kashi 80% na abokan cinikin SAP ƙananan kamfanoni ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAP_2017_Factsheet&quot;/&gt;

== Kuɗi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Tallace-tallace ta yanki (2023) &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt;
! Yanki
! raba
|-
| [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]
| Kashi 32.7%
|-
| EMEA (ba tare da Jamus ba)
| 29.1%
|-
| Jamus
| 15.8%
|-
| Asiya Pacific (ba tare da Japan ba)
| 10.8%
|-
| [[Amurka]] (ba tare da Amurka ba)
| 8.2%
|-
| Japan
| 4.0%
|}
A shekarar kuɗi ta 2017, SAP ta ba da rahoton samun kuɗin shiga na Yuro biliyan 4, tare da kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara na Yuro biliyan 23.5, wanda ya karu da kashi 6.3% idan aka kwatanta da zagayen kuɗi na baya. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; Hannun jarin SAP sun yi ciniki a kan sama da dala Amurka $154 a kowace hannun jari, kuma darajar jarin kasuwarsa ta kai dala biliyan 180 a watan Disamba na 2023, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hakan ya sa ta zama babbar kamfanin Jamus ta hanyar jarin kasuwa . 

Manyan hanyoyin SAP sune (kamar yadda yake a shekarar kuɗi da ta ƙare a ranar 31 ga Maris): &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=2025-03-25 |title=Software giant SAP becomes Europe's most valuable firm amid German stock market boom |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/25/sap-becomes-europes-most-valuable-firm-amid-german-stock-boom.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable float-left&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!Shekara
! Kudin Shiga&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (€ biliyan)
! Duka riba&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (€ biliyan)
! Jimlar kadarori&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (€ biliyan)
! Ma'aikata
! Majiyoyi
|-
| 2013
| 16.8
| 3.3
| 27.0
| 66,572
|
|-
| 2014
| 17.5
| 3.2
| 38.5
| 74,406
|
|-
| 2015
| 20.7
| 3.0
| 41.3
| 76,986
|
|-
| 2016
| 22.0
| 3.6
| 44.2
| 84,183
|
|-
| 2017
| 23.4
| 4.0
| 42.4
| 88,543
|
|-
| 2018
| 24.7
| 4.0
| 51.5
| 96,498
|
|-
| 2019
| 27.5
| 3.3
| 60.2
| 100,330
| &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2020
| 27.3
| 5.1
| 58.4
| 103,876
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2021
| 27.8
| 5.2
| 71.1
| 107,415
|
|-
| 2022
| 30.8
| 2.2
| 72.1
| 109,973
|
|-
| 2023
| 31.2
| 6.1
| 68.2
| 106,043
|
|-
| 2024
| 34.2
| 3.1
| 74.1
| 107,155
|
|}

== Tsarin kamfani da mallakarsa ==
[[Fayil:Sap-wdf.jpg|right|thumb|An ga ginin hedikwatar SAP a shekarar 2012]]
SAP tana da tsarin mallakar ƙasa kamar haka a farkon 2024: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Sunan mai hannun jari
! Kashi
|-
| Hasso Plattner
| 6.60%
|-
| Kamfanin BlackRock, Inc.
| 5.53%
|-
| Dietmar Hopp Stiftung GmbH
| 5.04%
|-
| SAP SE
| 5.01%
|-
| Kamfanonin Capital Group Inc.
| 3.27%
|-
| Klaus Tschira Stiftung gGmbH
| 3.63%
|-
| Goldman Sachs
| 0.39%
|-
| Shawagi kyauta
| 70.53%
|}
 
SAP tana amfani da tsarin kwamitoci masu matakai biyu tare da kwamitin zartarwa da kuma kwamitin kulawa . &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na 2019, an naɗa Jennifer Morgan da Christian Klein a matsayin shugabannin haɗin gwiwa na SAP. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=2025-03-25 |title=Software giant SAP becomes Europe's most valuable firm amid German stock market boom |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/25/sap-becomes-europes-most-valuable-firm-amid-german-stock-boom.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu na 2020, an sanar da cewa Jennifer Morgan za ta bar SAP kuma Christian Klein zai ci gaba da aiki a matsayin shugaban kamfanin, yana mai ambaton cewa yanayin da ake ciki a yanzu na koma bayan tattalin arziki na COVID-19 yana buƙatar &quot;kamfanoni su ɗauki mataki cikin sauri, wanda tsarin shugabanci mai haske ke tallafawa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin ma'aikatan kamfanin suna Jamus da Amurka. Kimanin ma'aikata 20,000 ne ke zaune a Jamus &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kimanin ma'aikata 19,311 suna zaune a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=2025-03-25 |title=Software giant SAP becomes Europe's most valuable firm amid German stock market boom |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/25/sap-becomes-europes-most-valuable-firm-amid-german-stock-boom.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi wakilan ma'aikata 45 a ''Majalisar Ayyukan SAP SE'' a shekarar 2022, ciki har da 'yan takara 15 daga jerin ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata na Ver.di da IG Metall . Suna wakiltar ma'aikata 17,000 na Jamus. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt;

Hedkwatar tana da alhakin gudanarwa gaba ɗaya da kuma ayyukan injiniya masu mahimmanci da suka shafi haɓaka samfura. Ba ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a fagen ba ne ke ba da tallafin abokin ciniki a duk duniya amma ta wata ƙungiya mai haɗin kai mai suna Active Global Support (AGS). &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin yana kuma ƙarfafa ma'aikata su yi aikin sa kai ta hanyar hutun zamantakewa, suna aika ƙungiyoyin mutane zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban don taimakawa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ma'aikatan SAP sun yi aikin sa kai a China, Indiya, Brazil, da Afirka ta Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike da ci gaba ==
Cibiyar SAP Labs ta ƙunshi dukkan manyan cibiyoyin bincike da ci gaban SAP na duniya, a cikin ƙasashe sama da 20 kuma tana wakiltar sama da kashi 80% na ma'aikatan injiniya na SAP na duniya. A cikin watanni tara na farko na 2025 (9M/2025), SAP ta sadaukar da kashi 18.2% na jimillar kuɗin shigarta ga Bincike da Ci gaba (R&amp;D) ba tare da la'akari da IFRS ba, tana amfani da ma'aikatan bincike da ci gaba na cikakken lokaci 37,909 (34.2% na jimillar yawan ma'aikata) a wurare sama da 100 na ci gaba a duniya, gami da cibiyoyin ci gaban SAP Labs 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAP_2017_Factsheet&quot;/&gt;

Manyan cibiyoyin SAP sune Jamus, Indiya,  Amurka da China, da kuma ci gaban cibiyoyin sadarwa a Gabashin Asiya, Gabashin Turai, Kanada da Latin Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suka da cece-kuce ==
Tun daga watan Mayun 2015, kamfanin ya yi ta fama da jerin bincike-bincike na cin hanci da rashawa,   &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 February 2019 |title=SAP, EOH affiliate TTCS caught up in bribery allegations - TechCentral |url=https://techcentral.co.za/sap-eoh-affiliate-ttcs-caught-up-in-bribery-allegations/87871/ |access-date=2019-07-08 |publisher=techcentral.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; ciki har da wanda ya kai su ga biyan dala miliyan 3.9 don warware tuhume-tuhumen da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Kuɗi ta Amurka ta yi kan shirin wani tsohon shugaban jami'a na cin hanci ga jami'an gwamnatin Panama domin samun kwangilolin fasaha masu riba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

A watan Yulin 2017, an yi zargin cewa SAP ta shiga cikin harkokin kasuwanci da iyalan Gupta masu ce-ce-ku-ce da kuma masu tasiri a siyasance a Afirka ta Kudu. An zargi SAP da biyan CAD House, wani kamfani da Gupta ke iko da shi, R100.&amp;nbsp;miliyan domin tabbatar da yarjejeniyar Transnet . SAP ta musanta zarge-zargen, tana mai ikirarin cewa an biya kuɗin ne a matsayin &quot;ƙara wa rundunar tallace-tallace,&quot; duk da cewa CAD House ba ta da wata gogewa a SAP a baya.  &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana mu'amalar iyalan Gupta da SAP a cikin wani ɓoyayyen imel da aka yi ta yaɗawa a shafukan yanar gizo.   Sakamakon zarge-zargen, SAP ta ƙaddamar da bincike wanda ya kai ga an sanya manajojin Afirka ta Kudu huɗu a hutun gudanarwa tare da kwace wayoyin hannu da kwamfutocinsu.  An naɗa Claas Kuehnemann a matsayin mukaddashin daraktan gudanarwa na Afirka yayin da binciken ke ci gaba.  A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2017, SAP ta sanar da cewa ta kai ƙarar da kanta ga Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Hannun Jari ta Amurka (SEC) bisa son rai kan yiwuwar keta dokar Amurka, gami da Dokar Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Ƙasashen Waje (FCPA), dangane da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa na Afirka ta Kudu. Binciken SAP da kanta, wanda kamfanin lauyoyi Baker McKenzie ya gudanar, ya nuna cewa SAP ta biya dala miliyan 7.7 a matsayin kwamitoci ga wasu kamfanoni da ke da alaƙa da dangin Gupta yayin da take samun kwangiloli masu darajar dala miliyan 48 tare da Transnet da Eskom . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=2025-03-25 |title=Software giant SAP becomes Europe's most valuable firm amid German stock market boom |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/25/sap-becomes-europes-most-valuable-firm-amid-german-stock-boom.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;SAP employees represent a high degree of national diversity, originating from 175 nationalities worldwide. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018 kuma a wani shari'ar kotu da ake yi, Teradata ta zargi SAP da satar IP da kuma zamba . &lt;ref name=&quot;:mirror&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=The dark side of SAP |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/sap-die-dunkle-seite-des-digitalkonzerns-a-bb2a621a-825c-44ee-be90-e6e74ceeea2d |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=spiegel.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:managermagazine1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=The dark side of SAP |url=https://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/sap-die-dunkle-seite-des-digitalkonzerns-a-25f28c7b-8fe8-4495-9db8-63690f2e9442 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=manager-magazin.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, a cikin mujallar labarai ta mako-mako ta Jamus mai suna Der Spiegel, an yi ƙarin ƙorafe-ƙorafe game da ɗabi'ar da SAP ke bayarwa ga masu bincike a Jami'ar Mannheim - waɗanda SAP ke biyan su don binciken fasahar masu fafatawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:mirror&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:tageschau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Mit Datendiebstahl an die Weltspitze? |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/investigativ/mdr/sap-geistiges-eigentum-101.html |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=tagesschau.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani labarin da ya gabata, mujallar Der Spiegel ta dage cewa SAP ta yi sakaci wajen kula da shugabanci mai tsauri tsawon shekaru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:mirror2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2022 |title=Hasso Plattner's smokescreen tactics |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/kritik-am-sap-patriarchen-die-vernebelungstaktik-des-hasso-plattner-a-7cd1ea12-e351-456f-ab47-f59e2c187ed9 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=spiegel.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2022, mujallar kasuwanci ta Jamus, Manaja Magazine, ta buga wani labari da ke nuna cewa salon gudanarwa na shugabanci na iya haifar da ƙarin haɗarin bin ƙa'ida . &lt;ref name=&quot;:managermagazine2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2021 |title=Der fragwürdige Führungsstil der SAP-Spitze wird zum Risiko |url=https://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/tech/sap-verliert-manager-wie-christian-klein-in-walldorf-den-frust-schuert-a-a2f8b342-afcd-41d9-b8f8-e34a9f53ba52 |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=manager-magazin.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2019, an zargi SAP da 'rashin da'a' da ke da alaƙa da kwangilolin gwamnati a Kenya da Tanzania. Wani mai fallasa bayanai wanda ba a san ko waye ba ya yi iƙirarin cewa SAP ta yi amfani da Twenty Third Century Systems (TTCS) don ba wa jami'an Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Tanzania (TPA) cin hanci don cin nasarar dala $6.6.&amp;nbsp;bayar da tallafin software na tsara albarkatun kasuwanci miliyan da suka shafi samar da lasisi da ayyuka na software. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 2021, SAP ta amince a wata kotun Amurka cewa ta fitar da manhajoji ga kamfanoni a Iran, sabanin takunkumin da Amurka ta kakaba wa Iran, wanda ya kai ga tarar dala miliyan 8. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=2025-03-25 |title=Software giant SAP becomes Europe's most valuable firm amid German stock market boom |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/25/sap-becomes-europes-most-valuable-firm-amid-german-stock-boom.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2022, an yi ƙorafe-ƙorafe da dama game da cin zarafi da cin zarafin mata a cikin kamfanin, tare da ƙorafe-ƙorafe da dama na cin zarafi da manyan manajoji maza suka yi wa abokan aikinsu mata. Lokacin da aka yi ƙorafe-ƙorafe ko aka bayar da bayanai, an gano cewa HR ba ta da amfani ko kuma ta ƙiyayya. Misali, a wani yanayi, wani manaja namiji ya yi wa wata ma'aikaciya mace tambayoyi a Sydney yayin da take wani taron kamfani, amma ba a taɓa kawo masa rahoto ba. A wani yanayi kuma, wani manaja ya yi wa wata ma'aikaciya mace fyade kuma ya nemi ta ci gaba da kunna kyamarar yanar gizonta a lokacin rana. Daga nan ta yi ƙorafi kuma aka sanya ta a ƙarƙashin &quot;sarrafa ayyuka&quot; - abin da ya sa aka nemi ta bar kamfanin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2022 |title=SAP Wrestles With Concerns Over Women's Treatment, Senior Exits |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-06/sap-wrestles-with-concerns-over-treatment-of-women-female-exits |access-date=2 June 2022 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan jami'ai mata da yawa, ciki har da Shugabar Kamfanin sun bar kamfanin, wanda hakan ya ƙara damuwa da cewa ana wulaƙanta mata, duk da cewa SAP ta ɗauki wasu manyan mata da dama daga Microsoft. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2022 |title=SAP Wrestles With Concerns Over Women's Treatment, Senior Exits |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/esg/european-tech-giant-shaken-by-bullying-claims-exodus-of-women |access-date=2 June 2022 |publisher=bloomberglaw.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2024 bayan bincike daga Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Kudi, an umarci SAP da ta biya dala miliyan 220 don warware keta dokar cin hanci da rashawa ta ƙasashen waje a Afirka ta Kudu, Indonesia, Tanzania, Malawi, Ghana, Kenya, Zimbabwe da Azerbaijan. Ta ba da cin hanci ga jami'an kamfanoni mallakar gwamnati don samun kwangilolin gwamnati. Ta shiga yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da aka jinkirta shari'a, inda ta biya tarar dala miliyan 118.8 da kuma asarar da aka yi wa gwamnati na dala 103,396,765. &lt;ref&gt;The SAP SE is the parent company of the SAP Group (or SAP Group's parent company).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 - Release No. 99308 |url=https://www.sec.gov/files/litigation/admin/2024/34-99308.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Afirka ta Kudu, SAP ta yi amfani da masu shiga tsakani na ɓangare na uku don samun tayin daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na gwamnati, ciki har da Transnet, Hukumar Kula da Haraji ta Afirka ta Kudu, Birnin Johannesburg, Eskom da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsafta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; : 4 A watan Maris na 2024, SAP ta amince ta biya [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|Rs]] miliyan 500 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniya da Sashen Bincike na Musamman na Afirka ta Kudu. Yarjejeniyar ta biya su diyya daga ƙarin ƙorafe-ƙorafen kuɗi da suka shafi cin hanci, amma ba ta wanke duk wani ɓangare daga gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=2025-03-25 |title=Software giant SAP becomes Europe's most valuable firm amid German stock market boom |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/25/sap-becomes-europes-most-valuable-firm-amid-german-stock-boom.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2024, an sanar da cewa Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa da Memba na Hukumar Zartarwa Jürgen Müller sun cimma yarjejeniyar barin kamfanin nan da karshen wata saboda wani lamari da bai dace ba a wani taron kamfani.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=SAP: The World's Largest Provider of Enterprise Application Software |url=https://assets.cdn.sap.com/sapcom/docs/2017/04/4666ecdd-b67c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=SAP Global Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan labarin wannan lamarin, an ruwaito a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2024 cewa masu gabatar da kara na Jamus sun fara gudanar da bincike kan cin zarafin mata tsakaninsa da ma'aikaciyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=2025-03-25 |title=Software giant SAP becomes Europe's most valuable firm amid German stock market boom |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/25/sap-becomes-europes-most-valuable-firm-amid-german-stock-boom.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin fakitin software na ERP
* Jerin kayayyakin SAP

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Littattafan tarihi ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Iansiti |first=Marco |last2=Lakhani |first2=Karim R. |date=2 April 2009 |title=SAP AG: Orchestrating the Ecosystem |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1408558 |journal=[[Harvard Business School]] |volume=609-069 |ssrn=1408558 |access-date=2023-11-19}}
*  
*  

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Finance links|name=SAP SE|symbol=SAP|yahoo=SAP|google=SAP|bloomberg=SAP:US|sec_cik=1000184|nasdaq=SAP|stockrow=SAP}}{{SAP AG}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdul-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</title>
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      <text bytes="6926" sha1="s0ryv54oquy0psxvwyhsjgsc1ehxn2a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Abdul-RAH al-Tha'alibi''' (Arabic: أبو زيد عـبـد الـرحـمـن بن مـخـلـوف الـثـعـالـبـي,  ) (1384 CE/785 AH - 15 Maris 1479 CE/875 AH) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Aljeriya, [[Liman|Imam]] da [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] Wali. An haife shi kusa da garin Isser (kilomita 86 kudu maso gabashin [[Aljir|Algiers]]), an haife shi a cikin yanayi na ruhaniya tare da manyan dabi'u da ɗabi'ar Islama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=islamictourism.com |url=http://islamictourism.com/PDFs/Issue%2029/English/48.pdf |access-date=21 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da ƙwarewa mai yawa kuma ya ba da dukan rayuwarsa wajen hidimar waɗanda suka fi talauci, ga [[Zikiri|dhikr]] na Allah, da kuma rubuta littattafai da litattafai sama da 100.

Ya zama alama ce ta [[Aljir|Algiers]], wanda aka fi sani da &quot;birni na Sidi Abder Rahman&quot;.

== Haihuwar da Hali ==
An haifi Abdul-RAH al-Tha'alibi a shekara ta 1384 AZ/785 AH a Isser a Lardin Boumerdès na zamani a cikin iyali mai ibada tare da zuriyar da ta koma Ja'far ibn Abi Talib . Ƙabilarsa ta Arab Maqillian Bedouin, Tha'aliba, [1] [2] [3] ta daɗe tana mamaye yankuna da yawa na Aljeriya daga 1204 AZ zuwa 1515 AZ. A cikin 1378 AZ, Abu Hammu II, Sultan na Masarautar Tlemcen ya rushe mulkin su.

Abdul-Rahman ya koyar da murids da [[Talibe|Tolbas]] da yawa a [[Aljir|Algiers]], kamar haka:
{{Columns-list|# [[Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Sanusi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ech-chaab.com/ar/صفحات-خاصة/إسلاميات/item/150220-محمد-بن-يوسف-بن-عمر-بن-شعيب-السنوسي.html|title=يومية الشعب الجزائرية - محمد بن يوسف بن عمر بن شعيب السنوسي|website=www.ech-chaab.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://shamela.ws/book/14100/95|title=ص100 - كتاب تاريخ الجزائر الثقافي - التازي - المكتبة الشاملة|website=shamela.ws}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Ahmad Zarruq]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://al-maktaba.org/author/652|title=زروق - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة|accessdate=21 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Ahmed Zouaoui]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/chajarat-annour/chajarat-nour-01/page/n265/mode/2up|title = شجرة النور الزكية في طبقات المالكية - محمد مخلوف ( نسخة واضحة ومنسقة )}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Muhammad al-Maghili]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://elwassat.dz/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d9%8a%d9%84%d9%8a/|title=سيرة محمد بن عبد الكريم بن محمد المغيلي التلمساني|first=الوسط|last=خ|date=June 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# {{interlanguage link|Abdelbasset Malti|ar|عبد الباسط الملطي}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/33508/432|title = ص254 - كتاب معجم المفسرين من صدر الإسلام وحتى العصر الحاضر - عبد الباسط بن خليل بن شاهين الملطي ثم القاهري زين الدين - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Abdeldjalil Rachedi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://platform.almanhal.com/Files/2/58057|doi = 10.12816/0009020|title = قراءة في مخطوط الجامع الكبير للعلامة أبي زيد عبد الرحمن الثعالبي ( ت 875 هـ / 1470 م )|year = 2014|last1 = صاري|first1 = أمينة سليمة|journal = دراسات تاريخية|volume = 261|issue = 3|pages = 133–158|url-access = subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Abderrahmane Ghobrini]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/MoajamAlamAljazair/page/n35/mode/2up|title = معجم أعلام الجزائر من صدر الإسلام حتى العصرالحاضر - لعادل نويهض}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://shamela.ws/book/96603/61|title=ص37 - كتاب معجم أعلام الجزائر - عبد الوهاب بن يوسف بن عبد القادر أبو محمد البجائي - المكتبة الشاملة|website=shamela.ws}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# {{interlanguage link|Ahmed ben Zekri|ar|ابن زكري التلمساني}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://wadod.net/library/37/3707.pdf Wadod library]&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Ali al-Bakri]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaalibi.com/ar/posterite/|title=الأتباع – جمعية سيدي عبد الرحمن|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092131/http://www.thaalibi.com/ar/posterite/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Ali ibn Salama]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://darelkhalil.blogspot.com/2009/07/blog-post_01.html|title=دار الخليل القاسمي للنشر والتوزيع: تقديم كتاب الإرشاد للثعالبي|first=دار الخليل القاسمي للنشر|last=والتوزيع|date=July 1, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Ali Talouti]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/34174/101|title = ص57 - كتاب معجم أعلام الجزائر - علي بن محمد التالوتي الانصاري أبو الحسن - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# {{interlanguage link|Ibn Marzuq al-Kafif|ar|ابن مرزوق الكفيف}}
# [[Ismaïl Sendjasni]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://liens.univ-alger.dz/LDHDIH/images/pdf/Passerelles/N3AR.pdf |title=Passerelles |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218120750/http://liens.univ-alger.dz/LDHDIH/images/pdf/Passerelles/N3AR.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
# {{interlanguage link|Mohamed Tenessi|ar|الحافظ التنسي}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://shamela-dz.net/?p=2095|title=مسيرة القرآن في تلمسان – معاشو بو وشمة|date=22 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Yaakoub al-Fassi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewh7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT541|title = الضوء اللامع لأهل القرن التاسع 1-6 ج5|date = January 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Zawiya ==
[[Fayil:Sidi_Abder_Rahman_of_Algiers.png|thumb|205x205px|[[Zawiya]] (masallaci) na Sidi Abder Rahman, a cikin [[Casbah na Algiers]]]]
''[[zawiya]]'' ya ƙunshi kabarinsa, kodayake sunan ba daidai ba ne tunda ba shi da wani tsari na Sufi a cikin ginin. A halin yanzu wurin yana da kaburbura na mutane da yawa na tarihin Aljeriya. Ginin farko ya kasance a shekara ta 1611 AZ kuma ya wuce ta hanyar sauye-sauye da ƙari da yawa tun daga lokacin, tare da ɗan raguwa daga asali a yau. A shekara ta 1696 Dey al-Hadj Ahmed al-Euldji ya yanke shawarar juya shi masallacin jana'izar. An kara wasu kaburbura a tsawon shekaru. A yau mazauna Algiers sukan ziyarci kabarin, musamman a ranar Jumma'a da bukukuwan addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=islamictourism.com |url=http://islamictourism.com/PDFs/Issue%2029/English/48.pdf |access-date=21 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>s0ryv54oquy0psxvwyhsjgsc1ehxn2a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aboubakar Kamara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>818011</id>
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'''Aboubakar Kamara''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kungiyar Kanchanaburi Power ta Thai League 1. An haife shi a Faransa, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Mauritania .

== Ayyukan kulob din ==
Kamara ya fara buga wa Monaco wasa a Lig 1 a ranar 12 ga watan Satumbar 2014 a kan Olympique Lyonnais a wasan da aka yi da 2-1 a waje. Ya maye gurbin Yannick Carrasco bayan minti 84.[1] A watan Yulin 2015, Kamara ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar Belgian Pro League ta Kortrijk, amma ya koma Faransa bayan watanni shida kawai, ya shiga kungiyar Championnat National ta Amiens kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din don cimma ci gaba-baya har zuwa Ligue 1.[2][3][4] Ya zira kwallaye na farko na nasarar 2-1 a kan Stade de Reims a wasan karshe, tare da Amiens ta sami ci gaba bayan ta sake jagorantar a minti na 6 na lokacin dakatarwar.[5] Kamara ya ƙare kakar a matsayin babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din a 2016-17 Ligue 2 tare da kwallaye 10. [6]

A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba, Kamara ya zira kwallaye na farko a kakar 2018-19 a wasan 1-1 da Leicester City, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2015 |title=KV Kortrijk trekt aanvaller van AS Monaco aan |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210043801/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=8 September 2015 |website=nieuwsblad.be |publisher=nieuwsblad |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma bayan kwana uku, ya zira kwallan ta'aziyya a wasan da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ta yi da 4-1, bayan ya zo a rabin lokaci ga [[Aleksandar Mitrović]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fiche de Aboubakar Kamara (Fulham), l'actu le palmares et les stats de Aboubakar Kamara |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur50513.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183751/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur50513.html |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, a kan Huddersfield Town, Kamara ya yi jayayya da Mitrović game da karbar fanati; Jonas Lössl ya ceci kokarinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ligue 1: Strasbourg and Amiens win promotion {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/strasbourg-amiens-promoted-ligue-1-finale/e1sa45mfsqqj1e1atfw2dz9qi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721053052/http://www.goal.com/en/news/strasbourg-amiens-promoted-ligue-1-finale/e1sa45mfsqqj1e1atfw2dz9qi |archive-date=2018-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Fulham ya lashe wasan, kocin Claudio Ranieri ya yi fushi da shawarar Kamara na karbar hukuncin, yana mai cewa: &quot;Bai girmama ni ba, kulob din, abokan aiki da taron. Na yi magana da shi, ba daidai ba ne&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reims v Amiens SC Starting XIs, 19/05/2017, Ligue 2 {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-tza/match/reims-v-amiens-sc/lineups/bgw7mnm8l1k5uplbpa4r0hre1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407052751/https://www.goal.com/en-tza/match/reims-v-amiens-sc/lineups/bgw7mnm8l1k5uplbpa4r0hre1 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=25 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitrović duk da haka ya fi gafarta wa Kamara, yana mai da hankali ga lamarin a matsayin &quot;al'ada&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Classement buteurs |url=https://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/classementButeurs#sai=100&amp;journee1=1&amp;journee2=38&amp;cat=G&amp;poste=Tous |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125185426/https://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/classementButeurs#sai=100&amp;journee1=1&amp;journee2=38&amp;cat=G&amp;poste=Tous |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Ranar Sabuwar Shekara, Kamara ta zira kwallaye a kan [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], a cikin asarar 4-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2015 |title=KV Kortrijk trekt aanvaller van AS Monaco aan |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210043801/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=8 September 2015 |website=nieuwsblad.be |publisher=nieuwsblad |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairu, Kamara ta sake yin rikici da Mitrović a wani zaman yoga a filin horo na kulob din, kuma a sakamakon haka, an bar shi daga cikin tawagar don wasan Fulham da Burnley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fiche de Aboubakar Kamara (Fulham), l'actu le palmares et les stats de Aboubakar Kamara |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur50513.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183751/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur50513.html |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ligue 1: Strasbourg and Amiens win promotion {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/strasbourg-amiens-promoted-ligue-1-finale/e1sa45mfsqqj1e1atfw2dz9qi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721053052/http://www.goal.com/en/news/strasbourg-amiens-promoted-ligue-1-finale/e1sa45mfsqqj1e1atfw2dz9qi |archive-date=2018-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan watan, an kama Kamara a filin horo na kulob din bisa zargin ainihin lahani na jiki da lalacewar laifi  kuma an &quot;hana shi har abada daga dukkan ayyukan kulob din&quot;. 

==== Rance ga Yeni Malatyaspor ====
Kamara ta kasance tana horo tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23, kuma, a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2019, ta shiga Yeni Malatyaspor a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar.

==== Fulham ====
Kamara ya koma Fulham don kakar 2019-20 daga rance tare da Yeni Malatyaspor .

==== Kudin zuwa Dijon ====
A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2021, Kamara ya koma kungiyar Dijon ta Faransa kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni 5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2015 |title=KV Kortrijk trekt aanvaller van AS Monaco aan |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210043801/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=8 September 2015 |website=nieuwsblad.be |publisher=nieuwsblad |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haife shi a [[Faransa]], Kamara yana wakiltar Mauritania a matakin kasa da kasa. Shi ma dan asalin Senegal ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2015 |title=KV Kortrijk trekt aanvaller van AS Monaco aan |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210043801/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=8 September 2015 |website=nieuwsblad.be |publisher=nieuwsblad |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi [[Musulunci|Musulmi]] ne kuma ya yi azumi don Ramadan har ma kafin ya fara wasan karshe na gasar zakarun 2018 na Fulham.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2015 |title=KV Kortrijk trekt aanvaller van AS Monaco aan |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210043801/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=8 September 2015 |website=nieuwsblad.be |publisher=nieuwsblad |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2024, wani kuskure ta hanyar loda tawagar CAF a kan X (tsohon Twitter) ba da gangan ba ya bayyana sunansa na lakabi &quot;AK.47&quot;, wanda ke nuni da lambar farko da ya sa a Fulham, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice da martani mai yawa daga magoya baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2015 |title=KV Kortrijk trekt aanvaller van AS Monaco aan |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210043801/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/cnt/dmf20150706_01764473 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=8 September 2015 |website=nieuwsblad.be |publisher=nieuwsblad |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>8zf8t8p7hd7ci0nntnpfdpch3erkgg3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Alain Digbeu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>133888</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818009</id>
      <parentid>775032</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:03:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="2077" sha1="g462k5h862uib6fery44v07sbqf3kz7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Alain Donald Digbeu''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba 1975) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Faransa. Kungiyar [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] ta Atlanta Hawks ce ta tsara shi tare da zabin 49 a cikin shirin NBA na 1997. Yana da 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) a tsawo da 220 lb (100 kg) a nauyi. Zai iya taka leda a duka Mai tsaron harbi da ƙananan matsayi na gaba.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ayyukan sana'a ==
A matakin kulob din, Digbeu ya taka leda a gasar Faransa tare da ASVEL Lyon-Villeurbanne daga 1993 zuwa 1999. Tare da ASVEL ya lashe kofin Faransa a cikin shekarun 1996 da 1997. Ya kuma kasance lambar yabo ta Rising Star ta Faransa a 1994 da 1995, MVP na L'Équipe na Faransa a 1998, kuma sau 3 na All-Star na Faransa (1997, 1998, 1999) tare da ASVEL . Ya taka leda a gasar zakarun Spain tare da FC Barcelona daga 1999 zuwa 2002 kuma ya lashe gasar zakarar Spain da gasar cin kofin Spain tare da Barcelona a shekara ta 2001.

Digbeu ya kuma taka leda tare da kulob din Mutanen Espanya Real Madrid a kakar 2002-03, tare da kulobin Mutanen Espanya Joventut Badalona a kakar 2003-04, kuma tare da kulban Mutanen Espanya CB Lucentum Alicante a kakar 2005-06. Ya kuma taka leda a gasar Italiya tare da Casti Group Varese a kakar 2004-05 kuma tare da Climamio Bologna a kakar 2006-07. Digbeu ya koma kungiyar Mutanen Espanya CB Lucentum Alicante a kakar 2007-08. [1]

Ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Greek League Kavala-Panorama don kakar 2008-09.

== Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa ==
Digbeu ya buga wa babbar Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Faransa wasa a EuroBasket 1999, EuroBasket 2001, da kuma EuroBasket 2003.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ya auri ɗan ƙasar Turkiyya Burcu Özcan kuma yana magana da harshen Turkiyya sosai. Ɗansa, Tom, shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?clubcode=for&amp;pcode=ADC Digbeu page on the Euroleague site.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>g462k5h862uib6fery44v07sbqf3kz7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Yiorgos Theotokas</title>
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'''Yiorgos Theotokas''' (Girkanci: ), a hukumance '''Georgios Theotokas''' (&quot;Γεώργιος Θεοτοκς; 27 ga Agusta 1905 - 30 ga Oktoba 1966), marubuci litattafan Girka ne.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife shi a Constantinople, [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] (yanzu [[Istanbul]], [[Turkiyya]]). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Αποτελέσματα αναζήτησης συγγραφέα |url=https://search.lib.auth.gr/Author/Home?author=%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%82,+%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82,&amp;type=Author&amp;limit=50 |access-date=2022-01-19 |website=search.lib.auth.gr |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin Landan wakilan &quot;Zamani na '30s'. Bayan ya yi karatu a Athens, Paris, da London, rubutun farko shi ne Free Spirit (1929). Wannan ya biyo bayan litattafai uku kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II: Argo (1936), The Demon (1938), da Leonís (1940). Littafinsa na farko kuma mafi tasiri, Argo, ya yi magana ne game da matsalolin matasa da ke girma a lokutan wahala da rikici.[1]

Bayan yaƙin ya ƙara shiga cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ya kasance darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasar Girka sau biyu.

A yau ana tunawa da shi mafi kyau saboda abokantaka da wasiku tare da manyan mutane na Generation of the Thirties ciki har da masu lashe kyautar Nobel George Seferis da Odysseas Elytis; amma ''Argo'' ya kasance a bugawa.

== Bayanan littattafai ==

=== Littattafai ===

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 1933, Littafi Mai Tsarki. 2: 1936
* Το Δαιμόνιο (The Demon), 1938
* ''Λεωνής'' (Leonís), 1940
* Ασθενείς και Οδοιπόροι (Marasa lafiya da Matafiya), Sashe na 1 (Ιερά Οδός): 1950, cikakken bugu: 1964
* ''Οι Καμπάνες'' (Kwararrun), 1970
* Σημαίες ήλιο (Flags in the Sun), ciki har da ''Λεωνής'' da Παιδική Holly (Yarantaka), 1985

=== Gajerun labaru ===

* ''Ευριπίδης Πεντοζάλης και Άλλες Ιστο'' (Evripidis Pendozalis da sauran labaru), 1937

=== Rubuce-rubuce ===

* Ελεύθερο Πνεύμα (Free Spirit), 1929 (ta amfani da sunan da ba a sani ba Ορέστης Διγενής - Orestis Digenis) 
* Εμπρός στο Κοινωνικό Πρόβλημα, 1932
* ''Daidai da haka, ya kamata a yi amfani da shi'' a matsayin abin da ya faru a shekara ta 1945
* Προβλή του Καιρού, 1956
* ''Πνευματική Πορεία'', 1961

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Matattun 1966]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>29sh9qaicvqm11zz7byvcaucmawaze9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Russ Peters</title>
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    <id>134386</id>
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'''Russ Peters''' ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya, wanda ya kasance manajan daraktan [[P&amp;O Ferries]] daga 1998 zuwa 2006.

== Sana'a ==
Peters ya fara aiki da P&amp;O a shekarar 1987, da farko a matsayin darektan sufuri na P&amp;O European Ferries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Russ Peters Appointed to P&amp;O Board |url=http://www.interferry.com/node/138 |access-date=2015-10-16 |website=Interferry |publisher=Lloyd's List }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya zama manajan darakta na P&amp;O North Sea Ferries a shekarar 1990, kafin ya zama manajan darakta na P&amp;O Ferries Dover daga 1994 zuwa 1998. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-02-17 |title=P&amp;O Ferries board retirement |url=http://www.aferry.co.uk/news/PO_Ferries_board_retirement-65.htm |access-date=2015-10-16 |website=www.aferry.co.uk |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190329/http://www.aferry.co.uk/news/PO_Ferries_board_retirement-65.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da haɗin gwiwa da Stena Line suka ƙirƙiri P&amp;O Stena Line a watan Maris na 1998, Peters ya zama manajan darakta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-02-20 |title=SEC notification of Peters's retirement |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/vprr/06/9999999997-06-007374 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406174924/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/vprr/06/9999999997-06-007374 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |access-date=2015-10-16 |website=SEC archive |publisher=Securities and Exchange Commission |type=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekaru takwas da babban jami'i, ya yi ritaya a 2006, inda Helen Deeble ta maye gurbinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Rob |date=2006-02-27 |title=Movers &amp; shakers: Helen Deeble is to succeed Russ Peters as CEO of P&amp;O Ferries |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/2933092/Movers-and-shakers-Helen-Deeble-is-to-succeed-Russ-Peters-as-CEO-of-PandO-Ferries.html |access-date=2015-10-16 |website=Telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda ya yi ritaya daga Shugaban Ferrymasters da kuma babban kwamitin P&amp;O.

A halin yanzu shi memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ba na zartarwa ba ne na International Students House, wata ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista wacce ke ba da masauki ga ɗaliban jami'a a tsakiyar London.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>63c1ohr5nkrjoz2pt352au57f998xui</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sameeruddin Qasmi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134659</id>
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'''Muhammad Sameeruddin Qasmi''' ({{Transl|ar|Muhammad Thamīruddīn Qasimi}}; an haife shi 6 ga Nuwamba 1950), wanda aka rubuta shi a matsayin SamīruddīnQasmi, masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Indiya wanda ke zaune a Burtaniya, ƙwararre a cikin ilimin tauraron Musulunci, [[Hadisi|hadith]], [[Hanafiyya|Shari'ar Hanafi]], da tauhidin Musulunci.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Qasmi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1950 a ƙauyen Ghutti, Gundumar Godda, a tsohuwar jihar [[Bihar]], Indiya (yanzu [[Jharkhand]]). &lt;ref name=&quot;Amīn&quot;/&gt;

Ya fara karatunsa na farko a maktab na gida kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a cibiyoyin addini daban-daban a duk faɗin Indiya. Ya kammala karatunsa na gaba a Darul Uloom Deoband a shekarar 1970, yana karatu a karkashin sanannun malamai kamar su Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, Anzar Shah Kashmiri, Naseer Ahmad Khan, Mahmood Hasan Gangohi, Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi, da [[Muhammad Salim Qasmi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Amīn&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Akram Nadwi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya amfana musamman daga Naseer Ahmad Khan a fagen ilimin tauraron Islama &lt;ref name=&quot;:&amp;quot;Azami&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=September–October 2009 |editor-last=Azmi |editor-first=Habibur Rahman Qasmi |title=Hai Tujh Se Deeda-e-Mah-o-Anjum Farogh-Geer Maulana Naseer Ahmad Khan: Farooq Azam Aajiz Qasmi |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/urduarticles/archives/1088 |journal=[[Monthly Darul Uloom]] |language=ur |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |volume=93 |issue=9–10 |pages=107–112}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi a Larabci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Amīn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayūrbhanji |first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn |date=14 October 2023 |title=مولانا محمد ثمیر الدین قاسمی: مختصر سوانحی خاکہ |trans-title=Maulana Muhammad Sameeruddin Qasmi: A Brief Biographical Sketch |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/204560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015075435/https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/204560 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Qasmi ya fara koyarwa a [[Gujarat]], Indiya, kafin ya koma Ingila, inda ya koyar a cibiyoyin da suka hada da Darul Uloom na Dewsbury da Jamia Islamia na Feltham da Manchester. A shekara ta 2000, ya sauya zuwa rubuce-rubuce na cikakken lokaci kuma ya rubuta littattafai da yawa a cikin shari'ar Musulunci da tauhidin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amīn&quot;/&gt;

Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Addini a Cibiyar Binciken Moon, Burtaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Akram Nadwi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Qasmi |first=Sameeruddin |date=May 1998 |editor-last=Hasani |editor-first=Muhammad Hamza |title=Kya Oman ka Ghaar Ashab-e-Kahf ka Ghaar hai? |trans-title=Is the cave in Oman the Cave of the Companions of the Cave? |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/rizwan-shumara-number-005-mohammad-hamza-hasani-magazines-2 |journal=Monthly Rizwan |language=ur |location=[[Lucknow]] |volume=42 |issue=5 |page=19 |via=[[Rekhta (website)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma halarci tarurruka na Kwalejin Fiqh ta Musulunci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Mujahidul Islam Qasmi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Participant Scholars From Abroad In Fiqh Seminars |url=https://www.ifa-india.org/fiqhi-seminars/participant-scholars-from-abroad-in-fiqh-seminars.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619214939/https://www.ifa-india.org/fiqhi-seminars/participant-scholars-from-abroad-in-fiqh-seminars.html |archive-date=19 June 2021 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.ifa-india.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 October 2021 |title=Islāmic Fiqh Academy India ke sālāna fiqhī seminar kā inʿiqād |trans-title=Annual Jurisprudential Seminar of the Islamic Fiqh Academy India |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/75835 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006065050/https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/75835 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=Millat Times |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na 2021, Qasmi ya musanta zargin da ke danganta Tablighi Jamaat da ta'addanci a cikin saƙon bidiyo daga Burtaniya. Ya bayyana cewa Tablighi Jamaat yana adawa, ya yi Allah wadai, kuma ya musanta ta'addanci, yana mai da hankali ne kawai kan ginshiƙai biyar na Islama kuma yana guje wa duk wani maganganu mara kyau game da addinai, al'ummomi, ko ƙasashe. Qasmi ya ba da shawarar cewa ana iya yaudarar gwamnatin Saudiyya a cikin shawarar da ta yanke na hana kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Qasmi |first=Sameeruddin |date=May 1998 |editor-last=Hasani |editor-first=Muhammad Hamza |title=Kya Oman ka Ghaar Ashab-e-Kahf ka Ghaar hai? |trans-title=Is the cave in Oman the Cave of the Companions of the Cave? |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/rizwan-shumara-number-005-mohammad-hamza-hasani-magazines-2 |journal=Monthly Rizwan |language=ur |location=[[Lucknow]] |volume=42 |issue=5 |page=19 |via=[[Rekhta (website)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==
Qasmi ya rubuta da yawa game da dokar Musulunci da tauhidin. Sau da yawa ana ambaton aikinsa a fagen imanin Islama da tauhidin, musamman a cikin nazarin ra'ayoyi daban-daban na ilimi da ra'ayi game da Allah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Akram Nadwi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shahararrun ayyukan sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;Amīn&quot;/&gt;

* ''Athmār ''Al-Hidayah'''' (wani sharhi na goma sha uku na Urdu akan Al-Marghinani's Al-Hidayyade a cikin [[Hanafiyya|Shari'ar Hanafi]]) 
* ''Al-Sharh al-Thamīri'' (wani sharhi na Urdu guda huɗu game da Mukhtasar na Al-Quduri a cikin shari'ar Hanafi &lt;ref name=&quot;rashidi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=March 2006 |editor-last=ar-Rashidi |editor-first=Abu Ammār Zahid |editor-link=Zahid Ur Rashdi |title=تعارف و تبصرہ: ''الشرح الثمیری علی مختصر القدوری'' |trans-title=Introduction and Commentary: 'Al-Sharh Al-Thamiri on Mukhtasar Al-Quduri' |url=http://alsharia.org/2006/mar/taaruf-tabsarah |url-status=live |journal=Monthly Al-Sharia |language=ur |location=[[Gujranwala]], Pakistan |publisher=Al-Sharia Academy |volume=17 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202184713/https://alsharia.org/2006/mar/taaruf-tabsarah |archive-date=2 December 2020 |access-date=5 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;) 
* Thamart-un-N estimah (wani sharhin Urdu guda biyu game da ''Noor Al-Idaah'' na Ash-Shurunbulali ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Akram Nadwi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Thamarat al-Aqāid'' (littafi kan tauhidin Islama wanda aka tsara imani 350, tare da kowane imani da aka goyi bayan ayoyi goma da hadisai goma a matsayin shaida,  wanda aka fassara cikin harsuna da yawa,  ciki har da Turanci da Larabci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Akram Nadwi}}&lt;/ref&gt;) &lt;ref name=&quot;books&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amīn&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amīn2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayurbhanji |first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn |date=23 November 2022 |title=ڈاکٹر مفتی محمد اللّٰہ خلیلی قاسمی: سوانحی خاکہ |trans-title=Dr. Mufti Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi: A Biographical Sketch |url=https://qindeelonline.com/dr-mufti-muhammadullah-qasmi-by-ruhul-amin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128164013/https://qindeelonline.com/dr-mufti-muhammadullah-qasmi-by-ruhul-amin/ |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=Qindeel Online |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Thamarat-ul-Falkiyyāt'' (littafi kan ilimin tauraron Islama) 
* ''Thamrat al-Awzān''
* ''Kalandar Thamīri''
* Kimiyya Aur&quot; Qur'ān (fassara ; inda aka tattauna batutuwa 95 na kimiyya a cikin hasken Alkur'an tare da bincike na ilimi). &lt;ref name=&quot;books&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 November 2024 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Mohammad |title=Darul Uloom Deoband ke baad Khanqah Thana Bhawan mein azeem ilmi shakhsiyat maahir-e-falakiyaat Maulana Sameeruddin Qasmi ka isteqbaal. |trans-title=After Darul Uloom Deoband, the renowned scholar and astronomer Maulana Sameeruddin Qasmi was welcomed at the Khanqah Thana Bhawan. |url=https://hamariduniyanews.com/maulana-sameeruddin-qasmi-visit-india-welcome-thana-bhawan-khanqah-after-darul-ualoom-deoband/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=Hamari Duniya |language=ur |archive-date=17 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117024758/https://hamariduniyanews.com/maulana-sameeruddin-qasmi-visit-india-welcome-thana-bhawan-khanqah-after-darul-ualoom-deoband/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hanafiyah ka maslak ihtiyaaṭ par hai (transl. ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Qasmi |first=Sameeruddin |date=May 1998 |editor-last=Hasani |editor-first=Muhammad Hamza |title=Kya Oman ka Ghaar Ashab-e-Kahf ka Ghaar hai? |trans-title=Is the cave in Oman the Cave of the Companions of the Cave? |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/rizwan-shumara-number-005-mohammad-hamza-hasani-magazines-2 |journal=Monthly Rizwan |language=ur |location=[[Lucknow]] |volume=42 |issue=5 |page=19 |via=[[Rekhta (website)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fayil:Maulana_Samiruddin_book.jpg|thumb|Shafin taken ''Al-Sharh al-Thamīri'' (Volume III) ]]
Littattafansa suna mai da hankali kan shari'ar Hanafi, da nufin samar da cikakkun tattaunawa game da ka'idodin shari'ar Islama da batutuwan tauhidi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amīn&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ochamchire</title>
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      <text bytes="3750" sha1="0j34pxb18gb996ocnpomz240aa2zrs6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Ochamchire''' ko '''Ochamchira''' ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]_language&quot; id=&quot;mwIg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Georgian language&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;Georgian; Abkhaz: Очамчыра, ''''Ochamchira''''; Rasha: Очамчира, Ochumchira) birni ne da ke bakin tekun [[Abkhazia]],  Georgia, kuma cibiyar gundumar da ake kira da sunan.

Dangane da Ƙididdigar yawan jama'ar Soviet ta 1989, Ochamchire tana da mazauna 20,078. Bayan Rikicin Georgia da Abkhaz na 1992-93, Ochamchire ya sami Raguwar yawan jama'a saboda tsarkake kabilanci na Georgians. Yawancin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu da rikici ya shafa har yanzu ba su koma birnin ba. Ochamchire yana gefen hagu na Kogin Ghalidzga inda ya shiga teku. Birnin yana da nisan kilomita 53 (33 miles) kudu maso gabashin babban birnin Abkhazia na [[Sukhumi|Sokhumi]] .

== Yanayi ==
Yanayin Ochamchire yana da zafi mai zafi, tare da hunturu mai sauƙi da lokacin zafi. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine digiri 13.6 na Celsius. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Janairu shine digiri 4.5 na Celsius yayin da matsakaicin zabin jiki a watan Yuli shine digiri 23 na Celsius. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusan {{Convert|1552|mm|0}}  in).

== Tarihi ==
Ochamchire ya samo asali ne daga wani gari daga wani karamin yanki na teku, wanda ya kasance wurin fada tsakanin Rasha da sojojin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Turkiyya]]-Abkhaz a 1877. &lt;ref&gt;{{Abkhazia-note}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsohon mulkin mallaka na Girka na '''Gyenos''' (Girkanci: ) ya kamata ya kasance kusa da Ochamchire, kodayake ba za a iya la'akari da ganowa a matsayin tabbatacce ba saboda shakku game da ainihin wurin da kuma adanawar maras kyau na shafin archaeological kanta. Shaidar archaeological ta nuna tasirin al'adun Girka, idan ba lallai ba ne a zauna a Girka tun daga karni na 6 BC.

A cewar Itar Tass, a cikin shekara ta 2009, Rasha ta fara tattauna shirye-shiryen gina sabon sansanin sojan ruwa don Black Sea Fleet (kamar yadda 2009 ke zaune a Sevastopol) a Ochamchire .  Harin da aka kai wa Ukraine da hare-haren da aka kai kan rundunar sojojin Rasha a Crimea ya ba da sabon ci gaba ga waɗannan tsare-tsaren a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023. Bayan Aslan Bzhania ya sadu da [[Vladimir Putin]] a Moscow a watan Oktoba 2023, ya gaya wa jaridar Isvestiya cewa an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya game da kafa sansanin sojan ruwa na Rasha a Ochamchire. Kamar yadda garin yake cikin tsaka-tsaki na Georgia, idan za a gina tushen da ake tsammani, za a dauke shi da aminci daga hare-haren Ukraine.&lt;ref name=&quot;tsde20231223&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stöber |first=Silvia |title=Russlands Schwarzmeerflotte - Hafen unter Palmen |trans-title=Russia's Black Sea Fleet - port under palm trees |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/investigativ/russland-schwarzmeer-flotte-hafen-abchasien-100.html |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=tagesschau.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc20231223&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2023 |title=Russia's new Black Sea naval base alarms Georgia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67625450 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2024, Rasha ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Abkhazia don karbar bakuncin sansanin sojan ruwa na Rasha na Ochamchire. Wasu Abkhazians sun yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar ta kasance ainihin bayyanar rikice-rikicen siyasa da bayanai tsakanin masu goyon bayan Rasha da Abkhaziyawa masu neman 'yancin kai, amma sun ba da damar cewa, aƙalla, idan an gina tushe, zai zama muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Rasha. Koyaya, babu wuraren Tashar jiragen ruwa mai zurfi da ke kusa da rairayin bakin teku na Ochamchire tun daga shekara ta 2023.[1]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Shelby M. C. Davis</title>
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      <text bytes="8532" sha1="7zagwucoaxm9x2pbi2voi1x8irs3x0n" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Shelby Moore Cullom Davis (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937 [) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai taimakon jama'a kuma mai saka hannun jari mai ritaya kuma manajan kuɗi.

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
An haifi Davis a shekarar 1937, ɗan manajan kuɗi ne Shelby Cullom Davis  da Kathryn Wasserman Davis . &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Princeton  kuma ya fara aikinsa a Bankin New York, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shelby Davis |url=https://www.skidmore.edu/international-students/davis-uwc/anniversary/profiles/davis.php |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=www.skidmore.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya zama mataimakin shugaban bankin mafi ƙaranci tun bayan Alexander Hamilton. &lt;ref name=&quot;insidePhil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 2019 |title=Shelby Davis — Wall Street Donors Guide |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/wall-street-donors/tag/Shelby+Davis}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Davis ya bar BNY a shekarar 1968 ya kafa kamfanin kula da saka hannun jari wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Davis Selected Advisers, &lt;ref name=&quot;ba&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=Philanthropy Archives |url=https://www.bankers-anonymous.com/tag/philanthropy/.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wanda a shekarar 2021 ya mallaki kimanin dala biliyan 37 a cikin asusu da dama. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk asusun Davis suna zuba jari a hannun jarin jama'a kuma an bayyana su a matsayin asusun &quot;ƙimar hannun jari&quot;. Sunan Shelby Davis da irin waɗannan hannun jari ya kai matsayin da [[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]] ta kira shi &quot;manajan asusun almara&quot;,  mujallar Money &quot;tatsuniya&quot;,  mujallar Financial Advisor &quot;tatsuniya&quot;,  da kuma &quot;mai saka hannun jari na almara&quot; ta mujallar Kiplinger 's Personal Finance. 

A halin yanzu Davis yana auren matarsa ta biyu, Gale. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shelby Davis |url=https://www.skidmore.edu/international-students/davis-uwc/anniversary/profiles/davis.php |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=www.skidmore.edu |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.skidmore.edu/international-students/davis-uwc/anniversary/profiles/davis.php &quot;Shelby Davis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913161603/https://www.skidmore.edu/international-students/davis-uwc/anniversary/profiles/davis.php |date=2025-09-13 }}. ''www.skidmore.edu''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-11-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matarsa ta farko, Wendy A. Adams, 'yar shugaban ƙungiyar Boston Bruins ce , Weston Adams .  Davis ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Bruins, kuma sakamakon nasarar da ƙungiyar ta samu a gasar zakarun Turai a shekarar 1972, an rubuta sunansa a gasar cin kofin Stanley . &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2012, John Rothchild ya buga wani bayanin Davis, mahaifinsa, da 'ya'yansa maza, mai suna &quot;Daular Davis: Shekaru Hamsin na Nasarar Zuba Jari a Wall Street&quot;.

== Taimakon jama'a ==
An san Shelby Davis a matsayin mai bayar da agaji mai karimci, musamman ga harkokin ilimi. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manyan waɗanda suka amfana da ayyukan agajinsa akwai ƙungiyar United World College da kuma ɗalibansa, Jami'ar Princeton, &lt;ref&gt;What Becomes a Legend Most? Woolley, Suzanne. Money. Jul2000, Vol. 29 Issue 7, p44&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin amintacce tun daga 2006, &lt;ref&gt;Chris And Shelby Davis Trade Places, April 2001, Alan Lavine, https://www.fa-mag.com/news/article-319.html?issue=7&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da gudummawa mafi girma ga jami'ar a lokacin da yake cikin kwamitin gudanarwa. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; Tallafinsa ga Kwalejojin Duniya na United World sun haɗa da biyan kuɗin gyara Montezuma Castle a harabar jami'ar Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙara tallafawa waɗannan makarantu ta hanyar Shirin Masana Kwalejin Duniya na Davis United, ƙalubalen Davis-UWC IMPACT da Shirin Dare zuwa Mafarki na Davis-UWC. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar Shirin Masana Kwalejin Duniya na Davis United, Davis ya samar da guraben karatu ga ɗalibai sama da 10,000 a kwalejoji da jami'o'i a faɗin duniya. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UWC Scholars Program |url=https://www.ou.edu/admissions/uwc}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The College of Idaho's Record-Setting Class Wins Davis Cup &amp;#124; the College of Idaho |url=https://www.collegeofidaho.edu/news/college-idahos-record-setting-class-wins-davis-cup}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Davis United World College Scholars Program (DUWCSP) |url=https://www.skidmore.edu/international-students/davis-uwc/index.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 April 2015 |title=Davis United World College Scholars Program Marks 15 Years |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/newsroom/node/494015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 January 2017 |title=Making the World a Better Place: Davis United World College Scholars at UF |url=https://ufprism.com/2017/01/22/making-the-world-a-better-place-davis-united-world-college-scholars-at-uf/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=LAVINE |first=ALAN |date=2001 |title=Chris And Shelby Davis Trade Places |url=https://www.fa-mag.com/news/article-319.html?issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2022 |title=Major Private Gifts to Higher Education |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/major-private-gifts-to-higher-education/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Shelby Davis: &quot;How UWC Has Made Me a Better Me&quot; |url=https://perilofafrica.com/2020/02/shelby-davis-how-uwc-has-made-me-better.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Princeton - News - Multi-year, multi-million-dollar commitment will fund Davis UWC Scholarships, promote global understanding |url=http://pr.princeton.edu/news/00/q2/0403-davis.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;ambato mai yawa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Davis da matarsa suna kuma tallafawa ayyukan agaji na muhalli da na yanki, ciki har da a Maine, Wyoming, Florida, da Utah. &lt;ref name=&quot;insidePhil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 2019 |title=Shelby Davis — Wall Street Donors Guide |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/wall-street-donors/tag/Shelby+Davis}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/wall-street-donors/tag/Shelby+Davis &quot;Shelby Davis — Wall Street Donors Guide&quot;]. 31 December 2019.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Davis ya bayyana ayyukansa na taimakon jama'a ta hanyar cewa &quot;Ina ganin ilimi yana haifar da damammaki. Kullum yana game da matasa da makomarsu, kuma duk mun fahimci cewa tare da ilimi, matasa suna da damammaki fiye da ba tare da shi ba. Ina saka hannun jari a cikin ɗaliban UWC, musamman, saboda ina ganin suna samun wani nau'in ilimi na musamman a makarantun UWC. Suna gaya min wannan, akai-akai a cikin wasiƙunsu da kuma lokacin da na haɗu da su. Malamansu da farfesoshinsu suma suna gaya min haka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;All in the Davis Family: Still Picking Winners&quot; Virginia Munger Kahn. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]. 08 Feb 1998: 8&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Frank Griswold</title>
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'''Frank Tracy Griswold na Uku''' (Satumba 18, 1937 - Maris 5, 2023) wani limamin cocin Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na 25 na Cocin Episcopal .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Christopher Webber}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AngJour2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1 February 2002 |title=Ramallah school shut down: (Frank) Griswold files complaint. |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ramallah+school+shut+down:+(Frank)+Griswold+files+complaint-a030038601 |journal=Anglican Journal |access-date=2018-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~lcrew/bishops/0102.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808234030/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~lcrew/bishops/0102.html |archive-date=August 8, 2010 |access-date=September 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Doyle2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=C. Andrew |date=March 8, 2008 |title=Why Elect A Young Bishop? |url=https://texasbishop.blogspot.com/2008/03/why-elect-young-bishop-ready-for-review.html |access-date=2018-06-24 |website=texasbishop.blogspot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Griswold a Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar St. Paul da ke [[Yanayin ƙasa na Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]], New Hampshire. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Harvard, inda ya yi digiri a fannin adabin Turanci, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha (AB) a shekarar 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;obit ENS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2023 |title=Frank T. Griswold III, 25th presiding bishop, dies at 85 |url=https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2023/03/05/frank-t-griswold-iii-25th-presiding-bishop-dies-at-85/ |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Episcopal News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi horo don nadin mukami a Kwalejin Tauhidi ta Janar kuma ya sami ƙarin digiri na BA a fannin tauhidi daga Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford a shekarar 1962: kamar yadda aka saba, an ƙara masa digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha ta Master of Arts (MA Oxon) a shekarar 1966. &lt;ref name=&quot;obit ENS&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'aikatar da aka naɗa ==
[[Fayil:2013BishopGriswold.jpg|left|thumb|Griswold a shekarar 2013]]
An naɗa Griswold a matsayin diakoni a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1962, ta hannun Andrew Yu-Yue Tsu, kuma a matsayin firist a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1963 ta hannun Joseph Gillespie Armstrong . &lt;ref name=&quot;ECD&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ya yi aiki a gundumomi uku a cikin Episcopal Diocese na Pennsylvania, ciki har da Cocin St Andrew da ke Yardley, Pennsylvania, da St Martin-in-the-Fields a Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, daga 1976 har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi Bishop na Chicago . An naɗa shi bishop a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1985, ta hannun John Allin ; &lt;ref name=&quot;ECD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clergy QuickFind: Frank Tracy Griswold III |url=https://ecdplus.org/clergies/9870776661 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Episcopal Clerical Directory |publisher=Church Pension Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda a lokacin ne ya zama bishop na Episcopal Diocese na Chicago . Ya kasance Bishop na Chicago daga 1987 har zuwa lokacin da ya zama bishop na shugaban a 1998.

Griswold ya kasance shugaban kwamitin kasa da kasa na Anglican-Roman Catholic daga 1998 zuwa 2003. Ya kasance memba na kwamitin dindindin na taron Lambeth na 1998. Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitocin diocese, na kasa, da na kasa da kasa kan ibada, ibada, da kuma ecumenism. Yana da sha'awar tattaunawa tsakanin addinai kuma ya zama memba na kwamitin shugabannin addinai na duniya na Cibiyar Elijah Interfaith Institute

A shekara ta 2003, Griswold ya goyi bayan nadin Gene Robinson a matsayin bishop na Episcopal Diocese na New Hampshire, wanda hakan ya sanya Robinson ya zama bishop na farko a fili na 'yan luwadi. Griswold ya jagoranci bikin nadin Robinson. Saboda barazanar tashin hankali, akwai jami'an tsaro sosai kuma dukkansu sun sanya riguna masu hana harsashi. 

Wa'adin Griswold a matsayin shugaba bishop ya ƙare a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2006. Katharine Jefferts Schori ta gaje shi, mace ta farko da ta zama primate a cikin Communion na Anglican. Ya ci gaba da hidimar koyarwa, wa'azi, rubutu, lacca da kuma jagorantar tarurrukan addini, a ƙasa da ƙasa. Bayan kammala wa'adinsa na shugaban bishop, ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a seminary da jami'o'i a Koriya ta Kudu, Cuba da Japan, da kuma a Makarantar Divinity ta Episcopal da Makarantar Divinity ta Church of the Pacific, Virginia Theological Seminary da Seabury-Western . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin bishop mai ziyara a Society of St. John the Evangelist .

== Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa ==
Griswold da matarsa, Phoebe Wetzel Griswold, suna zaune a Philadelphia. Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Eliza da Hannah.  Shi ɗan uwan Sheldon Munson Griswold da Alexander Viets Griswold ne, dukkansu bishop-bishop na Episcopal. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot; /&gt;

Griswold ya mutu sakamakon gazawar numfashi a wani asibiti da ke Philadelphia a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2023, yana da shekaru 85.  

== Daraja ==
Ya sami digirin girmamawa daga Kwalejin Ilimin Tauhidi ta Janar, Kwalejin Ilimin Tauhidi ta Seabury-Western, Gidan Nashotah, Sewanee, Jami'ar Rikkyo da Makarantar Divinity ta Berkeley, Kwalejin Ilimin Tauhidi ta Virginia, Kwalejin Ilimin Kudu maso Yamma da Makarantar Divinity ta Episcopal. [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II]] ta kuma naɗa shi Mataimakin Shugaban Asibitin Mafi Girma na Asibitin Saint John na Urushalima a shekarar 1997. 

== Littattafan tarihi ==

* ''Komawa Gida: Gayyatar Jubilee'' (Cowley, 2000) 
* ''Bin diddigin Ruhu Mai Tsarki: Tunani Kan Soyayya da Sha'awa'' (Cocin Bugawa, 2017) 
* ''Addu'ar Kwanakinmu: Jagora da Abokin Hulɗa'' (Morehouse Publishing, 2018) 
* (tare da Mark McIntosh) ''Tsaban Imani: Tauhidi da Ruhaniya a Zuciyar Imani na Kirista'' (Eerdmans, 2022) 
* (tare da Mark McIntosh) ''Girbin Bege: Hanyar Tunani Zuwa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki'' (Eerdmans, 2022) 

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818008</id>
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      <text bytes="5882" sha1="r34u86wujaydgkv0jkutp8a4k8w7s7r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Frank Tracy Griswold na Uku''' (Satumba 18, 1937 - Maris 5, 2023) wani limamin cocin Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na 25 na Cocin Episcopal .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Christopher Webber}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AngJour2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1 February 2002 |title=Ramallah school shut down: (Frank) Griswold files complaint. |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ramallah+school+shut+down:+(Frank)+Griswold+files+complaint-a030038601 |journal=Anglican Journal |access-date=2018-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~lcrew/bishops/0102.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808234030/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~lcrew/bishops/0102.html |archive-date=August 8, 2010 |access-date=September 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Doyle2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=C. Andrew |date=March 8, 2008 |title=Why Elect A Young Bishop? |url=https://texasbishop.blogspot.com/2008/03/why-elect-young-bishop-ready-for-review.html |access-date=2018-06-24 |website=texasbishop.blogspot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Griswold a Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar St. Paul da ke [[Yanayin ƙasa na Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]], New Hampshire. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Harvard, inda ya yi digiri a fannin adabin Turanci, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha (AB) a shekarar 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;obit ENS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2023 |title=Frank T. Griswold III, 25th presiding bishop, dies at 85 |url=https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2023/03/05/frank-t-griswold-iii-25th-presiding-bishop-dies-at-85/ |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Episcopal News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi horo don nadin mukami a Kwalejin Tauhidi ta Janar kuma ya sami ƙarin digiri na BA a fannin tauhidi daga Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford a shekarar 1962: kamar yadda aka saba, an ƙara masa digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha ta Master of Arts (MA Oxon) a shekarar 1966. &lt;ref name=&quot;obit ENS&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'aikatar da aka naɗa ==
[[Fayil:2013BishopGriswold.jpg|left|thumb|Griswold a shekarar 2013]]
An naɗa Griswold a matsayin diakoni a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1962, ta hannun Andrew Yu-Yue Tsu, kuma a matsayin firist a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1963 ta hannun Joseph Gillespie Armstrong . &lt;ref name=&quot;ECD&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ya yi aiki a gundumomi uku a cikin Episcopal Diocese na Pennsylvania, ciki har da Cocin St Andrew da ke Yardley, Pennsylvania, da St Martin-in-the-Fields a Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, daga 1976 har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi Bishop na Chicago . An naɗa shi bishop a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1985, ta hannun John Allin ; &lt;ref name=&quot;ECD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clergy QuickFind: Frank Tracy Griswold III |url=https://ecdplus.org/clergies/9870776661 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Episcopal Clerical Directory |publisher=Church Pension Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda a lokacin ne ya zama bishop na Episcopal Diocese na Chicago . Ya kasance Bishop na Chicago daga 1987 har zuwa lokacin da ya zama bishop na shugaban a 1998.

Griswold ya kasance shugaban kwamitin kasa da kasa na Anglican-Roman Catholic daga 1998 zuwa 2003. Ya kasance memba na kwamitin dindindin na taron Lambeth na 1998. Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitocin diocese, na kasa, da na kasa da kasa kan ibada, ibada, da kuma ecumenism. Yana da sha'awar tattaunawa tsakanin addinai kuma ya zama memba na kwamitin shugabannin addinai na duniya na Cibiyar Elijah Interfaith Institute

A shekara ta 2003, Griswold ya goyi bayan nadin Gene Robinson a matsayin bishop na Episcopal Diocese na New Hampshire, wanda hakan ya sanya Robinson ya zama bishop na farko a fili na 'yan luwadi. Griswold ya jagoranci bikin nadin Robinson. Saboda barazanar tashin hankali, akwai jami'an tsaro sosai kuma dukkansu sun sanya riguna masu hana harsashi. 

Wa'adin Griswold a matsayin shugaba bishop ya ƙare a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2006. Katharine Jefferts Schori ta gaje shi, mace ta farko da ta zama primate a cikin Communion na Anglican. Ya ci gaba da hidimar koyarwa, wa'azi, rubutu, lacca da kuma jagorantar tarurrukan addini, a ƙasa da ƙasa. Bayan kammala wa'adinsa na shugaban bishop, ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a seminary da jami'o'i a Koriya ta Kudu, Cuba da Japan, da kuma a Makarantar Divinity ta Episcopal da Makarantar Divinity ta Church of the Pacific, Virginia Theological Seminary da Seabury-Western . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin bishop mai ziyara a Society of St. John the Evangelist .

== Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa ==
Griswold da matarsa, Phoebe Wetzel Griswold, suna zaune a Philadelphia. Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Eliza da Hannah.  Shi ɗan uwan Sheldon Munson Griswold da Alexander Viets Griswold ne, dukkansu bishop-bishop na Episcopal. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot; /&gt;

Griswold ya mutu sakamakon gazawar numfashi a wani asibiti da ke Philadelphia a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2023, yana da shekaru 85.  

== Daraja ==
Ya sami digirin girmamawa daga Kwalejin Ilimin Tauhidi ta Janar, Kwalejin Ilimin Tauhidi ta Seabury-Western, Gidan Nashotah, Sewanee, Jami'ar Rikkyo da Makarantar Divinity ta Berkeley, Kwalejin Ilimin Tauhidi ta Virginia, Kwalejin Ilimin Kudu maso Yamma da Makarantar Divinity ta Episcopal. [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II]] ta kuma naɗa shi Mataimakin Shugaban Asibitin Mafi Girma na Asibitin Saint John na Urushalima a shekarar 1997. 

== Littattafan tarihi ==

* ''Komawa Gida: Gayyatar Jubilee'' (Cowley, 2000) 
* ''Bin diddigin Ruhu Mai Tsarki: Tunani Kan Soyayya da Sha'awa'' (Cocin Bugawa, 2017) 
* ''Addu'ar Kwanakinmu: Jagora da Abokin Hulɗa'' (Morehouse Publishing, 2018) 
* (tare da Mark McIntosh) ''Tsaban Imani: Tauhidi da Ruhaniya a Zuciyar Imani na Kirista'' (Eerdmans, 2022) 
* (tare da Mark McIntosh) ''Girbin Bege: Hanyar Tunani Zuwa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki'' (Eerdmans, 2022) 

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sia Anagnostopoulou</title>
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'''Athanasia &quot;Sia&quot; Anagnostopoulou''' (Girkanci:  Αναγνωστοπούλου; an haife shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 1959 ) ɗan siyasan Girka ne kuma masanin kimiyya wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje a cikin Ma'aikatar Biyu ta Alexis Tsipras . hagu 18 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Agusta 2015, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Turai a cikin Ma'aikatar farko ta Alexis Tsipras .

Anagnostopoulou mataimakiyar farfesa ce a fannin tarihi a Jami'ar Panteion (tun daga shekara ta 2004), kuma ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'an New York, Jami'ar Cyprus da Makarantar Nazarin Ci gaba a Kimiyya ta Jama'a.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Anagnostopoulou a Patras a shekara ta 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;curvit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alternate Foreign Minister for European Affairs |url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/leadership/the-deputy-ministers/alternate-foreign-minister-for-european-affairs.html |access-date=13 August 2015 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci Lyceum na 4 na Patras kafin ta koma [[Athens]].

Anagnostopoulou ya yi karatu a Sashen Nazarin Byzantine da Girkanci na zamani, na Faculty of Philosophy a Jami'ar Athens.  Ta ci gaba da karatunta a birnin [[Faris|Paris]], inda ta sami digiri biyu. Da farko, digiri a cikin [[Turkanci|Harshen Turkiyya]] da al'adu daga Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), kuma na biyu DEA a ''Tarihi da wayewa'' daga Jami'ar Pantheon-Sorbonne.&lt;ref name=&quot;curvit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alternate Foreign Minister for European Affairs |url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/leadership/the-deputy-ministers/alternate-foreign-minister-for-european-affairs.html |access-date=13 August 2015 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.mfa.gr/en/leadership/the-deputy-ministers/alternate-foreign-minister-for-european-affairs.html &quot;Alternate Foreign Minister for European Affairs&quot;]. ''[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 August&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kammala digirinta na PhD a tarihi a Makarantar Nazarin Ci gaba a Kimiyya ta Jama'a (EHESS) a 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;depcv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Athanasia Anagnostopoulou |url=http://keni.panteion.gr/index.php/en/people-en?id=53 |access-date=24 May 2016 |website=Department of Political Science and History, Panteion University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Hountis_Anagnostopoulou.jpg|right|thumb|Anagnostopoulou tare da wanda ya riga ta a matsayin Mataimakin Minista, Nikolaos Chountis .]]
Anagnostopoulou ta koyar da shekaru tara, daga 1995 zuwa 2004, a Sashen Nazarin Turkiyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya na Jami'ar Cyprus, kuma tun daga shekara ta 2004 ta koyar a Sashen Kimiyya da Tarihi na Siyasa na Jami'an Panteion. A halin yanzu ita ce farfesa a fannin tarihi a Panteion . &lt;ref name=&quot;depcv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Athanasia Anagnostopoulou |url=http://keni.panteion.gr/index.php/en/people-en?id=53 |access-date=24 May 2016 |website=Department of Political Science and History, Panteion University}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://keni.panteion.gr/index.php/en/people-en?id=53 &quot;Athanasia Anagnostopoulou&quot;]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Department of Political Science and History, Panteion University''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta koyar a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'i da yawa a Turai da Amurka, kuma ta wallafa da yawa.[1] Ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar New York a shekara ta 2000, a Jami'an Cyprus daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2009, kuma a Makarantar Nazarin Ci gaba a Kimiyya ta Jama'a a shekara ta 2011. [2] Babban sha'awar bincikenta shine kishin kasa a Girka, Turkiyya da Cyprus, da mulkin mallaka a Cyprus.[3]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Dimitrios Maximos</title>
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'''Dimitrios E. Maximos''' (Girkanci; 6 ga Yulin 1873 [1] - 17 ga Oktoba 1955)  ya kasance ɗan bankin Girka kuma [[ɗan siyasa]]. Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] . 

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Maximos a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1873 a Patras . [1] Ya fara aikinsa a banki a shekara ta 1891 kuma ya yi aiki a Babban Bankin Girka. A cikin 1920 Maximos ya zama gwamnan bankin kafin ya yi murabus a cikin 1922. [1] Tsakanin 1933 da 1935, ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje na gwamnatin Panagis Tsaldaris . Ya kasance Firayim Minista na Girka a shekarar 1947. [2]

Gidansa a tsakiyar [[Athens]], Maximos Mansion, yana aiki tun 1982 a matsayin wurin zama na Firayim Minista na Girka.

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Rufus Keeler</title>
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'''Rufus Bradley Keeler''' (1885 - 29 ga Oktoba, 1934) ƙwararren mai gyaran yumbu ne da kuma goge yumbu. Ya kasance mai kula da shuka na California China Products, wanda ya kafa California Clay Products (CalCo), &lt;ref name=&quot;auto13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2004 |title=The tile detectives |url=https://www.latimes.com/style/la-hm-tile14oct14-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hemmerlein |first=Sandi |date=August 22, 2017 |title=Explore the Remnants of SoCal's Historical Tile Industry |url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/socal-wanderer/where-to-find-socals-historical-decorative-tiles |website=KCET}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 29, 1923 |title=Brick and Clay Record: A Semi-monthly Record of the World's Progress in Clayworking... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFE7AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Tile+Plant+To+Increase+Capacity+Ten+Times,+Brick+and+Clay+Record,+1923&amp;pg=PA642 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma manajan shuka na Malibu Potteries . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malibu Potteries plant - MP-1 |url=https://adamsonhouse.pastperfectonline.com/photo/EB62E9C9-B21F-4927-9599-493254695350 |website=adamsonhouse.pastperfectonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arnold |first=Liz |date=July 9, 2014 |title=The Quest to Save LA's Century-Old Batchelder Tiles |url=https://www.curbed.com/2014/7/9/10080352/century-old-batchelder-tiles-ignite-las-preservationists |website=Curbed |access-date=January 11, 2026 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005213641/https://www.curbed.com/2014/7/9/10080352/century-old-batchelder-tiles-ignite-las-preservationists |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya auri Mary E. Leary kuma yana da 'ya'ya maza uku da 'ya mace ɗaya, ciki har da mai gyaran yumbu Bradley Burr Keeler, wanda ya kafa Brad Keeler Artwares &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 29, 1951 |title=Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SYhAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=bradley+burr+keeler&amp;pg=PA161 |publisher=Copyright Office, Library of Congress. |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma wanda ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar California Art Potters kuma darektan ƙungiyar California Gift and Art Association.

== Rayuwar farko ==

=== Kakanni ===
Keeler ɗan Burr Bradley Keeler ne (wanda aka haifa a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1844), wanda aka haifa a Rochester, New York, mai gidaje; jikan Rufus Keeler da Phoebe Valeau; jikan Josiah Keeler da Betsey Bradley; kuma zuriyar Sons of the American Revolution - Isaac Keeler mai rijista (wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1715), Laftanar na 5th Connecticut Regiment, da matarsa, Hannah Stebbins; Josiah Keeler (wanda aka haifa a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 1741–1777), wani sirri a cikin 5th Connecticut Regiment, da matarsa, Elizabeth Stebbins; da Philip Burr Bradley (26 ga Maris, 1738-24 ga Janairu, 1821), Kanar na 5th Regiment na Sojojin Amurka, da matarsa, Ruth Smith. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hemmerlein |first=Sandi |date=August 22, 2017 |title=Explore the Remnants of SoCal's Historical Tile Industry |url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/socal-wanderer/where-to-find-socals-historical-decorative-tiles |website=KCET}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Calco_2.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Misalin tayal na CalCo.]]

=== Aure, yara, da gida ===
An haifi Keeler a Bellingham, Whatcom County a jihar [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] kuma ya girma a [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]] . Ya auri Mary E. Leary kuma tare suka haifi 'ya'ya maza uku da 'ya mace ɗaya—Bradley Burr Keeler (an haife shi a shekarar 1913), &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Don and Dorothy Prouty with Rufus Keeler sons, Philip and Bradley. - MP-80 |url=https://adamsonhouse.pastperfectonline.com/photo/F042D11E-E238-4EA7-B951-209651634110 |website=adamsonhouse.pastperfectonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byron Keeler (an haife shi a shekarar 1925), &lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lillian Ball and the Keeler boys - MP-110 |url=https://adamsonhouse.pastperfectonline.com/photo/348FCF4A-7AB1-44EF-A2BD-444862085149 |website=adamsonhouse.pastperfectonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Philip Keeler, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; da Jeanne Keeler—wanda suka rene a Huntington Park, California, daga baya aka kira shi South Gate . Keeler ya gina gida &quot;daga farko&quot; ga iyalin, yana sanya tayal ɗin zane-zane na yumbu a hanya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hemmerlein |first=Sandi |date=August 22, 2017 |title=Explore the Remnants of SoCal's Historical Tile Industry |url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/socal-wanderer/where-to-find-socals-historical-decorative-tiles |website=KCET}}&lt;/ref&gt; ciki har da a cikin kowane ɗaki &quot;tayal ɗin bene mai launi daban-daban da tsari tare da allon tukwane na yumbu waɗanda aka haɓaka da wisteria, clematis, da wardi masu launin rawaya,&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Stunning Arts &amp; Crafts Fireplace: A Mayan Revival &amp;#124; Two Red Roses Foundation |url=http://www.tworedroses.com/newsletters/newsletter03032015.html |website=www.tworedroses.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; murhu mai girman 8'x 9' Mayan a cikin falo, da sauran amfani masu kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto13&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The House That Rufus Built - KA-11 |url=https://adamsonhouse.pastperfectonline.com/photo/A0BDDD8E-9F99-4A49-8C82-179418530659 |website=adamsonhouse.pastperfectonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2010 |title=Living in an all-tile house is a one-of-a-kind experience |url=http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20100306/living-in-an-all-tile-house-is-a-one-of-a-kind-experience |website=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi shekara guda yana yin zango a garejin, wanda shine farkon wurin da aka kammala ginin gidan, yayin da yake kula da sauran ginin gidan da kuma yin aikin hannu da kansa.

=== Abota ===
Keeler abokin [[Ernest A. Batchelder]] ne, wani fitaccen mai gyaran yumbu na farko a California na ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'i daga Pasadena, California . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto8&quot;/&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Keeler ya yi aiki a kamfanonin samar da yumbu daban-daban a California kamar Carnegie Brick &amp; Pottery a Carnegie, San Joaquin County, California, [1] Gladding McBean a Lincoln, California, [1] da California China Products a National City, California, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban masana'antar shuke-shuke, [2] [3] [1] kafin ya fara kasuwancinsa a 1917, yana ƙera tayal don kewayen murhu. [4] Tare da taimakon masu zuba jari, sai ya faɗaɗa kasuwancin zuwa California Clay Products (CalCo) da suka haɗu suka kafa a 1923 ko '24. [5] [6] [7] [4] [3]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Manzanni Tzitzikostas</title>
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Apostolos G. Tzitzikostas (Greek; an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1978) ɗan siyasan Girka ne wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Turai na Sufuri da Yawon Bude Ido, tun daga 2024. Ya taba aiki a matsayin gwamnan yankin Makidoniya ta Tsakiya daga 2013 zuwa 2024 kuma ya kasance tsohon Shugaban Kwamitin Yankin Turai daga 2020 zuwa 2022.elelel

== Tarihin rayuwa ==

=== Ilimi da aikin kasuwanci ===
Tzitzikostas ya yi karatun siyasa da diflomasiyya a Jami'ar Georgetown kuma ya yi aiki a ofishin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Harkokin Waje. Bayan kammala karatunsa a fannin Manufofin Jama'a da Tattalin Arziki a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, &lt;ref name=&quot;Economist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Apostolos Tzitzikostas |url=http://www.economistinsights.com/speaker/2915 |access-date=8 April 2015 |publisher=[[The Economist Intelligence Unit]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya koma Girka. A shekara ta 2001 ya kirkiro kamfaninsa da ke sayar da kayayyakin madara da ake kira 'MACEDONIAN FARM', wanda daga baya Mevgal ya sayar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 September 2003 |script-title=el:Μακεδονική Φάρμα: στα premium με «όπλο» ποιότητα - συσκευασία |trans-title=Macedonian Farm: the heavy duty packaged premium |url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/162784 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[Kathimerini]] |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 2003 har zuwa 2007 ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba.

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
A cikin zaɓen ƙasa na Satumba 2007, an zabe shi memba na Majalisar Girka tare da jam'iyyar Nea Demokratia a Gundumar Zabe ta 1 ta Thessaloniki .

A matsayinsa na dan majalisa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Dattijai ta Helenanci, memba na Kwamitin Tsaro na Kasa da Harkokin Waje, kuma memba na Kwamiti na Harkokin Kudi.

Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Dindindin na Musamman kan Harkokin Al'umma na Turai da Kwamitin Musamman na Yarjejeniyar Gyara ta Tarayyar Turai.

Ya wakilci majalisar dokokin Hellenic a Majalisar Dokokin Yuro-Mediterranean daga 2007 zuwa 2009.

A cikin zaɓen yanki na Nuwamba 2010, an zabe shi Mataimakin Gwamna na Makidoniya ta Tsakiya kuma Shugaban Yankin Thessaloniki .

A cikin zaɓen yanki na Mayu 2014, an zabe shi Gwamna na Makidoniya ta Tsakiya tare da kashi 71% na kuri'un.

An sake zabarsa a matsayin Gwamna na Makidoniya ta Tsakiya a zaben yanki na Mayu 2019 da Oktoba 2023, inda ya samu sama da kashi 60% na kuri'un a duka zaben.

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Stavros Arnaoutakis</title>
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'''Stavros Arnaoutakis''' (Girkanci; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1956) ɗan siyasan Girka ne wanda ya kasance Gwamnan tsibirin [[Crete|Karita]] tun 2011. Kafin ya zama gwamna ya kasance memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai daga 2004 zuwa 2009, kuma memba na Majalisar Hellenic daga 2009 zuwa 2010.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Stavros Arnaoutakis a Archanes, tsibirin Crete, Girka, a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1956. {{Sfn|Crete}}{{Sfn|European Parliament}}

== Ayyuka ==
An zabi Arnaoutakis a matsayin magajin gari na Archanes a shekarar 1990, kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2004. Ya kasance shugaban Kamfanin Ci Gaban Heraklion daga 1991 zuwa 2004. Kamfanin Ci gaban Heraklion shine kamfanin Girka na farko da ke da ofis a Brussels. {{Sfn|Crete}}

A cikin Zaben 2004 Arnaoutakis ya lashe kujerar a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a matsayin mutum na 4 a jerin sunayen masu jefa kuri'a na PASOK. {{Sfn|Crete}} Ya zauna tare da kungiyar Jam'iyyar Socialists ta Turai. A lokacin da yake cikin majalisa ya yi aiki a kwamitocin kifi da ci gaban yanki. Ya kasance memba na wakilan zuwa China da Romania.{{Sfn|European Parliament}}

A cikin Zaben 2009 an zabi Arnaoutakis a majalisar dokokin Hellenic don Heraklion . A lokacin da yake cikin majalisa ya kasance Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Gasar, da Shipping.{{Sfn|Crete}}

An zabi Arnaoutakis a matsayin gwamnan tsibirin Crete a Zaben 2023. An sake zabarsa a zaben 2014, 2019, da 2023. [1] Ya tura Knossos da sauran shafuka a tsibirin Crete da UNESCO ta amince da su a matsayin wuraren tarihi na duniya.[1] Crete ta raba Yuro miliyan 11.2, wani bangare daga Asusun Ci Gaban Yankin Turai, a cikin 2025, don ayyukan 13 don ingantawa da faɗaɗa ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa.[1]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Sara Radstone</title>
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[[Fayil:'Untold'_(detail)_2017.jpg|thumb|'Ba a Gane Ba' 2017. Shigar da abubuwa 27; yumbun takarda da kayan haɗin gauraye.]]
'''Sara Radstone''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1955) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta yumbu kuma malamar makaranta 'yar Birtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Radstone (1955–) |url=http://visualarts.britishcouncil.org/collection/artists/radstone-sara-1955 |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=British Council }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;as&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Whiting |title=Sara Radstone |url=http://www.anthonyshawcollection.org/sr/collection_sr.htm |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=The Anthony Shaw Collection}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta sun kama daga sassaka na sirri da aka gina a bango zuwa manyan kayan gini na abubuwa da yawa.
[[Fayil:'Shroud_III'_(detail)_2017.jpg|thumb|'Shroud III' 2017. Cikakkun bayanai game da sassaka da aka gina a bango, rubutun hessian da aka tsoma a ciki, da kuma jaridar da aka fentin fenti.]]
Radstone ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Herefordshire sannan daga baya ta yi a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Camberwell, &lt;ref name=&quot;as&quot;/&gt; inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1979 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Radstone (1955–) |url=http://visualarts.britishcouncil.org/collection/artists/radstone-sara-1955 |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=British Council }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da Angus Suttie da Henry Pim. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da tarin jama'a da yawa a Burtaniya da ƙasashen waje, ciki har da ayyuka huɗu a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Radstone (1955–) |url=http://visualarts.britishcouncil.org/collection/artists/radstone-sara-1955 |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=British Council }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Current Programme Henry Hammond Lecture 2020: Sara Radstone |url=https://www.csc.uca.ac.uk/programme/2020/3/11/henry-hammond-lecture-2020-sara-radstone |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=Crafts Study Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Radstone |url=https://marsdenwoo.com/sara-radstone |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=Marsden Woo Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Tarihi na Fitzwilliam, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Charles |date=5 January 2018 |title=Why ceramics mean more than words to artist Sara Radstone in York Art Gallery retrospective |url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/15809697.ceramics-mean-words-artist-sara-radstone-york-art-gallery-retrospective/ |accessdate=18 November 2020 |work=[[York Press]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Burtaniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Tophill |first1=Charlie |date=11 January 2018 |title=The art to see in York this month – January 2018 |url=https://www.yorkmix.com/art-see-york-month-january-2018/ |accessdate=18 November 2020 |work=York Mix}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wurin Shakatawa na Ceramic Cultural Park, Japan da Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar Los Angeles . &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.ceramicreview.com/events/unearthed/ Unearthed]&quot;. ''Ceramic Review'', Issue 306, November/December 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Kudu maso Gabashin Landan.

== Sana'a ==

=== Aiki ===
A shekarar 1979, Radstone ta kafa ɗakin studio na farko a 401½ Workshops a Kudancin London, [1] ta sami tallafi daga Majalisar Sana'o'i, sannan ta sami kyauta daga Robert da Lisa Sainsbury Trust, waɗanda suka goyi bayan kafa Arlingford Studios a Brixton, Kudancin London a 1985. Ta kuma sami kyaututtuka daga Greater London Arts, Oppenheim-John Downes Memorial Trust kuma ta lashe kyautar Unilever a 1988. A shekarar 1993 ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Arts Foundation Fellowship. Radstone ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga taron, Al'adu da Marasa Hankali a SOAS, London, kuma ta kasance mai halarta a St. George's House, Windsor Castle, shawarwari, The Value of Culture and the Crisis of Judgment . A shekarar 2020 ta gabatar da laccar tunawa da Henry Hammond na shekara-shekara. [2]

=== Nunin Nunin ===
Radstone ta yi baje kolin kayan tarihi a ƙasashen duniya sama da shekaru 40. Baya ga baje kolin kayan tarihi na yau da kullun a Marsden Woo Gallery da ke Landan, ta yi baje kolin kayan tarihi na kanta a wurare daban-daban na kayan tarihi da gidajen tarihi, &lt;ref name=&quot;YAG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Radstone |url=https://marsdenwoo.com/sara-radstone |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=Marsden Woo Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta halarci baje kolin kayan tarihi na rukuni a Turai, Amurka da Japan.

An gudanar da wani babban baje kolin tarihi na aikinta, mai taken ''More than Words'', a tsakanin 2017–18 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Yumbu ta York Art Gallery . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Radstone (1955–) |url=http://visualarts.britishcouncil.org/collection/artists/radstone-sara-1955 |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=British Council }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;   A shekarar 2019 ta kasance mai shirya taron ''Unearthed'', wani baje kolin mutane uku a House Mill, Three Mills Island, London. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sigrid Kähler</title>
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'''Sigrid Kähler''', wacce kuma '''Sigrid Andersen Ring ce''', (12 ga Mayu 1874 - 9 ga Mayu 1923) &lt;ref name=&quot;geni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sigrid Andersen Ring (Kähler) |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Sigrid-Andersen-Ring/6000000026165920022 |access-date=9 July 2020 |publisher=Geni |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙwararriyar mai zane ce kuma mai zane ce ta ƙasar Denmark. Ta hannun mahaifinta, mai zane ce, Herman A. Kähler, ta haɗu da mai zane LA Ring . Bayan aurensu a shekarar 1896, ta zaburar da ayyukansa da yawa. Duk da cewa ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta a matsayin uwa da uwar gida, ta ci gaba da yin zane lokaci-lokaci da kuma yin ado da kayan ado. An nuna aikinta tare da na mijinta a Ordrupgaard a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;og&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=L.A. Ring. Between Light and Darkness |url=https://ordrupgaard.dk/en/portfolio_page/10121/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |publisher=Ordrupgaard |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2016 |title=Between Light and Darkness in Denmark |url=https://www.dailyscandinavian.com/light-darkness-denmark/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |publisher= |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Sigrid Kähler a Næstved a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1874, ita ce babba a cikin 'ya'ya shida na mai yin zane Herman August Kähler (1846–1917) da Jansine Elisabeth Christine Berg (1848–1901). Sauran su ne Herman Hans Christian (1876), Hedevig (1878), Ebba (1880), Elisabeth (1882) da Stella (1886). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2016 |title=Between Light and Darkness in Denmark |url=https://www.dailyscandinavian.com/light-darkness-denmark/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |publisher= |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Herman August Kähler |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Herman-August-K%C3%A4hler/6000000076449025876 |access-date=9 July 2020 |publisher=Geni |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta koyi zane a wurin aikin mahaifinta inda ta yi wa tukwane ado.

== Aure da iyali ==
A can ne ta haɗu da LA Ring. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;where? (December 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ƙarin bayani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1896 lokacin da ya ninka amaryarsa mai shekaru 21 sau biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;og&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=L.A. Ring. Between Light and Darkness |url=https://ordrupgaard.dk/en/portfolio_page/10121/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |publisher=Ordrupgaard |language=Danish}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://ordrupgaard.dk/en/portfolio_page/10121/ &quot;L.A. Ring. Between Light and Darkness&quot;]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in Danish). Ordrupgaard. 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 July&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Sun haifi 'ya'ya uku: Ghitta (1899), [[Anders Ring|Anders]] (1900) da Ole (1902).

Ta yi tasiri mai kyau ga mijinta wanda ayyukansa suka nuna wani sabon yanayi na ɗumi da fata. Yawancin ayyukansa sun dogara ne akan Sigrid, 'ya'yansu uku da kuma cikin gidansu. Bayan aurenta, Sigrid ta fi yin amfani da lokacinta wajen kula da iyalinta maimakon yin zane. [1] Duk da haka, kwanan nan, an gano wasu daga cikin zane-zanenta na tsirrai a cikin hotunan Ring da wasiƙunsa. Sun haɗa da zane-zanen chicory, ja clover da karas na daji, ɗaya daga cikinsu an rubuta shi a shekarar 1893. Salonta ya samo asali ne daga mai ginin Thorvald Bindesbøll . An haɗa ayyukan a cikin wani baje kolin ayyukan mata a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Hirschsprung . [2]

Sigrid Kähler ta mutu sakamakon tarin fuka a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1923 a Roskilde . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2016 |title=Between Light and Darkness in Denmark |url=https://www.dailyscandinavian.com/light-darkness-denmark/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |publisher= |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;geni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sigrid Andersen Ring (Kähler) |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Sigrid-Andersen-Ring/6000000026165920022 |access-date=9 July 2020 |publisher=Geni |language=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.geni.com/people/Sigrid-Andersen-Ring/6000000026165920022 &quot;Sigrid Andersen Ring (Kähler)&quot;]. Geni&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 July&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An binne ta a makabartar St Ib . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2016 |title=Between Light and Darkness in Denmark |url=https://www.dailyscandinavian.com/light-darkness-denmark/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |publisher= |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Lampelys._Interiør_med_kunstnerens_hustru.jpg|alt=L. A. Ring: Lamplight: The Artist's Wife (1898)| Zoben LA: ''Hasken Fitila: Matar Mai Zane'' (1898)
Fayil:Forår.jpg|alt=L. A. Ring: Spring (1895)| Zoben LA: ''Bazara'' (1895)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Serge Vandercam</title>
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'''Serge Vandercam''' (1924, a Copenhagen - 10 Maris 2005, a Wavre ) ɗan ƙasar Denmark ne mai zane, mai ɗaukar hoto, mai sassaka da kuma mai yin yumbu wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar CoBrA .

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.philagodu.be/GENERALCULTUREL/ARTS/Serge_Vandercam.html Tarihin Serge Vandercam]
* [http://www.museepla.ulg.ac.be/opera/vandercam/bio.html Serge Vandercam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172532/http://www.museepla.ulg.ac.be/opera/vandercam/bio.html |date=2016-03-03 }}
* [http://www.interface.cfwb.be/institutions_notices/centre_de_recherche_cobra_ulb_universite_libre_de_bruxelles/ Cibiyar Bincike ta COBRA]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saif-ur-Rehman Mansoor</title>
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[[Mawlawi|Maulvi]] '''Saif-ur Mansur''' (kuma '''Saifullah Rahman Mansour''', '''Saifullah Rehman Mansoor'''; ya mutu {{Circa|January 2008}} ) ya kasance babban kwamandan [[Taliban]].

Mahaifin Saifullah, Nasrullah Mansur, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan kwamandojin 'yan bindiga da suka yi yaƙi da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a lokacin da Soviet ta mamaye Afghanistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ArbSummaryOfEvidenceMohammedAliShahShayed&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |last=OARDEC |author-link=OARDEC |date=2005-12-20 |title=Unclassified Summary of Evidence for Administrative Review Board in the case of Shayed, Mohammed Ali Shah |url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Factors_000794-000894.pdf#87 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529181841/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Factors_000794-000894.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-29 |access-date=2008-05-25 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |pages=87–89}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin mamayar Amurka a Afghanistan Saifullah ya kasance mataimakin kwamandan garuruwan Taliban a Kargha, a wajen [[Kabul]] . 

Ya gudu zuwa [[Pakistan]] bayan da aka kori Taliban a ƙarshen shekara ta 2001, kuma an ruwaito cewa ya tara mayakan 1,000 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2002.  Saifullah ta ruwaito ta Pajhwok Afghan News cewa ya ce &quot;Yakin da Amurka ke yi don mafi girman Islama da kare kasarmu zai ci gaba har zuwa numfashinmu na ƙarshe&quot;.

A watan Mayu 2002 mujallar Time ta bayyana Saifullah a matsayin jarumi mai tasowa a cikin Taliban, bayan mutanensa sun lalata wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu na Amurka, inda suka kashe sojoji bakwai na Amurka, a Yaƙin Takur Ghar a Lardin Paktia .  Da yake ambaton tsohon jami'in diflomasiyyar Taliban, mujallar ta bayyana Saifullah a matsayin &quot;mutum mai ibada da motsin rai mai iyakantaccen ilimi da hangen nesa, mara hankali kuma mai sauƙin yaudarar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time2002-05-07&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2005 jami'an Pakistan sun ba da maganganu masu saɓani game da ko Saifullah yana da rai.

Saifullah an kashe shi a yaƙi a watan Janairun 2008, a cewar Pajhwok Afghan News, inda ya yi nuni da wata majiya a Ma'aikatar leken asiri ta kasa.

Jaridar Indiya ta ruwaito cewa wani mayakan da aka kama a [[Kashmir]] a watan Nuwamba na 2010 ya tabbatar da cewa Saifullah Mansur ya kasance &quot;masool&quot; ko jagora a Lardin Sarhad na Pakistan.

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Kosmas mai suna Aetolian</title>
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'''Kosmas the Aetolian''', sometimes '''Cosmas the Aetolian''' or '''Patrokosmas''' &quot;Father Kosmas&quot; (Greek: Κοσμᾶς ὁ Αἰτωλός, ''Kosmas Etolos''; {{Circa|1714}} – 24 August 1779) was a monk, who is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church. He is recognized as one of the originators of the twentieth-century religious movements in Greece. He is also noted for his prophesies.

Saint Kosmas, &quot;Daidai da Manzanni,&quot; an ayyana shi a hukumance a matsayin Mai Tsarki ta Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Constantinople a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1961 a ƙarƙashin ikon Ikklisiya na Ikklisiya Athenagoras .  Ana yin bikin ranar biki a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, ranar shahadar.
[[Fayil:Kosmas_Aitolos.jpg|thumb|Hoton St. Kosmas the Aetolian]]

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Kosmas a ƙauyen Girka na Mega Dendron kusa da garin Thermo a yankin Aetolia .  Ya yi karatun Girkanci da tauhidin kafin ya zama ɗan majami'a bayan tafiya zuwa Dutsen Athos, inda ya kuma halarci Kwalejin tauhidi yankin.

Bayan shekaru biyu Kosmas ya bar Athos. Ya yi karatun maganganu a Constantinople na wani lokaci. A shekara ta 1760 Patriarch Serapheim II ya ba shi izini (wanda ya nuna alamun adawa da Ottoman) don fara yawon shakatawa na mishan a ƙauyukan Thrace - daga baya ya faɗaɗa zuwa abin da zai samar da yankunan Yammacin Girka da Arewacin Girka. An ruwaito cewa Patriarch ya damu da karuwar kiristocin da ke juyawa zuwa addinin Musulunci a waɗannan yankuna.

Fiye da shekaru goma sha shida, Kosmas ya kafa makarantun coci da yawa a ƙauyuka da garuruwa.[1] Ya yi kira ga Kiristoci da su kafa makarantu kuma su koyi Helenanci na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Koine, don su fahimci Nassosi da kyau kuma su ilimantar da kansu gaba ɗaya.

Bayan Orlov Revolt na 1770 a cikin Peloponnese (wanda 'Yan uwan Orlov suka tayar da shi tare da goyon bayan Catherine II na Daular Rasha), Kosmas ya fara yin wa'azi a cikin abin da ke yanzu Kudancin Albania, [1] sannan a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ahmet Kurt Pasha, gwamnan Pashalik na Berat.

==Manazarta== 
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  <page>
    <title>Shirin 'yan sanda na dalibai</title>
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Aikin 'Yan Sanda na Ɗalibai (SPC) wani shiri ne da 'yan sandan Kerala suka aiwatar a makarantun sakandare, wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Gida da ta Gabaɗaya suka aiwatar tare, kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Ilimi na Gabaɗaya ke tallafawa, kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Kuɗi, Sufuri, Daji, da Gwamnatin Kai ta Ƙananan Hukumomi ke tallafawa. An fara '''aikin 'Yan Sanda na Ɗalibai''' a shekarar 2010, a matsayin shirin haɗin gwiwa na ilimi, lafiya, sufuri, dazuzzuka, motsa jiki, ci gaban ƙabila da gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi. Wannan shirin horo mai kyau na tsawon shekaru biyu, yana ba ɗaliban makarantar sakandare damar haɓaka yanayin jiki, motsin rai, hankali, zamantakewa da ƙwarewa ta hanyar ayyuka iri-iri kamar motsa jiki, faretin, tafiya ta hanya, yoga mai ƙarfi da ayyukan al'umma.

Aikin yana horar da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare su girmama dokoki, su yi aiki da ladabi, da kuma haɓaka sanin ya kamata da tausayi ga ɓangarorin al'umma masu rauni. Hakanan yana ƙarfafa sadaukarwa ga iyali, al'umma, da muhalli, wanda ke ba su damar tsayayya da munanan halaye kamar shan muggan kwayoyi, ɗabi'un karkacewa, rashin haƙuri, da sauran munanan halaye na zamantakewa.

An ƙaddamar da aikin a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2010 a makarantun sakandare/manyan makarantun sakandare 127 a faɗin [[Kerala]],  tare da ɗalibai 11,176, maza da mata, waɗanda aka yi wa rajista a matsayin Cadets da malamai 254 da aka horar a matsayin Jami'an 'Yan Sanda na Al'umma (CPOs) na matakin makaranta.  A shekarar 2012, an faɗaɗa aikin don ya shafi jimillar makarantun sakandare 249 a faɗin Kerala,  tare da haɗin gwiwar kusan SPC 16,000 da CPO 500. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2022, aikin yana aiki a makarantu 1,000 a Kerala, tare da ɗalibai sama da 83,000 da ke samun horo a yanzu kuma ɗalibai sama da 200,000 sun kammala horo. Tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a ƙasa a shekarar 2018 [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/sunday-edition/student-police-cadet-project-launched.html &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;], Aikin 'Yan Sanda na Ɗalibai yanzu yana aiki a makarantu 12,000 a faɗin Indiya tare da ɗalibai 900,000 da ke ƙarƙashin horo.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;ref&gt;Biju Govind [1]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &quot;VS to launch Student Police Cadet Project&quot; The Hindu 2 August 2010&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sabon Gidan Tarihin Yara</title>
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'''Gidan Tarihi na Yara na Sabuwar''' Gidan Tarihi na Yara wani [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na yara|gidan tarihi ne na yara]] da ke tsakiyar birnin [[San Diego|San Diego, California]], wanda manufarsa ita ce &quot;ƙarfafa tunani, ƙirƙira da tunani mai zurfi a cikin yara da iyalai ta hanyar ƙwarewa mai ban sha'awa tare da fasahar zamani&quot;.  Gidan Tarihi yana ba wa masu fasaha na zamani umarni su ƙirƙiri wuraren zane-zane masu girman ɗaki (wuraren wasan kwaikwayo) don yara su yi mu'amala da su da kuma bincika su; ya yi aiki tare da ɗaruruwan masu fasaha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artists |url=https://thinkplaycreate.org/explore/artists-index/ |access-date=2021-02-07 |website=The New Children's Museum |language=en |archive-date=2021-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214003237/https://thinkplaycreate.org/explore/artists-index/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; tun lokacin da aka buɗe shi a 2008. Gidan Tarihi yana cikin wani wuri mai ƙarfi wanda mai zane Rob Wellington Quigley ya tsara kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin gidajen tarihi na farko a California. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Children's Museum |url=https://hughesmarino.com/portfolio/new-childrens-museum-san-diego/ |access-date=2021-02-07 |website=Hughes Marino |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:The_New_Childrens_Museum.jpg|thumb|Gaban gidan kayan tarihi]]
An buɗe gidan tarihi na asali a shekarar 1983 a La Jolla a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Yara na San Diego. Bayan shekaru 10, gidan tarihi ya koma wani rumbun adana kayan tarihi na tsakiyar gari ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Yara/Museo de los Niños. A shekara ta 2008, an sake buɗe gidan tarihi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Yara na Sabuwar - tare da kalmar &quot;sabo&quot; tana nuna mayar da hankali kan ba wa masu fasaha na zamani umarnin ƙirƙirar cikakken kayan fasaha don yara su yi hulɗa da su da kuma bincika su.

=== 2008 ===
Gidan Tarihi na Yara na New Children's ya yi bikin buɗe sabon gidansa da ke tsakiyar gundumar Marina ta San Diego tare da wani biki na jama'a kyauta. Nunin buɗewa shine ''wasan yara,'' wanda ke nuni ga fasahar Allan Kaprow, ɗaya daga cikin mawakan da suka fi muhimmanci da suka yi aiki a gidan tarihi a baya. Mawakan: [[Tanya Aguiñiga]], Maria Alos, Gustavo Artigas, Lee Boroson, Celeste Boursier-Mougenot, Alberto Caro, Roman de Salvo, Maurycy Gomulicki, Allan Kaprow, Mark Mulroney, Rene Peralta, PUBLIC, Nick Rodrigues, Ernest Silva, Aaron T. Stephan, Diana Thater, Writers Blok tare da Chor Boogie da Pose 2, Zlatan Vukosavljevic.

=== 2009 ===
An buɗe baje kolin ''zane-zane na dabbobi'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artists |url=https://thinkplaycreate.org/explore/artists-index/ |access-date=2021-02-07 |website=The New Children's Museum |language=en |archive-date=2021-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214003237/https://thinkplaycreate.org/explore/artists-index/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke nuna wuraren da aka gina waɗanda suka binciki yadda da kuma dalilin da yasa dabbobi ke motsa tunanin ɗan adam. Masu fasaha: Roman de Salvo, Felipe Dulzaides, Sam Easterson, Jason Hackenweth, Jeff Irwin, Sun K. Kwak, Julio Morales tare da haɗin gwiwar David Goldberg, Marcos Ramirez ERRE, Mungo Thompson, Perry Vasquez, Alison Wiese.

=== 2011 ===
An buɗe baje kolin ''shara'', bincike kan sarkakiyar sharar da ta taimaka wa yara su yi tunanin shara ta wata sabuwar hanya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artists |url=https://thinkplaycreate.org/explore/artists-index/ |access-date=2021-02-07 |website=The New Children's Museum |language=en |archive-date=2021-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214003237/https://thinkplaycreate.org/explore/artists-index/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu fasaha: Mikey Eastman, Kota Ezawa, The Old Boys Club da Kota Ezawa, Kianga Ford, The Institute for Figuring, Layer, Machine Project, Jessica McCambly, Vik Muniz, Jason Rogenes, Shinique Smith, Chris Sollars.

=== 2013 ===
''Bikin: An buɗe baje kolin fasahar wasa da abincinku'' wanda ke nuna masu fasaha 13 tare da wuraren da aka gina su kan abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artists |url=https://thinkplaycreate.org/explore/artists-index/ |access-date=2021-02-07 |website=The New Children's Museum |language=en |archive-date=2021-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214003237/https://thinkplaycreate.org/explore/artists-index/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu fasaha: Fallen Fruit, FriendsWithYou, Miki Iwasaki da Makarantar Gine-gine ta Jami'ar Woodbury, Ross Karre, Marisol Rendon, Leah Rosenberg, Phil Ross, Tattfoo Tan, Jason Torchinsky, Nina Waisman, Joe Yorty. An ƙaddamar da baje kolin tare da jerin abubuwan da suka shafi tara kuɗi a ƙarshen mako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Children's Museum |url=https://hughesmarino.com/portfolio/new-childrens-museum-san-diego/ |access-date=2021-02-07 |website=Hughes Marino |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Shafin aiki 17</title>
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'''Atelier 17''' wata makaranta ce ta fasaha da ɗakin karatu wadda ta yi tasiri a koyarwa da haɓaka aikin bugawa a ƙarni na 20. Da farko an gina ɗakin studio a birnin Paris, kuma an mayar da shi birnin New York a shekarun da suka kewaye Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. An mayar da shi birnin Paris a shekarar 1950.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa ɗakin studio na Atelier 17 a matsayin wani bita na gwaji don zane-zane a Paris, Faransa a shekarar 1927 ta hannun Stanley William Hayter (1901–1988). &lt;ref name=&quot;mma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farrell |first=Jennifer |title=Expanding Possibilities: Stanley William Hayter and Atelier 17 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2016/workshop-and-legacy-stanley-william-hayter |access-date=17 February 2020 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Atelier Contrepoint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=20th Century modern printmaking - S. W. Hayter - Atelier 17 |url=http://www.ateliercontrepoint.com/17index.html |access-date=17 February 2020 |website=Atelier Contrepoint |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217022113/http://www.ateliercontrepoint.com/17index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An san ɗakin studio da yanayin haɗin gwiwa, inda masu fasaha ke raba ra'ayoyi kan fasaha da kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brooklyn Museum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Atelier 17 |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/exhibitions/2381 |access-date=17 February 2020 |website=Brooklyn Museum |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217022110/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/exhibitions/2381 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gina ɗakin studio ɗin a lamba 17 rue Campagne-Première a birnin Paris. A shekarar 1940, wanda ya kafa ɗakin studio ɗin, Hayter, ya bar birnin Paris yayin da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ke farawa. Ya koma birnin New York kuma ya sake buɗe ɗakin studio ɗinsa na Atelier 17 a can. Asalinsa an haɗa shi da Sabon Makaranta, kafin shekarar 1945, ɗakin studio ɗin ya kasance East 8th Street. [1] Gidan studio ɗin ya jawo hankalin masu fasaha na Turai da yawa waɗanda suka gudu daga Turai kuma suka gabatar da masu fasaha na Amurka ga yin zane-zane masu kyau. [2]

Hayter ya gudanar da taron bita da tsammanin cewa duk masu fasaha da ke aiki a wurin za su koya daga junansu kuma su zama ƙwararru a dukkan fannoni na buga intaglio. Atelier ya haɗa Amurkawa tare da masu fasaha waɗanda suka tsere daga Turai zuwa New York. 

Hayter ya mayar da sitidiyonsa zuwa Paris a shekarar 1950 inda ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa mutuwar Hayter a shekarar 1988. A wannan shekarar an sake sanya wa sitidiyon suna '''Atelier Contrepoint''' kuma yana ci gaba da aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Atelier Contrepoint&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Shafin karatu da Tarihin Brandywine</title>
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'''Brandywine Workshop and Archives (BWA)''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania wadda aka kafa don ƙirƙirar zane-zane masu inganci waɗanda aka buga a allon da aka buga a takaice.

== Tarihi ==
Allan L. Edmunds ne ya kafa BWA a shekarar 1972 a matsayin '''Brandywine Graphic Workshop''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Harvard Art Museums&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exhibitions, Prints from the Brandywine Workshop and Archives: Creative Communities |url=https://harvardartmuseums.org/exhibitions/6182/prints-from-the-brandywine-workshop-and-archives-creative-communities |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Harvard Art Museums |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asali, taron bitar yana yankin Arewacin Philadelphia wanda ya fi yawan Baƙar fata da Hispanic, an yi masa rijista a matsayin cibiyar al'adu ta 501(c)(3) wacce ba ta biyan haraji a shekarar 1974. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brandywine Workshop and Archives&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://brandywineworkshopandarchives.org/history-and-achievements/ |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Brandywine Workshop and Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Print Collector's Newsletter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Sarah R. |date=1993 |title=PRINT WORKSHOPS U.S.A. II—A LISTING |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24555328 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=The Print Collector's Newsletter |page=217}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An mayar da taron bitar zuwa 1520 Kater Street a Kudancin Philadelphia sannan aka mayar da shi zuwa 730 South Broad Street. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brandywine Workshop and Archives&quot;/&gt;

BWA ta samar da shirye-shiryen ilimi da kuma wuraren zama ga masu fasaha daga ko'ina cikin Amurka. [1] Bugawa daga BWA suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Philadelphia, [1] Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania, [2] da Gidajen Tarihi na Fasaha na Harvard . [3]

A shekarar 2012, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Philadelphia ya nuna hotunan da aka yi a baya na ''Full Spectrum: Kwafi daga Brandywine Workshop'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Philadelphia Museum of Art&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full Spectrum: Prints from the Brandywine Workshop |url=https://philamuseum.org/exhibitions/755.html |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Philadelphia Museum of Art }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2022, Gidajen Tarihi na Fasaha na Harvard sun nuna ''hotunan da aka yi a baya na Brandywine Workshop and Archives: Creative Communities'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Culture Type&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=On View: See Images From ‘Prints from the Brandywine Workshop and Archives: Creative Communities’ Exhibition at Harvard Art Museums |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2022/03/24/on-view-see-images-from-prints-from-the-brandywine-workshop-and-archives-creative-communities-exhibition-at-harvard-art-museums/ |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Culture Type}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Solenn Colléter</title>
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'''Solenn Colléter''' marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Faransa da aka haifa a birnin Paris a shekarar 1974.&lt;ref&gt;(in French) Conférences, colloques, lectures Archived 2012-08-03 at archive.today&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Ta kammala karatunta a jami'ar École nationale de l'aviation civile (jami'ar kula da harkokin jiragen sama ta Faransa, ajin 1993), injiniya ce a fannin sararin samaniya a Toulouse kuma tana zaune a wani yanki a sashen Aude. Ita ce marubucin *Je suis morte et je n'ai rien appris* (I Am Dead and I Learned Nothing, Albin Michel), wani littafi game da hazing a cikin karatun jami'a.&lt;ref&gt;(in French) Annuaire Archived 2012-06-26 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;(in French) Livre. Le roman vrai du bizutage&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littafin Littafi ==
Solenn Colléter, *Lettres de sang sur la côte sauvage* (Wasikun Jini a Tekun Daji), Alain Bargain, 2005, 541 p. (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2914532662&lt;/nowiki&gt;)

Solenn Colléter, *Je suis morte et je n'ai rien appris* (Ni Matattu ne kuma Ban Koyi Komai), Albin Michel, 2007, 359 shafi na (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2226179609&lt;/nowiki&gt;)

== Manazarta ==
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'''Solenn Colléter''' marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Faransa da aka haifa a birnin Paris a shekarar 1974.&lt;ref&gt;(in French) Conférences, colloques, lectures Archived 2012-08-03 at archive.today&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Ta kammala karatunta a jami'ar École nationale de l'aviation civile (jami'ar kula da harkokin jiragen sama ta Faransa, ajin 1993), injiniya ce a fannin sararin samaniya a Toulouse kuma tana zaune a wani yanki a sashen Aude. Ita ce marubucin *Je suis morte et je n'ai rien appris* (I Am Dead and I Learned Nothing, Albin Michel), wani littafi game da hazing a cikin karatun jami'a.&lt;ref&gt;(in French) Annuaire Archived 2012-06-26 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;(in French) Livre. Le roman vrai du bizutage&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littafin Littafi ==
Solenn Colléter, *Lettres de sang sur la côte sauvage* (Wasikun Jini a Tekun Daji), Alain Bargain, 2005, 541 p. (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2914532662&lt;/nowiki&gt;)

Solenn Colléter, *Je suis morte et je n'ai rien appris* (Ni Matattu ne kuma Ban Koyi Komai), Albin Michel, 2007, 359 shafi na (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2226179609&lt;/nowiki&gt;)

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Haifaffun 1974]]
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  <page>
    <title>Sharon Wright Austin</title>
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'''Sharon Wright Austin''' ( wanda aka haifa a Sharon D. Wright) ƙwararriyar masaniyar siyasa ce ta Amurka, a halin yanzu farfesa ce a [[Kimiyyar siyasa|fannin kimiyyar siyasa]] a Jami'ar Florida, inda ta kuma daɗe tana riƙe da Darakta a Shirin [[Nazarin baƙar fata|Nazarin Baƙar fata da Amurka]] . Austin fitacciyar ƙwararriya ce a fannin siyasar Amurka wadda ke da ƙwarewa a fannin nazarin Baƙar fata da Amurkawa, shiga harkokin siyasa, da kuma siyasa ta birni da karkara.

== Aiki da ilimi na farko ==
Austin ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Westwood da ke [[Memphis, Tennessee]],  sannan ta halarci Jami'ar 'Yan'uwa Kiristoci, inda ta sami digirin farko a tarihi tare da ƙaramin digiri a kimiyyar siyasa a shekarar 1987. Daga nan ta kammala digirin masters a kimiyyar siyasa tare da ƙaramin digiri a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Memphis a shekarar 1989, sannan ta biyo baya a shekarar 1993 ta sami digirin digirgir a kimiyyar siyasa tare da mai da hankali kan Gwamnatin Amurka daga [[Jami'ar Tennessee]] . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;profile19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Dr. Sharon Austin |url=https://afam.clas.ufl.edu/dir_message/ |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=University of Florida African-American Studies |publisher=University of Florida}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Austin tana da sha'awar shiga harkokin siyasa [[Afirkawan Amurka|na Baƙar fata]] da siyasa a Amurka, wani lokacin ana hana ta bin waɗannan batutuwa tun farkon aikinta saboda ra'ayin cewa editoci da masu bita a manyan mujallun kimiyyar siyasa ba su da daraja. 

== Sana'a ==
Austin babban masani ne kan halayen siyasa na mata 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa, zaɓen 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa zuwa ofisoshin gida, da kuma halayen siyasa na ƙungiyoyin tsiraru a siyasar Amurka, musamman fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa a yankunan karkara. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;apsr19a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-04 |title=Meet 2020 APSR Editor, Sharon Wright Austin of University of Florida |url=https://politicalsciencenow.com/meet-2020-apsr-editor-sharon-wright-austin-of-university-of-florida/ |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=Political Science Now |publisher=American Political Science Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ta sami digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Tennessee a shekarar 1993, Austin ta zama farfesa a fannin nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Louisville . A shekarar 1995 ta koma Jami'ar Missouri, inda ta kasance farfesa a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Baƙar fata. A shekarar 2001 ta koma Jami'ar Michigan na tsawon shekara guda, kafin ta zama farfesa a Jami'ar Florida a shekarar 2001. Daga 2012 zuwa 2019, Austin ita ce Daraktan Shirin Nazarin Baƙar fata da Amurka a can.  Lokacin da Austin ta zama Darakta a 2012, Jami'ar Florida ta fara bayar da babban darasi a Nazarin Baƙar fata da Amurka, kuma a ƙarƙashin mulkinta shirin ya girma har zuwa lokacin da Jami'ar Florida ta fi yawan ɗalibai da suka yi fice a Nazarin Baƙar fata da Amurka na kowane shiri a Amurka.

A shekara ta 2000, Austin ta buga littafinta na farko, ''Race, Power, and Political Emergence in Memphis'' . Littafin ya yi nazarin siffofi, nasarori, da iyakokin siyasar zaɓen Baƙar fata a [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] daga shekarun 1870 zuwa 1990, a cikin mahallin [[Farin sarauta|fifikon fararen fata]] da kuma haɗin gwiwar zaɓen Fari masu ƙarfi. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;honey05&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Honey |first=Michael |date=1 November 2005 |title=Book Review: Race, Power, and Political Emergence in Memphis |journal=Urban Affairs Review |volume=41 |pages=260–266 |doi=10.1177/1078087405275576 |s2cid=143953954}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin ci gaba ne na binciken da ya ƙunshi digirin digirgir na PhD a Jami'ar Tennessee, ''Bayan Dokar Haƙƙin Zaɓe ta 1965: Tsarin Zaɓen Jinsi a Zaɓen Magajin Gari na Memphis, 1967-1991'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;profile19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Dr. Sharon Austin |url=https://afam.clas.ufl.edu/dir_message/ |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=University of Florida African-American Studies |publisher=University of Florida}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://afam.clas.ufl.edu/dir_message/ &quot;Dr. Sharon Austin&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226043612/https://afam.clas.ufl.edu/dir_message/ |date=2019-12-26 }}. ''University of Florida African-American Studies''. University of Florida. 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

An buga littafin Austin na biyu, ''The Transformation of Plantation Politics in the Mississippi Delta: Black Politics, Concentrated Poverty, and Social Capital in the Mississippi Delta'', a shekara ta 2006. Wannan littafin &quot;ya nuna&quot; cewa &quot;ba a sami wani sauyi na siyasa a Mississippi Delta ba&quot; tun daga shekarun 1960, kuma cewa a shekarun 2000 &quot;masu arziki na fararen fata a yankin sun ci gaba da mamaye siyasa a can&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;berry07&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Berry |first=Jeffrey M. |date=June 2007 |title=Book Review: The Transformation of Plantation Politics: Black Politics, Concentrated Poverty, and Social Capital in the Mississippi Delta |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=5 |pages=361–362 |doi=10.1017/S1537592707070971 |jstor=20446447 |s2cid=144466521}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan binciken bai dace ba, domin a saman fage, adadin nasarar zaɓe na 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa ya yi tashin gwauron zabi: akwai zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai 57 na Afirka-Amurkawa da aka zaɓa a Mississippi a shekara ta 1970, da kuma 897 a shekara ta 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;berry07&quot; /&gt; Littafin ya isa ga wannan binciken ta hanyar haɗakar hanyoyin tarihi da zamantakewa, tambayoyi na sirri, da nazarin ƙididdiga kan bayanai masu yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, Austin ta buga littafinta na uku, ''The Caribbeanization of Black Politics: Race, Group Consciousness, and Political Participation in America'' . Austin ta gwada yadda halayen siyasa na baƙi baƙaƙe zai bambanta ko ya yi kama da siffofi na zamani da na tarihi na siyasar baƙaƙe, tunda abin da ke faruwa na baƙi baƙi da suka isa Amurka daga ƙasashe daban-daban a lokaci guda ya kasance kwanan nan, kuma baƙi na baya-bayan nan ƙila ba su kasance a wurin don abubuwan da suka faru na zamani a tarihin siyasar baƙaƙen Amurka ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;pinderhughes19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pinderhughes |first=Dianne M. |date=March 2019 |title=Book Review: The Caribbeanization of Black Politics: Race, Group Consciousness, and Political Participation in America |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=17 |pages=266–267 |doi=10.1017/S1537592718004176 |s2cid=150797077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don gwada wannan tambayar, Austin ta zaɓi ta mai da hankali kan biranen [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Miami]], da [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma ta gabatar da sakamako daga bincike ko hira da masu amsa 2,359 waɗanda suka kasance 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa, 'yan Cape Verde, 'yan Haiti, ko 'yan Yammacin Indiyawa a can, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya sanya wannan littafin &quot;mafi girman binciken birane na Afirka-Amurkawa mafi girma.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;pinderhughes19&quot; /&gt; Littafin ya rubuta yadda gina fahimtar launin fata da haɗa baƙi cikin asalin ƙungiyar siyasa da ke akwai zai iya zama mahimman hanyoyin shigar da ƙungiyoyin tsiraru cikin ayyukan siyasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Todd |first=Sarah |date=2019-07-31 |title=A top US political science journal ignored race and gender—until 12 women took over |url=https://qz.com/work/1679115/the-top-us-political-science-journal-will-now-be-led-by-12-female-professors/ |access-date=25 December 2019 |publisher=Quartz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Austin memba ne na shugabancin editoci na 2020-2024 na American Political Science Review, &lt;ref name=&quot;apsr19a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-04 |title=Meet 2020 APSR Editor, Sharon Wright Austin of University of Florida |url=https://politicalsciencenow.com/meet-2020-apsr-editor-sharon-wright-austin-of-university-of-florida/ |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=Political Science Now |publisher=American Political Science Association}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://politicalsciencenow.com/meet-2020-apsr-editor-sharon-wright-austin-of-university-of-florida/ &quot;Meet 2020 APSR Editor, Sharon Wright Austin of University of Florida&quot;]. ''Political Science Now''. American Political Science Association. 4 September 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  wanda shine mujallar kimiyyar siyasa mafi zaɓi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Todd |first=Sarah |date=2019-07-31 |title=A top US political science journal ignored race and gender—until 12 women took over |url=https://qz.com/work/1679115/the-top-us-political-science-journal-will-now-be-led-by-12-female-professors/ |access-date=25 December 2019 |publisher=Quartz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Austin ya kuma bayar da sharhi akai-akai a jaridu a matsayin ƙwararre kan harkokin siyasar Amurka ta zamani, musamman ma shiga harkokin siyasa tsakanin Baƙar fata da Amurkawa.   

== Littattafai ==

* ''Kabila, Ƙarfi, da Fitowar Siyasa a Memphis'' (Taylor &amp; Francis, 2000)
* ''Sauyin Siyasar Shuke-shuke a Jihar Mississippi: Siyasar Baƙar fata, Talauci Mai Tarin Fuska, da Babban Jarin Jama'a a Jihar Mississippi'' (SUNY Press, 2006)
* ''Tsarin Siyasar Baƙar fata na Caribbean: Kabila, Sanin Ƙungiya, da Shiga Siyasa a Amurka'' (SUNY Press, 2018)
* ''Sihiri ga 'Yar Siyasa Bakar Fata: Zaɓe da Gudanar da Ma'aikatan Garin Maza Bakar Fata'' (Temple University Press, 2023)

== Kyaututtukan da aka zaɓa ==

* Mai Ba da Shawara na Shekara a Jami'ar Florida (2004-2005) &lt;ref name=&quot;profile19&quot;/&gt;
* Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Takarda Kan Baƙaƙe da Siyasa, Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Yamma (2008) &lt;ref name=&quot;profile19&quot; /&gt;
* Kyautar Erika Fairchild, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Kudu (2009) &lt;ref name=&quot;profile19&quot; /&gt;
* Kanar Allen R. da Margaret G. Crow Farfesa a fannin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Zamani, Jami'ar Florida (2010-2011) &lt;ref name=&quot;profile19&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shirley Elizabeth Barnes</title>
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'''Shirley Elizabeth Barnes''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1938) tsohuwar jami'ar diflomasiyyar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ce &lt;ref name=&quot;Gettysburg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive of Past Events |url=https://www.gettysburg.edu/academics/africana_studies/special-events/archive.dot |access-date=20 June 2015 |website=Gettysburg College}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma jami'ar harkokin waje ce a fannin aiki. An naɗa ta jakadar Amurka a Madagascar daga ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1998, zuwa 28 ga Yuli, 2001. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Chiefs of Mission for Madagascar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chiefs of Mission for Madagascar |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/chiefsofmission/madagascar |access-date=20 June 2015 |website=State Department Office Of Historian}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;StateDept&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shirley Elizabeth Barnes |url=https://www.state.gov/1997-2001-NOPDFS///publications/statemag/statemag_sept98/appoint.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620224922/http://www.state.gov/1997-2001-NOPDFS///publications/statemag/statemag_sept98/appoint.html |archive-date=20 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 |website=US State Department}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Barnes a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1938, a St. Augustine, Florida. Lokacin da take da shekaru biyar, iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Saratoga, New York. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=Lakeisha |date=2015-06-03 |title=Shirley Barnes (1938- ) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/barnes-shirley-1938/ |access-date=2021-04-16 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
A shekarar 1956 ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Baruch &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;StateDept&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shirley Elizabeth Barnes |url=https://www.state.gov/1997-2001-NOPDFS///publications/statemag/statemag_sept98/appoint.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620224922/http://www.state.gov/1997-2001-NOPDFS///publications/statemag/statemag_sept98/appoint.html |archive-date=20 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 |website=US State Department}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150620224922/http://www.state.gov/1997-2001-NOPDFS///publications/statemag/statemag_sept98/appoint.html &quot;Shirley Elizabeth Barnes&quot;]. ''US State Department''. Archived from [https://www.state.gov/1997-2001-NOPDFS///publications/statemag/statemag_sept98/appoint.html the original] on 20 June 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tare da digirin farko a fannin kasuwanci. A lokacin karatunta na kwaleji, ta shiga makarantar 'yan gurguzu ta Delta Sigma Theta, wato Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci Gaban Mutane Masu Launi (NAACP), kuma ta ƙware a fannin Faransanci. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=Lakeisha |date=2015-06-03 |title=Shirley Barnes (1938- ) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/barnes-shirley-1938/ |access-date=2021-04-16 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarding2015&quot;&gt;Harding, Lakeisha (2015-06-03). [https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/barnes-shirley-1938/ &quot;Shirley Barnes (1938- ) •&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-04-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ta yi karatun Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya a Jami'ar Boston . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=Lakeisha |date=2015-06-03 |title=Shirley Barnes (1938- ) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/barnes-shirley-1938/ |access-date=2021-04-16 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarding2015&quot;&gt;Harding, Lakeisha (2015-06-03). [https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/barnes-shirley-1938/ &quot;Shirley Barnes (1938- ) •&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-04-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Columbia a shekarar 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ta kasance cikin ɗaliban Ajin Babban Taron Karawa Juna Sani na Kwalejin Yaƙin Ƙasa da ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;StateDept&quot;/&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kafin ta shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Barnes ta zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a manyan hukumomin talla da dama kuma ta yi aiki a Gidauniyar Ford daga 1961-1965 a [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]], [[Kinshasa]] . Bayan ta dawo Amurka a 1965, ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Baƙar fata ta Amurka da ke [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;StateDept&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 1984, Barnes ta shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka kuma ta zama Jami'ar Ayyuka ta Janar a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Masar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2004 |title=Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR SHIRLEY ELIZABETH BARNES |url=https://adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Barnes,%20Shirles%20Elizabeth.toc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716143708/https://adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Barnes,%20Shirles%20Elizabeth.toc.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi mata karin girma a shekarar 1986 zuwa Mai Kula da Ofishin Ayyuka na Janar a Ofishin Jakadancin da ke Senegal. Daga 1990 zuwa 1992, Barnes ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara kan Gudanarwa a Gabashin Berlin, Jamus. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Barnes ita ce darektan harkokin Yammacin Turai a Ofishin Harkokin Turai a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar diflomasiyya a Yammacin Berlin, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Sofiya|Sofia]], da [[Dakar]] . Ta kuma kasance jakada a [[Strasbourg|Strasbourg, Faransa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;StateDept&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shirley Elizabeth Barnes |url=https://www.state.gov/1997-2001-NOPDFS///publications/statemag/statemag_sept98/appoint.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620224922/http://www.state.gov/1997-2001-NOPDFS///publications/statemag/statemag_sept98/appoint.html |archive-date=20 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 |website=US State Department}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150620224922/http://www.state.gov/1997-2001-NOPDFS///publications/statemag/statemag_sept98/appoint.html &quot;Shirley Elizabeth Barnes&quot;]. ''US State Department''. Archived from [https://www.state.gov/1997-2001-NOPDFS///publications/statemag/statemag_sept98/appoint.html the original] on 20 June 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1998, Barnes ta zama jakadiyar Amurka a Madagascar kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 2004 ta kafa Gidauniyar Barnes Findley, wata gidauniya mai zaman kanta da ta sadaukar da kanta don tallafawa mata da 'yan mata a Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje tare da mai da hankali kan yaƙi da fataucin mutane da ƙarfafa tattalin arziki.

Barnes ya sami digirin girmamawa na likitan shari'a a shekarar 2006 daga Kwalejin Knox . &lt;ref name=&quot;knox&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambassador Shirley E. Barnes Honorary Degree |url=http://departments.knox.edu/newsarchive/news_events/2006/x12685.html |access-date=20 June 2015 |website=Knox College}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita mamba ce a ƙungiyar Delta Sigma Theta da kuma Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Harkokin Waje ta Amurka . Ita ma ƙwararriyar mai kula da fasahar Afirka ce &lt;ref name=&quot;Gettysburg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive of Past Events |url=https://www.gettysburg.edu/academics/africana_studies/special-events/archive.dot |access-date=20 June 2015 |website=Gettysburg College}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.gettysburg.edu/academics/africana_studies/special-events/archive.dot &quot;Archive of Past Events&quot;]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Gettysburg College''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana jin Faransanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;StateDept&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruby Chappelle Boyd</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Ruby Chappelle Boyd''' (Maris 18, 1919 - Oktoba 25, 2024) ita ce ma'aikaciyar laburare ta farko [[Afirkawan Amurka|'yar asalin Afirka]] a birnin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ta kuma yi aiki don adana tarihin Cocin Episcopal na Afirka .

== Rayuwar farko da aiki a ɗakunan karatu ==
An haifi Ruby Chappelle a Philadelphia a ranar 18 ga Maris, 1919.  Iyayenta, Bersie da Pearl Chappelle, sun ƙaura zuwa Philadelphia daga South Carolina a lokacin Babban Hijira .  Bayan ta girma a Philadelphia, Boyd ta nemi aiki a matsayin mai kula da laburare kuma ta nemi shiga Cibiyar Drexel, amma an hana ta shiga saboda launin fatarta. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;AlphaKappaAlpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boyd, Ruby Chappelle |url=http://akapioneers.aka1908.com/index.php/component/mtree/vocations/history-research-library-science-1/1521-boyd-ruby-chapell-1 |access-date=20 October 2019 |website=Alpha Kappa Alpha |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020230235/http://akapioneers.aka1908.com/index.php/component/mtree/vocations/history-research-library-science-1/1521-boyd-ruby-chapell-1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Boyd ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Wilberforce kuma ta halarci Makarantar Laburare ta Jami'ar Atlanta, inda ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin Kimiyya da Sabis na Laburare a shekarar 1943. &lt;ref name=&quot;AlphaKappaAlpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boyd, Ruby Chappelle |url=http://akapioneers.aka1908.com/index.php/component/mtree/vocations/history-research-library-science-1/1521-boyd-ruby-chapell-1 |access-date=20 October 2019 |website=Alpha Kappa Alpha |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020230235/http://akapioneers.aka1908.com/index.php/component/mtree/vocations/history-research-library-science-1/1521-boyd-ruby-chapell-1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://akapioneers.aka1908.com/index.php/component/mtree/vocations/history-research-library-science-1/1521-boyd-ruby-chapell-1 &quot;Boyd, Ruby Chappelle&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020230235/http://akapioneers.aka1908.com/index.php/component/mtree/vocations/history-research-library-science-1/1521-boyd-ruby-chapell-1 |date=2019-10-20 }}. ''Alpha Kappa Alpha''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take makaranta a Atlanta, shugaban makarantar firamare ta Philadelphia , John Henry Brodhead, ya yi yaƙi da wariya a gwamnatin birnin, kuma a shekarar 1943, Laburare Mai Kyau na Philadelphia ya yi tallan ɗaukar ma'aikacin laburare na farko ɗan Afirka-Amurka.  Bayan dawowar Boyd zuwa Philadelphia, ta nemi wannan matsayi, aka naɗa ta a matsayin baƙar fata ta farko a cikin ɗakin laburare na birnin. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFN2009&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ta zama baƙar fata ta farko a ɗakin laburare a Gundumar Makaranta ta Philadelphia . &lt;ref name=&quot;WFN2009&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1966, a matsayinta na shugabar ƙungiyar masu kula da dakunan karatu ta makarantar Philadelphia, ta jagoranci shirya taron mataimakan ɗaliban ɗakin karatu na makarantar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=February–March 1966 |title=Scientific Information Notes |journal=Scientific Information Notes |publisher=National Science Foundation |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ga Cocin AME ==
Kakan Boyd na wajen uwa mai wa'azi ne a Cocin AME kuma mahaifiyarta ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da makarantar Lahadi a Mother Bethel, wurin haihuwar Cocin Episcopal na Afirka; Boyd ta kasance memba na wannan cocin tsawon rai. Bayan ta yi ritaya daga gundumar makarantar Philadelphia, ta sadaukar da aikinta ga adana tarihin Mother Bethel, tare da haɓaka gidan tarihi na Cocin.

A shekarar 1982, Boyd ya gyara wani littafi game da Cocin Uwar Bethel mai suna ''On this rock. : uwar tsarin Methodist na Afirka'' . 

== Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa ==
Chappelle ta auri James T. Boyd, shugaban makaranta, kuma tana da 'ya mace ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=February–March 1966 |title=Scientific Information Notes |journal=Scientific Information Notes |publisher=National Science Foundation |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Chappelle Boyd har yanzu tana zaune a Philadelphia har zuwa shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ivy and You, Volume 64, Issue 3 |url=https://www.akaomegaomegachapter.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Mar2018IvyandYou.pdf |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta cika shekara 100 a watan Maris na 2019, kuma Zeta Phi Beta Sorority ta karrama ta a watan Agusta na 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soror Ruby Boyd |url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/2507443729441832 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated – Beta Pi Zeta Chapter on Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boyd ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2024, yana da shekaru 105. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ruby Boyd |url=https://www.terryfuneralhome.com/obituaries/Ruby-Boyd?obId=33609754 |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=Terry Funeral Home, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]]</text>
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    <title>Selena Cuffe</title>
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'''Selena Cuffe''', 'yar shekara ta Saunders (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1975 a Culver City, California ) ' yar kasuwa ce 'yar Amurka. An fi saninta da kafa kamfanin Heritage Link Brands, LLC, babbar mai shigo da giyar baƙar fata a duniya, tare da mijinta, Khary Cuffe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Americans find heritage in South African wines &amp;#124; winetimes |url=http://winetimes.co.za/2010/08/17/african-americans-find-heritage-in-south-african-wines/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831063657/http://winetimes.co.za/2010/08/17/african-americans-find-heritage-in-south-african-wines/ |archive-date=2010-08-31 |access-date=2010-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2024, an naɗa Selena Cuffe a Hukumar Daraktocin Bankin Tarayya, Los Angeles. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=Membership Announcements for the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's Los Angeles Branch Board of Directors - San Francisco Fed |url=https://www.frbsf.org/news-and-media/news-articles/press-releases/2024/01/los-angeles-branch-board-of-directors-membership-announcements-2024/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Ita kaɗai ce 'ya mace da aka haɗa tsakanin Dr. Joseph Saunders da Veronica Saunders, Cuffe ta girma ne a cikin al'ummar View Park-Windsor Hills na gundumar Los Angeles, California, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta hannun mahaifiyarta. Mahaifin Cuffe, Joseph, ya mutu wata ɗaya kafin ranar haihuwarta ta biyu.

An haifi kakan kakan Cuffe, J. Saunders, a cikin bauta. Dan asalin [[Mutanen Ashanti|kabilar Ashanti]] ta [[Ghana]] ne, an 'yantar da shi ta hanyar [[Shelar 'Yanci|Sanarwar 'Yanci]] yana da shekaru takwas. Yana da 'ya'ya 16, ƙaramin cikinsu shine kakan Cuffe, Titus Saunders Sr., wanda ya keɓe kansa daga tsarin makarantun gwamnati [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|na Georgia]] wanda ya kafa tsarin sufuri na farko na jihar. Kakanni biyu na Cuffe sun kammala karatunsu a kwaleji a shekarun 1920.

Cuffe ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . A lokacin kwaleji, ta zama memba a kungiyar Delta Sigma Theta . Ta kuma kammala shirin bayar da dama ga masu tallafawa ilimi (SEO), inda ta yi aikin yi wa wani bankin saka hannun jari a Wall Street horo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-01-11 |title=How Selena Cuffe Taught Herself The Power Steps Toward Financial Wealth |url=https://www.essence.com/lifestyle/money-career/selena-cuffe/ |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuffe kuma tana da digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci, tare da girmamawa, daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard kuma tana da takardar shaidar cancanta daga [[Wine and Spirits Educational Trust|Hukumar Ilimi ta Wine and Spirits]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumni Bulletin - Alumni - Harvard Business School |url=http://www.alumni.hbs.edu/bulletin/2008/december/newsmakers.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuffe ita ce shugabar kwamitin Zaɓe da Gudanarwa na Hukumar Ba da Shawara ga Ɗaliban Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, Mataimakin Shugaba na Kwamitin Tsofaffin Ɗaliban Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Nazarin Ƙasashen Waje ta Bing ta Jami'ar Stanford.

== Farkon aikina ==
A farkon aikinta, Cuffe ta yi aiki a [[United Airlines|kamfanin jiragen sama na United Airlines]] . A lokacin da take aiki a kamfanin jirgin sama, ayyukanta sun haɗa da tallace-tallace na yankuna, tallata sabbin hanyoyin mota, da kuma shirye-shiryen haɓaka kasuwanci da suka shafi [[United Airlines|united.com]] da kuma ƙaddamar da gidajen yanar gizo na tafiye-tafiye ta yanar gizo, Hotwire da Orbitz . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=http://www.heritagelinkbrands.com/leadership}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta sami horon tallan ta daga [[Procter &amp; Gamble|Kamfanin Procter &amp; Gamble]] da ke Cincinnati, Ohio, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Manajan Alamar Kasuwanci na kamfanin Pringles . Babban alhakinta shi ne kula da tsare-tsaren tallan kasuwannin [[Brazil]] da [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=http://www.heritagelinkbrands.com/leadership}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinta na ƙarshe kafin ta kafa Heritage Link Brands, LLC, Selena ta kasance Darakta a Majalisar Musayar Ilimi ta Duniya (CIEE), tana kula da haɓaka musayar ɗalibai da aiki ga mutane sama da 50,000 a duk duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=http://www.heritagelinkbrands.com/leadership}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bar CIEE a watan Janairun 2007 don yin aiki a Heritage Link Brands, LLC na cikakken lokaci.

== Alamun Haɗin Gida ==
A lokacin da take wata tafiya ta kasuwanci zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a watan Satumba na 2005, Cuffe ta yanke shawarar ziyartar bikin ruwan inabi na farko na Soweto na shekara-shekara a [[Johannesburg]], wanda Kwalejin Cape Wine ta shirya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumni Bulletin - Alumni - Harvard Business School |url=http://www.alumni.hbs.edu/bulletin/2008/december/newsmakers.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can, ta haɗu da masu giya daga masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Seven Sisters, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.sevensisters.co.za/ |website=sevensisters.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗaya daga cikin masana'antar ruwan inabi ta baƙar fata kaɗai a Afirka ta Kudu. 'Yan'uwan Sisters na Seven suna fuskantar matsala wajen fitar da giya zuwa Amurka da kuma neman mai rarrabawa a kasuwarsu ta gida. A wannan bikin, Cuffe ta gano cewa daga cikin masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Afirka ta Kudu da ta kai dala biliyan 3, ƙasa da kashi biyu cikin ɗari mallakar baƙar fata ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Video: Alicia Keys Weds Swizz Beatz |url=http://www.theskanner.com/index.php/article/view/id/7977 |access-date=2026-02-17 |archive-date=2025-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910204509/http://www.theskanner.com/index.php/article/view/id/7977 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganin rashin daidaito - baƙar fata sun ƙunshi sama da kashi 80 cikin ɗari na al'ummar ƙasar - kuma suna son taimaka wa masu giya ta asali da ta haɗu da su, Cuffe ta fara ƙirƙirar ra'ayin Heritage Link Brands, LLC.

An kafa Heritage Link Brands a watan Oktoba na 2005. Cuffe ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Majalisar Musayar Ilimi ta Duniya yayin da take ba da kuɗin sabon kamfanin tare da katunan ajiyar kuɗi da katunan kuɗi. A shekara ta 2006 ta kawo M'hudi, gonar inabi ta farko mallakar baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu, bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata a cikin fayil ɗin giya na kamfanin. A watan Janairun 2007, Cuffe ta bar aikinta don gudanar da Heritage Link Brands, LLC. A cikin watan da ya biyo baya, Fabrairu, an fara ƙaddamar da giyar a kasuwar gwaji tare da Kasuwar Whole Foods .

A wannan bazara, an kafa Heritage Link Brands Wine Club and Shop, kuma [[Time (magazine)|mujallar TIME]] ta nuna Cuffe da kamfaninta a watan Satumba na 2007,  daidai shekaru biyu bayan da Cuffe ta ziyarci bikin ruwan inabi na Soweto. Ana iya samun ruwan inabi na Heritage Link Brands a jihohi sama da 40.  Kamfanin kuma yana shigo da giya daga al'ummar Koopmanskloof [[Fair Trade certified|da aka ba da takardar shaidar cinikin adalci]] (wanda ake samarwa a ƙarƙashin lakabin One World).  One World tana da fifikon kasancewa giya ta farko da aka ba da takardar shaidar cinikin adalci da za a yi hidima a cikin kowace kamfanin jirgin sama na Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-11-19 |title=List: What wine, champagne and port airlines offer |url=https://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2009-11-19-chart-airline-winelist_N.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123173024/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2009-11-19-chart-airline-winelist_N.htm |archive-date=2009-11-23 |access-date=2017-10-30 |website=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MEDIA |url=http://www.heritagelinkbrands.com/media/pdf/American%20Way%2011.09.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin Heritage Link Brands ya faɗaɗa kasancewarsa a kwance da kuma a tsaye a cikin masana'antar giya. A shekarar 2015, Cuffe ta fara shigo da giya daga Faransa don samar da giya ja da fari ga gidan ''Waitress'', ƙungiyar samar da kayayyaki ta mata ta farko a tarihi a Broadway.  An sayar da tikitin fara yin fim ɗin a duniya. Kamfanin Heritage Link Brands kuma yana samar da giya ta gida don wasannin kwaikwayo na Broadway, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory da War Paint .

A shekarar 2016, Cuffe ta yi shawarwari kan haƙƙin mallaka na shigo da giya daga ƙasar Brazil mai lambar yabo Casa Valduga, gida ga mafi girman ma'ajiyar giya mai walƙiya a Kudancin Amurka kuma an san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ''Wurare 1,000 da za a ziyarta Kafin Ku Mutu'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Planet |first=Lonely |title=Brazil for 3 weeks in December -starting in Sao Paulo |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/forums/americas-south-america/topics/brazil-for-3-weeks-in-december-starting-in-sao-paulo |access-date=2017-06-05 |website=www.lonelyplanet.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], tare da haɗin gwiwar Burdell Properties, Selena Cuffe ta yi shawarwari kan sayen Silkbush Mountain Vineyards, wani {{Convert|138|ha|acre}} a [[Wikipedia:Breedekloof|Breedekloof]], 90.&amp;nbsp;kilomita gabas da [[Cape Town]], Afirka ta Kudu, a cikin shahararrun Wuraren Wine na Yammacin Cape. Nau'ikanta, waɗanda aka dasa a kan tsaunuka masu gangara, har zuwa 700&amp;nbsp;m sama da matakin teku, sun haɗa da: Cabernet Sauvignon (26.97 ha), Pinotage (12.85 ha), Shiraz (12.81 ha), Merlot (7.26 ha), Cabernet Franc (4.89ha), Malbec (3.55ha), Petit Verdot (3.95ha), Viognier (3.09h ha), Pet.2. (2.2ha), Grenache Noir (1.76 ha), Semillon (1.5ha), Sauvignon Blanc (1.5ha) da Mourvedre (1.35ha).

== SodexoMagic ==
A watan Maris na 2020, an naɗa Cuffe a matsayin shugaban SodexoMAGIC, wani kamfani na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Magic Johnson Enterprises da Sodexo, Inc, wanda ke Beverly Hills .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=At the top of her game, Selena Cuffe aims to create some magic |url=https://restaurant.org/Articles/News/Selena-Cuffe-aims-to-create-some-magic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512192510/https://www.restaurant.org/Articles/News/Selena-Cuffe-aims-to-create-some-magic |archive-date=2020-05-12 |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=National Restaurant Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamfanin Ba da Shawarwari na Blackstone, Inc. &amp; Kayayyakin RJB ==
A watan Afrilun 2023, an nada Cuffe a matsayin Babban Jami'in Ci Gaba na Blackstone Consulting, Inc., mai samar da ayyuka na kasa da kasa na dala miliyan 800, kamfanin kasuwanci na tsiraru (MBE), kuma memba ce ta Corporate Plus a Majalisar Ci Gaban Masu Samar da Kayayyaki ta Ƙasa (NMSDC) tare da tushen abokan ciniki wanda ya haɗa da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka, kamfanoni na Fortune 500, asibitoci, makarantu, jami'o'i da wuraren masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Ci Gaba ta RJB Properties, Inc., shugaba a kasuwar ilimi ta &quot;K zuwa 12&quot; don ayyukan tsaftacewa da kulawa da kuma harabar manyan makarantu, ofisoshin kasuwanci, cibiyoyin taro, wuraren aikin soja, da bankuna.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Uwa ce mai 'ya'ya uku, Cuffe tana auren Khary Cuffe, wanda ya kafa Heritage Link Brands, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a [[Wikipedia:Harvard Business School|Makarantar Kasuwanci]] ta Jami'ar Harvard da kuma Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy . Iyayen Khary sun yi ƙaura daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] zuwa Amurka a shekarun 1960. Kawunsa na wajen uwa shine [[:de:Derrick Kellier|Derrick F. Kellier]], tsohon ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Jamaica kuma Ministan Noma.

== Daraja ==

* Wanda ya lashe Zauren Shahararrun Shirye-shiryen UCLA Riordan na 2022 [https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/lib/email/RIORDAN/2022/riordan-gala/#honorees]
* Kyautar Mata Masu Tafiya a Laburare ta Brooklyn ta 2019 [https://www.bklynlibrary.org/calendar/women-trailblazers-central-library-dweck-20190301] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206223923/https://www.bklynlibrary.org/calendar/women-trailblazers-central-library-dweck-20190301 |date=2024-02-06 }} Archived  
* 2017 [http://africaeconomybuilders.org/fr/revue-de-presse/les-b%C3%A2tisseurs-de-l%E2%80%99%C3%A9conomie-africaine-j%E2%80%99y-%C3%A9tais Les Batisseurs de l'Économie Africanine ( Kyautar Masu Gina Tattalin Arzikin Afirka)]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 
* Memba a fannin Rayuwa ta 2016, Majalisar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Membership Roster |url=https://www.cfr.org/membership/membership-roster-a-f |access-date=2017-06-05 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204181827/https://www.cfr.org/membership/membership-roster-a-f |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Nasarar Tsoffin Dalibai ta Shirin Riordan ta 2016, Makarantar Gudanarwa ta UCLA Anderson &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Riordan Programs Celebrates Heroes Among Us at Annual Gala - UCLA Anderson School of Management Blog |url=http://blogs.anderson.ucla.edu/anderson/2016/04/the-riordan-programs-celebrates-heroes-among-us-at-annual-gala.html |access-date=2017-06-05 |website=blogs.anderson.ucla.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Hangen Nesa ta 2016 a Gasar Giya, BCAGlobal 
* Alkalin Gasar WABF Venture ta 2015, Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Wharton ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania 
* 2015 Brooklyn Honors, Bedford Stuyvesant YMCA 
* Wanda ya karɓi kyautar League of Black Women Black Rose ta 2010 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.leagueofblackwomen.org/ConferenceBrochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214171823/http://www.leagueofblackwomen.org/ConferenceBrochure.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-14 |access-date=2010-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mujallar Baƙar fata ta 2009, &quot;ZAMA ƊAN KASUWA NA GABA NA ƊAN KASUWA NA SHEKARA&quot;
* 1993 Glamour Magazine College Woman of the Year (wadda ta lashe kyautar ta haɗa da Hillary Clinton, Oprah Winfrey, Condoleezza Rice, Alexandra Keeman, Martha Stewart da Diane Sawyer)

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:ꠚꠥꠠꠤꠞ_ꠛꠣꠠꠤ_ꠁꠍꠔꠣꠞꠤ.jpg|thumb|Furir Barir iftari Bikin a Sylhet]]
'''Furir Bari [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]]''' ita ce al'adar Bengali tsakanin Musulmai na Bengali a Yankin Sylhet na ba da Iftar (abincin maraice mai saurin sauri) ga gidan surukan 'yar mutum a lokacin watan Ramadan . &lt;ref name=&quot;ajkersylhet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2018 |script-title=bn:সিলেটে শুরু হয়েছে 'ফুরির বাড়ি ইফতারি' |url=https://ajkersylhet.com/16143/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130044945/https://ajkersylhet.com/16143/ |archive-date=30 January 2022 |access-date=28 Jan 2022 |website=ajkersylhet.com |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar ta fito ne daga kalmar Sylheti Furi (yar). 

Wannan aikin ba tilas ba ne a cikin Islama, amma surukai sun zo su yi tsammanin hakan. Akwai abubuwan da suka faru inda mijin 'yar da surukan suka yi zargin sun [[Cin zarafin mata|azabtarwa]] da ita, suka tilasta mata ta kashe kanta, ko kuma suka kashe ta, idan mahaifinta bai ba su kyauta ba.

Wasu masu sharhi sun soki al'adar a matsayin camfi ko mummunar aiki saboda yana iya zama nauyin [[wiktionary:Special:Search/mental|tunani]], kudi da zamantakewa ga uba wanda yake matalauta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2021 |script-title=bn:ইফতার লেনদেন রেওয়াজ প্রসঙ্গে |url=https://sylheterdak.com.bd/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185246/https://sylheterdak.com.bd/%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%ab%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%93%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9c-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%b8/ |archive-date=29 January 2022 |access-date=28 Jan 2022 |website=[[Sylheter Dak]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2023 UNESCO ta kara al'adar iftar na Musulmai zuwa jerin abubuwan da ba a gani ba.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Abincin Bangladesh
* Abincin Bengali
* [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]]
* Abincin abinci
* Ramadan
* Al'adun Bengali
* Al'adun Bangladesh
* Fadar White House Iftar abincin dare

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabulkan Doaku</title>
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'''''Kabulkan Doaku''''' jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na Indonesiya wanda aka fara watsawa a RCTI a watan Nuwamba 2000. Maman Firmansyah ce ta ba da umarni daga rubutun da Bung SMAS ta rubuta, jerin taurari Adjie Massaid, Dian Nitami da Devi Permatasari.

== Farko ==
Manyan 'yan uwan Lesmana da Darma sun karɓi kasuwancin da mahaifinsu ke gudanarwa a baya. Lokacin da Ratna ta sami iko da dukiyar Lesmana, haɗin gwiwar su ya rushe. Ratna ta tabbatar da mijinta ta hanyar bayyana cewa gadon Darma bai yi daidai da na Lesmana ba. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen hutun iyalin Lesmana sun kasance cikin haɗari lokacin da Ratna ya tuntubi wani mutum wanda ya sa motar ta kasa, wanda ya haifar da hadarin mota wanda ya bar iyalin Lesmana a rufe idanu.

== Masu ba da labari ==

* Adjie Massaid
* Dian Nitami a matsayin Ratna
* Devi Permatasari a matsayin Farida, yarinya da ta ji damuwa bayan ta yi fama da bugun jini.

== Fitarwa ==
Babban simintin ''Kabulkan Doaku'' ya fara ne a shekara ta 2000. Devi Permatasari, wanda ya nuna Farida, ya bayyana cewa halin &quot;mai damuwa bayan ya yi fama da bugun jini&quot;.

=== Waƙoƙi ===
Waƙar &quot;Dengan Menyebut Nama Allah&quot; da mawaƙan Indonesiya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Novia Kolopaking ta yi, &lt;ref name=&quot;DenganMenyebutNamaAllah&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 15, 2000 |title=Novia Kolopaking: Dengan Menyebut Nama Allah |url=http://www.disctarra.com/tarra/news_info.asp?news_id=2785 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030705224103/http://www.disctarra.com/tarra/news_info.asp?news_id=2785 |archive-date=July 5, 2003 |access-date= |website=Disc Tarra |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Ags ne ya rubuta ta. Arya Dipayana da Dwiki Dharmawan, an yi amfani da su a matsayin taken waƙa na jerin kuma an haɗa su a cikin kundin sauti.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb title}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muhammad al-Abdari al-Hihi</title>
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'''Abu Abdallah Mohammed ibn Mohammed ibn Ali ibn Ahmed ibn Masoud ibn Hajj al-Abdari al-Hihi''' (Arabic) (fl. ca. 1289) marubucin tafiye-tafiye ne na Maghrebi. An haife shi ne a cikin Haha, kabilar Berber da ta zauna a kudancin Morocco ta yanzu. Shi ne marubucin The Maghrebi Journey (''Al-Rihlah al-magribiyyah''), wani labarin tafiyarsa zuwa Makka a cikin 1289, wanda ake kira ''Rihlat al-Abdari'' (Al-Abdari's Journey). Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ta buga shi (ed. Muhammad al-Fasi, Rabat, 1968). )

Sashe na ''al-Rihla al-Maghreibiyya'' da ke kwatanta wurare a Falasdinu Ibn Juzayy ne ya kwafe shi a cikin 1354-1355 lokacin da yake rubuta labarin tafiye-tafiyen [[Ibn Battuta]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elad |first=Amikam |year=1987 |title=The description of the travels of Ibn Baṭūṭṭa in Palestine: is it original? |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=119 |pages=256–272 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00140651}}&lt;/ref&gt; al-Abdari kuma babban Qadi ne (alƙali) na [[Marrakesh]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=دعوة الحق - ابن الحاج العبدري والرحالة العبدري |url=http://habous.gov.ma/daouat-alhaq/item/8316 |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Habous.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

(Bai kamata a rikita shi da Mohammed ibn Hajj al-Abdari al-Fasi ko Mohammed Ibn Mohammed ibn Mohammed Abu Abdallah Ibn al-Hajj al-abdari al-Qayrawani al-Fashi al-Tilamsi, (kimanin 1258 - 1336), marubucin Madkhal Ash-Shara Ash-Shareef Ala-Mathahib, ko kuma &quot;Gabatarwa ga Shari'ar Musulunci Bisa ga Makarantu na Tunan&quot;. ) 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 

* Abdari, Muhammad ibn Muhammad. Rihlat al-'Abdari / ta'lif Abi 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa'ud al-'Abdur; haqqaqaha wa-qaddama la-ha 'Ali Ibrahim Kurdi; qaddama la-Ha Shakir al-Fahham. al-Tab'ah, Damascus: Dar Sa'd al-Din, 1999.  (Maganar MA ta edita)  

== Ƙarin karantawa ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Cherbonneau |first=M. |year=1854 |title=Notice et extraits du voyage d'El-Abdery |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalasiatiqu71fragoog#page/n148/mode/2up |journal=Journal Asiatique |series=5th series |language=fr |volume=4 |pages=144–176}}

== Haɗin waje ==
* Don tarihin rayuwa duba [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027100858/http://geocities.com/mutmainaa/people/muhammad_al_hajj.html] (an dawo da shi Satumba 11, 2008) NB. Wannan shafin ya yi kuskuren ɗauka cewa marubutan biyu iri ɗaya ne.
{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masallacin Jama, Golconda</title>
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Jama Masjid, wanda aka fi sani da Safa Masjid (Arabic), masallaci ne na Jumma'a da ke Golconda, [[Hyderabad]], a cikin Gundumar Hyderabad na jihar [[Telangana]], Indiya . An gina shi a cikin 1518 AZ ta hanyar [[Masarautar Golconda|Qutb Shahi]] mai mulkin farko, Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, yayin da yake gwamnan Bahmani Sultanate a Telangana na yanzu.

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 924 AH (1518/1519 CE) Sultan Quli Qutb Shah (daga baya sarkin Qutb Shahi na farko), gwamnan Telangana karkashin sarkin Bahmani Mahmood Shah Bahmani II, ya sake gina katangar laka ta Golconda kuma ya sanya wa birnin suna Muhammad Nagar, a cikin wannan shekarar ne aka gina masallacin da ake kira “Masjid Jama” da ake kira “Masjid Jama” daga baya. A shekara ta 1543 miladiyya an kashe Sultan Quli a wannan masallaci a lokacin da yake addu'a daga hannun Mir Mahmud Hamadani Quiladar na Golconda Fort wanda magaji Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah dan Sultan Quli ya ingiza shi.[1][2].

== Gine-gine ==
Masallacin da Golconda Fort an shirya su zama wani ɓangare na babban birni mai suna Mohammed Nagar (sabuwar sunan da Sultan Quli Qutb Shah ya ba Golconda). Ita ce kawai masallaci da aka gina a lokacin mulkin Bahmani a cikin salon gine-ginen Bahmani a Hyderabad. Masallacin ya kunshi dome guda ɗaya a kan ƙofar ƙofar, an shimfiɗa bene na farfajiyar da dutse, babban zauren da aka raba zuwa sassan huɗu da arches biyar.

== Dubi kuma ==
{{Reflist}}

* [[Musulunci a Indiya]]
* Jerin masallatai a Telangana

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar</title>
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'''Abu al-Hasan ʿAbd [[Jerin sunayen Allah a Musulunci|al-Jabbar]] ibn Ahmad ibn Khalil ibn ʿAbdallah al-Hamadani al-Asadabadi''' (935 AZ - 1025 AZ) masanin tauhidin Mu'tazili ne na Farisa, lauya kuma masanin hadisi wanda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin Qadi al-Qudat (Babban Alkalin) na [[Daular Buyid]], kuma mai bin makarantar [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'i]]. Abd al-Jabbar yana nufin &quot;Bawan al-Japbar (Mai Iko Dukka).&quot;  A cewar Ibn al-Subki, Mu'tazila suna kiransa &quot;Qadi al-Qudat&quot; (قاضي القضاة) kuma ba sa ba da wannan lakabin ga kowa. 

==Farkon rayuwa==
An haife shi a [[Iran]]&quot; id=&quot;mwHg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Asadabad, Iran&quot;&gt;Asadabad kusa da Hamadan, Iran . Ya zauna a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], har sai da gwamnansa, SAH ibn Abbad, mai goyon bayan ƙungiyar tauhidin Mu'tazila ya gayyace shi zuwa Rey a cikin 367 AH/978 AZ. An nada shi shugaban Qadi na Sarkin. A kan mutuwar ibn 'Abbad a cikin 995 AZ, Buyid Amir, Fakhr al-Dawla ya kori Abd al-Jabbar kuma ya kama shi, saboda wani abin da ya yi game da marigayi mai ba da gudummawa. Ya mutu daga baya a cikin 415 AH/1025 AZ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=Gabriel Said |date=2005 |title=The Rise and Fall of Qadi ʿAbd al-Jabbar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3880079 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=3–18 |issn=0020-7438}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Qadi ʿAbd al-Jabbar's magnum opus, ''Kitab ''al-Mughni'' fi abwab al-''[[Tauhidi|Tawhid]]'' wa l-ʿ''[[adl]]'''' (Littafin cikawa a kan batutuwa game da hadin kai da adalci), sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa al-Mughni, cikakkiyar kundin &quot;summa&quot; ashirin ne na tauhidin Mu'tazili na girman kamar yadda [[Thomas Aquinas|St. Thomas Aquinas]]'s ''Summa Theologica'' da Summa Contra Gentiles. Ya gabatar da tunanin Mu'tazili a ƙarƙashin jigogi biyu na hadin kan Allah (tawhid) da adalci (adl). Ya yi jayayya cewa rabuwa da Ash'arite tsakanin maganar Allah ta har abada da kalmomin da aka halicce na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] sun sa nufin Allah ba za a iya sani ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Views on human freedom: Mu’tazilites and Asharites |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkdkw6f/revision/3 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=BBC Bitesize |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi da ƙungiyarsa ta Mu'tazilite sun kasance zamani da [[Ibn Sina]] (wanda aka fi sani a Yamma da Avicenna). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruffus |first=Anthony |last2=McGinnis |first2=Jon |date=2015-01-28 |title=Willful Understanding: Avicenna’s Philosophy of Action and Theory of the Will |url=https://irl.umsl.edu/philosophy-faculty/7/ |format=PDF |journal=Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=160-195 |doi=10.1515/agph-2015-0007 |issn=0003-9101 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Qadi Abd al-Jabbar shine marubucin littattafai sama da 70. 

* Al-Mughnī Fī Abwāb Al-Tawḥīd wa Al-'Adl (المغني في أبواب التوحيد والعدل) 
* Sharḥ zuwa Kitāb al-Uṣūl na Ibn Khallād (wanda ya ɓace) 
* Sharḥ al-Uṣūl al-Khamsa (شرح الأصول الخمسة) ('Bayani na Ka'idoji biyar').  (Yayin da wannan ya ɓace, wannan littafin ya sami sharhi daga marubutan Zaydi guda biyu, waɗanda suka tsira.)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dhanani |first=Alnoor |date=July 1, 2014 |title=Basran Mu'tazilite Theology: Abu 'Ali Muhammad b. Khallad's Kitab al-Usul and Its Reception |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&amp;sw=w&amp;issn=00030279&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;id=GALE%7CA396604130&amp;sid=googleScholar&amp;linkaccess=abs |journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=134 |issue=3 |pages=548–550 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.3.548 |url-access=subscription |via=go.gale.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Tathbit Dala'il'' ===
Abd Al-Jabbar ya samar da wani rubutu mai adawa da Kirista Tathbit Dala'il Nubuwwat Sayyidina Muhammad (Tsarin Tabbacin Annabcin Ubangijinmu Muhammad) 

=== Fassara ta Turanci ===

* Critique of Christian Origins: wani rubutu na Turanci-Larabci, wanda Gabriel Said Reynolds da Samir Khalil Samir suka gyara, fassara, kuma suka yi bayani, Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2010.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Cite web |last=W. Madelung |title=ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR B. AḤMAD |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abd-al-jabbar-b-ahmad |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}
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    <title>Salome Makamba</title>
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'''Salome Wycliffe Makamba''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, 1987) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Tanzaniya kuma mamba ce a jam'iyyar siyasa ta CHADEMA. An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na kujeru na musamman a matsayin wakiliyar mata kuma tana aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisa tun daga shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;SWM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Salome Wycliffe Makamba |url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/379 |publisher=Parliament of Tanzania |access-date=2026-02-23 |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127003925/https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/379 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mdee aivimbia CHADEMA: &quot;Hatuondoki, tumekuzwa Chadema tutapambana hadi mwisho&quot; |url=https://www.arushapressclub.or.tz/2020/12/mdee-aivimbia-chadema-hatuondoki.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |archive-date=2023-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719231046/https://www.arushapressclub.or.tz/2020/12/mdee-aivimbia-chadema-hatuondoki.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Safiya George</title>
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Safiya George (wadda a da Dalmida ce ) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce a Tsibirin Virgin na Amurka kuma mai kula da ilimi ƙwararriya ce a fannin lafiya, ruhi, da kuma cutar kanjamau. Ita ce shugabar Jami'ar Tsibirin Virgin . George ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Aikin Jinya ta Christine E. Lynn a Jami'ar Florida Atlantic daga 2019 zuwa 2024.

== Rayuwa ==
George ta sami digirin AS (1997) da BS (1999) a fannin aikin jinya daga Jami'ar Virgin Islands . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Johnny |date=2024-02-09 |title=George Named Virgin Islands' Sixth President |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/faculty-staff/article/15663927/george-named-virgin-islands-sixth-president |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=George |first=Safiya |title=CV |url=https://cydi.ua.edu/uploads/4/6/5/1/46510435/safiya_cv.pdf |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=University of Alabama |archive-date=2024-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195513/https://cydi.ua.edu/uploads/4/6/5/1/46510435/safiya_cv.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala digirin MS (2001) a fannin aikin jinya tare da mai da hankali kan cutar HIV/AIDS da ciwon daji, digirin Ph.D. (2006) a binciken aikin jinya, da kuma takardar shaidar (2006) a nazarin mata daga Jami'ar Emory . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2024 |title=Dr. Safiya George Named UVI's Sixth President |url=https://www.uvi.edu/news/2024/24_031_dr_safiya_george_named_uvi_sixth_president.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.uvi.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:5&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Rubutun digirinta mai taken, ''Alaƙa Tsakanin Ruhaniya, Damuwa, Matsayin Garkuwa, da Ingancin Rayuwa da ke da Alaƙa da Lafiya a Mata Masu Cutar HIV'' .  [[Marcia McDonnell Holstad]] ita ce mai ba ta shawara kan digirin digirgir. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:4&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; George ta gudanar da karatun digirin digirgir a fannin addini da lafiya a Jami'ar Duke a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

George ma'aikaciyar jinya ce da ta ƙware a fannoni na lafiya, ruhi, da kuma cutar kanjamau. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=Dr. Safiya George, Dean of Nursing at FAU, Joins Boca Helping Hands Board of Directors |url=https://www.bocaratontribune.com/bocaratonnews/2023/02/dr-safiya-george-dean-of-nursing-at-fau-joins-boca-helping-hands-board-of-directors/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Boca Raton Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar Emory. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Johnny |date=2024-02-09 |title=George Named Virgin Islands' Sixth President |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/faculty-staff/article/15663927/george-named-virgin-islands-sixth-president |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education |language=en-us}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJackson2024&quot;&gt;Jackson, Johnny (2024-02-09). [https://www.diverseeducation.com/faculty-staff/article/15663927/george-named-virgin-islands-sixth-president &quot;George Named Virgin Islands' Sixth President&quot;]. ''Diverse: Issues In Higher Education''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-02-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=George |first=Safiya |title=CV |url=https://cydi.ua.edu/uploads/4/6/5/1/46510435/safiya_cv.pdf |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=University of Alabama |archive-date=2024-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195513/https://cydi.ua.edu/uploads/4/6/5/1/46510435/safiya_cv.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGeorge&quot;&gt;George, Safiya. [https://cydi.ua.edu/uploads/4/6/5/1/46510435/safiya_cv.pdf &quot;CV&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195513/https://cydi.ua.edu/uploads/4/6/5/1/46510435/safiya_cv.pdf |date=2024-02-15 }} &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''University of Alabama''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-02-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agusta na 2015, ta shiga Jami'ar Alabama a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa kuma mataimakiyar shugabar bincike da kuma darektan harkokin ilimi a Kwalejin Kula da Lafiya ta Capstone. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=FAU Appoints Safiya George, Ph.D., as Dean of the Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing - Florida Hospital News and Healthcare Report |url=https://southfloridahospitalnews.com/fau-appoints-safiya-george-ph-d-as-dean-of-the-christine-e-lynn-college-of-nursing-2/?print=print |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=southfloridahospitalnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; An nada George a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Masu Jinya ta Amurka a 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2018, ta zama shugabar Holli Rockwell Trubinsky kuma farfesa a Kwalejin Kula da Lafiya ta Christine E. Lynn a Jami'ar Florida Atlantic . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Safiya George, Ph.D., Named Dean of the College of Nursing |url=http://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/nursing-dean-appointment.php |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.fau.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance Babbar Jami'ar Jami'o'in Florida Atlantic Louis da Anne Green Memory and Wellness center. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Safiya George |url=https://aascu.org/people/safiya-george/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=AASCU |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, an naɗa ta a matsayin fitacciyar ma'aikaciyar [[National Academies of Practice|Kwalejin Aikin Ƙasa]] da kuma abokiyar aikinta na Kwalejin Aikin Jinya ta Amurka a shekarar 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2023, ta shiga kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar agaji ta Boca Helping Hands. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2024, an naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar jami'a ta shida ta Jami'ar Tsibirin Virgin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta gaji David Hall a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=July 2024 Newsletter |url=https://myemail-api.constantcontact.com/July-2024-Newsletter-.html?soid=1139636804939&amp;aid=4KuwAhbSyTE |website=Florida Atlantic University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>SalamWeb</title>
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'''SalamWeb''' (daga Larabci &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwGg&quot;&gt;salām&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, سلام, ma'ana &quot;zaman lafiya&quot;) wani burauza ne da aka dakatar da shi wanda kamfanin Malaysia mai suna Salam Web Technologies MY Sdn ya samar.  An ƙera shi don isar da ƙwarewar Yanar Gizo mai kyau ga Musulmai, kuma an yi niyya ga masu sauraron [[Musulmi]], yana bin [[Shari'a|dokokin Musulunci]] da al'ada kuma an ba shi takardar shaidar burauzar yanar gizo mai bin Musulunci. 

Mai binciken yanar gizo shi ma babban ɓangare ne na tsarin dijital na musamman na Musulmi, wanda ya haɗa da manhajojin yanar gizo da ''SalamToday'', wata mujallar yanar gizo mai bugu na gida da na ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SalamToday: Muslim fashion, Style news, Beauty and trends |url=https://today.salamweb.com/about-us/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205180135/https://today.salamweb.com/about-us/ |archive-date=5 February 2020 |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=SalamToday: Muslim fashion, Style news, Beauty and trends}}&lt;/ref&gt;

SalamWeb yana samuwa don [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], macOS, [[Android]] da iOS . Yana tallafawa harsuna da yawa, ciki har da Ingilishi, Malaysian da Indonesian, Urdu, Larabci, Rashanci, Turkiyya, da Bengali. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

An daina amfani da shi a shekarar 2021 saboda wasu dalilai da ba a sani ba, kuma ba a samun damar shiga shafin yanar gizo na salamweb.com ba.

== Siffofi ==

=== Babban fasali ===
Domin ƙirƙirar yanayin muhalli mai kyau ga Musulmi, SalamWeb ta yi amfani da ''SalamWebProtect'', wani tsari mai matakai uku wanda ke tace ''haram'' - abubuwan da ke ciki, kayayyaki da ayyuka waɗanda ke cutar da Musulmai kuma suna ɗaukar su a matsayin masu cutarwa ga yara. Tsarin ya haɗa da matattara da aka gina a ciki, software na gane hotuna [[Kirkirar Basira|na AI]] da kuma tsarin tantancewa na al'umma inda masu amfani suka yi wa abubuwan da ba su dace ba alama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SalamProtect &amp; Inappropriate content |url=http://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360020539474-SalamProtect-Inappropriate-content |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228145007/https://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360020539474-SalamProtect-Inappropriate-content |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=Salam Web Technologies DMCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=OutReach |first=Media |title=SalamWeb Technologies MY Introduces World's First Shariah Compliant Internet Suite of Services, Business Insider - Business Insider Malaysia |url=https://www.businessinsider.my/salamweb-technologies-my-introduces-worlds-first-shariah-compliant-internet-suite-of-services/ |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=www.businessinsider.my }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=Balqis |date=20 February 2019 |title=Live: A syariah-compliant browser |url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/bots/2019/02/461878/live-syariah-compliant-browser |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=NST Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sadaqah tana nufin aikin alheri ba tare da tsammanin komai ba a madadinta 'fi sabbillah' (don Allah ). ''SalamSadaqah'' ta nemi shiga cikin ayyukan sadaka da kuma tunatar da su cewa ra'ayin sadaka yana da mahimmanci ga Musulunci. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sadaqah |url=https://sadaqah.salamweb.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807014919/https://sadaqah.salamweb.com/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sadaqah |url=http://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360030983294-Sadaqah |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228144944/https://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360030983294-Sadaqah |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=Salam Web Technologies DMCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; SalamWebSadaqah kuma sadaukarwar SalamWeb ce ta bayar da gudummawa ga wani aikin sadaka (tare da haɗin gwiwa da Global Sadaqah, wata kungiyar agaji ta Musulunci ta duniya), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Sadaqah &amp;#124; Donate Zakat, Sadaqah &amp; Waqf Online |url=https://www.globalsadaqah.com/ |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=Global Sadaqah}}&lt;/ref&gt; a duk lokacin da wani ya yi amfani da SalamWeb. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; ''SalamWebWidgets'' ta taimaka wa Musulmai su yi addinin Musulunci yayin da suke ci gaba da hulɗa da fasaha da Intanet. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ''Lokutan Addu'a'', wanda ke nuna lokacin addu'a mai zuwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prayer times |url=http://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360020565893-Prayer-times |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228144955/https://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360020565893-Prayer-times |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=Salam Web Technologies DMCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kamfas na Addu'a'', wanda ke nuna [[Alƙibila|Qibla]] (alkiblar da Musulmi zai fuskanta lokacin addu'a), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qibla - direction to Mecca |url=http://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360020539554-Qibla-direction-to-Mecca |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228145050/https://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360020539554-Qibla-direction-to-Mecca |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=Salam Web Technologies DMCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kalamai na Kullum'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=Balqis |title=This web browser is designed to optimise the Islamic way of life |url=https://www.mysalaam.com/en/story/this-web-browser-is-designed-to-optimise-the-islamic-way-of-life/SALAAM20022019032156 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807060855/https://www.mysalaam.com/en/story/this-web-browser-is-designed-to-optimise-the-islamic-way-of-life/SALAAM20022019032156 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=My Salaam}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Masallatai Kusa da Ni'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Release 2.0 |url=http://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360033298874-Release-2-0 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228145009/https://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360033298874-Release-2-0 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=Salam Web Technologies DMCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauransu.

SalamWeb ya dogara ne akan Chromium kuma ya riƙe aikinsa. Yana iya amfani da ƙarin abubuwan bincike da aka haɓaka don Google Chrome. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Release 4.0 |url=http://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360039011773-Release-4-0 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228145148/https://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360039011773-Release-4-0 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |website=Salam Web Technologies DMCC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Binciken Zamantakewa ===
Daga fitowar 4.4, SalamWeb ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ke tattare da binciken zamantakewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Release 4.4 |url=https://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360015630739-Release-4-4 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808005435/https://support.salamweb.com/hc/en-us/articles/360015630739-Release-4-4 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=Salam Web Technologies DMCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; SalamWebTalks, wani widget na sharhi da kimantawa, an saka shi a cikin burauzar. Saboda haka, kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ba da damar yin sharhi a kowane shafin yanar gizo matuƙar yana ɗauke da URL. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SalamWebTalks |url=https://salamweb.com/salamwebtalks/0 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127085346/https://salamweb.com/salamwebtalks/0 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=Salam Web Technologies DMCC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Harsuna ===
An samar da na'urar bincike a harsunan Ingilishi, Malaysia, Indonesia, Urdu, Bengali, Larabci, Rashanci, da Turkiyya. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Yeheid'erding</title>
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Yeheidie'erding (Chinese; ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Amir al-Din''' (Arabic), masanin gine-ginen musulmi ne wanda ya taimaka wajen tsarawa kuma ya jagoranci gina [[Babban birni|babban birnin]] Daular Yuan, Khanbaliq, wanda ke cikin [[Beijing]] na yanzu, babban birnin [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]].  A cewar Cary Y. Liu fassarar rubutun Ma-ho-ma-sha Stele, ko dai kakannin Amir al-Din sun fito ne daga Yammacin Yamma, kodayake sun fito ne Daga [[Yankin Larabawa|Arabiya]], ko kuma ya fito ne kai tsaye daga Arabiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Cary Y. |date=1992 |title=The Yüan Dynasty Capital, Ta-tu: Imperial Building Program and Bureaucracy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528571 |journal=T'oung Pao |volume=78 |issue=4/5 |pages=277 |doi=10.1163/156853292X00027 |issn=0082-5433 |jstor=4528571 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ginin Khanbaliq ==
Yeheidie'erding ya koyi daga gine-ginen Han. A cikin 1264, a shirye-shiryen kafa Daular Yuan, Kublai Khan ya yanke shawarar sake gina birnin wanda aka sani da Zhongdu (中都, &quot;babban birni&quot;, pinyin: Zhōngdū) a matsayin sabon babban birninsa. Liu Bingzhong shi ne mai tsarawa kuma masanin gine-gine na asali kuma an nada shi a matsayin mai kula da gininsa,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Stephen G. Haw}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da Yeheidie'erding ya tsara kuma ya jagoranci ginin. An fara gina ganuwar birnin a wannan shekarar, yayin da aka gina fadar sarki daga 1274 zuwa gaba. Zane na birnin ya bi Confucianism classic ''Zhouli'' (周禮, &quot;rites of Zhou&quot;), a cikin cewa an yi la'akari da dokoki na &quot;9 madaidaiciya, 9 madaidaiciya&quot;, &quot;gidan sarauta a gaba, kasuwanni a baya&quot;, &quot;bautar kakanninmu ta hagu, bautar allahn dama&quot;. Ya kasance mai faɗi a sikelin, mai tsauri a cikin tsarawa da aiwatarwa, cikakke a cikin kayan aiki.

Bayan kafa Daular Yuan a cikin 1271, Kublai Khan ya sake sunan birnin daga Zhongdu zuwa Khanbaliq (大都, &quot;babban babban birni&quot;, pinyin: Dàdū) a cikin 1272, kuma a hukumance ya zama babban birnin daular Yuan, kodayake ba a kammala wasu gine-gine a cikin birni ba har zuwa 1293. Zai kasance har zuwa 1368 lokacin da Zhu Yuanzhang, wanda ya kafa Daular Ming kuma Sarkin sarakuna na gaba, ya sanya burinsa na mulkin mallaka ya zama sananne ta hanyar aika sojoji zuwa babban birnin Yuan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 1999&quot;&gt;Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of China''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-521-66991-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sarkin Yuan na karshe ya gudu zuwa arewa zuwa Shangdu kuma Zhu ya ayyana kafa Daular Ming bayan ya rushe fadar Yuan a Khanbaliq zuwa ƙasa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 1999&quot; /&gt;  kuma daular Ming ta sake sunan birnin '''Beiping''' (北平, [[pinyin]]&quot; id=&quot;mwSg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Pinyin&quot;&gt;pinyin: Běipíng) a wannan shekarar. Bayan da aka naɗa Sarkin sarakuna Yongle, sarki na uku na Ming, an sake sunan birnin zuwa '''Beijing''' (北京, pinyin: Běijīng) kuma ya zama babban birnin daular Ming.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tarihin Beijing

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Harin bam a masallacin Khulna, 1999</title>
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1999 Harin bam na [[Masallaci]] Khulna wani harin bam ne na ta'addanci a kan masallacin [[Ahmadiyya]] a Khulna, [[Bangladesh]] a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1999. A cikin fashewar, mutane 8 sun mutu kuma kusan 30 sun ji rauni. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1999, Sojojin Bangladesh sun cire bam din lokaci daga hedkwatar Ahmadiyya a Dhaka, kwana uku bayan fashewar bam. Kwanaki biyu bayan an gano bam daga masallacin Jannatul Ferdous Ahmadiya a Mirpur, Dhaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;dcsxz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Immigration and Refugee Board of |date=4 July 2000 |title=Treatment of Ahmadis in Dhaka; reports of attacks, especially by the Khatme Nabuyat [Khatm-e-Nabuwwat]; police response (1995-2000) [BGD34714.E] |url=https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/169505/270842_en.html |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.ecoi.net |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127024055/https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/169505/270842_en.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Ahmadiyya ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ne na Islama waɗanda yawancin Musulmai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ke ɗauka masu ridda. Akwai kimanin Musulmai Ahmadi 100,000 a Bangladesh, inda kashi 90 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a ke bin wasu ƙungiyoyin Islama.

== Harin ==
A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1999, wani bam mai sarrafawa daga nesa ya tashi yayin addu'o'in Jumma'a a masallacin Ahmadiyya a Khulana, Kudancin Bangladesh, inda ya kashe mutane takwas.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{Islamism in Bangladesh}}</text>
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      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[1999 Fashewar bam a masallacin Khulna]] to [[Harin bam a masallacin Khulna, 1999]]</comment>
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1999 Harin bam na [[Masallaci]] Khulna wani harin bam ne na ta'addanci a kan masallacin [[Ahmadiyya]] a Khulna, [[Bangladesh]] a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1999. A cikin fashewar, mutane 8 sun mutu kuma kusan 30 sun ji rauni. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1999, Sojojin Bangladesh sun cire bam din lokaci daga hedkwatar Ahmadiyya a Dhaka, kwana uku bayan fashewar bam. Kwanaki biyu bayan an gano bam daga masallacin Jannatul Ferdous Ahmadiya a Mirpur, Dhaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;dcsxz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Immigration and Refugee Board of |date=4 July 2000 |title=Treatment of Ahmadis in Dhaka; reports of attacks, especially by the Khatme Nabuyat [Khatm-e-Nabuwwat]; police response (1995-2000) [BGD34714.E] |url=https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/169505/270842_en.html |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.ecoi.net |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127024055/https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/169505/270842_en.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Ahmadiyya ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ne na Islama waɗanda yawancin Musulmai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ke ɗauka masu ridda. Akwai kimanin Musulmai Ahmadi 100,000 a Bangladesh, inda kashi 90 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a ke bin wasu ƙungiyoyin Islama.

== Harin ==
A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1999, wani bam mai sarrafawa daga nesa ya tashi yayin addu'o'in Jumma'a a masallacin Ahmadiyya a Khulana, Kudancin Bangladesh, inda ya kashe mutane takwas.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{Islamism in Bangladesh}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>1857 Rikicin Bharuch</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2952" sha1="qnyl6ugncrh7wnqornbdh4s1tvo71qc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Akwai tashin hankali na al'umma tsakanin Parsis da [[Bharuch]]_and_Surti_Sunni_Vohras&quot; id=&quot;mwCw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Sunni Bohra&quot;&gt;Bharuchi Sunni Vohra [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] a watan Mayu 1857 a Broach (yanzu Bharuch, [[Gujarat]]) a Indiya.

== Tarihi ==
Bharuch babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ce a yammacin Indiya. Kamar yadda Bharuch tsohuwar ƙauyen Parsis ce, akwai adadi mai yawa na Parsis a cikin garin. Bahram Mowbed, ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Zanhosht Mowbed، yana ɗaya daga cikin firistoci na farko da suka zauna a Bharuch. An kafa hasumiyar shiru a Bharuch a cikin 1309. Akwai tashin hankali a Bombay watanni shida kafin taron.

== Rikicin ==
A ranar 10 ga Mayu 1857, kwanaki biyar kawai bayan farkon tawaye na Indiya na 1857, an zargi wani Parsi mai suna Bejonji Sheriaiji Bharuch da rashin girmama masallaci da wasu Musulmai suka yi kuma tashin hankali ya ɓarke. Bayan kwana biyar, Musulmai 200 sun taru a kusa da masallacin Bawa Rahan a arewacin garin. 'Yan sanda sun kusanci amma ba su iya dakatar da taron ba. Jama'a sun kai hari kan Dastur Kamdin Dar-e Mihr, haikalin wuta, kuma sun kashe Babban Firist, Ervad Ardeshir Hormazdji Kamdin. Sun kashe Bejonji Sheriaiji Bharuch kuma sun ja jikinsa zuwa hanyoyi da yawa. Sun kuma kai hari kan Haikali na Wutar Shapurji Narielwala (wanda aka tsarkake a shekara ta 1783) kuma sun ji wa Babban Firist, Ervad Meherwanji Muncherji Kamdin rauni. Mista Davies, Majalisa na Bharuch da Mai tarawa, ba su iya dakatar da tashin hankali ba. An kawo sojojin daga garuruwan da ke kusa da su na Vagra, [[Amod, India|Amod]], Ankleshwar da Hansot. Laftanar Richardson ta jagoranci rundunar Burtaniya da aka aiko don kawo zaman lafiya.

== Sakamakon haka ==
Parsis na Bharuch sun roki Shugaban 'yan sanda na Shugabancin Bombay, Bettington, a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1857 don bincika rawar Shugaban Kwamishinan. Sun kuma yi kira ga Majalisar Gwamna da ta kafa kwamiti don bincike. Sun gaya wa Parsi Panchayat da su yi amfani da tasirin su.

Alexander Kinloch Forbes, Alkalin Sessions, ya yanke wa mutane 39 daga cikin 61 da aka kama hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. An rataye biyu saboda kisan Bharucha da Babban Firist.

Masana tarihi sun bincika tashin hankali dangane da tawaye a 1857. Yin amfani da halin da ake ciki, an yi ƙoƙari don zuga yawan musulmai su shirya tashin hankali a kan Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta 'yan tawaye.

Akwai wani tashin hankali tsakanin Parsis da Musulmai a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1885 lokacin da hukumomi ba su ba da ƙasa don gina Dargah ba. Kamar yadda akwai mambobin Parsi a cikin Majalisar Majalisa, an zarge su da rashin ba da shi.

''Khasumate Gujarat'' (Agusta 1858), wanda malamin makaranta, Ervad Kaikhushru Pestonji Vakil, ya tattara, a cikin [[Gujarati]], ya ba da cikakken bayani game da taron.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Zoroastrianism a Indiya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Riots in India}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|21.704261|72.9707}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>2020 fashewar Narayanganj</title>
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A ranar 4 ga Satumba 2020, wani fashewa a [[Masallaci]] Baitus Salat Jame a Gundumar Narayanganj, [[Bangladesh]] ya kashe akalla mutane 31 yayin da wasu da yawa suka ji rauni. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya tashi zuwa 31 a ranar 10 ga Satumba.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Ana zaton fashewar ta samo asali ne daga iskar gas daga bututun karkashin kasa. Da misalin karfe 8:30 na yamma a lokacin gida, duk raka'a shida na iska da aka sanya a ƙasa sun fashe a lokaci guda. Tun da farko, akwai katsewar wutar lantarki a masallacin kuma kwatsam na wutar lantarki ya haifar da hasken wuta a kan masu [[Yanayin iska|sanyaya iska]] wanda zai iya haifar da fashewar.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin fashewa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oliur Rahman (mai kiwon lafiya)</title>
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'''Oliur Rahman''' ya kasance likitan gida na Gabashin Pakistan, mai fassara, kuma masanin ilimin Islama. Shugaban da ya kafa Jam'iyyar Awami Ulama, mambobin 'yan bindiga na Al-Badr ne suka kashe shi a lokacin kisan gillar da aka yi wa masu ilimi na Bengali a shekarar 1971.&lt;ref&gt;Chowdhury, Doha (14 December 2021). &quot;শহীদ বুদ্ধিজীবী মাওলানা অলিউর রহমান: ৬ দফার পক্ষে গড়ে তোলেন জনসমর্থন&quot; [Martyred intellectual Maulana Oliur Rahman: He built public support for the 6-point movement]. The Daily Star (in Bengali).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Oliur Rahman a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1932 a Maiarchar, Gundumar Sylhet, Lardin Assam, Indiya ta Burtaniya (wanda ke cikin Tukerbazar Union na yanzu, Bangladesh). Shah Habibur Rahman Khorasan, mahaifin yara goma sha uku ciki har da Oliur, ya kasance zuriyar mai tsarki na Sufi Shah Kamal Quhafah, abokin Shah Jalal . Kakannin Oliur sun yi ƙaura daga Khorasan. Yayansa, Safiur Rahman Khorasani, malami ne a Cibiyar Gudanar da Gwamnati kafin samun 'yancin kai na Bangladesh kuma daga baya ya zama farfesa. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar Alim a 1949 da kuma jarrabawar sakandare mafi girma a 1950, Oliur ya wuce jarrabar Fazil a 1951. A shekara ta 1953, ya wuce jarrabawar Dawra-e-Hadith.

== Ayyuka ==
A cikin wannan shekarar ya wuce jarrabawar Dawra-e-Hadith, Oliur ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai kula da Ahmadia Madrasah a Barisal. Daga shekara mai zuwa, ya koyar da shekaru biyar a Sylhet Alia Madrasah . A shekara ta 1960, ya koma Dhaka. A cikin shekarun 1960, ya yi aiki a Kwalejin Bangla a matsayin mai fassara da mai bincike na [[Urdu]] da Larabci. Tare da wannan, ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai sharhi na Alkur'ani. A shekara ta 1965, bayan ya sami ilimi a fannin kiwon lafiya a [[Karachi]], Yammacin Pakistan, ya koma Gabashin Pakistan kuma ya kafa asibitin kansa a Jitane kusa da Dhaka, inda ya fara samar da sabis na homeopathic.

== Yunkurin fafutuka ==
A shekara ta 1952, ya kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar yaren Bengali daga Sylhet . A cikin shekarun 1960, ya shiga ƙungiyar addini da ake kira Uttehadul Ulama, wanda a wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan . Ya zama mataimakin shugaban reshen Gabashin Pakistan da kuma shugaban reshen Dhaka na Uttehadul Ulama . Koyaya, bayan rikice-rikice sun tashi tare da Jamaat-e-Islami, ya bar kungiyar. A shekara ta 1966, bayan [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], shugaban Kungiyar Awami ta Gabashin Pakistan, ya gabatar da Points shida a [[Lahore]], Jamaat-e-Islami's amir Abul A'la Maududi ya soki shi. A mayar da martani, Oliur ya rubuta masa wasiƙu da shugabannin da yawa a Gabashin Pakistan, yana roƙon su da su yarda da Abubuwa Shida. Daga baya, Oliur ya shiga cikin kusanci da Mujib kuma ya zama shugaban kafa Jam'iyyar Awami Ulama, wanda aka kafa a karkashin umarnin Mujib don gina goyon baya ga Abubuwa shida. Don magance farfaganda da Jamaat-e-Islami ya yada don murkushe Abubuwa shida, ya rubuta littattafai da yawa waɗanda suka taimaka wajen fadada shirin. Ya bukaci a kafa ma'aikatar daban don harkokin addini a Pakistan. Ya kuma shiga cikin tashin hankali na Gabashin Pakistan na shekarar 1969.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shagalin Iftar</title>
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''''''Bikin Iftar''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''''Dawat-e-Iftar''''' ) taro ne da ke faruwa a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki na Musulunci, inda baƙi ke taruwa don yin buda baki da faɗuwar rana. Ana yin waɗannan bukukuwan a al'ada tare da dangi da abokai amma sun rikide zuwa tarurrukan zamantakewa da siyasa masu zurfi a cikin al'adu daban-daban. Bikin Iftar yana faɗaɗa wannan al'ada zuwa tarurrukan jama'a, yana mai jaddada sadaka, haɗin kai na zamantakewa, da tattaunawa tsakanin addinai. Mutane, ƙungiyoyi, ko gwamnatoci na iya ɗaukar nauyin waɗannan tarurrukan, waɗanda suka bambanta a girma da manufa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Open Iftar 2025 - Sheffield Museums Trust |url=https://www.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk/whats-on/open-iftar-2025/ |website=www.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk |access-date=2026-02-24 |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411134442/https://www.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk/whats-on/open-iftar-2025/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da asali ==
Al'adar yin buda baki tare ta kasance wani bangare na al'adun Musulunci tun farkon zamanin Musulunci. Duk da haka, karbar bakuncin bukukuwan buda baki na yau da kullun kamar yadda muka san su a yau ya fara samun karbuwa a karni na 20, musamman lokacin da shugabannin siyasa suka fara shirya irin wadannan tarurruka don karfafa hadin kai da kyautatawa tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=guruswamy |first=mohan |date=July 1, 2014 |title=A history of political iftar parties &amp;#124; A history of political iftar parties |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140701/commentary-op-ed/article/history-political-iftar-parties |website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali da abokai ==
Ana shirya bukukuwan buda baki masu dacewa da iyali a gidajen cin abinci da cibiyoyin al'adu. Bikin buda baki na iyali tarurruka ne na kud da kud inda dangi ke taruwa don yin buda baki. Waɗannan bukukuwa galibi suna ɗauke da abincin gargajiya, kamar dabino, miyar lentil, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sharjah: Car accident kills 3 cousins on way to friend's iftar party |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/emergencies/sharjah-teenager-die-speeding-car-crash |website=Khaleej Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=APP |first=Fawad Maqsood |date=May 26, 2019 |title='Iftar get together culture' rises as last Ashra of Ramazan starts |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/499269 |website=Brecorder}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bukukuwan buda baki a tsakanin abokai sun shahara saboda yanayin bukukuwansu da annashuwa. Waɗannan tarurruka galibi sun haɗa da haɗakar abinci na gargajiya da na zamani, tafiye-tafiye, da kuma addu'o'i iri-iri. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2024 |title=Tharparkar's Hindu Resident Hosts Iftar For Muslim Friends, Goes Viral |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/19-Mar-2024/tharparkar-s-hindu-resident-hosts-iftar-for-muslim-friends-goes-viral |website=The Friday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zamantakewa ==
Bukukuwan buda baki sun bazu zuwa manyan da'irori na zamantakewa, gami da cibiyoyin al'umma, masallatai, da ƙungiyoyin agaji. Kamar Shirin Buda baki na Duniya na Saudiyya wanda ke ba da abinci ga mutane sama da miliyan 1 a faɗin ƙasashe 61 ta hanyar ofisoshin jakadanci da cibiyoyin Musulunci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia to launch iftar program in 61 countries |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590885/%7B%7B |website=Arab News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka nan Shirin [[Masu kula da Masallatai biyu|Mai Kula da Masallatai Biyu Masu Tsarki]] yana ba da buda baki ga dubban mutane a [[Masjid al-Haram|Masallacin Harami]] da [[Masallacin Annabi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=Ramadan Al Sherbini |date=April 4, 2025 |title=Saudi Arabia: Over 24m Iftar meals offered in Two Holy Mosques |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/saudi-arabia-over-24m-iftar-meals-offered-in-two-holy-mosques-1.500082836 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Timeless Tradition: Ramadan Iftar at the Prophet's Mosque |url=https://spa.gov.sa/en/N2288183 |website=spa.gov.sa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Shugabannin siyasa da jam'iyyu ne ke shirya bukukuwan buda baki a matsayin wata alama ta alheri da kuma isar da sako ga al'ummar Musulmi a duk fadin duniya. Sau da yawa manyan mutane ne ke halartar waɗannan tarurrukan, ciki har da 'yan siyasa, shugabannin addinai, da kuma shahararrun mutane. Duk da cewa suna da nufin haɓaka zaman lafiya a tsakanin al'umma, wani lokacin ana sukarsu da kasancewa alama maimakon tasiri.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Kamruzzaman |date=March 27, 2025 |title=Political Iftar Parties: Feasting on Muslim Votes, Fasting on Justice |url=https://enewsroom.in/political-iftar-parties-ramadan-muslims-leadership/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Salvador Namburete</title>
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      <text bytes="1552" sha1="n6hg5j9gz7hrdzu305c4uel05126zsn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Salvador_Namburete,_Mozambican_Minister_for_Energy_-_2012_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Salvador Namburete a shekarar 2012]]
'''Salvador Namburete''' ya kasance Ministan Makamashi na ƙasar [[Mozambik|Mozambique]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLM49304820080922 | title= Mozambique to approve $2.5 bln power line project | publisher= [[Reuters]] | author= Charles Mangwiro | date= 2008-09-22 | accessdate=2010-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya riƙe wannan muƙamin a tsakanin shekarun 2005 da 2015, a lokacin shugabancin Armando Guebuza na wa'adi biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Despacho Presidencial n.º 75/2005, 4 de Fevereiro. [https://gazettes.africa/akn/mz/officialGazette/government-gazette-series-i-supplement/2005-02-04/5/por@2005-02-04 ''Boletim da República'', I Série, N.º 5, Suplemento, 4 de Fevereiro de 2005.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210220321/https://gazettes.africa/akn/mz/officialGazette/government-gazette-series-i-supplement/2005-02-04/5/por@2005-02-04 |date=2024-12-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Despacho Presidencial n.º 90/2010, 15 de Janeiro. [https://gazettes.africa/akn/mz/officialGazette/government-gazette-series-i-supplement-no-2/2010-01-15/2/por@2010-01-15 ''Boletim da República'', I Série, N.º 2, 2.º Suplemento, 415 de Janeiro de 2010.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222164345/https://gazettes.africa/akn/mz/officialGazette/government-gazette-series-i-supplement-no-2/2010-01-15/2/por@2010-01-15 |date=2024-12-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Waƙoƙin Manipur</title>
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      <text bytes="5251" sha1="8wvwtp13kkcz92ifob03j2o1tpap47x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
[[Fayil:ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡ_ꯇꯥꯟꯅꯕ꯵.jpg|thumb|''Leima Jagoi'', wata rawar jama'a ta Manipuri]]
Akwai '''salon rawa''' daban-daban daga [[Manipur]], jiha a arewa maso gabashin [[Indiya]] wacce ke kan iyaka da [[Myanmar]] (Burma), [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]] da [[Mizoram]] .  {{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004}} Rawar Manipuri ta ƙunshi nau'ikan rawa na gargajiya da na gargajiya. Raas Leela yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan rawa na gargajiya na Indiya. An danganta nau'ikan rawa na gargajiya da [[Jerin alloli a cikin Sanamahism|tsoffin allolin Meitei]] kamar ''Umang Lai'' kuma ana yin su a lokacin Lai Haraoba, da kuma raye-rayen al'ummomin kabilu daban-daban na [[Manipur]] . {{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004}} 

Rawar Manipuri gabaɗaya, wasa ne na ƙungiya, tare da kayan sawa na musamman, kayan ado, tarurruka da kuma waƙoƙin waƙa. {{Sfn|Saryu Doshi|1989}} Rawar Manipuri fasaha ce ta addini kuma manufarta ita ce bayyana dabi'un ruhaniya. Ana yin bikin wannan fasaha a lokacin bukukuwa da manyan al'adu na wucewa kamar aure tsakanin mutanen Manipuri, musamman a yawancin kabilun Meitei . {{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004}} {{Sfn|Saryu Doshi|1989}}

Akwai nau'ikan rawa iri-iri na [[Manipur]], waɗanda suka ƙunshi rawa ta gargajiya da ta gargajiya ta al'ummomi daban-daban da ke zaune a jihar. Wasu daga cikinsu an bayar da su a ƙasa.

== Raas Leela ==
[[Fayil:Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg|thumb|Raas Leela]]
An gina Raas Leela ne bisa jigogin addinin Hindu na Vaishnavism da kuma wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau na wasan kwaikwayo na Radha-Krishna wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar soyayya mai suna Raas Leela.

Tushen rawar ''Manipuri Raas Leela'', kamar yadda yake a duk raye-rayen Indiya na gargajiya, shine tsohon rubutun Hindu Sanskrit ''Natya Shastra'', tare da tasiri da haɗin gwiwar al'adu tsakanin nau'ikan rawa na gargajiya na gida daban-daban. {{Sfn|Saryu Doshi|1989}} Tare da shaidar gidajen ibada na Vishnu a cikin salon kawar da mugunta na zamanin da.jpg|thumb|Raas Leela Raas Leela ya dogara ne akan jigogi na Hindu Vaishnavism da kuma kyawawan wasan kwaikwayo na rawa na Radha-Krishna wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da ake kira Raas Leela.

Tushen rawar ''Manipuri Raas Leela'', kamar yadda yake a duk raye-rayen Indiya na gargajiya, shine rubutun Hindu Sanskrit ''Natya Shastra'', tare da tasiri da haɗakar al'adu tsakanin nau'ikan rawa na gargajiya daban-daban na gida. {{Sfn|Saryu Doshi|1989}} Tare da shaidar gidajen ibada na Vishnu a zamanin da, wannan nau'in rawa an bazu ta baki daga tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin al'ada ta baki . Wannan wasan kwaikwayo na rawa na Manipuri, galibi, ana nuna shi da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau, ruwa, da kuma nutsuwa tare da fifita hannu da motsin jiki na sama. {{Sfn|Farley P. Richmond|Darius L. Swann|Phillip B. Zarrilli|1993}} {{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990}} Yana tare da kiɗan ibada da aka ƙirƙira da kayan kida da yawa, tare da bugun da aka saita ta kuge (kartal ko manjira ) da ganguna masu kai biyu (pung ko Manipuri mrdanga ) na sankirtan . {{Sfn|Saryu Doshi|1989}} Wasan kwaikwayo na rawa yana raba wasannin kwaikwayo da labaran ''Vaishnavite Padavalis'', wanda kuma ya zaburar da manyan fasahar wasan kwaikwayo da suka shafi Gaudiya Vaishnava da aka samu a Assam da Yammacin Bengal. 

== Jagoi na Thoogal ==
Thougal Jagoi ita ce rawar gargajiya ta al'ummar Meitei da ake yi a lokacin bikin ''Lai Haraoba'' a gaban alloli. Ana kuma kiranta da ''Khamba Thoibi Jagoi'' . Wani nau'in rawa na Thugal Jagoi, wanda mata masu rawa ne kawai ke yi, ana kiransa da ''Leima Jagoi'' . Rawar tana amfani da kayan kida na gargajiya kamar pena da laangden (gangar gargajiya). A cewar waƙar almara ta yaren Meitei ta ''Khamba Thoibi'' da aka kafa a tsohuwar masarautar Moirang, ana kyautata zaton ''Khamba'', yarima Khuman da ''Thoibi'', gimbiya Moirang sun yi wannan rawa a gaban Eputhou Thangjing .
[[Fayil:Lai_haraoba.JPG|thumb|Thougal Jagoi/Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]]

== Yelhou Jagoi ==
''Yelhou Jagoi'' ya hada da dukkan raye-rayen da aka yi a lokacin bikin ''Lai Haraoba'', musamman na Maibis. Wasu daga cikinsu akwai ''Laiching Jagoi'', ''Nungnao Jagoi'', ''Panthoibi Jagoi'', ''Longkhon Jagoi'', ''Paton'', ''Thang Thaba'' da ''Phibul Jagoi'' . ''Thougal Jagoi'' shima ya zo karkashin ''Yelhou Jagoi'' .
[[Fayil:Lai_Haraoba-3_-_5571676820.jpg|thumb|Laiching Jagoi, rawa ce ta al'ada ta bikin ''Lai Haraoba'']]

== Luivat Pheizak ==
Rawar Luivat Pheizak tana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun raye-rayen al'ummar Tangkhul Naga da ke Manipur. Rawar tana nuna matakai daban-daban na noma da kuma salon rayuwa mai sauƙi na al'umma. Ana yin ta ne a duk bukukuwan gargajiya a jihar.

== Thabal Chongba ==
''Thabal Chongba'' (rawar da hasken wata ke yi) rawa ce ta gargajiya ta Manipuri wadda ake yi a al'ada a lokacin bikin Yaoshang a [[Indiya]] . A cikin rawar, mahalarta suna haɗa hannuwa cikin da'ira,  suna tsalle a ƙafa ɗaya suna jujjuya ƙafafunsu marasa 'yanci, suna ci gaba a hankali. 
[[Fayil:Thabal_Chongba_Imphal_image.jpg|thumb|Thabal Chongba]]

== Rawar Kabilar Kom ==
Rayar da Lam, Salin Lam (Bikin girbi), Buntak Lam, Dar Lam (Rawar Bell), Waikep Lam (Rawar Yaƙi), da sauransu...

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Souhila Bel Bahar</title>
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'''Souhila Belbahar''' (a madadin '''Souhila Bel Bahar'''; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amokrane |first=Imène |date=14 December 2016 |title=Plongée dans l'univers de l'artiste Souhila Bel Bahar: Toute l'actualité sur liberte-algerie.com |url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/plongee-dans-lunivers-de-lartiste-souhila-bel-bahar-260401 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=Liberté |language=FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; 17 Fabrairu 1934 - 23 Maris 2023) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Aljeriya. A shekara ta 2018, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Algeria ta National Order of Merit .

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Belbahar a [[Blida]], Aljeriya, a cikin shekara ta 1934. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amokrane |first=Imène |date=14 December 2016 |title=Plongée dans l'univers de l'artiste Souhila Bel Bahar: Toute l'actualité sur liberte-algerie.com |url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/plongee-dans-lunivers-de-lartiste-souhila-bel-bahar-260401 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=Liberté |language=FR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAmokrane2016&quot;&gt;Amokrane, Imène (14 December 2016). [https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/plongee-dans-lunivers-de-lartiste-souhila-bel-bahar-260401 &quot;Plongée dans l'univers de l'artiste Souhila Bel Bahar: Toute l'actualité sur liberte-algerie.com&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214154523/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/culture/plongee-dans-lunivers-de-lartiste-souhila-bel-bahar-260401 |date=2016-12-14 }}. ''Liberté'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baba-Hadji |first=Farouk |date=29 May 2008 |title=La peinture est mon refuge |url=http://www.lemidi-dz.com/index.php?operation=voir_article&amp;id_article=culture@art1@2008-05-29 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=Le Midi |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai zane-zane mai koyar da kansa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2011 |title=Belbahar, Souhila |url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00015442 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=19 March 2020 |website=Benezit Dictionary of Artists |language=en |doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00015442 |isbn=978-0-19-977378-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta gudanar da nune-nunen ta na farko a 1971, tana da shekaru 37. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta shiga cikin nune-nunen solo da na rukuni da yawa a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Cibiyar Al'adu ta Aljeriya a Paris ta dauki bakuncin baje kolin ayyukan Belbahar a shekarar 1986. 

Belbahar ya nuna a Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers a shekarar 1984. [1] Gidan kayan gargajiya ya gudanar da nune-nunen ayyukanta a shekara ta 2008. [2] A cikin 2016, gidan kayan gargajiya ya buga Il pleut des jasmins sur Alger, tarihin rayuwar Belbahar wanda 'yarta, Dalila Hafiz ta rubuta.[3]

A cikin 2018, Belbahar ta sami lambar yabo ta National Order of Merit daga Ministan Al'adu na Aljeriya, Azzedine Mihoubi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Des médailles de l'ordre du mérite décernées à des hommes de lettre, intellectuels et artistes algériens et étrangers |url=http://www.aps.dz/culture/73497-des-medailles-de-l-ordre-du-merite-decernees-a-des-hommes-de-lettre-intellectuels-et-artistes-algeriens-et-etrangers |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=19 March 2020 |website=Algérie Presse Service |language=fr-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Belbahar ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Maris 2023, yana da shekaru 89. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lexpressiondz.com/info-en-continu/l-artiste-peintre-souhila-belbahar-n-est-plus-335272 L'artiste peintre Souhila Belbahar n'est plus] {{In lang|fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Rosina Tucker</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Rosina Corrothers-Tucker''' (4 Nuwamba 1881 - 3 Maris 1987) ta kasance mai shirya ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Amurka, [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a]], kuma [[Malami|mai koyarwa]] . An fi saninta da taimakawa wajen shirya ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Masu Tasowa ta Sleeping Car Porters, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta farko ta Baƙar fata-Amurka. Tana da shekaru ɗari, Tucker ta ba da labarin wani shirin gaskiya game da ƙungiyar, ''Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle'' .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Rosina Budd Harvey a Arewa maso Yammacin Washington, DC, a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1881. Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya tara na Lee Roy da Henrietta Harvey, waɗanda tsoffin bayi ne daga Virginia. Mahaifinta, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai gyaran takalma, ya koyar da kansa karatu da rubutu kuma ya ƙarfafa son littattafai a cikin 'ya'yansa. A shekara ta 1897, Rosina Harvey tana ziyartar wata goggo a Yonkers, New York, lokacin da ta haɗu da mawaƙin James D. Corrothers, wanda ya kasance mai hidima a can. Ta auri &quot;Poet&quot; Corrothers a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1899. Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa, Henry Harvey Corrothers, kuma sun rene ɗan Corrothers daga auren da suka yi a baya. Bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekara ta 1917, ta koma Washington, DC, inda ta yi aiki a gwamnatin tarayya a matsayin magatakardar fayil. Ta auri mijinta na biyu Berthea &quot;BJ&quot; Tucker, mai ɗaukar kaya daga Pullman, a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1918. [1]

== 'Yan'uwantaka na Masu Ɗauko Motoci Masu Barci ==
Ƙungiyar masu ɗaukar kaya, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, ta ƙaddamar a shekarar 1925 tare da A. Philip Randolph a matsayin shugaba. BJ Tucker ya shiga nan take, shi da Rosina suka fara shiri a [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] . Masu ɗaukar kaya suna aiki na dogon lokaci, kuma ba su da lokacin yin ayyukan ƙungiyar. Mutane da yawa kuma suna jin tsoron cewa za su rasa ayyukansu idan ma'aikatansu suka ji labarin shigarsu ƙungiyar. Saboda wannan dalili, matan masu ɗaukar kaya sun yi yawancin shirye-shiryen, sau da yawa suna gudanar da tarurruka a ɓoye. Rosina Tucker ta halarci tarurrukan sirri da dama tare da A. Philip Randolph da sauran shugabannin ƙungiyar. A madadin ƙungiyar, ta ziyarci masu ɗaukar kaya kusan 300 a gidajensu a yankin Washington, tana rarraba littattafai, ɗaukar mambobi, da kuma karɓar kuɗin shiga. Ta kuma shirya Mataimakiyar Mata ta gida, wadda ta tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar ta hanyar shirya raye-raye, cin abinci, da makamantansu. Lokacin da Kamfanin Pullman ya ji labarin ayyukan ƙungiyar Rosina Tucker, sun kori mijinta don ɗaukar fansa. Bayan Tucker ta fuskanci mai kula da mijinta a ofishinsa, an sake ɗaukar mijinta aiki. Tucker ta bayyana abin da ya faru daga baya: 

== Majalisar Tattalin Arzikin Mata ==
A shekarar 1925, Rosina Tucker ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar taimakon mata (The Ladies' Auxiliary) wadda kuma aka fi sani da Majalisar Tattalin Arzikin Mata (Women's Economic Councils). Hanya ce ta hukuma a gare ta ta ci gaba da ayyukan ƙungiyar kwadago, har ma da haɓaka matsayinta na kanta kan abin da daidaiton launin fata da jinsi ya kamata ya kasance a Amurka a shekarun 1930. A cikin ayyukanta na yau da kullun na tsara ƙungiyar kwadago mata, Tucker ta kuma ba da shawarar cewa rawar da za ta taka ba wai kawai ita ce jin daɗin matsayin matar gida ba, ta dogara da albashin miji, har ma da shiga cikin harkokinta ta hanyar shigar da wasu mata masu fafutukar neman 'yancin jama'a da kuma faɗaɗa manufofin muhimmiyar rawar da mata ke takawa a yaƙin neman haƙƙin jama'a. Jagorancin Tucker da sadaukarwarta sun ba Majalisar Tattalin Arzikin Mata damar haɗa alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da sauran ƙungiyoyin kwadago - mata ko maza, baƙar fata ko farare. Misali, lokacin da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ma'aikata ta Mata ta Washington tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Negro ta Ƙasa suka yi kira da a yi yaƙi da wariyar launin fata a cinikin masu sayar da kayayyaki, Tucker ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar taimakawa wajen kauracewa. Ƙarin shigarta ya haifar da tallafawa WTUL wacce ke fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a da daidaito a fannoni kamar wanki, gidaje, otal da gidajen cin abinci waɗanda galibi mata 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa ke mamaye da su. A shekarar 1936, Rosina Tucker ta sami kyakkyawar jaka a matsayin &quot;alamar godiya ga hidimarta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DAY |first=Meagan |date=18 June 2018 |title=The First Black-Led Union Wouldn't Have Existed Without This Woman |url=https://timeline.com/rosina-tucker-pullman-porters-37ba63c2b9eb |access-date=2 November 2020 |website=Medium |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206113702/https://timeline.com/rosina-tucker-pullman-porters-37ba63c2b9eb |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana aiki a Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Mata, Tucker koyaushe tana da yakinin cewa aiki ba abin sha'awa ba ne amma &quot;kayan aikin gwagwarmayar siyasa ta gama gari.&quot; Don haka, wannan jaka ta yi kama da lada mai ban mamaki da alama saboda sadaukarwarta da ƙwarewarta ga wannan aiki.

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Sarah Wesker</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Sarah Wesker''' (1901 &amp;#x2013; 1971) ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar kwadago ce da ke aiki a masana'antar tufafi a Gabashin London a shekarun 1920 da 1930.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Wesker ya girma a cikin Rothschild Buildings, wani yanki na gidaje a Spitalfields, wanda yawancin iyalai na [[Yahudawa]] suka yi hayar. Ta kasance a cikin kwamitin zartarwa na National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers (NUTGW) kafin ta shiga kungiyar kwadago ta United Ladies Tailors (ULTTU), kungiyar kwadago ce ta Yahudawa.

Wesker ya shiga cikin shirya yajin aiki da yawa da ma'aikatan tufafi suka yi a Gabashin Gabas. A masana'antar wando ta Goodman a 1926, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sarrafa kayan aiki, ta jagoranci ma'aikatan mata a cikin tafiya da ke buƙatar farthing biyu.[1] A cikin 1928 ta shirya matasan mata 600 a Rego Factory a Bethnal Green Road . Yajin aikin ya dauki makonni 12 har sai ma'aikata suka ci nasara a Kirsimeti. Kamar yadda shugabancin kasa na NUTGW bai amince da yajin aikin ba, ma'aikatan sun tara kudi ta hanyar raira waƙoƙin &quot;waƙoƙin yajin aiki&quot; da tattara kuɗi a kusa da London, ayyukan da Wesker ya shirya.[2] A shekara ta 1929 ta dauki muhimmiyar rawa a yajin aikin a Polikoff, wani masana'anta a 148-160 Mare Street a Hackney . A can kuma masu yajin aiki sun raira waƙa.[3] A cikin 1930 ta jagoranci yajin aiki a masana'antar Simpson, kuma a Hackney . [4]

A cikin 1929, Wesker ya kasance memba na kafa kungiyar ma'aikatan tufafi ta United (UCWU). Ita ce kadai mace a cikin kwamitin zartarwa, kuma daga baya ta zama mai shirya mata na cikakken lokaci. UCWU ta shiga cikin NUTGW a cikin 1935. Wesker ta sake zama a kwamitin zartarwa na NUTGW kuma nadin da aka yi mata a 1937 a matsayin mai shirya mata na NUTW ya nuna sabon tsarin ga ma'aikatan mata. Ta taimaka wa mata su zama masu tsarawa a cikin manyan masana'antu da yawa.

An zabi Wesker a cikin kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Burtaniya a majalisa ta 12 a 1932. Tare da wasu mata, ta shiga cikin Yakin Cable Street a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1936. 

Wesker ya iya Turanci da Yiddish kuma an san shi da mai magana da wuta, wanda zai iya karfafawa tsofaffin mata ma'aikata a masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wesker Sarah |url=http://www.grahamstevenson.me.uk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1248:wesker-sarah&amp;catid=23:w&amp;Itemid=106 |access-date=2016-05-14 |website=www.grahamstevenson.me.uk }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo Arnold Wesker dan uwanta ne, kuma ya kafa halin Sarah a cikin wasan kwaikwayonsa Chicken Soup tare da Barley a kan kawunsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Graham Stevenson – Books, pamphlets, articles and speeches |url=http://www.grahamstevenson.me.uk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1248:wesker-sarah&amp;catid=23:w&amp;Itemid=106 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]</text>
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    <title>Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra</title>
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'''Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba 1948) lauya ce 'yar ƙasar Mauritius, 'yar siyasa kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin kakakin Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa tun daga ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba 2024.

Aumeeruddy-Cziffra ita ce Babbar Lauya ta farko a ƙasar kuma ministar shari'a lokacin da aka fara naɗa ta a gwamnati a shekarar 1982. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma naɗa ta ministar kare haƙƙin mata da harkokin iyali. Bayan rabuwar gwamnati, ta yi murabus daga ma'aikatunta a watan Maris na shekara ta 1983. Aumeeruddy-Cziffra za ta ci gaba da zama memba na majalisar har zuwa shekara ta 1991 kuma ta zama jakadiyar Mauritius a [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Portugal]] daga shekarun 1992 zuwa 1995.

Ita ce shugabar Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Hukumomin Jama'a (PBAT), wacce ke sasanta takaddamar ma'aikatan gwamnati da al'ummomin yankin kan batutuwan da suka shafi ɗaukar ma'aikata da takunkumi tun daga shekarar 2009. Ta zama magajiyar garin Beau Bassin-Rose Hill a shekarar 1987. Ta kasance mai kare hakkin yara daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2011.

Ita ce mace Musulma ta farko a Mauritius da aka zaɓa a matsayin 'yar majalisa, aka naɗa ta Minista kuma aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa.

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
An haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, 1948. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mauritius {{!}} National Assembly |url=https://data.ipu.org/parliament/MU/MU-LC01/ |website=IPU Parline: global data on national parliaments |publisher=IPU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harshenta na asali shine Mauritian Creole, yayin da take jin [[Turanci]] da [[Faransanci]]. Aumeeruddy-Cziffra ta kammala karatun digirinta na lauya daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Inns of Court da ke Burtaniya.

Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata a lokacin ƙuruciyarta kuma ta kafa Ligue Féministe a shekarar 1974, Solidarité Femmes a Mauritius a shekarar 1977. Tare da wasu mata 19, ta yi yaƙi da Dokokin Shige da Fice da Korar Kuɗi, waɗanda suka hana matan jami'an ƙasashen waje neman izinin zama. An yi jayayya kan shari'ar da wasu mutane biyu da aka zalunta, wato mata masu aure da mata marasa aure waɗanda jami'an ƙasashen waje suka aura. Da farko kotun ta amince da shari'ar mata masu aure kawai.  Daga ƙarshe ta yi nasara a shari'ar a shekarar 1981. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 April 1981 |title=Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra et al v. Mauritius (Mauritian Women case) |url=https://minorityrights.org/law-and-legal-cases/shirin-aumeeruddy-cziffra-et-al-v-mauritius-mauritian-women-case/ |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Minorityrights.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Daga shekarar 1982 zuwa 1983, ta kasance Ministar 'Yancin Mata da Harkokin Iyali. Ita ce mace [[Musulmi|Musulma]] ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin 'yar majalisa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin minista. &lt;ref name=&quot;ibcr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SHIRIN AUMEERUDDY-CZIFFRA |url=http://www.ibcr.org/en/conseil-dadministration/shirin-aumeeruddy-cziffra-en/ |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=International Bureau of Children's rights}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin Jakadiya a [[UNESCO]], 'yar Majalisa a Rose-Hill, da kuma Babbar Lauya na Gwamnatin Mauritius.

Ta zama Magajiyar Garin Beau Bassin-Rose Hill a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;ibcr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SHIRIN AUMEERUDDY-CZIFFRA |url=http://www.ibcr.org/en/conseil-dadministration/shirin-aumeeruddy-cziffra-en/ |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=International Bureau of Children's rights}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ibcr.org/en/conseil-dadministration/shirin-aumeeruddy-cziffra-en/ &quot;SHIRIN AUMEERUDDY-CZIFFRA&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202053802/http://www.ibcr.org/en/conseil-dadministration/shirin-aumeeruddy-cziffra-en/ |date=2016-12-02 }}. International Bureau of Children's rights&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 October&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin shekarun 1992 da 1995, Aumeeruddy-Cziffra ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Mauritius a Paris, Rome, Madrid da Lisbon.

A watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, ta zama Shugabar (Shugabar) ta Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Mauritius (MBC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 September 2000 |title=Shirin Aumeeruddy Cziffra |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/ion/power-brokers/2000/09/30/shirin-aumeeruddy-cziffra,472013-art |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Africaintelligence.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Shari'a ta Mauritius, Shugabar [[Permanent Council of the Francophonie|Majalisar Dindindin ta Francophonie]] da kuma Kungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Francophonie (OIF), memba na [[Agency of the Francophonie|Hukumar Francophonie]], Kwamitin Daraktoci Memba na Cibiyar 'Yancin Ɗan Adam da Ci Gaba (Gambia), Memba na Hukumar NGO Femme Africa Solidarité, kuma memba ce da ta kafa kungiyar NGO Women in Law and Development in Africa. 

Ta riƙe muƙamin Ombudsman na kare haƙƙin yara daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2011. A watan Maris na 2011, ta roƙi gwamnati da ta rungumi tsarin zaɓi don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Mauritius da sauran ƙasashe kan yaƙi da cin zarafin yara ta hanyar lalata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 March 2011 |title=La technologie au service de la protection de l' enfant mauricien |url=http://genderlinks.org.za/classification/themes/la-technologie-au-service-de-la-protection-de-lenfant-mauricien-2011-02-17/ |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Genderlinks.org.za |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012, ta zama shugabar Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Hukumomin Jama'a (PBAT), wacce ke sasanta takaddamar ma'aikatan gwamnati da al'ummomin yankin kan batutuwan da suka shafi ɗaukar ma'aikata da takunkumi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vel Moonien |date=27 February 2012 |title=Ile Maurice: Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra présidente de la public bodies appeal tribunal |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201202280003.html |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Allafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2015, an sabunta wa'adin aikinta na tsawon shekaru uku.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2015 |title=Aumeeruddy-Cziffra and his two assessors renewed |url=http://www.lemauricien.com/article/public-bodies-appeal-tribunal-shirin-aumeeruddy-cziffra-et-ses-deux-assesseurs-reconduits |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Lemaurician}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na shekarar 2018, an sake fasalin shugabancin PBAT, kuma an sake sabunta wa'adin Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Djemillah Mourade |date=21 March 2018 |title=Le Public Bodies Appeal Tribunal a été reconstitué. Shirin Aumeeruddy Cziffra a été reconduite à la Présidence |url=http://www.mbcradio.tv/article/le-public-bodies-appeal-tribunal-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-reconstitu%C3%A9-shirin-aumeeruddy-cziffra-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-reconduite-%C3%A0 |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Mbcradio.tv |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Aumeeruddy-Cziffra ta auri [[Mutanen Faransa|ɗan Faransa]] Claude Cziffra, malami kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a rediyo daga baya, wanda ya zauna a Mauritius a shekarar 1974 kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From The Frontline: Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra |url=https://www.crin.org/en/library/news-archive/frontline-shirin-aumeeruddy-cziffra |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Child Rights International Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 2004: Digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Paris Panthéon-Sorbonne saboda gabatar da sashen shari'a a Mauritius da kuma hidima gaba ɗaya.
* 2006: Kyautar Tombouctou saboda shirye-shiryenta na zaman lafiya a Afirka tare da FAS.
* 14 ga watan Yuli 2015: Ministar Harkokin Waje na Faransa ya ba da kyautar Chevalier na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Tawaye ta Honour. &lt;ref name=&quot;ibcr&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruth Amiran</title>
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Ruth Amiran (Ibraniyawa; née Brandstetter; 8 ga Disamba, 1914 - 14 ga Disamba), masanin ilimin kimiyyar Isra'ila ce wacce littafinta na Tsohon Ginin Ƙasa Mai Tsarki na 1970: Daga Farkonta a zamanin Neolithic zuwa Ƙarshen Zamanin Karfe misali ne ga masu binciken tarihi da ke aiki a Isra'ila.[1]

An haifi Ruth Amiran a cikin moshava Yavne'el a yankin Galili na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] . A shekara ta 1908 mahaifinta Yehezkel Brandshteter ya yi hijira daga Tarnów a Poland (Galicia) zuwa yankin, inda ya auri mahaifiyarta Devora a shekara ta 1913. Ta tafi makaranta a Haifa kuma a 1933 ta zama daliba a fannin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi a Jami'ar Ibrananci da ke Urushalima . Yayinda yake dalibi, Amiran ya tono a wani tono da Judith Marquet-Krause ya jagoranta a et-Tell . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women in Old World Archaeology |url=https://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/results.php?d=1&amp;first=Ruth&amp;last=Amiran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122102506/https://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/results.php?d=1&amp;first=Ruth&amp;last=Amiran |archive-date=2022-11-22 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=www.brown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=Ruth Amiran - Trowelblazers |url=https://trowelblazers.com/2021/07/07/ruth-amiran/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
Amiran ta sami Kyautar Isra'ila a shekarar 1982.

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* {{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Hayah |title=Ruth Amiran |url=https://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/results.php?d=1&amp;first=Ruth&amp;last=Amiran |website=Breaking Ground: Women in Old World Archaeology |publisher=Brown University}}
*  
* {{Cite web |last=Ornan |first=Tali |title=Ruth Amiran 1914-2005 |url=http://www.sbl-site.org/publications/article.aspx?articleId=543 |website=SBL Forum |publisher=Society of Biblical Publications |access-date=2026-03-07 |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319153258/https://www.sbl-site.org/publications/article.aspx?ArticleId=543 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |title=Israel Prize Official Site - Recipients in 1982 (in Hebrew) |url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashlag/Tashmab_Tashlag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashmab}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin masu karɓar kyautar Isra'ila

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rubutun Buddha</title>
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'''Rubutun ''Buddha''''', Aksara Buda, ko rubutun ''Gunung'' rubutun archaic ne. Dangane da siffarsa, Rubutun Buda har yanzu yana da dangantaka ta kusa da Rubutun Kawi. An yi amfani da wannan rubutun a baya a tsibirin [[Java]] (musamman a Yammacin Java da Tsakiyar Java) da Bali. Wannan nau'in rubutun ana kiransa rubutun Buda saboda an dauke shi ya samo asali ne daga zamanin pre-Islamic wanda ake kira ''Buddha'' Age. Kalmar Buda ta samo asali ne daga kalmar ''[[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'' . Rubutun da ke dauke da rubuce-rubuce ta amfani da rubutun Buda ana samun su a yankunan tsaunuka, saboda haka sunan Gunung, ko dutse.

== Rashin jituwa na suna ==
Magana game da rubutun Buda ya bayyana a cikin littafin The History of Java na Thomas Stamford Raffles a cikin 1817.  Casparis ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar ambaton rubutun Buda ko rubutun Gunung (1975).  Dangane da nazarin wallafe-wallafen, sunan Aksara Buda ko Aksara Gunung na iya komawa ga samfuran rubutun guda biyu, wato rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi a Rubuce-rubucen Lontar daga tarin Merapi-Merbabu a Tsakiyar Java, da kuma rubuce-wallafin gebang da suka samo asali daga Yammacin Java.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Arjunawiwaha  da [[Kunjarakarna]]  matani suna ƙunshe a cikin rubuce-rubuce da yawa, matani biyu an rubuta su a cikin tsarin rubutun Merapi-Merbabu Buda kuma wasu suna amfani da rubutun samfurin Buda na Yammacin Java.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arjuna-Wiwaha : tekst en vertaling / door R. NG. Poerbatjaraka (Lesya) {{!}} OPAC Perpustakaan Nasional RI. |url=https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=464988 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=opac.perpusnas.go.id |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306014346/https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=464988 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nurwansah |first=Ilham |title=Naskah-naskah Gebang Kuno Beraksara Buda-Gunung |url=https://www.kairaga.com/2018/10/22/naskah-naskah-gebang-kuno-beraksara-buda-gunung.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613094618/https://www.kairaga.com/2018/10/22/naskah-naskah-gebang-kuno-beraksara-buda-gunung.html |archive-date=13 June 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Misali na Merapi-Merbabu ==
Ana amfani da rubutun samfurin Merapi-Merbabu don komawa ga tsarin rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tarin rubuce-rubucen da aka samo a kan gangaren Dutsen Merapi- Merbabu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Setyawati |first=Kartika |date=7 June 2013 |title=Naskah-Naskah Merapi-Merbabu Koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional Indonesia: Tinjauan Awal |url=https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jurnal-humaniora/article/view/1987 |journal=Jurnal Humaniora |language=id |issue=1 |doi=10.22146/jh.1987 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |issn=2302-9269}}&lt;/ref&gt; siffar rubutun ta bambanta, ta bambanta da rubutun Javanese da Bali.  Rubutun tarin Merbabu (a halin yanzu ana adana su a cikin National Library of Indonesia) waɗanda ke amfani da wannan rubutun sun haɗa da ''Darmawarsa'', ''Gita Sinangsaya'', da ''Kunjarakarna'', waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin Tsohon Javanese. Bugu da kari, akwai rubutun hannu wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankin Pekalongan wanda ke amfani da wannan rubutun samfurin kuma yana amfani da Tsohon Sundanese, wato rubutun ''Kala Purbaka''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gunawan |first=Aditia |title=With Agung Kriswanto (2009) Kala Purbaka: Kisah Batara Kala dalam Teks Sunda Kuna |url=https://www.academia.edu/5406565 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An samo rubutun hannu guda ɗaya tare da wannan samfurin rubutun a Buleleng, Bali a cikin 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Nusa |title=Ditemukan Lontar Langka Beraksara Buda Satu-satunya di Bali |url=https://www.nusabali.com/berita/60397/ditemukan-lontar-langka-beraksara-buda-satu-satunya-di-bali |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=www.nusabali.com |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rubutun da aka rubuta a cikin wannan rubutun gabaɗaya suna ƙunshe da bayyani game da addinan Hindu-[[Buddha]] tare da imani na gida, amma a wasu sassa akwai abubuwa na addinin Islama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kriswanto |first=Agung |date=1 July 2019 |title=Naskah-naskah Keislaman dari Skriptorium Merapi-Merbabu di Perpustakaan Nasional |url=https://ejournal.perpusnas.go.id/jm/article/view/01000120192 |journal=Jumantara: Jurnal Manuskrip Nusantara |language=en-US |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=24–45 |doi=10.37014/jumantara.v10i1.23 |issn=2685-7391 |s2cid=213786098 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin Yammacin Java ==
An ba da shawarwari daban-daban game da wannan rubutun ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata da dama, ciki har da KF Holle (1877) ya kira shi rubutun Kawi mai siffar murabba'i (Kawi-kwadraat-letter),  Pigeaud (1968) ya kira shi rubutun rabin-cursive mai kauri na West Java,  yayin da Casparis ya kira shi rubutun Buda ko Gunung.  Ruɗani game da sanya sunan samfurin rubutun a cikin rubutun gebang wanda ya bambanta sosai ya taso ne daga Andrea Acri a cikin rubutunsa lokacin da yake tattaunawa kan rubutun ''Dharma Patanjala'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; An samo rubuce-rubucen da ya yi aiki a kai daga tarin Merapi-Merbabu a cikin Java ta Tsakiya, amma ya ƙara kiyasta cewa da farko rubuce-rubucen sun samo asali ne daga Yammacin Java, inda aka ƙara haɓaka al'adar rubuta rubutun gebang. Saboda haka, ya yi wani madadin suna na musamman don rubutun Buddha da aka rubuta akan ganyen gebang, wato Rubutun Tsohon Javanese na Yammacin Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Misali na rubutun Buda wanda ya samo asali ne daga Yammacin Java an rubuta shi a kan kafofin watsa labarai na gebang (wanda aka fi sani da nipah), ta amfani da tawada baƙar fata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gunawan |first=Aditia |date=1 January 2015 |title=Nipah or Gebang?: A Philological and Codicological Study Based on Sources from West Java |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |language=en |volume=171 |issue=2–3 |pages=249–280 |doi=10.1163/22134379-17101004 |issn=0006-2294 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita tana da bakin ciki. Rubutun da ke amfani da wannan rubutun samfurin suna amfani da harshen Tsohon Sundanese, kamar ''Sang Hyang Siksa Kandang Karesian'', ''Sang Hyang Raga Dewata'', ''Sang Hyang Tatwa Ajnyana'', da ''Langgeng Jati''. Bugu da ƙari akwai waɗanda ke amfani da Tsohon Javanese kamar ''Sang Hyang Hayu'', ''Dharma Patanjala'', ''Arjunawiwaha'', da ''Bhimaswarga''.

Kakawin Arjunawiwaha wanda ke amfani da tsarin Yammacin Javanese na rubutun Buddha shine mafi tsufa da aka sani (an rubuta shi a cikin 1344 AD), asalinsa daga [[Bandung Regency|Yankin Bandung]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:322&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arjuna-Wiwaha : tekst en vertaling / door R. NG. Poerbatjaraka (Lesya) {{!}} OPAC Perpustakaan Nasional RI. |url=https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=464988 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=opac.perpusnas.go.id |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306014346/https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=464988 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:522&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nurwansah |first=Ilham |title=Naskah-naskah Gebang Kuno Beraksara Buda-Gunung |url=https://www.kairaga.com/2018/10/22/naskah-naskah-gebang-kuno-beraksara-buda-gunung.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613094618/https://www.kairaga.com/2018/10/22/naskah-naskah-gebang-kuno-beraksara-buda-gunung.html |archive-date=13 June 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin binciken Van der Molen, rubutun ''Kunjarakarna'' a cikin tarin [[Leiden University Library|Laburaren Jami'ar Leiden]], LOr code 2266, wanda aka rubuta a cikin tsarin West Java na rubutun Buda, yana da mafi girman matakin daidaito tsakanin sauran rubuce-rubucen da ya yi nazari.

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  <page>
    <title>Georgina Mace</title>
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      <text bytes="15393" sha1="1vex3vz1dzusnrzrtitedl9y8yfxpei" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Dame Georgina Mary Mace''', DBE, FRS &lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anon |year=2002 |title=Dame Georgina Mace DBE FRS |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/georgina-mace-11863/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117113529/https://royalsociety.org/people/georgina-mace-11863/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |website=royalsociety.org |publisher=[[Royal Society]]}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{Blockquote|&quot;All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].&quot; --{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}}}&lt;/ref&gt; (12 ga Yulin 1953 - 19 ga Satumba 2020)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=CCC deeply saddened by death of Georgina Mace |url=https://www.theccc.org.uk/2020/09/21/ccc-deeply-saddened-by-death-of-georgina-mace/ |publisher=[[Committee on Climate Change]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kasance masanin ilimin muhalli na Burtaniya kuma masanin kimiyyar kiyayewa. Ta kasance Farfesa a fannin halittu da halittu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, kuma a baya Farfesa a Kimiyyar Kare Muhalli da Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Halitta (NERC) Cibiyar Nazaren Halitta, Kwalejin Imperial London (2006-2012)  da Daraktocin Kimiyya a Zoological Society of London (2000-2006).   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iris View Profile |url=https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=GMACE69 |access-date=26 October 2016 |publisher=University College London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;natureprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gewin |first=Virginia |year=2006 |title=Georgina Mace, director, Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, UK |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=444 |issue=7116 |pages=240 |doi=10.1038/nj7116-240a |s2cid=161069275 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tls&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jim Al-Khalili |year=2016 |title=Georgina Mace interviewed on The Life Scientific |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07jys1h |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;conservation bytes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conservation Scholars |url=http://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012053536/https://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |publisher=Conservation Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Georgina Mace was born in Lewisham borough of London. Her father was Dr. Bill Mace, a rheumatologist, and her mother was Josephine Mace, a nurse. and educated at the City of London School for Girls before studying at the University of Liverpool where she was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in 1976. She was awarded a PhD on the evolutionary ecology of small mammals in 1979 from the University of Sussex&lt;ref name=&quot;natureprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gewin |first=Virginia |year=2006 |title=Georgina Mace, director, Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, UK |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=444 |issue=7116 |pages=240 |doi=10.1038/nj7116-240a |s2cid=161069275 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGewin2006&quot;&gt;Gewin, Virginia (2006). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; for research supervised by Paul H. Harvey.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2016}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Bincike da aiki ==
Binciken da take so yafi shafi auna yanayin da sakamakon asarar halittu da canjin yanayin halittu. Ta fara aikinta a Cibiyar Smithsonian don nazarin tasirin inbreeding a cikin tarin dabbobi. Mace ya ci gaba da wannan aikin kuma ya ci gaba leken asiri game da yanayin muhalli ta hanyar nazarin yawan jama'a a cikin gidajen namun daji. Mace ya yi sharhi cewa &quot;Yana da ban sha'awa don ba da gudummawar kimiyya ga kiyayewa&quot; [1]

Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Burtaniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profiles of British Ecological Society Members |url=http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/contact-us/bes-trustees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722081736/http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/contact-us/bes-trustees/ |archive-date=22 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabar Society for Conservation Biology, memba na Kwamitin Kimiyya na Diversitas . Mace ya kasance editan Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Series B, Biological Sciences) daga 2008 zuwa 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mace |first=Georgina |year=2008 |title=Editorial |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] |volume=363 |issue=1489 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2229 |pmc=2605496}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mace |first=Georgina M. |year=2010 |title=Comments from the departing Editor |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] |volume=366 |issue=1561 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0305 |pmc=3001318}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000, Mace ta zama Darakta na Kimiyya a Cibiyar Zoology a London, a lokacin da ta taimaka wajen bunkasa ka'idojin lissafin jinsuna a cikin [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]], mafi yawan kayan aiki game da matsayin kiyayewa na [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|kiyaye jinsuna]] duniya wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kula da bambancin halittu na duniya da kuma IUCN ke sarrafawa. Kafin waɗannan canje-canje, Red List ya dogara ne akan gabatarwa daga masana maimakon bayanai, canje-canjen da Mace da abokan aikinta suka haifar sun ɗauki shekaru 10 don IUCN ta aiwatar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;conservation bytes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conservation Scholars |url=http://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012053536/https://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |publisher=Conservation Bytes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131012053536/https://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ &quot;Conservation Scholars&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin wallafe-wallafen Red List na Yankin yanzu suna ƙara dogara ne akan ma'auni iri ɗaya, wanda ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi da sauran abubuwan muhalli wajen ƙayyade barazanar halaka. Tun daga shekara ta 2002 ita da abokan aikinta sun yi aiki don kafa hanyoyin kimanta bambancin halittu da [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|Ayyukan yanayin halittu]] da take bayarwa, da canje-canje a cikin bambancin halittukan halittu waɗanda aka auna su ta hanyar Red List Index.

Mace ya kuma shiga cikin sassan halittu masu yawa na &quot;Millennium Ecosystem Assessment&quot; wanda aka gudanar daga 2002 zuwa 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity |url=http://www.maweb.org/documents/document.273.aspx.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014130401/http://www.maweb.org/documents/document.273.aspx.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mace ya bayyana cewa &quot;duk shaidar da ta gabata ita ce lokacin da al'ummomi suka sanya hankalinsu don warware matsala, za su iya yin hakan gaba ɗaya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;conservation bytes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conservation Scholars |url=http://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012053536/https://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |publisher=Conservation Bytes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131012053536/https://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ &quot;Conservation Scholars&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2006, Mace ya zama darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Kwalejin Imperial a Silwood Park. Bayan 2012 Mace ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Biodiversity da Muhalli (CBER)  a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Ta kuma kasance Edita ce ta Ilimi ta PLOS Biology, mujallar budewa ta yanar gizo kuma tana tallafawa manufofin budewa ga wallafe-wallafen kimiyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN GMace&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=IUCN |title=Interview with G Mace |url=https://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/sustainable_use_and_livelihoods_specialist_group/sulinews/issue_2/sn2_georginamaceiv/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201193813/https://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/sustainable_use_and_livelihoods_specialist_group/sulinews/issue_2/sn2_georginamaceiv/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=18 January 2014 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018, an nada Mace a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Adaptation na [[Kwamitin Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin]] [[Canjin yanayi]], yana ba da shawara ga Burtaniya da gwamnatoci game da ci gaban da aka yi a shirye-shiryen da daidaitawa da tasirin canjin yanayi.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
An nada Mace a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|Jami'in Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) a shekarar 1998, &lt;ref name=&quot;conservation bytes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conservation Scholars |url=http://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012053536/https://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |publisher=Conservation Bytes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131012053536/https://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ &quot;Conservation Scholars&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamandan Order of the Birtaniya Empire (CBE) a shekarar 2007 don hidimomi ga kimiyyar muhalli, da Dame Kwamandan Order na British Empire (DBE) a cikin 2016 New Year Honours don hidimomin kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|date=30 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2015 |title=New Year's Honours 2016 list |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/489049/NY2016HonoursFullList.pdf |access-date=30 December 2015 |website=GOV.UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabi Mace a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekara ta 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anon |year=2002 |title=Dame Georgina Mace DBE FRS |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/georgina-mace-11863/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117113529/https://royalsociety.org/people/georgina-mace-11863/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |website=royalsociety.org |publisher=[[Royal Society]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnon2002&quot;&gt;Anon (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117113529/https://royalsociety.org/people/georgina-mace-11863/ &quot;Dame Georgina Mace DBE FRS&quot;]. ''royalsociety.org''. London: [[Royal Society]]. Archived from [https://royalsociety.org/people/georgina-mace-11863/ the original] on 17 November 2015.&lt;/cite&gt; One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{Blockquote|&quot;All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].&quot; --{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2007 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctor of Science daga Jami'ar Sussex saboda aikinta a kan bambancin halittu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 July 2007 |title=Honorary degrees for eminent quartet |url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/press_office/bulletin/27jul07/article6.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904093550/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/press_office/bulletin/27jul07/article6.shtml |archive-date=4 September 2007 |access-date=3 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma wani Doctorate Honoris Causa, daga Jami'an Lausanne, Switzerland, a cikin 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Doctorats Honoris Causa et prix de l'Université de Lausanne 2018 |url=https://www.unil.ch/central/fr/home/menuinst/organisation/documents-officiels/dies-academicus/dies-2018/honoris-causa.html |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=unil.ch |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta lashe Kyautar Cosmos ta Duniya ta 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Prizewinner 2007 |url=https://www.expo-cosmos.or.jp/english/cosmos/jyusyou/2007.html |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=International Cosmos Prize |publisher=Expo'90 Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2011 ta sami lambar yabo ta Ernst Haeckel ta Tarayyar Muhalli ta Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rösner |first=S. |date=9 December 2017 |title=Prizes &amp; Awards |url=https://www.europeanecology.org/prizes-awards/ |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=EEF - European Ecological Federation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2016 Mace ya lashe kyautar Dr A.H. Heineken don Kimiyya ta Muhalli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heineken Prizes – Georgina Mace |url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/awards/heineken-prizes/georgina-mace |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513175328/https://knaw.nl/en/awards/heineken-prizes/georgina-mace |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2016 an kuma ba ta lambar yabo, tare da Sandra Knapp, lambar yabo ta Linnean ta Linnean Society &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Linnean Medal |url=https://www.linnean.org/the-society/medals-awards-prizes-grants/the-linnean-medal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220003136/https://www.linnean.org/the-society/medals-awards-prizes-grants/the-linnean-medal |archive-date=20 February 2021 |access-date=9 September 2016 |publisher=the Linnean Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta sami lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa daga British Ecological Society, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners of our President's Medal |url=https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/membership-community/honours-awards-and-prizes/presidents-medal-2/ |website=British Ecological Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma 2018 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award a cikin rukunin Ecology da Conservation Biology, tare da Gretchen Daily, don haɓaka mahimman kayan aiki da ke sauƙaƙe manufofin kimiyya &quot;don yaki da asarar jinsuna&quot;.

An sanya wa tsohuwar shinkafa ''Megalomys georginae'' daga [[Barbados]] suna bayan ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Turvey |first=Samuel T. |last2=Brace |first2=Selina |last3=Weksler |first3=Marcelo |year=2012 |title=A new species of recently extinct rice rat (''Megalomys'') from Barbados |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=404–413 |bibcode=2012MamBi..77..404T |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2012.03.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sheina Marshall</title>
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[[Fayil:Mount_Stuart_House,_Isle_of_Bute_-_west_view.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Gidan Dutsen Stuart]]{{Databox}}
'''Sheina Macalister Marshall''' OBE FRSE FRS (20 April 1896 – 7 April 1977) was a Scottish marine biologist who studied plant and animal plankton. She was an authority on the copepod Calanus. She worked at the [[Tashar Nazarin Ruwa ta Jami'ar Millport|Marine Biological Station]] at Millport, Cumbrae in Scotland from 1922-1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Frederick |year=1978 |title=Sheina Macalister Marshall. 20 April 1896 – 7 April 1977 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=24 |pages=368–389 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1978.0011 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sheina Marshall a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1896 a Rothesay, [[Scotland]], 'yar ta biyu cikin uku, ga Jean Colville (née Binnie, ''An haife ta'' 1861/2) da John Nairn Marshall (an haife ta a 1860) na Dutsen Stuart House .  Mahaifin Marshall, babban likita, yana da sha'awar Tarihin halitta kuma ya karfafa sha'awar 'ya'yansa mata game da batun.

Da farko Marshall ta sami ilimi daga masu kula, daga baya ta halarci Kwalejin Rothesay da Makarantar St Margaret a Polmont. A shekara ta 1914 ta shiga Jami'ar Glasgow don yin karatu don BSc a cikin Zoology, [[botany]] da physiology. Bayan katsewa a karatunta saboda yakin duniya na farko ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa a shekarar 1919. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sheina Marshall |url=http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH1309 |access-date=2016-04-02 |website=The University of Glasgow Story |publisher=University of Glasgow}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta gudanar da Carnegie Fellowship a Jami'ar daga 1920 zuwa 1922 kuma ta yi aiki tare da farfesa na [[Zoology|Ilimin dabbobi]], John Graham Kerr . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1922, ta yi aiki a Marine Biological Station a Millport a tsibirin Cumbrae inda ta yi aiki har tsawon rayuwarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sheina Marshall |url=http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH1309 |access-date=2016-04-02 |website=The University of Glasgow Story |publisher=University of Glasgow}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH1309 &quot;Sheina Marshall&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413020129/http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH1309 |date=2016-04-13 }}. ''The University of Glasgow Story''. Glasgow, Scotland: University of Glasgow&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 April&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1928 zuwa 1929 Marshall ya yi tafiya tare da Frederick Stratten Russell da [[John Stacey Colman|J. S. Colman]] a kan Babban Barrier Reef Expedition karkashin jagorancin Maurice Yonge . 

Marshall ya yi nazarin jerin abinci na ruwa, musamman copepods. Wannan ya zama aikin rayuwarta. Ta yi aiki tare da kusan shekaru 40 tare da likitan magani, Andrew Picken Orr . Tare sun yi nazarin plankton da [[Algae bloom|phytoplankton]] a ciki da kewayen Kogin Clyde da Loch Striven. Sun rubuta littattafai da yawa da takardu da yawa tare.

A shekara ta 1934 Marshall ya sami DSc daga Jami'ar Glasgow . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sheina Marshall |url=http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH1309 |access-date=2016-04-02 |website=The University of Glasgow Story |publisher=University of Glasgow}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarun 1940 ta yi aiki tare da Lillie Newton da Elsie Conway da kuma Orr don bunkasa shuke-shuke na teku daga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya a matsayin tushen agar don dalilai na magunguna tun lokacin da shigo da kayayyaki daga tushen gargajiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya ya hana Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.[1] Ta kuma bincika tasirin taki a kan yawan amfanin ruwa a Loch Craiglin . [2]

Ta yi ritaya a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Tashar a 1964 (an nada ta a wannan mukamin bayan mutuwar Orr, mai rike da mukamin na baya, a 1962). Ta ci gaba da bincike a can a matsayin mai girmamawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Tsakanin 1970 da 1971 ta halarci Scripps Institution of Oceanography a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma ta ziyarci tashar Marine ta Villefranche-sur-Mer a [[Faransa]] 1974. A shekara ta 1987 ta wallafa tarihin Marine Station . 

== Rayuwa da mutuwarsa ==
A waje da aikinta tana jin daɗin tafiya, tafiye-tafiye na ƙasashen waje, aikin zane-zane, shayari da [[kiɗa]]. An dauke ta mai karɓar baƙi, mai daraja da karimci.

Ta mutu daga ciwon zuciya a Asibitin Lady Margaret, Millport, Cumbrae a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1977.  Ta ba da gidanta a Millport ga Daraktocin Millport . 

'Yan uwanta mata sune Margaret Marshall OBE, Matron a Royal Infirmary na Edinburgh da Dorothy Nairn Marshal MBE, mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya a Bute . 

== Daraja ==
A shekara ta 1949 Marshall, tare da Ethel Dobbie Currie, sun zama mata na farko da aka zaba Fellows na Royal Society na Edinburgh . Masu gabatar da ita sune Sir John Graham Kerr, James Ritchie, Sir Maurice Yonge, Charles Wynford Parsons da Andrew Orr . An ba ta lambar yabo ta Neill a shekarar 1971. A shekara ta 1963 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society na London . &lt;ref name=&quot;RoySoc-past-members-list&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Record |url=https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&amp;id=NA5968&amp;pos=1 |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=The Royal Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba ta lambar yabo ta Order of the British Empire a shekarar 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 1977 ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Uppsala, Sweden . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ginin koyarwa a Scottish Association for Marine Science a Dunbeg an sanya masa suna ne don girmama ta a shekara ta 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mapping memorials&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Sheina Marshall Building |url=http://womenofscotland.org.uk/memorials/sheina-marshall-building |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=Mapping Memorials to Women in Scotland}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Marshall ya rubuta labarai na kimiyya sama da 60.

* 'Abubuwan Abinci na ''Calanus finmarchicus'' a cikin 1923', Jaridar Kungiyar Biological ta Burtaniya, Vol. 12 (1924), 473-79.
* ''A kan ilmin halitta na Calanus finmarchicus . Na takwas.'' , 1955 (tare da Andrew Picken Orr) 
* The Biology of a Marine Copepod, 1955 (tare da Andrew Picken Orr) 
* 'Hatsuwa da Abinci a cikin Copepods', Ci gaba a cikin Marine Biology, 1973
* Wani asusun tashar Marine a Millport, 1987

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1896]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saffie Lowe Ceesay</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Saffie Lowe Ceesay''' 'yar siyasa ce kuma ma'aikaciyar gwamnati [[Gambiya|'yar ƙasar Gambiya]] wacce ta taɓa zama Ministar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a a majalisar ministocin [[Adama Barrow]].

== Aiki ==
Ceesay ta yi aiki a Ofishin Gudanar da Ma'aikata (PMO) kuma ta kasance babbar jami'ar ma'aikata a can a shekarar 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of participants |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan010085.pdf |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=UNPAN |archive-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318085131/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan010085.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, ta kasance mataimakiyar sakatare ta dindindin a Firayim Minista.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/in-service-training-course-for-records-personnel-underwayin-service-training-course-for-records-pers|title=In-service training course for records personnel underway|date=22 August 2013|work=The Point|access-date=17 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A watan Agusta na shekarar 2016, Ceesay ta ce ta yi &quot;farin ciki&quot; cewa Gidauniyar Operation Save the Children ta Zeinab Jammeh tana aiki tare da ma'aikatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.louhew.com/first-ladys-initiative-heart-patient-returns/|title=First Lady's initiative heart patient returns|date=19 August 2016|work=Louhew|access-date=17 March 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ceesay ita ce sakatare ta dindindin a Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a. 'Yan sandan fararen kaya sun kama ta a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba 2016, daga baya aka tsare ta a hedikwatar Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.foroyaa.gm/archives/13085|title=Saffie Lowe-Ceesay Detained at NIA for 4 Days|last=Jallow|first=Mustapha|date=27 November 2016|work=Foroyaa|access-date=17 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Adama Barrow]] ya naɗa Ceesay a matsayin Ministar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://jollofnews.com/2017/02/23/gambia-more-cabinet-ministers-appointed/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312043413/https://www.jollofnews.com/2017/02/23/gambia-more-cabinet-ministers-appointed/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 12, 2017|title=More Cabinet Ministers Appointed|date=23 February 2017|work=Jollof News|access-date=17 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani babban garambawul da aka yi wa majalisar ministoci a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni 2018, ta bar majalisar ministocin, inda za ta kasance a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;freedomnewspaper20180629&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-06-29 |title=Gambia: Updated Version of the Cabinet Reshuffle Press Release! |url=https://freedomnewspaper.com/2018/06/29/gambia-updated-version-of-the-cabinet-reshuffle-press-release |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629202255/https://freedomnewspaper.com/2018/06/29/gambia-updated-version-of-the-cabinet-reshuffle-press-release/ |archive-date=2018-06-29 |access-date=2019-08-26 |website=Freedom Newspaper |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Silvia Quintela</title>
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'''Silvia Quintela''' (27 Nuwamba 1948 - {{Circa|June}} 1977) likita ce ' [[Argentina|yar Argentina]] wacce ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi sani da waɗanda aka kashe a cikin &quot; ɓacewar &quot; a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja na 1976-83. Shari'arta ta sami karɓuwa saboda gaskiyar cewa a lokacin da gwamnatin soja ke tsare da ita, ita da mijinta Abel Madariaga, wani masanin noma, suna ɗaukar ɗansu na fari. Ana tsammanin an ba Quintela izinin haihuwa a ɓoye kuma an ɗauke yarinyar ne yayin da aka kashe ta daga baya. 

== Rayuwa da &quot;ɓacewa&quot; ==
Silvia Quintela da Abel Madariaga sun haɗu a matsayin ɗalibai a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Buenos Aires . A matsayinsu na membobin ƙungiyar matasa ta Peronist, dukkansu mabiyan Juan Perón ne wanda, sama da shekaru talatin bayan shugabancinsa na farko, ya sake dawowa ya zama Shugaban ƙasar Argentina. Bayan mutuwar Perón a shekarar 1974, matarsa [[Isabel Perón|Isabel]] ta gaje shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, amma sai sojojin Argentina suka hambarar da su a juyin mulkin 1976 . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Silvia Quintela ta shafe ɗan gajeren shekarun da ta yi tana aiki a matsayin likita tana kula da talakawan [[Buenos Aires]] . Saboda wannan hidimar, tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka ware a matsayin masu goyon bayan hagu. Tana da shekaru 28 da ciki na watanni huɗu, lokacin da aka tsare ta a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1977, yayin da take tafiya a kan hanya. Waɗannan mutanen da suka kama ta daga baya sun shiga gidan mahaifiyarta, suka yi bincike a kan kayanta, suka gaya wa mahaifiyarta cewa an kama Quintela. Tare da taimakon mahaifiyar Quintela, Abel Madariaga ya yi ƙoƙarin nemanta, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya gudu daga ƙasar, daga ƙarshe ya zama [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|ɗan gudun hijirar siyasa]] a Sweden. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A cewar shaidu, an ajiye Silvia Quintela a sansanin soja inda daga ƙarshe ta haifi ɗa namiji. An ɗauke jaririn daga gare ta, kuma an ruwaito cewa an kai ta filin jirgin saman soja. Har yanzu ba a san makomarta ba, amma fursunonin da aka tura can galibi ana yi musu tsirara, a rufe musu idanu, a ɗaure su tare, sannan a sanya jiragen ɗaukar kaya a cikin jirgin, waɗanda aka sani da &quot; jiragen mutuwa &quot;. Jiragen za su tashi a kan Tekun Atlantika da daddare kuma za a tura gungun fursunoni zuwa wurin mutuwarsu. 

== Gano yaron da aka sace ==
A shekarar 1983, bayan da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta janye ikon gwamnati, Abel Madariaga ya koma Argentina ya yi ƙoƙarin gano abin da ya faru da Silvia da ɗansu. Ya fara zargin cewa Manjo Norberto Atilio Bianco, likitan soja wanda shaidu suka haɗa shi da waɗanda aka tsare da ciki, ya ɗauki ɗan Quintela da kansa. Ana ba da jariran da aka haifa a sansanin don a ɗauke su ko kuma a ba wa iyalan sojoji, kuma Bianco yana da ɗa da aka ɗauka, Pablo, wanda shekarunsa suka dace da jadawalin. Bugu da ƙari, ranar haihuwar Pablo, 1 ga Satumba 1977, ta yi daidai da ranar da aka ruwaito cewa Silvia Quintela ta haihu.

A shekarar 1986, ''Abuelas de la Plaza de Mayo'' ya je makarantar 'ya'yan Bianco domin neman gwajin DNA na uba . Duk da haka, Bianco ya tsere nan da nan zuwa [[Paraguay]] .  An mayar da Bianco da matarsa Susana Wehrli zuwa Argentina a shekarar 1998, yayin da 'ya'yansu suka ci gaba da zama a Paraguay kuma suka ƙi amincewa da wani mutum a matsayin iyayen halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bianco98&quot; /&gt; Madariaga ta yi ƙoƙarin warware matsalar ubanci na Pablo ta hanyar gwajin DNA, amma Pablo, har zuwa shekarar 1998, ya ƙi yin haɗin gwiwa.

Alkalin kotun kasar Argentina Roberto Marqueevich ya tuhumi tsohon shugaban mulkin kama karya Jorge Videla da laifin sace mutane dangane da wannan da kuma wasu shari'o'in &quot;jarirai da aka sace&quot;.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Clarin&quot;&gt;[http://www.clarin.com/diario/1998/06/23/t-00501d.htm &quot;Los partos en Campo de Mayo&quot;]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]'', 23 June 1998 {{In lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mayar da Videla gidan yarin Caseros, inda aka tsare Bianco da kansa bisa zargin sace mutane da kuma yin jabun takardu na hukuma (an kuma tsare matarsa a [[Ezeiza Prison|gidan yarin Ezeiza]] ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bianco98&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Desaparecidos&quot;&gt;[http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/tort/medicos/bianco/eng.html Mayor Norberto Atilio Bianco], ''Desaparecidos.org'' {{In lang|en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1999, an saki Bianco kuma ya yi nasarar shiga asibitin Buen Ayre mai zaman kansa kuma [[Buenos Aires Medical Board|Hukumar Lafiya ta Buenos Aires]] ta sake shigar da shi asibiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;Desaparecidos&quot; /&gt; 

Baya ga Silvia Quintela, Pablo kuma ɗan Beatriz Recchia ne, ƙawar Silvia Quintana wacce aka tsare a wannan lokacin, tana da ciki na watanni huɗu. Tunda ba a yi gwajin DNA ba, har yanzu ba a wanke shari'ar ba. 

A cewar ''Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.abuelas.org.ar ''Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo''] {{In lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 6 ga Mayu 2008, an tsare Atilio Norberto Bianco. Ƙungiyar ta yi Allah wadai da shi a watan Disamba na 2006 a matsayin shugaban sashin haihuwa na ɓoye wanda ke aiki a Asibitin Sojoji na Campo de Mayo a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na ƙarshe a Argentina.

Alkali Martner Suares Alberto Araujo, mamallakin Kotun Tarayya mai lamba 2 San Martner, a lardin Buenos Aires, ya gayyaci Bianco domin yi masa tambayoyi a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2008.

A watan Fabrairun 2010, an gane wani mutum mai shekaru 32, ta hanyar gwajin kwayoyin halitta, a matsayin ɗan Silvia. Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo ya zama jika na 101 da aka dawo da shi. Víctor Alejandro Gallo, wani jami'in rundunar sojin Argentina wanda ke da tarihin aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, ne ya kwace matashin ya kuma rene shi. [1]

== Duba kuma ==

* ''Labarin Hukuma'' ( ''La historia official'' ), wani fim na 1986

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ruby Onyinyechi Amanze</title>
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'''Ruby Onyinyechi Amanze''' Listenⓘ{{Efn|Amanze stylizes her name without capitals.&lt;ref name=about&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rubyamanze.com/about|title=About|website=rubyamanze.com|language=en|access-date=26 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} (an haife ta a shekara ta 1982), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya da aka haifa a Najeriya da aka sani da [[Zane|zane-zane]] da ayyuka a kan takarda wanda ke mai da hankali kan al'adun al'adu ko &quot;bayan mulkin mallaka ba na kasa ba. &quot;  &lt;ref name=&quot;10 Female Artists of Color&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stafford Davis |first=Jessica |date=22 March 2016 |title=10 Female Artists of Color |url=https://www.theroot.com/10-female-artists-of-color-on-the-rise-1790854732 |access-date=1 February 2018 |website=The Root |publisher=Gizmoda Media Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga kasancewa mai zane-zane, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami da mai kula da kulawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curator and Artist Ruby Onyinyechi Amanze on the Ancient, Universal Language of Drawing |url=http://www.artspace.com/magazine/interviews_features/ruby_onyinyechi_amanze |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=Artspace |language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana zaune a Brooklyn, New York .

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Amanze a [[Najeriya]] a shekarar 1982. Ta girma ne a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], ta zauna a can na tsawon shekaru 13 kafin ta zo [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekara ta 2004 lokacin da ta koma Philadelphia. 

Ta sami digiri na BA ''M.F.A&quot;&gt;summa cum laude'' daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Tyler a Jami'ar Haikali ta Philadelphia a shekara ta 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;Habitat: Ruby Onyinyechi Amanze&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McMahon |first=Katherine |date=8 August 2015 |title=Habitat: Ruby Onyinyechi Amanze |url=http://www.artnews.com/2015/08/13/habitat-ruby-onyinyechi-amanze/ |journal=ARTnews |access-date=1 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami digiri na MFA daga Cranbrook Academy of Art, a Bloomfield Hills, Michigan . &lt;ref name=&quot;artdaily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First solo exhibition by ruby onyinyechi amanze opens at Tiwani Contemporary |url=http://artdaily.com/news/76614/First-solo-exhibition-by-ruby-onyinyechi-amanze-opens-at-Tiwani-Contemporary#.WnOagBTzRhU |access-date=1 February 2018 |website=ArtDaily |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Hotunan Amanze, tawada da [[Zane|zane-zane]], sau da yawa an haɗa su da canja wurin hoto, halittu masu haɗari ne da ke cikin wurare masu yawa, suna iyo a cikin fararen sararin takarda. Masu zane-zane na Najeriya da tarihin zane-zane sun rinjaye ta sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Artspace&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corbett, Rachel |date=26 November 2013 |title=Curator and Artist Ruby Onyinyechi Amanze on the Ancient, Universal Language of Drawing |url=https://www.artspace.com/magazine/interviews_features/expert_eye/ruby_onyinyechi_amanze-51862 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=Artspace |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan da ta yi na kafofin watsa labarai sun kasance a kan manufar ƙaura da al'adun al'adu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=The Jewish |date=2018-02-05 |title=Black History Month: Picturing Black Love within the Jewish Experience |url=https://stories.thejewishmuseum.org/black-history-month-picturing-black-love-within-the-jewish-experience-e891a00e0ae4 |access-date=2019-03-03 |website=The Jewish Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zane ya zama matsakaiciyar matsakaiciyarta, tare da Amanze yana bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;ko da yaushe sake kirkirar kansa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Artspace&quot;/&gt; Duk da aiki tare da matsakaici daban-daban, duk sassanta na yanzu suna da alaƙa da zane, matsakaici da aka fi so tun tana yarinya. Sai kawai a kwaleji ta bar zane a matsayin matsakaiciyar matsakaiciyarta, a maimakon haka ta fi dacewa da fasahar daukar hoto da masana'antu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; An rinjayi ta hanyar zane-zane, daukar hoto, buga-bugawa da gine-gine,  aikinta yana nuna sauye-sauyen al'adu, damuwa, da kuma ainihi, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ta &quot;tunanin-tare&quot; na Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;marianeibrahim.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mariane Ibrahim Gallery {{!}} ruby onyinyechi amanze |url=http://marianeibrahim.com/artists/ruby-onyinyechi-amanze |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=marianeibrahim.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan ayyukan suna bincika ma'anar motsi da wanzuwar tsakanin wurare, suna haifar da jin daɗin gida da marmarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gleeson&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da mazauna ==
Amanze ta sami Fulbright Fellowship a shekarar 2012, &lt;ref name=&quot;artdaily&quot;/&gt; kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Fulbright Scholars Award for Teaching / Bincike a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], [[Nsukka]] (2013). &lt;ref name=&quot;marianeibrahim.com&quot;/&gt;

Daga 2015 zuwa 2016 Amanze ya kasance mai halartar Open Sessions a Cibiyar Zane, New York . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Drawing Center {{!}} New York, NY {{!}} Open sessions {{!}} Artists 2016-2017 {{!}} ruby onyinyechi amanze |url=http://www.drawingcenter.org/en/drawingcenter/574/open-sessions/1375/artists-2016-2017/1395/ruby-onyinyechi-amanze/ |access-date=24 February 2018 |website=www.drawingcenter.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amanze ta kasance mai zane-zane a Cooper Union School of Art a New York, NY a cikin 2011, Majalisar Al'adu ta Lower Manhattan daga 2014 zuwa 2015, [1] Fountainhead Residency a Miami, Florida a cikin 2015, da kuma Queens Museum a Queens, New York, daga 2016 zuwa 2017.[2]

== Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen ==
Amanze ya nuna a duniya. Nuni na kansa ya hada da:

* har ma akwai moonbeams da za mu iya bayyana (2018) a Goodman Gallery, [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]]
* ''Ruwa Mai Gishiri'' (2015) a Goodman Gallery, [[Johannesburg|Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Goodman Gallery&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ruby onyinyechi amanze / Salt Water / 2015 |url=http://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/590 |access-date=1 February 2018 |website= |publisher=Goodman Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* astroturf rufin picnics (2015) a Morgan Lehman Gallery, New York, NY &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=resume – ruby amanze |url=http://rubyamanze.com/resume |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=rubyamanze.com |language=en |archive-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311140607/http://rubyamanze.com/resume |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''wani labari. a wasu sassan.''  (2015) a Tiwani Contemporary, London, Burtaniya &lt;ref name=&quot;artdaily&quot;/&gt;
* The Armory Show Focus (2016) a Mariane Ibrahim Gallery, [[Seattle|Seattle, WA]]
* ''Star FISH'' (2017) a Smack Mellon, Brooklyn, NY &lt;ref name=&quot;Art F City&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farley |first=Michael Anthony |date=9 January 2017 |title=This Week's Must-See Art Events: Rejoice! Our Times Are Intolerable and Nasty Women Are Front-and-Center |url=http://artfcity.com/2017/01/09/this-weeks-must-see-art-events-rejoice-our-times-are-intolerable-and-nasty-women-are-front-and-center/ |access-date=2 February 2018 |publisher=Art F City |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207122831/http://artfcity.com/2017/01/09/this-weeks-must-see-art-events-rejoice-our-times-are-intolerable-and-nasty-women-are-front-and-center/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarin abubuwa ==
Ana gudanar da aikin Amanze a cikin tarin dindindin ciki har da:

* Deutsche Bank, London, Burtaniya
* Gidan Tarihin Yahudawa, New York, Amurka 
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Studio a Harlem, New York, Amurka
* Tarin Microsoft
* Gidauniyar Al'adu ta Montblanc

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na mata na Najeriya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]</text>
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    <title>Shade Thomas-Fahm</title>
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Shade Thomas-Fahm, an haife ta Victoria Omọ́rọ́níkẹ Àdù__ilo____ilo____ilo__ '''Fọla'''Shadé Thomas'''''' (amma an san ta da &quot;Shadé Thomas&quot;), ita ce mai tsara kayan ado ta [[Najeriya]]. Ta dauki ta a matsayin mai tsara kayan zamani na farko a Najeriya&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Brighton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nicolaadams |date=16 June 2020 |title=Fashioning the Nation: A blouse created by a Nigerian fashion innovator |url=https://brightonmuseums.org.uk/discover/2020/06/16/fashioning-the-nation-a-blouse-created-by-a-nigerian-fashion-innovator/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415135433/https://brightonmuseums.org.uk/discover/2020/06/16/fashioning-the-nation-a-blouse-created-by-a-nigerian-fashion-innovator/ |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=15 April 2021 |website=Discover |publisher=[[Brighton Museum &amp; Art Gallery]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma majagaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Reterdeen |date=31 January 2019 |title=7 Nigerian Female Heroines You May Have Forgotten |url=https://reterdeen.com/7-nigerian-female-heroines-you-may-have-forgotten/ |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=Reterdeen |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Noor Haq |first=Sana |title=Nigerian fashion pioneer Folashade 'Shade' Thomas-Fahm will be celebrated at 'Africa Fashion' exhibition |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/nigerian-folashade-thomas-fahm-africa-fashion-exhibition-spc-intl/index.html |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=[[CNN]] |publisher=[[Warner Bros. Discovery]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mai tsara kayan ado ta farko da ta bude kantin sayar da kayan ado a Najeriya. Fahm ta jawo hankali ga masana'antar kayan ado ta Najeriya,  kuma an yi bikin tasirin ta a Victoria da Albert Museum (V&amp;A) na London a cikin 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Forbes Staff |title=Why Fashion Breaks My Heart |url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/focus/2012/11/01/fashion-breaks-heart/ |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[Forbes|Forbes Africa]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elan |first=Priya |date=7 July 2021 |title=V&amp;A exhibition will use 250 objects to highlight creativity of African fashion |url=http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/jul/07/va-exhibition-will-use-250-objects-to-highlight-creativity-of-african-fashion |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Theodosi |first=Natalie |date=20 January 2021 |title=Victoria &amp; Albert Museum Plans a Major African Fashion Exhibition for 2022 |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/victoria-albert-museum-plans-a-major-african-fashion-exhibition-for-1234701854/ |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[Women's Wear Daily]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce kuma mace ta farko a Najeriya da ta yi karatun zane-zane a St. Martin's School of Art a London, kuma ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin mai sayen kayan ado a Simpson's na Piccadilly kafin ta koma Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shade Thomas-Fahm transformed Nigerian fashion |url=https://www.economist.com/culture/2022/07/18/shade-thomas-fahm-transformed-nigerian-fashion |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=doi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Thomas-Fahm, a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1933, ga iyalin Bankole Ayorinde Thomas da Elizabeth Olaniwun Thomas . Ita [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ce. Ta halarci Makarantar St. Peter, Faaji, Makarantar 'yan mata ta Baptist Araromi, kuma daga baya Kwalejin' yan mata ta New Era, duka biyu a Legas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brighton&quot;/&gt;

A cikin shekarun 1950, kamar yadda ake yi a lokacin, ta nemi zuwa Ingila don yin karatu a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya. Ta bar a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1953. Amma a lokacin da ta isa Ingila, shagunan da suka dace da West End na London sun shahara kuma sun fara yin ado.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt; Ta shiga makarantar St. Martin's School of Art a London, inda ta yi karatun zane-zane, ta zama mace ta farko ta Najeriya da ta yi hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Ta ce wani bangare na sha'awarta na komawa Najeriya a lokacin, kafin kasar ta sami 'yancin kanta, shine &quot;don samar da ayyuka ga mutane da magance rashin aikin yi&quot; 

Da farko, tana da wahalar shawo kan 'yan Najeriya su sayi masana'antu da zane na gida, saboda mutane sun ji cewa al'adun Burtaniya sun fi kyau.

Don magance wannan, ta fara sake tsara tufafin gargajiya kamar iro da buba, yana mai da su haske, mafi dacewa, kuma sun dace da rayuwar birni ta zamani. Ta kuma shahara da amfani da adire da aka yi da hannu da aso-oke a cikin salon shirye-shiryen tufafi.[1]

A cikin shekarun sittin, Shadé's Boutique, da shagunan tufafi a Legas sun zama wurin da za a iya amfani da kayan aikin Najeriya na salo daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt;

Gidan Shadé, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1960 a Yaba, Legas, an dauke shi a matsayin kantin sayar da kayan zamani na farko a Najeriya. Ya janyo hankalin manyan 'yan Najeriya da masu ziyara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Awosika |first=Tomisin |date=23 September 2021 |title=Who Is Shade Thomas-Fahm? |url=https://rpublc.com/august-september-2021/who-is-shade-thomas-fahm/ |journal=The Republic |issn=((2992-448))}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thomas-Fahm ta rinjayi yawancin tsaranta, daga 70s zuwa yau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;/&gt; Wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da Abah Folawiyo, Betti O, Folorunsho Alakija, da [[Nike Davies-Okundaye|Nike Okundaye]], wadanda dukansu sun yi tasiri sosai a kan salon Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shade Fahm {{!}} The Birdword by KOIBIRD |url=https://www.koibird.com/blogs/news/shade-fahm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719122231/https://www.koibird.com/blogs/news/shade-fahm |archive-date=2021-07-19 |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=www.koibird.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
Thomas-Fahm ta ƙware a cikin amfani da kayan ado na gida da aka yi da launi don yin salon zamani wanda ya zama sananne a Najeriya da kuma duniya baki daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Fashion Pioneer Folashade 'Shade' Thomas-Fahm Will Be Celebrated at 'Africa Fashion' Exhibition |url=https://www.africa.com/nigerian-fashion-pioneer-folashade-shade-thomas-fahm-will-be-celebrated-at-africa-fashion-exhibition/ |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=[[Africa.com]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta canza ''Iro'' da ''Buba'' zuwa rigar wrapper;  da kuma kirkirar '''Ajuba'' yanzu da aka fi sani da 'boubou' ya zama ''agbada.'' na maza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=R6042 Blouse; Buba |url=https://fashioningafrica.brightonmuseums.org/fashion/r6042/ |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=Fashioning Africa |publisher=[[Brighton Museum &amp; Art Gallery]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akutu |first=Geraldine |date=28 July 2019 |title=Awaiting gains of Nigeria's Multi-billion Naira Fashion Industry |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/awaiting-gains-of-nigerias-multi-billion-naira-fashion-industry/ |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar masu zanen tufafi ta Najeriya (FADAN), ta amfani da dandalin ta don ba da shawara ga masu zanen kaya masu zuwa da kuma ba da shawara game da al'adun al'adu, kayan ado mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ADEKUNLE |first=MUSA |date=2024-10-26 |title=Shade Thomas-Fahm: Nigeria's ageless fashion matriarch |url=https://guardian.ng/life/shade-thomas-fahm-nigerias-ageless-fashion-matriarch/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kasance shugabar Rotary Club na tsibirin Victoria daga 2009 zuwa 2010. 

== Managed ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Sabuwar Isioro</title>
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Novo Isioro (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vice President Osibanjo's Photographer Novo Isioro Is A Year Older... |url=http://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2018/02/vice-president-osibanjos-photographer.html |website=www.stelladimokokorkus.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; masaniyar dabarun sadarwa ce kuma mai daukar hoto ta Najeriya. Tsakanin 2015 da 2019, Novo ta kasance mai daukar hoto ta Shugaban kasa na Najeriya a Ofishin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa [[Yemi Osinbajo]], SAN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nasiru |first=Jemilat |date=2023-07-08 |title=SAY CHEESE: A peep into the life and lens of Nigeria's presidential photographers |url=https://www.thecable.ng/say-cheese-a-peep-into-the-life-and-lens-of-nigerias-presidential-photographers/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=sunnews |date=2019-08-22 |title=Alli replaces Isioro as Osinbajo personal photographer |url=https://thesun.ng/alli-replaces-isioro-as-osinbajo-personal-photographer/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike wannan mukamin. Ta haɗu da wannan tare da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Mataimakiya ta Musamman a kan Sadarwar Bayani.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home - Novo Isioro |url=http://novoisioro.com/ |publisher= |access-date=2026-03-12 |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128232941/http://www.novoisioro.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018, Novo ta kafa Gidauniyar ANISZA da Gidan Tarihi, kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ogunyinka |first=Victor |date=2021-10-02 |title=61st Independence Day: ANISZA splashes N1m on unity history winner |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/61st-independence-day-anisza-splashes-n1m-on-unity-history-winner/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ANISZA tana mai da hankali kan ilimantar da daliban makarantar sakandare game da tarihin Najeriya ta amfani da daukar hoto don kwatanta hanyar da za ta ci gaba da samar da zaman lafiya da hadin kai a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2019 |title=Pictures can be used to foster national unity— Novo Isioro |url=https://punchng.com/pictures-can-be-used-to-foster-national-unity-novo-isioro/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Novo Isioro a Ogba, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], kuma ta girma a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 January 2017 |title=Meet Novo Isioro, personal photographer to the Vice President - QED.NG |url=https://www.qed.ng/meet-novo-isioro-personal-photographer-vice-president/#.WuTcR24vzIU |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sauka da aikinta na farko tana da shekaru 17 bayan karatun sakandare kuma tana da shekaru 25 ta zama Shugaba na NOVOIMAGES (kamfanin daukar hoto da sarrafa hoto da ke Legas, Najeriya). Novo ita ce kawai 'yar Dennis Isioro, wanda ya fito daga Isoko-North, Jihar Delta da Juliana Adesuwa Isioro, daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] tare da' yan uwan biyu. Mahaifinta wanda ke kiranta da 'Novo' Injiniya ne kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar kasuwa ce.

A shekara ta 2003, ta sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare daga makarantar sakandare ta Shepherdhill Baptist Girls a Obanikoro, Legas da kuma Digiri mafi girma a cikin harsuna biyu, Fasahar Ofishin &amp; Gudanarwa daga [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] tare da babban daraja a shekara ta 2010. Ta sami takardar shaidar hulɗa da jama'a daga Cibiyar Hulɗa da Jama'a ta Najeriya a shekara ta 2009 yayin da take karatu don difloma mafi girma na kasa. Ta yi aiki a cikin shekara guda na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a cikin 2011 tana koyar da Faransanci a Makarantar Sakandare ta Amuobia, [[Awka ta Kudu]], Jihar Anambara . A shekara ta 2016 an ba ta tallafin karatu don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Cibiyar Ci gaban Kasuwanci (LBS) na [[Jami'ar Pan Atlantic]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2015 |title=13 Nigerian Female Photographers You Really Should Know! |url=http://woman.ng/2015/12/13-nigerian-female-photographers-you-really-should-know |access-date=12 March 2026 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109180857/http://woman.ng/2015/12/13-nigerian-female-photographers-you-really-should-know/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirin Zaman Lafiya da Haɗin Kai ==
A cikin 2018, Novo ta kafa Gidauniyar ANISZA da Gidan Tarihi, kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da ita.[1] Ta shirya baje kolin tarihin hadin kai na farko a Najeriya. Manufar tushe ita ce ilimantar da daliban makarantar sakandare a tarihin Najeriya ta amfani da daukar hoto, ban da sauran kayan aiki.[2]

== Hotuna ==
Novo ta shiga cikin [[Photography|daukar hoto]] a cikin 2012 jim kadan bayan aikinta na shekara guda na National Youth Service Corps. Ta shiga cikin bitar daukar hoto da yawa da manyan darussan a duniya.

Shirye-shiryen shirin Novo na 2012 &quot;rayuwar kamfanoni na mace ta kasuwa&quot; ya kai ta ga allo na Al Jazeera; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 May 2013 |title=Photography across invisible borders - The Nation Nigeria |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/photography-across-invisible-borders/ |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; iska ta BBC -yanki; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Al Jazeera English |date=23 April 2013 |title=Artscape - The New African Photography: Emeka Okereke |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSlf4xd8t1I&amp;t=13s |publisher= |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma labaran da ke cikin Le-Monde, [[Faris|Paris]]; Tarkett, Paris, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2015 |title=Novo Isioro |url=http://invisible-borders.com/artist/novo-isioro/ |website=Invisible Borders |access-date=12 March 2026 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704015929/https://invisible-borders.com/artist/novo-isioro/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC documentary investigates the life and work of Stradivarius - part 1 |url=https://www.thestrad.com/bbc-documentary-investigates-the-life-and-work-of-stradivarius-part-1/771.article |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yin aiki tare da gwamnatin Najeriya ==
An nada Novo Isioro a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman a kan Sadarwar Bayani ga Shugaban kasa, a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] . Matsayin da ta taka tare da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa [[Yemi Osinbajo]], SAN, a matsayin mai daukar hoto daga 2016-2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=2019-11-16 |title=Sacked Obono-Obla, late official, others listed as presidential aides |url=https://punchng.com/sacked-obono-obla-late-official-others-listed-as-presidential-aides/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=David |date=2018-12-16 |title=Novo Isioro: I became a photographer by divine inspiration |url=https://thesun.ng/i-became-a-photographer-by-divine-inspiration-novo-isioro-osinbajos-photo-aide/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruby Gyang</title>
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'''Ngohide Ruby Ann GyangGyang''', wacce aka fi sani da sunanta '''Ruby Gyang''', mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar Najeriya. An daɗe da sanya hannu a Chocolate City . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chocolate City:Record label merges with Loopy Music |url=http://www.pulse.ng/music/chocolate-city-record-label-merges-with-loopy-music-id3690106.html |publisher=pulse |access-date=2026-03-12 |archive-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828190737/http://www.pulse.ng/music/chocolate-city-record-label-merges-with-loopy-music-id3690106.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Ruby Gyang a Jos, Jihar Plateau, inda ta shafe shekarunta na farko. Tafiyarta ta zuwa ga fitacciyar jaruma ta fara ne lokacin da ta kafa Loopy Music tare da MI, Ice Prince da Jesse Jagz . Ruby Gyang ta yi aiki tare da mawaka kamar MI, Jesse Jagz, Show Dem Camp, Ice Prince da Bez . [1] Ruby Gyang ta shiga Chocolate City Music bayan da Loopy Music ta hade da Chocolate City Music a shekarar 2015. Ta fitar da EP a karkashin lakabin.

== Kundin Waƙoƙi ==

; Kundin waƙoƙin studio

* ''Wannan shine Soyayya'' (2016)

=== Marasa aure ===

* Kale Ni &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 July 2017 |title=Ruby Gyang – 'Kale ni' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/music-ruby-gyang-kale-ni/3vk2bg6 |access-date=14 June 2019 |website=pulse.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oh Dare Mai Tsarki
* Rawar Oya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=16 February 2018 |title=New Music: Ruby Gyang – Oya Dance |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/02/new-music-ruby-gyang-oya-dance/ |access-date=14 June 2019 |website=BellaNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Murkushewa
* Har Abada &lt;small&gt;(feat. Classiq and [[Kheengz]] )&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Sophie Kanza</title>
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'''Sophie Lihau-Kanza''' ko '''Zala Lusibu N'Kanza''' (8 ga Fabrairu 1940 - 2 ga Afrilu 1999) 'yar siyasa ce kuma masaniyar zamantakewa ta ƙasar Congo. Ita ce mace ta farko a ƙasarta da ta sami ilimin sakandare, ta farko da ta kammala karatu daga jami'a, kuma ta farko da ta riƙe ofishin gwamnati a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]], ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Jama'a daga ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba 1966 zuwa ranar 6 ga watan Disamba 1970. A rayuwarta ta ƙarshe ta riƙe muƙamai a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]].

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sophie Kanza a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu, 1940 a [[Kinshasa|Léopoldville]], [[Belgian Congo|ƙasar Beljium Congo]], ta zama ta shida cikin 'ya'ya bakwai &lt;ref name=&quot;auzias&amp;labourdette139&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Auzias|Labourdette|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lephare&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luka |first=Michel |date=27 March 2015 |title=Une messe de suffrages en mémoire de Marcel Lihau et Sophie N'Kanza |url=http://www.lephareonline.net/une-messe-de-suffrages-en-memoire-de-marcel-lihau-et-sophie-nkanza/ |access-date=9 December 2016 |website=Le Phare |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ga Élisabeth Mansangaza da Daniel Kanza. &lt;ref name=&quot;group&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2015 |title=Samedi dernier au Sacré-Cœur de la Gombe: Pensée pieuse en mémoire de Marcel Lihau et Sophie Kanza |url=http://groupelavenir.org/samedi-dernier-au-sacre-coeur-de-la-gombe-pensee-pieuse-en-memoire-de-marcel-lihau-et-sophie-kanza/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226060534/https://groupelavenir.org/samedi-dernier-au-sacre-coeur-de-la-gombe-pensee-pieuse-en-memoire-de-marcel-lihau-et-sophie-kanza/ |archive-date=26 December 2016 |access-date=15 December 2016 |publisher=[[Groupe L'Avenir]] |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami yawancin karatunta na firamare da sakandare a [[Brazzaville]], [[Kwango ta Faransa|ƙasar Faransa Congo]]. {{Sfn|Little|1973}} A lokacin da Beljium Congo ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, Kanza ita ce mace ɗaya tilo a ƙasar da ta yi karatun sakandare. Daga ƙarshe ta kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta ''Lycée du Sacré Cœur'' (Sacred Heart High School) a watan Yunin 1961. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coquery-Vidrovitch143&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Coquery-Vidrovitch|1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|The ''Lycée du Sacré Cœur'' was a boys school, but Kanza graduated from there because the girls school she attended in the Congo had closed following the departure of many Belgian educators from the country in 1960.{{sfn|Little|1973|p=208}}}} A shekarar 1964, ta zama mace ta farko 'yar ƙasar Congo da ta kammala karatunta daga jami'a {{Sfn|Fox|2011}} lokacin da ta sami takardar shaidar difloma daga [[Jami'ar Geneva]] da digiri a [[Kimiyar al'umma|fannin zamantakewa]]; Ta yi aiki a wannan sashen na jami'ar a matsayin mataimakiyar malamar makaranta har zuwa shekara ta 1966. &lt;ref name=&quot;auzias&amp;labourdette139&quot; /&gt; {{Sfn|Little|1973}} Kanza ta yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] daga shekarun 1973 zuwa 1976, inda ta sami digiri na biyu da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;forum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nduka |first=Abadengo |date=11 April 2011 |title=L'Observateur - 1ère universitaire congolaise et 1ère femme ministre : Mme Sophie Lihau Kanza remémorée |url=http://www.congoforum.be/fr/nieuwsdetail.asp?subitem=3&amp;newsid=176262&amp;Actualiteit=selected |access-date=9 December 2016 |website=Congo Forum |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, 1966, aka naɗa Kanza Ministar Harkokin Jama'a, {{Sfn|Lang|2010}} ta zama mace ta farko a ƙasar da ta riƙe muƙamin gwamnati. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaFontaine222&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|LaFontaine|1986}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naɗinta ya zo ne yayin da take neman digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Geneva, amma ta ƙare karatunta don fara aiki. Ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta na farko a ofis tana nazarin gwagwarmayar ma'aikatar don biyan buƙatun jama'a. Ta kuma yi kira ga samar da daidaiton damar ilimi ga maza da mata, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliya a taron [[Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Afirka|ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afirka]] da aka yi a Kinshasa (wanda a da ake kira Léopoldville) a shekarar 1967. {{Sfn|Little|1973}} An naɗa ta memba a ofishin siyasa na [[Yunkurin Jama'a na Juyin Juya Halin|ƙungiyar Movement of African Unity de la Révolution]] a ranar 13 ga watan Oktoba, 1967. {{Sfn|Lang|2010}} An kore ta daga muƙamin Ministar Harkokin Jama'a a wani sauye-sauye da aka yi wa majalisar ministoci a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba, 1970.  Daga 1973 zuwa 1977, Kanza ta kasance memba a kwamitin amintattu na Cibiyar Horarwa da Bincike ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNITAR). Ta kasance Mataimakiyar Darakta Janar na [[UNESCO|Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNESCO) daga shekarun 1981 zuwa 1985, kuma Shugabar Ofishin Jakadanci ga Darakta Janar na UNESCO daga shekarun 1985 zuwa 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;lephare&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luka |first=Michel |date=27 March 2015 |title=Une messe de suffrages en mémoire de Marcel Lihau et Sophie N'Kanza |url=http://www.lephareonline.net/une-messe-de-suffrages-en-memoire-de-marcel-lihau-et-sophie-nkanza/ |access-date=9 December 2016 |website=Le Phare |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLuka2015&quot;&gt;Luka, Michel (27 March 2015). [http://www.lephareonline.net/une-messe-de-suffrages-en-memoire-de-marcel-lihau-et-sophie-nkanza/ &quot;Une messe de suffrages en mémoire de Marcel Lihau et Sophie N'Kanza&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505211736/http://www.lephareonline.net/une-messe-de-suffrages-en-memoire-de-marcel-lihau-et-sophie-nkanza/ |date=2016-05-05 }}. ''Le Phare'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;forum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nduka |first=Abadengo |date=11 April 2011 |title=L'Observateur - 1ère universitaire congolaise et 1ère femme ministre : Mme Sophie Lihau Kanza remémorée |url=http://www.congoforum.be/fr/nieuwsdetail.asp?subitem=3&amp;newsid=176262&amp;Actualiteit=selected |access-date=9 December 2016 |website=Congo Forum |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNduka2011&quot;&gt;Nduka, Abadengo (11 April 2011). [http://www.congoforum.be/fr/nieuwsdetail.asp?subitem=3&amp;newsid=176262&amp;Actualiteit=selected &quot;L'Observateur - 1ère universitaire congolaise et 1ère femme ministre : Mme Sophie Lihau Kanza remémorée&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220093336/http://www.congoforum.be/fr/nieuwsdetail.asp?subitem=3&amp;newsid=176262&amp;Actualiteit=selected |date=2016-12-20 }}. ''Congo Forum'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Kanza ta auri Marcel Lihau, shugaban Kotun Koli ta gaba, a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, 1964, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya mata shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;lephare&quot;/&gt; Duk da haka, ya gudu daga zaluncin siyasa a Congo kuma sun shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsu ta ƙarshe a ware. {{Sfn|Fox|2011}}

A shekarar 1998, Kanza ta yi hatsarin mota a [[Faris|birnin Paris]], kuma ta zama gurguwa . Bayan haka, ta bar aikinta a [[UNESCO]] ta yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje don kare naƙasassu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ips&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kambale |first=Juakali |date=15 July 2004 |title=Pantheon of National History Expands to Include Women |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2004/07/politics-drc-pantheon-of-national-history-expands-to-include-women/ |access-date=9 December 2016 |website=Inter Press Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa da Martaba ==
Kanza ta yi fama da bugun zuciya &lt;ref name=&quot;auzias&amp;labourdette139&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Auzias|Labourdette|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta mutu a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu 1999. An binne ta a yankin Luozi. &lt;ref name=&quot;group&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2015 |title=Samedi dernier au Sacré-Cœur de la Gombe: Pensée pieuse en mémoire de Marcel Lihau et Sophie Kanza |url=http://groupelavenir.org/samedi-dernier-au-sacre-coeur-de-la-gombe-pensee-pieuse-en-memoire-de-marcel-lihau-et-sophie-kanza/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226060534/https://groupelavenir.org/samedi-dernier-au-sacre-coeur-de-la-gombe-pensee-pieuse-en-memoire-de-marcel-lihau-et-sophie-kanza/ |archive-date=26 December 2016 |access-date=15 December 2016 |publisher=[[Groupe L'Avenir]] |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161226060534/https://groupelavenir.org/samedi-dernier-au-sacre-coeur-de-la-gombe-pensee-pieuse-en-memoire-de-marcel-lihau-et-sophie-kanza/ &quot;Samedi dernier au Sacré-Cœur de la Gombe: Pensée pieuse en mémoire de Marcel Lihau et Sophie Kanza&quot;] (in French). [[Groupe L'Avenir]]. 6 April 2015. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, an shigar da Kanza cikin Pantheon of National History na Congo, ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da aka ba wa girmamawa. An nuna ƙirjinta a cikin Gallery of Memory. &lt;ref name=&quot;ips&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kambale |first=Juakali |date=15 July 2004 |title=Pantheon of National History Expands to Include Women |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2004/07/politics-drc-pantheon-of-national-history-expands-to-include-women/ |access-date=9 December 2016 |website=Inter Press Service}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKambale2004&quot;&gt;Kambale, Juakali (15 July 2004). [http://www.ipsnews.net/2004/07/politics-drc-pantheon-of-national-history-expands-to-include-women/ &quot;Pantheon of National History Expands to Include Women&quot;]. ''Inter Press Service''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya wa &quot;Cercle Sophie Kanza&quot;, wata ƙungiyar farfesoshi mata a Congo suna don girmama ta.  Uku daga cikin 'ya'yan Kanza mata sun shirya wani gagarumin taro na godiya don girmama kanta da mijinta a [[Gombe, Kinshasa|Gombe]] a ranar 28 ga watan Maris 2015. Manyan 'yan siyasa da dama sun halarci bikin, ciki har da Léon Kengo da José Endundo Bononge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Enyimo |first=Martin |date=31 March 2015 |title=Hommage: une messe d'action de grâces en mémoire de Marcel Lihau et Sophie N'Kanza |url=http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/hommage-une-messe-daction-de-graces-en-memoire-de-marcel-lihau-et-sophie-nkanza-30121 |access-date=12 February 2017 |publisher=Agence d'information d'afrique centrale |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sihem Badi</title>
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'''Sihem Badi''' 'yar siyasa ce [[Tunisiya|ta ƙasar Tunisiya]]. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Mata a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Hamadi Jebali.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070612234542/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/tunisia.html CIA World Leaders]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tunisialive&quot;&gt;Wiem Melki, [http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/12/22/sihem-badi/ Sihem Badi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825023553/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/12/22/sihem-badi/ |date=2017-08-25 }}, ''Tunisia Live'', 22 December 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lepoint&quot;&gt;Sihem Sioud, [http://www.lepoint.fr/invites-du-point/sihem-souid/sihem-badi-les-craintes-sur-les-droits-des-femmes-ne-sont-pas-fondees-01-03-2012-1436748_421.php Sihem Badi : &quot;Les craintes sur les droits des femmes ne sont pas fondées&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017055909/https://www.lepoint.fr/invites-du-point/sihem-souid/sihem-badi-les-craintes-sur-les-droits-des-femmes-ne-sont-pas-fondees-01-03-2012-1436748_421.php |date=2022-10-17 }}, ''[[Le Point]]'', 1 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt;   

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Sihem Badi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni 1967, a Degache.  Ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Nazarin Likitanci daga Jami'ar Paris. &lt;ref name=&quot;tunisialive&quot; /&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, Badi ta kasance memba ta Majalisa a [[jam'iyyar siyasa|Jam'iyyar siyasa]] ta Jamhuriyar. An yanke mata hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku lokacin da take ɗaliba mai fafutuka a [[Faculty of Medicine of Tunis|Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Tunis]] bayan ta hukunta tsohon Shugaba [[Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali|Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], inda ta tafi Faransa a gudun hijira tsakanin shekarun 1992 da 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070612234542/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/tunisia.html CIA World Leaders]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tunisialive&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lepoint&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, 2011, ta shiga majalisar ministocin Jebali a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Mata.  Ta ce tana son ganin ƙarin mata a muƙamai na shugabanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;tunisialive&quot;/&gt; She has said she would like to see more women in leadership positions.&lt;ref&gt;Sihem Badi : &quot;Je veux que la femme soit présente dans les postes de décision&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 8 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ranar 25 ga watan Maris, 2013, masu zanga-zanga sun taru don neman a yi murabus daga Badi bayan da ta ɗora alhakin fyaɗen da wata mai kula da yara ta yi wa wata yarinya 'yar shekara uku a kan iyalan yarinyar.&lt;ref&gt;[http://english.alarabiya.net/en/2013/03/25/Tunisians-protest-against-child-rape-calling-for-minister-s-ouster.html Tunisians protest against child rape], 25 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]]
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  <page>
    <title>Scheaffer Okore</title>
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'''Scheaffer Okore''' ƙwararriyar 'yar siyasa ce kuma mai ba da shawara kan dabarun ci gaban duniya a fannin shugabanci, jagoranci, tsarin dimokuraɗiyya da haƙƙin lafiyar haihuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CFFP – The Centre for Feminist Foreign Policy |url=https://cffp.uber.space/wordpress/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=CFFP |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar Ukweli &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2017 |title=Women in Kenya band together in bid to thwart violence ahead of upcoming elections |url=https://womenintheworld.com/2017/06/05/women-in-kenya-band-together-in-bid-to-thwart-violence-ahead-of-upcoming-elections/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184744/https://womenintheworld.com/2017/06/05/women-in-kenya-band-together-in-bid-to-thwart-violence-ahead-of-upcoming-elections/ |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=April 6, 2018 |website=Women In The World}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ukweli Party - Nguvu Kwa Mwananchi |url=https://ukweliparty.org/ |website=ukweliparty.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tsohuwar shugabar shirye-shirye da hulɗa da jama'a a Siasa place. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Siasa place bios |url=http://www.siasaplace.com/our-bios/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318100105/http://siasaplace.com/our-bios/ |archive-date=2022-03-18 |access-date=2018-04-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da digirin farko a fannin Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Duniya da Diflomasiyya daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.buzzfeed.com/tamerragriffin/this-is-what-its-like-to-run-for-office-in-kenya-as-a-woman|title= This Politician Was Told Her Natural Hair Was Unprofessional|date= June 12, 2017|newspaper= Buzzfeed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scheaffer wata mai fafutuka ce &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Siasa Place |url=http://www.siasaplace.com/our-bios/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318100105/http://siasaplace.com/our-bios/ |archive-date=2022-03-18 |access-date=2018-04-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Kenya]] wacce ta yi magana game da adalci a zamantakewa, 'yancin ɗan adam, nuna wariya ga mata, da kuma cin zarafin da ya shafi jinsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.buzzfeed.com/tamerragriffin/this-is-what-its-like-to-run-for-office-in-kenya-as-a-woman|title= This Politician Was Told Her Natural Hair Was Unprofessional|date= June 12, 2017|newspaper= Buzzfeed}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2018. An ɗauki Okore a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan matasa ɗari da suka fi fice a fannin shari'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2019 |title=Kenyan Activist Gets Prestigious Appointment to Bill Gates Foundation - Kenyans.co.ke |url=http://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/39927-kenyan-activist-gets-prestigious-appointment-bill-gates-foundation |website=www.kenyans.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* https://www.womankind.org.uk/team/scheaffer-okore/
* https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/may/03/stop-praising-womens-strength-we-need-a-world-where-we-dont-have-to-fight-to-be-valued
* https://www.newcon.io/speaker/scheaffer-okore
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{{Databox}}

'''Sunjeev 'Sonia' Kaur Birdi''' 'yar majalisar dokokin Kenya, ce da aka zaɓa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wings&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=12 August 2014 |title=Nominated Member of Parliament, Sonia Birdi: Granted Wings to Fly |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/m/?articleID=2000130883&amp;story_title=Nominated-Member-of-Parliament-Sonia-Birdi-Granted-wings-to-fly |publisher=Standard Media |accessdate=31 August 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ita ce mace 'yar asalin ƙasar Kenya ta farko 'yar asalin Asiya da ta yi aiki a majalisar dokokin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meet&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/women/Hon-Sanjeev-Bird/1950830-2262164-5ijgih/index.html | title=Meet the first Asian-Kenyan Woman Lawmaker | newspaper=Daily Nation | location=Kenya | date=27 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sonia Birdi a [[Nairobi]] a cikin dangin Sikh na asalin [[Mutanen Punjabi|Punjabi]], 'yar Surinder da Kuljiridei Birdi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first=Harleen | last=Jabbal | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201311120695.html | title=Kenya: Sonia Birdi's Dinner in Honour of William Ruto | newspaper=The Star | date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta halarci makarantar sufaye, da kuma kwaleji a [[Indiya]] da digirinta na farko. Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Sheffield da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Meet&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/women/Hon-Sanjeev-Bird/1950830-2262164-5ijgih/index.html | title=Meet the first Asian-Kenyan Woman Lawmaker | newspaper=Daily Nation | location=Kenya | date=27 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2005 ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida mai ba da rahoto ga Rediyon Afirka ta Gabas FM.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meet&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/women/Hon-Sanjeev-Bird/1950830-2262164-5ijgih/index.html | title=Meet the first Asian-Kenyan Woman Lawmaker | newspaper=Daily Nation | location=Kenya | date=27 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Birdi ta shiga siyasa ne a matsayin martani ga wahalar da ta gani yayin da take aikin agaji bayan gobarar mai&lt;ref&gt;Jeffrey Gettleman, [https://www.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/1634258334/AA92141F97E54BA8PQ/99 &quot;Leaked Fuel Lures Needy Kenyans, then Ignites&quot;] ''New York Times'' (13 September 2011): A1.&lt;/ref&gt; ta Sinai  a Mukuru kwa Njenga a shekarar 2011. 

Birdi ta shiga cikin ayyuka daban-daban a matsayinta na 'yar majalisa. Ta halarci taron duniya na mata a majalisar dokoki da ke Brussels, inda ta halarci tattakin ƙungiyar sadarwa da ci gaban mata ta Afirka (FEMNET) don yakin neman [[Garkuwa da ƴan makaranta na Chibok|zaɓen 'yan matan Bring Back Our Girls]] bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar Najeriya da [[Boko Haram]] ta yi. 

Ta kuma halarci bikin rantsar da Firayim Ministan Indiya [[Narendra Modi]], kuma ta sami damar tattauna dangantakar Kenya da Indiya da jam'iyyar BJP.&lt;ref&gt;Shubha Singh, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161104013103/http://theindiandiaspora.com/news-details/conversations/primary_news/we-must-learn-from-indian-elections-kenyan-mps.htm &quot;We Must Learn from Indian Elections: Kenyan MPs&quot;]}} ''Indian Diaspora'' (1 June 2014).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Birdi ta ɗauki nauyin wani kudiri a Majalisar Dokoki, domin gwamnati ta gina madatsun ruwa a duk faɗin ƙasar domin kiyaye muhalli da kuma kula da yanayin muhalli domin rage [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli|lalacewar muhalli]]. Ta kuma yi magana kan matakan tsaron hanya, inda ta buƙaci Hukumar Tsaron Sufuri ta ɗauki tsauraran matakai kan tsaron sufuri na jama'a. A shekarar 2016 ta yi kira da a share duk wani rajistar shige da fice da ke Kenya, tana mai cewa &quot;Rashin bai wa masu neman izinin zama 'yan ƙasa ya keta haƙƙoƙinsu, daidaito da kuma 'yancinsu daga nuna wariya.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Rhoda Odhiambo, [http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/08/08/mp-birdi-petitions-parliament-over-delayed-citizenship-for-immigrants_c1400015 &quot;MP Birdi Petitions Parliament Over Delayed Citizenship for Immigrants&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003037/http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/08/08/mp-birdi-petitions-parliament-over-delayed-citizenship-for-immigrants_c1400015 |date=2016-11-04 }} ''The Star'' (8 August 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2015, an tuhume ta da abokin aikinta Alfred Keter da laifin haifar da rikici a bainar jama'a da kuma amfani da ikonsu ba bisa ka'ida ba, bayan wani lamari da ya faru a gadar Gilgil, wanda ya shafi wata babbar mota mallakar kamfanin mahaifinta.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Mutai, [https://radiojambo.co.ke/tag/sonia-birdi/ &quot;Keter &amp; Birdi To Be Charged Today&quot;]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Radio Jambo'' (20 May 2015).&lt;/ref&gt;  Su biyun sun ce suna fuskantar jami'an cin hanci da rashawa a gadar.&lt;ref&gt;Mabel Keya-Shikuku, [http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/mp-wants-weighing-specifications-for-special-trucks-put-in-place/ &quot;MP Wants Weighing Specifications for Special Trucks Put in Place,&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017012333/http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/mp-wants-weighing-specifications-for-special-trucks-put-in-place/ |date=2017-10-17 }} ''Kenya News Agency'' (22 April 2015).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Uncle Chim Tuna, [https://mpasho.co.ke/mp-alfred-keter-and-sonia-birdi-of-the-matafaka-fame-have-their-day-in-court-for-allegedly-abusing-their-power/ &quot;MP Alfred Keter And Sonia Birdi Of The 'Matafaka Fame' Have Their Day In Court For Allegedly Abusing Their Power&quot;] ''Mpasho'' (21 May 2015).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Sally Murphy (Officer na Sojojin Amurka)</title>
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'''Sally D. Murphy''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949) &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pociask |first=Martin J. |date=August 2016 |title=Sally Murphy: First Female U.S. Military Helicopter Pilot |url=http://www.helicopterfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/pioneers/Sally.pdf |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Helicopter Foundation International }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ta yi ritaya kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Sojan Sama na Amurka. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun ta daga makarantar jirgin sama a Fort Rucker, Alabama a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1974. Ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora ga raka'a a cikin Kamfanin Tsaro na Sojoji na 330, 1st Infantry Division, Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na 62, da kuma Battalion Jirgin Sama ya 78. A shekara ta 2009, Murphy ta sami lambar yabo ta Sojojin Amurka Freedom Team Salute Veteran Commendation don tunawa da shekaru 27 na hidimar da kuma matsayinta a tarihin soja.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Sally Dale Stonecipher  a Wichita, Kansas kuma ta girma a Overland Park, Kansas. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Shawnee Mission West, ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1967. Daga nan Stonecipher ta halarci Kwalejin Jihar Kansas ta Pittsburg, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a tarihi a watan Disamba na 1972. Wata guda bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga Rundunar Sojojin Amurka .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Women Aviators Finally Fill Cockpits of Military Aircraft |url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29276 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211103900/http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29276 |archive-date=December 11, 2014 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja ===
A farkon aikinta na soja, ta halarci wani kwas na horo na tsawon makonni 11 na rundunar sojojin mata ta soja (WAC) ga mata jami'ai a Fort McClellan, Alabama a shekarar 1972. Ta kuma halarci Makarantar Leken Asiri ta Sojoji da ke Fort Huachuca, Arizona a baya. Bayan kammala kwas ɗin, Murphy ta shiga Makarantar Jiragen Sama lokacin da ta buɗe matsayinta ga mata.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Army Honors 1(st) Female Aviator in Recognition of Women's History Month |url=http://currency.euroinvestor.co.uk/news/story.aspx?id=10262046 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Keynote Speakers |url=http://www.wai.org/12conference/2012_conf_keynotespeakers.cfm |access-date= |website= |publisher= |archive-date=2016-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812085315/https://www.wai.org/12conference/2012_conf_keynotespeakers.cfm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da take makarantar koyon tukin jirgin sama a ranar farko da ta fara karatu, jami'in da ke kula da ita ya ware Murphy a gaban aji sannan ya sanar da cewa ita ce mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun tukin jirgin sama a Fort Rucker. Wani kyaftin ya taɓa neman sanin abin da take yi sanye da kayan tukin jirgin sama kuma ya zarge ta da yin ba'a da shi. Daga baya, ta ji cewa wasu malaman jirgin sama na farar hula sun ƙi horar da ita. Ba ta taɓa fuskantar cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i ba, sai dai nuna wariya ta hanyar jima'i saboda manufofin da suka hana mata faɗa tare da maza a ƙasa. [1]

Bayan kammala karatunta, ta yi aiki tare da Kamfanin Tsaron Sojoji na 330 (Guardrail II) tana shawagi da jiragen sama na RU-21 a matsayin jami'in leƙen asiri a kan iyakar Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet. Daga baya ta yi amfani da jiragen helikwafta na Huey kuma ta jagoranci wani kamfani na Rundunar Soja ta 1 a Fort Riley, Kansas na tsawon shekaru 4. Ta koma Jamus kuma a shekarar 1986 aka naɗa ta kwamandan Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na 62 (The Coachmen) don tallafawa hedikwatar V Corps. A shekarar 1991, an tura Murphy zuwa Bataliyar Jiragen Sama ta 78 a Camp Zama, Japan . A ƙarƙashin jagorancinta, rundunar ta tashi da kula da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na UH-1 da UH-60 (Sikorsky Blackhawk) da jiragen sama na C-12 (Beechcraft King Air). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Sally D. Murphy First Woman Army Aviator |url=http://www.womeninaviation.com/sally.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224195320/http://womeninaviation.com/sally.html |archive-date=2015-02-24 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Saad Nuhu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Saad Nuhu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 23 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Goge Shafi [[Umar Shehu Buba]]  ==

Assalam,

Zamu goge wannan shafi [[Umar Shehu Buba]] saboda akwai shafin a Hausa Wikipedia [[Shehu Buba Umar]] [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 11:22, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

:Wannan ma [[Abdul Ningi]] akwai shi [[Abdul Ahmed Ningi]].. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 11:39, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:Saad Nuhu|Saad Nuhu]] ([[User talk:Saad Nuhu|talk]]) 15:25, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ok toh ba damuwa inshallah

== Blanked Page [[Rodrigo Mendoza]] ==

Assalam, 

Na ga ka kirkiri wannan shafi [[Rodrigo Mendoza]] kuma ka share komai daga shafin. Shin akwai dalili? [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 10:01, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Saad Nuhu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Saad Nuhu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 23 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Goge Shafi [[Umar Shehu Buba]]  ==

Assalam,

Zamu goge wannan shafi [[Umar Shehu Buba]] saboda akwai shafin a Hausa Wikipedia [[Shehu Buba Umar]] [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 11:22, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

:Wannan ma [[Abdul Ningi]] akwai shi [[Abdul Ahmed Ningi]].. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 11:39, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:Saad Nuhu|Saad Nuhu]] ([[User talk:Saad Nuhu|talk]]) 15:25, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ok toh ba damuwa inshallah

== Blanked Page [[Rodrigo Mendoza]] ==

Assalam, 

Na ga ka kirkiri wannan shafi [[Rodrigo Mendoza]] kuma ka share komai daga shafin. Shin akwai dalili? [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 10:01, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== JInjina: Ayyuka masu kyau [[Clément Lenglet]] da sauran su. ==

Assalam

&lt;nowiki&gt;Wannan jijina ne musamman saboda fassarorin da ka yi na mukalun 'yan wasa wanda sunyi kyau sosai. Da fatan za'a cigaba da kirkirar ayyuka masu kyau a shafin Hausa.~~~Z&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 10:19, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Samuel Rakotondrabe</title>
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'''Samuel Rakotondrabe''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1901 a Soavina, Betafo, Madagascar – wanda aka kashe 19 July 1948 a [[Ankatso]], [[Antananarivo]] )  ɗan kasuwan Malagasy ne kuma ɗan kishin ƙasa, wanda aka tuna da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin [[Malagasy Uprising|tashin hankalin Malagasy]] .&lt;ref&gt;Stéphane Dubois, ''Le dictionnaire mondial des révolutionnaires'', Éditions Universitaires, 1991, p. 119.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Samuel Rakotondrabe ɗan Merina ne da aka haifa a shekarar 1901 a Soavina, Betafo, a yankin Vakinankatra na yanzu, Madagascar. Rakotondrabe yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan kasuwa na ƙasar Malagasy a zamaninsa. Ya haɓaka harkokin kasuwanci a fannin cinikin 'yan kasuwa, sarrafa taba, sufuri, gidaje, da kuma tattara kayayyakin karkara.&lt;ref&gt;Maminirina Rado, [https://midi-madagasikara.mg/les-hommes-de-lombre-les-tananariviens-oublies-du-29-mars-1947/ &quot;Les hommes de l'ombre&quot;], ''Midi Madagasikara'', 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ya kafa Bateravola, wanda ya zama babbar ƙungiyar masana'antu ta farko mallakar ƙasar Malagasy.

Kamfaninsa ya haɗu kai tsaye da manyan kamfanoni na mulkin mallaka kamar Henri Fraise &amp; Fils, François Bonnet &amp; Fils, Compte &amp; Cie, Cie Mellis, Plantation Millot, Cie Marseillaise, Cie Larochefortaise, da Groupe Bourbon. &lt;ref&gt;Andry Andraina, ''Madagascar, 29 mars 1947 : histoire d’une insurrection'', L’Harmattan, 2022, p. 119.&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1944, ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa kuma ya koma [[Antananarivo|Tananarive]] don kula da babbar masana'antar Bateravola. Ya shiga [[Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renewal|MDRM]] a farkon shekarar 1946 amma ya yi murabus a watan Satumba a wannan shekarar.  Daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shiryawa da kuma masu ba da kuɗi ga ƙungiyar matasa ta 'yan kishin ƙasa ta ɓoye [[JINA]], wadda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya zanga-zangar.  JINA, wacce ke aiki tun lokacin yaƙin basasa, an ɗauke ta a matsayin ƙungiyar sirri mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Tare da [[Malagasy Nationalist Party|Jam'iyyar Nationalist ta Malagasy]] (PANAMA), tana gudanar da al'adu waɗanda suka samo asali daga imani na gargajiya kuma ta tsara yaƙin 'yancin kai a matsayin wani nau'i na yaƙin ruhaniya.  

A watan Yulin 1946, Rakotondrabe ya taka rawa a cikin ƙungiyoyin adawa na farko. A watan Maris na 1947, a lokacin [[Malagasy Uprising|tawayen Malagasy]], an ɗauke shi a matsayin babban mai tayar da kayar baya. Ya bar Tananarive zuwa gidansa a ranar 27 ga Maris 1947. An kama shi a daren 16 ga Mayu 1947, hukumomin Faransa suka yi masa tambayoyi, sannan kotun soji ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa bayan an yi masa shari'a. An kashe shi da 'yan sanda a ranar 19 ga Yuli 1948 a [[Ankatso]], [[Antananarivo]], a daidai lokacin da buƙatarsa ta neman afuwa ta isa ga gwamnati.  Yana da shekaru 47.

An kashe shi ne makonni kaɗan bayan kisan [[Albert Randriamaromanana]], tsohon laftanar sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da ake zargi da shirya kai hari kan Tananarive. Mutuwar mutanen biyu, waɗanda suka shahara a cikin masu kishin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ya bar babban shari'ar MDRM ba tare da shaidu masu mahimmanci ba.  Bayan kisan Rakotondrabe, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta kwace dukkan kadarorinsa da kadarorinsa. Filin da hedikwatar kamfanin Bateravola ta taɓa kasancewa, wanda ke Antanimena, daga baya aka kwace shi kuma yanzu haka yana hannun ginin kasuwanci da aka sani da Victoria Plaza, wanda a halin yanzu ke ƙarƙashin ikon China. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Omaly sy Anio |url=http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/IMG/pdf/omaly41-44_4_.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An kashe shi tare da wasu 'yan kishin ƙasa guda uku. [[Ratsizafy Samuel]], ɗan kasuwa, yana da matsayin janar a tsakanin masu tayar da kayar baya. [[Bekamisy]] da [[Lezoma]], dukansu daga Vatomandry, sun yi aiki a matsayin masu haɗin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin kishin ƙasa a gabas da waɗanda ke kewaye da Antananarivo. 

An binne Rakotondrabe a [[Imerintsihadino]], a cikin gundumar [[Imerikasinina]] .

== Gado ==
Daga baya an gina wani allo na tunawa da kuma abubuwan tunawa guda biyu na dutse a wurin da aka kashe mutanen a Ankatso . A watan Yulin 2007, an sanya wa wani titi a Antanimena, Antananarivo suna bayansa.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Malagasy Uprising|Tawayen Malagasy]]
* Tarihin Madagascar

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sakinatou Abdou Alfa Orou Sidi</title>
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'''Sakinatou Abdou Alfa Orou Sidi''' masaniyar tattalin arziki ce 'yar ƙasar Benin kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|'yar siyasa]].

== Aiki ==
Sakinatou Abdou Alfa Orou Sidi ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban Ɗakin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na [[Benin]], inda take da alhakin nazari da nazarin batutuwan tattalin arziki. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai Kula da Harkokin Cikin Gida sannan daga baya ta zama Babbar Manaja na Kamfanin Gudanarwa da Tsakani na Benin (SGI Benin). &lt;ref name=&quot;leconomiste&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=JIF 2021: Les nouveaux visages de la femme béninoise |url=https://leconomistebenin.com/2021/03/08/jif-2021-les-nouveaux-visages-de-la-femme-beninoise/ |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=leconomistebenin.com |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510045706/https://leconomistebenin.com/2021/03/08/jif-2021-les-nouveaux-visages-de-la-femme-beninoise/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hau matsayin Darakta Janar na Asusun Tsaron Jama'a na Ƙasa a watan Yulin 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2004 |title=Décret N° 2004-447 du 12 août 2004 |url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2004-447/ |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=sgg.gouv.bj}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilun 2006, an naɗa ta Ministar Wakilta kan Ƙananan Kuɗi, Ƙananan Kasuwanci da Matsakaici, da kuma Aikin Matasa da Mata, tana aiki a ƙarƙashin Ministan Cigaba, Tattalin Arziki, da Kuɗi. Bayan sauyin gwamnati a watan Yunin 2007, an naɗa ta Ministar Ƙananan Kuɗi, Ƙananan Kasuwanci da Matsakaici, da Aikin Matasa da Mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;leconomiste&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2007 |title=Décret N° 2007-300 du 17 juin 2007 |url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2007-300/ |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=sgg.gouv.bj}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da riƙe muƙaminta a lokacin gyaran majalisar ministoci a watan Nuwamban 2007, kuma ta bar gwamnati a watan Oktoban 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 November 2007 |title=Décret N° 2007-540 du 02 novembre 2007 |url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2007-540/ |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=sgg.gouv.bj}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karramawa ==

* Kwamandar Order of Merit of Benin a shekarar 2011 &lt;ref name=&quot;leconomiste&quot;/&gt;
* Kwamandar Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasa ta Benin a shekarar 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 May 2010 |title=Décret N° 2010-159 du 07 mai 2010 |url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2007-540/ |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=sgg.gouv.bj}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Yanayin Mata a Benin

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Siti Rozaimeriyanty</title>
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'''Siti Rozaimeriyanti binti Haji Abdul Rahman''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Maris 1974), wacce wani lokacin ake kiranta da '''Yanty Rahman''', &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Hon. FDr. Ar. Siti Rozaimeriyanty DSLJ Haji Abdul Rahman |url=https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/web/content/1121?unique=2803e121de21f906edb9a903d43052abad3dcaea |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; yar asalin ƙasar Brunei ce mai gine-gine kuma 'yar siyasa wadda aka naɗa a baya a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Brunei (LegCo) daga 2017 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jabatan Majlis-Majlis Mesyuarat - Members of The Legislative Council |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/JMM%20Site%20Pages/Members%20of%20The%20Legislative%20Council.aspx |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.councils.gov.bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abin lura shi ne, ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugaba kuma Shugabar Pertubuhan Ukur Jurutera dan Arkitek (PUJA), haka kuma memba ce a Kwamitin Masu Gine-gine na ASEAN (Brunei), Darussalam Enterprise (DARe), APEQS, Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Kasuwanci ta ASEAN (ASEAN-BAC), &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-27 |title=EU-ASEAN RELATIONS ESSAY SERIES: THE HONOURABLEFDR. AR. SITI ROZAIMERIYANTY DSLJ HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN |url=https://www.eu-asean.eu/eu-asean-relations-essay-series-the-honourablefdr-ar-siti-rozaimeriyanty-dslj-haji-abdul-rahman/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.eu-asean.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa na Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Gabashin Asiya. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Fannin da take da sha'awa da gogewa suna cikin gine-gine da kasuwanci gabaɗaya, tare da mai da hankali kan nemo hanyoyi mafi kyau da bambance-bambance don cimma burin Brunei na 2035. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FDr. Ar. Siti Rozaimeriyanty DSLJ Haji Abd Rahman |url=https://www.bruneimentors.com/mentors/info/242 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.bruneimentors.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Siti Rozaimeriyanty a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1974 a [[Brunei]] . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|fannin zane-zane]] ( Hons ) daga Jami'ar Humberside da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da kuma digiri na farko a fannin gine-gine (Hons) daga Jami'ar Curtin ta Fasaha da ke [[Perth]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jabatan Majlis-Majlis Mesyuarat - Members of The Legislative Council |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/JMM%20Site%20Pages/Members%20of%20The%20Legislative%20Council.aspx |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.councils.gov.bn}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.councils.gov.bn/JMM%20Site%20Pages/Members%20of%20The%20Legislative%20Council.aspx &quot;Jabatan Majlis-Majlis Mesyuarat - Members of The Legislative Council&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226120246/https://www.councils.gov.bn/JMM%20Site%20Pages/Members%20of%20The%20Legislative%20Council.aspx |date=2024-02-26 }}. ''www.councils.gov.bn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 November&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin gine-gine ==
Siti Rozaimeriyanty mai rijista ce a fannin gine-gine a Burtaniya da ASEAN Architects, BAPEQS, da RIBA a matsayin mai ginin gine-gine mai hayar gidaje . Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin babbar mai ginin gine-gine a Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Ma'aikatar Raya Kasa ta Brunei kafin ta kafa Eco Bumi Arkitek (EBA). Tsawon shekarun 2018 zuwa 2019, za ta yi aiki a matsayin mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar PUJA Brunei (Cibiyar Masu Sufuri, Injiniya, da Mai Zane). &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Hon. FDr. Ar. Siti Rozaimeriyanty DSLJ Haji Abdul Rahman |url=https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/web/content/1121?unique=2803e121de21f906edb9a903d43052abad3dcaea |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/web/content/1121?unique=2803e121de21f906edb9a903d43052abad3dcaea &quot;The Hon. FDr. Ar. Siti Rozaimeriyanty DSLJ Haji Abdul Rahman&quot;]. ''www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn''. 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 November&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da aka kafa EBA a shekarar 2010, tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan kamfanonin gine-gine da ke da babban mai zane wanda mace ce. Manufar EBA ita ce yin aiki da tsarin ƙira mai haɗaka, mai fannoni daban-daban tare da tsarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin abokan ciniki. Kamfanin ya fara ne da ƙaramin ƙungiyar ma'aikata kuma tun daga lokacin ya girma har ya haɗa da ma'aikata 28 na gida da na waje. Yana aiki akan ayyuka da dama da suka shafi abokan hulɗa na gida da na waje. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SITI ROZAIMERIYANTY DSLJ HAJI ABD RAHMAN |url=http://southeastasiawomen.org/profile.html?id=62dcde00-04e3-11e9-89f2-71b51807c67d |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=southeastasiawomen.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Domin tabbatar da cewa injiniyoyin da ake horar da su a Brunei suna da damar samun ci gaban ƙwararru, Cibiyar Injiniyan Farar Hula ta sabunta shirin horarwa kuma ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa da Siti Rozaimeriyanty kuma Patrick Courtney ta yi musayar yarjejeniyar a shekarar 2019.

== Aikin siyasa ==
A ranar 13 ga Janairu 2017, an naɗa Siti Rozaimeriyanty a matsayin memba na LegCo a cikin rukunin &quot;Daga cikin Mutanen da Suka Samu Nasara&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; shekaru goma bayan kafa EBA. Ta gabatar da batutuwa, musamman waɗanda suka shafi mata da ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma ilimi, ƙwarewa, da ci gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Hon. FDr. Ar. Siti Rozaimeriyanty DSLJ Haji Abdul Rahman |url=https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/web/content/1121?unique=2803e121de21f906edb9a903d43052abad3dcaea |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/web/content/1121?unique=2803e121de21f906edb9a903d43052abad3dcaea &quot;The Hon. FDr. Ar. Siti Rozaimeriyanty DSLJ Haji Abdul Rahman&quot;]. ''www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn''. 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 November&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi tambaya ko hukumomin da abin ya shafa sun aiwatar da tsare-tsare don inganta ingancin data.gov.bn ko kuma ko sabuwar cibiyar bayanai za ta yi aiki a matsayin wurin zama na dindindin tare da duk mahimman bayanai a rana ta uku ta zaman LegCo na 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=James Kon |title=Centralised data centre for government to be introduced |url=https://www.egnc.gov.bn/Lists/LatestHeadlines/NewDispForm.aspx?ID=87 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.egnc.gov.bn |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ta Brunei daga 2020 zuwa 2023, AITI ( Hukumar Masana'antar Fasaha ta Sadarwa ) daga 2018 zuwa 2023, Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Kasuwanci ta ASEAN, da Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Kasuwanci ta Gabashin Asiya daga 2016 zuwa 2021 kaɗan ne daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka naɗa ta a kwamitin gudanarwa. Bugu da ƙari, ita ce ke jagorantar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Masana'antar Ma'aikata (MISC) na Majalisar Tsara da Aiki (MPEC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Domin amfani da damar da dukkan bangarorin biyu ke da ita gaba ɗaya, Siti Rozaimeriyanty ta nuna goyon bayanta ga ASEAN-BAC wajen sake buɗe tattaunawar cinikayya tsakanin ƙasashen ASEAN da EU tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu, kuma tana maraba da ƙarin haɗin gwiwa wajen haɓaka dangantakar ASEAN da EU . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-27 |title=EU-ASEAN RELATIONS ESSAY SERIES: THE HONOURABLEFDR. AR. SITI ROZAIMERIYANTY DSLJ HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN |url=https://www.eu-asean.eu/eu-asean-relations-essay-series-the-honourablefdr-ar-siti-rozaimeriyanty-dslj-haji-abdul-rahman/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.eu-asean.eu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.eu-asean.eu/eu-asean-relations-essay-series-the-honourablefdr-ar-siti-rozaimeriyanty-dslj-haji-abdul-rahman/ &quot;EU-ASEAN RELATIONS ESSAY SERIES: THE HONOURABLEFDR. AR. SITI ROZAIMERIYANTY DSLJ HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN&quot;]. ''www.eu-asean.eu''. 27 July 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 November&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin Babban Taron ASEAN na 43, wanda aka gudanar kwanan nan a [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia, an naɗa ta a hukumance a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dokoki ta ASEAN (AIPA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.E. Ar. Siti Rozaimeriyanty Dato Haji Abdul Rahman |url=https://aipasecretariat.org/team-member/h-e-ar-siti-rozaimeriyanty-dato-haji-abdul-rahman/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=aipasecretariat.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Matsayin ASEAN, tare da goyon bayan AIPA, shine haɗa mutane wuri ɗaya da samar musu da dandamali don haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu yayin da take ƙarfafa matakan dokoki,&quot; ta jaddada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=James Kon |date=2022-12-02 |title=Brunei representative appointed as AIPA's Secretary General |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/brunei-representative-appointed-as-aipas-secretary-general/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2023, Sakatare Janar Kao Kim Hourn ya ziyarce ta a Sakatariyar ASEAN. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Secretary-General of AIPA calls on Secretary-General of ASEAN |url=https://asean.org/2023/02/07/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=asean.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==
Nasarorin Siti Rozaimeriyanty sun haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara kan tsara Gidan Tarihi na Moments da Momentos a Ofishin Firayim Minista, mataimakiyar mai ginin gida na Balai Pameran Islam Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah (tare da haɗin gwiwar sanannen PEI Architects daga [[New York (birni)|New York]] ), da kuma babban mai ginin gine-gine da manajan ayyuka na Abode Resort &amp; Spa, wurin shakatawa na farko na Brunei mai amfani da hasken rana. Domin girmama nasarorin da ta samu, an zaɓe ta don lashe kyautar Legacy Award a fannin Gine-gine da Zane daga International Business Review ASEAN Awards 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Architect Yanty shortlisted for leadership legacy award - The Bruneian |url=https://thebruneian.news/2022/09/20/architect-yanty-shortlisted-for-leadership-legacy-award/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=thebruneian.news |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsawon aikinta, ta samu waɗannan abubuwa:

* Kyautar Golden Green ta Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Malaysia da China (2011) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SITI ROZAIMERIYANTY DSLJ HAJI ABD RAHMAN |url=http://southeastasiawomen.org/profile.html?id=62dcde00-04e3-11e9-89f2-71b51807c67d |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=southeastasiawomen.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://southeastasiawomen.org/profile.html?id=62dcde00-04e3-11e9-89f2-71b51807c67d &quot;SITI ROZAIMERIYANTY DSLJ HAJI ABD RAHMAN&quot;]. ''southeastasiawomen.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 November&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Takardar shaidar Likita na Royal Institute of Architects (2019) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PUJA |url=https://www.pujajournal.com/Blogs/Post/16 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111141108/https://www.pujajournal.com/Blogs/Post/16 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.pujajournal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Fayil:Fourth_Class_of_the_Order_of_Setia_Negara_Brunei_(PSB).svg|50x50px]] Oda na Setia Negara Brunei Class Hudu (PSB) &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-09 |title=DEWAN MAJLIS |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/JMM%20Images/Laporan%20Penuh%20Hansard%209%20Mac%202020.pdf |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.councils.gov.bn |page=3 |language=ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Fayil:Excellent_Service_Medal_(PIKB).svg|50x50px]] Kyauta Mai Kyau ta Sabis (PIKB) &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
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    <title>Catarina Zenab</title>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346200976|Catarina Zenab]]&quot;</comment>
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Catarina, wani lokacin Caterina, Zenab (1848–1921) mai wa'azin Katolika ne ɗan Sudan .

== Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi ==
Zenab  aka haifa ta ƙauyen Dinka, ta yi karatu a Holy Cross Mission kafin ta yi tafiya tare da Daniele Comboni zuwa [[Khartoum]] a shekarar 1860. Tana iya karatun [[Harshen Dinka|Dinka]] da [[Larabci]] sosai, ta taimaka wa masu wa'azi wajen ƙirƙirar ƙamus da nahawun yaren Dinka.  Ta yi tafiya zuwa Verona don yin karatu kafin ta koma Khartoum a shekarar 1873 don koyarwa a makarantun masu wa'azi.

== Sana'a ==
Zenab ta shafe tsawon aikinta a matsayin mai wa'azi a Khartoum, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], da [[Omdurman]], tana wa'azi a tsakanin 'yan Dinka, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu bayi ne a waɗannan biranen. An kira ta &quot;watakila mai wa'azin Kirista na farko na Dinka&quot;. 

== Manazarta ==
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        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
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{{Databox}}

Catarina, wani lokacin Caterina, Zenab (1848–1921) mai wa'azin Katolika ne ɗan Sudan .

== Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi ==
Zenab  aka haifa ta ƙauyen Dinka, ta yi karatu a Holy Cross Mission kafin ta yi tafiya tare da Daniele Comboni zuwa [[Khartoum]] a shekarar 1860. Tana iya karatun [[Harshen Dinka|Dinka]] da [[Larabci]] sosai, ta taimaka wa masu wa'azi wajen ƙirƙirar ƙamus da nahawun yaren Dinka.  Ta yi tafiya zuwa Verona don yin karatu kafin ta koma Khartoum a shekarar 1873 don koyarwa a makarantun masu wa'azi.

== Sana'a ==
Zenab ta shafe tsawon aikinta a matsayin mai wa'azi a Khartoum, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], da [[Omdurman]], tana wa'azi a tsakanin 'yan Dinka, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu bayi ne a waɗannan biranen. An kira ta &quot;watakila mai wa'azin Kirista na farko na Dinka&quot;. 

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Jane Irwin Harrison</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329605768|Jane Irwin Harrison]]&quot;</comment>
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Jane Findlay Harrison ( wanda aka haifa Irwin ; 23 ga Yuli, 1804 – 11 ga Mayu, 1847) ita ce matar shugaban ƙasa mai riƙo a Amurka daga 4 ga Maris zuwa 4 ga Afrilu, 1841, a lokacin shugabancin surukinta William Henry Harrison . Ita ce matar ɗansa William Henry Harrison Jr. kuma ta ɗauki wannan matsayi a matsayin madadin matar shugaban ƙasa, Anna Harrison, wacce ba ta iya tafiya zuwa Fadar White House ba kafin rasuwarsa. Harrison ya kasance matar shugaban ƙasa mai riƙo ne kawai na tsawon kwanaki talatin, domin shugaban ƙasa ya rasu a kan mulki bayan wannan lokacin. 'Yar uwarta Elizabeth ita ce matar ɗan'uwan William Jr. John Scott Harrison kuma mahaifiyar Shugaba Benjamin Harrison .

== Rayuwar farko ==
[[Fayil:Stone_house_Irwinton_Mills_FrnkCo_PA.jpg|thumb|An haifi Jane Irwin Harrison a Irwinton Mills, kusa da Mercersburg, Pennsylvania.]]
An haifi Jane Irwin a gidan danginta da ke Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1804.  Jika ce ga James Ramsey, mai gonar Millmont a Montgomery Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania . &lt;ref name=&quot;arch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paula Stoner Dickey |date=n.d. |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Millmont Farm |url=https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H000895_01H.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314224047/https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H000895_01H.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-14 |access-date=2012-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta Archibald Irwin Jr, mai aikin niƙa ne, mahaifiyarta kuma Mary Ramsey Irwin, 'yar wani mai niƙa ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Harrison |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da 'yar'uwa, Elizabeth, da 'yan'uwa uku: James, John, da Archibald. Daga baya mahaifinta ya auri Sidney Grubb. Daga wannan auren, Jane ta haifi 'yan'uwa bakwai: Joseph, William, Mary, Nancy, Louisa, Sarah, da Sydney. 

Yayin da Irwin da 'yar uwarta ke ziyartar goggon su a North Bend, Ohio, sun haɗu da dangin Harrison . Irwin ya auri William Henry Harrison Jr a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1824. Jane Harrison ta haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu: James da William. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Harrison |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 &quot;Anna Harrison&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 the original] on October 11, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Auren ya kasance mai wahala, domin mijinta ya sha wahala daga [[shaye-shaye]] da kuma matsalar caca mai tsanani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnthony2014&quot;&gt;Anthony, Carl (September 30, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ &quot;First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ the original] on September 22, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mijinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1838. A shekara ta 1840, an zaɓi surukinta a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Amurka . 

== Mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House ==
Lokacin da William Henry Harrison ya zama shugaban ƙasa, [[Anna Harrison]] ba ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] ba, sai ta jira har sai yanayi ya fi dacewa da tafiya saboda rashin lafiyarta. William Henry Harrison ya naɗa Jane Harrison a matsayin mai masaukin baki a [[White House|Fadar White House]], matsayin da [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka|matar shugaban ƙasa ta Amurka]] ta taka a matsayinta.  Ta yi tafiyar zuwa Washington tare da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa.  Goggon mahaifinta Jane Findlay ce ta raka su. Jane Harrison ta nemi goggon ta ta haɗu da su a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan zamantakewa, domin Findlay ta taɓa zama a Washington, DC a matsayin matar ɗan majalisa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnthony2014&quot;&gt;Anthony, Carl (September 30, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ &quot;First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ the original] on September 22, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Harrison |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 &quot;Anna Harrison&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 the original] on October 11, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Da farko dai iyalan Harrison sun yi niyyar Anna ta isa Washington a bazara mai zuwa don ta yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, a lokacin ne Jane za ta koma matsayin mataimakiyar mai masaukin baki. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan bai taɓa faruwa ba, domin lokacin Harrison a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ya ƙare ba zato ba tsammani bayan mutuwar Shugaba Harrison, kwanaki talatin kacal bayan rantsar da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnthony2014&quot;&gt;Anthony, Carl (September 30, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ &quot;First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ the original] on September 22, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda ɗan gajeren lokacin da surukinta ya yi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, ta shirya tarurruka biyu kacal na zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;SI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2020 |title=Jane Harrison |url=https://firstladies.si.edu/portrait/jane-harrison |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Bayan komawa North Bend, Harrison ta auri bazawara Lewis Whiteman. Ta mutu sakamakon [[tarin fuka]] bayan 'yan shekaru. &lt;ref name=&quot;SI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2020 |title=Jane Harrison |url=https://firstladies.si.edu/portrait/jane-harrison |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://firstladies.si.edu/portrait/jane-harrison &quot;Jane Harrison&quot;]. ''Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery''. September 21, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar alamar kabarinta, ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1847. {{Efn|Sources have variously described her year of death as 1845,&lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot; /&gt; 1846,&lt;ref name=&quot;strock&quot; /&gt; or 1847.&lt;ref name=&quot;SI&quot; /&gt;}}

Ya zama ruwan dare ga ƙananan mata su yi aiki a matsayin mata na shugaban ƙasa a wannan lokacin a tarihin Amurka, kuma Harrison tana ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan mata da suka yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House maimakon matar shugaban ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carl Sferrazza Anthony ya bayyana Harrison a matsayin mafi ƙarancin tasiri a cikin dukkan mata na shugaban ƙasa na Amurka saboda ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi aiki. An rasa bayanai da yawa game da lokacin aikinta, domin ba ta bar wani rubutaccen bayani game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnthony2014&quot;&gt;Anthony, Carl (September 30, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ &quot;First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ the original] on September 22, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An yi kuskuren ɗaukar Goggon ta, Jane Findlay, a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa mai riƙo, domin ta taimaka wa Jane Irwin Harrison a Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Harrison |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 &quot;Anna Harrison&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 the original] on October 11, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

'Yar'uwar Harrison Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin ta auri ɗan William Henry Harrison John Scott Harrison a shekarar 1831, kuma ɗansu Benjamin Harrison daga baya ya zama shugaban ƙasar Amurka.  Ganin cewa Benjamin ɗa ne ga 'yar'uwarta kuma surukinta, Harrison ya zama goggon uwa da kuma goggon uba ga shugaban ƙasa na gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnthony2014&quot;&gt;Anthony, Carl (September 30, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ &quot;First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ the original] on September 22, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{S-start}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Acting&lt;/small&gt;}}
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{{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{William Henry Harrison}}</text>
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Jane Findlay Harrison ( wacce aka haifa a Irwin ; 23 ga Yuli, 1804 – 11 ga Mayu, 1847) ita ce matar shugaban ƙasa mai riƙo a Amurka daga 4 ga Maris zuwa 4 ga Afrilu, 1841, a lokacin shugabancin surukinta William Henry Harrison . Ita ce matar ɗansa William Henry Harrison Jr. kuma ta ɗauki wannan matsayi a matsayin madadin matar shugaban ƙasa, Anna Harrison, wacce ba ta iya tafiya zuwa Fadar White House ba kafin rasuwarsa. Harrison ya kasance matar shugaban ƙasa mai riƙo ne kawai na tsawon kwanaki talatin, domin shugaban ƙasa ya rasu a kan mulki bayan wannan lokacin. 'Yar uwarta Elizabeth ita ce matar ɗan'uwan William Jr. John Scott Harrison kuma mahaifiyar Shugaba Benjamin Harrison .

== Rayuwar farko ==
[[Fayil:Stone_house_Irwinton_Mills_FrnkCo_PA.jpg|thumb|An haifi Jane Irwin Harrison a Irwinton Mills, kusa da Mercersburg, Pennsylvania.]]
An haifi Jane Irwin a gidan danginta da ke Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1804.  Jika ce ga James Ramsey, mai gonar Millmont a Montgomery Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania . &lt;ref name=&quot;arch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paula Stoner Dickey |date=n.d. |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Millmont Farm |url=https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H000895_01H.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314224047/https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H000895_01H.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-14 |access-date=2012-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta Archibald Irwin Jr, mai aikin niƙa ne, mahaifiyarta kuma Mary Ramsey Irwin, 'yar wani mai niƙa ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Harrison |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da 'yar'uwa, Elizabeth, da 'yan'uwa uku: James, John, da Archibald. Daga baya mahaifinta ya auri Sidney Grubb. Daga wannan auren, Jane ta haifi 'yan'uwa bakwai: Joseph, William, Mary, Nancy, Louisa, Sarah, da Sydney. 

Yayin da Irwin da 'yar uwarta ke ziyartar goggon su a North Bend, Ohio, sun haɗu da dangin Harrison . Irwin ya auri William Henry Harrison Jr a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1824. Jane Harrison ta haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu: James da William. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Harrison |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 &quot;Anna Harrison&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 the original] on October 11, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Auren ya kasance mai wahala, domin mijinta ya sha wahala daga [[shaye-shaye]] da kuma matsalar caca mai tsanani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnthony2014&quot;&gt;Anthony, Carl (September 30, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ &quot;First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ the original] on September 22, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mijinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1838. A shekara ta 1840, an zaɓi surukinta a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Amurka . 

== Mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House ==
Lokacin da William Henry Harrison ya zama shugaban ƙasa, [[Anna Harrison]] ba ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] ba, sai ta jira har sai yanayi ya fi dacewa da tafiya saboda rashin lafiyarta. William Henry Harrison ya naɗa Jane Harrison a matsayin mai masaukin baki a [[White House|Fadar White House]], matsayin da [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka|matar shugaban ƙasa ta Amurka]] ta taka a matsayinta.  Ta yi tafiyar zuwa Washington tare da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa.  Goggon mahaifinta Jane Findlay ce ta raka su. Jane Harrison ta nemi goggon ta ta haɗu da su a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan zamantakewa, domin Findlay ta taɓa zama a Washington, DC a matsayin matar ɗan majalisa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnthony2014&quot;&gt;Anthony, Carl (September 30, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ &quot;First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ the original] on September 22, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Harrison |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 &quot;Anna Harrison&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 the original] on October 11, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Da farko dai iyalan Harrison sun yi niyyar Anna ta isa Washington a bazara mai zuwa don ta yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, a lokacin ne Jane za ta koma matsayin mataimakiyar mai masaukin baki. &lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan bai taɓa faruwa ba, domin lokacin Harrison a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ya ƙare ba zato ba tsammani bayan mutuwar Shugaba Harrison, kwanaki talatin kacal bayan rantsar da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnthony2014&quot;&gt;Anthony, Carl (September 30, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ &quot;First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ the original] on September 22, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda ɗan gajeren lokacin da surukinta ya yi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, ta shirya tarurruka biyu kacal na zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;SI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2020 |title=Jane Harrison |url=https://firstladies.si.edu/portrait/jane-harrison |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Bayan komawa North Bend, Harrison ta auri bazawara Lewis Whiteman. Ta mutu sakamakon [[tarin fuka]] bayan 'yan shekaru. &lt;ref name=&quot;SI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2020 |title=Jane Harrison |url=https://firstladies.si.edu/portrait/jane-harrison |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://firstladies.si.edu/portrait/jane-harrison &quot;Jane Harrison&quot;]. ''Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery''. September 21, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar alamar kabarinta, ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1847. {{Efn|Sources have variously described her year of death as 1845,&lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot; /&gt; 1846,&lt;ref name=&quot;strock&quot; /&gt; or 1847.&lt;ref name=&quot;SI&quot; /&gt;}}

Ya zama ruwan dare ga ƙananan mata su yi aiki a matsayin mata na shugaban ƙasa a wannan lokacin a tarihin Amurka, kuma Harrison tana ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan mata da suka yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House maimakon matar shugaban ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;caroli&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carl Sferrazza Anthony ya bayyana Harrison a matsayin mafi ƙarancin tasiri a cikin dukkan mata na shugaban ƙasa na Amurka saboda ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi aiki. An rasa bayanai da yawa game da lokacin aikinta, domin ba ta bar wani rubutaccen bayani game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnthony2014&quot;&gt;Anthony, Carl (September 30, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ &quot;First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ the original] on September 22, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An yi kuskuren ɗaukar Goggon ta, Jane Findlay, a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa mai riƙo, domin ta taimaka wa Jane Irwin Harrison a Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Harrison |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221011142214/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 &quot;Anna Harrison&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 the original] on October 11, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

'Yar'uwar Harrison Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin ta auri ɗan William Henry Harrison John Scott Harrison a shekarar 1831, kuma ɗansu Benjamin Harrison daga baya ya zama shugaban ƙasar Amurka.  Ganin cewa Benjamin ɗa ne ga 'yar'uwarta kuma surukinta, Harrison ya zama goggon uwa da kuma goggon uba ga shugaban ƙasa na gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Carl |date=September 30, 2014 |title=First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor |url=https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnthony2014&quot;&gt;Anthony, Carl (September 30, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045811/https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ &quot;First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Jane Harrison &amp; Anna Taylor&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [https://firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-jane-harrison-anna-taylor/ the original] on September 22, 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{S-start}}
{{S-hon}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Acting&lt;/small&gt;}}
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'''Sarah Childress Polk''' (Satumba 4, 1803 - Agusta 14, 1891) ita ce [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka|matar shugaban ƙasar Amurka]] daga 1845 zuwa 1849. Ita ce matar shugaban ƙasar Amurka na 11, [[James K. Polk]] .

Sarah ta yi karatu mai kyau a cikin iyali mai nasara, ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba tun tana ƙarama. Ba su taɓa samun 'ya'ya na kansu ba duk da cewa suna da 'yan uwa. Sarah, mai son zamantakewa da kuma sanin ya kamata, ta taimaka wa mijinta wajen ba shi shawarwari kan harkokin siyasa a wasu lokutan, amma ta guji bayyana a bainar jama'a. Bayan rasuwar mijinta a shekarar 1849, Sarah ta yi shekara 42 tana zama bazawara, mafi tsawo fiye da kowace matar shugaban ƙasa.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
[[Fayil:James_K_Polk_and_Sarah_C_Polk.jpg|left|thumb|Sarah da James K. Polk, kimanin 1848–1849]]
An haifi Sarah Childress a shekarar 1803 ga Elizabeth Whitsitt da Joel Childress, fitacciyar mai shuka, dillali, kuma mai hasashe a fannin ƙasa—na uku cikin 'ya'yansu shida. Ta sami ilimi mai kyau ga wata mace mai irin lokacinta da wurinta, tana halartar Kwalejin Moravians ' Salem da ke Winston-Salem, North Carolina a shekarar 1817, ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyi kalilan na manyan makarantu da mata ke da su a farkon ƙarni na 19.

Sarah Childress ta haɗu da [[James K. Polk]] yayin da dukkansu ke karɓar umarni daga Samuel P. Black a gidansa da ke Murfreesboro, Tennessee ; yana da shekaru 19, tana da shekaru 12. Za a gabatar da su a hukumance a farkon shekarun 1820 tare da shigar Polk cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya fara soyayya da ita, tatsuniya ta ce [[Andrew Jackson]] ya kira ta &quot;mai arziki, kyakkyawa, buri, da wayo,&quot; kuma ya roƙi Polk da ya aure ta.  A shekara ta 1823, su biyun suka yi aure, kuma a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1824, Sarah Childress, mai shekaru 20, ta auri James Polk, mai shekaru 28, a gidan gonar iyayen amarya kusa da Murfreesboro.

Sun yi aure tsawon shekaru 25, kuma ba su taɓa haihuwa ba. Sau da yawa ana danganta wannan da tiyatar dutse mafitsara da Polk ya yi masa tun yana saurayi, wadda ake kyautata zaton ta sa shi rashin haihuwa. Su ne kaɗai ma'auratan shugaban ƙasa da ba su taɓa samun 'ya'ya ba yayin da suke tare, a fannin halitta, ko kuma daga auren da suka yi da shi.  Sun renon ɗan uwansa, Marshall Tate Polk (1831–1884), a matsayin ungozomarsu na tsawon shekaru kaɗan kafin James ya tura shi makaranta a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], daga baya kuma ya tura shi Jami'ar Georgetown .  Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Sarah ta renon jikarta, Sarah Polk Fall (1847–1924).

== Shekarun rayuwar siyasa (1825-1849) ==
[[Fayil:Dolly_MAdison.jpg|left|thumb|'Yan Polk a kan barandar Fadar White House tare da Sakataren Harkokin Waje [[James Buchanan]], da kuma tsohuwar matar shugaban ƙasa [[Dolley Madison]] .]]
A lokacin aikinsa na siyasa, Polk ta taimaka wa mijinta da jawabai, tana amfani da basirarta don jagorantar jadawalinsa da kuma ba shi tabbacin da ake buƙata. Ta kan raka mijinta duk lokacin da zai iya duk lokacin da ya yi tafiya zuwa Washington kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ta taka rawa a siyasa. Har ma ta kwafi wasiƙunsa kuma ta haɓaka ƙwarewar zamantakewa mai kyau. Mrs. Polk ba mace ba ce da ta zaɓi bayyana ra'ayinta a fili, tana ƙoƙarin ci gaba da nuna tawali'u. Mijinta ne da kansa ya bayyana cewa mafi goyon bayansa da mai sukarsa ita ce matarsa. Ta kuma ba shi shawara kan al'amuran manufofi kuma ta taka rawa sosai a kamfen ɗinsa. Mrs. Polk ta ci gaba da yin wasiƙu da shugabannin ƙasa don samun damar shiga batutuwan duniya da suka shafi kamfen ɗin mijinta. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan shugaban ƙasa na farko da suka taka rawa sosai a tsarin zaɓen mijinta da kuma yakin neman zaɓen kanta. Ba wai kawai ta ci gaba da wannan matakin sadarwa ba, har ma ta rubuta wa wata jarida ta gida tana bayyana goyon bayanta ga gwamnatin James Polk da kuma shirye-shiryen manufofin da ya gabatar. Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi jawo ce-ce-ku-ce da ta iya rubutawa shine ra'ayin faɗaɗa al'umma wanda ya zurfafa cikin manufar ƙaddarar da ta shafi haƙƙin Amurka a matsayin ikon mallaka. A Washington a matsayinta na matar ɗan majalisa a lokacin gwamnatocin [[John Quincy Adams]], [[Andrew Jackson]], da Martin Van Buren, Polk ta ji daɗin ayyukanta na zamantakewa. Mrs. Polk mace ce mai addini wadda ta ƙi rawa, halartar tseren dawaki, ko wasan kwaikwayo a fili. Ta yi alfahari da kasancewa mace mai son jama'a amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai mutunci. Duk da cewa ba ta sha kanta ba, ta tabbatar da bayar da zaɓi mai kyau na abubuwan sha da abinci iri-iri a lokacin cin abincin dare na tallata a matsayin sarauniyar karimci. Ita mace ce da &quot;ta sami shahara sosai da kuma girmamawa mai zurfi&quot;. A shekarar 1830 ta yi kasadar samun sabani da Jackson, mai ba mijinta shawara, ta hanyar shiga cikin kyamar Peggy Eaton a zamantakewa, a lokacin da take cikin soyayyar Petticoat, kodayake ta ci gaba da gaishe da Eaton, ba kamar matar Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa John C. Calhoun ba, Floride Calhoun, da kuma yawancin matan 'yan majalisar ministoci. &lt;ref&gt;Schneider, D., &amp; Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. p. 72. {{ISBN|1438127502}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1845, Sarah Polk ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta 11 a Amurka. Ta kasance mai rai, mai fara'a, mai hankali, kuma mai iya magana. Shugaba Polk a wasu lokutan yana tattaunawa da ita kan harkokin siyasa. Yayin da take jin daɗin siyasa, ta kuma gargaɗi mijinta, wanda lafiyarsa ba ta taɓa yin ƙarfi ba, game da yawan aiki. &lt;ref&gt;Schneider, D., &amp; Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. p. 73. {{ISBN|1438127502}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai ibada a Presbyterian, a matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa, ta haramta rawa, wasannin kati, da barasa mai ƙarfi a liyafar hukuma. &lt;ref&gt;Schneider, D., &amp; Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. pp. 75–76. {{ISBN|1438127502}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba kamar waltzes na [[Julia Gardiner Tyler|Julia Tyler]] ba, nishaɗin Polk sun kasance masu natsuwa da kuma natsuwa wanda ya sa Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta yi wa lakabi da &quot;Sahara Sarah&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Schneider, D., &amp; Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. p. 76. {{ISBN|1438127502}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa wasu labaran sun bayyana cewa Polks ba su taɓa yin giya ba, matar wani ɗan Majalisa &quot;ta rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinta na cin abincin dare na tsawon sa'o'i huɗu a Fadar White House - gilashin giya shida daban-daban, daga shampagne mai ruwan hoda zuwa ruby port da sauterne, 'sun samar da bakan gizo a kusa da kowane faranti.'&quot; 

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
[[Fayil:Sarahdurry.gif.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Polk a shekarunta na baya]]
Bayan halartar bikin rantsar da [[Zachary Taylor]] a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1849, Polk da mijinta suka tafi da dawaki da karusa zuwa sabon gidansu, Polk Place, da ke Nashville, Tennessee . Da suka isa Tennessee, abin takaici Polk, Polk Place bai kammala aikin ba tukuna. Daga nan suka tafi daga Nashville zuwa Columbia don yin makonni biyu tare da surukarta kafin su tafi Murfreesboro tare da iyalinta kafin su koma Nashville. Watanni uku bayan haka, James Polk ya mutu sakamakon cutar kwalara, bayan ya yi ritaya mafi kankanta fiye da kowane shugaban Amurka. Yana da shekaru 53.  Polk ta ci gaba da zama a Polk Place a cikin waɗannan shekarun baya na bazawararta, ba kasafai take tafiya ba, ta zama mai zaman kanta. Ba ta fara karbar bakuncin baƙi ba sai bayan 'yan shekaru bayan mutuwar mijinta. Ta karbi bakuncin manyan baƙi kuma masu shahara a duk lokacin bazawararta, kamar Abram Hewitt, Edward Cooper, John C. Calhoun II, John Catron, George Bancroft, da sauransu da yawa, ciki har da Shugaba Rutherford B. Hayes da Grover Cleveland .   
[[Fayil:SallyPolk.jpg|right|thumb|Sarah tare da 'yar uwarta, Sallie]]
Da zarar ta zama bazawara, Polk ta ɗauki jika, Sarah Polk Jetton, wacce aka yi wa laƙabi da &quot;Sallie&quot; (1847–1924), kuma ta gan ta a matsayin 'yarta. Bayan da 'yar uwar Polk ta mutu, an kawo ta ta zauna tare da Polk. Sun zauna tare a Nashville har zuwa mutuwar Polk a 1891 tana da shekaru 87. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarah Childress Polk |url=https://www.jameskpolk.com/sarah-polk-biography.php |access-date=April 30, 2018 |publisher=James K. Polk Home}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Polk ta fuskanci ƙananan matsaloli na kuɗi a tsawon lokacin da ta yi bazawara. Babban hanyar samun kuɗin shiga ta hanyar gonar da ta gada daga mijinta ne. An tilasta mata sayar da gonar kafin Yaƙin Basasa a 1861. Daga baya ta karɓi kuɗi ta hannun ƙanenta John Childress. Tun daga shekarar 1884 gwamnatin Amurka ta bai wa Sarah fansho na $5,000 (~$ 179,167 a 2025 ) a shekara har zuwa rasuwarta. 
[[Fayil:PolkPlace.jpg|left|thumb|Wurin Polk]]
A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, Polk ta kasance ba ta da wani zaɓi a hukumance, amma ta nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da kiyaye Tarayyar a lokacin da kwamandojin Sojojin Tarayyar suka ziyarci gidanta lokaci-lokaci, ciki har da Don Carlos Buell, George Henry Thomas, Ulysses S. Grant, da William Tecumseh Sherman . Duk da haka, a matsayinta na mace ta gargajiya ta Kudu, ta kuma ambaci masu tausayawa na Confederate a lokacin ziyarar janar-janar na Confederate  a Nashville inda Sarah za ta shafe sama da shekaru 42 tana taka rawar gani. Sarah Polk ta zauna a Polk Place na tsawon shekaru 42, mafi tsawon lokacin da ta yi tana kan karagar mulki fiye da kowace matar shugaban Amurka, kuma mafi tsawon lokacin da ta yi ritaya har sai da Frances Cleveland ta zarce ta a 1939, da [[Rosalynn Carter]] (a takaice) a 2023. A matsayinta na gwauruwa ta gaske ta Victoria, Sarah koyaushe tana sanya baƙar fata a bainar jama'a. Ta ziyarci ɗan'uwanta a Childress-Ray House da ke Murfreesboro, wacce 'yarta ta auri Gwamnan Tennessee John C. Brown . &lt;ref name=&quot;npsformchildressrayhouse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form: Childress-Ray House |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/0dc06e51-5544-4053-9f23-f773daa9a035 |access-date=March 30, 2018 |website=National Park Service |publisher=United States Department of the Interior}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma ta kan ziyarci ƙawarta ta kud da kud Adelicia Acklen a Belmont . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adelicia Acklen |url=https://www.civilwarshades.org/taking-care-of-business/adelicia-acklen/ |access-date=April 30, 2018 |website=Shades of Gray and Blue}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Polk ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1891, tana da shekaru 87. An fara binne ta kusa da mijinta a gidansu da ke Nashville kuma daga baya aka sake binne ta tare da shi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Tennessee lokacin da aka rushe Polk Place a shekarar 1901.   Polk ta bar abubuwan da ke cikin Polk Place ga kakarta, Sarah Polk Fall . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarah Childress Polk |url=https://www.jameskpolk.com/sarah-polk-biography.php |access-date=April 30, 2018 |publisher=James K. Polk Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

* ''Rubutu na asali bisa ga [https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/first-ladies/sarahpolk tarihin rayuwar Fadar White House]''
* Archived [http://www.american-presidents.org/2006/12/sarah-polk.html Sarah Polk]  

== Ƙarin karatu ==
{{External media|float=right|video1=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?457892-1/qa-amy-greenberg ''Q&amp;A'' interview with Amy Greenberg on ''Lady First'', March 10, 2019], [[C-SPAN]]}}

*  
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* {{Cite book|last3=Amy S. Greenberg}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/13/Sarah-Polk.aspx Sarah Polk] a C-SPAN 's ''First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp;amp; Image''
* [http://www.requestaprint.net/whitehouse/itemdetail.php?work_id=108&amp;gallery_id=3]
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'''Sarah Childress Polk''' (Satumba 4, 1803 - Agusta 14, 1891) ita ce [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka|matar shugaban ƙasar Amurka]] daga 1845 zuwa 1849. Ita ce matar shugaban ƙasar Amurka na 11, [[James K. Polk]] .

Sarah ta yi karatu mai kyau a cikin iyali mai nasara, ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba tun tana ƙarama. Ba su taɓa samun 'ya'ya na kansu ba duk da cewa suna da 'yan uwa. Sarah, mai son zamantakewa da kuma sanin ya kamata, ta taimaka wa mijinta wajen ba shi shawarwari kan harkokin siyasa a wasu lokutan, amma ta guji bayyana a bainar jama'a. Bayan rasuwar mijinta a shekarar 1849, Sarah ta yi shekara 42 tana zama bazawara, mafi tsawo fiye da kowace matar shugaban ƙasa.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
[[Fayil:James_K_Polk_and_Sarah_C_Polk.jpg|left|thumb|Sarah da James K. Polk, kimanin 1848–1849]]
An haifi Sarah Childress a shekarar 1803 ga Elizabeth Whitsitt da Joel Childress, fitacciyar mai shuka, dillali, kuma mai hasashe a fannin ƙasa—na uku cikin 'ya'yansu shida. Ta sami ilimi mai kyau ga wata mace mai irin lokacinta da wurinta, tana halartar Kwalejin Moravians ' Salem da ke Winston-Salem, North Carolina a shekarar 1817, ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyi kalilan na manyan makarantu da mata ke da su a farkon ƙarni na 19.

Sarah Childress ta haɗu da [[James K. Polk]] yayin da dukkansu ke karɓar umarni daga Samuel P. Black a gidansa da ke Murfreesboro, Tennessee ; yana da shekaru 19, tana da shekaru 12. Za a gabatar da su a hukumance a farkon shekarun 1820 tare da shigar Polk cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya fara soyayya da ita, tatsuniya ta ce [[Andrew Jackson]] ya kira ta &quot;mai arziki, kyakkyawa, buri, da wayo,&quot; kuma ya roƙi Polk da ya aure ta.  A shekara ta 1823, su biyun suka yi aure, kuma a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1824, Sarah Childress, mai shekaru 20, ta auri James Polk, mai shekaru 28, a gidan gonar iyayen amarya kusa da Murfreesboro.

Sun yi aure tsawon shekaru 25, kuma ba su taɓa haihuwa ba. Sau da yawa ana danganta wannan da tiyatar dutse mafitsara da Polk ya yi masa tun yana saurayi, wadda ake kyautata zaton ta sa shi rashin haihuwa. Su ne kaɗai ma'auratan shugaban ƙasa da ba su taɓa samun 'ya'ya ba yayin da suke tare, a fannin halitta, ko kuma daga auren da suka yi da shi.  Sun renon ɗan uwansa, Marshall Tate Polk (1831–1884), a matsayin ungozomarsu na tsawon shekaru kaɗan kafin James ya tura shi makaranta a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], daga baya kuma ya tura shi Jami'ar Georgetown .  Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Sarah ta renon jikarta, Sarah Polk Fall (1847–1924).

== Shekarun rayuwar siyasa (1825-1849) ==
[[Fayil:Dolly_MAdison.jpg|left|thumb|'Yan Polk a kan barandar Fadar White House tare da Sakataren Harkokin Waje [[James Buchanan]], da kuma tsohuwar matar shugaban ƙasa [[Dolley Madison]] .]]
A lokacin aikinsa na siyasa, Polk ta taimaka wa mijinta da jawabai, tana amfani da basirarta don jagorantar jadawalinsa da kuma ba shi tabbacin da ake buƙata. Ta kan raka mijinta duk lokacin da zai iya duk lokacin da ya yi tafiya zuwa Washington kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ta taka rawa a siyasa. Har ma ta kwafi wasiƙunsa kuma ta haɓaka ƙwarewar zamantakewa mai kyau. Mrs. Polk ba mace ba ce da ta zaɓi bayyana ra'ayinta a fili, tana ƙoƙarin ci gaba da nuna tawali'u. Mijinta ne da kansa ya bayyana cewa mafi goyon bayansa da mai sukarsa ita ce matarsa. Ta kuma ba shi shawara kan al'amuran manufofi kuma ta taka rawa sosai a kamfen ɗinsa. Mrs. Polk ta ci gaba da yin wasiƙu da shugabannin ƙasa don samun damar shiga batutuwan duniya da suka shafi kamfen ɗin mijinta. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan shugaban ƙasa na farko da suka taka rawa sosai a tsarin zaɓen mijinta da kuma yakin neman zaɓen kanta. Ba wai kawai ta ci gaba da wannan matakin sadarwa ba, har ma ta rubuta wa wata jarida ta gida tana bayyana goyon bayanta ga gwamnatin James Polk da kuma shirye-shiryen manufofin da ya gabatar. Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi jawo ce-ce-ku-ce da ta iya rubutawa shine ra'ayin faɗaɗa al'umma wanda ya zurfafa cikin manufar ƙaddarar da ta shafi haƙƙin Amurka a matsayin ikon mallaka. A Washington a matsayinta na matar ɗan majalisa a lokacin gwamnatocin [[John Quincy Adams]], [[Andrew Jackson]], da Martin Van Buren, Polk ta ji daɗin ayyukanta na zamantakewa. Mrs. Polk mace ce mai addini wadda ta ƙi rawa, halartar tseren dawaki, ko wasan kwaikwayo a fili. Ta yi alfahari da kasancewa mace mai son jama'a amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai mutunci. Duk da cewa ba ta sha kanta ba, ta tabbatar da bayar da zaɓi mai kyau na abubuwan sha da abinci iri-iri a lokacin cin abincin dare na tallata a matsayin sarauniyar karimci. Ita mace ce da &quot;ta sami shahara sosai da kuma girmamawa mai zurfi&quot;. A shekarar 1830 ta yi kasadar samun sabani da Jackson, mai ba mijinta shawara, ta hanyar shiga cikin kyamar Peggy Eaton a zamantakewa, a lokacin da take cikin soyayyar Petticoat, kodayake ta ci gaba da gaishe da Eaton, ba kamar matar Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa John C. Calhoun ba, Floride Calhoun, da kuma yawancin matan 'yan majalisar ministoci. &lt;ref&gt;Schneider, D., &amp; Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. p. 72. {{ISBN|1438127502}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1845, Sarah Polk ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta 11 a Amurka. Ta kasance mai rai, mai fara'a, mai hankali, kuma mai iya magana. Shugaba Polk a wasu lokutan yana tattaunawa da ita kan harkokin siyasa. Yayin da take jin daɗin siyasa, ta kuma gargaɗi mijinta, wanda lafiyarsa ba ta taɓa yin ƙarfi ba, game da yawan aiki. &lt;ref&gt;Schneider, D., &amp; Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. p. 73. {{ISBN|1438127502}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai ibada a Presbyterian, a matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa, ta haramta rawa, wasannin kati, da barasa mai ƙarfi a liyafar hukuma. &lt;ref&gt;Schneider, D., &amp; Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. pp. 75–76. {{ISBN|1438127502}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba kamar waltzes na [[Julia Gardiner Tyler|Julia Tyler]] ba, nishaɗin Polk sun kasance masu natsuwa da kuma natsuwa wanda ya sa Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta yi wa lakabi da &quot;Sahara Sarah&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Schneider, D., &amp; Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. p. 76. {{ISBN|1438127502}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa wasu labaran sun bayyana cewa Polks ba su taɓa yin giya ba, matar wani ɗan Majalisa &quot;ta rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinta na cin abincin dare na tsawon sa'o'i huɗu a Fadar White House - gilashin giya shida daban-daban, daga shampagne mai ruwan hoda zuwa ruby port da sauterne, 'sun samar da bakan gizo a kusa da kowane faranti.'&quot; 

== Rayuwa daga baya ==
[[Fayil:Sarahdurry.gif.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Polk a shekarunta na baya]]
Bayan halartar bikin rantsar da [[Zachary Taylor]] a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1849, Polk da mijinta suka tafi da dawaki da karusa zuwa sabon gidansu, Polk Place, da ke Nashville, Tennessee . Da suka isa Tennessee, abin takaici Polk, Polk Place bai kammala aikin ba tukuna. Daga nan suka tafi daga Nashville zuwa Columbia don yin makonni biyu tare da surukarta kafin su tafi Murfreesboro tare da iyalinta kafin su koma Nashville. Watanni uku bayan haka, James Polk ya mutu sakamakon cutar kwalara, bayan ya yi ritaya mafi kankanta fiye da kowane shugaban Amurka. Yana da shekaru 53.  Polk ta ci gaba da zama a Polk Place a cikin waɗannan shekarun baya na bazawararta, ba kasafai take tafiya ba, ta zama mai zaman kanta. Ba ta fara karbar bakuncin baƙi ba sai bayan 'yan shekaru bayan mutuwar mijinta. Ta karbi bakuncin manyan baƙi kuma masu shahara a duk lokacin bazawararta, kamar Abram Hewitt, Edward Cooper, John C. Calhoun II, John Catron, George Bancroft, da sauransu da yawa, ciki har da Shugaba Rutherford B. Hayes da Grover Cleveland .   
[[Fayil:SallyPolk.jpg|right|thumb|Sarah tare da 'yar uwarta, Sallie]]
Da zarar ta zama bazawara, Polk ta ɗauki jika, Sarah Polk Jetton, wacce aka yi wa laƙabi da &quot;Sallie&quot; (1847–1924), kuma ta gan ta a matsayin 'yarta. Bayan da 'yar uwar Polk ta mutu, an kawo ta ta zauna tare da Polk. Sun zauna tare a Nashville har zuwa mutuwar Polk a 1891 tana da shekaru 87. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarah Childress Polk |url=https://www.jameskpolk.com/sarah-polk-biography.php |access-date=April 30, 2018 |publisher=James K. Polk Home}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Polk ta fuskanci ƙananan matsaloli na kuɗi a tsawon lokacin da ta yi bazawara. Babban hanyar samun kuɗin shiga ta hanyar gonar da ta gada daga mijinta ne. An tilasta mata sayar da gonar kafin Yaƙin Basasa a 1861. Daga baya ta karɓi kuɗi ta hannun ƙanenta John Childress. Tun daga shekarar 1884 gwamnatin Amurka ta bai wa Sarah fansho na $5,000 (~$ 179,167 a 2025 ) a shekara har zuwa rasuwarta. 
[[Fayil:PolkPlace.jpg|left|thumb|Wurin Polk]]
A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, Polk ta kasance ba ta da wani zaɓi a hukumance, amma ta nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da kiyaye Tarayyar a lokacin da kwamandojin Sojojin Tarayyar suka ziyarci gidanta lokaci-lokaci, ciki har da Don Carlos Buell, George Henry Thomas, Ulysses S. Grant, da William Tecumseh Sherman . Duk da haka, a matsayinta na mace ta gargajiya ta Kudu, ta kuma ambaci masu tausayawa na Confederate a lokacin ziyarar janar-janar na Confederate  a Nashville inda Sarah za ta shafe sama da shekaru 42 tana taka rawar gani. Sarah Polk ta zauna a Polk Place na tsawon shekaru 42, mafi tsawon lokacin da ta yi tana kan karagar mulki fiye da kowace matar shugaban Amurka, kuma mafi tsawon lokacin da ta yi ritaya har sai da Frances Cleveland ta zarce ta a 1939, da [[Rosalynn Carter]] (a takaice) a 2023. A matsayinta na gwauruwa ta gaske ta Victoria, Sarah koyaushe tana sanya baƙar fata a bainar jama'a. Ta ziyarci ɗan'uwanta a Childress-Ray House da ke Murfreesboro, wacce 'yarta ta auri Gwamnan Tennessee John C. Brown . &lt;ref name=&quot;npsformchildressrayhouse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form: Childress-Ray House |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/0dc06e51-5544-4053-9f23-f773daa9a035 |access-date=March 30, 2018 |website=National Park Service |publisher=United States Department of the Interior}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma ta kan ziyarci ƙawarta ta kud da kud Adelicia Acklen a Belmont . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adelicia Acklen |url=https://www.civilwarshades.org/taking-care-of-business/adelicia-acklen/ |access-date=April 30, 2018 |website=Shades of Gray and Blue}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Polk ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1891, tana da shekaru 87. An fara binne ta kusa da mijinta a gidansu da ke Nashville kuma daga baya aka sake binne ta tare da shi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Tennessee lokacin da aka rushe Polk Place a shekarar 1901.   Polk ta bar abubuwan da ke cikin Polk Place ga kakarta, Sarah Polk Fall . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarah Childress Polk |url=https://www.jameskpolk.com/sarah-polk-biography.php |access-date=April 30, 2018 |publisher=James K. Polk Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

* ''Rubutu na asali bisa ga [https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/first-ladies/sarahpolk tarihin rayuwar Fadar White House]''
* Archived [http://www.american-presidents.org/2006/12/sarah-polk.html Sarah Polk]  

== Ƙarin karatu ==
{{External media|float=right|video1=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?457892-1/qa-amy-greenberg ''Q&amp;A'' interview with Amy Greenberg on ''Lady First'', March 10, 2019], [[C-SPAN]]}}

*  
*  
*  
* {{Cite book|last3=Amy S. Greenberg}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/13/Sarah-Polk.aspx Sarah Polk] a C-SPAN 's ''First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp;amp; Image''
* [http://www.requestaprint.net/whitehouse/itemdetail.php?work_id=108&amp;gallery_id=3]
{{S-start}}
{{S-hon}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Julia Gardiner Tyler|Julia Tyler]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=First Lady of the United States|years=1845–1849}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Margaret Taylor]]}}
{{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{James K. Polk}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/973777171|Rivers State Customary Court of Appeal]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1588" sha1="jncthxwfdsi3ldx9925jiq5hbt9as4e" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers''' kotun shari'a ce ta shari'a ta biyu wacce ke da ikon daukaka kara da kulawa kan batutuwan dokar al'ada a Jihar Rives. Shugaban kasa ne ke jagoranta tare da taimakon alƙalai da yawa kamar yadda Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers ta tsara. Shugaban yanzu shine Christy Nwankwo, bayan da Gwamna [[Ezenwo Wike]] ya nada shi a ofis tun daga 29 ga Mayu 2015. 

== Manufofi ==
Manufofin Kotun sune: 

# Fassara al'adu da al'adun mutanen Jihar Rivers yayin da suke yin adalci.
# Cikakken aikin Babban Kotun Jiha a cikin isar da adalci.

== Shugaban kasa ==
gwamna ne ke nada shugaban kasa bisa ga shawarar Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa kuma yana ƙarƙashin tabbatarwa daga Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers. Don samun cancanta ga ofishin, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya buƙaci cewa dole ne mutum ya kasance mai aiki da shari'a a Najeriya sama da shekaru 10 tare da ilimi da gogewa a fagen dokar al'ada. Shugaban farko na Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers shine Peter N.C. Agumagu . Ya yi aiki daga 2008 har zuwa 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 7. Part 2. Section 281. Appointment Of President And Judges Of The Customary Court Of Appeal Of A State |url=http://nigerian-constitution.com/chapter-7-part-2-section-281-appointment-of-president-and-judges-of-the-customary-court-of-appeal-of-a-state/ |access-date=10 June 2015 |website=Nigerian Constitution}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Shari'a ta Jihar Rivers
* Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Jihar Rivers

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1506" sha1="22yun8e2u00jo65c2ji5eywdgzoey3b" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers''' kotun shari'a ce ta shari'a ta biyu wacce ke da ikon daukaka kara da kulawa kan batutuwan dokar al'ada a Jihar Rives. Shugaban kasa ne ke jagoranta tare da taimakon alƙalai da yawa kamar yadda Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers ta tsara. Shugaban yanzu shine Christy Nwankwo, bayan da Gwamna [[Ezenwo Wike]] ya nada shi a ofis tun daga 29 ga Mayu 2015. 

== Manufofi ==
Manufofin Kotun sune: 

# Fassara al'adu da al'adun mutanen Jihar Rivers yayin da suke yin adalci.
# Cikakken aikin Babban Kotun Jiha a cikin isar da adalci.

== Shugaban kasa ==
gwamna ne ke nada shugaban kasa bisa ga shawarar Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa kuma yana ƙarƙashin tabbatarwa daga Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers. Don samun cancanta ga ofishin, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya buƙaci cewa dole ne mutum ya kasance mai aiki da shari'a a Najeriya sama da shekaru 10 tare da ilimi da gogewa a fagen dokar al'ada. Shugaban farko na Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers shine Peter N.C. Agumagu . Ya yi aiki daga 2008 har zuwa 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 7. Part 2. Section 281. Appointment Of President And Judges Of The Customary Court Of Appeal Of A State |url=http://nigerian-constitution.com/chapter-7-part-2-section-281-appointment-of-president-and-judges-of-the-customary-court-of-appeal-of-a-state/ |access-date=10 June 2015 |website=Nigerian Constitution}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Shari'a ta Jihar Rivers
* Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Jihar Rivers

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <comment>/* Manufofi */</comment>
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'''Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers''' kotun shari'a ce ta shari'a ta biyu wacce ke da ikon daukaka kara da kulawa kan batutuwan dokar al'ada a Jihar Rives. Shugaban kasa ne ke jagoranta tare da taimakon alƙalai da yawa kamar yadda Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers ta tsara. Shugaban yanzu shine Christy Nwankwo, bayan da Gwamna [[Ezenwo Wike]] ya nada shi a ofis tun daga 29 ga Mayu 2015. 

== Manufofi ==
Manufofin Kotun sune: &lt;ref name=&quot;CCA&quot;/&gt;

# Fassara al'adu da al'adun mutanen Jihar Rivers yayin da suke yin adalci.
# Cikakken aikin Babban Kotun Jiha a cikin isar da adalci.

== Shugaban kasa ==
gwamna ne ke nada shugaban kasa bisa ga shawarar Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa kuma yana ƙarƙashin tabbatarwa daga Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers. Don samun cancanta ga ofishin, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya buƙaci cewa dole ne mutum ya kasance mai aiki da shari'a a Najeriya sama da shekaru 10 tare da ilimi da gogewa a fagen dokar al'ada. Shugaban farko na Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers shine Peter N.C. Agumagu . Ya yi aiki daga 2008 har zuwa 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 7. Part 2. Section 281. Appointment Of President And Judges Of The Customary Court Of Appeal Of A State |url=http://nigerian-constitution.com/chapter-7-part-2-section-281-appointment-of-president-and-judges-of-the-customary-court-of-appeal-of-a-state/ |access-date=10 June 2015 |website=Nigerian Constitution}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Shari'a ta Jihar Rivers
* Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Jihar Rivers

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <id>817813</id>
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'''Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers''' kotun shari'a ce ta shari'a ta biyu wacce ke da ikon daukaka kara da kulawa kan batutuwan dokar al'ada a Jihar Rives.&lt;ref name=CCA&gt;{{cite news|last1=Aaron|first1=Fyneface|title=Amaechi Tasks Customary Court Of Appeal …On Correct Interpretation|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2009/07/29/amaechi-tasks-customary-court-of-appeal-on-correct-interpretation/|accessdate=10 June 2015|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]|date=29 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban kasa ne ke jagoranta tare da taimakon alƙalai da yawa kamar yadda Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers ta tsara. Shugaban yanzu shine Christy Nwankwo, bayan da Gwamna [[Ezenwo Wike]] ya nada shi a ofis tun daga 29 ga Mayu 2015. 

== Manufofi ==
Manufofin Kotun sune: &lt;ref name=&quot;CCA&quot;/&gt;

# Fassara al'adu da al'adun mutanen Jihar Rivers yayin da suke yin adalci.
# Cikakken aikin Babban Kotun Jiha a cikin isar da adalci.

== Shugaban kasa ==
gwamna ne ke nada shugaban kasa bisa ga shawarar Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa kuma yana ƙarƙashin tabbatarwa daga Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers. Don samun cancanta ga ofishin, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya buƙaci cewa dole ne mutum ya kasance mai aiki da shari'a a Najeriya sama da shekaru 10 tare da ilimi da gogewa a fagen dokar al'ada. Shugaban farko na Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers shine Peter N.C. Agumagu . Ya yi aiki daga 2008 har zuwa 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 7. Part 2. Section 281. Appointment Of President And Judges Of The Customary Court Of Appeal Of A State |url=http://nigerian-constitution.com/chapter-7-part-2-section-281-appointment-of-president-and-judges-of-the-customary-court-of-appeal-of-a-state/ |access-date=10 June 2015 |website=Nigerian Constitution}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Shari'a ta Jihar Rivers
* Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Jihar Rivers

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
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'''Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers''' kotun shari'a ce ta shari'a ta biyu wacce ke da ikon daukaka kara da kulawa kan batutuwan dokar al'ada a Jihar Rives.&lt;ref name=CCA&gt;{{cite news|last1=Aaron|first1=Fyneface|title=Amaechi Tasks Customary Court Of Appeal …On Correct Interpretation|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2009/07/29/amaechi-tasks-customary-court-of-appeal-on-correct-interpretation/|accessdate=10 June 2015|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]|date=29 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban kasa ne ke jagoranta tare da taimakon alƙalai da yawa kamar yadda Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers ta tsara. Shugaban yanzu shine Christy Nwankwo, bayan da Gwamna [[Ezenwo Wike]] ya nada shi a ofis tun daga 29 ga Mayu 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Wike Appoints Acting Chief Judge, Acting President Customary Court Of Appeal|url=http://thewillnigeria.com/news/wike-appoints-acting-chief-judge-acting-president-customary-court-of-appeal/|accessdate=10 June 2015|work=TheWill|date=29 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Manufofi ==
Manufofin Kotun sune: &lt;ref name=&quot;CCA&quot;/&gt;

# Fassara al'adu da al'adun mutanen Jihar Rivers yayin da suke yin adalci.
# Cikakken aikin Babban Kotun Jiha a cikin isar da adalci.

== Shugaban kasa ==
gwamna ne ke nada shugaban kasa bisa ga shawarar Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa kuma yana ƙarƙashin tabbatarwa daga Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers. Don samun cancanta ga ofishin, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya buƙaci cewa dole ne mutum ya kasance mai aiki da shari'a a Najeriya sama da shekaru 10 tare da ilimi da gogewa a fagen dokar al'ada. Shugaban farko na Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers shine Peter N.C. Agumagu . Ya yi aiki daga 2008 har zuwa 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 7. Part 2. Section 281. Appointment Of President And Judges Of The Customary Court Of Appeal Of A State |url=http://nigerian-constitution.com/chapter-7-part-2-section-281-appointment-of-president-and-judges-of-the-customary-court-of-appeal-of-a-state/ |access-date=10 June 2015 |website=Nigerian Constitution}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Shari'a ta Jihar Rivers
* Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Jihar Rivers

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abigail Fillmore</title>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343359822|Abigail Fillmore]]&quot;</comment>
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Abigail Fillmore ( née Powers ; Maris 13, 1798 - Maris 30, 1853) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka daga 1850 zuwa 1853 a matsayin matar farko ta Shugaba Millard Fillmore . Ta fara aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta tana da shekaru 16, inda ta ɗauki Millard Fillmore, wanda ke da shekaru biyu a ƙaninta, a matsayin ɗaliba. Fillmore ta ci gaba da aikin koyarwa bayan aurensu a 1826 har zuwa haihuwar ɗansu Millard Powers Fillmore a 1828. Ta zauna a Buffalo, New York, yayin da mijinta ya ci gaba da aikinsa na siyasa a Albany, New York, da Washington, DC. Lokaci-lokaci tana tare da shi a waɗannan biranen, tana shiga cikin rayuwar zamantakewa ta gida. Ta zama matar Amurka ta biyu a 1849 bayan an zaɓe mijinta mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a kan tikitin takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Whig, kuma ta zama matar shugaban Amurka a 1850 bayan mijinta ya gaje kujerar shugaban ƙasa.

Nasarar da Fillmore ta samu a matsayinta na matar shugaban ƙasa ita ce kafa ɗakin karatu na farko a Fadar White House . Tana da sha'awar adabi tsawon rayuwa kuma ta ƙi zama a gida ba tare da littattafai ba. Ɗakin karatu ya zama sanannen ɗakin liyafa a Fadar White House kuma yana aiki a matsayin gidan salon adabi. Tana kuma shiga cikin harkokin siyasa na shugabancin ƙasa, kuma mijinta sau da yawa yana neman ra'ayinta kan harkokin gwamnati. Fillmore ba ta nuna sha'awarta ga matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House ba, kuma tana fama da cututtuka da suka hana ta gudanar da wasu ayyukanta, ciki har da raunin idon sawunta wanda ya takaita mata motsi. Yawancin nauyinta na zamantakewa an ba wa 'yarta Mary Abigail Fillmore . Fillmore ta mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu a shekarar 1853, ƙasa da wata guda bayan ƙarshen wa'adinta a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa. Ba ta sami kulawa sosai a tarihi ba; ana ɗaukarta ɗaya daga cikin matan shugabanni mafi duhu, kuma yawancin wasiƙunta sun ɓace.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Abigail Powers a Stillwater, New York, a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1798, a gundumar Saratoga . &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot; /&gt; Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai da Reverend Lemuel Powers da Abigail Newland suka haifa. Mahaifinta shi ne shugaban Cocin Baptist na Farko har sai da ya mutu yana da shekara biyu. Bayan mutuwar Lemuel, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Sempronius, New York .  : 182 Sun ƙaura tare da babban ɗan'uwan Abigail Cyrus Powers saboda halin talauci da suke ciki. Mahaifinta ya bar babban ɗakin karatu na littattafansa na kansa, wanda Abigail ta karanta sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot; /&gt; Mahaifiyarta malamar makaranta ce wadda ta yi amfani da waɗannan littattafan don koya mata karatu da kuma yaba iliminta.  : 87–88 Ta fara son adabi kuma ta ƙware a wasu fannoni kamar lissafi, gwamnati, tarihi, falsafa, da kuma labarin ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200215/https://firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2017 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma san ta da [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|kawar da addini]] tun tana ƙarama, domin addinin Baptist yana adawa da bauta kuma iyalinta abokai ne da mai goyon bayan kawar da addini na gida George Washington Jonson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 184 

Powers ta fara aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta tana da shekaru 16, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sanya ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta taɓa yin aiki a baya.  A shekara ta 1814, Abigail ta zama malamar makaranta ta ɗan lokaci a makarantar Sempronius Village. A shekara ta 1817, ta zama malamar cikakken lokaci, kuma a shekara ta 1819, ta ɗauki wani aikin koyarwa a Kwalejin New Hope mai zaman kanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200215/https://firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2017 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200215/https://firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 &quot;First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 the original] on December 7, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 28,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da karatunta ta hanyar canza koyarwarta da karatunta a makarantar.  : 182 Ta ci gaba da nazarin ƙarin darussa bayan ta bar makaranta, tana koyon yin Faransanci da kuma buga piano. 

== Aure da iyali ==
A lokacin da take koyarwa a Kwalejin New Hope, ta ɗauki [[Millard Fillmore]] a matsayin ɗaliba.  : 88 An yi musu alkawari a shekarar 1819, amma ba su yi aure ba tsawon shekaru da yawa.  : 83 Millard ba ta da wadata da za ta iya kula da iyali, kuma iyalan Abigail sun hana ta auren ɗan wani manomi mai gona.  : 84 Sun ci gaba da hulɗa yayin da suke bin ayyukan koyarwa daban-daban a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  A shekara ta 1824, ta zama malamar makaranta mai zaman kanta a Lisle ga 'yan uwanta uku. Daga nan aka nemi ta buɗe wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a gundumar Broome; ta buɗe makarantar, kuma a shekara ta 1825, ta koma Sempronius don koyarwa a matsayinta na asali, &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200215/https://firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2017 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200215/https://firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 &quot;First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 the original] on December 7, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 28,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; inda za ta sami ɗakin karatu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot; /&gt; : 88 A lokacin da suke rabuwa, sun taɓa yin tsawon shekaru uku ba tare da sun ga juna ba.  : 155–156 

Abigail da Millard sun yi aure a gidan ɗan'uwanta da ke Moravia, New York, a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1826, bayan Millard ya zama lauya,  : 181–182 kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Aurora, New York .  : 84 Duk da cewa ana yawan sa ran mata malamai za su yi murabus bayan aure, Abigail ta ci gaba da koyarwa har sai da ta haifi 'ya'ya.  Fillmores suna da 'ya'ya biyu: an haifi ɗansu Millard Powers Fillmore a shekarar 1828, kuma an haifi 'yarsu Mary Abigail &quot;Abbie&quot; Fillmore a shekarar 1832. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 183 A shekara ta 1830, sun ƙaura zuwa Buffalo, New York, wanda Millard ya taimaka wajen kafawa. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a wannan lokacin, kuma Abigail ce ke da alhakin kula da gidan da yara ita kaɗai yayin da yake hutun aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 183 Sau da yawa tana yin kuka game da rashin zuwansa, tana tsoron zai haɗu da wata sabuwar mace yayin da yake nesa.  : 89 Yayin da suke Buffalo, sun shiga Cocin Unitarian na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schneider&quot; /&gt; : 84 Millard ya kuma fara aikin lauya a birnin, kuma nasarar da ya samu ta kawo wa Fillmores rayuwa mai daɗi tare da tsaron kuɗi.  : 156 Ta yi aikin gina ɗakin karatu na farko na Buffalo, kuma ta haɓaka tarin littattafanta na kanta har sai da ta kai littattafai 4,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;Longo&quot; /&gt; Ita ce kuma ke da alhakin sanya wa garin Newstead, New York suna, a shekara ta 1831, wanda ke nuna sunan da ke nuni da gidan Lord Byron .  : 41 

== Washington, DC, da kuma Albany, New York ==
An zaɓi Millard a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a shekarar 1832, kuma Abigail ta zauna a Buffalo yayin da yake [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC.]] Ya sauka daga mulki a shekarar 1834, amma an sake zaɓensa a shekarar 1836, kuma a wannan karon Abigail ta raka shi zuwa Washington, ta bar yaran tare da dangi a New York. A nan za ta cika wajibcin zamantakewa na matar wani ɗan siyasa, kuma ta kuma nemi cibiyoyin al'adu da ilimi a birnin.  {{Rp|pages=84–85}}Za su ci gaba da wannan tsari a duk lokacin da Majalisar ta zauna tsawon shekaru masu zuwa. Tana rubuta wa 'ya'yanta wasiƙa akai-akai yayin da suke waje, sau da yawa tana ƙarfafa musu gwiwa su inganta kansu da kuma tsawatar musu saboda kurakuran rubutu a cikin amsoshinsu.  : 157 

Ana girmama Abigail sosai a rayuwar zamantakewa ta Washington. A shekara ta 1840 aka nemi ta sadaukar da wani gini; abin alfahari ne ga mace a lokacin, kodayake ta ƙi.  {{Rp|pages=89–90}}A lokacin da take Washington, ta zauna a muhawarar Majalisar Dattawa da Henry Clay ya yi a shekarar 1837 kuma ta haɗu da [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]] a shekarar 1842.  {{Rp|page=183}}Sun koma Buffalo bayan Millard ya bar Majalisar Dokoki a 1842, kuma Abigail ta zama mai masaukin baki a birnin. Lokacin da aka zaɓi Millard a matsayin Kwamishina na Jihar New York, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Albany, New York, kuma ta shiga cikin harkokin zamantakewa a can. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=183}}Duk da cewa ta raina al'ummar zamani, tana jin daɗin lura da halayen mutane da kuma halartar liyafa.  {{Rp|page=160}}Fillmores sun sake rabuwa da 'ya'yansu yayin da suke a Albany, a wannan karon sun tura su [[Massachusetts]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=90}}

A ranar 'yancin kai ta 1842, ta sami rauni a idon sawunta.  : 183 Yayin da take tafiya a kan hanyar da ba ta daidaita ba, ta zame ta murɗe ƙafarta sosai har ba za ta iya tafiya ba har tsawon makonni biyu. Da ta fara tafiya, sai ta ƙara kumbura ƙafarta. Ta kwanta a kan gado har zuwa lokacin hunturu kuma ta killace kanta a ɗakinta na tsawon watanni da dama bayan haka. Tsawon shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, za a tilasta mata ta yi tafiya da [[Sandar Guragu|sanduna]] . Raunin bai taɓa warkewa gaba ɗaya ba, kuma ta sha fama da ciwo mai tsanani har tsawon rayuwarta.  : 159 

Fillmore ta zama fitacciyar jaruma lokacin da aka zaɓi mijinta a matsayin ɗan takarar Whig a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1848, kuma ta shahara ga jama'a ta hanyar bayanin da aka yi mata a cikin ''The American Review'' . An zaɓi tikitin Whig, kuma Abigail ta zama matar Amurka ta biyu a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1849.  : 183 Lafiyarta ta sa komawarta Washington ba ta da daɗi, kuma ta ci gaba da zama a Buffalo.  : 85 Abigail ta ga rayuwar zamantakewa a Washington ba ta da daɗi,  kuma ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta a matsayin uwargida tana kula da 'yar uwarta, wadda ta kamu da bugun jini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 188 Ta ziyarci Washington na ɗan lokaci don ganin mijinta a shekarar 1850.  : 160 Kasancewar mace ta biyu tana nufin shiga cikin manyan da'irori na zamantakewa, kuma ta nuna farin cikinta wajen mu'amala da fitattun marubuta na wannan lokacin, kamar Ann S. Stephens, Lydia Sigourney, da Emma Willard .  : 42 

== Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ==
Shugaba [[Zachary Taylor]] ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1850, wanda hakan ya sa Millard ya zama shugaba, Abigail kuma ta zama [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka|matar shugabansa]] .  : 184 Abigail tana hutu a [[New Jersey]] tare da 'ya'yanta lokacin da Shugaba Taylor ya mutu. Gano cewa ita ce za ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ya sa ta yi shakkar kanta, tana ganin ba za ta yi aiki yadda ya kamata ba.  : 91 Fillmore ta fara jin daɗin rayuwar gida, kuma tana cikin fargaba game da tsammanin da aka ɗora mata ba zato ba tsammani.  : 161 Ta isa Fadar White House a watan Oktoba mai zuwa.  : 160 Mutuwar 'yar uwarta a watan Fabrairun 1851 ta haifar mata da baƙin ciki mai yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; : 162 

A cikin Fadar White House, Fillmore mace ce mai himma wacce ta dauki nauyin tarurruka da dama na zamantakewa.  {{Rp|page=187}}Ta kasance mai son tattaunawa sosai, duk da cewa ba ta ji daɗin ɓangarorin zamantakewa na wannan rawar ba. Fillmore ta ɗauki yawancin baƙi a matsayin &quot;mazaunin kogo&quot; kuma ta gano cewa ba su da sha'awar iliminta.  Sau da yawa tana zuwa hawa keke tare da mijinta a kusa da Washington da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye.  {{Rp|page=162}}Fillmore ta kuma yi amfani da al'adun Washington yayin da take aiki a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, tana halartar nune-nunen fasaha da kade-kade akai-akai, wanda hakan ya karya tarihi ta hanyar tafiya ba tare da mijinta ba.  {{Rp|page=92}}A lokacin bazara, za ta koma New York don ziyartar abokai da 'yan uwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=93}}

Fillmores sun fito ne daga talauci, don haka ba su da sha'awar yin ado ko sake gyara kayan gida. Ba kamar sauran matan shugabanni ba, Abigail ba ta yi wa Fadar White House ado sosai ba lokacin da ta shiga. Madadin haka, ta tsara cikin gidan Fadar White House kamar gidan talakawa. Duk da haka, ta jaddada amfani da mahogany da kyawawan kafet.  : 44 Ta kuma kula da faɗaɗa tsarin dumama gidan White House kuma ta sanya murhun kicin don maye gurbin aikin girki da murhu .  : 162 

Abigail da Millard suna yin mu'amala akai-akai lokacin da suke rabuwa. Wasikunsu galibi sun shafi siyasa, kuma tana rubuta masa shawarwari da shawarwari kan harkokin siyasa.  : 86 Ta bi diddigin kudurorin da aka gabatar a Majalisa da sauran labaran siyasa sosai, kuma ta sami damar tattauna su dalla-dalla.  Ya daraja ra'ayinta, kuma an ruwaito cewa bai taɓa yanke wata muhimmiyar shawara ba tare da ya fara tuntubar ta ba. Wataƙila Abigail ta shawarci mijinta da kada ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Bautar Gudu ta 1850, kodayake daga ƙarshe ya yi hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot; /&gt; : 86 Wataƙila ta ƙarfafa shi ya daina [[Fuskar da aka yi wa bulala|yin bulala]] a matsayin hukunci a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa .  : 93 Abigail ta kan samu wasiƙu daga 'yan ƙasa akai-akai suna roƙonta ta yi magana da shugaban ƙasa a madadinsu, musamman daga ƙungiyoyin agaji da ke neman gudummawa da kuma mutanen da ke neman tallafin siyasa . Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan mutanen shi ne ɗan'uwanta David, wanda ya sami mukami a gwamnatin Fillmore.  : 163 

Saboda rashin lafiyarta, Fillmore ta ba wa 'yarta Abbie da yawa daga cikin ayyukanta, wacce ke da alhakin ganawa da masu kira a wajen Fadar White House.  : 187 Raunin da ta samu a idon sawunta ya ƙara rikitar da matsayinta na mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House, kuma sau da yawa tana kwance a kan gado na tsawon kwana ɗaya bayan ta tsaya na tsawon awanni don kula da layin karɓar baƙi mai tsawo.  A ƙarshen shugabancin Fillmore, Abbie ta gudanar da mafi yawan fannoni na zamantakewa na rawar.  : 91–92 Wani lamari na musamman da ya hana Fillmore gudanar da ayyukanta shi ne rauni na biyu a idon sawunta a shekarar 1851 wanda ya sa ta rasa nakasa tsawon makonni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 186 An kuma sauke ta daga wasu ayyuka saboda yanayin rayuwar zamantakewa da ta fi tauri a Fadar White House sakamakon mutuwar Shugaba Taylor da kuma karuwar rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance . &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot; /&gt; : 91 

=== Ɗakin karatu na Fadar White House ===
Lokacin da Abigail ta fara ƙaura zuwa Fadar White House, rahotanni sun ce ta yi mamakin gaskiyar cewa babu ɗakin karatu a ciki.  : 86  : 92 Shugabannin da suka gabata sun kawo nasu tarin littattafai na sirri zuwa Fadar White House, suna ajiye su bayan ƙarshen shugabancinsu. Fillmores sun yanke shawarar cewa ɗakin karatu ya zama dole a Fadar White House, domin Abigail ta saba da samun littattafai a gidan kuma Millard ya dogara da littattafan bincike a cikin aikinsa na shugaban ƙasa.  : 43 Da $2,000 ( equivalent to $77,400 a shekarar 2025 ) da Majalisar Dokoki ta ba ta izini, ta zaɓi littattafai don ɗakin karatu na Fadar White House a cikin Ɗakin Oval . &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot; /&gt; : 86 &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot; /&gt; : 92 Abigail ta ɗauki nauyin tsara da kuma ƙawata ɗakin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parisian&quot; /&gt; : 43 Ta yi wa ɗakin kwalliya bisa ga salon Andrew Jackson Downing, ta amfani da kayan ɗaki na gida masu firam ɗin goro . &lt;ref name=&quot;Parisian&quot; /&gt; : 44 Duk lokacin da sabbin fakitin littattafai suka iso, ita da kanta za ta buɗe su ta ajiye littattafan. 

Laburare ya zama cibiyar zamantakewa ta Fadar White House a lokacin gwamnatin Fillmore. Abigail ta karɓi baƙuncin marubuta kamar William Thackeray, Washington Irving,  : 86 da Helen Aldrich De Kroyft da kuma masu wasan kwaikwayo kamar Anna Bishop  : 45 da Jenny Lind, waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri salon adabi na Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot; /&gt; : 86 Wannan ɗakin karatu ya zama babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, inda yake aiki a matsayin ɗakin tarbar baƙi, ɗakin iyali, da kuma wurin hutawa ga mijinta.  : 185 Haka kuma ya zama ɗakin kiɗa, inda Abbie ke amfani da ɗakin don buga piano, garaya, da guitar. Abigail ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa a ɗakin karatunta, kuma Millard sau da yawa tana yin awa ɗaya a ɗakin karatu da daddare bayan ta bar ɗakin zartarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parisian&quot; /&gt; : 44 

== Mutuwa ==
[[Fayil:Abigail_Fillmore_headstone.jpg|alt=A tombstone that reads &quot;Abigail Powers, wife of Millard fillmore, 1798–1853, placed by the Abigail Fillmore Chapter, N.S.D.A.R.&quot;|thumb|Kabarin Abigail Powers, Makabartar Lawn Forest, Buffalo, New York]]
Abigail ita ce matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta halarci bikin rantsar da magajinta. Bayan barin Fadar White House, ita da mijinta sun fara shirin tafiya. Shirye-shiryensu sun katse lokacin da ta yi rashin lafiya. Abin da ya fara a matsayin [[mura]] ya zama mashako sannan kuma [[ciwon huhu]] .  {{Rp|page=88}}Lokacin da aka kira likita, ya yi amfani da wata dabarar yin kumfa da kuraje marasa inganci wadda wataƙila ta ƙara ta'azzara lafiyarta.  {{Rp|page=163}}Ta mutu sakamakon rashin lafiyarta a Otal ɗin Willard a ranar 30 ga Maris, 1853, tana da shekaru 55. An binne ta a jihar Washington &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=164}}sannan aka binne shi a makabartar Forest Lawn da ke Buffalo, New York.  {{Rp|page=86}}

Washington ta shiga cikin wani yanayi na zaman makoki, kuma yawancin gwamnatin tarayya ta dakatar da ayyukanta na ɗan lokaci dangane da mutuwarta.  : 93 A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Millard ya yaba mata saboda goyon bayan da ta bayar wajen ci gaba da karatunsa.  : 182 A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1858, kusan shekaru biyar bayan haka, mijinta, a lokacin yana da shekaru 58, ya auri Caroline Carmichael McIntosh mai shekaru 44, wata gwauruwa mai arziki a Buffalo . Sun ci gaba da yin aure na tsawon shekaru 16 har zuwa mutuwar Millard sakamakon bugun jini a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1874, yana da shekaru 74.  : 61 

== Gado ==
A shekarun da suka gabaci Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa bai samu karbuwa sosai daga jama'a ba. Fillmore bai sami wani muhimmin labari na tarihi ba idan aka kwatanta da matan shugaban ƙasa na wasu lokutan, kuma galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa da ba ta da himma sosai.  : 177 Ana tunawa da ita sosai saboda tsarin da ta yi na ɗakin karatu a Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 184 Marubutan tarihin Millard Fillmore ba sa ba da kulawa sosai ga Abigail, wani ɓangare saboda rashin takardu da suka rage. Yawancin wasiƙunta na sirri sun ɓace kuma ana kyautata zaton ɗanta ne ya lalata su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 188 Abin da ya tsira shi ne jerin littattafan da ta nemi mijinta ya saya yayin da yake tafiya.  Masana tarihi ba su yarda da yadda rashin lafiyarta da raunin idon sawunta suka hana ta gudanar da ayyukan Fadar White House ba; wasu sun ce ya yi tsanani sosai har ya takaita iyawarta, yayin da wasu kuma suka ce kawai uzuri ne na guje wa nauyin da ke kan matar shugaban ƙasa.  {{Rp|pages=85–86}}Yawanci ana ganinta a matsayin mai ilimi kuma mai tasiri a rayuwar shugaban ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 188 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070501064646/http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/fillmore Muƙala kan Abigail Fillmore daga Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Miller]
* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/15/Abigail-Fillmore.aspx Abigail Fillmore] a C-SPAN 's ''First Ladies: Tasiri &amp;amp;amp; Hoto''
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{{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{US Second Ladies}}{{Millard Fillmore}}{{Authority control}}
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Abigail Fillmore ( née Powers ; Maris 13, 1798 - Maris 30, 1853) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka daga 1850 zuwa 1853 a matsayin matar farko ta Shugaba Millard Fillmore . Ta fara aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta tana da shekaru 16, inda ta ɗauki Millard Fillmore, wanda ke da shekaru biyu a ƙaninta, a matsayin ɗaliba. Fillmore ta ci gaba da aikin koyarwa bayan aurensu a 1826 har zuwa haihuwar ɗansu Millard Powers Fillmore a 1828. Ta zauna a Buffalo, New York, yayin da mijinta ya ci gaba da aikinsa na siyasa a Albany, New York, da Washington, DC. Lokaci-lokaci tana tare da shi a waɗannan biranen, tana shiga cikin rayuwar zamantakewa ta gida. Ta zama matar Amurka ta biyu a 1849 bayan an zaɓe mijinta mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a kan tikitin takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Whig, kuma ta zama matar shugaban Amurka a 1850 bayan mijinta ya gaje kujerar shugaban ƙasa.

Nasarar da Fillmore ta samu a matsayinta na matar shugaban ƙasa ita ce kafa ɗakin karatu na farko a Fadar White House . Tana da sha'awar adabi tsawon rayuwa kuma ta ƙi zama a gida ba tare da littattafai ba. Ɗakin karatu ya zama sanannen ɗakin liyafa a Fadar White House kuma yana aiki a matsayin gidan salon adabi. Tana kuma shiga cikin harkokin siyasa na shugabancin ƙasa, kuma mijinta sau da yawa yana neman ra'ayinta kan harkokin gwamnati. Fillmore ba ta nuna sha'awarta ga matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House ba, kuma tana fama da cututtuka da suka hana ta gudanar da wasu ayyukanta, ciki har da raunin idon sawunta wanda ya takaita mata motsi. Yawancin nauyinta na zamantakewa an ba wa 'yarta Mary Abigail Fillmore . Fillmore ta mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu a shekarar 1853, ƙasa da wata guda bayan ƙarshen wa'adinta a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa. Ba ta sami kulawa sosai a tarihi ba; ana ɗaukarta ɗaya daga cikin matan shugabanni mafi duhu, kuma yawancin wasiƙunta sun ɓace.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Abigail Powers a Stillwater, New York, a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1798, a gundumar Saratoga . &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot; /&gt; Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai da Reverend Lemuel Powers da Abigail Newland suka haifa. Mahaifinta shi ne shugaban Cocin Baptist na Farko har sai da ya mutu yana da shekara biyu. Bayan mutuwar Lemuel, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Sempronius, New York .  : 182 Sun ƙaura tare da babban ɗan'uwan Abigail Cyrus Powers saboda halin talauci da suke ciki. Mahaifinta ya bar babban ɗakin karatu na littattafansa na kansa, wanda Abigail ta karanta sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot; /&gt; Mahaifiyarta malamar makaranta ce wadda ta yi amfani da waɗannan littattafan don koya mata karatu da kuma yaba iliminta.  : 87–88 Ta fara son adabi kuma ta ƙware a wasu fannoni kamar lissafi, gwamnati, tarihi, falsafa, da kuma labarin ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200215/https://firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2017 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma san ta da [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|kawar da addini]] tun tana ƙarama, domin addinin Baptist yana adawa da bauta kuma iyalinta abokai ne da mai goyon bayan kawar da addini na gida George Washington Jonson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 184 

Powers ta fara aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta tana da shekaru 16, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sanya ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta taɓa yin aiki a baya.  A shekara ta 1814, Abigail ta zama malamar makaranta ta ɗan lokaci a makarantar Sempronius Village. A shekara ta 1817, ta zama malamar cikakken lokaci, kuma a shekara ta 1819, ta ɗauki wani aikin koyarwa a Kwalejin New Hope mai zaman kanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200215/https://firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2017 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200215/https://firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 &quot;First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 the original] on December 7, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 28,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da karatunta ta hanyar canza koyarwarta da karatunta a makarantar.  : 182 Ta ci gaba da nazarin ƙarin darussa bayan ta bar makaranta, tana koyon yin Faransanci da kuma buga piano. 

== Aure da iyali ==
A lokacin da take koyarwa a Kwalejin New Hope, ta ɗauki [[Millard Fillmore]] a matsayin ɗaliba.  : 88 An yi musu alkawari a shekarar 1819, amma ba su yi aure ba tsawon shekaru da yawa.  : 83 Millard ba ta da wadata da za ta iya kula da iyali, kuma iyalan Abigail sun hana ta auren ɗan wani manomi mai gona.  : 84 Sun ci gaba da hulɗa yayin da suke bin ayyukan koyarwa daban-daban a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  A shekara ta 1824, ta zama malamar makaranta mai zaman kanta a Lisle ga 'yan uwanta uku. Daga nan aka nemi ta buɗe wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a gundumar Broome; ta buɗe makarantar, kuma a shekara ta 1825, ta koma Sempronius don koyarwa a matsayinta na asali, &lt;ref name=&quot;NFLL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200215/https://firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2017 |website=National First Ladies' Library}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200215/https://firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 &quot;First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore&quot;]. ''National First Ladies' Library''. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14 the original] on December 7, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 28,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; inda za ta sami ɗakin karatu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot; /&gt; : 88 A lokacin da suke rabuwa, sun taɓa yin tsawon shekaru uku ba tare da sun ga juna ba.  : 155–156 

Abigail da Millard sun yi aure a gidan ɗan'uwanta da ke Moravia, New York, a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1826, bayan Millard ya zama lauya,  : 181–182 kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Aurora, New York .  : 84 Duk da cewa ana yawan sa ran mata malamai za su yi murabus bayan aure, Abigail ta ci gaba da koyarwa har sai da ta haifi 'ya'ya.  Fillmores suna da 'ya'ya biyu: an haifi ɗansu Millard Powers Fillmore a shekarar 1828, kuma an haifi 'yarsu Mary Abigail &quot;Abbie&quot; Fillmore a shekarar 1832. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 183 A shekara ta 1830, sun ƙaura zuwa Buffalo, New York, wanda Millard ya taimaka wajen kafawa. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a wannan lokacin, kuma Abigail ce ke da alhakin kula da gidan da yara ita kaɗai yayin da yake hutun aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 183 Sau da yawa tana yin kuka game da rashin zuwansa, tana tsoron zai haɗu da wata sabuwar mace yayin da yake nesa.  : 89 Yayin da suke Buffalo, sun shiga Cocin Unitarian na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schneider&quot; /&gt; : 84 Millard ya kuma fara aikin lauya a birnin, kuma nasarar da ya samu ta kawo wa Fillmores rayuwa mai daɗi tare da tsaron kuɗi.  : 156 Ta yi aikin gina ɗakin karatu na farko na Buffalo, kuma ta haɓaka tarin littattafanta na kanta har sai da ta kai littattafai 4,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;Longo&quot; /&gt; Ita ce kuma ke da alhakin sanya wa garin Newstead, New York suna, a shekara ta 1831, wanda ke nuna sunan da ke nuni da gidan Lord Byron .  : 41 

== Washington, DC, da kuma Albany, New York ==
An zaɓi Millard a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a shekarar 1832, kuma Abigail ta zauna a Buffalo yayin da yake [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC.]] Ya sauka daga mulki a shekarar 1834, amma an sake zaɓensa a shekarar 1836, kuma a wannan karon Abigail ta raka shi zuwa Washington, ta bar yaran tare da dangi a New York. A nan za ta cika wajibcin zamantakewa na matar wani ɗan siyasa, kuma ta kuma nemi cibiyoyin al'adu da ilimi a birnin.  {{Rp|pages=84–85}}Za su ci gaba da wannan tsari a duk lokacin da Majalisar ta zauna tsawon shekaru masu zuwa. Tana rubuta wa 'ya'yanta wasiƙa akai-akai yayin da suke waje, sau da yawa tana ƙarfafa musu gwiwa su inganta kansu da kuma tsawatar musu saboda kurakuran rubutu a cikin amsoshinsu.  : 157 

Ana girmama Abigail sosai a rayuwar zamantakewa ta Washington. A shekara ta 1840 aka nemi ta sadaukar da wani gini; abin alfahari ne ga mace a lokacin, kodayake ta ƙi.  {{Rp|pages=89–90}}A lokacin da take Washington, ta zauna a muhawarar Majalisar Dattawa da Henry Clay ya yi a shekarar 1837 kuma ta haɗu da [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]] a shekarar 1842.  {{Rp|page=183}}Sun koma Buffalo bayan Millard ya bar Majalisar Dokoki a 1842, kuma Abigail ta zama mai masaukin baki a birnin. Lokacin da aka zaɓi Millard a matsayin Kwamishina na Jihar New York, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Albany, New York, kuma ta shiga cikin harkokin zamantakewa a can. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=183}}Duk da cewa ta raina al'ummar zamani, tana jin daɗin lura da halayen mutane da kuma halartar liyafa.  {{Rp|page=160}}Fillmores sun sake rabuwa da 'ya'yansu yayin da suke a Albany, a wannan karon sun tura su [[Massachusetts]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=90}}

A ranar 'yancin kai ta 1842, ta sami rauni a idon sawunta.  : 183 Yayin da take tafiya a kan hanyar da ba ta daidaita ba, ta zame ta murɗe ƙafarta sosai har ba za ta iya tafiya ba har tsawon makonni biyu. Da ta fara tafiya, sai ta ƙara kumbura ƙafarta. Ta kwanta a kan gado har zuwa lokacin hunturu kuma ta killace kanta a ɗakinta na tsawon watanni da dama bayan haka. Tsawon shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, za a tilasta mata ta yi tafiya da [[Sandar Guragu|sanduna]] . Raunin bai taɓa warkewa gaba ɗaya ba, kuma ta sha fama da ciwo mai tsanani har tsawon rayuwarta.  : 159 

Fillmore ta zama fitacciyar jaruma lokacin da aka zaɓi mijinta a matsayin ɗan takarar Whig a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1848, kuma ta shahara ga jama'a ta hanyar bayanin da aka yi mata a cikin ''The American Review'' . An zaɓi tikitin Whig, kuma Abigail ta zama matar Amurka ta biyu a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1849.  : 183 Lafiyarta ta sa komawarta Washington ba ta da daɗi, kuma ta ci gaba da zama a Buffalo.  : 85 Abigail ta ga rayuwar zamantakewa a Washington ba ta da daɗi,  kuma ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta a matsayin uwargida tana kula da 'yar uwarta, wadda ta kamu da bugun jini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 188 Ta ziyarci Washington na ɗan lokaci don ganin mijinta a shekarar 1850.  : 160 Kasancewar mace ta biyu tana nufin shiga cikin manyan da'irori na zamantakewa, kuma ta nuna farin cikinta wajen mu'amala da fitattun marubuta na wannan lokacin, kamar Ann S. Stephens, Lydia Sigourney, da Emma Willard .  : 42 

== Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ==
Shugaba [[Zachary Taylor]] ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1850, wanda hakan ya sa Millard ya zama shugaba, Abigail kuma ta zama [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka|matar shugabansa]] .  : 184 Abigail tana hutu a [[New Jersey]] tare da 'ya'yanta lokacin da Shugaba Taylor ya mutu. Gano cewa ita ce za ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ya sa ta yi shakkar kanta, tana ganin ba za ta yi aiki yadda ya kamata ba.  : 91 Fillmore ta fara jin daɗin rayuwar gida, kuma tana cikin fargaba game da tsammanin da aka ɗora mata ba zato ba tsammani.  : 161 Ta isa Fadar White House a watan Oktoba mai zuwa.  : 160 Mutuwar 'yar uwarta a watan Fabrairun 1851 ta haifar mata da baƙin ciki mai yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; : 162 

A cikin Fadar White House, Fillmore mace ce mai himma wacce ta dauki nauyin tarurruka da dama na zamantakewa.  {{Rp|page=187}}Ta kasance mai son tattaunawa sosai, duk da cewa ba ta ji daɗin ɓangarorin zamantakewa na wannan rawar ba. Fillmore ta ɗauki yawancin baƙi a matsayin &quot;mazaunin kogo&quot; kuma ta gano cewa ba su da sha'awar iliminta.  Sau da yawa tana zuwa hawa keke tare da mijinta a kusa da Washington da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye.  {{Rp|page=162}}Fillmore ta kuma yi amfani da al'adun Washington yayin da take aiki a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, tana halartar nune-nunen fasaha da kade-kade akai-akai, wanda hakan ya karya tarihi ta hanyar tafiya ba tare da mijinta ba.  {{Rp|page=92}}A lokacin bazara, za ta koma New York don ziyartar abokai da 'yan uwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=93}}

Fillmores sun fito ne daga talauci, don haka ba su da sha'awar yin ado ko sake gyara kayan gida. Ba kamar sauran matan shugabanni ba, Abigail ba ta yi wa Fadar White House ado sosai ba lokacin da ta shiga. Madadin haka, ta tsara cikin gidan Fadar White House kamar gidan talakawa. Duk da haka, ta jaddada amfani da mahogany da kyawawan kafet.  : 44 Ta kuma kula da faɗaɗa tsarin dumama gidan White House kuma ta sanya murhun kicin don maye gurbin aikin girki da murhu .  : 162 

Abigail da Millard suna yin mu'amala akai-akai lokacin da suke rabuwa. Wasikunsu galibi sun shafi siyasa, kuma tana rubuta masa shawarwari da shawarwari kan harkokin siyasa.  : 86 Ta bi diddigin kudurorin da aka gabatar a Majalisa da sauran labaran siyasa sosai, kuma ta sami damar tattauna su dalla-dalla.  Ya daraja ra'ayinta, kuma an ruwaito cewa bai taɓa yanke wata muhimmiyar shawara ba tare da ya fara tuntubar ta ba. Wataƙila Abigail ta shawarci mijinta da kada ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Bautar Gudu ta 1850, kodayake daga ƙarshe ya yi hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot; /&gt; : 86 Wataƙila ta ƙarfafa shi ya daina [[Fuskar da aka yi wa bulala|yin bulala]] a matsayin hukunci a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa .  : 93 Abigail ta kan samu wasiƙu daga 'yan ƙasa akai-akai suna roƙonta ta yi magana da shugaban ƙasa a madadinsu, musamman daga ƙungiyoyin agaji da ke neman gudummawa da kuma mutanen da ke neman tallafin siyasa . Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan mutanen shi ne ɗan'uwanta David, wanda ya sami mukami a gwamnatin Fillmore.  : 163 

Saboda rashin lafiyarta, Fillmore ta ba wa 'yarta Abbie da yawa daga cikin ayyukanta, wacce ke da alhakin ganawa da masu kira a wajen Fadar White House.  : 187 Raunin da ta samu a idon sawunta ya ƙara rikitar da matsayinta na mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House, kuma sau da yawa tana kwance a kan gado na tsawon kwana ɗaya bayan ta tsaya na tsawon awanni don kula da layin karɓar baƙi mai tsawo.  A ƙarshen shugabancin Fillmore, Abbie ta gudanar da mafi yawan fannoni na zamantakewa na rawar.  : 91–92 Wani lamari na musamman da ya hana Fillmore gudanar da ayyukanta shi ne rauni na biyu a idon sawunta a shekarar 1851 wanda ya sa ta rasa nakasa tsawon makonni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 186 An kuma sauke ta daga wasu ayyuka saboda yanayin rayuwar zamantakewa da ta fi tauri a Fadar White House sakamakon mutuwar Shugaba Taylor da kuma karuwar rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance . &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot; /&gt; : 91 

=== Ɗakin karatu na Fadar White House ===
Lokacin da Abigail ta fara ƙaura zuwa Fadar White House, rahotanni sun ce ta yi mamakin gaskiyar cewa babu ɗakin karatu a ciki.  : 86  : 92 Shugabannin da suka gabata sun kawo nasu tarin littattafai na sirri zuwa Fadar White House, suna ajiye su bayan ƙarshen shugabancinsu. Fillmores sun yanke shawarar cewa ɗakin karatu ya zama dole a Fadar White House, domin Abigail ta saba da samun littattafai a gidan kuma Millard ya dogara da littattafan bincike a cikin aikinsa na shugaban ƙasa.  : 43 Da $2,000 ( equivalent to $77,400 a shekarar 2025 ) da Majalisar Dokoki ta ba ta izini, ta zaɓi littattafai don ɗakin karatu na Fadar White House a cikin Ɗakin Oval . &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot; /&gt; : 86 &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot; /&gt; : 92 Abigail ta ɗauki nauyin tsara da kuma ƙawata ɗakin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parisian&quot; /&gt; : 43 Ta yi wa ɗakin kwalliya bisa ga salon Andrew Jackson Downing, ta amfani da kayan ɗaki na gida masu firam ɗin goro . &lt;ref name=&quot;Parisian&quot; /&gt; : 44 Duk lokacin da sabbin fakitin littattafai suka iso, ita da kanta za ta buɗe su ta ajiye littattafan. 

Laburare ya zama cibiyar zamantakewa ta Fadar White House a lokacin gwamnatin Fillmore. Abigail ta karɓi baƙuncin marubuta kamar William Thackeray, Washington Irving,  : 86 da Helen Aldrich De Kroyft da kuma masu wasan kwaikwayo kamar Anna Bishop  : 45 da Jenny Lind, waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri salon adabi na Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot; /&gt; : 86 Wannan ɗakin karatu ya zama babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, inda yake aiki a matsayin ɗakin tarbar baƙi, ɗakin iyali, da kuma wurin hutawa ga mijinta.  : 185 Haka kuma ya zama ɗakin kiɗa, inda Abbie ke amfani da ɗakin don buga piano, garaya, da guitar. Abigail ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa a ɗakin karatunta, kuma Millard sau da yawa tana yin awa ɗaya a ɗakin karatu da daddare bayan ta bar ɗakin zartarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parisian&quot; /&gt; : 44 

== Mutuwa ==
[[Fayil:Abigail_Fillmore_headstone.jpg|alt=A tombstone that reads &quot;Abigail Powers, wife of Millard fillmore, 1798–1853, placed by the Abigail Fillmore Chapter, N.S.D.A.R.&quot;|thumb|Kabarin Abigail Powers, Makabartar Lawn Forest, Buffalo, New York]]
Abigail ita ce matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta halarci bikin rantsar da magajinta. Bayan barin Fadar White House, ita da mijinta sun fara shirin tafiya. Shirye-shiryensu sun katse lokacin da ta yi rashin lafiya. Abin da ya fara a matsayin [[mura]] ya zama mashako sannan kuma [[ciwon huhu]] .  {{Rp|page=88}}Lokacin da aka kira likita, ya yi amfani da wata dabarar yin kumfa da kuraje marasa inganci wadda wataƙila ta ƙara ta'azzara lafiyarta.  {{Rp|page=163}}Ta mutu sakamakon rashin lafiyarta a Otal ɗin Willard a ranar 30 ga Maris, 1853, tana da shekaru 55. An binne ta a jihar Washington &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|page=164}}sannan aka binne shi a makabartar Forest Lawn da ke Buffalo, New York.  {{Rp|page=86}}

Washington ta shiga cikin wani yanayi na zaman makoki, kuma yawancin gwamnatin tarayya ta dakatar da ayyukanta na ɗan lokaci dangane da mutuwarta.  : 93 A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Millard ya yaba mata saboda goyon bayan da ta bayar wajen ci gaba da karatunsa.  : 182 A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1858, kusan shekaru biyar bayan haka, mijinta, a lokacin yana da shekaru 58, ya auri Caroline Carmichael McIntosh mai shekaru 44, wata gwauruwa mai arziki a Buffalo . Sun ci gaba da yin aure na tsawon shekaru 16 har zuwa mutuwar Millard sakamakon bugun jini a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1874, yana da shekaru 74.  : 61 

== Gado ==
A shekarun da suka gabaci Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa bai samu karbuwa sosai daga jama'a ba. Fillmore bai sami wani muhimmin labari na tarihi ba idan aka kwatanta da matan shugaban ƙasa na wasu lokutan, kuma galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa da ba ta da himma sosai.  : 177 Ana tunawa da ita sosai saboda tsarin da ta yi na ɗakin karatu a Fadar White House. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 184 Marubutan tarihin Millard Fillmore ba sa ba da kulawa sosai ga Abigail, wani ɓangare saboda rashin takardu da suka rage. Yawancin wasiƙunta na sirri sun ɓace kuma ana kyautata zaton ɗanta ne ya lalata su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 188 Abin da ya tsira shi ne jerin littattafan da ta nemi mijinta ya saya yayin da yake tafiya.  Masana tarihi ba su yarda da yadda rashin lafiyarta da raunin idon sawunta suka hana ta gudanar da ayyukan Fadar White House ba; wasu sun ce ya yi tsanani sosai har ya takaita iyawarta, yayin da wasu kuma suka ce kawai uzuri ne na guje wa nauyin da ke kan matar shugaban ƙasa.  {{Rp|pages=85–86}}Yawanci ana ganinta a matsayin mai ilimi kuma mai tasiri a rayuwar shugaban ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibley&quot; /&gt; : 188 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070501064646/http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/fillmore Muƙala kan Abigail Fillmore daga Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Miller]
* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/15/Abigail-Fillmore.aspx Abigail Fillmore] a C-SPAN 's ''First Ladies: Tasiri &amp;amp;amp; Hoto''
{{S-start}}
{{S-hon}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Second Lady of the United States]]}}
{{S-vac}}
|-
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]}}
{{S-aft}}
{{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{US Second Ladies}}{{Millard Fillmore}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>0v2s5z6p0q8jsvb2wr8eva56tv5q2ns</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bobboi Kaigama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147418</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817820</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:27:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345392106|Bobboi Kaigama]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>817820</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3411" sha1="rb2i0d0b9sws8ic3sd2s5zkytd4j2gp" xml:space="preserve">Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na Comrade '''Bobboi Kaigama''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1962) 'Yan kungiyar kwadago ce ta Najeriya kuma tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar kwadago ta Najeriya .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Bobboi Kaigama a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1962 a wani ƙauye da ake kira Kakara a [[Sardauna (Nijeriya)|Sardauna]] a [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] . Ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birane da Yankin da Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci a cikin Fasahar Gudanar da Ayyuka daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] da [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Owerri]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Kaigama shi ne shugaban reshen [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] na kungiyar manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati ta [[Najeriya]] (ASCSN), ƙungiyar kwadago ga ma'aikatan da ke aiki a aikin gwamnati a Najeriya. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (2005)|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya]] (TUC). Kaigama ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na ASCSN har zuwa 2013 inda aka nada shi Shugaban kasa na duka ASCSN da TUC. Wadannan kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu suna wakiltar dukkan manyan kungiyoyin ma'aikata da kungiyoyi a bangarorin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaigama the new TUC president - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/06/22/kaigama-the-new-tuc-president/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da aiki sau biyu a matsayin Shugaban TUC daga 2013 zuwa 2019.

A cikin 2025, [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya zaba shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya wanda ke wakiltar [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] a Hukumar Halin Tarayya (FCC). Gidan Gwamnati Abuja.  A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2025 Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da nadin sa tare da sauran wadanda aka zaba biyo bayan rahoton tantancewa da Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan ya gabatar kan Halin Tarayya da Harkokin Gwamnati. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-appoints-new-fcc-chairman-names-secretary-and-other-commissioners/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na kwamishinan Hukumar Halin Tarayya, Kaigama zai kasance wani ɓangare na jikin da aka ba da izini don aiwatar da aiwatar da &quot;ka'idar halayyar tarayya&quot; wanda ke tabbatar da adalci da daidaito a cikin rarraba mukaman jama'a da kayan aikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin rukunin tarayya na Najeriya. 

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
Kaigama ya nemi tikitin sanata na Taraba Central a karkashin All Progressives Congress amma ya rasa Marafa Bashir Abba a zaben fidda gwani. Ya bar jam'iyyar jim kadan bayan ya shiga Jam'iyyar New Nigeria People's Party kuma an zaba shi don tsayawa takarar Sanata na Taraba ta Tsakiya .  Kaigama ya rasa zaben ga dan takarar [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]], [[Haruna Manu]], wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamna na jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chikpa |first=Terna |date=2023-02-15 |title=My zone is the richest but least in development – kaigama |url=https://periscopenga.com/2023/02/my-zone-is-the-richest-but-least-in-development-kaigama/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Periscope Nigeria |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>rb2i0d0b9sws8ic3sd2s5zkytd4j2gp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>817821</id>
      <parentid>817820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:28:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>817821</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3293" sha1="pd8qfa59jr3cxm2six11fcdd59l6dfp" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Comrade Bobboi Kaigama''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1962) 'Yan kungiyar kwadago ce ta Najeriya kuma tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar kwadago ta Najeriya .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Bobboi Kaigama a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1962 a wani ƙauye da ake kira Kakara a [[Sardauna (Nijeriya)|Sardauna]] a [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] . Ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birane da Yankin da Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci a cikin Fasahar Gudanar da Ayyuka daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] da [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Owerri]] . 

== Ayyuka ==
Kaigama shi ne shugaban reshen [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] na kungiyar manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati ta [[Najeriya]] (ASCSN), ƙungiyar kwadago ga ma'aikatan da ke aiki a aikin gwamnati a Najeriya. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (2005)|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya]] (TUC). Kaigama ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na ASCSN har zuwa 2013 inda aka nada shi Shugaban kasa na duka ASCSN da TUC. Wadannan kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu suna wakiltar dukkan manyan kungiyoyin ma'aikata da kungiyoyi a bangarorin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaigama the new TUC president - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/06/22/kaigama-the-new-tuc-president/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da aiki sau biyu a matsayin Shugaban TUC daga 2013 zuwa 2019.

A cikin 2025, [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya zaba shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya wanda ke wakiltar [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] a Hukumar Halin Tarayya (FCC). Gidan Gwamnati Abuja.  A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2025 Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da nadin sa tare da sauran wadanda aka zaba biyo bayan rahoton tantancewa da Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan ya gabatar kan Halin Tarayya da Harkokin Gwamnati. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-appoints-new-fcc-chairman-names-secretary-and-other-commissioners/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na kwamishinan Hukumar Halin Tarayya, Kaigama zai kasance wani ɓangare na jikin da aka ba da izini don aiwatar da aiwatar da &quot;ka'idar halayyar tarayya&quot; wanda ke tabbatar da adalci da daidaito a cikin rarraba mukaman jama'a da kayan aikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin rukunin tarayya na Najeriya. 

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
Kaigama ya nemi tikitin sanata na Taraba Central a karkashin All Progressives Congress amma ya rasa Marafa Bashir Abba a zaben fidda gwani. Ya bar jam'iyyar jim kadan bayan ya shiga Jam'iyyar New Nigeria People's Party kuma an zaba shi don tsayawa takarar Sanata na Taraba ta Tsakiya .  Kaigama ya rasa zaben ga dan takarar [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]], [[Haruna Manu]], wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamna na jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chikpa |first=Terna |date=2023-02-15 |title=My zone is the richest but least in development – kaigama |url=https://periscopenga.com/2023/02/my-zone-is-the-richest-but-least-in-development-kaigama/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Periscope Nigeria |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>pd8qfa59jr3cxm2six11fcdd59l6dfp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>817822</id>
      <parentid>817821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:29:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko */</comment>
      <origin>817822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3628" sha1="8rno448u0cagurbj0jmjpv0dt0p7p54" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Comrade Bobboi Kaigama''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1962) 'Yan kungiyar kwadago ce ta Najeriya kuma tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar kwadago ta Najeriya .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Bobboi Kaigama a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1962 a wani ƙauye da ake kira Kakara a [[Sardauna (Nijeriya)|Sardauna]] a [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] . Ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birane da Yankin da Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci a cikin Fasahar Gudanar da Ayyuka daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] da [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Owerri]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dare |first=Charles |date=2015-12-04 |title='Workers will fight, support good governance' |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/interview/workers-will-fight-support-good-governance/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-06-05 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kaigama shi ne shugaban reshen [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] na kungiyar manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati ta [[Najeriya]] (ASCSN), ƙungiyar kwadago ga ma'aikatan da ke aiki a aikin gwamnati a Najeriya. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (2005)|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya]] (TUC). Kaigama ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na ASCSN har zuwa 2013 inda aka nada shi Shugaban kasa na duka ASCSN da TUC. Wadannan kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu suna wakiltar dukkan manyan kungiyoyin ma'aikata da kungiyoyi a bangarorin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaigama the new TUC president - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/06/22/kaigama-the-new-tuc-president/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da aiki sau biyu a matsayin Shugaban TUC daga 2013 zuwa 2019.

A cikin 2025, [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya zaba shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya wanda ke wakiltar [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] a Hukumar Halin Tarayya (FCC). Gidan Gwamnati Abuja.  A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2025 Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da nadin sa tare da sauran wadanda aka zaba biyo bayan rahoton tantancewa da Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan ya gabatar kan Halin Tarayya da Harkokin Gwamnati. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-appoints-new-fcc-chairman-names-secretary-and-other-commissioners/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na kwamishinan Hukumar Halin Tarayya, Kaigama zai kasance wani ɓangare na jikin da aka ba da izini don aiwatar da aiwatar da &quot;ka'idar halayyar tarayya&quot; wanda ke tabbatar da adalci da daidaito a cikin rarraba mukaman jama'a da kayan aikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin rukunin tarayya na Najeriya. 

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
Kaigama ya nemi tikitin sanata na Taraba Central a karkashin All Progressives Congress amma ya rasa Marafa Bashir Abba a zaben fidda gwani. Ya bar jam'iyyar jim kadan bayan ya shiga Jam'iyyar New Nigeria People's Party kuma an zaba shi don tsayawa takarar Sanata na Taraba ta Tsakiya .  Kaigama ya rasa zaben ga dan takarar [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]], [[Haruna Manu]], wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamna na jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chikpa |first=Terna |date=2023-02-15 |title=My zone is the richest but least in development – kaigama |url=https://periscopenga.com/2023/02/my-zone-is-the-richest-but-least-in-development-kaigama/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Periscope Nigeria |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>8rno448u0cagurbj0jmjpv0dt0p7p54</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>817823</id>
      <parentid>817822</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:31:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ayyukan siyasa */</comment>
      <origin>817823</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4003" sha1="o8c7kmy6m0f7ijk7ogr7eowvbbchq6v" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Comrade Bobboi Kaigama''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1962) 'Yan kungiyar kwadago ce ta Najeriya kuma tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar kwadago ta Najeriya .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Bobboi Kaigama a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1962 a wani ƙauye da ake kira Kakara a [[Sardauna (Nijeriya)|Sardauna]] a [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] . Ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birane da Yankin da Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci a cikin Fasahar Gudanar da Ayyuka daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] da [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Owerri]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dare |first=Charles |date=2015-12-04 |title='Workers will fight, support good governance' |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/interview/workers-will-fight-support-good-governance/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-06-05 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kaigama shi ne shugaban reshen [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] na kungiyar manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati ta [[Najeriya]] (ASCSN), ƙungiyar kwadago ga ma'aikatan da ke aiki a aikin gwamnati a Najeriya. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (2005)|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya]] (TUC). Kaigama ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na ASCSN har zuwa 2013 inda aka nada shi Shugaban kasa na duka ASCSN da TUC. Wadannan kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu suna wakiltar dukkan manyan kungiyoyin ma'aikata da kungiyoyi a bangarorin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaigama the new TUC president - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/06/22/kaigama-the-new-tuc-president/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da aiki sau biyu a matsayin Shugaban TUC daga 2013 zuwa 2019.

A cikin 2025, [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya zaba shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya wanda ke wakiltar [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] a Hukumar Halin Tarayya (FCC). Gidan Gwamnati Abuja.  A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2025 Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da nadin sa tare da sauran wadanda aka zaba biyo bayan rahoton tantancewa da Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan ya gabatar kan Halin Tarayya da Harkokin Gwamnati. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-appoints-new-fcc-chairman-names-secretary-and-other-commissioners/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na kwamishinan Hukumar Halin Tarayya, Kaigama zai kasance wani ɓangare na jikin da aka ba da izini don aiwatar da aiwatar da &quot;ka'idar halayyar tarayya&quot; wanda ke tabbatar da adalci da daidaito a cikin rarraba mukaman jama'a da kayan aikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin rukunin tarayya na Najeriya. 

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
Kaigama ya nemi tikitin sanata na Taraba Central a karkashin All Progressives Congress amma ya rasa Marafa Bashir Abba a zaben fidda gwani. Ya bar jam'iyyar jim kadan bayan ya shiga Jam'iyyar New Nigeria People's Party kuma an zaba shi don tsayawa takarar Sanata na Taraba ta Tsakiya .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ozozoyin |first=Great |date=2022-06-05 |title=Former labour leader, Kaigama jilts APC over alleged injustice at primaries |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/06/05/former-labour-leader-kaigama-jilts-apc-over-alleged-injustice-at-primaries/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-06-06 |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaigama ya rasa zaben ga dan takarar [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]], [[Haruna Manu]], wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamna na jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chikpa |first=Terna |date=2023-02-15 |title=My zone is the richest but least in development – kaigama |url=https://periscopenga.com/2023/02/my-zone-is-the-richest-but-least-in-development-kaigama/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Periscope Nigeria |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>o8c7kmy6m0f7ijk7ogr7eowvbbchq6v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>817824</id>
      <parentid>817823</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:37:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ayyuka */</comment>
      <origin>817824</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4285" sha1="2b0fort93c4e4glyn0lvx32yno18b8b" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Comrade Bobboi Kaigama''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1962) 'Yan kungiyar kwadago ce ta Najeriya kuma tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar kwadago ta Najeriya .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Bobboi Kaigama a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1962 a wani ƙauye da ake kira Kakara a [[Sardauna (Nijeriya)|Sardauna]] a [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] . Ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birane da Yankin da Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci a cikin Fasahar Gudanar da Ayyuka daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] da [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Owerri]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dare |first=Charles |date=2015-12-04 |title='Workers will fight, support good governance' |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/interview/workers-will-fight-support-good-governance/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-06-05 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kaigama shi ne shugaban reshen [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] na kungiyar manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati ta [[Najeriya]] (ASCSN), ƙungiyar kwadago ga ma'aikatan da ke aiki a aikin gwamnati a Najeriya. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (2005)|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya]] (TUC). Kaigama ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na ASCSN har zuwa 2013 inda aka nada shi Shugaban kasa na duka ASCSN da TUC. Wadannan kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu suna wakiltar dukkan manyan kungiyoyin ma'aikata da kungiyoyi a bangarorin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaigama the new TUC president - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/06/22/kaigama-the-new-tuc-president/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da aiki sau biyu a matsayin Shugaban TUC daga 2013 zuwa 2019.

A cikin 2025, [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya zaba shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya wanda ke wakiltar [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] a Hukumar Halin Tarayya (FCC). Gidan Gwamnati Abuja.  A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2025 Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da nadin sa tare da sauran wadanda aka zaba biyo bayan rahoton tantancewa da Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan ya gabatar kan Halin Tarayya da Harkokin Gwamnati. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-appoints-new-fcc-chairman-names-secretary-and-other-commissioners/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na kwamishinan Hukumar Halin Tarayya, Kaigama zai kasance wani ɓangare na jikin da aka ba da izini don aiwatar da aiwatar da &quot;ka'idar halayyar tarayya&quot; wanda ke tabbatar da adalci da daidaito a cikin rarraba mukaman jama'a da kayan aikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin rukunin tarayya na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Senate confirms Omidiran as FCC chair, clears 37 others|url=https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-omidiran-as-fcc-chair-clears-37-others/|newspaper=[[The Punch]]|date=2025-11-27|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en-US|first=Adebayo|last=Folorunsho-Francis}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
Kaigama ya nemi tikitin sanata na Taraba Central a karkashin All Progressives Congress amma ya rasa Marafa Bashir Abba a zaben fidda gwani. Ya bar jam'iyyar jim kadan bayan ya shiga Jam'iyyar New Nigeria People's Party kuma an zaba shi don tsayawa takarar Sanata na Taraba ta Tsakiya .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ozozoyin |first=Great |date=2022-06-05 |title=Former labour leader, Kaigama jilts APC over alleged injustice at primaries |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/06/05/former-labour-leader-kaigama-jilts-apc-over-alleged-injustice-at-primaries/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-06-06 |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaigama ya rasa zaben ga dan takarar [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]], [[Haruna Manu]], wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamna na jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chikpa |first=Terna |date=2023-02-15 |title=My zone is the richest but least in development – kaigama |url=https://periscopenga.com/2023/02/my-zone-is-the-richest-but-least-in-development-kaigama/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Periscope Nigeria |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>2b0fort93c4e4glyn0lvx32yno18b8b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saynab Qayad</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147419</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817825</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:45:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346604982|Saynab Qayad]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>817825</origin>
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'''Saynab Qayad''' 'yar siyasa ce [[Somaliya|ta Somaliya]], kuma 'yar majalisar riƙon ƙwarya ce. Ita ce shugabar kwamitin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na Majalisar.  Saynab tana zaune a Otal ɗin Muna da ke [[Mogadishu]] lokacin da masu fafutukar Islama suka kai mata hari a shekarar 2010. 

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>8duphb1w0txvxo05r2mijk5psccal7o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>817826</id>
      <parentid>817825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:45:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>817826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="359" sha1="espyvy19pjvmf1qajsyy188ca7fjl07" xml:space="preserve"> 

{{Databox}}

'''Saynab Qayad''' 'yar siyasa ce [[Somaliya|ta Somaliya]], kuma 'yar majalisar riƙon ƙwarya ce. Ita ce shugabar kwamitin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na Majalisar.  Saynab tana zaune a Otal ɗin Muna da ke [[Mogadishu]] lokacin da masu fafutukar Islama suka kai mata hari a shekarar 2010.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>espyvy19pjvmf1qajsyy188ca7fjl07</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ezzia Ali Taha</title>
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    <id>147420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817828</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:47:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311467617|Ezzia Ali Taha]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>817828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1291" sha1="63embtznpsyltyx3ofhgvvc1ghhom3g" xml:space="preserve">'''Ezzia Ali Taha''' (ta mutu a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2012, Riyadh), wacce aka rubuta '''ʻUzayyah ʻAlī Ṭāhā,''' ta kasance malami kuma [[Ulama'u|malamin Musulunci]] ɗan Sudan wanda ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce game da addini da batutuwan jinsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Answers to Allegations |url=https://bisatahmadi.com/answers-to-allegations/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D9%87/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020170211/https://bisatahmadi.com/answers-to-allegations/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D9%87/ |archive-date=2023-10-20 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=bisatahmadi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa 

== Littattafai ==

* ''Zunubi da Gafara a cikin Kiristanci da Musulunci''

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/14168744.Ezzia_Ali_Taha Ezzia Ali Taha] on Goodreads
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]</text>
      <sha1>63embtznpsyltyx3ofhgvvc1ghhom3g</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>817829</id>
      <parentid>817828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:48:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>817829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1281" sha1="8qpuktsbdu7n3oyxv8wa1t31jr9k6br" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography}}

'''Ezzia Ali Taha''' (ta mutu a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2012, Riyadh), wacce aka rubuta '''ʻUzayyah ʻAlī Ṭāhā,''' ta kasance malami kuma [[Ulama'u|malamin Musulunci]] ɗan Sudan wanda ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce game da addini da batutuwan jinsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Answers to Allegations |url=https://bisatahmadi.com/answers-to-allegations/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D9%87/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020170211/https://bisatahmadi.com/answers-to-allegations/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D9%87/ |archive-date=2023-10-20 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=bisatahmadi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* ''Zunubi da Gafara a cikin Kiristanci da Musulunci''

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/14168744.Ezzia_Ali_Taha Ezzia Ali Taha] on Goodreads
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]</text>
      <sha1>8qpuktsbdu7n3oyxv8wa1t31jr9k6br</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hanan al-Neel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817832</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T17:05:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346746319|Hanan al-Neel]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>817832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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[[Fayil:Hanan_al-Neel_in_1969.png|thumb|Hanan al-Neel a shekarar 1969]]
'''Hanan al-Neel''' ( Arabic   ) mawaƙiya ce 'yar ƙasar Sudan wadda ke da [[Makanta|matsalar gani]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-03 |title=الفنانة المعتزلة حنان النيل:رسالتي للمعاقين أن يحققوا الجدارة ويثبتوا ذاتهم - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/13009335.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=al-Nilin |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san ta musamman da waƙar gargajiya da ta gargajiya ta Sudan. Ana girmama ayyukanta saboda wakilcin [[Sudan|al'adu da al'adun Sudan]], wanda galibi yana ɗauke da waƙar Oud . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-06-29 |title=حنان النيل المعتزلة تتصدر الأصوات النسائية - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/642191.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=al-Nilin |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi ritaya daga waƙa a shekara ta 2003 saboda dalilai na addini . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-31 |title=حنان النيل : قرار اعتزالي نهائي لا رجعة فيه - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/796241.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=al-Nilin |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin fitattun ayyukanta akwai waƙar &quot;Ya Morsal,&quot; wadda ke nuna iyawarta ta haɗa waƙoƙin gargajiya da jigogi na zamani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-01-26 |title=قصة ( لو أعيش زول ليهو قيمة ) ما بين العميري وحنان النيل - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/829561.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=al-Nilin |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fito ne daga Ad-Damar, babban birnin Jihar Kogin Nile, kuma an haife ta a Block 2, kusa da gidan malamin Farfesa Abdullah El Tayib . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-01 |title=فاقدين حنان - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/12791074.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=al-Nilin |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a arewavda arewacin najeriya baki daya in 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>j378n8s03yqw9s0p1gcq020276frxcg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>817833</id>
      <parentid>817832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T17:06:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>817833</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2092" sha1="b9sk5oxbyp91tn611hal3blvjsow52f" xml:space="preserve"> 
{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Hanan_al-Neel_in_1969.png|thumb|Hanan al-Neel a shekarar 1969]]
'''Hanan al-Neel''' ( Arabic   ) mawaƙiya ce 'yar ƙasar Sudan wadda ke da [[Makanta|matsalar gani]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-03 |title=الفنانة المعتزلة حنان النيل:رسالتي للمعاقين أن يحققوا الجدارة ويثبتوا ذاتهم - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/13009335.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=al-Nilin |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san ta musamman da waƙar gargajiya da ta gargajiya ta Sudan. Ana girmama ayyukanta saboda wakilcin [[Sudan|al'adu da al'adun Sudan]], wanda galibi yana ɗauke da waƙar Oud . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-06-29 |title=حنان النيل المعتزلة تتصدر الأصوات النسائية - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/642191.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=al-Nilin |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi ritaya daga waƙa a shekara ta 2003 saboda dalilai na addini . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-31 |title=حنان النيل : قرار اعتزالي نهائي لا رجعة فيه - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/796241.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=al-Nilin |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin fitattun ayyukanta akwai waƙar &quot;Ya Morsal,&quot; wadda ke nuna iyawarta ta haɗa waƙoƙin gargajiya da jigogi na zamani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-01-26 |title=قصة ( لو أعيش زول ليهو قيمة ) ما بين العميري وحنان النيل - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/829561.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=al-Nilin |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fito ne daga Ad-Damar, babban birnin Jihar Kogin Nile, kuma an haife ta a Block 2, kusa da gidan malamin Farfesa Abdullah El Tayib . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-01 |title=فاقدين حنان - النيلين |url=https://www.alnilin.com/12791074.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=al-Nilin |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a arewavda arewacin najeriya baki daya in 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>b9sk5oxbyp91tn611hal3blvjsow52f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nadine El Roubi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817835</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T17:17:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346747973|Nadine El Roubi]]&quot;</comment>
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Nadine El Roubi ƙwararriyar mawakiyar Sudan ce wadda aka san waƙarta da neo-soul da hip-hop.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi El Roubi a Khartoum ga mahaifiyar wani ɗan ƙasar Sudan ɗan ƙasar Masar da kuma mahaifin ɗan ƙasar Iran ɗan Sudan. Tana da shekaru 1, iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Fairfax, Virginia, inda ta zauna har zuwa shekara 10, ta dawo Sudan . Ta yi karatun kwaleji a Maastricht da kuma karatun digiri na biyu don rubuta kirkire-kirkire a Birmingham . [1]

Tasirin waƙoƙinta a lokacin yarinta sun haɗa da fitattun mawakan pop [[Celine Dion]] da [[Nancy Ajram]] daga mahaifiyarta, da kuma The Sugarhill Gang, [[Eminem]], da Fugees daga mahaifinta, wanda DJ ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2023-07-12 |title=Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga piano tun tana ƙarama. 

== Sana'a ==
El Roubi ta yi aiki a fannin shirya fina-finai da tallatawa kafin ta ci gaba da neman aiki a fannin kiɗa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2023-07-12 |title=Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChokrane2023&quot;&gt;Chokrane, Boutayna (2023-07-12). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ &quot;Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fitar da salon wakoki da waƙoƙi marasa aure kafin fitar da sabon fim ɗinta na EP ''Triplicity'' na shekarar 2022, inda ta yi aiki tare da Shlonak Records da Empire Distribution . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atallah |first=Nasri |date=2022-09-05 |title=Nadine El Roubi is ready for your attention |url=https://www.esquireme.com/brief/nadine-el-roubi-is-ready-for-your-attention |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Esquire Middle East |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kundin wakokin ''Freestyles, Pt.'' ''2: A Mixtape!'' na shekarar 2024 ya ci gaba ne ga wani waka mai tsawon mintuna 10 da aka fitar a baya, ''Freestyles, Pt.'' ''1.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Attia |first=Rana |date=2022-07-15 |title=Nadine El Roubi, Reinventing The Arab Rap Scene, One Verse At A Time |url=https://scoopempire.com/nadine-el-roubi-reinventing-the-arab-rap-scene-one-verse-at-a-time/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Scoop Empire |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Amuna |date=June 14, 2024 |title=Nadine El Roubi is at Her Most Confident and Vulnerable in ‘Freestyles Pt. 2 Mixtape’ |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/sudan-rap-mixtape-nadine-elroubi/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=okayafrica. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki tare da [[Felukah (musican)|Felukah]] don wakar ''Wavy a Brooklyn'' da kuma bidiyon waka, wanda Mo Stank ya shirya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2024-04-30 |title=Rapper Nadine El Roubi on the Afro-Arab Storytellers That Inspire Her |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/hakawati-nadine-el-roubi |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ba da shawara ===
El Roubi ta yi waka a wani kade-kade na girmamawa na Jami'ar Princeton ga Sudan kuma ta tara kuɗi ga Ƙungiyar Likitocin Amurka ta Sudan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2023-07-12 |title=Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChokrane2023&quot;&gt;Chokrane, Boutayna (2023-07-12). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ &quot;Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta jagoranci taron tara kuɗi na 2024 mai taken 'Nile Nights' a birnin New York. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Hiba |date=2024-07-16 |title=Nadine El Roubi to Perform at Sudan Fundraiser |url=https://www.gqmiddleeast.com/news/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-fundraiser |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=GQ Middle East |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
El Roubi ta nuna sha'awar ilmin taurari  kuma ta gane a matsayin Virgo . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Attia |first=Rana |date=2022-07-15 |title=Nadine El Roubi, Reinventing The Arab Rap Scene, One Verse At A Time |url=https://scoopempire.com/nadine-el-roubi-reinventing-the-arab-rap-scene-one-verse-at-a-time/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Scoop Empire |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAttia2022&quot;&gt;Attia, Rana (2022-07-15). [https://scoopempire.com/nadine-el-roubi-reinventing-the-arab-rap-scene-one-verse-at-a-time/ &quot;Nadine El Roubi, Reinventing The Arab Rap Scene, One Verse At A Time&quot;]. ''Scoop Empire''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da ƙannenta mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2024-04-30 |title=Rapper Nadine El Roubi on the Afro-Arab Storytellers That Inspire Her |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/hakawati-nadine-el-roubi |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChokrane2024&quot;&gt;Chokrane, Boutayna (2024-04-30). [https://www.cntraveler.com/story/hakawati-nadine-el-roubi &quot;Rapper Nadine El Roubi on the Afro-Arab Storytellers That Inspire Her&quot;]. ''Condé Nast Traveler''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, iyalan El Roubi sun tsere daga Sudan zuwa Masar bayan an lalata gidansu a [[Yaƙin Omdurman (2023)|Yaƙin Khartoum]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2023-07-12 |title=Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChokrane2023&quot;&gt;Chokrane, Boutayna (2023-07-12). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ &quot;Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>817836</origin>
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{{Databox}}

Nadine El Roubi ƙwararriyar mawakiyar Sudan ce wadda aka san waƙarta da neo-soul da hip-hop.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi El Roubi a Khartoum ga mahaifiyar wani ɗan ƙasar Sudan ɗan ƙasar Masar da kuma mahaifin ɗan ƙasar Iran ɗan Sudan. Tana da shekaru 1, iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Fairfax, Virginia, inda ta zauna har zuwa shekara 10, ta dawo Sudan . Ta yi karatun kwaleji a Maastricht da kuma karatun digiri na biyu don rubuta kirkire-kirkire a Birmingham . [1]

Tasirin waƙoƙinta a lokacin yarinta sun haɗa da fitattun mawakan pop [[Celine Dion]] da [[Nancy Ajram]] daga mahaifiyarta, da kuma The Sugarhill Gang, [[Eminem]], da Fugees daga mahaifinta, wanda DJ ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2023-07-12 |title=Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga piano tun tana ƙarama. 

== Sana'a ==
El Roubi ta yi aiki a fannin shirya fina-finai da tallatawa kafin ta ci gaba da neman aiki a fannin kiɗa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2023-07-12 |title=Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChokrane2023&quot;&gt;Chokrane, Boutayna (2023-07-12). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ &quot;Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fitar da salon wakoki da waƙoƙi marasa aure kafin fitar da sabon fim ɗinta na EP ''Triplicity'' na shekarar 2022, inda ta yi aiki tare da Shlonak Records da Empire Distribution . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atallah |first=Nasri |date=2022-09-05 |title=Nadine El Roubi is ready for your attention |url=https://www.esquireme.com/brief/nadine-el-roubi-is-ready-for-your-attention |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Esquire Middle East |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kundin wakokin ''Freestyles, Pt.'' ''2: A Mixtape!'' na shekarar 2024 ya ci gaba ne ga wani waka mai tsawon mintuna 10 da aka fitar a baya, ''Freestyles, Pt.'' ''1.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Attia |first=Rana |date=2022-07-15 |title=Nadine El Roubi, Reinventing The Arab Rap Scene, One Verse At A Time |url=https://scoopempire.com/nadine-el-roubi-reinventing-the-arab-rap-scene-one-verse-at-a-time/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Scoop Empire |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Amuna |date=June 14, 2024 |title=Nadine El Roubi is at Her Most Confident and Vulnerable in ‘Freestyles Pt. 2 Mixtape’ |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/sudan-rap-mixtape-nadine-elroubi/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=okayafrica. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki tare da [[Felukah (musican)|Felukah]] don wakar ''Wavy a Brooklyn'' da kuma bidiyon waka, wanda Mo Stank ya shirya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2024-04-30 |title=Rapper Nadine El Roubi on the Afro-Arab Storytellers That Inspire Her |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/hakawati-nadine-el-roubi |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ba da shawara ===
El Roubi ta yi waka a wani kade-kade na girmamawa na Jami'ar Princeton ga Sudan kuma ta tara kuɗi ga Ƙungiyar Likitocin Amurka ta Sudan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2023-07-12 |title=Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChokrane2023&quot;&gt;Chokrane, Boutayna (2023-07-12). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ &quot;Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta jagoranci taron tara kuɗi na 2024 mai taken 'Nile Nights' a birnin New York. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Hiba |date=2024-07-16 |title=Nadine El Roubi to Perform at Sudan Fundraiser |url=https://www.gqmiddleeast.com/news/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-fundraiser |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=GQ Middle East |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
El Roubi ta nuna sha'awar ilmin taurari  kuma ta gane a matsayin Virgo . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Attia |first=Rana |date=2022-07-15 |title=Nadine El Roubi, Reinventing The Arab Rap Scene, One Verse At A Time |url=https://scoopempire.com/nadine-el-roubi-reinventing-the-arab-rap-scene-one-verse-at-a-time/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Scoop Empire |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAttia2022&quot;&gt;Attia, Rana (2022-07-15). [https://scoopempire.com/nadine-el-roubi-reinventing-the-arab-rap-scene-one-verse-at-a-time/ &quot;Nadine El Roubi, Reinventing The Arab Rap Scene, One Verse At A Time&quot;]. ''Scoop Empire''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da ƙannenta mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2024-04-30 |title=Rapper Nadine El Roubi on the Afro-Arab Storytellers That Inspire Her |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/hakawati-nadine-el-roubi |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChokrane2024&quot;&gt;Chokrane, Boutayna (2024-04-30). [https://www.cntraveler.com/story/hakawati-nadine-el-roubi &quot;Rapper Nadine El Roubi on the Afro-Arab Storytellers That Inspire Her&quot;]. ''Condé Nast Traveler''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, iyalan El Roubi sun tsere daga Sudan zuwa Masar bayan an lalata gidansu a [[Yaƙin Omdurman (2023)|Yaƙin Khartoum]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |date=2023-07-12 |title=Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChokrane2023&quot;&gt;Chokrane, Boutayna (2023-07-12). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nadine-el-roubi-sudan-freestyles-sza-1234786605/ &quot;Nadine El Roubi Defies Afro-Arab Taboos, One Freestyle At A Time&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Thérèse Kuoh-Moukouri</title>
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    <id>147423</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-02T17:41:48Z</timestamp>
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        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346751387|Thérèse Kuoh-Moukouri]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Thérèse Kuoh-Moukoury''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1938) fitacciyar [[Feminism|marubuciya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin]] [[Kamaru|mata a ƙasar Kamaru]] . An haifi Kuoh-Moukoury a shekarar 1938 a [[Douala]], [[Kamaru|ƙasar Kamaru]] . Mahaifinta shi ne Jacques Kuoh-Moukouri, fitaccen marubuci kuma jami'in diflomasiyya na ƙasar Kamaru. Bayan [[Makarantar Firamare|kammala karatun firamare]] a Kamaru, ta halarci makarantar sakandare da kuma manyan makarantu a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar [[Union of African and Malagasy Women|Ƙungiyar Matan Afirka da na Malagasy]] (Union des Femmes Africaines et Malgaches). 

An fi sanin Kuoh-Moukoury da littafinta mai suna Rencontres essentielles ( Essential Encounters 1969) wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin littattafan farko da wata mata ta rubuta a Afirka ta Faransanci . [1] Ya ba da labarin Flo, wata mace mai matsala, da kuma wahalar da ta sha wajen riƙe mijinta bayan an gano cewa ba ta da haihuwa .

Littafinta na biyu yana jiran a buga shi kuma &quot;ya dogara ne akan rayuwar shahidi ɗan siyasa Alexandre Douala Manga Bell .&quot; 

Rubutunta na 1973 mai suna &quot;Les ma'aurata dominos&quot; (&quot;Domino Couples&quot;) ya tabo batun yanayin ma'aurata tsakanin kabilu daban-daban.  Ita ce kuma marubuciyar kasidu da dama kan fafutukar siyasa da kuma ra'ayin mata a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara]] .

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>817840</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-02T17:42:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>817840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1509" sha1="9bvxdhmypph7m8wru37y73o9ja8kdui" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Thérèse Kuoh-Moukoury''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1938) fitacciyar [[Feminism|marubuciya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin]] [[Kamaru|mata a ƙasar Kamaru]] . An haifi Kuoh-Moukoury a shekarar 1938 a [[Douala]], [[Kamaru|ƙasar Kamaru]] . Mahaifinta shi ne Jacques Kuoh-Moukouri, fitaccen marubuci kuma jami'in diflomasiyya na ƙasar Kamaru. Bayan [[Makarantar Firamare|kammala karatun firamare]] a Kamaru, ta halarci makarantar sakandare da kuma manyan makarantu a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar [[Union of African and Malagasy Women|Ƙungiyar Matan Afirka da na Malagasy]] (Union des Femmes Africaines et Malgaches).

An fi sanin Kuoh-Moukoury da littafinta mai suna Rencontres essentielles ( Essential Encounters 1969) wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin littattafan farko da wata mata ta rubuta a Afirka ta Faransanci . [1] Ya ba da labarin Flo, wata mace mai matsala, da kuma wahalar da ta sha wajen riƙe mijinta bayan an gano cewa ba ta da haihuwa .

Littafinta na biyu yana jiran a buga shi kuma &quot;ya dogara ne akan rayuwar shahidi ɗan siyasa Alexandre Douala Manga Bell .&quot; 

Rubutunta na 1973 mai suna &quot;Les ma'aurata dominos&quot; (&quot;Domino Couples&quot;) ya tabo batun yanayin ma'aurata tsakanin kabilu daban-daban.  Ita ce kuma marubuciyar kasidu da dama kan fafutukar siyasa da kuma ra'ayin mata a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara]] .

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]]</text>
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    <title>Nasra bint ʿAdlan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346753454|Nasra bint ʿAdlan]]&quot;</comment>
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Nasra bint ʿAdlan ( Arabic ; fl.1800s - 1850s) mace ce mai daraja ta Funj, dillalin iko, manajan gidaje kuma mai bautar bayi, wanda Karl Richard Lepsius ya ziyarci kotunsa.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Bint 'Adlan a farkon shekarun 1800, a ko kusa da Sennar .  Mahaifiyarta gimbiya ce ta [[Masarautar Sennar|gidan sarautar Funj]] ;  mahaifinta [[Muhammed Adlan|Muhammed 'Adlan]] ya fito ne daga Muhammad Abu Likaylik, kuma ya hau mulki a shekarar 1808. A shekarar 1821 'yan adawa suka kashe mahaifinta kafin ya iya yin adawa da [[Cin nasarar Turkiyya da Masar a Sudan (1820-1824)|mamayar Turkiyya a daular Funj]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  : 440-451 

Mijinta na farko ɗan kasuwa ne mai suna Muhammad Sandaluba. Sun haifi 'ya mace mai suna Dawwa kuma suka raba lokacinsu tsakanin Sennar da kadarorinsu da ke Maranjan, kusa da Wad Madani . Bayan mutuwar Sandaluba, bint 'Adlan ta sake yin aure, a wannan karon ga Daf ʿ Allah Muhammad, wanda ya kasance gwamnan gundumar Wad Madani. A cikin shekarun 1830 sun gina fada da wani ƙauye mai suna Suriba, wanda ke kula da shi. A wannan lokacin ma'auratan sun ƙara shiga harkokin kasuwanci, waɗanda suka haɗa da noma da karuwanci, waɗanda duka sun dogara ne akan [[Bauta a Sudan|aikin bayi]] . 

A matsayinta na manaja a harkokin gidaje, kuma tana da alaƙa da manyan jami'ai ta hanyar iyalinta da dukiyarta, bint 'Adlan mace ce mai tasiri a yankin. Ta goyi bayan Nasir Wad Abakr don tsayawa takarar sarautar Taqali . 

Ta mutu tsakanin 1852 da 1860; bayan mutuwarta fadar Suriba ta zama kango. Masanin binciken kayan tarihi Karl Richard Lepsius ya ziyarci bint 'Adlan kuma an buga labarin rayuwarta a 1853 a cikin aikinsa Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Peninsula of Sinai . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* ''[[iarchive:lettersfromegyp00lepsgoog|Wasiku daga Masar, Habasha, da kuma yankin Sinai]]'' (karanta a yanar gizo)
{{Authority control}}</text>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
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      <text bytes="1946" sha1="9ub0bfv3szujvyh99mqkyf3mqh06dmz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Nasra bint ʿAdlan ( Arabic ; fl.1800s - 1850s) mace ce mai daraja ta Funj, dillalin iko, manajan gidaje kuma mai bautar bayi, wanda Karl Richard Lepsius ya ziyarci kotunsa.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Bint 'Adlan a farkon shekarun 1800, a ko kusa da Sennar .  Mahaifiyarta gimbiya ce ta [[Masarautar Sennar|gidan sarautar Funj]] ;  mahaifinta [[Muhammed Adlan|Muhammed 'Adlan]] ya fito ne daga Muhammad Abu Likaylik, kuma ya hau mulki a shekarar 1808. A shekarar 1821 'yan adawa suka kashe mahaifinta kafin ya iya yin adawa da [[Cin nasarar Turkiyya da Masar a Sudan (1820-1824)|mamayar Turkiyya a daular Funj]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  : 440-451 

Mijinta na farko ɗan kasuwa ne mai suna Muhammad Sandaluba. Sun haifi 'ya mace mai suna Dawwa kuma suka raba lokacinsu tsakanin Sennar da kadarorinsu da ke Maranjan, kusa da Wad Madani . Bayan mutuwar Sandaluba, bint 'Adlan ta sake yin aure, a wannan karon ga Daf ʿ Allah Muhammad, wanda ya kasance gwamnan gundumar Wad Madani. A cikin shekarun 1830 sun gina fada da wani ƙauye mai suna Suriba, wanda ke kula da shi. A wannan lokacin ma'auratan sun ƙara shiga harkokin kasuwanci, waɗanda suka haɗa da noma da karuwanci, waɗanda duka sun dogara ne akan [[Bauta a Sudan|aikin bayi]] . 

A matsayinta na manaja a harkokin gidaje, kuma tana da alaƙa da manyan jami'ai ta hanyar iyalinta da dukiyarta, bint 'Adlan mace ce mai tasiri a yankin. Ta goyi bayan Nasir Wad Abakr don tsayawa takarar sarautar Taqali . 

Ta mutu tsakanin 1852 da 1860; bayan mutuwarta fadar Suriba ta zama kango. Masanin binciken kayan tarihi Karl Richard Lepsius ya ziyarci bint 'Adlan kuma an buga labarin rayuwarta a 1853 a cikin aikinsa Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Peninsula of Sinai . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* ''[[iarchive:lettersfromegyp00lepsgoog|Wasiku daga Masar, Habasha, da kuma yankin Sinai]]'' (karanta a yanar gizo)
{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fredrick Moore</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>817845</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:05:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rukayya Abdullahi</username>
        <id>30485</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342626586|Fredrick Moore]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Fredrick Moore''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Michigan State Spartans . Ya taba buga wa Michigan Wolverines wasa, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a shekarar 2023.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Moore a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2005, ɗan Willie Davidson da Elizabeth Moore. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Cardinal Ritter College Prep a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], yana wasa da mai karɓa da kuma kusurwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kvidahl |first=David |date=August 20, 2022 |title=No. 7: Cardinal Ritter's Moore committed to Michigan as a receiver, adds cornerback to his resume |url=https://www.stltoday.com/sports/high-school/football/super-30/no-7-cardinal-ritters-moore-committed-to-michigan-as-a-receiver-adds-cornerback-to-his/article_1477e410-1cf1-11ed-8bed-b78bc7330cd2.html |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya yi rikodin liyafa 41 don yadudduka 1,010 da kuma touchdowns 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McAllister |first=Mike |date=June 2, 2022 |title=Fredrick Moore 'Shocked' by Syracuse Offer |url=https://www.si.com/college/syracuse/recruiting/fredrick-moore-syracuse-offer-shocked-interview-june-2022 |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=SI.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya yi rikodin liyafa 67 don yadudduka 1,504 da kuma touchdowns 24, kuma ya kasance zabin All-State da kuma Offensive Player of the Year . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Joshua |date=December 21, 2022 |title=Local schools celebrate National Signing Day as athletes sign to dream schools |url=https://www.firstalert4.com/2022/12/21/local-schools-celebrate-national-signing-day-athletes-sign-dream-schools/ |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=firstalert4.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wasan zakarun Jihar Missouri Class 3A, yana da liyafa takwas don yadudduka 157 da kuma touchdowns biyu, kuma yana yin rikodin tsayarwa, yana taimaka wa Lions lashe gasar zakarun jihar ta farko a tarihin makaranta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fredrick Moore |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/fredrick-moore/25494 |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=MGoBlue.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kvidahl |first=David |date=December 3, 2022 |title=Cardinal Ritter takes down Reeds Spring to win first state championship |url=https://www.stltoday.com/sports/high-school/football/cardinal-ritter-takes-down-reeds-spring-to-win-first-state-championship/article_bae2decc-7354-11ed-bcec-df646bcfb94f.html |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moore an kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari uku kuma ya zama dan wasa na 11 a jihar Missouri ta hanyar 247Sports da kuma dan wasa na taurari huɗu da kuma dan wasan No. 12 a jihar ta Rivals.com . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2022, Moore ya kuduri aniyar buga ƙwallon ƙafa a kwaleji a Jami'ar Michigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Tony |last2=Ford |first2=Ryan |date=July 1, 2022 |title=Michigan football nabs three-star WR Fredrick Moore, four-star LB Semaj Bridgeman for 2023 |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/university-michigan/wolverines/2022/07/01/michigan-football-fredrick-moore-commit-class-of-2023/7792025001/ |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Halfacre |first=Paul |date=December 21, 2022 |title=Cardinal Ritter's Moore ready to make a name for himself in Big Ten |url=https://www.stltoday.com/sports/high-school/recruiting/football/cardinal-ritters-moore-ready-to-make-a-name-for-himself-in-big-ten/article_633e542a-8165-11ed-b5aa-33b623c538c5.html |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2023, ya buga wasanni 13 kuma ya samu damar yin liyafa sau huɗu a tsawon yadi 32 kuma ya taimaka wa Michigan lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fredrick Moore |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/fredrick-moore/25494 |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=MGoBlue.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/fredrick-moore/25494 &quot;Fredrick Moore&quot;]. ''MGoBlue.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara biyu a shekarar 2024, ya buga wasanni 13 kuma ya samu damar yin wasa sau 11 a tsawon yadi 128 da kuma taɓawa ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Tony |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Michigan football WRs aren't getting the ball. They're fine with that under one condition. |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/university-michigan/wolverines/2024/09/25/michigan-football-wrs-wide-receivers-sherrone-moore-alex-orji/75374721007/ |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McMann |first=Aaron |date=September 24, 2024 |title=Michigan receiver OK with 32 yards passing: ‘We know what program we’re in’ |url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2024/09/michigan-receiver-ok-with-32-yards-passing-we-know-what-program-were-in.html |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=[[MLive.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2024, a lokacin wasan ReliaQuest Bowl na 2024 da Alabama, ya sami nasarar farko a aikinsa, inda Davis Warren ya yi masa liyafa mai tsawon yadi 13.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ablauf |first=Dave |last2=Shepard |first2=Chad |date=December 31, 2024 |title=U-M Posts Big First Quarter, Holds on Late to Defeat No. 11 Alabama in ReliaQuest Bowl |url=https://mgoblue.com/news/2024/12/31/football-u-m-posts-big-first-quarter-holds-on-late-to-defeat-no-11-alabama-in-reliaquest-bowl |access-date=December 31, 2024 |website=MGoBlue.com |publisher=CBS Interactive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goodall |first=Fred |date=December 31, 2024 |title=Michigan defense pressures Milroe all day, Wolverines beat No. 11 Alabama 19-13 in ReliaQuest Bowl |url=https://www.fox8live.com/2024/12/31/michigan-defense-pressures-milroe-all-day-wolverines-beat-no-11-alabama-19-13-reliaquest-bowl/ |access-date=January 1, 2024 |website=fox8live.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2025, Moore ya ga iyakantaccen lokacin wasa a matsayin ƙarami kuma ya bar kungiyar a tsakiyar kakar wasa a farkon Oktoba. Ba shi da liyafa a lokacin kakar, amma ya buga wasanni hudu a kungiyoyi na musamman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hole |first=Isaiah |date=October 2, 2025 |title=Michigan football wideout Fredrick Moore leaves program after limited snaps in 2025 season |url=https://wolverineswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/wolverines/football/2025/10/02/michigan-football-wide-receiver-fredrick-moore-departs-2025/86482176007/ |access-date=October 27, 2025 |website=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/fredrick-moore/25494 Tarihin Michigan Wolverines]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Fredrick Moore''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Michigan State Spartans . Ya taba buga wa Michigan Wolverines wasa, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a shekarar 2023.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Moore a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2005, ɗan Willie Davidson da Elizabeth Moore. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Cardinal Ritter College Prep a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], yana wasa da mai karɓa da kuma kusurwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kvidahl |first=David |date=August 20, 2022 |title=No. 7: Cardinal Ritter's Moore committed to Michigan as a receiver, adds cornerback to his resume |url=https://www.stltoday.com/sports/high-school/football/super-30/no-7-cardinal-ritters-moore-committed-to-michigan-as-a-receiver-adds-cornerback-to-his/article_1477e410-1cf1-11ed-8bed-b78bc7330cd2.html |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya yi rikodin liyafa 41 don yadudduka 1,010 da kuma touchdowns 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McAllister |first=Mike |date=June 2, 2022 |title=Fredrick Moore 'Shocked' by Syracuse Offer |url=https://www.si.com/college/syracuse/recruiting/fredrick-moore-syracuse-offer-shocked-interview-june-2022 |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=SI.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya yi rikodin liyafa 67 don yadudduka 1,504 da kuma touchdowns 24, kuma ya kasance zabin All-State da kuma Offensive Player of the Year . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Joshua |date=December 21, 2022 |title=Local schools celebrate National Signing Day as athletes sign to dream schools |url=https://www.firstalert4.com/2022/12/21/local-schools-celebrate-national-signing-day-athletes-sign-dream-schools/ |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=firstalert4.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wasan zakarun Jihar Missouri Class 3A, yana da liyafa takwas don yadudduka 157 da kuma touchdowns biyu, kuma yana yin rikodin tsayarwa, yana taimaka wa Lions lashe gasar zakarun jihar ta farko a tarihin makaranta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fredrick Moore |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/fredrick-moore/25494 |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=MGoBlue.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kvidahl |first=David |date=December 3, 2022 |title=Cardinal Ritter takes down Reeds Spring to win first state championship |url=https://www.stltoday.com/sports/high-school/football/cardinal-ritter-takes-down-reeds-spring-to-win-first-state-championship/article_bae2decc-7354-11ed-bcec-df646bcfb94f.html |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moore an kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari uku kuma ya zama dan wasa na 11 a jihar Missouri ta hanyar 247Sports da kuma dan wasa na taurari huɗu da kuma dan wasan No. 12 a jihar ta Rivals.com . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2022, Moore ya kuduri aniyar buga ƙwallon ƙafa a kwaleji a Jami'ar Michigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Tony |last2=Ford |first2=Ryan |date=July 1, 2022 |title=Michigan football nabs three-star WR Fredrick Moore, four-star LB Semaj Bridgeman for 2023 |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/university-michigan/wolverines/2022/07/01/michigan-football-fredrick-moore-commit-class-of-2023/7792025001/ |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Halfacre |first=Paul |date=December 21, 2022 |title=Cardinal Ritter's Moore ready to make a name for himself in Big Ten |url=https://www.stltoday.com/sports/high-school/recruiting/football/cardinal-ritters-moore-ready-to-make-a-name-for-himself-in-big-ten/article_633e542a-8165-11ed-b5aa-33b623c538c5.html |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2023, ya buga wasanni 13 kuma ya samu damar yin liyafa sau huɗu a tsawon yadi 32 kuma ya taimaka wa Michigan lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fredrick Moore |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/fredrick-moore/25494 |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=MGoBlue.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara biyu a shekarar 2024, ya buga wasanni 13 kuma ya samu damar yin wasa sau 11 a tsawon yadi 128 da kuma taɓawa ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Tony |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Michigan football WRs aren't getting the ball. They're fine with that under one condition. |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/university-michigan/wolverines/2024/09/25/michigan-football-wrs-wide-receivers-sherrone-moore-alex-orji/75374721007/ |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McMann |first=Aaron |date=September 24, 2024 |title=Michigan receiver OK with 32 yards passing: ‘We know what program we’re in’ |url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2024/09/michigan-receiver-ok-with-32-yards-passing-we-know-what-program-were-in.html |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=[[MLive.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2024, a lokacin wasan ReliaQuest Bowl na 2024 da Alabama, ya sami nasarar farko a aikinsa, inda Davis Warren ya yi masa liyafa mai tsawon yadi 13.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ablauf |first=Dave |last2=Shepard |first2=Chad |date=December 31, 2024 |title=U-M Posts Big First Quarter, Holds on Late to Defeat No. 11 Alabama in ReliaQuest Bowl |url=https://mgoblue.com/news/2024/12/31/football-u-m-posts-big-first-quarter-holds-on-late-to-defeat-no-11-alabama-in-reliaquest-bowl |access-date=December 31, 2024 |website=MGoBlue.com |publisher=CBS Interactive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goodall |first=Fred |date=December 31, 2024 |title=Michigan defense pressures Milroe all day, Wolverines beat No. 11 Alabama 19-13 in ReliaQuest Bowl |url=https://www.fox8live.com/2024/12/31/michigan-defense-pressures-milroe-all-day-wolverines-beat-no-11-alabama-19-13-reliaquest-bowl/ |access-date=January 1, 2024 |website=fox8live.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2025, Moore ya ga iyakantaccen lokacin wasa a matsayin ƙarami kuma ya bar kungiyar a tsakiyar kakar wasa a farkon Oktoba. Ba shi da liyafa a lokacin kakar, amma ya buga wasanni hudu a kungiyoyi na musamman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hole |first=Isaiah |date=October 2, 2025 |title=Michigan football wideout Fredrick Moore leaves program after limited snaps in 2025 season |url=https://wolverineswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/wolverines/football/2025/10/02/michigan-football-wide-receiver-fredrick-moore-departs-2025/86482176007/ |access-date=October 27, 2025 |website=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/fredrick-moore/25494 Tarihin Michigan Wolverines]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]</text>
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'''Fredrick Moore''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Michigan State Spartans . Ya taba buga wa Michigan Wolverines wasa, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a shekarar 2023.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Moore a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2005, ɗan Willie Davidson da Elizabeth Moore. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Cardinal Ritter College Prep a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], yana wasa da mai karɓa da kuma kusurwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kvidahl |first=David |date=August 20, 2022 |title=No. 7: Cardinal Ritter's Moore committed to Michigan as a receiver, adds cornerback to his resume |url=https://www.stltoday.com/sports/high-school/football/super-30/no-7-cardinal-ritters-moore-committed-to-michigan-as-a-receiver-adds-cornerback-to-his/article_1477e410-1cf1-11ed-8bed-b78bc7330cd2.html |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya yi rikodin liyafa 41 don yadudduka 1,010 da kuma touchdowns 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McAllister |first=Mike |date=June 2, 2022 |title=Fredrick Moore 'Shocked' by Syracuse Offer |url=https://www.si.com/college/syracuse/recruiting/fredrick-moore-syracuse-offer-shocked-interview-june-2022 |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=SI.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya yi rikodin liyafa 67 don yadudduka 1,504 da kuma touchdowns 24, kuma ya kasance zabin All-State da kuma Offensive Player of the Year . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Joshua |date=December 21, 2022 |title=Local schools celebrate National Signing Day as athletes sign to dream schools |url=https://www.firstalert4.com/2022/12/21/local-schools-celebrate-national-signing-day-athletes-sign-dream-schools/ |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=firstalert4.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wasan zakarun Jihar Missouri Class 3A, yana da liyafa takwas don yadudduka 157 da kuma touchdowns biyu, kuma yana yin rikodin tsayarwa, yana taimaka wa Lions lashe gasar zakarun jihar ta farko a tarihin makaranta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fredrick Moore |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/fredrick-moore/25494 |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=MGoBlue.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kvidahl |first=David |date=December 3, 2022 |title=Cardinal Ritter takes down Reeds Spring to win first state championship |url=https://www.stltoday.com/sports/high-school/football/cardinal-ritter-takes-down-reeds-spring-to-win-first-state-championship/article_bae2decc-7354-11ed-bcec-df646bcfb94f.html |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moore an kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari uku kuma ya zama dan wasa na 11 a jihar Missouri ta hanyar 247Sports da kuma dan wasa na taurari huɗu da kuma dan wasan No. 12 a jihar ta Rivals.com . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2022, Moore ya kuduri aniyar buga ƙwallon ƙafa a kwaleji a Jami'ar Michigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Tony |last2=Ford |first2=Ryan |date=July 1, 2022 |title=Michigan football nabs three-star WR Fredrick Moore, four-star LB Semaj Bridgeman for 2023 |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/university-michigan/wolverines/2022/07/01/michigan-football-fredrick-moore-commit-class-of-2023/7792025001/ |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Halfacre |first=Paul |date=December 21, 2022 |title=Cardinal Ritter's Moore ready to make a name for himself in Big Ten |url=https://www.stltoday.com/sports/high-school/recruiting/football/cardinal-ritters-moore-ready-to-make-a-name-for-himself-in-big-ten/article_633e542a-8165-11ed-b5aa-33b623c538c5.html |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2023, ya buga wasanni 13 kuma ya samu damar yin liyafa sau huɗu a tsawon yadi 32 kuma ya taimaka wa Michigan lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fredrick Moore |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/fredrick-moore/25494 |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=MGoBlue.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara biyu a shekarar 2024, ya buga wasanni 13 kuma ya samu damar yin wasa sau 11 a tsawon yadi 128 da kuma taɓawa ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Tony |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Michigan football WRs aren't getting the ball. They're fine with that under one condition. |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/university-michigan/wolverines/2024/09/25/michigan-football-wrs-wide-receivers-sherrone-moore-alex-orji/75374721007/ |access-date=January 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McMann |first=Aaron |date=September 24, 2024 |title=Michigan receiver OK with 32 yards passing: ‘We know what program we’re in’ |url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2024/09/michigan-receiver-ok-with-32-yards-passing-we-know-what-program-were-in.html |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=[[MLive.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2024, a lokacin wasan ReliaQuest Bowl na 2024 da Alabama, ya sami nasarar farko a aikinsa, inda Davis Warren ya yi masa liyafa mai tsawon yadi 13.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ablauf |first=Dave |last2=Shepard |first2=Chad |date=December 31, 2024 |title=U-M Posts Big First Quarter, Holds on Late to Defeat No. 11 Alabama in ReliaQuest Bowl |url=https://mgoblue.com/news/2024/12/31/football-u-m-posts-big-first-quarter-holds-on-late-to-defeat-no-11-alabama-in-reliaquest-bowl |access-date=December 31, 2024 |website=MGoBlue.com |publisher=CBS Interactive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goodall |first=Fred |date=December 31, 2024 |title=Michigan defense pressures Milroe all day, Wolverines beat No. 11 Alabama 19-13 in ReliaQuest Bowl |url=https://www.fox8live.com/2024/12/31/michigan-defense-pressures-milroe-all-day-wolverines-beat-no-11-alabama-19-13-reliaquest-bowl/ |access-date=January 1, 2024 |website=fox8live.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2025, Moore ya ga iyakantaccen lokacin wasa a matsayin ƙarami kuma ya bar kungiyar a tsakiyar kakar wasa a farkon Oktoba. Ba shi da liyafa a lokacin kakar, amma ya buga wasanni hudu a kungiyoyi na musamman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hole |first=Isaiah |date=October 2, 2025 |title=Michigan football wideout Fredrick Moore leaves program after limited snaps in 2025 season |url=https://wolverineswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/wolverines/football/2025/10/02/michigan-football-wide-receiver-fredrick-moore-departs-2025/86482176007/ |access-date=October 27, 2025 |website=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/fredrick-moore/25494 Tarihin Michigan Wolverines]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nafisah Ahmad al-Amin</title>
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    <id>147426</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:15:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346687289|Nafisah Ahmad al-Amin]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Nafisah Ahmad al-Amin''', wacce aka rubuta da '''Nafissa Ahmed el-Amin''', tsohuwar 'yar siyasa ce [[Sudan|'yar Sudan]] kuma mai fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Matasa da Wasanni daga 1971 zuwa 1972. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama minista a majalisar ministoci a [[Sudan]] kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa [[Kungiyar matan sudan|kungiyar mata ta Sudan]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sudan Ministers |url=https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Sudan.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu 

== Manazarta ==

* ''Matar 'yar Sudan a tsawon tarihin gwagwarmayarta'' (1972). Khartoum: Jaridar Gwamnati

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Adabi ==

*  
{{Authority control}}</text>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
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      <text bytes="761" sha1="mtembpbhlmkqhq1b2hjkbp33wvmh4qs" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Nafisah Ahmad al-Amin''', wacce aka rubuta da '''Nafissa Ahmed el-Amin''', tsohuwar 'yar siyasa ce [[Sudan|'yar Sudan]] kuma mai fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Matasa da Wasanni daga 1971 zuwa 1972. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama minista a majalisar ministoci a [[Sudan]] kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa [[Kungiyar matan sudan|kungiyar mata ta Sudan]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sudan Ministers |url=https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Sudan.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu 

== Manazarta ==

* ''Matar 'yar Sudan a tsawon tarihin gwagwarmayarta'' (1972). Khartoum: Jaridar Gwamnati

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Adabi ==

*  
{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Jennifer Alley</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334285244|Jennifer Alley]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>817850</origin>
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      <text bytes="1050" sha1="pmtbagepcgzlp0pc9sfovyufflbkqve" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka Jennifer Elaine Alley''' tsohuwar kocin kwando ce ta kwaleji. Ta yi aiki a matsayin koci na Jami'ar North Carolina a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Chapel Hill daga 1977 zuwa 1986. 

Alley ita ce ta farko da ta kasance koci na cikakken lokaci na shirin mata na Tar Heels, kuma aikinta ya haɗa da gasar ACC a shekarar 1984. 

'Yar asalin Hudson, North Carolina, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Nike Lifetime Achievement Award ta Mata Shugabannin a Wasannin Kwalejin a shekarar 2020. An kuma girmama Alley a matsayin Labarin Kwando na Mata na ACC a shekara ta 2009, kuma an ba ta suna Jami'ar Jihar Appalachian Distinguished Alumni of the Year a shekara ta 2006. A cikin 2023, an shigar da ita cikin Babban Gidan Wasanni na Wilmington, saboda lokacin da ta yi amfani da shi wajen taimakawa sashen wasanni na UNC Wilmington. 

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==

* 1984 - Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Mata ta ACC

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Jennifer Elaine Alley''' tsohuwar kocin kwando ce ta kwaleji. Ta yi aiki a matsayin koci na Jami'ar North Carolina a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Chapel Hill daga 1977 zuwa 1986. 

Alley ita ce ta farko da ta kasance koci na cikakken lokaci na shirin mata na Tar Heels, kuma aikinta ya haɗa da gasar ACC a shekarar 1984. 

'Yar asalin Hudson, North Carolina, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Nike Lifetime Achievement Award ta Mata Shugabannin a Wasannin Kwalejin a shekarar 2020. An kuma girmama Alley a matsayin Labarin Kwando na Mata na ACC a shekara ta 2009, kuma an ba ta suna Jami'ar Jihar Appalachian Distinguished Alumni of the Year a shekara ta 2006. A cikin 2023, an shigar da ita cikin Babban Gidan Wasanni na Wilmington, saboda lokacin da ta yi amfani da shi wajen taimakawa sashen wasanni na UNC Wilmington. 

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==

* 1984 - Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Mata ta ACC

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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        <id>30485</id>
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'''Jennifer Elaine Alley''' tsohuwar kocin kwando ce ta kwaleji. Ta yi aiki a matsayin koci na Jami'ar North Carolina a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Chapel Hill daga 1977 zuwa 1986. 

Alley ita ce ta farko da ta kasance koci na cikakken lokaci na shirin mata na Tar Heels, kuma aikinta ya haɗa da gasar ACC a shekarar 1984. 

'Yar asalin Hudson, North Carolina, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Nike Lifetime Achievement Award ta Mata Shugabannin a Wasannin Kwalejin a shekarar 2020. An kuma girmama Alley a matsayin Labarin Kwando na Mata na ACC a shekara ta 2009, kuma an ba ta suna Jami'ar Jihar Appalachian Distinguished Alumni of the Year a shekara ta 2006. A cikin 2023, an shigar da ita cikin Babban Gidan Wasanni na Wilmington, saboda lokacin da ta yi amfani da shi wajen taimakawa sashen wasanni na UNC Wilmington.&lt;ref&gt;Spears, David. (May 3, 2023). [https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/sports/2023/05/03/greater-wilmington-sports-hall-of-fame-class-of-2023-mark-scalf-al-pastore-william-murphy/70176320007/ Greater Wilmington Sports Hall of Fame set for 16th induction class Sunday]. ''starnewsonline.com''. Retrieved September 2, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==

* 1984 - Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Mata ta ACC

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Jennifer Elaine Alley''' tsohuwar kocin kwando ce ta kwaleji. Ta yi aiki a matsayin koci na Jami'ar North Carolina a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Chapel Hill daga 1977 zuwa 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACC 09&quot;&gt;[[Atlantic Coast Conference]]. [http://www.theacc.com/sports/w-baskbl/spec-rel/020509aaa.html &quot;ACC Announces 2009 Women's Basketball Tournament Legends&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101034222/http://www.theacc.com/sports/w-baskbl/spec-rel/020509aaa.html |date=January 1, 2011 }}. February 5, 2009. Retrieved on May 3, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Alley ita ce ta farko da ta kasance koci na cikakken lokaci na shirin mata na Tar Heels, kuma aikinta ya haɗa da gasar ACC a shekarar 1984. 

'Yar asalin Hudson, North Carolina, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Nike Lifetime Achievement Award ta Mata Shugabannin a Wasannin Kwalejin a shekarar 2020. An kuma girmama Alley a matsayin Labarin Kwando na Mata na ACC a shekara ta 2009, kuma an ba ta suna Jami'ar Jihar Appalachian Distinguished Alumni of the Year a shekara ta 2006. A cikin 2023, an shigar da ita cikin Babban Gidan Wasanni na Wilmington, saboda lokacin da ta yi amfani da shi wajen taimakawa sashen wasanni na UNC Wilmington.&lt;ref&gt;Spears, David. (May 3, 2023). [https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/sports/2023/05/03/greater-wilmington-sports-hall-of-fame-class-of-2023-mark-scalf-al-pastore-william-murphy/70176320007/ Greater Wilmington Sports Hall of Fame set for 16th induction class Sunday]. ''starnewsonline.com''. Retrieved September 2, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==

* 1984 - Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Mata ta ACC

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>817855</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rukayya Abdullahi</username>
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'''Jennifer Elaine Alley''' tsohuwar kocin kwando ce ta kwaleji. Ta yi aiki a matsayin koci na Jami'ar North Carolina a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Chapel Hill daga 1977 zuwa 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACC 09&quot;&gt;[[Atlantic Coast Conference]]. [http://www.theacc.com/sports/w-baskbl/spec-rel/020509aaa.html &quot;ACC Announces 2009 Women's Basketball Tournament Legends&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101034222/http://www.theacc.com/sports/w-baskbl/spec-rel/020509aaa.html |date=January 1, 2011 }}. February 5, 2009. Retrieved on May 3, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Alley ita ce ta farko da ta kasance koci na cikakken lokaci na shirin mata na Tar Heels, kuma aikinta ya haɗa da gasar ACC a shekarar 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACC 09&quot; /&gt; 

'Yar asalin Hudson, North Carolina, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Nike Lifetime Achievement Award ta Mata Shugabannin a Wasannin Kwalejin a shekarar 2020. An kuma girmama Alley a matsayin Labarin Kwando na Mata na ACC a shekara ta 2009, kuma an ba ta suna Jami'ar Jihar Appalachian Distinguished Alumni of the Year a shekara ta 2006. A cikin 2023, an shigar da ita cikin Babban Gidan Wasanni na Wilmington, saboda lokacin da ta yi amfani da shi wajen taimakawa sashen wasanni na UNC Wilmington.&lt;ref&gt;Spears, David. (May 3, 2023). [https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/sports/2023/05/03/greater-wilmington-sports-hall-of-fame-class-of-2023-mark-scalf-al-pastore-william-murphy/70176320007/ Greater Wilmington Sports Hall of Fame set for 16th induction class Sunday]. ''starnewsonline.com''. Retrieved September 2, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==

* 1984 - Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Mata ta ACC

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Conrad Davis Mock</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>30485</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341127841|Conrad Davis Mock]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>817861</origin>
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Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne C.D. Mock (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) tsohon kocin gwagwarmaya ne na Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill (UNC). Ya rike wannan mukamin daga 2003 zuwa 2015. Kungiyarsa ta UNC ta ga nasara a kakar 2005 - 2006. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in UNC kuma mai kokawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock Biography |url=http://www.goheels.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205497500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821210749/http://www.goheels.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205497500 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da ilimi ==
An haifi Mock a shekara ta 1958 a Saint Petersburg, Florida . Ya girma a Newtown Township, Pennsylvania yana halartar makarantar sakandare ta Council Rock. Daga nan ya shiga UNC, ya kammala a shekarar 1982. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Mock ya koma Newton. A cikin 1985, Mock ya kafa Equity Consultants inc., wani kamfani na dillalin hannun jari wanda aka yi rajista har zuwa 2000. A shekara ta 1984, Mock ya auri Mickie Robinson, mataimakin likita wanda ya kammala karatun UNC kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar wasan motsa jiki ta UNC. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Babbar Makaranta ===
Mock ya yi gwagwarmaya na tsawon shekaru hudu yayin da yake halartar makarantar sakandare ta Council Rock a Newtown. Mock ya fara kokawa a cikin shekara ta farko. A cikin babban shekarunsa, Mock ya lashe lambar yabo ta jihar PIAA. Farawar Mock a cikin kokawa ta kasance a baya fiye da shekaru 6 na yau da kullun. Ya sadaukar da lokacinsa na hutu ga horo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Mark |title=UNC wrestling coach C.D. Mock brings fighting mindset to the mat |url=http://www.dailytarheel.com/index.php/article/2010/11/unc_wrestling_coach_cd_mock_brings_fighting_mindset_to_the_mat |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=The Daily Tar Heel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwalejin ===
A shekara ta 1982, yayin da ya shiga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill (UNC), Mock ya zama zakara na farko na National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) daga makarantarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conrad C.D. Mock |url=https://nwhof.org/hall_of_fame/bio/16427 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=nwhof.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya gama da ci 35-0 a cikin nauyin nauyin nauyin 134 lb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mock ya kuma lashe lakabi a gasar zakarun Atlantic Coast (ACC) sau uku inda ya samu ci 64-4. Yawan nasarar da ya samu ya kasance na uku mafi girma a tarihin gwagwarmayar kwaleji a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]]. An kira Mock a matsayin All-American a gasar NCAA a lokuta biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock - Head Wrestling Coach |url=http://www.uncwrestling.com/c-d-mock.html |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=Carolina Wrestling}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba Mock lambar yabo ta Patterson, lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta UNC don nasarori a wasanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock (1982) - Patterson Medal Winners |url=https://goheels.com/honors/patterson-medal-winners/cd-mock/78 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Koyarwa ===
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga UNC, Mock ya zama kocin kokawa a makarantar sakandare ta Council Rock . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina Names C.D. Mock To Follow Bill Lam As Wrestling Coach |url=http://themat.com/section.php?section_id=3&amp;page=showarticle&amp;ArticleID=5639 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508223015/http://themat.com/section.php?section_id=3&amp;page=showarticle&amp;ArticleID=5639 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=USA Wrestling}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama babban kocin kokawa a UNC a shekara ta 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock - Wrestling Coach |url=https://goheels.com/sports/wrestling/roster/coaches/cd-mock/520 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2005, ƙungiyar kwalejin UNC, Tar Heels ta lashe lambobin ACC da kuma rikodin haɗuwa biyu na 16-8-1 a shekara ta 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Mark |title=UNC wrestling coach C.D. Mock brings fighting mindset to the mat |url=http://www.dailytarheel.com/index.php/article/2010/11/unc_wrestling_coach_cd_mock_brings_fighting_mindset_to_the_mat |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=The Daily Tar Heel}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu gwagwarmayar Mock a gasar mutum sun hada da Evan Sola wanda ya kasance na shida a gasar ACC a 2005 da kuma Evan Henderson wanda ya sami matsayi na huɗu na ACC a 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rikici ==
A cikin 2015, bayan ya yi magana game da aikace-aikacen dokar tarayya ta Title IX game da ɗansa a [[Jami'ar Tennessee]], an dakatar da aikin Mock a Jami'an North Carolina. A ranar 7 ga Satumba 2015, Mock ya buga wata sanarwa ta sirri a shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar James G. Martin don Sabuntawa ta Ilimi, ƙungiyar masu fafutukar ilimi mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mock |first=C. D. |date=2016-05-31 |title=I Fought Political Correctness and Correctness Won |url=https://jamesgmartin.center/2015/09/i-fought-political-correctness-and-correctness-won/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=The James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rubuta cewa a watan Yunin 2014, an zargi ɗansa da cin zarafin jima'i kuma an watsar da batun lokacin da alƙali ya yi imanin cewa mai tuhuma bai cika nauyin tabbatar da rashin amincewa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Mock ya rubuta, &quot;tsarin da nake da shi cewa karuwar dogaro da kwamitocin harabar da masu gudanarwa da ke amfani da ka'idojin amincewa maimakon bin tsarin shari'a da ya dace dole ne ya kasance ... manyan mutanen UNC&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da rashin tasiri na horar da Mock a matsayin dalilin korarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Commons category-inline|Conrad D. Mock, Jr.|C.D. Mock}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>817862</id>
      <parentid>817861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:46:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rukayya Abdullahi</username>
        <id>30485</id>
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      <origin>817862</origin>
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      <text bytes="5907" sha1="o9wkcw7kr9nni32dz38l8skncmpku2i" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''C.D. Mock''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) tsohon kocin gwagwarmaya ne na Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill (UNC). Ya rike wannan mukamin daga 2003 zuwa 2015. Kungiyarsa ta UNC ta ga nasara a kakar 2005 - 2006. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in UNC kuma mai kokawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock Biography |url=http://www.goheels.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205497500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821210749/http://www.goheels.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205497500 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da ilimi ==
An haifi Mock a shekara ta 1958 a Saint Petersburg, Florida . Ya girma a Newtown Township, Pennsylvania yana halartar makarantar sakandare ta Council Rock. Daga nan ya shiga UNC, ya kammala a shekarar 1982. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Mock ya koma Newton. A cikin 1985, Mock ya kafa Equity Consultants inc., wani kamfani na dillalin hannun jari wanda aka yi rajista har zuwa 2000. A shekara ta 1984, Mock ya auri Mickie Robinson, mataimakin likita wanda ya kammala karatun UNC kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar wasan motsa jiki ta UNC. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Babbar Makaranta ===
Mock ya yi gwagwarmaya na tsawon shekaru hudu yayin da yake halartar makarantar sakandare ta Council Rock a Newtown. Mock ya fara kokawa a cikin shekara ta farko. A cikin babban shekarunsa, Mock ya lashe lambar yabo ta jihar PIAA. Farawar Mock a cikin kokawa ta kasance a baya fiye da shekaru 6 na yau da kullun. Ya sadaukar da lokacinsa na hutu ga horo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Mark |title=UNC wrestling coach C.D. Mock brings fighting mindset to the mat |url=http://www.dailytarheel.com/index.php/article/2010/11/unc_wrestling_coach_cd_mock_brings_fighting_mindset_to_the_mat |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=The Daily Tar Heel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwalejin ===
A shekara ta 1982, yayin da ya shiga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill (UNC), Mock ya zama zakara na farko na National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) daga makarantarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conrad C.D. Mock |url=https://nwhof.org/hall_of_fame/bio/16427 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=nwhof.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya gama da ci 35-0 a cikin nauyin nauyin nauyin 134 lb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mock ya kuma lashe lakabi a gasar zakarun Atlantic Coast (ACC) sau uku inda ya samu ci 64-4. Yawan nasarar da ya samu ya kasance na uku mafi girma a tarihin gwagwarmayar kwaleji a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]]. An kira Mock a matsayin All-American a gasar NCAA a lokuta biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock - Head Wrestling Coach |url=http://www.uncwrestling.com/c-d-mock.html |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=Carolina Wrestling}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba Mock lambar yabo ta Patterson, lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta UNC don nasarori a wasanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock (1982) - Patterson Medal Winners |url=https://goheels.com/honors/patterson-medal-winners/cd-mock/78 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Koyarwa ===
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga UNC, Mock ya zama kocin kokawa a makarantar sakandare ta Council Rock . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina Names C.D. Mock To Follow Bill Lam As Wrestling Coach |url=http://themat.com/section.php?section_id=3&amp;page=showarticle&amp;ArticleID=5639 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508223015/http://themat.com/section.php?section_id=3&amp;page=showarticle&amp;ArticleID=5639 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=USA Wrestling}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama babban kocin kokawa a UNC a shekara ta 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock - Wrestling Coach |url=https://goheels.com/sports/wrestling/roster/coaches/cd-mock/520 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2005, ƙungiyar kwalejin UNC, Tar Heels ta lashe lambobin ACC da kuma rikodin haɗuwa biyu na 16-8-1 a shekara ta 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Mark |title=UNC wrestling coach C.D. Mock brings fighting mindset to the mat |url=http://www.dailytarheel.com/index.php/article/2010/11/unc_wrestling_coach_cd_mock_brings_fighting_mindset_to_the_mat |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=The Daily Tar Heel}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu gwagwarmayar Mock a gasar mutum sun hada da Evan Sola wanda ya kasance na shida a gasar ACC a 2005 da kuma Evan Henderson wanda ya sami matsayi na huɗu na ACC a 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rikici ==
A cikin 2015, bayan ya yi magana game da aikace-aikacen dokar tarayya ta Title IX game da ɗansa a [[Jami'ar Tennessee]], an dakatar da aikin Mock a Jami'an North Carolina. A ranar 7 ga Satumba 2015, Mock ya buga wata sanarwa ta sirri a shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar James G. Martin don Sabuntawa ta Ilimi, ƙungiyar masu fafutukar ilimi mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mock |first=C. D. |date=2016-05-31 |title=I Fought Political Correctness and Correctness Won |url=https://jamesgmartin.center/2015/09/i-fought-political-correctness-and-correctness-won/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=The James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rubuta cewa a watan Yunin 2014, an zargi ɗansa da cin zarafin jima'i kuma an watsar da batun lokacin da alƙali ya yi imanin cewa mai tuhuma bai cika nauyin tabbatar da rashin amincewa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Mock ya rubuta, &quot;tsarin da nake da shi cewa karuwar dogaro da kwamitocin harabar da masu gudanarwa da ke amfani da ka'idojin amincewa maimakon bin tsarin shari'a da ya dace dole ne ya kasance ... manyan mutanen UNC&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da rashin tasiri na horar da Mock a matsayin dalilin korarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Commons category-inline|Conrad D. Mock, Jr.|C.D. Mock}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Danny Lotz</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817864</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:56:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rukayya Abdullahi</username>
        <id>30485</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292461828|Danny Lotz]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>817864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6110" sha1="ri3m1m7qczmo2xnc3lbp6r7etqx263n" xml:space="preserve">
'''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York . Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery .  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz . Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙarami da 28 a matsayin babban jami'in Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg .  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]. Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham .  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na Fellowship of Christian Athletes a Black Mountain, North Carolina a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a ido daya kuma ya ji a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi ba tare da amsawa ba a cikin tafkin su. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa bayan kwana biyu kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <id>817865</id>
      <parentid>817864</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rukayya Abdullahi</username>
        <id>30485</id>
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      <origin>817865</origin>
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      <text bytes="5863" sha1="k5acqdtv2du42m00kh3mi6qu30g96ip" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York . Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery .  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz . Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙarami da 28 a matsayin babban jami'in Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg .  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]. Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham .  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na Fellowship of Christian Athletes a Black Mountain, North Carolina a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a ido daya kuma ya ji a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi ba tare da amsawa ba a cikin tafkin su. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa bayan kwana biyu kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>k5acqdtv2du42m00kh3mi6qu30g96ip</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818144</id>
      <parentid>817865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:20:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>818144</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5855" sha1="0kyt16you8fh29swgct9ogvpl4czati" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando na maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York . Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery .  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz . Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙarami da 28 a matsayin babban jami'in Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg .  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]. Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham .  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na Fellowship of Christian Athletes a Black Mountain, North Carolina a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a ido daya kuma ya ji a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi ba tare da amsawa ba a cikin tafkin su. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa bayan kwana biyu kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>0kyt16you8fh29swgct9ogvpl4czati</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818145</id>
      <parentid>818144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:22:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko */</comment>
      <origin>818145</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5870" sha1="lb3ebut5pltiqiuvn0wkkpxaxrixe31" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando na maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York. Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery.  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz. Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙaramin dan wasa sannan 28 a matsayin babban dan wasan Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg .  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]. Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham .  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na Fellowship of Christian Athletes a Black Mountain, North Carolina a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a ido daya kuma ya ji a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi ba tare da amsawa ba a cikin tafkin su. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa bayan kwana biyu kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>lb3ebut5pltiqiuvn0wkkpxaxrixe31</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818147</id>
      <parentid>818145</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:27:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina */</comment>
      <origin>818147</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5885" sha1="71b24f3fqmkk51acgndyon9nu1scupx" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando na maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York. Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery.  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz. Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙaramin dan wasa sannan 28 a matsayin babban dan wasan Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg.  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]. Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham.  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na ''Fellowship of Christian Athletes'' a Black Mountain, [[North Carolina]] a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a idonsa daya da kuma ya jinsa a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi ba tare da amsawa ba a cikin tafkin su. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa bayan kwana biyu kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>71b24f3fqmkk51acgndyon9nu1scupx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818149</id>
      <parentid>818147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:28:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa bayan wasa */</comment>
      <origin>818149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5888" sha1="dvlq7kf2h83gvvhkhi8k17eakaqgfzs" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando na maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York. Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery.  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz. Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙaramin dan wasa sannan 28 a matsayin babban dan wasan Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg.  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]. Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham.  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na ''Fellowship of Christian Athletes'' a Black Mountain, [[North Carolina]] a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a idonsa daya da kuma ya jinsa a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi baya motsi a tafkin shakatawarsu. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa kwanaki biyu da suka wuce kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>dvlq7kf2h83gvvhkhi8k17eakaqgfzs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818150</id>
      <parentid>818149</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:28:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Rayuwa bayan wasa */</comment>
      <origin>818150</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6175" sha1="l6hvxn6vy8tlctgrk52ubc765c2f2ss" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando na maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York. Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery.  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz. Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙaramin dan wasa sannan 28 a matsayin babban dan wasan Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg.  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]. Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham.  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na ''Fellowship of Christian Athletes'' a Black Mountain, [[North Carolina]] a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a idonsa daya da kuma ya jinsa a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi baya motsi a tafkin shakatawarsu. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa kwanaki biyu da suka wuce kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Andrew |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Danny Lotz, Billy Graham’s son-in-law, has died |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article31535537.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The News &amp; Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>l6hvxn6vy8tlctgrk52ubc765c2f2ss</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818151</id>
      <parentid>818150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:29:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Rayuwa bayan wasa */</comment>
      <origin>818151</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6463" sha1="foilpv3p3jpd2dkg0kwrmlpiq6y92ra" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando na maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York. Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery.  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz. Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙaramin dan wasa sannan 28 a matsayin babban dan wasan Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg.  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]. Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham.  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na ''Fellowship of Christian Athletes'' a Black Mountain, [[North Carolina]] a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a idonsa daya da kuma ya jinsa a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Andrew |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Danny Lotz, Billy Graham’s son-in-law, has died |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article31535537.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The News &amp; Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi baya motsi a tafkin shakatawarsu. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa kwanaki biyu da suka wuce kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Andrew |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Danny Lotz, Billy Graham’s son-in-law, has died |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article31535537.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The News &amp; Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>foilpv3p3jpd2dkg0kwrmlpiq6y92ra</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818152</id>
      <parentid>818151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:29:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa bayan wasa */</comment>
      <origin>818152</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6653" sha1="4r7xamvum6c0alfwt2wxcibo330w3na" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando na maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York. Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery.  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz. Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙaramin dan wasa sannan 28 a matsayin babban dan wasan Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg.  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]. Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=April 28, 1966 |title=Palmetto News Briefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=towiAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA12&amp;dq |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The Sumter Daily Item}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na ''Fellowship of Christian Athletes'' a Black Mountain, [[North Carolina]] a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a idonsa daya da kuma ya jinsa a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Andrew |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Danny Lotz, Billy Graham’s son-in-law, has died |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article31535537.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The News &amp; Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi baya motsi a tafkin shakatawarsu. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa kwanaki biyu da suka wuce kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Andrew |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Danny Lotz, Billy Graham’s son-in-law, has died |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article31535537.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The News &amp; Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>4r7xamvum6c0alfwt2wxcibo330w3na</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818153</id>
      <parentid>818152</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:29:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa bayan wasa */</comment>
      <origin>818153</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6837" sha1="8yjo5nvlqerpbn0h7fnb0w4x9tyx7l9" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando na maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York. Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery.  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz. Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙaramin dan wasa sannan 28 a matsayin babban dan wasan Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg.  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=July 13, 1963 |title=Service Calls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qt9dAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA14&amp;dq |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The Washington Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=April 28, 1966 |title=Palmetto News Briefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=towiAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA12&amp;dq |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The Sumter Daily Item}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na ''Fellowship of Christian Athletes'' a Black Mountain, [[North Carolina]] a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a idonsa daya da kuma ya jinsa a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Andrew |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Danny Lotz, Billy Graham’s son-in-law, has died |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article31535537.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The News &amp; Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi baya motsi a tafkin shakatawarsu. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa kwanaki biyu da suka wuce kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Andrew |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Danny Lotz, Billy Graham’s son-in-law, has died |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article31535537.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The News &amp; Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>8yjo5nvlqerpbn0h7fnb0w4x9tyx7l9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818154</id>
      <parentid>818153</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:29:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa bayan wasa */</comment>
      <origin>818154</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7052" sha1="gk1h0ftmbp3qh2w03xowubm63d5dtqy" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando na maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York. Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery.  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz. Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙaramin dan wasa sannan 28 a matsayin babban dan wasan Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Rip |date=July 5, 1963 |title=Dentists Placed Tar Heels On Map |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BERjAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA13&amp;dq |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=Star-News}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=July 13, 1963 |title=Service Calls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qt9dAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA14&amp;dq |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The Washington Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=April 28, 1966 |title=Palmetto News Briefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=towiAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA12&amp;dq |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The Sumter Daily Item}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na ''Fellowship of Christian Athletes'' a Black Mountain, [[North Carolina]] a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a idonsa daya da kuma ya jinsa a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Andrew |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Danny Lotz, Billy Graham’s son-in-law, has died |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article31535537.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The News &amp; Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi baya motsi a tafkin shakatawarsu. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa kwanaki biyu da suka wuce kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Andrew |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Danny Lotz, Billy Graham’s son-in-law, has died |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article31535537.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The News &amp; Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>gk1h0ftmbp3qh2w03xowubm63d5dtqy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818155</id>
      <parentid>818154</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:30:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina */ patrolled✅</comment>
      <origin>818155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7306" sha1="tqcz3gor1is6zgl23d57okzbomwho9s" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Daniel Milton Lotz''' (Maris 30, 1937 - Agusta 19, 2015) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando na maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1956-57. Shi surukin mai bishara ne [[Billy Graham]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Lotz ɗan asalin Northport ne, New York. Mahaifinsa, John Lotz, ya kasance mai wa'azi a titin a Birnin New York wanda ke gudanar da hidimar mako-mako a Ofishin Jakadancin Bowery.  Yana da 'yan'uwa uku, ciki har da kocin kwallon kwando John Lotz da shugaban Baptist Denton Lotz. Lotz ya sami maki 20 a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙaramin dan wasa sannan 28 a matsayin babban dan wasan Makarantar Sakandare ta Northport. Ya kuma kasance mai tsaron gida na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta makarantar. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa gasar zakarun Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ==
Lotz ya kasance a shirye ya sanya hannu tare da Wake Forest, amma daga ƙarshe mai daukar ma'aikata Harry Gotkin ya jagoranci shi zuwa Arewacin Carolina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Breslin |first1=Jimmy |date=March 2, 1956 |title=North Carolina Tarheels List Three Natives on Hoop Roster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kA5WAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA9&amp;dq |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=Eugene Register-Guard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan New York da yawa da suka shiga Tar Heels na Frank McGuire, ciki har da Lennie Rosenbluth, Pete Brennan, Tommy Kearns, Joe Quigg, da Bob Cunningham.

Lotz ya bayyana a wasanni 24 a shekara ta biyu, yana da maki 1.0 da rebounds 1.6 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNC ta gama shekara tare da rikodin 32-0 kuma Lotz ya karɓi kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar Tar Heels sau uku a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jami'ar NCAA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Carolina vs. Kansas Box Score (Men), March 23, 1957 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1957-03-23-kansas.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McGuire ya yi tsammanin Lotz zai zama Mutum na shida na kungiyar a lokacin kakar 1957-58.  Koyaya, an tilasta wa Lotz ya rasa wasanni da yawa bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a farkon kakar da Clemson. Ya gama kakar wasa ta bana da maki 1.0 da kuma rebounds 1.7 a wasanni 18 da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lotz shi ne kawai babban jami'in kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1958-59. Ya kusan ba ya shiga tawagar saboda kyakkyawan wasan da Doug Moe da York Larese suka yi ba. Koyaya, ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma an kira shi kyaftin din ƙungiyar. Ya fara wasannin farko da yawa na tawagar, amma daga ƙarshe an tura shi benci. Ya gama shekara tare da maki 3.0, rebounds 3.0, da 0.4 a kowane wasa kuma an ba shi kyautar Roy Roberson Jr. Memorial Trophy don &quot;ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tawagar&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sportsreference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danny Lotz |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=SRCBB |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/danny-lotz-1.html &quot;Danny Lotz&quot;]. ''SRCBB''. Sports Reference LLC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan cancantar kwallon kwando ya ƙare, Lotz ya sami tallafin kwallon kafa kuma ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;HOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lotz, Danny |url=https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.suffolksportshof.com/lotz-danny/ &quot;Lotz, Danny&quot;]. ''Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan wasa ==
A shekara ta 1963, Lotz ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta UNC tare da tsohon abokin aiki Joe Quigg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Rip |date=July 5, 1963 |title=Dentists Placed Tar Heels On Map |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BERjAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA13&amp;dq |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=Star-News}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya fara aiki a Raleigh, North Carolina bayan ya yi aiki a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=July 13, 1963 |title=Service Calls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qt9dAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA14&amp;dq |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The Washington Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a cikin Sojojin Sama kuma ya zama kyaftin. Yayinda yake cikin Sojojin Sama, an ajiye shi a Holloman Air Force Base a New Mexico kuma ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar kwando ta kwando.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1966, Lotz ya auri Anne Morrow Graham, 'yar mai bishara Billy Graham.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=April 28, 1966 |title=Palmetto News Briefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=towiAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA12&amp;dq |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The Sumter Daily Item}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ma'aurata sun hadu a taron shekara-shekara na ''Fellowship of Christian Athletes'' a Black Mountain, [[North Carolina]] a watan Yunin 1965 lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17 kuma Lotz ke da shekaru 28. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Lotz ya ci gaba da aiki tare da FCA kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Lotz ya kamu da ciwon sukari yana da shekaru 50 kuma ya rasa gani a idonsa daya da kuma ya jinsa a kunne daya. Ya kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke buƙatar stents biyar a cikin jijiyoyinsa, da gazawar koda wanda ya haifar da maganin dialysis sau uku a mako.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Andrew |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Danny Lotz, Billy Graham’s son-in-law, has died |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article31535537.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The News &amp; Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2015, matar Lotz ta same shi baya motsi a tafkin shakatawarsu. An cire shi daga taimakon rayuwa kwanaki biyu da suka wuce kuma ya mutu a wannan rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Andrew |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Danny Lotz, Billy Graham’s son-in-law, has died |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article31535537.html |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The News &amp; Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>tqcz3gor1is6zgl23d57okzbomwho9s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Rukayya Abdullahi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817868</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:42:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Em-mustapha</username>
        <id>6594</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+m</comment>
      <origin>817868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1402" sha1="1nv7zqy5jqmzyd89qprc9jxmy920hrv" xml:space="preserve">== Barka da zuwa! ==
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rukayya Abdullahi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rukayya Abdullahi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma ina fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:Em-mustapha|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode.[[User:Em-mustapha|&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #804; color: #fa0;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Em-mustapha&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;u&gt;[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 19:42, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1nv7zqy5jqmzyd89qprc9jxmy920hrv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Murja Abubakar</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147431</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817869</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:43:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Em-mustapha</username>
        <id>6594</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+maraba</comment>
      <origin>817869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1396" sha1="g21lh7bhvyanet8f394znjn9cg9on1z" xml:space="preserve">== Barka da zuwa! ==
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Murja Abubakar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Murja Abubakar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma ina fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:Em-mustapha|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode.[[User:Em-mustapha|&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #804; color: #fa0;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Em-mustapha&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;u&gt;[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 19:43, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>g21lh7bhvyanet8f394znjn9cg9on1z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Basman8664</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817870</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:44:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Em-mustapha</username>
        <id>6594</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+maraba</comment>
      <origin>817870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1388" sha1="7lusowt65coo4knj6poqwcbax9121v1" xml:space="preserve">== Barka da zuwa! ==
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Basman8664! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Basman8664|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma ina fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:Em-mustapha|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode.[[User:Em-mustapha|&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #804; color: #fa0;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Em-mustapha&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;u&gt;[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 19:44, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7lusowt65coo4knj6poqwcbax9121v1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Juan Musso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817886</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T20:58:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>walafa sabon shafi</comment>
      <origin>817886</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3087" sha1="9c8i4aexb2yse18nyu505io87pnl9xz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Musso Udinese.png|thumb|Juan Musso]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Juan Musso
| full_name = Juan Agustín Musso
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|5|6}}
| birth_place = San Nicolás, Argentina
| height = 1.91 m
| position = Goalkeeper
| currentclub = Atalanta
| clubnumber = 1
| youthyears1 = 2012–2014
| youthclubs1 = Racing Club
| years1 = 2014–2018
| clubs1 = Racing Club
| caps1 = 23
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2018–2021
| clubs2 = Udinese
| caps2 = 102
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2021–
| clubs3 = Atalanta
| caps3 = 90
| goals3 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2019–
| nationalteam1 = Argentina
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 2024
| nationalteam-update = 2024
}}
'''Juan Agustín Musso''' (an haife shi ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar [[Atalanta B.C.]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasar Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Juan Musso Profile|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/juan-musso/profil/spieler/334806|website=Transfermarkt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Juan Musso a garin San Nicolás, a ƙasar Argentina. Ya fara harkar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami kafin ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta ƙungiyar Racing Club.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Juan Musso Biography|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/juan-musso/|website=WorldFootball}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Ƙungiya ==
=== Racing Club ===
Musso ya fara taka leda a matakin manya tare da Racing Club a shekarar 2014. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe gasar Argentina Primera División a kakar 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Racing Club Squad 2014|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/argentina/racing-club-de-avellaneda/|website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Udinese ===
A shekarar 2018, Musso ya koma ƙungiyar Udinese ta ƙasar Italiya. A lokacin zamansa a can, ya zama babban mai tsaron gida na farko, inda ya buga wasanni sama da 100 a gasar Serie A.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Udinese Sign Musso|url=https://www.udinese.it/news|website=Udinese Official}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Atalanta ===
A watan Yuli 2021, Musso ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragi da Atalanta. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa ƙungiyar a gasar Serie A da kuma gasar Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Musso Joins Atalanta|url=https://www.atalanta.it/en/news/musso-joins-atalanta/|website=Atalanta Official}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Musso ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar ƙasar Argentina wasa a shekarar 2019. Ya kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan da suka halarci gasar Copa América.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Argentina National Team Profile|url=https://www.afa.com.ar/en/|website=Argentine Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Nasarori ==
=== Racing Club
* Argentina Primera División: 2014
=== Argentina
* Copa América: 2021
== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Argentine footballers]]
[[Category:Association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Atalanta B.C. players]]
[[Category:Udinese Calcio players]]
[[Category:Racing Club de Avellaneda players]]
[[Category:Argentina international footballers]]</text>
      <sha1>9c8i4aexb2yse18nyu505io87pnl9xz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kwareey</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147435</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817896</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:23:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="7e6fuz7j0h8qycd8sfx4g1tqb2ike5o" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kwareey! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kwareey|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7e6fuz7j0h8qycd8sfx4g1tqb2ike5o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Martinxxl</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817897</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:23:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="4srqx7psrwkviwebbcnn7ge4ptslas1" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Martinxxl! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Martinxxl|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4srqx7psrwkviwebbcnn7ge4ptslas1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Tiagoproductions2010</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817899</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1217" sha1="okrqyyttrwaugkadxo2g59iyocsdmxf" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tiagoproductions2010! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tiagoproductions2010|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>okrqyyttrwaugkadxo2g59iyocsdmxf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Msmaidoki</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817900</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:23:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="n1e70zajwm6ilsywg7wfnzgw9lalf0p" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Msmaidoki! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Msmaidoki|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>n1e70zajwm6ilsywg7wfnzgw9lalf0p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Carnorex16</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817901</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:23:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817901</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="f5a4hd5lm56lo78jk0d820vxtvff5gd" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Carnorex16! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Carnorex16|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>f5a4hd5lm56lo78jk0d820vxtvff5gd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mahashabde</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817902</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:24:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="8dkkc0naygvocxbjhpawqufwzw3gf8g" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mahashabde! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mahashabde|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8dkkc0naygvocxbjhpawqufwzw3gf8g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Chloemsim</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817903</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:24:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="l2hgco0kyth28ck3348qtu296tbfr3o" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Chloemsim! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Chloemsim|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l2hgco0kyth28ck3348qtu296tbfr3o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ved.Maddison</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817904</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1201" sha1="n6a6lnrr70k872za1sge18cjtvtocg5" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ved.Maddison! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ved.Maddison|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>n6a6lnrr70k872za1sge18cjtvtocg5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kazi010</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817905</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:24:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="atspfq05l0ls0cfaexkv7l4lpnqkcx8" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kazi010! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kazi010|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>atspfq05l0ls0cfaexkv7l4lpnqkcx8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Xaynarb</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147444</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817906</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:24:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="olkrho26jt2s0gsh7f03jztw44kwi9m" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Xaynarb! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Xaynarb|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>olkrho26jt2s0gsh7f03jztw44kwi9m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Adeyinka Ekundayo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147445</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817907</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1211" sha1="1ldrho3ieah4ozhpv78j37kj9mg2iij" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Adeyinka Ekundayo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Adeyinka Ekundayo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1ldrho3ieah4ozhpv78j37kj9mg2iij</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Tonkarooson</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817908</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:25:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="pz8yx9zfho94w7ryzc29f4osx5k7ezv" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tonkarooson! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tonkarooson|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pz8yx9zfho94w7ryzc29f4osx5k7ezv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Yfdgh</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817910</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="gif3r1rrxswc0mynxfsotoxynwzlw5e" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yfdgh! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yfdgh|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gif3r1rrxswc0mynxfsotoxynwzlw5e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kado Gualberto</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>147448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817911</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:25:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>817911</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1205" sha1="6wjv0mft0buaar0v5tt61f4w1iq5lxo" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kado Gualberto! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kado Gualberto|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6wjv0mft0buaar0v5tt61f4w1iq5lxo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Matteo Ruggeri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147449</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817917</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:36:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>walafa sabon shafi</comment>
      <origin>817917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2922" sha1="s23oyj61xwwgaz7sm8sigisadx1cha2" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Next Generation Trophy 2017 Dritter Tag 01.jpg|thumb|Matteo Ruggeri]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Matteo Ruggeri
| full_name = Matteo Ruggeri
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|7|11}}
| birth_place = San Giovanni Bianco, Italy
| height = 1.87 m
| position = Left-back / Left wing-back
| currentclub = Atalanta
| clubnumber = 22
| youthyears1 = –2020
| youthclubs1 = Atalanta
| years1 = 2020–
| clubs1 = Atalanta
| caps1 = 60+
| goals1 = 2+
| years2 = 2021–2022
| clubs2 = → Salernitana (loan)
| caps2 = 14
| goals2 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2018
| nationalteam1 = Italy U17
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2019–2020
| nationalteam2 = Italy U18
| nationalcaps2 = 5
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2021–
| nationalteam3 = Italy U21
| nationalcaps3 = 10+
| nationalgoals3 = 0
}}

'''Matteo Ruggeri''' (an haife shi 11 ga Yuli 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan baya na hagu ko wing-back na hagu a kulob ɗin [[Atalanta B.C.]] a gasar Serie A.&lt;ref&gt;Atalanta Official Website – Player Profile&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Matteo Ruggeri a San Giovanni Bianco, a lardin Bergamo na ƙasar Italiya. Ya taso a makarantar horas da matasa ta Atalanta, wadda ta shahara wajen fitar da ƙwararrun ‘yan wasa a Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;FIGC Youth Development Report&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Kulob ==
Ruggeri ya fara taka leda da manyan ‘yan wasan Atalanta a shekarar 2020 bayan ya fito daga ƙungiyar matasa ta kulob ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;Serie A Official Match Records&lt;/ref&gt;  

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2020, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar [[UEFA Champions League]] a karawar da suka yi da Liverpool.&lt;ref&gt;UEFA Match Report – Atalanta vs Liverpool 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, an ba shi aron wasa zuwa [[U.S. Salernitana 1919]] domin samun ƙarin gogewa a gasar Serie A.&lt;ref&gt;Salernitana Official Announcement 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya dawo Atalanta, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ‘yan wasan da ke taka rawa a tsarin 3-5-2 na kulob ɗin, musamman a matsayin wing-back na hagu.&lt;ref&gt;Serie A Tactical Analysis Report&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Ruggeri ya wakilci ƙasar Italiya a matakan ‘yan ƙasa na matasa ciki har da U17, U18 da U21.&lt;ref&gt;Italian Football Federation Records&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance cikin jerin ‘yan wasan Italiya U21 a gasar cin kofin Turai ta matasa.&lt;ref&gt;UEFA U21 Competition Records&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon Wasa ==
An san Ruggeri da ƙarfinsa a gefen hagu, iya kai farmaki tare da bayar da ƙwallaye masu kyau (crosses), da kuma komawa baya cikin sauri domin kare gida.&lt;ref&gt;Football Performance Analysis Database&lt;/ref&gt; Tsawonsa da juriyarsa na taimaka masa wajen taka rawar gani a matsayin wing-back a tsarin da ke amfani da ‘yan baya uku.&lt;ref&gt;Serie A Player Statistics&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==
;Atalanta
* UEFA Europa League: 2023–24&lt;ref&gt;UEFA Europa League Final Report 2024&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s23oyj61xwwgaz7sm8sigisadx1cha2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gidan Yari</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817931</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T23:36:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Khalifah123</username>
        <id>28682</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Databox}}</comment>
      <origin>817931</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11" sha1="lzrsolkoxvicusc39gz7uudamev552z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}</text>
      <sha1>lzrsolkoxvicusc39gz7uudamev552z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>817932</id>
      <parentid>817931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T23:37:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Khalifah123</username>
        <id>28682</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>817932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1281" sha1="3v7nigli1rx3efgu94f1l5855dlbkbv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da gidan yari,[b] gaol,[c] gidan yari, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyara, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin kayan aiki don danne siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a mai adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>817933</id>
      <parentid>817932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T23:38:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Khalifah123</username>
        <id>28682</id>
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      <text bytes="1346" sha1="0tkzig7v06op1xfm0thqwhbq408gva2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da gidan yari,[b] gaol,[c] gidan yari, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyara, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin kayan aiki don danne siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a mai adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>817934</id>
      <parentid>817933</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T23:40:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Khalifah123</username>
        <id>28682</id>
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      <origin>817934</origin>
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      <text bytes="1361" sha1="9dtu5rhmfftc6jh1h2d5l4yurqwvues" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da gidan yari,[b] gaol,[c] gidan yari, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyara, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin kayan aiki don danne siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a mai adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>817935</id>
      <parentid>817934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T23:40:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Khalifah123</username>
        <id>28682</id>
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      <text bytes="4154" sha1="flon603fqv0d7wt2pmhbavp7wzitwc8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da gidan yari,[b] gaol,[c] gidan yari, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyara, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin kayan aiki don danne siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a mai adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

Ostiraliya

Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;jaridu&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.

Kanada

A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

New Zealand

A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

Papua New Guinea

A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

Birtaniya da Ireland

Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

Amurka

A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>817936</id>
      <parentid>817935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T23:42:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Khalifah123</username>
        <id>28682</id>
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      <text bytes="4249" sha1="6axqlp3qxo6mnw3dw7ouc0u8nx66pzj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da gidan yari,[b] gaol,[c] gidan yari, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyara, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin kayan aiki don danne siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a mai adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

Ostiraliya

Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;jaridu&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.

Kanada

A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

New Zealand

A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

Papua New Guinea

A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

Birtaniya da Ireland

Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>817937</id>
      <parentid>817936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T23:46:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Khalifah123</username>
        <id>28682</id>
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      <origin>817937</origin>
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      <text bytes="9543" sha1="9lxeufy6vnuiugn5yhqjffoga2zsajt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da gidan yari,[b] gaol,[c] gidan yari, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyara, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin kayan aiki don danne siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a mai adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

Ostiraliya

Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;jaridu&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.

Kanada

A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

New Zealand

A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

Papua New Guinea

A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

Birtaniya da Ireland

Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>817938</id>
      <parentid>817937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T23:48:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Khalifah123</username>
        <id>28682</id>
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      <text bytes="9609" sha1="8o0iq584e6ccmnwumklmmaq06ro1ej6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da gidan yari,[b] gaol,[c] gidan yari, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyara, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin kayan aiki don danne siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a mai adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

Ostiraliya

Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;jaridu&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Kanada

A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

New Zealand

A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

Papua New Guinea

A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

Birtaniya da Ireland

Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818105</id>
      <parentid>817938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:21:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Magarkama]] to [[Gidan Yari]]: Inappropriate title</comment>
      <origin>817938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="9609" sha1="8o0iq584e6ccmnwumklmmaq06ro1ej6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da gidan yari,[b] gaol,[c] gidan yari, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyara, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin kayan aiki don danne siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a mai adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

Ostiraliya

Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;jaridu&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Kanada

A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

New Zealand

A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

Papua New Guinea

A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

Birtaniya da Ireland

Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818107</id>
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Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gaol,[c] gidan yari, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyara, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin kayan aiki don danne siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a mai adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

Ostiraliya

Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;jaridu&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Kanada

A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

New Zealand

A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

Papua New Guinea

A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

Birtaniya da Ireland

Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.</text>
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Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin kayan aiki don danne siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a mai adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

Ostiraliya

Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;jaridu&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Kanada

A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

New Zealand

A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

Papua New Guinea

A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

Birtaniya da Ireland

Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818109</id>
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      <text bytes="9623" sha1="6v2rpmdcih73huvkpgsf3z58jqkmj71" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin kayan aiki don danne siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a mai adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

Ostiraliya

Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;jaridu&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Kanada

A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

New Zealand

A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

Papua New Guinea

A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

Birtaniya da Ireland

Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818113</id>
      <parentid>818109</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:27:34Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
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      <text bytes="9604" sha1="sxe9gjmq7eymta0v6ltsvy7guqok140" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai adalci. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

Ostiraliya

Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;jaridu&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Kanada

A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

New Zealand

A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

Papua New Guinea

A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

Birtaniya da Ireland

Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818114</id>
      <parentid>818113</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:29:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
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      <text bytes="9599" sha1="lwcgu6ld6wip3vyn1j73j8gsi0cvyqi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

Ostiraliya

Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;jaridu&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Kanada

A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

New Zealand

A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

Papua New Guinea

A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

Birtaniya da Ireland

Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818115</id>
      <parentid>818114</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:31:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>818115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9659" sha1="cl5ea2gwhb2uwoo172mwj9g3d50l09h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

==== Kasar Ostiraliya ====
Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;jaridu&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kanada ====
A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

==== New Zealand ====
A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

==== Papua New Guinea ====
A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

==== Birtaniya da Ireland ====
Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

==== Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt; ====
A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818116</id>
      <parentid>818115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:32:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Kasar Ostiraliya */</comment>
      <origin>818116</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9662" sha1="ricpennrrwrg81kzcrf7177c742m58k" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

==== Kasar Ostiraliya ====
Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;magarkama&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kanada ====
A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

==== New Zealand ====
A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

==== Papua New Guinea ====
A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

==== Birtaniya da Ireland ====
Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

==== Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt; ====
A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818119</id>
      <parentid>818116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:38:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="9679" sha1="fnaigy944kopzbvnro5fk39lmhqjz8t" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

==== Kasar Ostiraliya ====
Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;magarkama&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai. Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kanada ====
A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

==== New Zealand ====
A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

==== Papua New Guinea ====
A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

==== Birtaniya da Ireland ====
Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

==== Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt; ====
A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818120</id>
      <parentid>818119</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:39:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kasar Ostiraliya */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10013" sha1="7gzy55m4xe89v84b5sqz6sk89bwfcm5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

==== Kasar Ostiraliya ====
Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;magarkama&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Webb |first1=Tiger |date=22 June 2016 |title=Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/archived/booksandarts/jail-or-gaol-how-should-australia-spell-it/7532694 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=ABC Radio National |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kanada ====
A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

==== New Zealand ====
A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

==== Papua New Guinea ====
A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

==== Birtaniya da Ireland ====
Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

==== Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt; ====
A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Tsohuwar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="10010" sha1="5vuu40y2fct0hirjui9osxk6wszo38c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

==== Kasar Ostiraliya ====
Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;magarkama&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Webb |first1=Tiger |date=22 June 2016 |title=Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/archived/booksandarts/jail-or-gaol-how-should-australia-spell-it/7532694 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=ABC Radio National |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kanada ====
A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

==== New Zealand ====
A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

==== Papua New Guinea ====
A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

==== Birtaniya da Ireland ====
Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

==== Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt; ====
A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Zamanin-da da kuma ta zamanin baya-baya

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818124</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:52:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
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      <text bytes="10135" sha1="thd8smoakzatk5f739ojxrjlcw734y1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

==== Kasar Ostiraliya ====
Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;magarkama&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Webb |first1=Tiger |date=22 June 2016 |title=Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/archived/booksandarts/jail-or-gaol-how-should-australia-spell-it/7532694 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=ABC Radio National |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kanada ====
A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

==== New Zealand ====
A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

==== Papua New Guinea ====
A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

==== Birtaniya da Ireland ====
Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

==== Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt; ====
A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Zamanin-da da kuma ta zamanin baya-baya

Ana iya hakayo tarihin gidan yari tun daga lokacin da aka fara kirkirar jiha/kasa a matsayin wani bangare na zamantakewa. 

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694. 

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon shari'a zai iya haifar da kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818126</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:54:19Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
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      <text bytes="10140" sha1="asxja24il2rg9jr13fp83sdyadogjub" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

==== Kasar Ostiraliya ====
Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;magarkama&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Webb |first1=Tiger |date=22 June 2016 |title=Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/archived/booksandarts/jail-or-gaol-how-should-australia-spell-it/7532694 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=ABC Radio National |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kanada ====
A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

==== New Zealand ====
A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

==== Papua New Guinea ====
A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

==== Birtaniya da Ireland ====
Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

==== Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt; ====
A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Zamanin-da da kuma ta zamanin baya-baya

Ana iya hakayo tarihin gidan yari tun daga lokacin da aka fara kirkirar jiha/kasa a matsayin wani bangare na zamantakewa. 

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694. 

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon hukuncin shari'a zai iya janyo kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin Zamani

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818127</id>
      <parentid>818126</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:54:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tarihi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10137" sha1="olhvi8395wne7uacq70yz3pfv7dwxqx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

==== Kasar Ostiraliya ====
Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;magarkama&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Webb |first1=Tiger |date=22 June 2016 |title=Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/archived/booksandarts/jail-or-gaol-how-should-australia-spell-it/7532694 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=ABC Radio National |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kanada ====
A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

==== New Zealand ====
A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

==== Papua New Guinea ====
A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

==== Birtaniya da Ireland ====
Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

==== Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt; ====
A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
Zamanin-da da kuma ta zamanin baya-baya

Ana iya hakayo tarihin gidan yari tun daga lokacin da aka fara kirkirar jiha/kasa a matsayin wani bangare na zamantakewa. 

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694. 

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon hukuncin shari'a zai iya janyo kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

Zamanin yau

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818128</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:55:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tarihi */</comment>
      <origin>818128</origin>
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      <text bytes="10149" sha1="gagipoinoeqz4yq326q656da0co5f3w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

==== Kasar Ostiraliya ====
Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;magarkama&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Webb |first1=Tiger |date=22 June 2016 |title=Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/archived/booksandarts/jail-or-gaol-how-should-australia-spell-it/7532694 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=ABC Radio National |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kanada ====
A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

==== New Zealand ====
A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

==== Papua New Guinea ====
A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

==== Birtaniya da Ireland ====
Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

==== Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt; ====
A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
'''Zamanin-da da kuma ta zamanin baya-baya'''

Ana iya hakayo tarihin gidan yari tun daga lokacin da aka fara kirkirar jiha/kasa a matsayin wani bangare na zamantakewa. 

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694. 

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon hukuncin shari'a zai iya janyo kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

'''Zamanin yau'''

Fuskar Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="10167" sha1="kgfnj17spcmpomfp7rqezlm6coddi8f" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.

Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;&lt;ref&gt;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.

== Kalmomi ==
Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.

==== Kasar Ostiraliya ====
Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya

A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;gaol&quot;, &quot;magarkama&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Webb |first1=Tiger |date=22 June 2016 |title=Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/archived/booksandarts/jail-or-gaol-how-should-australia-spell-it/7532694 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=ABC Radio National |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot; ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. &quot;Kurkuku&quot; a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da &quot;cibiyoyin gyaran matasa&quot; ko &quot;cibiyoyin tsare matasa&quot; da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.&lt;ref&gt;''Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia''. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kanada ====
A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da &quot;makaranta&quot;, &quot;cibiyar gyara&quot;, &quot;kurkuku&quot;, ko &quot;cibiyar&quot;. Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin &quot;kurkuku&quot;.

==== New Zealand ====
A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; akai-akai, kodayake kalmar &quot;kurkuku&quot; da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.

==== Papua New Guinea ====
A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da &quot;kurkuku&quot; a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci &quot;kurkuku&quot; sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.

==== Birtaniya da Ireland ====
Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce &quot;kurkuku&quot; (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun &quot;gaol&quot; ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.

Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.

An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika &quot;matalauta marasa aiki&quot; da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.

==== Amurka&lt;ref&gt;''The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69]''. &lt;/ref&gt; ====
A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin &quot;kurkuku&quot; da &quot;kurkuku&quot; suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.

&quot;Kurkuku&quot; ko &quot;kurkuku&quot; yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.

== Tarihi ==
'''Zamanin-da da kuma ta zamanin baya-baya'''

Ana iya hakayo tarihin gidan yari tun daga lokacin da aka fara kirkirar jiha/kasa a matsayin wani bangare na zamantakewa. 

Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694. 

Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.

Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko &quot;wurin sarƙoƙi&quot;.

Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.

A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon hukuncin shari'a zai iya janyo kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.

'''Zamanin yau'''

Masanin Falsafa dan [[Faransa]] [[Michel Foucault]], musamman littafinsa Horo da Gurfanarwa: Fara Samuwar Gidan Yari (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da &quot;ilimi&quot; - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.

A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.

Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>kgfnj17spcmpomfp7rqezlm6coddi8f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Clément Lenglet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817978</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T05:06:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>walafa sabon shafi akan Clement Lengles</comment>
      <origin>817978</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3296" sha1="jjv28ch9bmrkcut6y31hb5yxxqymcsr" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Clément Lenglet, FC Salzburg vs. Atletico Madrid (2025-01-29 UEFA Championsleague) 64 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Clément Lenglet]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name           = Clément Lenglet
| full_name      = Clément Nicolas Laurent Lenglet
| birth_date     = {{Birth date and age|1995|6|17}}
| birth_place    = Beauvais, France
| position       = Centre-back
| currentclub    = Barcelona
| clubnumber     = 
| youthyears1    = 2001–2010
| youthclubs1    = Beauvais
| youthyears2    = 2010–2013
| youthclubs2    = Nancy
| years1         = 2013–2017
| clubs1         = Nancy
| caps1          = 85
| goals1         = 6
| years2         = 2017–2018
| clubs2         = Sevilla
| caps2          = 54
| goals2         = 3
| years3         = 2018–
| clubs3         = Barcelona
| caps3          = 100+
| goals3         = 7+
| years4         = 2022–2023
| clubs4         = → Tottenham Hotspur (loan)
| caps4          = 26
| goals4         = 1
| years5         = 2023–2024
| clubs5         = → Aston Villa (loan)
| caps5          = 
| goals5         = 
| nationalyears1 = 2019–
| nationalteam1  = France
| nationalcaps1  = 15+
| nationalgoals1 = 1
}}

'''Clément Nicolas Laurent Lenglet''' (an haife shi 17 ga Yuni 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya (centre-back). An fi saninsa da taka leda a ƙungiyoyin Turai kamar [[Sevilla FC]] da [[FC Barcelona]].&lt;ref&gt;UEFA Profile: Clément Lenglet&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Lenglet a Beauvais, Faransa. Ya fara taka leda tun yana ƙarami a makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Beauvais kafin ya koma matasan ƙungiyar Nancy a shekarar 2010.&lt;ref&gt;Ligue 1 Official Records&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Ƙungiya ==

=== Nancy ===
Lenglet ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar Nancy wasa a shekarar 2013. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasarar lashe Ligue 2 a kakar 2015–16, wanda ya ba su damar komawa Ligue 1.&lt;ref&gt;LFP Statistics Archive&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sevilla ===
A watan Janairu 2017, Lenglet ya koma Sevilla a La Liga. Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsaron baya, inda ya taka rawa a gasar UEFA Champions League tare da ƙungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;Sevilla FC Official Announcement&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Barcelona ===
A watan Yuli 2018, Barcelona ta sayi Lenglet kan kusan Yuro miliyan 35.75. Ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na tsaron ƙungiyar, inda ya taimaka musu lashe La Liga a kakar 2018–19.&lt;ref&gt;FC Barcelona Official Website&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tottenham Hotspur (aro) ===
A kakar 2022–23, an ba da Lenglet aro zuwa Tottenham Hotspur a gasar Premier League, inda ya buga wasanni da dama kuma ya zura ƙwallo ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;Tottenham Official Site&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aston Villa (aro) ===
A kakar 2023–24, ya koma Aston Villa a matsayin aro domin ƙara samun lokacin wasa a Premier League.&lt;ref&gt;Aston Villa FC Official News&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Lenglet ya fara wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙasar Faransa a shekarar 2019. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Faransa a gasar UEFA Euro 2020.&lt;ref&gt;French Football Federation (FFF)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon Wasa ==
Lenglet an san shi da ƙwarewa wajen rarraba ƙwallo daga baya, iya tsayawa da ƙarfi a duels na iska, da kuma natsuwa yayin kare ƙwallo.&lt;ref&gt;UEFA Technical Report&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan Nasarori ==
;Barcelona
* La Liga: 2018–19
* Supercopa de España: 2018

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jjv28ch9bmrkcut6y31hb5yxxqymcsr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818101</id>
      <parentid>817978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:15:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>patrolled✅</comment>
      <origin>818101</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3297" sha1="ig95zjfmsv41lvq5may3i499boevhku" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Clément Lenglet, FC Salzburg vs. Atletico Madrid (2025-01-29 UEFA Championsleague) 64 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Clément Lenglet]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name           = Clément Lenglet
| full_name      = Clément Nicolas Laurent Lenglet
| birth_date     = {{Birth date and age|1995|6|17}}
| birth_place    = Beauvais, France
| position       = Centre-back
| currentclub    = Barcelona
| clubnumber     = 
| youthyears1    = 2001–2010
| youthclubs1    = Beauvais
| youthyears2    = 2010–2013
| youthclubs2    = Nancy
| years1         = 2013–2017
| clubs1         = Nancy
| caps1          = 85
| goals1         = 6
| years2         = 2017–2018
| clubs2         = Sevilla
| caps2          = 54
| goals2         = 3
| years3         = 2018–
| clubs3         = Barcelona
| caps3          = 100+
| goals3         = 7+
| years4         = 2022–2023
| clubs4         = → Tottenham Hotspur (loan)
| caps4          = 26
| goals4         = 1
| years5         = 2023–2024
| clubs5         = → Aston Villa (loan)
| caps5          = 
| goals5         = 
| nationalyears1 = 2019–
| nationalteam1  = France
| nationalcaps1  = 15+
| nationalgoals1 = 1
}}

'''Clément Nicolas Laurent Lenglet''' (an haife shi 17 ga Yuni 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya (centre-back). An fi saninsa da taka leda a ƙungiyoyin Turai kamar [[Sevilla FC]] da [[FC Barcelona]].&lt;ref&gt;UEFA Profile: Clément Lenglet&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Lenglet a Beauvais, Faransa. Ya fara taka leda tun yana ƙarami a makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Beauvais kafin ya koma matasan ƙungiyar Nancy a shekarar 2010.&lt;ref&gt;Ligue 1 Official Records&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Ƙungiya ==

=== Nancy ===
Lenglet ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar Nancy wasa a shekarar 2013. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasarar lashe Ligue 2 a kakar 2015–16, wanda ya ba su damar komawa Ligue 1.&lt;ref&gt;LFP Statistics Archive&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sevilla ===
A watan Janairu 2017, Lenglet ya koma Sevilla a La Liga. Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsaron baya, inda ya taka rawa a gasar UEFA Champions League tare da ƙungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;Sevilla FC Official Announcement&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Barcelona ===
A watan Yuli 2018, Barcelona ta sayi Lenglet kan kusan Yuro miliyan 35.75. Ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na tsaron ƙungiyar, inda ya taimaka musu lashe La Liga a kakar 2018–19.&lt;ref&gt;FC Barcelona Official Website&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tottenham Hotspur (aro) ===
A kakar 2022–23, an ba da Lenglet aro zuwa Tottenham Hotspur a gasar Premier League, inda ya buga wasanni da dama kuma ya zura ƙwallo ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;Tottenham Official Site&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Aston Villa (aro) ===
A kakar 2023–24, ya koma Aston Villa a matsayin aro domin ƙara samun lokacin wasa a Premier League.&lt;ref&gt;Aston Villa FC Official News&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Lenglet ya fara wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙasar Faransa a shekarar 2019. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Faransa a gasar UEFA Euro 2020.&lt;ref&gt;French Football Federation (FFF)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon Wasa ==
Lenglet an san shi da ƙwarewa wajen rarraba ƙwallo daga baya, iya tsayawa da ƙarfi a duels na iska, da kuma natsuwa yayin kare ƙwallo.&lt;ref&gt;UEFA Technical Report&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan Nasarori ==
;Barcelona
* La Liga: 2018–19
* Supercopa de España: 2018

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ig95zjfmsv41lvq5may3i499boevhku</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marc Pubill</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817979</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T05:14:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon wallafa akan Dan kwallon kafa na Atletico Madrid</comment>
      <origin>817979</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3160" sha1="oa1848onise1ctp7ma3jldgqdl4xb1n" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Uzbekistan vs. Spain, 2024 Summer Olympic men's association football, 2024-07-24 (250) - Marc Pubill.jpg|thumb|Marc Pubill]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Marc Pubill
| full_name = Marc Pubill Pagès
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|6|20}}
| birth_place = Terrassa, Spain
| position = Right-back
| currentclub = Almería
| clubnumber = 18
| youthyears1 = 2010–2019
| youthclubs1 = Espanyol
| youthyears2 = 2019–2020
| youthclubs2 = Manresa
| youthyears3 = 2020–2021
| youthclubs3 = Levante
| years1 = 2021–2023
| clubs1 = Levante B
| caps1 = 43
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2021–2023
| clubs2 = Levante
| caps2 = 11
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2023–
| clubs3 = Almería
| caps3 = 30
| goals3 = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2023–
| nationalteam1 = Spain U21
| nationalcaps1 = 5
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 2024
| nationalteam-update = 2024
}}

'''Marc Pubill Pagès''' (an haife shi 20 ga Yuni 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Spain]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan baya na dama (right-back) a kulob ɗin [[UD Almería]] a gasar [[La Liga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marc Pubill profile |url=https://www.udalmeriasad.com/jugador/pubill |publisher=UD Almería}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Marc Pubill a garin Terrassa na ƙasar Spain. Ya fara taka leda tun yana ƙarami a makarantar horas da matasa ta [[RCD Espanyol]] kafin ya wuce zuwa Manresa, sannan daga bisani ya koma makarantar horas da matasa ta [[Levante UD]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marc Pubill - Levante youth career |url=https://www.levanteud.com |publisher=Levante UD}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Kulob ==
=== Levante ===
Pubill ya fara taka leda a ƙungiyar manya ta [[Levante UD]] a shekarar 2021 bayan ya taka rawar gani a Levante B. Ya buga wasanni a gasar La Liga kafin ƙungiyar ta sauka zuwa Segunda División.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marc Pubill makes Levante debut |url=https://www.laliga.com |publisher=La Liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Almería ===
A shekarar 2023, Pubill ya koma [[UD Almería]] domin ƙarfafa bangaren tsaron baya na dama. Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar, inda ya riƙa fitowa akai-akai a wasannin La Liga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Almería sign Marc Pubill |url=https://www.udalmeriasad.com |publisher=UD Almería}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Pubill ya wakilci ƙasar [[Spain national under-21 football team|Spain U21]] tun daga shekarar 2023, inda ya taka rawa a wasannin neman gurbin shiga manyan gasa na Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marc Pubill - Spain U21 |url=https://rfef.es |publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon Wasansa ==
Marc Pubill ɗan baya ne mai tsayi da ƙarfi, wanda ke da iya kai hari daga gefe tare da bayar da gudummawa a ɓangaren tsaro. Ana yabonsa saboda saurin sa da kuma iya kai ƙwallo cikin akwatin abokan hamayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marc Pubill scouting report |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com |publisher=Transfermarkt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spanish footballers]]
[[Category:Association football defenders]]
[[Category:UD Almería players]]
[[Category:Levante UD footballers]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]</text>
      <sha1>oa1848onise1ctp7ma3jldgqdl4xb1n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818100</id>
      <parentid>817979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:11:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>patrolled✅</comment>
      <origin>818100</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3161" sha1="ks0187da0baykuly3u1sp2dpofxxdwh" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Uzbekistan vs. Spain, 2024 Summer Olympic men's association football, 2024-07-24 (250) - Marc Pubill.jpg|thumb|Marc Pubill]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Marc Pubill
| full_name = Marc Pubill Pagès
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|6|20}}
| birth_place = Terrassa, Spain
| position = Right-back
| currentclub = Almería
| clubnumber = 18
| youthyears1 = 2010–2019
| youthclubs1 = Espanyol
| youthyears2 = 2019–2020
| youthclubs2 = Manresa
| youthyears3 = 2020–2021
| youthclubs3 = Levante
| years1 = 2021–2023
| clubs1 = Levante B
| caps1 = 43
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2021–2023
| clubs2 = Levante
| caps2 = 11
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2023–
| clubs3 = Almería
| caps3 = 30
| goals3 = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2023–
| nationalteam1 = Spain U21
| nationalcaps1 = 5
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 2024
| nationalteam-update = 2024
}}

'''Marc Pubill Pagès''' (an haife shi 20 ga Yuni 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Spain]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan baya na dama (right-back) a kulob ɗin [[UD Almería]] a gasar [[La Liga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marc Pubill profile |url=https://www.udalmeriasad.com/jugador/pubill |publisher=UD Almería}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Marc Pubill a garin Terrassa na ƙasar Spain. Ya fara taka leda tun yana ƙarami a makarantar horas da matasa ta [[RCD Espanyol]] kafin ya wuce zuwa Manresa, sannan daga bisani ya koma makarantar horas da matasa ta [[Levante UD]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marc Pubill - Levante youth career |url=https://www.levanteud.com |publisher=Levante UD}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Kulob ==
=== Levante ===
Pubill ya fara taka leda a ƙungiyar manya ta [[Levante UD]] a shekarar 2021 bayan ya taka rawar gani a Levante B. Ya buga wasanni a gasar La Liga kafin ƙungiyar ta sauka zuwa Segunda División.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marc Pubill makes Levante debut |url=https://www.laliga.com |publisher=La Liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Almería ===
A shekarar 2023, Pubill ya koma [[UD Almería]] domin ƙarfafa bangaren tsaron baya na dama. Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar, inda ya riƙa fitowa akai-akai a wasannin La Liga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Almería sign Marc Pubill |url=https://www.udalmeriasad.com |publisher=UD Almería}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Pubill ya wakilci ƙasar [[Spain national under-21 football team|Spain U21]] tun daga shekarar 2023, inda ya taka rawa a wasannin neman gurbin shiga manyan gasa na Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marc Pubill - Spain U21 |url=https://rfef.es |publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon Wasansa ==
Marc Pubill ɗan baya ne mai tsayi da ƙarfi, wanda ke da iya kai hari daga gefe tare da bayar da gudummawa a ɓangaren tsaro. Ana yabonsa saboda saurin sa da kuma iya kai ƙwallo cikin akwatin abokan hamayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marc Pubill scouting report |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com |publisher=Transfermarkt}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spanish footballers]]
[[Category:Association football defenders]]
[[Category:UD Almería players]]
[[Category:Levante UD footballers]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]</text>
      <sha1>ks0187da0baykuly3u1sp2dpofxxdwh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Robin Le Normand</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817980</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T05:21:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon wallafa akan Dan kwallon kafa na Atletico Madrid</comment>
      <origin>817980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3796" sha1="1gfpx74kp62qdnyztorpgbocj4bahzo" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Le Normand (cropped).jpg|thumb|Robin Le Normand ]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Robin Le Normand
| full_name = Robin Aimé Robert Le Normand
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|11|11}}
| birth_place = Pabu, France
| position= Centre back
| currentclub = Atlético Madrid
| clubnumber = 24
| youthyears1 = 2002–2013
| youthclubs1 = Stade Brestois
| youthyears2 = 2013–2015
| youthclubs2 = Guingamp
| years1 = 2015–2016
| clubs1 = Brest B
| caps1 = 15
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2016–2019
| clubs2 = Real Sociedad B
| caps2 = 63
| goals2 = 2
| years3 = 2018–2024
| clubs3 = Real Sociedad
| caps3 = 150+
| goals3 = 6+
| years4 = 2024–
| clubs4 = Atlético Madrid
| caps4 = 0
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2023–
| nationalteam1 = Spain
| nationalcaps1 = 10+
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 2024
| nationalteam-update = 2024
}}
'''Robin Aimé Robert Le Normand''' (an haife shi 11 ga Nuwamba 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya (centre-back) ga kulob din [[Atlético Madrid]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar [[Spain national football team|Spain]]. An haife shi a Faransa amma daga baya ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Spain ta hanyar izinin zama da ɗan ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Robin Le Normand granted Spanish citizenship |url=https://www.reuters.com/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Le Normand a garin Pabu na ƙasar Faransa, inda ya fara taka leda a makarantar horas da matasa ta [[Stade Brestois 29|Brest]]. Daga baya ya koma makarantar matasa ta [[En Avant Guingamp]] kafin ya fara taka leda a matakin manya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Le Normand profile |url=https://www.ligue1.com/ |publisher=Ligue 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Kulob ==
=== Real Sociedad ===
A shekarar 2016, Le Normand ya koma Spain inda ya sanya hannu da kungiyar [[Real Sociedad]]. Da farko ya fara ne a kungiyar B, wato Real Sociedad B, kafin daga baya ya samu damar shiga babbar kungiyar a shekarar 2018. Ya zama muhimmin dan wasa a tsaron baya na kungiyar, inda ya taimaka musu lashe kofin [[Copa del Rey]] a kakar 2019–20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Real Sociedad win Copa del Rey |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A tsawon lokacinsa a Real Sociedad, ya buga wasanni sama da 150 a gasar [[La Liga]], inda ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya a Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=La Liga stats |url=https://www.laliga.com/ |publisher=La Liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Atlético Madrid ===
A shekarar 2024, Le Normand ya koma [[Atlético Madrid]] bayan yarjejeniya tsakanin kulob din da Real Sociedad. Wannan canjin ya biyo bayan bajintarsa a La Liga da kuma tawagar Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlético sign Le Normand |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/ |publisher=ESPN |date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Bayan samun takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Spain a shekarar 2023, Le Normand ya samu kiran farko zuwa tawagar Spain. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar neman gurbin shiga [[UEFA Euro 2024]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Spain call up Le Normand |url=https://www.uefa.com/ |publisher=UEFA |date=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ya kasance cikin tawagar Spain da ta halarci [[UEFA Euro 2024]], inda ya taka rawa a matakin tsaron baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Euro 2024 squads |url=https://www.fifa.com/ |publisher=FIFA |date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Nasarori ==
=== Real Sociedad ===
* [[Copa del Rey]]: 2019–20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Copa del Rey 2020 Final |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Bayanan kula ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:French footballers]]
[[Category:Spanish footballers]]
[[Category:Real Sociedad players]]
[[Category:Atlético Madrid players]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]
[[Category:Spain international footballers]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818098</id>
      <parentid>817980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:06:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>sanya link</comment>
      <origin>818098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3774" sha1="83y7zx2cwezx7iia6kzfvfmab105j2z" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Le Normand (cropped).jpg|thumb|Robin Le Normand ]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Robin Le Normand
| full_name = Robin Aimé Robert Le Normand
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|11|11}}
| birth_place = Pabu, France
| position= Centre back
| currentclub = Atlético Madrid
| clubnumber = 24
| youthyears1 = 2002–2013
| youthclubs1 = Stade Brestois
| youthyears2 = 2013–2015
| youthclubs2 = Guingamp
| years1 = 2015–2016
| clubs1 = Brest B
| caps1 = 15
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2016–2019
| clubs2 = Real Sociedad B
| caps2 = 63
| goals2 = 2
| years3 = 2018–2024
| clubs3 = Real Sociedad
| caps3 = 150+
| goals3 = 6+
| years4 = 2024–
| clubs4 = Atlético Madrid
| caps4 = 0
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2023–
| nationalteam1 = Spain
| nationalcaps1 = 10+
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 2024
| nationalteam-update = 2024
}}
'''Robin Aimé Robert Le Normand''' (an haife shi 11 ga Nuwamba 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ''(centre-back)'' ga kulob din [[Atlético Madrid]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar [[Ispaniya]]. An haife shi a Faransa amma daga baya ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Spain ta hanyar izinin zama da ɗan ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Robin Le Normand granted Spanish citizenship |url=https://www.reuters.com/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Le Normand a garin Pabu na ƙasar Faransa, inda ya fara taka leda a makarantar horas da matasa ta [[Stade Brestois 29|Brest]]. Daga baya ya koma makarantar matasa ta [[En Avant Guingamp]] kafin ya fara taka leda a matakin manya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Le Normand profile |url=https://www.ligue1.com/ |publisher=Ligue 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Kulob ==
=== Real Sociedad ===
A shekarar 2016, Le Normand ya koma Spain inda ya sanya hannu da kungiyar [[Real Sociedad]]. Da farko ya fara ne a kungiyar B, wato Real Sociedad B, kafin daga baya ya samu damar shiga babbar kungiyar a shekarar 2018. Ya zama muhimmin dan wasa a tsaron baya na kungiyar, inda ya taimaka musu lashe kofin [[Copa del Rey]] a kakar 2019–20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Real Sociedad win Copa del Rey |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A tsawon lokacinsa a Real Sociedad, ya buga wasanni sama da 150 a gasar [[La Liga]], inda ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya a Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=La Liga stats |url=https://www.laliga.com/ |publisher=La Liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Atlético Madrid ===
A shekarar 2024, Le Normand ya koma [[Atlético Madrid]] bayan yarjejeniya tsakanin kulob din da Real Sociedad. Wannan canjin ya biyo bayan bajintarsa a La Liga da kuma tawagar Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlético sign Le Normand |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/ |publisher=ESPN |date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Bayan samun takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Spain a shekarar 2023, Le Normand ya samu kiran farko zuwa tawagar Spain. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar neman gurbin shiga [[UEFA Euro 2024]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Spain call up Le Normand |url=https://www.uefa.com/ |publisher=UEFA |date=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ya kasance cikin tawagar Spain da ta halarci [[UEFA Euro 2024]], inda ya taka rawa a matakin tsaron baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Euro 2024 squads |url=https://www.fifa.com/ |publisher=FIFA |date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Nasarori ==
=== Real Sociedad ===
* [[Copa del Rey]]: 2019–20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Copa del Rey 2020 Final |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Bayanan kula ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:French footballers]]
[[Category:Spanish footballers]]
[[Category:Real Sociedad players]]
[[Category:Atlético Madrid players]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]
[[Category:Spain international footballers]]</text>
      <sha1>83y7zx2cwezx7iia6kzfvfmab105j2z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818099</id>
      <parentid>818098</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:09:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Real Sociedad */</comment>
      <origin>818099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3777" sha1="sznnhv0926ynd4sd7dvsipu9lbhsvue" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Le Normand (cropped).jpg|thumb|Robin Le Normand ]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Robin Le Normand
| full_name = Robin Aimé Robert Le Normand
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|11|11}}
| birth_place = Pabu, France
| position= Centre back
| currentclub = Atlético Madrid
| clubnumber = 24
| youthyears1 = 2002–2013
| youthclubs1 = Stade Brestois
| youthyears2 = 2013–2015
| youthclubs2 = Guingamp
| years1 = 2015–2016
| clubs1 = Brest B
| caps1 = 15
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2016–2019
| clubs2 = Real Sociedad B
| caps2 = 63
| goals2 = 2
| years3 = 2018–2024
| clubs3 = Real Sociedad
| caps3 = 150+
| goals3 = 6+
| years4 = 2024–
| clubs4 = Atlético Madrid
| caps4 = 0
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2023–
| nationalteam1 = Spain
| nationalcaps1 = 10+
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 2024
| nationalteam-update = 2024
}}
'''Robin Aimé Robert Le Normand''' (an haife shi 11 ga Nuwamba 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ''(centre-back)'' ga kulob din [[Atlético Madrid]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar [[Ispaniya]]. An haife shi a Faransa amma daga baya ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Spain ta hanyar izinin zama da ɗan ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Robin Le Normand granted Spanish citizenship |url=https://www.reuters.com/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Le Normand a garin Pabu na ƙasar Faransa, inda ya fara taka leda a makarantar horas da matasa ta [[Stade Brestois 29|Brest]]. Daga baya ya koma makarantar matasa ta [[En Avant Guingamp]] kafin ya fara taka leda a matakin manya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Le Normand profile |url=https://www.ligue1.com/ |publisher=Ligue 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Kulob ==
=== Real Sociedad ===
A shekarar 2016, Le Normand ya koma Sifaniya inda ya sanya hannu da kungiyar [[Real Sociedad]]. Da farko ya fara ne a kungiyar B, wato Real Sociedad B, kafin daga baya ya samu damar shiga babbar kungiyar a shekarar 2018. Ya zama muhimmin dan wasa a tsaron baya na kungiyar, inda ya taimaka musu lashe kofin [[Copa del Rey]] a kakar 2019–20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Real Sociedad win Copa del Rey |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A tsawon lokacinsa a Real Sociedad, ya buga wasanni sama da 150 a gasar [[La Liga]], inda ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya a Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=La Liga stats |url=https://www.laliga.com/ |publisher=La Liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Atlético Madrid ===
A shekarar 2024, Le Normand ya koma [[Atlético Madrid]] bayan yarjejeniya tsakanin kulob din da Real Sociedad. Wannan canjin ya biyo bayan bajintarsa a La Liga da kuma tawagar Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlético sign Le Normand |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/ |publisher=ESPN |date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Bayan samun takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Spain a shekarar 2023, Le Normand ya samu kiran farko zuwa tawagar Spain. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar neman gurbin shiga [[UEFA Euro 2024]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Spain call up Le Normand |url=https://www.uefa.com/ |publisher=UEFA |date=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance cikin tawagar Spain da ta halarci [[UEFA Euro 2024]], inda ya taka rawa a matakin tsaron baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Euro 2024 squads |url=https://www.fifa.com/ |publisher=FIFA |date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Nasarori ==
=== Real Sociedad ===
* [[Copa del Rey]]: 2019–20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Copa del Rey 2020 Final |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Bayanan kula ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:French footballers]]
[[Category:Spanish footballers]]
[[Category:Real Sociedad players]]
[[Category:Atlético Madrid players]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]
[[Category:Spain international footballers]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Johnny Cardoso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>817986</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T05:42:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon wallafa akan Dan kwallon kafa na Atletico Madrid</comment>
      <origin>817986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3975" sha1="j5l0f9okfo88csx58irkh514up2ioec" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Johnny Cardoso Pré-Temporada 2023.jpg|thumb]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Johnny Cardoso
| full_name = João Lucas de Souza Cardoso
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|9|20}}
| birth_place = Denville, New Jersey, United States
| position = Midfielder
| currentclub = Real Betis
| clubnumber = 4
| youthyears1 = 2011–2018
| youthclubs1 = Internacional
| years1 = 2019–2023
| clubs1 = Internacional
| caps1 = 95
| goals1 = 6
| years2 = 2024–
| clubs2 = Real Betis
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2020–
| nationalteam1 = United States
| nationalcaps1 = 15
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 1 April 2026
| nationalteam-update = 1 April 2026
}}
'''João Lucas de Souza Cardoso''' (an haife shi 20 ga Satumba 2001), wanda aka fi sani da '''Johnny Cardoso''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya (midfielder) ga ƙungiyar {{ill|Real Betis|en|Real Betis}} a gasar La Liga da kuma tawagar ƙasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso profile|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/players/c/johnny-cardoso|publisher=U.S. Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Cardoso a Denville, New Jersey, a Amurka, amma ya tashi ne a Brazil inda ya fara koyon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso Biography|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/johnny-cardoso/|publisher=MLS Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka yana da damar wakiltar Amurka ko Brazil a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johnny Cardoso chooses USA over Brazil|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/united-states/story/|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ayyukan ƙungiya ==
=== Internacional ===
Cardoso ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar {{ill|Sport Club Internacional|en|Sport Club Internacional}} a shekarar 2019 bayan ya taso daga makarantar matasa ta kulob ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Internacional promote Johnny Cardoso|url=https://www.internacional.com.br/|publisher=Sport Club Internacional|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar Série A ta Brazil, inda ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsakiyar fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johnny Cardoso shines for Internacional|url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/|publisher=Globo Esporte|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Real Betis ===
A shekarar 2024, ya koma ƙungiyar {{ill|Real Betis|en|Real Betis}} ta ƙasar Sifaniya domin taka leda a gasar La Liga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Real Betis sign Johnny Cardoso|url=https://www.realbetisbalompie.es/|publisher=Real Betis|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan canji ya ba shi damar gwada kansa a daya daga cikin manyan gasannin Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cardoso completes La Liga move|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cardoso ya fara wakiltar tawagar {{ill|United States men's national soccer team|en|United States men's national soccer team}} a shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso international debut|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/|publisher=U.S. Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga cikin gasa irin su CONCACAF Nations League, inda ya taimaka wa ƙasar wajen samun nasarori.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=USA win Nations League|url=https://www.concacaf.com/|publisher=CONCACAF|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Salon wasa ==
Cardoso ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai iya kare baya da kuma taimakawa wajen gina hari. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen raba ƙwallo da kuma tsayawa tsayin daka a tsakiyar fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite analysis|title=Johnny Cardoso tactical analysis|url=https://www.goal.com/|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American soccer players]]
[[Category:United States men's international soccer players]]
[[Category:Sport Club Internacional players]]
[[Category:Real Betis players]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818093</id>
      <parentid>817986</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T09:52:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>818093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3979" sha1="558dy0wl9f9i29wpvt1jzkivdsx5pqg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Johnny Cardoso Pré-Temporada 2023.jpg|thumb]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Johnny Cardoso
| full_name = João Lucas de Souza Cardoso
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|9|20}}
| birth_place = Denville, New Jersey, United States
| position = Midfielder
| currentclub = Real Betis
| clubnumber = 4
| youthyears1 = 2011–2018
| youthclubs1 = Internacional
| years1 = 2019–2023
| clubs1 = Internacional
| caps1 = 95
| goals1 = 6
| years2 = 2024–
| clubs2 = Real Betis
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2020–
| nationalteam1 = United States
| nationalcaps1 = 15
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 1 April 2026
| nationalteam-update = 1 April 2026
}}
'''João Lucas de Souza Cardoso''' (an haife shi 20 ga Satumba 2001), wanda aka fi sani da '''Johnny Cardoso''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya (''midfielder'') ga ƙungiyar {{ill|Real Betis|en|Real Betis}} a gasar La Liga da kuma tawagar ƙasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso profile|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/players/c/johnny-cardoso|publisher=U.S. Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Cardoso a Denville, New Jersey, a Amurka, amma ya tashi ne a Brazil inda ya fara koyon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso Biography|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/johnny-cardoso/|publisher=MLS Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka yana da damar wakiltar Amurka ko Brazil a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johnny Cardoso chooses USA over Brazil|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/united-states/story/|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ayyukan ƙungiya ==
=== Internacional ===
Cardoso ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar {{ill|Sport Club Internacional|en|Sport Club Internacional}} a shekarar 2019 bayan ya taso daga makarantar matasa ta kulob ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Internacional promote Johnny Cardoso|url=https://www.internacional.com.br/|publisher=Sport Club Internacional|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar Série A ta Brazil, inda ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsakiyar fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johnny Cardoso shines for Internacional|url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/|publisher=Globo Esporte|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Real Betis ===
A shekarar 2024, ya koma ƙungiyar {{ill|Real Betis|en|Real Betis}} ta ƙasar Sifaniya domin taka leda a gasar La Liga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Real Betis sign Johnny Cardoso|url=https://www.realbetisbalompie.es/|publisher=Real Betis|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan canji ya ba shi damar gwada kansa a daya daga cikin manyan gasannin Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cardoso completes La Liga move|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cardoso ya fara wakiltar tawagar {{ill|United States men's national soccer team|en|United States men's national soccer team}} a shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso international debut|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/|publisher=U.S. Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga cikin gasa irin su CONCACAF Nations League, inda ya taimaka wa ƙasar wajen samun nasarori.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=USA win Nations League|url=https://www.concacaf.com/|publisher=CONCACAF|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Salon wasa ==
Cardoso ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai iya kare baya da kuma taimakawa wajen gina hari. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen raba ƙwallo da kuma tsayawa tsayin daka a tsakiyar fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite analysis|title=Johnny Cardoso tactical analysis|url=https://www.goal.com/|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American soccer players]]
[[Category:United States men's international soccer players]]
[[Category:Sport Club Internacional players]]
[[Category:Real Betis players]]</text>
      <sha1>558dy0wl9f9i29wpvt1jzkivdsx5pqg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818094</id>
      <parentid>818093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T09:54:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwar farko */</comment>
      <origin>818094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3937" sha1="84ooztox1qk2m6jaeoqnlf4353wpmja" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Johnny Cardoso Pré-Temporada 2023.jpg|thumb]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Johnny Cardoso
| full_name = João Lucas de Souza Cardoso
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|9|20}}
| birth_place = Denville, New Jersey, United States
| position = Midfielder
| currentclub = Real Betis
| clubnumber = 4
| youthyears1 = 2011–2018
| youthclubs1 = Internacional
| years1 = 2019–2023
| clubs1 = Internacional
| caps1 = 95
| goals1 = 6
| years2 = 2024–
| clubs2 = Real Betis
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2020–
| nationalteam1 = United States
| nationalcaps1 = 15
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 1 April 2026
| nationalteam-update = 1 April 2026
}}
'''João Lucas de Souza Cardoso''' (an haife shi 20 ga Satumba 2001), wanda aka fi sani da '''Johnny Cardoso''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya (''midfielder'') ga ƙungiyar {{ill|Real Betis|en|Real Betis}} a gasar La Liga da kuma tawagar ƙasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso profile|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/players/c/johnny-cardoso|publisher=U.S. Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Cardoso a Denville, New Jersey, a Amurka, amma ya tashi ne a Brazil inda ya fara koyon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso Biography|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/johnny-cardoso/|publisher=MLS Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka yana da damar wakiltar Amurka ko Brazil a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johnny Cardoso chooses USA over Brazil|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/united-states/story/|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ayyukan ƙungiya ==
=== Kungiyar Internacional ===
Cardoso ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar {{ill|Sport Club Internacional|en|Sport Club Internacional}} a shekarar 2019 bayan ya taso daga makarantar matasa ta kulob ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Internacional promote Johnny Cardoso|url=https://www.internacional.com.br/|publisher=Sport Club Internacional|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar Série A ta Brazil, inda ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsakiyar fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johnny Cardoso shines for Internacional|url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/|publisher=Globo Esporte|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Real Betis ===
A shekarar 2024, ya koma ƙungiyar {{ill|Real Betis|en|Real Betis}} ta ƙasar Sifaniya domin taka leda a gasar La Liga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Real Betis sign Johnny Cardoso|url=https://www.realbetisbalompie.es/|publisher=Real Betis|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan canji ya ba shi damar gwada kansa a daya daga cikin manyan gasannin Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cardoso completes La Liga move|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cardoso ya fara wakiltar tawagar 'Yan wasan kwallon kafa maza na Amurka a shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso international debut|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/|publisher=U.S. Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga fafata a gasa irin su CONCACAF Nations League, inda ya taimaka wa ƙasar wajen samun nasarori.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=USA win Nations League|url=https://www.concacaf.com/|publisher=CONCACAF|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Salon wasa ==
Cardoso ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai iya kare baya da kuma taimakawa wajen gina hari. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen raba ƙwallo da kuma tsayawa tsayin daka a tsakiyar fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite analysis|title=Johnny Cardoso tactical analysis|url=https://www.goal.com/|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American soccer players]]
[[Category:United States men's international soccer players]]
[[Category:Sport Club Internacional players]]
[[Category:Real Betis players]]</text>
      <sha1>84ooztox1qk2m6jaeoqnlf4353wpmja</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818095</id>
      <parentid>818094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T09:59:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Salon wasa */ patrolled✅</comment>
      <origin>818095</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3938" sha1="j42qwct43w51vzzgy2du4mi9285wy2j" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Johnny Cardoso Pré-Temporada 2023.jpg|thumb]]
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Johnny Cardoso
| full_name = João Lucas de Souza Cardoso
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|9|20}}
| birth_place = Denville, New Jersey, United States
| position = Midfielder
| currentclub = Real Betis
| clubnumber = 4
| youthyears1 = 2011–2018
| youthclubs1 = Internacional
| years1 = 2019–2023
| clubs1 = Internacional
| caps1 = 95
| goals1 = 6
| years2 = 2024–
| clubs2 = Real Betis
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2020–
| nationalteam1 = United States
| nationalcaps1 = 15
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 1 April 2026
| nationalteam-update = 1 April 2026
}}
'''João Lucas de Souza Cardoso''' (an haife shi 20 ga Satumba 2001), wanda aka fi sani da '''Johnny Cardoso''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya (''midfielder'') ga ƙungiyar {{ill|Real Betis|en|Real Betis}} a gasar La Liga da kuma tawagar ƙasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso profile|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/players/c/johnny-cardoso|publisher=U.S. Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Cardoso a Denville, New Jersey, a Amurka, amma ya tashi ne a Brazil inda ya fara koyon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso Biography|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/johnny-cardoso/|publisher=MLS Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka yana da damar wakiltar Amurka ko Brazil a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johnny Cardoso chooses USA over Brazil|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/united-states/story/|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
== Ayyukan ƙungiya ==
=== Kungiyar Internacional ===
Cardoso ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar {{ill|Sport Club Internacional|en|Sport Club Internacional}} a shekarar 2019 bayan ya taso daga makarantar matasa ta kulob ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Internacional promote Johnny Cardoso|url=https://www.internacional.com.br/|publisher=Sport Club Internacional|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar Série A ta Brazil, inda ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsakiyar fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johnny Cardoso shines for Internacional|url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/|publisher=Globo Esporte|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Real Betis ===
A shekarar 2024, ya koma ƙungiyar {{ill|Real Betis|en|Real Betis}} ta ƙasar Sifaniya domin taka leda a gasar La Liga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Real Betis sign Johnny Cardoso|url=https://www.realbetisbalompie.es/|publisher=Real Betis|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan canji ya ba shi damar gwada kansa a daya daga cikin manyan gasannin Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cardoso completes La Liga move|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cardoso ya fara wakiltar tawagar 'Yan wasan kwallon kafa maza na Amurka a shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Johnny Cardoso international debut|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/|publisher=U.S. Soccer|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga fafata a gasa irin su CONCACAF Nations League, inda ya taimaka wa ƙasar wajen samun nasarori.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=USA win Nations League|url=https://www.concacaf.com/|publisher=CONCACAF|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Salon wasa ==
Cardoso ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai iya kare baya da kuma taimakawa wajen gina hari. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen raba ƙwallo da kuma tsayawa tsayin daka a tsakiyar fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite analysis|title=Johnny Cardoso tactical analysis|url=https://www.goal.com/|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American soccer players]]
[[Category:United States men's international soccer players]]
[[Category:Sport Club Internacional players]]
[[Category:Real Betis players]]</text>
      <sha1>j42qwct43w51vzzgy2du4mi9285wy2j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pablo Barrios</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818012</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:05:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon wallafa akan Dan kwallon kafa na Atletico Madrid</comment>
      <origin>818012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3630" sha1="diug6r3fppnczy0lua985ugrb9lccl2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name               = Pablo Barrios
| full_name          = Pablo Barrios Rivas
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|2003|6|15}}
| birth_place        = Madrid, Spain
| position           = Midfielder
| currentclub        = Atlético Madrid
| clubnumber         = 24
| youthyears1        = 2008–2011
| youthclubs1        = Moratalaz
| youthyears2        = 2011–2017
| youthclubs2        = Real Madrid
| youthyears3        = 2017–2022
| youthclubs3        = Atlético Madrid
| years1             = 2022–
| clubs1             = Atlético Madrid B
| caps1              = 15
| goals1             = 0
| years2             = 2022–
| clubs2             = Atlético Madrid
| caps2              = 50
| goals2             = 3
| nationalyears1     = 2019
| nationalteam1      = Spain U16
| nationalcaps1      = 6
| nationalgoals1     = 0
| nationalyears2     = 2022–
| nationalteam2      = Spain U21
| nationalcaps2      = 10
| nationalgoals2     = 1
| club-update        = 30 March 2026
| nationalteam-update= 30 March 2026
}}
'''Pablo Barrios Rivas''' (an haife shi 15 ga Yuni 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya (midfielder) ga ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid]] a gasar [[La Liga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pablo Barrios Profile|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/jugadores/pablo-barrios|publisher=Atlético Madrid Official Website|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Pablo Barrios a Madrid, Spain. Ya fara taka leda tun yana ƙarami a makarantar horar da matasa ta Moratalaz kafin ya koma makarantar matasa ta [[Real Madrid]]. Daga baya ya koma makarantar matasa ta [[Atlético Madrid]] a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pablo Barrios – Youth Career|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/pablo-barrios/profil/spieler/|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Ƙungiya ==
Barrios ya fara buga wa Atlético Madrid B wasa a shekarar 2022 kafin daga bisani ya samu damar taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar a kakar 2022–23.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Barrios makes first team debut|url=https://www.marca.com|publisher=Marca|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasa da suka samu amincewar kociyan ƙungiyar, [[Diego Simeone]], sakamakon ƙwazonsa a tsakiyar fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Simeone praises Barrios|url=https://www.as.com|publisher=AS|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A kakar 2023–24, ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin wasan ƙungiyar a gasar La Liga da kuma wasannin Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pablo Barrios Stats 2023/24|url=https://www.laliga.com|publisher=La Liga Official Website|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Barrios ya wakilci Spain a matakin matasa, ciki har da Spain U16 da Spain U21.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pablo Barrios – Spain Youth|url=https://www.rfef.es|publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance cikin matasan ‘yan wasa masu tasowa da ake sa ran za su taka rawa a babbar tawagar ƙasar Spain nan gaba.
== Salon Wasansa ==
Barrios ɗan tsakiya ne mai iya sarrafa ƙwallo da rarraba ita cikin hikima. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen riƙe ƙwallo, wucewa mai inganci, da kuma taimakawa wajen kai hari daga tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Player Analysis: Pablo Barrios|url=https://www.goal.com|publisher=Goal|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spanish footballers]]
[[Category:Atlético Madrid players]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]
[[Category:People from Madrid]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul rahman orfalli</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147457</id>
    <redirect title="Abdul Rahman Orfalli" />
    <revision>
      <id>818033</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:17:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Abdul rahman orfalli]] to [[Abdul Rahman Orfalli]]</comment>
      <origin>818033</origin>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>1999 Fashewar bam a masallacin Khulna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147458</id>
    <redirect title="Harin bam a masallacin Khulna, 1999" />
    <revision>
      <id>818055</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:31:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[1999 Fashewar bam a masallacin Khulna]] to [[Harin bam a masallacin Khulna, 1999]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdul nasser qardash</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147459</id>
    <redirect title="Abdul Nasser Qardash" />
    <revision>
      <id>818058</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:34:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Abdul nasser qardash]] to [[Abdul Nasser Qardash]]</comment>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul majid mahmoud</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147460</id>
    <redirect title="Abdul Majid Mahmoud" />
    <revision>
      <id>818061</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Abdul majid mahmoud]] to [[Abdul Majid Mahmoud]]</comment>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul rahman al-amri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147461</id>
    <redirect title="Abdul Rahman al-Amri" />
    <revision>
      <id>818064</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:36:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Abdul rahman al-amri]] to [[Abdul Rahman al-Amri]]</comment>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul mannan choudhury</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147462</id>
    <redirect title="Abdul Mannan Choudhury" />
    <revision>
      <id>818067</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:38:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Abdul mannan choudhury]] to [[Abdul Mannan Choudhury]]</comment>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul majid muhammed</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147463</id>
    <redirect title="Abdul Majd Muhammed" />
    <revision>
      <id>818070</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:39:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <comment>BnHamid moved page [[Abdul majid muhammed]] to [[Abdul Majd Muhammed]]</comment>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asma Chaabi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147464</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818102</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:16:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319414031|Asma Chaabi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>818102</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1531" sha1="kftcjc169t5men9t713pbmf701ewtue" xml:space="preserve"> 

'''Asma Chaabi''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1962 a Kenitra, [[Moroko|Morocco]] ) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce [[Moroko|ta Morocco]] . 'Yar jam'iyyar Ci gaba da Gurguzu ce, ita ce mace ta farko da aka taɓa zaɓa a matsayin magajin gari a wani babban birni a Morocco. Ta kasance magajin garin Essaouira daga 2003 zuwa 2009. Lokacin da ta sauka daga mulki, Mrs. Chaabi ta ce za ta bar siyasa. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2016 ta zama 'yar majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa. Morocco ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin mafi ƙarancin wakilcin mata a siyasa a arewacin Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grauman |first=Brigid |date=29 March 2009 |title=The timeless appeal of an ancient Moroccan port |url=http://www.projo.com/travel/content/morocco29x_03-29-09_69DRKQ3_v1.1009f47.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629034827/http://www.projo.com/travel/content/morocco29x_03-29-09_69DRKQ3_v1.1009f47.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=14 March 2010 |website=[[Providence Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita 'yar ɗan kasuwa ce Miloud Chaabi, shugaban kuma wanda ya kafa Ynna Holding, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda ke mai da hankali kan gine-gine da ayyukan more rayuwa. Asmaa Chaabi ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Westminster da ke Landan a shekarar 1985. Baya ga kasancewarta 'yar siyasa, 'yar kasuwa, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, Mrs. Chaabi kuma ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce. da kuma mai taimakon jama'a.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818103</id>
      <parentid>818102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:17:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>818103</origin>
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'''Asma Chaabi''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1962 a Kenitra, [[Moroko|Morocco]] ) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce [[Moroko|ta Morocco]] . 'Yar jam'iyyar Ci gaba da Gurguzu ce, ita ce mace ta farko da aka taɓa zaɓa a matsayin magajin gari a wani babban birni a Morocco. Ta kasance magajin garin Essaouira daga 2003 zuwa 2009. Lokacin da ta sauka daga mulki, Mrs. Chaabi ta ce za ta bar siyasa. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2016 ta zama 'yar majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa. Morocco ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin mafi ƙarancin wakilcin mata a siyasa a arewacin Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grauman |first=Brigid |date=29 March 2009 |title=The timeless appeal of an ancient Moroccan port |url=http://www.projo.com/travel/content/morocco29x_03-29-09_69DRKQ3_v1.1009f47.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629034827/http://www.projo.com/travel/content/morocco29x_03-29-09_69DRKQ3_v1.1009f47.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=14 March 2010 |website=[[Providence Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita 'yar ɗan kasuwa ce Miloud Chaabi, shugaban kuma wanda ya kafa Ynna Holding, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda ke mai da hankali kan gine-gine da ayyukan more rayuwa. Asmaa Chaabi ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Westminster da ke Landan a shekarar 1985. Baya ga kasancewarta 'yar siyasa, 'yar kasuwa, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, Mrs. Chaabi kuma ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce. da kuma mai taimakon jama'a.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Magarkama</title>
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    <id>147465</id>
    <redirect title="Gidan Yari" />
    <revision>
      <id>818106</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:21:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Magarkama]] to [[Gidan Yari]]: Inappropriate title</comment>
      <origin>818106</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="81btx4wcbzyjv7tq8vowuzs2tm6ccqz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Gidan Yari]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lalla Masuda</title>
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    <id>147466</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818110</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:25:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339421180|Lalla Masuda]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6598" sha1="3t4idd3shebmuxpg5ideit4557bvppc" xml:space="preserve">'''Mas'uda al-Wizkitiya''' ( Arabic   ; ya rasu a shekara ta 1591), wanda aka fi sani da shi a Maroko da '''Lala 'Auda''' ( {{Lang|ar|للا عودة}} ) kuma a majiyoyin Yamma a matsayin '''Lalla Masuda''', ta kasance fitacciyar 'yar siyasa 'yar ƙasar Morocco a Daular Saadi .   &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=لالة عودة الصّالحة.. بانية المساجد وحاضنة الأيتام |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/187868 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=مغرس}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana tunawa da ita saboda ayyukan agaji, agaji, siyasa, da ci gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ita ce matar Sarkin Saadi Mohammed al-Shaykh kuma mahaifiyar ɗansu Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Lalla Masuda 'yar shehin  ce ta ƙasba ta Warzazat, Sheikh Abu al-'Abaas Ahmed bin Abdellah al-Wizkiti al-Warzazi, wanda ke da hannu wajen kafa ikon Sa'adiyawa a yankin Sous - Dra'a .   Ana ɗaukarta &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwOQ&quot;&gt;waliyyai&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ko waliyyai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=لالة عودة الصّالحة.. بانية المساجد وحاضنة الأيتام |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/187868 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=مغرس}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.maghress.com/almassae/187868 &quot;لالة عودة الصّالحة.. بانية المساجد وحاضنة الأيتام&quot;]. ''مغرس''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-05-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suna ==
Mas'uda al-Wizkitiya an fi saninsa da ''Lala 'Auda'' ( {{Lang|ar|للا عودة}} ), ma'ana Uwar Dawowa, domin sau da yawa tana tafiya ta cikin yankuna masu nisa a cikin karkara tana kawo 'ya'yan itace da arziki.  An kuma kira ta ''da suna-Sayida al-Hurra'' ( {{Lang|ar|السيدة الحرة}} '', The Free Lady'' ) da kuma Phoenix na Sahara ( {{Lang|ar|عنقاء الصحراء}} ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=..نساء حكمن المغرب مسعودة الوزكيتية... الأميرة الرحيمة |url=https://www.maghress.com/alalam/59931 |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=مغرس}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Lalla Mas'uda ta fito daga ƙabilar Ait Ouaouzguit,  waɗanda Chleuhs ne na ƙungiyar Masmuda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MATIN |first=LE |title=&quot;Ouda, princesse marocaine (1532-1591)&quot; de Josée Balagna Coustou |url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2002/a-eurooeOuda-princesse-marocaine--1532-1591-a-euro%EF%BF%BD-de-Josee-Balagna-Coustou/14913.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=lematin.ma |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masanin tarihi [[Timbuktu|na Timbuktu]] 'Abd ar-Rahman as-Sa'di ya yi jayayya a maimakon haka cewa ita ƙwarƙwarar [[Fulani|Fulani ce]] .  Ta kafa [[Masallaci|masallatai]] da [[Makarantar Islamiyya|makarantun Alƙur'ani]], gami da Masallacin Bab Doukkala .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=باحث |first=ذ أحمد متفكر / استاذ |title=مسجد باب دكالة في مراكش ..التاريخ .. والمرافق |url=https://www.almarrakchia.net/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82_a3249.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119073405/http://www.almarrakchia.net/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82_a3249.html |archive-date=2017-11-19 |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=المراكشية : بوابة مراكش |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masallacin Lala 'Auda da ke [[Ameknas|Meknes]], shi ma yana ɗauke da sunanta, kamar yadda yake a Dandalin Lalla 'Auda da ke kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=دعوة الحق - مسجد للا عودة بمكناس [تر.ع.ل.ملين] |url=http://habous.gov.ma/daouat-alhaq/item/1213 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=habous.gov.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma himmatu wajen inganta hanyoyi a cikin masarautar, musamman a yankunan karkara domin haɗa su da cibiyoyin birane domin ba su damar samun muhimman ayyuka, kamar kiwon lafiya da ilimi.  An yaba mata da gina gadar da ta ratsa kogin Um ar-Rabii'a . 

Ta kuma ba ɗanta Ahmad al-Mansur lauyan gudanarwa. [1] Ta ba da shawarar, misali, ya nemi taimako daga sarkin Ottoman, Selim na II . [1]

Ta tallafa wa al'ummomin da ke fama da talauci a yankunan karkara ta hanyar taimakon tattalin arziki da tallafi ga ƙananan 'yan kasuwa.  Ta kuma sauƙaƙa auren matasa don ƙarfafa waɗannan al'ummomin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ] Ta taimaka wa waɗannan matasan su yi amfani da [[Haƙƙin Rayuwar Iyali|'yancin aure da rayuwar iyali]] ta hanyar taimaka musu su sami sadaki, kuɗin aure, da sauran nauyin kuɗi da ke hana su yin aure. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tana da sha'awar yin takardu, tana yin rikodin ayyukanta da gudummawar sadaka cikin tsanaki. 
[[Fayil:Μαυσωλείο_των_Σααντί_1063.jpg|thumb|Ɗakin Lalla Masuda a kaburburan Saadian da ke Marrakesh.]]
Lalla Masuda Qubba ita ce mafi tsufan ɓangaren kaburburan Saadiya a Marrakesh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Saadian Tombs |url=https://www.touchscreentravels.com/apps/marrakeshs-best/21891/the-saadian-tombs |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=www.touchscreentravels.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin tarihin [[Marrakesh|Marrakshi]] Al-Abbas bin Ibrahim as-Samlali ya rubuta a cikin kundin tarihinsa ''[[Information About the Notables of Marrakesh and Aghmat|Bayani Game da Manyan Marrakesh da Aghmat]]'' :{{Text and translation|{{right|فكم جهزت من يتامى}}&lt;br&gt;{{right|وكم زوجت من أيامى}}&lt;br&gt;{{right|وكم بذلت من صدقات}}&lt;br&gt;{{right|وكم أجزلت من صلات}}|&quot;For so many orphans did she aid, &lt;br&gt;and so many widows did she remarry, &lt;br&gt;and so much charity did she give, &lt;br&gt;and so generously did she connect.&quot;|[[Al-Abbas bin Ibrahim as-Samlali]], ''[[Information about the Notables of Marrakesh and Aghmat]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=مغربيات خالدات: مسعودة الوزكيتية … عرابة السعديين|url=https://www.maghress.com/assabah/325690|website=مغرس|access-date=2020-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=مغربيات صنعن التاريخ: مسعودة.. مؤسسة باب دكالة بمراكش|url=https://anfaspress.com/news/voir/18291-2015-02-28-09-47-04|last=فردوس|first=الباحث مصطفى حمزة، تقديم أحمد|website=الكاتب|language=fr|access-date=2020-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818112</id>
      <parentid>818110</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:25:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>818112</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6611" sha1="6nxnfju5vj8piraurdb0y9f2u7qpyx5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Mas'uda al-Wizkitiya''' ( Arabic   ; ya rasu a shekara ta 1591), wanda aka fi sani da shi a Maroko da '''Lala 'Auda''' ( {{Lang|ar|للا عودة}} ) kuma a majiyoyin Yamma a matsayin '''Lalla Masuda''', ta kasance fitacciyar 'yar siyasa 'yar ƙasar Morocco a Daular Saadi .   &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=لالة عودة الصّالحة.. بانية المساجد وحاضنة الأيتام |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/187868 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=مغرس}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana tunawa da ita saboda ayyukan agaji, agaji, siyasa, da ci gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ita ce matar Sarkin Saadi Mohammed al-Shaykh kuma mahaifiyar ɗansu Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Lalla Masuda 'yar shehin  ce ta ƙasba ta Warzazat, Sheikh Abu al-'Abaas Ahmed bin Abdellah al-Wizkiti al-Warzazi, wanda ke da hannu wajen kafa ikon Sa'adiyawa a yankin Sous - Dra'a .   Ana ɗaukarta &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwOQ&quot;&gt;waliyyai&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ko waliyyai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=لالة عودة الصّالحة.. بانية المساجد وحاضنة الأيتام |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/187868 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=مغرس}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.maghress.com/almassae/187868 &quot;لالة عودة الصّالحة.. بانية المساجد وحاضنة الأيتام&quot;]. ''مغرس''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-05-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suna ==
Mas'uda al-Wizkitiya an fi saninsa da ''Lala 'Auda'' ( {{Lang|ar|للا عودة}} ), ma'ana Uwar Dawowa, domin sau da yawa tana tafiya ta cikin yankuna masu nisa a cikin karkara tana kawo 'ya'yan itace da arziki.  An kuma kira ta ''da suna-Sayida al-Hurra'' ( {{Lang|ar|السيدة الحرة}} '', The Free Lady'' ) da kuma Phoenix na Sahara ( {{Lang|ar|عنقاء الصحراء}} ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=..نساء حكمن المغرب مسعودة الوزكيتية... الأميرة الرحيمة |url=https://www.maghress.com/alalam/59931 |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=مغرس}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Lalla Mas'uda ta fito daga ƙabilar Ait Ouaouzguit,  waɗanda Chleuhs ne na ƙungiyar Masmuda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MATIN |first=LE |title=&quot;Ouda, princesse marocaine (1532-1591)&quot; de Josée Balagna Coustou |url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2002/a-eurooeOuda-princesse-marocaine--1532-1591-a-euro%EF%BF%BD-de-Josee-Balagna-Coustou/14913.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=lematin.ma |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masanin tarihi [[Timbuktu|na Timbuktu]] 'Abd ar-Rahman as-Sa'di ya yi jayayya a maimakon haka cewa ita ƙwarƙwarar [[Fulani|Fulani ce]] .  Ta kafa [[Masallaci|masallatai]] da [[Makarantar Islamiyya|makarantun Alƙur'ani]], gami da Masallacin Bab Doukkala .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=باحث |first=ذ أحمد متفكر / استاذ |title=مسجد باب دكالة في مراكش ..التاريخ .. والمرافق |url=https://www.almarrakchia.net/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82_a3249.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119073405/http://www.almarrakchia.net/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82_a3249.html |archive-date=2017-11-19 |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=المراكشية : بوابة مراكش |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masallacin Lala 'Auda da ke [[Ameknas|Meknes]], shi ma yana ɗauke da sunanta, kamar yadda yake a Dandalin Lalla 'Auda da ke kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=دعوة الحق - مسجد للا عودة بمكناس [تر.ع.ل.ملين] |url=http://habous.gov.ma/daouat-alhaq/item/1213 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=habous.gov.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma himmatu wajen inganta hanyoyi a cikin masarautar, musamman a yankunan karkara domin haɗa su da cibiyoyin birane domin ba su damar samun muhimman ayyuka, kamar kiwon lafiya da ilimi.  An yaba mata da gina gadar da ta ratsa kogin Um ar-Rabii'a . 

Ta kuma ba ɗanta Ahmad al-Mansur lauyan gudanarwa. [1] Ta ba da shawarar, misali, ya nemi taimako daga sarkin Ottoman, Selim na II . [1]

Ta tallafa wa al'ummomin da ke fama da talauci a yankunan karkara ta hanyar taimakon tattalin arziki da tallafi ga ƙananan 'yan kasuwa.  Ta kuma sauƙaƙa auren matasa don ƙarfafa waɗannan al'ummomin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ] Ta taimaka wa waɗannan matasan su yi amfani da [[Haƙƙin Rayuwar Iyali|'yancin aure da rayuwar iyali]] ta hanyar taimaka musu su sami sadaki, kuɗin aure, da sauran nauyin kuɗi da ke hana su yin aure. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tana da sha'awar yin takardu, tana yin rikodin ayyukanta da gudummawar sadaka cikin tsanaki. 
[[Fayil:Μαυσωλείο_των_Σααντί_1063.jpg|thumb|Ɗakin Lalla Masuda a kaburburan Saadian da ke Marrakesh.]]
Lalla Masuda Qubba ita ce mafi tsufan ɓangaren kaburburan Saadiya a Marrakesh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Saadian Tombs |url=https://www.touchscreentravels.com/apps/marrakeshs-best/21891/the-saadian-tombs |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=www.touchscreentravels.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin tarihin [[Marrakesh|Marrakshi]] Al-Abbas bin Ibrahim as-Samlali ya rubuta a cikin kundin tarihinsa ''[[Information About the Notables of Marrakesh and Aghmat|Bayani Game da Manyan Marrakesh da Aghmat]]'' :{{Text and translation|{{right|فكم جهزت من يتامى}}&lt;br&gt;{{right|وكم زوجت من أيامى}}&lt;br&gt;{{right|وكم بذلت من صدقات}}&lt;br&gt;{{right|وكم أجزلت من صلات}}|&quot;For so many orphans did she aid, &lt;br&gt;and so many widows did she remarry, &lt;br&gt;and so much charity did she give, &lt;br&gt;and so generously did she connect.&quot;|[[Al-Abbas bin Ibrahim as-Samlali]], ''[[Information about the Notables of Marrakesh and Aghmat]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=مغربيات خالدات: مسعودة الوزكيتية … عرابة السعديين|url=https://www.maghress.com/assabah/325690|website=مغرس|access-date=2020-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=مغربيات صنعن التاريخ: مسعودة.. مؤسسة باب دكالة بمراكش|url=https://anfaspress.com/news/voir/18291-2015-02-28-09-47-04|last=فردوس|first=الباحث مصطفى حمزة، تقديم أحمد|website=الكاتب|language=fr|access-date=2020-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>6nxnfju5vj8piraurdb0y9f2u7qpyx5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Esraa Khogali</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818117</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:36:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339649060|Esraa Khogali]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>818117</origin>
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'''Esraa Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Khogali''' ( Arabic   ; an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1992) 'yar [[Sudan|ƙasar]] Sudan ce mai tukin kwale-kwale . Ta sami goron gayyata don yin takara a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 a Tokyo, Japan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rowing: KHOGALI Esraa |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/rowing/athlete-profile-n1465199-khogali-esraa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724004606/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/rowing/athlete-profile-n1465199-khogali-esraa.htm |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=Tokyo 2020 Olympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe gasar a Sudan a lokacin bikin buɗe gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗe gasar a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2021, tare da Abobakr Abass . &lt;ref name=&quot;african_flagbearers_parade_of_nations_tokyo_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Liste des porte-drapeaux des pays africains aux JO |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/liste-des-porte-drapeaux-des-pays-africains-aux-jo/5976499.html |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=VOA |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fafata a gasar mata ta sculls a matsayin gayyatar 'yan wasa uku, kuma ita ce 'yar wasa ta farko da ta wakilci Sudan a gasar tukin kwale-kwale.

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
{{Authority control}}{{S-start}}
{{s-sports|oly}}
{{Succession box|title=[[List of flag bearers for Sudan at the Olympics|Flag bearer]] for {{SUD}}}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]</text>
      <sha1>p26gomxzfvfqhtciq3jx5tphunt2ogb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818118</id>
      <parentid>818117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:37:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>818118</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1756" sha1="r6simxy4u8cm5e1ampjqewnporvpch5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Esraa Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Khogali''' ( Arabic   ; an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1992) 'yar [[Sudan|ƙasar]] Sudan ce mai tukin kwale-kwale . Ta sami goron gayyata don yin takara a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 a Tokyo, Japan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rowing: KHOGALI Esraa |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/rowing/athlete-profile-n1465199-khogali-esraa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724004606/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/rowing/athlete-profile-n1465199-khogali-esraa.htm |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=Tokyo 2020 Olympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe gasar a Sudan a lokacin bikin buɗe gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗe gasar a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2021, tare da Abobakr Abass . &lt;ref name=&quot;african_flagbearers_parade_of_nations_tokyo_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Liste des porte-drapeaux des pays africains aux JO |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/liste-des-porte-drapeaux-des-pays-africains-aux-jo/5976499.html |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=VOA |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fafata a gasar mata ta sculls a matsayin gayyatar 'yan wasa uku, kuma ita ce 'yar wasa ta farko da ta wakilci Sudan a gasar tukin kwale-kwale.

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
{{Authority control}}{{S-start}}
{{s-sports|oly}}
{{Succession box|title=[[List of flag bearers for Sudan at the Olympics|Flag bearer]] for {{SUD}}}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]</text>
      <sha1>r6simxy4u8cm5e1ampjqewnporvpch5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818125</id>
      <parentid>818118</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:52:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>818125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1690" sha1="nn7ylyze59mcggikiwtrz06i6begcku" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Esraa Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Khogali''' ( Arabic   ; an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1992) 'yar [[Sudan|ƙasar]] Sudan ce mai tukin kwale-kwale . Ta sami goron gayyata don yin takara a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 a Tokyo, Japan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rowing: KHOGALI Esraa |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/rowing/athlete-profile-n1465199-khogali-esraa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724004606/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/rowing/athlete-profile-n1465199-khogali-esraa.htm |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=Tokyo 2020 Olympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe gasar a Sudan a lokacin bikin buɗe gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗe gasar a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2021, tare da Abobakr Abass . &lt;ref name=&quot;african_flagbearers_parade_of_nations_tokyo_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Liste des porte-drapeaux des pays africains aux JO |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/liste-des-porte-drapeaux-des-pays-africains-aux-jo/5976499.html |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=VOA |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fafata a gasar mata ta sculls a matsayin gayyatar 'yan wasa uku, kuma ita ce 'yar wasa ta farko da ta wakilci Sudan a gasar tukin kwale-kwale.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
{{Authority control}}{{S-start}}
{{s-sports|oly}}
{{Succession box|title=[[List of flag bearers for Sudan at the Olympics|Flag bearer]] for {{SUD}}}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]</text>
      <sha1>nn7ylyze59mcggikiwtrz06i6begcku</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angele Ishag</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147468</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818122</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:50:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346166097|Angele Ishag]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>818122</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2347" sha1="2rul3em06uxv4yjm9fu8wxuyxidnhu2" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
|- class=&quot;infobox-data&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Angele Ishag Girgis&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | An haife ni
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 1937 (shekaru&amp;nbsp;88 &amp;#x2013; 89)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; Sudan&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ɗan ƙasa
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; | 'Yan Sudan
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Sana'o'i
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; | Malami, malami
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | An sani&amp;nbsp;don
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | Mace 'yar Sudan ta farko da aka kwantar a Kwalejin tunawa da Gordon
|}


'''Angele Ishag Girgis''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1937) malamar Sudan ce. Ita ce mace ta farko 'yar Sudan da aka shigar da ita [[Kwalejin Tunawa da Gordon]], wacce daga baya ta zama [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] . 

== Rayuwa ==
Angele Ishag Kirista ce 'yar Copt . Ta shiga Kwalejin Tunawa da Gordon a shekarar 1945, inda ta kammala karatunta da difloma daga makarantar fasaha a shekarar 1948.  Ta kuma sami difloma ta ilimi daga Jami'ar Edinburgh a shekarar 1962. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowane I created an item represents yake 

Angele Ishag ta halarci Taro kan Harkokin Mata a [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Misra|Masar]] da [[Siriya]] . Tun daga shekarar 1967, malamar makarantar sakandare ce kuma shugabar makaranta. A shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ita a wani shirin koyar da mata na Afirka wanda [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta dauki nauyinsa, ita ce shugabar makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kassala . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ta ci gaba da zama shugabar makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata [[Khartoum|ta Khartoum]] da Kwalejin 'Yan mata [[Omdurman|ta Omdurman]] (Kwalejin Kimiyyar Gida). 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>2rul3em06uxv4yjm9fu8wxuyxidnhu2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818123</id>
      <parentid>818122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:51:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>818123</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2194" sha1="gi8k0le7yk8lryaotqel6eidpnyp5af" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
|- class=&quot;infobox-data&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Angele Ishag Girgis&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | An haife ni
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 1937 (shekaru&amp;nbsp;88 &amp;#x2013; 89)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; Sudan&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ɗan ƙasa
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; | 'Yan Sudan
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Sana'o'i
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; | Malami, malami
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | An sani&amp;nbsp;don
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |
|}
{{Databox}}
'''Angele Ishag Girgis''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1937) malamar Sudan ce. Ita ce mace ta farko 'yar Sudan da aka shigar da ita [[Kwalejin Tunawa da Gordon]], wacce daga baya ta zama [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] . 

== Rayuwa ==
Angele Ishag Kirista ce 'yar Copt . Ta shiga Kwalejin Tunawa da Gordon a shekarar 1945, inda ta kammala karatunta da difloma daga makarantar fasaha a shekarar 1948.  Ta kuma sami difloma ta ilimi daga Jami'ar Edinburgh a shekarar 1962. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Angele Ishag ta halarci Taro kan Harkokin Mata a [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Misra|Masar]] da [[Siriya]] . Tun daga shekarar 1967, malamar makarantar sakandare ce kuma shugabar makaranta. A shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ita a wani shirin koyar da mata na Afirka wanda [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta dauki nauyinsa, ita ce shugabar makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kassala . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ta ci gaba da zama shugabar makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata [[Khartoum|ta Khartoum]] da Kwalejin 'Yan mata [[Omdurman|ta Omdurman]] (Kwalejin Kimiyyar Gida). 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>gi8k0le7yk8lryaotqel6eidpnyp5af</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mona Magdi Salim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818130</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:59:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346168325|Mona Magdi Salim]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>818130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1224" sha1="6pc5q40oa6tvvv1tcxooq3tzepy3e4p" xml:space="preserve"> 

'''Mona Magdy Salim''' mawaƙiya ce 'yar ƙasar Sudan wadda a watan Oktoban 2018, ƙarƙashin sashe na 152 na Dokar Hukuncin Sudan ta 1999, aka kama ta saboda sanya &quot;tufafi marasa kyau&quot;, wandon lycra .  

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a arewavda arewacin najeriya baki daya in FY 2022-23 and its ready 

== Lamarin da ya faru ==
A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2018, an kama Salim bayan ta yi wasa a wani taron al'adu a Khartoum yayin da take sanye da wando da riga mai dogon hannu. An tuhume ta da yin shigar da ba ta dace ba kuma tana fuskantar yiwuwar bulala idan aka same ta da laifi. Daga baya an dage shari'arta har abada.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-01 |title=Wearing trousers gets Sudanese singer in trouble |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/wearing-trousers-gets-sudanese-singer-trouble |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shari'ar ta yi nuni da muhawarar da ake ci gaba da yi game da 'yancin mata, dokokin ɗabi'ar jama'a, da kuma aiwatar da dokokin Sudan na Tsarin Jama'a a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Omar al-Bashir. 


== Duba kuma ==

* Islam in Sudan – Most common religion in Sudan

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>6pc5q40oa6tvvv1tcxooq3tzepy3e4p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818131</id>
      <parentid>818130</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:00:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>818131</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1100" sha1="rkxe8fjpn8itv9k6eixcobnmafgsmgl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Mona Magdy Salim''' mawaƙiya ce 'yar ƙasar Sudan wadda a watan Oktoban 2018, ƙarƙashin sashe na 152 na Dokar Hukuncin Sudan ta 1999, aka kama ta saboda sanya &quot;tufafi marasa kyau&quot;, wandon lycra .

== Lamarin da ya faru ==
A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2018, an kama Salim bayan ta yi wasa a wani taron al'adu a Khartoum yayin da take sanye da wando da riga mai dogon hannu. An tuhume ta da yin shigar da ba ta dace ba kuma tana fuskantar yiwuwar bulala idan aka same ta da laifi. Daga baya an dage shari'arta har abada.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-01 |title=Wearing trousers gets Sudanese singer in trouble |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/wearing-trousers-gets-sudanese-singer-trouble |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shari'ar ta yi nuni da muhawarar da ake ci gaba da yi game da 'yancin mata, dokokin ɗabi'ar jama'a, da kuma aiwatar da dokokin Sudan na Tsarin Jama'a a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Omar al-Bashir. 


== Duba kuma ==

* Islam in Sudan – Most common religion in Sudan

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>rkxe8fjpn8itv9k6eixcobnmafgsmgl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karl A. Lamers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147470</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818136</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:14:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306771276|Karl A. Lamers]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>818136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3595" sha1="hohizqbkn4udgsmu6a5ovlrhsyjnwq6" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhammad Yusuf ya tada fitina da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya Karl A. Lamers''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar dokokin Jamus daga shekara ta 1994 har zuwa 2021. Daga 2010 zuwa 2012 ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin NATO .

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Bayan kammala Abitur a shekarar 1969, Lamers ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Münster]]&quot; id=&quot;mwEw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Münster&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Münster . Ya wuce jarrabawar Jihar farko a Münster kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a shekara ta 1976, tare da wata takarda da ake kira &quot;Representation and integration of foreign citizens in the Federal Republic of Germany with special respect to suffrage - har ma da kwatankwacin binciken game da haƙƙin zaɓe na gida a cikin membobin jihohin Tarayyar Turai&quot;. Daga baya, ya wuce jarrabawar Jiha ta Biyu kuma ya zama abokin bincike a Cibiyar Max Planck don Shari'ar Jama'a da Dokar Kasa da Kasa a Heidelberg. Daga baya ya zama babban Beamter a Landtag na Baden-Württemberg, yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Shugaban Landtag. Karl A. Lamers ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya mai aiki a Heidelberg .

== Kasancewa cikin siyasa ==
Lamers ya zama memba na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista da ƙungiyar matasa, Junge Union (JU), a cikin 1975. Daga 1981 zuwa 1986 ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar na Junge Union Baden-Württemberg a karkashin Shugaban Jihar Günther Oettinger, wanda daga baya ya zama Minista-Shugaba jihar Baden-Vürttemberg kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Turai na Makamashi. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, Lamers ya kasance shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar CDU ta Heidelberg bayan ya kasance shugabanta daga 1985 zuwa 2003 kuma memba na Majalisar Majalisa ta Heidelberg daga 1987 zuwa 1995.

== Dan majalisa ==
A shekara ta 1994, an zabi Lamers a Bundestag a karo na farko ta hanyar lashe Mazabar Heidelberg kai tsaye. A cikin 1998 da 2002 ya lashe kujerar ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin CDU Party List na Baden-Württemberg a cikin tsarin jefa kuri'a na wakilci na Jamusanci. Lamers kai tsaye ya sake lashe mazabarsa a 2005 da 2009, inda ya samu kashi 36.1% na kuri'un a shekara ta 2009. 

An zabi Lamers a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Bundestag a shekara ta 2005 kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da wannan mukamin. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin NATO tun 1998 kuma an zabe shi shugabanta a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2010.  Lamers ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Atlantic daga 2008 zuwa 2014, wanda ya gaji Robert E. Hunter, wanda ya rike mukamin daga 2003 zuwa 2008.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Lamers ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai tsaya a Zaben tarayya na 2021 ba kuma ya yi murabus daga siyasa mai aiki a ƙarshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.fdj.de/pdf/nahost.pdf]
* Shafin yanar gizon Karl Lamers (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163202/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete17/biografien/L/lamers_karl_a_.html Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Bundestag (majalisa ta Jamus)] (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428071424/http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=2604 Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Majalisar Dokokin NATO]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3431" sha1="t69qaqplmwrno9kuc48wvv1rillcdys" xml:space="preserve">'''Karl A. Lamers''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar dokokin Jamus daga shekara ta 1994 har zuwa 2021. Daga 2010 zuwa 2012 ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin NATO .

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Bayan kammala Abitur a shekarar 1969, Lamers ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Münster]]&quot; id=&quot;mwEw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Münster&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Münster . Ya wuce jarrabawar Jihar farko a Münster kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a shekara ta 1976, tare da wata takarda da ake kira &quot;Representation and integration of foreign citizens in the Federal Republic of Germany with special respect to suffrage - har ma da kwatankwacin binciken game da haƙƙin zaɓe na gida a cikin membobin jihohin Tarayyar Turai&quot;. Daga baya, ya wuce jarrabawar Jiha ta Biyu kuma ya zama abokin bincike a Cibiyar Max Planck don Shari'ar Jama'a da Dokar Kasa da Kasa a Heidelberg. Daga baya ya zama babban Beamter a Landtag na Baden-Württemberg, yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Shugaban Landtag. Karl A. Lamers ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya mai aiki a Heidelberg .

== Kasancewa cikin siyasa ==
Lamers ya zama memba na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista da ƙungiyar matasa, Junge Union (JU), a cikin 1975. Daga 1981 zuwa 1986 ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar na Junge Union Baden-Württemberg a karkashin Shugaban Jihar Günther Oettinger, wanda daga baya ya zama Minista-Shugaba jihar Baden-Vürttemberg kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Turai na Makamashi. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, Lamers ya kasance shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar CDU ta Heidelberg bayan ya kasance shugabanta daga 1985 zuwa 2003 kuma memba na Majalisar Majalisa ta Heidelberg daga 1987 zuwa 1995.

== Dan majalisa ==
A shekara ta 1994, an zabi Lamers a Bundestag a karo na farko ta hanyar lashe Mazabar Heidelberg kai tsaye. A cikin 1998 da 2002 ya lashe kujerar ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin CDU Party List na Baden-Württemberg a cikin tsarin jefa kuri'a na wakilci na Jamusanci. Lamers kai tsaye ya sake lashe mazabarsa a 2005 da 2009, inda ya samu kashi 36.1% na kuri'un a shekara ta 2009. 

An zabi Lamers a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Bundestag a shekara ta 2005 kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da wannan mukamin. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin NATO tun 1998 kuma an zabe shi shugabanta a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2010.  Lamers ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Atlantic daga 2008 zuwa 2014, wanda ya gaji Robert E. Hunter, wanda ya rike mukamin daga 2003 zuwa 2008.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Lamers ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai tsaya a Zaben tarayya na 2021 ba kuma ya yi murabus daga siyasa mai aiki a ƙarshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.fdj.de/pdf/nahost.pdf]
* Shafin yanar gizon Karl Lamers (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163202/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete17/biografien/L/lamers_karl_a_.html Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Bundestag (majalisa ta Jamus)] (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428071424/http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=2604 Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Majalisar Dokokin NATO]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818138</id>
      <parentid>818137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:16:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dan majalisa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3635" sha1="5ryhwqgyt5f64zzm8xlhu9km20084wf" xml:space="preserve">'''Karl A. Lamers''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar dokokin Jamus daga shekara ta 1994 har zuwa 2021. Daga 2010 zuwa 2012 ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin NATO .

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Bayan kammala Abitur a shekarar 1969, Lamers ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Münster]]&quot; id=&quot;mwEw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Münster&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Münster . Ya wuce jarrabawar Jihar farko a Münster kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a shekara ta 1976, tare da wata takarda da ake kira &quot;Representation and integration of foreign citizens in the Federal Republic of Germany with special respect to suffrage - har ma da kwatankwacin binciken game da haƙƙin zaɓe na gida a cikin membobin jihohin Tarayyar Turai&quot;. Daga baya, ya wuce jarrabawar Jiha ta Biyu kuma ya zama abokin bincike a Cibiyar Max Planck don Shari'ar Jama'a da Dokar Kasa da Kasa a Heidelberg. Daga baya ya zama babban Beamter a Landtag na Baden-Württemberg, yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Shugaban Landtag. Karl A. Lamers ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya mai aiki a Heidelberg .

== Kasancewa cikin siyasa ==
Lamers ya zama memba na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista da ƙungiyar matasa, Junge Union (JU), a cikin 1975. Daga 1981 zuwa 1986 ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar na Junge Union Baden-Württemberg a karkashin Shugaban Jihar Günther Oettinger, wanda daga baya ya zama Minista-Shugaba jihar Baden-Vürttemberg kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Turai na Makamashi. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, Lamers ya kasance shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar CDU ta Heidelberg bayan ya kasance shugabanta daga 1985 zuwa 2003 kuma memba na Majalisar Majalisa ta Heidelberg daga 1987 zuwa 1995.

== Dan majalisa ==
A shekara ta 1994, an zabi Lamers a Bundestag a karo na farko ta hanyar lashe Mazabar Heidelberg kai tsaye. A cikin 1998 da 2002 ya lashe kujerar ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin CDU Party List na Baden-Württemberg a cikin tsarin jefa kuri'a na wakilci na Jamusanci. Lamers kai tsaye ya sake lashe mazabarsa a 2005 da 2009, inda ya samu kashi 36.1% na kuri'un a shekara ta 2009. 

An zabi Lamers a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Bundestag a shekara ta 2005 kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da wannan mukamin. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin NATO tun 1998 kuma an zabe shi shugabanta a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2010.  Lamers ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Atlantic daga 2008 zuwa 2014, wanda ya gaji Robert E. Hunter, wanda ya rike mukamin daga 2003 zuwa 2008.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Lamers ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai tsaya a Zaben tarayya na 2021 ba kuma ya yi murabus daga siyasa mai aiki a ƙarshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;Christian Altmeier (7 March 2020), [https://www.rnz.de/politik/hintergrund_artikel,-heidelberg-cdu-politiker-lamers-will-nicht-mehr-in-den-bundestag-_arid,503205.html] ''Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.fdj.de/pdf/nahost.pdf]
* Shafin yanar gizon Karl Lamers (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163202/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete17/biografien/L/lamers_karl_a_.html Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Bundestag (majalisa ta Jamus)] (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428071424/http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=2604 Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Majalisar Dokokin NATO]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818139</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:17:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dan majalisa */</comment>
      <origin>818139</origin>
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      <text bytes="4063" sha1="ku6tje3hx4rf0v1854rc4n4bgcrtu6t" xml:space="preserve">'''Karl A. Lamers''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar dokokin Jamus daga shekara ta 1994 har zuwa 2021. Daga 2010 zuwa 2012 ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin NATO .

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Bayan kammala Abitur a shekarar 1969, Lamers ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Münster]]&quot; id=&quot;mwEw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Münster&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Münster . Ya wuce jarrabawar Jihar farko a Münster kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a shekara ta 1976, tare da wata takarda da ake kira &quot;Representation and integration of foreign citizens in the Federal Republic of Germany with special respect to suffrage - har ma da kwatankwacin binciken game da haƙƙin zaɓe na gida a cikin membobin jihohin Tarayyar Turai&quot;. Daga baya, ya wuce jarrabawar Jiha ta Biyu kuma ya zama abokin bincike a Cibiyar Max Planck don Shari'ar Jama'a da Dokar Kasa da Kasa a Heidelberg. Daga baya ya zama babban Beamter a Landtag na Baden-Württemberg, yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Shugaban Landtag. Karl A. Lamers ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya mai aiki a Heidelberg .

== Kasancewa cikin siyasa ==
Lamers ya zama memba na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista da ƙungiyar matasa, Junge Union (JU), a cikin 1975. Daga 1981 zuwa 1986 ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar na Junge Union Baden-Württemberg a karkashin Shugaban Jihar Günther Oettinger, wanda daga baya ya zama Minista-Shugaba jihar Baden-Vürttemberg kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Turai na Makamashi. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, Lamers ya kasance shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar CDU ta Heidelberg bayan ya kasance shugabanta daga 1985 zuwa 2003 kuma memba na Majalisar Majalisa ta Heidelberg daga 1987 zuwa 1995.

== Dan majalisa ==
A shekara ta 1994, an zabi Lamers a Bundestag a karo na farko ta hanyar lashe Mazabar Heidelberg kai tsaye. A cikin 1998 da 2002 ya lashe kujerar ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin CDU Party List na Baden-Württemberg a cikin tsarin jefa kuri'a na wakilci na Jamusanci. Lamers kai tsaye ya sake lashe mazabarsa a 2005 da 2009, inda ya samu kashi 36.1% na kuri'un a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/ergebnisse/wahlkreisergebnisse/l08/wk274/ ''Official Results of the 2009 Bundestag elections – constituency 274 (Heidelberg)''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727091321/http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/ergebnisse/wahlkreisergebnisse/l08/wk274/ |date=27 July 2013 }}. [[Federal Returning Officer]], 2009&lt;/ref&gt; 

An zabi Lamers a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Bundestag a shekara ta 2005 kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da wannan mukamin. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin NATO tun 1998 kuma an zabe shi shugabanta a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2010.  Lamers ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Atlantic daga 2008 zuwa 2014, wanda ya gaji Robert E. Hunter, wanda ya rike mukamin daga 2003 zuwa 2008.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Lamers ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai tsaya a Zaben tarayya na 2021 ba kuma ya yi murabus daga siyasa mai aiki a ƙarshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;Christian Altmeier (7 March 2020), [https://www.rnz.de/politik/hintergrund_artikel,-heidelberg-cdu-politiker-lamers-will-nicht-mehr-in-den-bundestag-_arid,503205.html] ''Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.fdj.de/pdf/nahost.pdf]
* Shafin yanar gizon Karl Lamers (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163202/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete17/biografien/L/lamers_karl_a_.html Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Bundestag (majalisa ta Jamus)] (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428071424/http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=2604 Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Majalisar Dokokin NATO]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]</text>
      <sha1>ku6tje3hx4rf0v1854rc4n4bgcrtu6t</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>818140</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:18:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
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      <text bytes="4386" sha1="q532wbpzq8gs7yoila0pq016ws469p2" xml:space="preserve">'''Karl A. Lamers''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar dokokin Jamus daga shekara ta 1994 har zuwa 2021. Daga 2010 zuwa 2012 ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin NATO .

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Bayan kammala Abitur a shekarar 1969, Lamers ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Münster]]&quot; id=&quot;mwEw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Münster&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Münster . Ya wuce jarrabawar Jihar farko a Münster kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a shekara ta 1976, tare da wata takarda da ake kira &quot;Representation and integration of foreign citizens in the Federal Republic of Germany with special respect to suffrage - har ma da kwatankwacin binciken game da haƙƙin zaɓe na gida a cikin membobin jihohin Tarayyar Turai&quot;. Daga baya, ya wuce jarrabawar Jiha ta Biyu kuma ya zama abokin bincike a Cibiyar Max Planck don Shari'ar Jama'a da Dokar Kasa da Kasa a Heidelberg. Daga baya ya zama babban Beamter a Landtag na Baden-Württemberg, yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Shugaban Landtag. Karl A. Lamers ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya mai aiki a Heidelberg .

== Kasancewa cikin siyasa ==
Lamers ya zama memba na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista da ƙungiyar matasa, Junge Union (JU), a cikin 1975. Daga 1981 zuwa 1986 ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar na Junge Union Baden-Württemberg a karkashin Shugaban Jihar Günther Oettinger, wanda daga baya ya zama Minista-Shugaba jihar Baden-Vürttemberg kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Turai na Makamashi. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, Lamers ya kasance shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar CDU ta Heidelberg bayan ya kasance shugabanta daga 1985 zuwa 2003 kuma memba na Majalisar Majalisa ta Heidelberg daga 1987 zuwa 1995.

== Dan majalisa ==
A shekara ta 1994, an zabi Lamers a Bundestag a karo na farko ta hanyar lashe Mazabar Heidelberg kai tsaye. A cikin 1998 da 2002 ya lashe kujerar ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin CDU Party List na Baden-Württemberg a cikin tsarin jefa kuri'a na wakilci na Jamusanci. Lamers kai tsaye ya sake lashe mazabarsa a 2005 da 2009, inda ya samu kashi 36.1% na kuri'un a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/ergebnisse/wahlkreisergebnisse/l08/wk274/ ''Official Results of the 2009 Bundestag elections – constituency 274 (Heidelberg)''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727091321/http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/ergebnisse/wahlkreisergebnisse/l08/wk274/ |date=27 July 2013 }}. [[Federal Returning Officer]], 2009&lt;/ref&gt; 

An zabi Lamers a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Bundestag a shekara ta 2005 kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da wannan mukamin. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin NATO tun 1998 kuma an zabe shi shugabanta a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2010. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2294 ''Press Statement: German MP Karl A. Lamers elected President of NATO PA''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928053053/http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2294 |date=28 September 2011 }}. [[NATO Parliamentary Assembly]], 16 November 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Lamers ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Atlantic daga 2008 zuwa 2014, wanda ya gaji Robert E. Hunter, wanda ya rike mukamin daga 2003 zuwa 2008.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Lamers ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai tsaya a Zaben tarayya na 2021 ba kuma ya yi murabus daga siyasa mai aiki a ƙarshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;Christian Altmeier (7 March 2020), [https://www.rnz.de/politik/hintergrund_artikel,-heidelberg-cdu-politiker-lamers-will-nicht-mehr-in-den-bundestag-_arid,503205.html] ''Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.fdj.de/pdf/nahost.pdf]
* Shafin yanar gizon Karl Lamers (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163202/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete17/biografien/L/lamers_karl_a_.html Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Bundestag (majalisa ta Jamus)] (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428071424/http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=2604 Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Majalisar Dokokin NATO]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]</text>
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      <id>818141</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:18:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
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'''Karl A. Lamers''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar dokokin Jamus daga shekara ta 1994 har zuwa 2021. Daga 2010 zuwa 2012 ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin NATO .

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Bayan kammala Abitur a shekarar 1969, Lamers ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Münster]]&quot; id=&quot;mwEw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Münster&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Münster . Ya wuce jarrabawar Jihar farko a Münster kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a shekara ta 1976, tare da wata takarda da ake kira &quot;Representation and integration of foreign citizens in the Federal Republic of Germany with special respect to suffrage - har ma da kwatankwacin binciken game da haƙƙin zaɓe na gida a cikin membobin jihohin Tarayyar Turai&quot;. Daga baya, ya wuce jarrabawar Jiha ta Biyu kuma ya zama abokin bincike a Cibiyar Max Planck don Shari'ar Jama'a da Dokar Kasa da Kasa a Heidelberg. Daga baya ya zama babban Beamter a Landtag na Baden-Württemberg, yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Shugaban Landtag. Karl A. Lamers ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya mai aiki a Heidelberg .

== Kasancewa cikin siyasa ==
Lamers ya zama memba na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista da ƙungiyar matasa, Junge Union (JU), a cikin 1975. Daga 1981 zuwa 1986 ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar na Junge Union Baden-Württemberg a karkashin Shugaban Jihar Günther Oettinger, wanda daga baya ya zama Minista-Shugaba jihar Baden-Vürttemberg kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Turai na Makamashi. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, Lamers ya kasance shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar CDU ta Heidelberg bayan ya kasance shugabanta daga 1985 zuwa 2003 kuma memba na Majalisar Majalisa ta Heidelberg daga 1987 zuwa 1995.

== Dan majalisa ==
A shekara ta 1994, an zabi Lamers a Bundestag a karo na farko ta hanyar lashe Mazabar Heidelberg kai tsaye. A cikin 1998 da 2002 ya lashe kujerar ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin CDU Party List na Baden-Württemberg a cikin tsarin jefa kuri'a na wakilci na Jamusanci. Lamers kai tsaye ya sake lashe mazabarsa a 2005 da 2009, inda ya samu kashi 36.1% na kuri'un a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/ergebnisse/wahlkreisergebnisse/l08/wk274/ ''Official Results of the 2009 Bundestag elections – constituency 274 (Heidelberg)''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727091321/http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/ergebnisse/wahlkreisergebnisse/l08/wk274/ |date=27 July 2013 }}. [[Federal Returning Officer]], 2009&lt;/ref&gt; 

An zabi Lamers a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Bundestag a shekara ta 2005 kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da wannan mukamin. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin NATO tun 1998 kuma an zabe shi shugabanta a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2010. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2294 ''Press Statement: German MP Karl A. Lamers elected President of NATO PA''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928053053/http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2294 |date=28 September 2011 }}. [[NATO Parliamentary Assembly]], 16 November 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Lamers ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Atlantic daga 2008 zuwa 2014, wanda ya gaji Robert E. Hunter, wanda ya rike mukamin daga 2003 zuwa 2008.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Lamers ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai tsaya a Zaben tarayya na 2021 ba kuma ya yi murabus daga siyasa mai aiki a ƙarshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;Christian Altmeier (7 March 2020), [https://www.rnz.de/politik/hintergrund_artikel,-heidelberg-cdu-politiker-lamers-will-nicht-mehr-in-den-bundestag-_arid,503205.html] ''Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.fdj.de/pdf/nahost.pdf]
* Shafin yanar gizon Karl Lamers (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163202/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete17/biografien/L/lamers_karl_a_.html Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Bundestag (majalisa ta Jamus)] (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428071424/http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=2604 Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Majalisar Dokokin NATO]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:19:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
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'''Karl A. Lamers''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar dokokin Jamus daga shekara ta 1994 har zuwa 2021. Daga 2010 zuwa 2012 ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin NATO .

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Bayan kammala Abitur a shekarar 1969, Lamers ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Münster]]&quot; id=&quot;mwEw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Münster&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Münster . Ya wuce jarrabawar Jihar farko a Münster kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a shekara ta 1976, tare da wata takarda da ake kira &quot;Representation and integration of foreign citizens in the Federal Republic of Germany with special respect to suffrage - har ma da kwatankwacin binciken game da haƙƙin zaɓe na gida a cikin membobin jihohin Tarayyar Turai&quot;. Daga baya, ya wuce jarrabawar Jiha ta Biyu kuma ya zama abokin bincike a Cibiyar Max Planck don Shari'ar Jama'a da Dokar Kasa da Kasa a Heidelberg. Daga baya ya zama babban Beamter a Landtag na Baden-Württemberg, yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Shugaban Landtag. Karl A. Lamers ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya mai aiki a Heidelberg .

== Kasancewa cikin siyasa ==
Lamers ya zama memba na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista da ƙungiyar matasa, Junge Union (JU), a cikin 1975. Daga 1981 zuwa 1986 ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar na Junge Union Baden-Württemberg a karkashin Shugaban Jihar Günther Oettinger, wanda daga baya ya zama Minista-Shugaba jihar Baden-Vürttemberg kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Turai na Makamashi. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, Lamers ya kasance shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar CDU ta Heidelberg bayan ya kasance shugabanta daga 1985 zuwa 2003 kuma memba na Majalisar Majalisa ta Heidelberg daga 1987 zuwa 1995.

== Dan majalisa ==
A shekara ta 1994, an zabi Lamers a Bundestag a karo na farko ta hanyar lashe Mazabar Heidelberg kai tsaye. A cikin 1998 da 2002 ya lashe kujerar ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin CDU Party List na Baden-Württemberg a cikin tsarin jefa kuri'a na wakilci na Jamusanci. Lamers kai tsaye ya sake lashe mazabarsa a 2005 da 2009, inda ya samu kashi 36.1% na kuri'un a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/ergebnisse/wahlkreisergebnisse/l08/wk274/ ''Official Results of the 2009 Bundestag elections – constituency 274 (Heidelberg)''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727091321/http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/ergebnisse/wahlkreisergebnisse/l08/wk274/ |date=27 July 2013 }}. [[Federal Returning Officer]], 2009&lt;/ref&gt; 

An zabi Lamers a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Bundestag a shekara ta 2005 kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da wannan mukamin. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin NATO tun 1998 kuma an zabe shi shugabanta a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2010. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2294 ''Press Statement: German MP Karl A. Lamers elected President of NATO PA''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928053053/http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2294 |date=28 September 2011 }}. [[NATO Parliamentary Assembly]], 16 November 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Lamers ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Atlantic daga 2008 zuwa 2014, wanda ya gaji Robert E. Hunter, wanda ya rike mukamin daga 2003 zuwa 2008.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Lamers ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai tsaya a Zaben tarayya na 2021 ba kuma ya yi murabus daga siyasa mai aiki a ƙarshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;Christian Altmeier (7 March 2020), [https://www.rnz.de/politik/hintergrund_artikel,-heidelberg-cdu-politiker-lamers-will-nicht-mehr-in-den-bundestag-_arid,503205.html] ''Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.fdj.de/pdf/nahost.pdf]
* Shafin yanar gizon Karl Lamers (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163202/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete17/biografien/L/lamers_karl_a_.html Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Bundestag (majalisa ta Jamus)] (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428071424/http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=2604 Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Majalisar Dokokin NATO]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>818143</id>
      <parentid>818142</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:20:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ilimi da aiki */</comment>
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'''Karl A. Lamers''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar dokokin Jamus daga shekara ta 1994 har zuwa 2021. Daga 2010 zuwa 2012 ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin NATO .

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Bayan kammala Abitur a shekarar 1969, Lamers ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Münster . Ya wuce jarrabawar Jihar farko a Münster kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a shekara ta 1976, tare da wata takarda da ake kira &quot;Representation and integration of foreign citizens in the Federal Republic of Germany with special respect to suffrage - har ma da kwatankwacin binciken game da haƙƙin zaɓe na gida a cikin membobin jihohin Tarayyar Turai&quot;. Daga baya, ya wuce jarrabawar Jiha ta Biyu kuma ya zama abokin bincike a Cibiyar Max Planck don Shari'ar Jama'a da Dokar Kasa da Kasa a Heidelberg. Daga baya ya zama babban Beamter a Landtag na Baden-Württemberg, yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Shugaban Landtag. Karl A. Lamers ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya mai aiki a Heidelberg .

== Kasancewa cikin siyasa ==
Lamers ya zama memba na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista da ƙungiyar matasa, Junge Union (JU), a cikin 1975. Daga 1981 zuwa 1986 ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar na Junge Union Baden-Württemberg a karkashin Shugaban Jihar Günther Oettinger, wanda daga baya ya zama Minista-Shugaba jihar Baden-Vürttemberg kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Turai na Makamashi. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, Lamers ya kasance shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar CDU ta Heidelberg bayan ya kasance shugabanta daga 1985 zuwa 2003 kuma memba na Majalisar Majalisa ta Heidelberg daga 1987 zuwa 1995.

== Dan majalisa ==
A shekara ta 1994, an zabi Lamers a Bundestag a karo na farko ta hanyar lashe Mazabar Heidelberg kai tsaye. A cikin 1998 da 2002 ya lashe kujerar ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin CDU Party List na Baden-Württemberg a cikin tsarin jefa kuri'a na wakilci na Jamusanci. Lamers kai tsaye ya sake lashe mazabarsa a 2005 da 2009, inda ya samu kashi 36.1% na kuri'un a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/ergebnisse/wahlkreisergebnisse/l08/wk274/ ''Official Results of the 2009 Bundestag elections – constituency 274 (Heidelberg)''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727091321/http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/ergebnisse/wahlkreisergebnisse/l08/wk274/ |date=27 July 2013 }}. [[Federal Returning Officer]], 2009&lt;/ref&gt; 

An zabi Lamers a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Bundestag a shekara ta 2005 kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da wannan mukamin. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin NATO tun 1998 kuma an zabe shi shugabanta a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2010. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2294 ''Press Statement: German MP Karl A. Lamers elected President of NATO PA''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928053053/http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2294 |date=28 September 2011 }}. [[NATO Parliamentary Assembly]], 16 November 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Lamers ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Atlantic daga 2008 zuwa 2014, wanda ya gaji Robert E. Hunter, wanda ya rike mukamin daga 2003 zuwa 2008.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Lamers ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai tsaya a Zaben tarayya na 2021 ba kuma ya yi murabus daga siyasa mai aiki a ƙarshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki.&lt;ref&gt;Christian Altmeier (7 March 2020), [https://www.rnz.de/politik/hintergrund_artikel,-heidelberg-cdu-politiker-lamers-will-nicht-mehr-in-den-bundestag-_arid,503205.html] ''Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.fdj.de/pdf/nahost.pdf]
* Shafin yanar gizon Karl Lamers (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163202/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete17/biografien/L/lamers_karl_a_.html Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Bundestag (majalisa ta Jamus)] (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428071424/http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=2604 Tarihin Karl Lamers a shafin yanar gizon Majalisar Dokokin NATO]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]</text>
      <sha1>7b7p3tlzl091bysuh501clqwo2sarcv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manny Vega</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147471</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818146</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:26:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343245265|Manny Vega]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>818146</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3947" sha1="6bosebyosiw6l9d27pcz579n9tnvem8" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da Manny Vega''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956) ɗan asalin Amurka ne, mai zane-zane, mai buga takardu, mai zane na mural, mai zane da mosaic, kuma mai tsara kayan ado. Ayyukansa suna nuna tarihin da al'adun Afirka da ke cikin Amurka, Caribbean, da Latin Amurka.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Vega was born in Bronx, New York, in 1956. He joined the artist collective Taller Boricua in 1979 where he studied through 1986. While there he was also a pupil of Harlem printmaker Robert Blackburn at his Printmaking Workshop from 1980 to 1990.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na jama'a na Vega akwai mural na mosaic a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pregones a Bronx, hoto na mural na Julia De Burgos a Gabashin Harlem, jerin bangarorin mosaic don tashar jirgin kasa ta titin 110, kuma a Gabashin harlem, da kuma jerin murals da aka fentin a ko'ina cikin Birnin New York.

Shekaru da yawa, Vega tana koyar da zane-zane ga kungiyoyi kamar El Museo del Barrio, Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim, Gidan kayan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka, da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Caribbean. Ya nuna sosai a Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Brazil.

Vega ta kirkiro kayayyaki da kayan ado don DanceBrazil da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na American Place .

Tun daga shekara ta 1984, Manny yana tafiya zuwa Salvador, Bahia a Brazil, inda aka fara shi a cikin haikalin Afro Brazilian da aka sani da &quot;Ile Iya Omi Ase Iya Masse&quot;. A matsayinsa na memba na haikalin, an yi amfani da basirarsa don ƙirƙirar wasu kayan ado da kayan haɗi. Ayyukansa a cikin wannan matsakaici an rubuta su ta Fowler Museum na UCLA, Smithsonian, da kuma Kwalejin Dartmouth. Wannan aikin an rubuta shi a cikin littafin, Beads, Body, and Soul: Art and Light in the Yoruba Universe, &lt;ref&gt;Drewal, Henry John; Mason, John: &quot;Beads, Body and Soul: Art and Light In the Yoruba Universe.&quot; University of California, Los Angeles, 1997.  {{ISBN|0-930741-63-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma littafin, The Yoruba Artist. &lt;ref&gt;Abiodun, Roland.  Drewal, Henry. Pemberton, John III: &quot;The Yoruba Artist: New Theoretical Perspectives on African Arts.&quot; Smithsonian, 1994.  {{ISBN|1-56098-340-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya mayar da hankali a yanzu don ƙirƙirar jerin ayyukan mosaic, bisa ga nazarin ƙirar mosaic na Byzantine, don karɓar wannan salon zuwa hotunan zamani, wanda ya kira &quot;Byzantine Hip Hop&quot;. Vega tana da ɗakin karatu a kan titin 103 a Gabashin Harlem . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Vega ya auri matarsa Anna Araiz wacce ta mutu daga ciwon daji na kwakwalwa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001. Ta kasance batun batun da yawa daga cikin sassansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJuan-Simó2017&quot;&gt;Juan-Simó, Gemma (August 4, 2017). [https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega &quot;Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega&quot;]. ''The Score''. Lincoln Center Programs&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-01-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>6bosebyosiw6l9d27pcz579n9tnvem8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818148</id>
      <parentid>818146</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:27:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>818148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3794" sha1="6bd3uejog0blrda25qed1ruore7zntb" xml:space="preserve">'''Manny Vega''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956) ɗan asalin Amurka ne, mai zane-zane, mai buga takardu, mai zane na mural, mai zane da mosaic, kuma mai tsara kayan ado. Ayyukansa suna nuna tarihin da al'adun Afirka da ke cikin Amurka, Caribbean, da Latin Amurka.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Vega was born in Bronx, New York, in 1956. He joined the artist collective Taller Boricua in 1979 where he studied through 1986. While there he was also a pupil of Harlem printmaker Robert Blackburn at his Printmaking Workshop from 1980 to 1990.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na jama'a na Vega akwai mural na mosaic a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pregones a Bronx, hoto na mural na Julia De Burgos a Gabashin Harlem, jerin bangarorin mosaic don tashar jirgin kasa ta titin 110, kuma a Gabashin harlem, da kuma jerin murals da aka fentin a ko'ina cikin Birnin New York.

Shekaru da yawa, Vega tana koyar da zane-zane ga kungiyoyi kamar El Museo del Barrio, Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim, Gidan kayan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka, da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Caribbean. Ya nuna sosai a Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Brazil.

Vega ta kirkiro kayayyaki da kayan ado don DanceBrazil da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na American Place .

Tun daga shekara ta 1984, Manny yana tafiya zuwa Salvador, Bahia a Brazil, inda aka fara shi a cikin haikalin Afro Brazilian da aka sani da &quot;Ile Iya Omi Ase Iya Masse&quot;. A matsayinsa na memba na haikalin, an yi amfani da basirarsa don ƙirƙirar wasu kayan ado da kayan haɗi. Ayyukansa a cikin wannan matsakaici an rubuta su ta Fowler Museum na UCLA, Smithsonian, da kuma Kwalejin Dartmouth. Wannan aikin an rubuta shi a cikin littafin, Beads, Body, and Soul: Art and Light in the Yoruba Universe, &lt;ref&gt;Drewal, Henry John; Mason, John: &quot;Beads, Body and Soul: Art and Light In the Yoruba Universe.&quot; University of California, Los Angeles, 1997.  {{ISBN|0-930741-63-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma littafin, The Yoruba Artist. &lt;ref&gt;Abiodun, Roland.  Drewal, Henry. Pemberton, John III: &quot;The Yoruba Artist: New Theoretical Perspectives on African Arts.&quot; Smithsonian, 1994.  {{ISBN|1-56098-340-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya mayar da hankali a yanzu don ƙirƙirar jerin ayyukan mosaic, bisa ga nazarin ƙirar mosaic na Byzantine, don karɓar wannan salon zuwa hotunan zamani, wanda ya kira &quot;Byzantine Hip Hop&quot;. Vega tana da ɗakin karatu a kan titin 103 a Gabashin Harlem . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Vega ya auri matarsa Anna Araiz wacce ta mutu daga ciwon daji na kwakwalwa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001. Ta kasance batun batun da yawa daga cikin sassansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJuan-Simó2017&quot;&gt;Juan-Simó, Gemma (August 4, 2017). [https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega &quot;Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega&quot;]. ''The Score''. Lincoln Center Programs&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-01-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>6bd3uejog0blrda25qed1ruore7zntb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>818148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>818156</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3806" sha1="9euisrrgek8d7ve7ygqrbf8gd9dv1f7" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Manny Vega''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956) ɗan asalin Amurka ne, mai zane-zane, mai buga takardu, mai zane na mural, mai zane da mosaic, kuma mai tsara kayan ado. Ayyukansa suna nuna tarihin da al'adun Afirka da ke cikin Amurka, Caribbean, da Latin Amurka.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Vega was born in Bronx, New York, in 1956. He joined the artist collective Taller Boricua in 1979 where he studied through 1986. While there he was also a pupil of Harlem printmaker Robert Blackburn at his Printmaking Workshop from 1980 to 1990.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na jama'a na Vega akwai mural na mosaic a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pregones a Bronx, hoto na mural na Julia De Burgos a Gabashin Harlem, jerin bangarorin mosaic don tashar jirgin kasa ta titin 110, kuma a Gabashin harlem, da kuma jerin murals da aka fentin a ko'ina cikin Birnin New York.

Shekaru da yawa, Vega tana koyar da zane-zane ga kungiyoyi kamar El Museo del Barrio, Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim, Gidan kayan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka, da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Caribbean. Ya nuna sosai a Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Brazil.

Vega ta kirkiro kayayyaki da kayan ado don DanceBrazil da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na American Place .

Tun daga shekara ta 1984, Manny yana tafiya zuwa Salvador, Bahia a Brazil, inda aka fara shi a cikin haikalin Afro Brazilian da aka sani da &quot;Ile Iya Omi Ase Iya Masse&quot;. A matsayinsa na memba na haikalin, an yi amfani da basirarsa don ƙirƙirar wasu kayan ado da kayan haɗi. Ayyukansa a cikin wannan matsakaici an rubuta su ta Fowler Museum na UCLA, Smithsonian, da kuma Kwalejin Dartmouth. Wannan aikin an rubuta shi a cikin littafin, Beads, Body, and Soul: Art and Light in the Yoruba Universe, &lt;ref&gt;Drewal, Henry John; Mason, John: &quot;Beads, Body and Soul: Art and Light In the Yoruba Universe.&quot; University of California, Los Angeles, 1997.  {{ISBN|0-930741-63-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma littafin, The Yoruba Artist. &lt;ref&gt;Abiodun, Roland.  Drewal, Henry. Pemberton, John III: &quot;The Yoruba Artist: New Theoretical Perspectives on African Arts.&quot; Smithsonian, 1994.  {{ISBN|1-56098-340-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya mayar da hankali a yanzu don ƙirƙirar jerin ayyukan mosaic, bisa ga nazarin ƙirar mosaic na Byzantine, don karɓar wannan salon zuwa hotunan zamani, wanda ya kira &quot;Byzantine Hip Hop&quot;. Vega tana da ɗakin karatu a kan titin 103 a Gabashin Harlem . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Vega ya auri matarsa Anna Araiz wacce ta mutu daga ciwon daji na kwakwalwa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001. Ta kasance batun batun da yawa daga cikin sassansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJuan-Simó2017&quot;&gt;Juan-Simó, Gemma (August 4, 2017). [https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega &quot;Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega&quot;]. ''The Score''. Lincoln Center Programs&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-01-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>9euisrrgek8d7ve7ygqrbf8gd9dv1f7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818157</id>
      <parentid>818156</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:32:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta mutum */</comment>
      <origin>818157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3444" sha1="s985gnbzdq9hp3tc316hrq18ruhomqv" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Manny Vega''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956) ɗan asalin Amurka ne, mai zane-zane, mai buga takardu, mai zane na mural, mai zane da mosaic, kuma mai tsara kayan ado. Ayyukansa suna nuna tarihin da al'adun Afirka da ke cikin Amurka, Caribbean, da Latin Amurka.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Vega was born in Bronx, New York, in 1956. He joined the artist collective Taller Boricua in 1979 where he studied through 1986. While there he was also a pupil of Harlem printmaker Robert Blackburn at his Printmaking Workshop from 1980 to 1990.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na jama'a na Vega akwai mural na mosaic a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pregones a Bronx, hoto na mural na Julia De Burgos a Gabashin Harlem, jerin bangarorin mosaic don tashar jirgin kasa ta titin 110, kuma a Gabashin harlem, da kuma jerin murals da aka fentin a ko'ina cikin Birnin New York.

Shekaru da yawa, Vega tana koyar da zane-zane ga kungiyoyi kamar El Museo del Barrio, Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim, Gidan kayan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka, da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Caribbean. Ya nuna sosai a Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Brazil.

Vega ta kirkiro kayayyaki da kayan ado don DanceBrazil da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na American Place .

Tun daga shekara ta 1984, Manny yana tafiya zuwa Salvador, Bahia a Brazil, inda aka fara shi a cikin haikalin Afro Brazilian da aka sani da &quot;Ile Iya Omi Ase Iya Masse&quot;. A matsayinsa na memba na haikalin, an yi amfani da basirarsa don ƙirƙirar wasu kayan ado da kayan haɗi. Ayyukansa a cikin wannan matsakaici an rubuta su ta Fowler Museum na UCLA, Smithsonian, da kuma Kwalejin Dartmouth. Wannan aikin an rubuta shi a cikin littafin, Beads, Body, and Soul: Art and Light in the Yoruba Universe, &lt;ref&gt;Drewal, Henry John; Mason, John: &quot;Beads, Body and Soul: Art and Light In the Yoruba Universe.&quot; University of California, Los Angeles, 1997.  {{ISBN|0-930741-63-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma littafin, The Yoruba Artist. &lt;ref&gt;Abiodun, Roland.  Drewal, Henry. Pemberton, John III: &quot;The Yoruba Artist: New Theoretical Perspectives on African Arts.&quot; Smithsonian, 1994.  {{ISBN|1-56098-340-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya mayar da hankali a yanzu don ƙirƙirar jerin ayyukan mosaic, bisa ga nazarin ƙirar mosaic na Byzantine, don karɓar wannan salon zuwa hotunan zamani, wanda ya kira &quot;Byzantine Hip Hop&quot;. Vega tana da ɗakin karatu a kan titin 103 a Gabashin Harlem . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Vega ya auri matarsa Anna Araiz wacce ta mutu daga ciwon daji na kwakwalwa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001. Ta kasance batun batun da yawa daga cikin sassansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>s985gnbzdq9hp3tc316hrq18ruhomqv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818159</id>
      <parentid>818157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:34:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko */</comment>
      <origin>818159</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3768" sha1="luq5lu6ou674rlt9t7sum5zl1ezfe1s" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Manny Vega''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956) ɗan asalin Amurka ne, mai zane-zane, mai buga takardu, mai zane na mural, mai zane da mosaic, kuma mai tsara kayan ado. Ayyukansa suna nuna tarihin da al'adun Afirka da ke cikin Amurka, Caribbean, da Latin Amurka.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Vega was born in Bronx, New York, in 1956. He joined the artist collective Taller Boricua in 1979 where he studied through 1986. While there he was also a pupil of Harlem printmaker Robert Blackburn at his Printmaking Workshop from 1980 to 1990.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;


.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/arts/design/museo-del-barrios-bienal-2013-explores-self-and-origins.html|title=Museo del Barrio's 'Bienal 2013' Explores Self and Origins|last=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2013-06-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-08-07|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na jama'a na Vega akwai mural na mosaic a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pregones a Bronx, hoto na mural na Julia De Burgos a Gabashin Harlem, jerin bangarorin mosaic don tashar jirgin kasa ta titin 110, kuma a Gabashin harlem, da kuma jerin murals da aka fentin a ko'ina cikin Birnin New York.

Shekaru da yawa, Vega tana koyar da zane-zane ga kungiyoyi kamar El Museo del Barrio, Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim, Gidan kayan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka, da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Caribbean. Ya nuna sosai a Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Brazil.

Vega ta kirkiro kayayyaki da kayan ado don DanceBrazil da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na American Place .

Tun daga shekara ta 1984, Manny yana tafiya zuwa Salvador, Bahia a Brazil, inda aka fara shi a cikin haikalin Afro Brazilian da aka sani da &quot;Ile Iya Omi Ase Iya Masse&quot;. A matsayinsa na memba na haikalin, an yi amfani da basirarsa don ƙirƙirar wasu kayan ado da kayan haɗi. Ayyukansa a cikin wannan matsakaici an rubuta su ta Fowler Museum na UCLA, Smithsonian, da kuma Kwalejin Dartmouth. Wannan aikin an rubuta shi a cikin littafin, Beads, Body, and Soul: Art and Light in the Yoruba Universe, &lt;ref&gt;Drewal, Henry John; Mason, John: &quot;Beads, Body and Soul: Art and Light In the Yoruba Universe.&quot; University of California, Los Angeles, 1997.  {{ISBN|0-930741-63-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma littafin, The Yoruba Artist. &lt;ref&gt;Abiodun, Roland.  Drewal, Henry. Pemberton, John III: &quot;The Yoruba Artist: New Theoretical Perspectives on African Arts.&quot; Smithsonian, 1994.  {{ISBN|1-56098-340-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya mayar da hankali a yanzu don ƙirƙirar jerin ayyukan mosaic, bisa ga nazarin ƙirar mosaic na Byzantine, don karɓar wannan salon zuwa hotunan zamani, wanda ya kira &quot;Byzantine Hip Hop&quot;. Vega tana da ɗakin karatu a kan titin 103 a Gabashin Harlem . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Vega ya auri matarsa Anna Araiz wacce ta mutu daga ciwon daji na kwakwalwa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001. Ta kasance batun batun da yawa daga cikin sassansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>luq5lu6ou674rlt9t7sum5zl1ezfe1s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818161</id>
      <parentid>818159</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:35:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko */</comment>
      <origin>818161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3552" sha1="elml7u23x40bur9tdazhd57avbxv0cn" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Manny Vega''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956) ɗan asalin Amurka ne, mai zane-zane, mai buga takardu, mai zane na mural, mai zane da mosaic, kuma mai tsara kayan ado. Ayyukansa suna nuna tarihin da al'adun Afirka da ke cikin Amurka, Caribbean, da Latin Amurka.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Vega a Bronx, New York, a shekarar 1956.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/arts/design/museo-del-barrios-bienal-2013-explores-self-and-origins.html|title=Museo del Barrio's 'Bienal 2013' Explores Self and Origins|last=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2013-06-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-08-07|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Taller Boricua a shekarar 1979 inda ya yi karatu har zuwa shekarar 1986. A can kuma yana ɗalibi ne a ƙungiyar masu buga littattafai ta Harlem Robert Blackburn a taron buga littattafai na 1980 zuwa 1990.

== Ayyuka ==
Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na jama'a na Vega akwai mural na mosaic a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pregones a Bronx, hoto na mural na Julia De Burgos a Gabashin Harlem, jerin bangarorin mosaic don tashar jirgin kasa ta titin 110, kuma a Gabashin harlem, da kuma jerin murals da aka fentin a ko'ina cikin Birnin New York.

Shekaru da yawa, Vega tana koyar da zane-zane ga kungiyoyi kamar El Museo del Barrio, Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim, Gidan kayan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka, da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Caribbean. Ya nuna sosai a Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Brazil.

Vega ta kirkiro kayayyaki da kayan ado don DanceBrazil da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na American Place .

Tun daga shekara ta 1984, Manny yana tafiya zuwa Salvador, Bahia a Brazil, inda aka fara shi a cikin haikalin Afro Brazilian da aka sani da &quot;Ile Iya Omi Ase Iya Masse&quot;. A matsayinsa na memba na haikalin, an yi amfani da basirarsa don ƙirƙirar wasu kayan ado da kayan haɗi. Ayyukansa a cikin wannan matsakaici an rubuta su ta Fowler Museum na UCLA, Smithsonian, da kuma Kwalejin Dartmouth. Wannan aikin an rubuta shi a cikin littafin, Beads, Body, and Soul: Art and Light in the Yoruba Universe, &lt;ref&gt;Drewal, Henry John; Mason, John: &quot;Beads, Body and Soul: Art and Light In the Yoruba Universe.&quot; University of California, Los Angeles, 1997.  {{ISBN|0-930741-63-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma littafin, The Yoruba Artist. &lt;ref&gt;Abiodun, Roland.  Drewal, Henry. Pemberton, John III: &quot;The Yoruba Artist: New Theoretical Perspectives on African Arts.&quot; Smithsonian, 1994.  {{ISBN|1-56098-340-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya mayar da hankali a yanzu don ƙirƙirar jerin ayyukan mosaic, bisa ga nazarin ƙirar mosaic na Byzantine, don karɓar wannan salon zuwa hotunan zamani, wanda ya kira &quot;Byzantine Hip Hop&quot;. Vega tana da ɗakin karatu a kan titin 103 a Gabashin Harlem . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Vega ya auri matarsa Anna Araiz wacce ta mutu daga ciwon daji na kwakwalwa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001. Ta kasance batun batun da yawa daga cikin sassansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>elml7u23x40bur9tdazhd57avbxv0cn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818162</id>
      <parentid>818161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:39:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ayyuka */</comment>
      <origin>818162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4120" sha1="pu5e3c3fll4e9df19uazzhjq2ma2tu3" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Manny Vega''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956) ɗan asalin Amurka ne, mai zane-zane, mai buga takardu, mai zane na mural, mai zane da mosaic, kuma mai tsara kayan ado. Ayyukansa suna nuna tarihin da al'adun Afirka da ke cikin Amurka, Caribbean, da Latin Amurka.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Vega a Bronx, New York, a shekarar 1956.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/arts/design/museo-del-barrios-bienal-2013-explores-self-and-origins.html|title=Museo del Barrio's 'Bienal 2013' Explores Self and Origins|last=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2013-06-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-08-07|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Taller Boricua a shekarar 1979 inda ya yi karatu har zuwa shekarar 1986. A can kuma yana ɗalibi ne a ƙungiyar masu buga littattafai ta Harlem Robert Blackburn a taron buga littattafai na 1980 zuwa 1990.

== Ayyuka ==
Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na jama'a na Vega akwai mural na mosaic a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pregones a Bronx, hoto na mural na Julia De Burgos a Gabashin Harlem, jerin bangarorin mosaic don tashar jirgin kasa ta titin 110, kuma a Gabashin harlem, da kuma jerin murals da aka fentin a ko'ina cikin Birnin New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/25/nyregion/25citywide.html|title=In Mosaics, an Artist's Lasting Impression|last=Gonzalez|first=David|date=2008-02-25|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-08-07|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/manny-can-do-legendary-painter-plans-newest-mural-article-1.1251626|title=Manny-can-do! Legendary painter plans newest mural|last=Richardson|first=Clem|date=January 30, 2013|work=NY Daily News|access-date=2017-08-07|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shekaru da yawa, Vega tana koyar da zane-zane ga kungiyoyi kamar El Museo del Barrio, Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim, Gidan kayan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka, da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Caribbean. Ya nuna sosai a Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Brazil.

Vega ta kirkiro kayayyaki da kayan ado don DanceBrazil da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na American Place .

Tun daga shekara ta 1984, Manny yana tafiya zuwa Salvador, Bahia a Brazil, inda aka fara shi a cikin haikalin Afro Brazilian da aka sani da &quot;Ile Iya Omi Ase Iya Masse&quot;. A matsayinsa na memba na haikalin, an yi amfani da basirarsa don ƙirƙirar wasu kayan ado da kayan haɗi. Ayyukansa a cikin wannan matsakaici an rubuta su ta Fowler Museum na UCLA, Smithsonian, da kuma Kwalejin Dartmouth. Wannan aikin an rubuta shi a cikin littafin, Beads, Body, and Soul: Art and Light in the Yoruba Universe, &lt;ref&gt;Drewal, Henry John; Mason, John: &quot;Beads, Body and Soul: Art and Light In the Yoruba Universe.&quot; University of California, Los Angeles, 1997.  {{ISBN|0-930741-63-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma littafin, The Yoruba Artist. &lt;ref&gt;Abiodun, Roland.  Drewal, Henry. Pemberton, John III: &quot;The Yoruba Artist: New Theoretical Perspectives on African Arts.&quot; Smithsonian, 1994.  {{ISBN|1-56098-340-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya mayar da hankali a yanzu don ƙirƙirar jerin ayyukan mosaic, bisa ga nazarin ƙirar mosaic na Byzantine, don karɓar wannan salon zuwa hotunan zamani, wanda ya kira &quot;Byzantine Hip Hop&quot;. Vega tana da ɗakin karatu a kan titin 103 a Gabashin Harlem . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Vega ya auri matarsa Anna Araiz wacce ta mutu daga ciwon daji na kwakwalwa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001. Ta kasance batun batun da yawa daga cikin sassansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juan-Simó |first=Gemma |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Portrait of the Artist: Manny Vega |url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/article/portrait-of-the-artist-manny-vega |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=The Score |publisher=Lincoln Center Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>pu5e3c3fll4e9df19uazzhjq2ma2tu3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taysir El Nourani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147472</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818158</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:33:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346591383|Taysir El Nourani]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>818158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2017" sha1="bjisrbtj9h5h8ylbg0nnwmo65f3x9a8" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
|- class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 100%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;Taysir El Nourani&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Taysir_El_Nourani.jpg|frameless]] 
|- class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |
|}
'''Taysir El Nourani''' shine Ministan Kwadago da Gyaran Mulki na [[Sudan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam) |date=2021-02-09 |title=Sudan: PM Hamdok Announces Sudan's New Gvt |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202102100056.html |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam) |date=2021-06-15 |title=Sudan: ♦ Sudan - This Week's News in Brief ♦ |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202106160314.html |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=♦ Sudan: This week's news in brief ♦ &amp;#124; Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-this-week-s-news-in-brief-65 |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=Dabangasudan.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; El Nourani memba ce a Jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta Sudan . Ta fara aiki a matsayin minista a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=PM Hamdok announces Sudan's new govt &amp;#124; Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/pm-hamdok-announces-sudan-s-new-gvt |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=Dabangasudan.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2021 |title=وزيرة العمل &quot;تيسير النوراني&quot; تكشف عن خطتها للوزارة |url=https://kushnews.net/2021/02/274581 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313130213/https://kushnews.net/2021/02/274581 |archive-date=2021-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>bjisrbtj9h5h8ylbg0nnwmo65f3x9a8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818160</id>
      <parentid>818158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:34:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>818160</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2029" sha1="9ot9grehlwf5fsrefpuwreu3g2g6woi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
|- class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 100%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;Taysir El Nourani&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Taysir_El_Nourani.jpg|frameless]] 
|- class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |
|}
'''Taysir El Nourani''' shine Ministan Kwadago da Gyaran Mulki na [[Sudan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam) |date=2021-02-09 |title=Sudan: PM Hamdok Announces Sudan's New Gvt |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202102100056.html |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam) |date=2021-06-15 |title=Sudan: ♦ Sudan - This Week's News in Brief ♦ |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202106160314.html |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=♦ Sudan: This week's news in brief ♦ &amp;#124; Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-this-week-s-news-in-brief-65 |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=Dabangasudan.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; El Nourani memba ce a Jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta Sudan . Ta fara aiki a matsayin minista a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=PM Hamdok announces Sudan's new govt &amp;#124; Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/pm-hamdok-announces-sudan-s-new-gvt |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=Dabangasudan.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2021 |title=وزيرة العمل &quot;تيسير النوراني&quot; تكشف عن خطتها للوزارة |url=https://kushnews.net/2021/02/274581 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313130213/https://kushnews.net/2021/02/274581 |archive-date=2021-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>9ot9grehlwf5fsrefpuwreu3g2g6woi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818165</id>
      <parentid>818160</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karamin gyera</comment>
      <origin>818165</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1963" sha1="sbvn8tet5b9b78p18dh99ujeje3dovc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
|- class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 100%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;Taysir El Nourani&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Taysir_El_Nourani.jpg|frameless]] 
|- class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |
|}
'''Taysir El Nourani''' shine Ministan Kwadago da Gyaran Mulki na [[Sudan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam) |date=2021-02-09 |title=Sudan: PM Hamdok Announces Sudan's New Gvt |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202102100056.html |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam) |date=2021-06-15 |title=Sudan: ♦ Sudan - This Week's News in Brief ♦ |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202106160314.html |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=♦ Sudan: This week's news in brief ♦ &amp;#124; Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-this-week-s-news-in-brief-65 |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=Dabangasudan.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; El Nourani memba ce a Jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta Sudan . Ta fara aiki a matsayin minista a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=PM Hamdok announces Sudan's new govt &amp;#124; Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/pm-hamdok-announces-sudan-s-new-gvt |access-date=2021-06-23 |publisher=Dabangasudan.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2021 |title=وزيرة العمل &quot;تيسير النوراني&quot; تكشف عن خطتها للوزارة |url=https://kushnews.net/2021/02/274581 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313130213/https://kushnews.net/2021/02/274581 |archive-date=2021-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>sbvn8tet5b9b78p18dh99ujeje3dovc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amina Bakhit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147473</id>
    <revision>
      <id>818163</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346874179|Amina Bakhit]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>818163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1784" sha1="ozf9gwsi9z73na10ppfxpz5ey2e9ttu" xml:space="preserve"> {{MedalTableTop|medals={{MedalSport | Women's [[athletics (sport)|athletics]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{SUD}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Pan Arab Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2007 Pan Arab Games|2007 Cairo]] | [[Athletics at the 2007 Pan Arab Games|800 m]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2011 Pan Arab Games|2011 Doha]] | [[Athletics at the 2011 Pan Arab Games|10,000 m]] }}|name=Amina Bakhit|country=Sudan}}'''Amina Barcham Bakhit''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1990) 'yar Sudan ce mai tseren matsakaicin zango. A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012, ta fafata a tseren mita 800 na mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amina Bakhit |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/bakhit-amina-1052080/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907212751/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/bakhit-amina-1052080/ |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=9 September 2012 |website=[[2012 Summer Olympics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da 

Ta lashe zinare a gasar Pan Arab Games ta 2007 a tseren mita 800 da kuma tagulla a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar Pan Arab Games ta 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amna BAKHIT {{!}} Profile |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/sudan/amna-bakhit-14300569 |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=www.worldathletics.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'ar amfani da kwayoyi masu kara kuzari ==
An tabbatar da cewa Bakhit ya kamu da cutar norandrosterone a wani gasa da aka yi a Sollentuna, Sweden a watan Yunin 2009, daga baya aka dakatar da shi daga wasanni na tsawon shekaru biyu.    An dakatar da shi a ranar 16 ga Yulin 2011.  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|1}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{World Athletics}}
* Amina Bakhit at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>ozf9gwsi9z73na10ppfxpz5ey2e9ttu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>818164</id>
      <parentid>818163</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:44:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>818164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1797" sha1="0gukqztpoqmbetvxn4hen5jdwbz5e8o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

 {{MedalTableTop|medals={{MedalSport | Women's [[athletics (sport)|athletics]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{SUD}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Pan Arab Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2007 Pan Arab Games|2007 Cairo]] | [[Athletics at the 2007 Pan Arab Games|800 m]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2011 Pan Arab Games|2011 Doha]] | [[Athletics at the 2011 Pan Arab Games|10,000 m]] }}|name=Amina Bakhit|country=Sudan}}'''Amina Barcham Bakhit''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1990) 'yar Sudan ce mai tseren matsakaicin zango. A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012, ta fafata a tseren mita 800 na mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amina Bakhit |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/bakhit-amina-1052080/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907212751/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/bakhit-amina-1052080/ |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=9 September 2012 |website=[[2012 Summer Olympics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da 

Ta lashe zinare a gasar Pan Arab Games ta 2007 a tseren mita 800 da kuma tagulla a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar Pan Arab Games ta 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amna BAKHIT {{!}} Profile |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/sudan/amna-bakhit-14300569 |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=www.worldathletics.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'ar amfani da kwayoyi masu kara kuzari ==
An tabbatar da cewa Bakhit ya kamu da cutar norandrosterone a wani gasa da aka yi a Sollentuna, Sweden a watan Yunin 2009, daga baya aka dakatar da shi daga wasanni na tsawon shekaru biyu.    An dakatar da shi a ranar 16 ga Yulin 2011.  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|1}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{World Athletics}}
* Amina Bakhit at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muna Durka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>818166</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:55:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317299342|Muna Durka]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>818166</origin>
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'''Muna Kalameya Durka''' ( Arabic   ; an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1988) 'yar wasan tseren tsalle-tsalle ce ta Sudan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite sports-reference|title=Muna Durka|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/du/muna-durka-1.html|access-date=21 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Durka ta wakilci [[Sudan]] a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008 da aka yi a [[Beijing]], inda ta fafata a tseren mita 3000 na mata na farko. Ta yi tsere a zagaye na biyu da wasu 'yan wasa goma sha shida, ciki har da Tatyana Petrova 'yar Rasha, wacce daga karshe ta lashe lambar tagulla a wasan karshe. Ta kammala tseren a matsayi na tara da dakika shida bayan Sofia Assefa 'yar Habasha, da minti 9:53.09. Duk da haka, Durka ta kasa shiga zagaye na karshe, domin ta zo ta talatin da takwas gaba daya, kuma an sanya ta a kasa da guraben matsayi hudu da ake bukata don zagaye na gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's 3000m Steeplechase Round 1 – Heat 2 |url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/trackandfield/resultsandschedules/rsc=ATW033900/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821020758/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/trackandfield/resultsandschedules/rsc%3DATW033900/index.html |archive-date=21 August 2012 |access-date=21 December 2012 |publisher=[[NBC Olympics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a arewavda arewacin najeriya baki daya in 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{World Athletics}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120822081229/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=67463/bio/index.html NBC 2008 Olympics profile]
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>a1w0msi38pgt9tghf9rjzsb1v8mgb4p</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>818168</id>
      <parentid>818166</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:56:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>818168</origin>
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      <text bytes="1598" sha1="4a9025npoq7t1myi9k0acd56bxtw8v1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Muna Kalameya Durka''' ( Arabic   ; an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1988) 'yar wasan tseren tsalle-tsalle ce ta Sudan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite sports-reference|title=Muna Durka|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/du/muna-durka-1.html|access-date=21 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Durka ta wakilci [[Sudan]] a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008 da aka yi a [[Beijing]], inda ta fafata a tseren mita 3000 na mata na farko. Ta yi tsere a zagaye na biyu da wasu 'yan wasa goma sha shida, ciki har da Tatyana Petrova 'yar Rasha, wacce daga karshe ta lashe lambar tagulla a wasan karshe. Ta kammala tseren a matsayi na tara da dakika shida bayan Sofia Assefa 'yar Habasha, da minti 9:53.09. Duk da haka, Durka ta kasa shiga zagaye na karshe, domin ta zo ta talatin da takwas gaba daya, kuma an sanya ta a kasa da guraben matsayi hudu da ake bukata don zagaye na gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's 3000m Steeplechase Round 1 – Heat 2 |url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/trackandfield/resultsandschedules/rsc=ATW033900/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821020758/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/trackandfield/resultsandschedules/rsc%3DATW033900/index.html |archive-date=21 August 2012 |access-date=21 December 2012 |publisher=[[NBC Olympics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{World Athletics}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120822081229/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=67463/bio/index.html NBC 2008 Olympics profile]
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Myrtle Bachelder</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>818167</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:56:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328515189|Myrtle Bachelder]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>818167</origin>
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'''Myrtle Claire Bachelder''' (Maris 13, 1908 - Mayu 22, 1997) ta kasance likitan Amurka kuma jami'in Sojojin Mata, wacce aka sani da aikinta na sirri a kan shirin bam din nukiliya na Manhattan Project, da kuma ci gaban dabaru a cikin ilmin sunadarai na karafa.&amp;nbsp;

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
An haifi Myrtle Claire Bachelder a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1908, a Worcester, Massachusetts . Ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Middlebury a 1930, kuma ta zama malamin kimiyya na makarantar sakandare da kuma kocin wasanni a Kudancin Hadley Falls, Massachusetts . Ta sami digiri na biyu na ilimi daga Jami'ar Boston . {{Sfn|Bell|1993}} &lt;ref name=&quot;SSN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Myrtle Bachelder |url=http://www.mocavo.com/records/SSDI/2cbf0af365190dae4c19869ab1db6244 |access-date=October 12, 2013 |publisher=Mocavo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaƙin Duniya na II: bam din nukiliya ==
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Bachelder ta shiga cikin rundunar Sojojin Mata (WAC) a watan Nuwamba 1942, a hedkwatar Springfield, Massachusetts. Bayan ta kwashe lokaci a horo a sansanonin soja a jihohin Amurka da yawa, ta sami umarni da suka sanya ta a Kamfanin 'D' WAC Detachment na Gundumar Manhattan, Sojojin Injiniyoyin Amurka. Ayyukanta na sirri shine jagorantar ƙungiyar mata 15 zuwa 20 daga WAC, waɗanda aka ajiye a Des Moines, Iowa, zuwa Fort Sill, Oklahoma, kuma daga can zuwa Santa Fe, New Mexico. Ita da matan da ke ƙarƙashin umurninta sun isa Los Alamos, New Mexico, a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1943. {{Sfn|Bell|1993}} {{Sfn|Howes|Herzenberg|2003}} Bachelder duk da haka ya ba da rahoto ga wata mace mai suna Helen E. Mulvihill.{{Sfn|Bell|1993}} Bachelder da sauran mata sun zauna a cikin wani dakin kwana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Woman's Army Corps Dorm |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/000/wac-dorm.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312142349/https://www.nps.gov/places/000/wac-dorm.htm |archive-date=March 12, 2022 |publisher=National Park Service}} The identification of the dorm as a WAC dorm was found to be incorrect, and later corrected.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Civilian Women's Dormitory |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/000/civilian-women-s-dormitory.htm |access-date=22 May 2023 |publisher=National Park Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Manhattan&quot; shine sunan lambar ga ƙungiyar soja ta musamman da aka keɓe don haɓaka makamin nukiliya. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a yankin hamada na Los Alamos, Bachelder ne ke da alhakin nazarin spectroscopy na isotopes na uranium da kuma gano dabarun x-radiation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Myrtle Bachelder |url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/myrtle-c-bachelder |publisher=Atomic Heritage Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun da isotope na uranium-235 yana da fissile, yayin da isotopi na uranium-238, rawar da ta taka a cikin aikin aiki ne mai mahimmanci: don tabbatar da tsabtar kayan da ke da mahimmanci, sabili da haka fashewa nukiliya, na bama-bamai na atomatik na farko a duniya.{{Sfn|Howes|Herzenberg|2003}}
[[Fayil:Bachelder1946.jpg|right|thumb|Bachelder (tsakiya) a Los Alamos a 1946, tare da Kyaftin Arlene Scheidenhelm, Darakta na WAC, Gundumar Manhattan (hagu), da Lieutenant na farko Marguerite Carrera, Kwamandan, WAC Los Alamos (dama) ]]
An yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin yayin shirye-shiryen plutonium-239, kayan fashewa da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gina bam din nukiliya na Trinity, a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1945. An yi amfani da irin wannan hanyoyin don makamin uranium, mai suna &quot;Little Boy&quot;, wanda ya lalata Hiroshima, Japan a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1945, da kuma bam din plutonium wanda ya lalata Nagasaki, Japan, a ranar 9 ga Agusta، 1945, wanda ya haifar da mika wuya ga Japan. Shirin na sirri ya kasance a karkashin jagorancin J. Robert Oppenheimer, wanda Bachelder ya bayyana a matsayin:

== Bayani ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]]</text>
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'''Myrtle Claire Bachelder''' (Maris 13, 1908 - Mayu 22, 1997) ta kasance likitan Amurka kuma jami'in Sojojin Mata, wacce aka sani da aikinta na sirri a kan shirin bam din nukiliya na Manhattan Project, da kuma ci gaban dabaru a cikin ilmin sunadarai na karafa.&amp;nbsp;

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
An haifi Myrtle Claire Bachelder a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1908, a Worcester, Massachusetts . Ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Middlebury a 1930, kuma ta zama malamin kimiyya na makarantar sakandare da kuma kocin wasanni a Kudancin Hadley Falls, Massachusetts . Ta sami digiri na biyu na ilimi daga Jami'ar Boston . {{Sfn|Bell|1993}} &lt;ref name=&quot;SSN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Myrtle Bachelder |url=http://www.mocavo.com/records/SSDI/2cbf0af365190dae4c19869ab1db6244 |access-date=October 12, 2013 |publisher=Mocavo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaƙin Duniya na II: bam din nukiliya ==
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Bachelder ta shiga cikin rundunar Sojojin Mata (WAC) a watan Nuwamba 1942, a hedkwatar Springfield, Massachusetts. Bayan ta kwashe lokaci a horo a sansanonin soja a jihohin Amurka da yawa, ta sami umarni da suka sanya ta a Kamfanin 'D' WAC Detachment na Gundumar Manhattan, Sojojin Injiniyoyin Amurka. Ayyukanta na sirri shine jagorantar ƙungiyar mata 15 zuwa 20 daga WAC, waɗanda aka ajiye a Des Moines, Iowa, zuwa Fort Sill, Oklahoma, kuma daga can zuwa Santa Fe, New Mexico. Ita da matan da ke ƙarƙashin umurninta sun isa Los Alamos, New Mexico, a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1943. {{Sfn|Bell|1993}} {{Sfn|Howes|Herzenberg|2003}} Bachelder duk da haka ya ba da rahoto ga wata mace mai suna Helen E. Mulvihill.{{Sfn|Bell|1993}} Bachelder da sauran mata sun zauna a cikin wani dakin kwana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Woman's Army Corps Dorm |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/000/wac-dorm.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312142349/https://www.nps.gov/places/000/wac-dorm.htm |archive-date=March 12, 2022 |publisher=National Park Service}} The identification of the dorm as a WAC dorm was found to be incorrect, and later corrected.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Civilian Women's Dormitory |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/000/civilian-women-s-dormitory.htm |access-date=22 May 2023 |publisher=National Park Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Manhattan&quot; shine sunan lambar ga ƙungiyar soja ta musamman da aka keɓe don haɓaka makamin nukiliya. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a yankin hamada na Los Alamos, Bachelder ne ke da alhakin nazarin spectroscopy na isotopes na uranium da kuma gano dabarun x-radiation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Myrtle Bachelder |url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/myrtle-c-bachelder |publisher=Atomic Heritage Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun da isotope na uranium-235 yana da fissile, yayin da isotopi na uranium-238, rawar da ta taka a cikin aikin aiki ne mai mahimmanci: don tabbatar da tsabtar kayan da ke da mahimmanci, sabili da haka fashewa nukiliya, na bama-bamai na atomatik na farko a duniya.{{Sfn|Howes|Herzenberg|2003}}
[[Fayil:Bachelder1946.jpg|right|thumb|Bachelder (tsakiya) a Los Alamos a 1946, tare da Kyaftin Arlene Scheidenhelm, Darakta na WAC, Gundumar Manhattan (hagu), da Lieutenant na farko Marguerite Carrera, Kwamandan, WAC Los Alamos (dama) ]]
An yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin yayin shirye-shiryen plutonium-239, kayan fashewa da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gina bam din nukiliya na Trinity, a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1945. An yi amfani da irin wannan hanyoyin don makamin uranium, mai suna &quot;Little Boy&quot;, wanda ya lalata Hiroshima, Japan a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1945, da kuma bam din plutonium wanda ya lalata Nagasaki, Japan, a ranar 9 ga Agusta، 1945, wanda ya haifar da mika wuya ga Japan. Shirin na sirri ya kasance a karkashin jagorancin J. Robert Oppenheimer, wanda Bachelder ya bayyana a matsayin:

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Doris Ilda Allen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329894309|Doris Ilda Allen]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Doris &quot;Lucki&quot; Ilda Allen''' (1927-2024) malamar ilimin jiki ce ta Amurka wacce ta shiga Sojojin Amurka a cikin Sojojin Mata (WAC) a 1950. Ta zama ƙwararren masaniyar leken asiri ta soja kuma ta yi tafiye-tafiye uku a Vietnam. Don yin hasashen Tet Offensive da sauran nasarorin da ta samu, an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Sojojin Intelligence a cikin 2009.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Ita ce ƙarama cikin 'ya'ya biyar na Richard da Stella Allen waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin mai aski da mai dafa abinci, bi da bi. Ta yi karatun ilimin jiki a Cibiyar Tuskegee kuma, bayan kammala karatunta, ta koyar a makarantar sakandare a Greenwood, Mississippi na shekara guda kafin ta shiga.{{R|NYT}}

== Sojojin Mata ==
Ta yi gwaji ga ƙungiyar WAC, tana busa ƙaho amma ba a yarda da ita ba. Maimakon haka, ta taka leda a cikin wasan kwaikwayon da ya zagaya sansanonin sojoji. Wadannan sun hada da Presidio na San Francisco inda ta yi wasa tare da André Previn . {{R|SFC}} Ta kuma yi aiki a wasu fannoni ciki har da bayanai da aikin jarida.{{R|NYT}}

Sunan laƙabi na &quot;Lucki&quot; ya fito ne daga haɗin kai da 'yar'uwarta wacce aka sani da &quot;Jinx&quot; saboda rashin sa'a, musamman tare da motarta.{{R|WP}} 'Yar'uwarta, Jewel, ita ma WAC ce kuma ta umurce ta lokacin da take kwararriyar watsa shirye-shirye a Camp Stoneman . {{R|NYT}}

== Yaƙin Vietnam ==
Allen daga nan ta koyi Faransanci, tambayoyi da sauran ƙwarewar leken basira kuma ya yi tafiye-tafiye uku na aiki a Yaƙin Vietnam, farawa a shekarar 1967. Ta tattara bayanan sirri kuma ta rubuta wani rahoto wanda ya yi hasashen Tet Offensive daidai kafin farawarsa a 1968 amma an yi watsi da wannan gargadi. Gargadi na baya ya haɗa da kwanton bauna, makamai masu guba da rokoki kuma waɗannan sun fi tasiri. A yawon shakatawa na uku, ta jagoranci ƙungiyar masu fassara na Vietnamese arba'in a Saigon waɗanda suka bincika takardun abokan gaba. Sunan ta ya fara bayyana a cikin takardun a matsayin manufa ga Viet Cong sannan ta yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ya yi da za ta koma gida.[1][2]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]]</text>
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'''Doris &quot;Lucki&quot; Ilda Allen''' (1927-2024) malamar ilimin jiki ce ta Amurka wacce ta shiga Sojojin Amurka a cikin Sojojin Mata (WAC) a 1950. Ta zama ƙwararren masaniyar leken asiri ta soja kuma ta yi tafiye-tafiye uku a Vietnam. Don yin hasashen Tet Offensive da sauran nasarorin da ta samu, an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Sojojin Intelligence a cikin 2009.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Ita ce ƙarama cikin 'ya'ya biyar na Richard da Stella Allen waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin mai aski da mai dafa abinci, bi da bi. Ta yi karatun ilimin jiki a Cibiyar Tuskegee kuma, bayan kammala karatunta, ta koyar a makarantar sakandare a Greenwood, Mississippi na shekara guda kafin ta shiga.{{R|NYT}}

== Sojojin Mata ==
Ta yi gwaji ga ƙungiyar WAC, tana busa ƙaho amma ba a yarda da ita ba. Maimakon haka, ta taka leda a cikin wasan kwaikwayon da ya zagaya sansanonin sojoji. Wadannan sun hada da Presidio na San Francisco inda ta yi wasa tare da André Previn . {{R|SFC}} Ta kuma yi aiki a wasu fannoni ciki har da bayanai da aikin jarida.{{R|NYT}}

Sunan laƙabi na &quot;Lucki&quot; ya fito ne daga haɗin kai da 'yar'uwarta wacce aka sani da &quot;Jinx&quot; saboda rashin sa'a, musamman tare da motarta.{{R|WP}} 'Yar'uwarta, Jewel, ita ma WAC ce kuma ta umurce ta lokacin da take kwararriyar watsa shirye-shirye a Camp Stoneman . {{R|NYT}}

== Yaƙin Vietnam ==
Allen daga nan ta koyi Faransanci, tambayoyi da sauran ƙwarewar leken basira kuma ya yi tafiye-tafiye uku na aiki a Yaƙin Vietnam, farawa a shekarar 1967. Ta tattara bayanan sirri kuma ta rubuta wani rahoto wanda ya yi hasashen Tet Offensive daidai kafin farawarsa a 1968 amma an yi watsi da wannan gargadi. Gargadi na baya ya haɗa da kwanton bauna, makamai masu guba da rokoki kuma waɗannan sun fi tasiri. A yawon shakatawa na uku, ta jagoranci ƙungiyar masu fassara na Vietnamese arba'in a Saigon waɗanda suka bincika takardun abokan gaba. Sunan ta ya fara bayyana a cikin takardun a matsayin manufa ga Viet Cong sannan ta yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ya yi da za ta koma gida.[1][2]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]]</text>
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